Основы DWDM

Guide to WDM Technology and Testing
II

621.396.2
681.327.8
32.81
32.889
. WDM. .:
EXFO, 2001. / . .
. .. ,
.. ,
.. . / ..
WDM
,
WDM .
,
,
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing).
WDM,
, , WDM, ,
, .
EXFO, 2001
. .. , ..
III
.....................................................................................................................IV
................................................................................................................VIII
........................................................X
- ......................................... 1
1.1 ............................................2
1.2 WDM ........................................................3
1.3 DWDM...................................................................................4
1.4 WDM ...............................................................................................................5
1.5 ..............................6
1.6 ..............................6
............................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 .......................................................................10
2.2 ...............................................................10
2.3 WDM ......................................................14
2.4 DWDM.......................................................................15
2.5 DWDM ............................................................................16
2.5.1 ..........................................................................................................16
2.5.2 ....................................................................................................20
2.5.3 ........................................................................................................21
2.5.4 ........................................................................................................22
2.5.5 - OXC .............................................22
2.5.6 .......................................................................................23
2.5.7 ..................................................................24
2.5.8 ..............................................................25
2.5.9 / .......................................31
2.5.10 .......................................................................................32
2.5.11 ...........................................................................................40
2.6 WDM TDM ...........................................................................................42
2.6.1 .......................................................................42
2.6.2 ...............................................................................................43
WDM..................................................................... 45
3.1 ..............................................................................................46
IV
3.2 .....................................................47
3.2.1 ................................................................................48
3.2.2 ..................................................................................53
3.2.3 .................................................................................................55

3.2.4 ....................................................................................................57
3.2.5 ...........................................................................................58
3.3 .............................................................................................58
3.3.1 ...................................................................................58
3.3.2 ................................................................61
3.3.3 ...................................65
3.3.4 .......................................................................................................66
3.4 ........................................................................................72
3.4.1 ......................................................................74
3.4.2 -..........................................................................................................76
3.4.3 ................................................................78
3.5 ...............................................................................................................78
3.5.1 .....................................................................................80
3.5.2 ....................................................................................81
3.5.3 ..............................................................................81
3.6 ...................................................................................................................81
3.7 .................................................................................82
3.8 .........................................................................................................83
3.9 .............................................................................................................83
3.10 ..................................................................................................................84
............................... 85
4.1 ................................................................................................................................86
4.2 .............................................87
4.3 .........................................................................88
4.3.1 ......................................................................88
4.3.2 .....................................................................88
4.3.3 ...................................................................................91
4.4 .....................92
4.4.1 /.................................................................92
4.4.2 ...................................................................................................100
4.4.3 ......................................................................................101
4.4.4 ..........................................................................................................102
4.4.5 EDFA................................................................................................102
4.4.6 .........................................................................................110
4.4.7 ...........................................................................................................111
4.4.8 ...............................................................................................................112
4.5
................................................................................119
4.6 ............................................................................121
4.7 ...........................................................123
4.7.1 ........................................................................123
4.7.2 ......................................................................................................123

4.7.3 .....................................................................124
4.7.4 PMD ........................................................................125
, WDM.............................. 127
5.1. WDM ...........................................................128

5.1.1 ........................................................................................129
5.1.2 ...............................................................................................131
5.1.3 .........................................................................................131
5.1.4 /.....................................................................................132
5.1.5 .....................................................................................134
5.1.6 .....................................................................135
5.1.7 .......................................................136
5.1.8 ........................................................................................136
5.1.9 ........................................................................................137
5.1.10 ............................................................................137
5.1.11 ............................................................138
5.1.12 ...............................................................................139
5.1.12 WDM ....................................................................139
5.2. WDM..................................................................140
5.2.1 .....................................................................140
5.2.2 - ...................141
5.2.3 .................................142
5.2.4 .............142
5.2.5 ......................................142
5.3 WDM ...........................................................143
5.3.1 ........................................................................................................143
5.3.2 ..........................................................................................................144
5.3.3 .......................................................................................145
5.3.4 ............................................................146
5.3.5 ........................................................................149
5.3.6 ........................................................151
5.4 WDM .............................................152
5.4.1 / OSNR .........................................................................153
5.4.2 .................................................................................................................153
5.4.3 ..............................................................154
5.4.4 .................................................................................154
5.4.5 .........................................................................................154
5.4.6 .......................................................................................................154
5.4.7 ........................................................................................155
5.5 WDM ..............................................................................155
5.5.1 .......................................................................155
5.5.2 RFTS .................................156
5.5.3 ........159
DWDM................................................................ 163
6.1 ?.................................................................................164
VI
6.2 ? ...........................................................164

6.3 , DWDM
................................................................................................................................................165
6.3.1 ITU .....................................165
6.3.2 IEC ......................................168
IEC 86: ........................169
6.3.3 TIA ........................172
6.4 .........................................................................................174
......................................... 175
7.1 DWDM ..............................................................176

7.2 DWDM ......................................................177
7.3 , .................179
7.4 ...........................................................180
............................................................................................................... 181
8.1 ...............................................................182
8.2 .......................................................................................................................183
8.3 .............................................................................................................183
8.4 ............................................................................................184
EXFO WDM ........................ 187
9.1 .....................................189
9.2 : .................................194
9.3 ........................................................................................202
9.4 ..............................................................................................................207
9.4.1 .......................................................................................................207
9.4.2 .......................................................................209
9.5 .................214
........................................................................................................................ 2
.................................................................................................. 24
.................................................................................................... 31
............................................................... 37
VII
, ,
. , .
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
.

. WDM
WDM .
EXFO " WDM".
,
,
WDM DWDM (Dense WDM).

WDM, , WDM,
.
WDM ,
WDM
.
1 WDM. WDM, WDM .
2-5 WDM :
2- ;
3- WDM;
4- WDM ;
5- ,
WDM.
6 WDM. , WDM . ,
.
VIII
WDM, , MAN (Metropolitan Access Network).

7- .

8 WDM
WDM .
9-
WDM, .
(Andre Girard), Ph. D, Senior Member of Technical Staff
IX

.
, ,
. ,
, , . ,
- .
.
, - .
, , . - () , "" . ,
. ,
"" , .
"" ,
. ATM, IP, SDH (STM-16/64)

. , .
,
, WDM (Wavelength
Division Multiplexing). WDM ,
, . WDM ,
. , ,
WDM,
WDM .
WDM 1330 1550 . 4 , 8-10 1550 . " "
WDM
DWDM (Dense WDM) 8, 16, 32, 64 .
0,8 .
192 .
X

- , , [1-4]. , [1, 5-9].
- [10-12].

[1, 4, 10, 13, 14].
[12, 15].
,
[14]. ,
( )
.

. WDM/DWDM. WDM .

.

WDM , WDM, , .
,
,
WDM DWDM.
EXFO .
EXFO ,
, EXFO , .
EXFO
. EXFO

.
.. ,
.. ,
..
, , (..)
XI
XII
1
-
1.1
.
. , , , .
, .
1990-
, .
, - . World Wide Web
,
.
(. 1.1).
. 1.1. (,
).
,
.

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing).
.
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing).
1.2 WDM
WDM () .
.
, ,
. WDM
(1 = 10-9 ),
DWDM (Dense WDM). WDM
,
, , .
.
DWDM
, EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifier).
, 1530-1565
. EDFA ,

.
TDM ,
, ()
. (-).
, ( ),
, .
, ()

-.
, WDM
, . ,
. , . , WDM
TDM, .
WDM 4 16 ,

SDH/SONET 2,5 /. DWDM
.
, 1 /.

-
. . 1.2
WDM.
. 1.2. .
1.3 DWDM
DWDM 1996
,
. DWDM
. ,
,
DWDM, , .
CLEC (Competitive
Local Exchange Carrier) DWDM , ,
. ILEC
(Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier) DWDM. ILEC
DWDM
ILEC.
DWDM, MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks).
(DWDM MAN) .
,
SDH/SONET, , .
, ,
SDH/SONET. .
4
-
IP DWDM (IP DWDM)
,
SDH/SONET.
DWDM ,
AON (All Optical
Network),
. -
DWDM
.
, , ,
.
/ OADM (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer).
.
-
OXC (Optical Cross Connect,), ,
- SDH/SONET. , ,
.
1.4 WDM

, . , . ,

. DWDM
, .
DWDM
.
-, DWDM . , .
, EDFA (, L-
1565 1625 ), , 1200
.

.
2,5 / 10 /.
40 / , 1
192 40 / .
1
CIENA, TT, 192
-
5 / ( 1000 - ) .
, ,
DWDM .
. 1.3.

1.5
,

.
. DWDM
- . ,

, ,
OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) .
TDM, ,
. DWDM
, ,
.
,
.

DWDM ( , ), . , ,
.
1.6
,
,
.
,
.
-
. , , . , -
,
.
, . ,
. , , . -
,
. - , ,
. , ,
.
2.1
C WDM, ,
,
. 2
TDM
. WDM .
2 TDM WDM
WDM
3.
2.2
,
.

.
TDM,
.
.

(-),
. , -
, , ,
, ,
. . (. 2.1).
. 2.1 TDM
-

-.
-,
.
10
TDM
- 10 /. 10 /
TDM
2,5 /. 10 /
TDM.
,

.
TDM 40 / .
,
, . . 2.1
SDH/SONET.
2.1 .
SONET
SDH
OC-3
STM-1
155 (155,52) /
OC-12
STM-4
622 (622,08) /
OC-48
STM-16
2,5 (2,48832) /
OC-192
STM-64
10 (9,9533) /
OC-768
STM-256
40 (39,813) /
, ,
.
,
.
( 0,1 )
2,5 / (STM-16) 10 / (STM-64) -
16 .
, ,
, .
(G.652 ITU)
10 /
50-75 .

,
.
-
FWM (Four-Wave Mixing), 3.
,
.
(Chirp), ,
.
. ,
11
,
.
TDM

.
, (, )
. ,
,
.
FEC (Forward Error Correction)
. FEC
.
.
.
FEC
, , .
, -
( , ,
, ..).
PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion),
,
( ). PMD ,
SOP (State of Polarization)
. , PMD
.
PMD .
,
. 1999 40 / ( STM-256).
, STM-256
2001 ,
40
/ 100 .
STM-256
ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexing) -.
12

SDH/SONET, STM-16 STM64 STM-256. ,
STM-256
.
STM-256
. ,

.

. ,
, ,
( ).
, .
, , ,
, .
.
, ,

.

. ,
,
.
(. 2.2).
. 2.2
, TDM ,
IP, SONET/SDH,
. TDM
.
TDM ,
.
WDM TDM
.
13
2.3 WDM
WDM ,
TDM. ,
, TDM,
WDM ( ),
.
WDM
. WDM
,
, .

, , ,
.. ,
.
WDM
.
, -
( )
. ,

.
WDM .
WDM
, .

WDM.

, , .
100 (~ 0,8 )
DWDM.
,
WDM
1550 .
.
DWDM . -,

. -,
WDM , , ,
TDM STM-16.
TDM WDM
,
. WDM
14
,
- .
2.4 DWDM
DWDM TDM.
, ,
,
.

. ,

.
/
- (. 2.3).
. 2.3 WDM / -
DWDM TDM , DWDM

. ,
DWDM
TDM.
DWDM
, , EDFA,
/, (),
, ,

, .
15
2.5 DWDM
DWDM ,

. ,
, , .

, , , ..
,
DWDM. DWDM
, ,
. ,
, DWDM
, BFT (Fused Biconic
Tapered Coupler), AWG (Array Waveguide
Grating), .
( , )

.
,
.
,
.
,
, .
.
DWDM ,
(, )
.
,
( , , ..)
.
2.5.1
- -
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
( ),
( ).
16

DFB (Distributed Feed Back)
0 (1 ) .
.
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
,

.
DWDM DFB-
-.
,
(. 2.4).

,
( 100 ).
40 (. 2.5).

. -,

.
. 2.4 DFB-
. 2.5 DFB-
DFB-
, ,
. DFB- :
0 40 .
17
.
.
,
.
,
.
-
(Mach-Zehnder) ,
.
(LiNbO3) (InP)
.
,

.
EDFA
SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier)
, ( +17
). +17
IIIb ( IEC 60825),
1M , , +20
.
DFB- . -
( )
,
.
,
, . ,
.
,
,
1
.

, WDM
, WDM
. ,
WDM
ITU-T
(International Telecommunications Union, ITU) SG15
, (Study Group 15 on Transport
Networks, Systems and Equipment). ITU-T G.692
1
18

. .

WDM.
ITU
193100 .
50 . . 2.2 100 .
( = c , c=299792500 /).

ITU.
2. 2. ITU
()
197,1
197,0
196,9
196,8
196,7
196,6
196,5
196,4
196,3
196,2
196,1
196,0
195,9
195,8
195,7
195,6
195,5
195,4
195,3
195,2
195,1
()
1521,02
1521,79
1522,56
1523,34
1524,11
1524,89
1525,66
1526,44
1527,22
1527,99
1528,77
1529,55
1530,33
1531,12
1531,90
1532,68
1533,47
1534,25
1535,04
1535,82
1536,61
()
195,0
194,9
194,8
194,7
194,6
194,5
194,4
194,3
194,2
194,1
194,0
193,9
193,8
193,7
193,6
193,5
193,4
193,3
193,2
193,1
193,0
()
1537,40
1538,19
1538,98
1539,77
1540,56
1541,35
1542,14
1542,94
1543,73
1544,53
1545,32
1546,12
1546,92
1547,72
1548,51
1549,32
1550,12
1550,92
1551,72
1552,52
1553,33
()
192,9
192,8
192,7
192,6
192,5
192,4
192,3
192,2
192,1
192,0
191,9
191,8
191,7
191,6
191,5
191,4
191,3
191,2
191,1
191,0
190,9
()
1554,13
1554,94
1555,75
1556,56
1557,36
1558,17
1558,98
1559,79
1560,61
1561,42
1562,23
1563,05
1563,86
1564,68
1565,50
1566,31
1567,13
1567,95
1568,77
1569,59
1570,42
()
190,8
190,7
190,6
190,5
190,4
190,3
190,2
190,1
190,0
189,9
189,8
189,7
189,6
189,5
189,4
189,3
189,2
189,1
189,0
188,9
188,8
()
1571,24
1572,06
1572,89
1573,71
1574,54
1575,37
1576,20
1577,03
1577,86
1578,69
1579,52
1580,35
1581,18
1582,02
1582,85
1583,69
1584,53
1585,36
1586,20
1587,04
1587,88
()
188,7
188,6
188,5
188,4
188,3
188,2
188,1
188,0
187,9
187,8
187,7
187,6
187,5
187,4
187,3
187,2
187,1
187,0
186,9
186,8
186,7
()
1588,73
1589,57
1590,41
1591,26
1592,10
1592,95
1593,79
1594,64
1595,49
1596,34
1597,19
1598,04
1598,89
1599,75
1600,60
1601,46
1602,31
1603,17
1604,03
1604,88
1605,74
WDM DWDM

. , , ,

,
.
2
, .
2.06.
. 2.6.

2

. .
19

.

.
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.

,
. , ,
WDM
.
2.5.2

.

,
. , ,

.
,
.
,
.
, .
(
), .
,
.
. ,
TDM
,
.
: PIN APD (Avalanche Photodiode). PIN-
(5 ),

.
PIN-
10 / 40 /.
,
. ,
20

, PIN.

( A/W
), ( ,
- ),
, , .

. ,
,
. ,
,
.
2.5.3
,
,
EDFA (. 2.7).
. 2.07.
. 2.8-a

. 2.8-b.
(1<P2<P3<P4)

.

,
21
WDM. ( )
, ""
EDFA (.
2.8-.). , EDFA
. :
, ,
, , . 2.8-b.
2.5.4
WDM ,

.
-
,
.
3
WDM .

.
,
- NxN,
N .

.
- OXC
4
(Optical Cross Connect), .
1xN ,

.

.
2.5.5 - OXC

. , (,
) ,
.
-.

, .
3
4
22
. .
. .
MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems)

. ,
, ( 80 )
.
-

, ,
,
(
, ).
,

.
/
/ (Addressable Add/Drop Device)

DWDM.
,

. /
,
,
.
AWG. - OXC .
2.9. ,
,
. ,
.
. 2.9 i

23
2.5.6
WDM
.
, .
, ,
,

, .
WDM
1310 1550 ,
980 1480 1550 ,
, EDFA.
2.5.7
WDM
. ,

( ).
,
- ( ).

.

, . 2.10.
, ,
. DCD (Dispersion Compensation Devices)
,
.
DCD , DCF (Dispersion
Compensating Fibers) , DCG (Dispersion
Compensating Gratings).
. 2.10. , ,
24
2.5.8
WDM
. () (
) . , ,
MUX ( OM).

DEMUX ( OD).
TDM,
,
, WDM
,
.
. 2.11.

. , ,
,
, ,
(
).

100 (~0,8 ),
WDM.

50 .
,
.
DWDM
MUX/DEMUX, -,
.
25
,
, ,

.

,
. -

. (
) .
, ,

(. 2.12).
. 2.12 1 , 2 , 3

.
,
, . ,
, .
, ,
,
.
26

, (
) . ,
.

, .
,
, , ,
(. 2.13).
. 2.13

WDM 16- 32- .
.

, , ,
. , (
),
.
,
. ,
,
, .
1 2 3 4
. 2.14
27
,
( ),
.

.

,
. ,
, .

,
,
/ (. 2.15).
. 2.15 /
/
.
DWDM .
(. 2.15, ).

, (. 2.15, ).

. ,
.

- .
,

EDFA,
.
28

, ,
, .
,

(. 2.16).
. 2.16
, .
,

. .

.

,
.
,
,
.

.
29

.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
, , ,
,
DWDM.

( 100)
AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Gratings), . 2.17.
. 2.17 AWG
, ,
. N ,
. N ,
, ,
.

, .
AWG ,
()
(. 2.17) ()
.
DWDM.
,
.
AWG (Dragon
Routers), .
30
FBT (Fused Biconic Tapered)

,
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
. ,

.
(. 2.18),
,
-.

.
,
. .
. 2.18
,
( ),

. ,
.
,
,
WDM DWDM -
.
,
.
2.5.9 /

. ,
,
. /
OADM (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer), ,
(. 2.19).
31
. 2.19 /
/ ,
2.5.8. ,
SDH WDM.
/, .
2.5.10
,
( 0.1 )
, EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier)

. EDFA
, ,
,
(. 2.20).

DWDM .
,
. 2.20 EDFA
32
EDFA , .

. EDFA
1525 1565 . 40
DWDM.
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
EDFA "" , ,
( )
. EDFA ,

ATM IP , .
DWDM.
, EDFA
,
ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission). EDFA
.
,
. EDFA
,
( )
( ) .
OC-48 (STM-16) DWDM
,
DWDM.
DWDM .
CATV,
("").

FTTH (Fiber to the Home). CATV
FTTB
(Fiber to the Building) FTTC (Fiber to the Curb),
.
, CATV,
/ , .
CATV ,
.
.
FTTH ,
, .

. , CATV "",
.
EDFA
1570 1605 (L-).
LWEDFA (Long Wavelength
EDFA).
33
EDFA (. 2.21).
, .
EDFA .
, . EDFA,
,
.
. 2.21 EDFA
EDFA 980
1480 .
, .
.
, EDFA 980
, 1480 ,
DWDM. , 1480
. ,
,
,
.
EDFA ,
.
0,2 /
1550 +16 , 80
0 (1 ) (
, . .). 0
, 80 16 .
-
,
, 80 .
, ,
.
1310 ,
1550 , ,
.
34
1980- (Payne) (Laming)

(University of Southampton)
,
.
. :

1550 .
EDFA 1480 980 (.
2.22).
. 2.22 EDFA (DCD , dispersion

compensation device)
(. 2.22-) .

( , . 2.23).
(. 2.22-b) .
, (
, . 2.23).

1480 ,
980 .
. 1480
, ,
980
.
35
EDFA ,
( , . 2.23), +16 .
( , . 2.23) 5-6
. EDFA (980 1480 )
+26 .
( )
:
,
ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission)
.
. 2.23.
EDFA
EDFA -
(. 2.23).
( , . 2.23) ()
.
.
( , . 2.23)
. , ,
.
( , . 2.23)
.
.
.
EDFA
(. 2.24).
36
. 2.24. EDFA
EDFA
1535 1540
1560 . 20
EDFA,
DWDM.
,
EDFA 40 .
,
EDFA
. LWEDFA, ,
1610 .
DWDM

DWDM.
EDFA ,
.
ASE
EDFA, .
,
,
EDFA (. 2.22-d).
EDFA .
.
,
.
1525-1560 , ,
EDFA
, (. .
2.25).
37
. 2.25-
EDFA

. 2.25-b
EDFA

EDFA

. EDFA

, .

EDFA, .
,
, ,
.

, . ,
PDFFA (Praseodymium Doped Fluoride-based Fiber Amplifier)
1310 . PDFFA
,
, EDFA. PDFFA
,
, EDFA.
1310 ,
1550 , (. . 2.26), 1310
.
38
, ,
, ,
. -
.
.
,
PDFFA .
. 2.26.
, .
, TDFFA (Thulium
Doped Fluoride-based Fiber Amplifier) :
1460 1650 .
,
.

.

(
) .
.
(Raman amplifiers)
EDFA.

( 300 ), EDFA .

,
, DWDM
,
. , ,
.

, ,
, .

SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers).

( , ,
). ,

, ( 5-6
, EDFA,
). , SOA
39
,
DWDM . ,

SOA .
SOA, PDFFA, ,

.

, . ,
. ,
, SOA
.
2.5.11

, ,
- . ,
. ,

1310
(G.652 ITU), . 1980-
80 .
DWDM,
,
.
G.652
1310 , 1550 (18
/*). , EDFA (
1550 ). , DWDM
G.652
. ,
1550
.

(G.653
ITU), 1550
. , 1310 , 1550
, . ,

DWDM.
, -
.
40

DWDM. DWDM
, -
.
FWM ,
1550 . ,
FWM , DWDM ,
1550 . ,

ITU.
. 2.27.
. 2.28.
, FWM, ,

EDFA (1530-1565 ) (.
2.28) (G.655 ITU).
EDFA G.655 ,
( 3 /* 1530
0,7 /* 1560 ). ,
41
FWM
2,5 / 1000 . G.655
DWDM.
FWM
DWDM . ,
ITU.

,
,
. , ,
,
.
2.6 WDM TDM

WDM TDM
. , ,
, ,
.
2.6.1
, TDM ,
. TDM
- ,
.
-.
DAMA (Demand Assignment Multiple
Access). -
. ,

). , TDM
, ,
-
. TDM
, .
WDM ,
, TDM. WDM -
,
.
WDM Ethernet (10/100/1000
/), , .
WDM
-, TDM.
42
2.6.2
TDM
.

.
, , -,
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
T/,

1 (1 /).
, , TDM
-
.
TDM - ,
- .
, .
WDM
, TDM,
,
. ,

. ,
, WDM .
TDM,
, WDM
. WDM
, ,
.
,
DWDM, , TDM DWDM
.
DWDM ,
,
.
, ,
4.
43
44
3
WDM
WDM
3.1
DWDM, , .
DWDM .

, . DWDM
.
, TDM, , . 3.1.
. 3.1 , TDM
,
, . ,
. PMD ,
( ) ,
. ,
: , ,
RIN (Relative Intensity Noise) BER (Bit Error Rate).

WDM, . 3.2.
46
: , EDFA, . :
() , ,
(
).
, : ASE, EDFA,
, FWM
( ). , , -, . 3.2). WDM ,
, -
WDM
. , ,
WDM ,
.
. 3.2 WDM -
,
, WDM.
3.2
MUX
, . 3.3.
.
4 , 7 , 13 16- ..
,
. DWDM

.
. 3.3
47
WDM
DEMUX .
, , , .
, DEMUX ,
, MUX ( ). ,
. . , DEMUX
, .
.
3.2.1
/
. , . 3.4. :
. 3.4 /
1.
- , /. : upper + lower 2 .
,
( 3 ). ..
( ) .
, .
.
. 3.5.
48
WDM
. 3.5 ,

.
,
ITU (. 2.2, 2).
2.
WDM.
,
.
ITU
100
.
,
FWM,

.

.
,
.
3. 3 ( ,
0,5 , 20 )
(
, , , ),

. , 3
FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum).
.
,
.

, , . 3.6.
( 20 30 )
DWDM.
,
.
49
WDM
. 3.6

. 3.7
( )
.
FOM (Figure of Merit),
.
.
, , , , .
4. FEXT (Far-End Crosstalk)
, i .
.
( ) .
, .
, ,
.
,
. ( )
. i
i :
Isolationi = min 10 lg
j i
Pin i ( i )
Pout j ( i )
Pin i ( i ) i , Pout j ( i )
50
i , j ( j i ).
WDM
, 30 ,

30 .
i
:
Crosstalk i = 10 lg Pin i ( i )
P
j i
out j
( i )
. 3.8 A, B C.
B; B
. B
B, A.
, .
, (
). , , , .
AWG, .
. 3.8 3-
. 3.9 8- .

, .
, , .
,
.
51
WDM
. 3.9 8-
WDM, .
25 .
,
. .
, , , .
5. ( , . 3.10)
DWDM .
,
.
. .
. 3.10 .
52

, . 3.10.

.
WDM
.
( ) ( loss ).
,
,
DWDM-.
6.

/.
3.2.2
.
, .
, .
, , ,
, ,
. , , , .
,
- .
, .

. , . .
, PDL
, PDL (Polarization Dependent Loss)

.

(. 3.11) .
(
) , PDL , .
53
WDM
. 3.11 /
PDL ,
,
.
PDL
.
PDL 0,1 .
, , (. 3.12),
, PDL.
. 3.12 /
PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) .

. ,

(. 3.13). , ,
PDL ,
, BER
, , CATV. PMD
54
WDM
, L , . PMD ( )
PMD = K PMD L ,
K PMD PMD (/). K PMD PMD

1 .
, , , /.
PMD ().
. 3.13 PMD:
( )
3.2.3
IL (Insertion Loss) -

IL = 10 lg(Pin Pout ) ,
Pin Pout .
-
.
DWDM . ,
.
DWDM-
. . 3.14
DWDM
. 55
WDM
ITU, ( ),
.
. 3.14 /
, . ,
. . ,
, ITU .
. . ,
.
.

.
.
. ,
PDL, . .
(, ). .
IL
PDL .
,
,
IL .
56
3.2.4
WDM
(Directivity), NEXT (Near-End Crosstalk), (. 3.15). .
. 3.15 1
. ,
.

. . 3.15 . 1
,
. ( )
.
. , . i -
:
Directivity i = min 10 lg
j i
Pin i ( i )
Pout j ( i )
Pin i ( i ) i , i ,
Pout j ( i ) i ,
j .
57
WDM
3.2.5
(, ) ,
- , - . : .

. .
. 75
1550 ,
. (, .) ,
.
:
, DWDM, , / .
.
.
. MPI (Multipath Interference).
, EDFA , .
55 50 .
3.3
,
WDM - , .
3.3.1
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
58
WDM
, .

, . 3.16.
.3.16
.
, ,
, . , ,
.
, ,
.
( , ), ,
,
. , . .
, , . 0 .

1310 .
.
.
,
, ,
, ..
.
WDM, , (. ITU-T G.653). 0
59
WDM
S 0 ,
0 , . 3.17. ,
0 . S 0
0 .
. 3.17 :

S 0 -
chr ( )
chr = D( ) L ,
D( ) (/(*)) , L
(). ,
.
. 3.18
(1) (2)
.
. 3.18 (
.)
60
WDM
:
(..
).
WDM (. ITU-T G.652)

,
1550 .
3.3.2
.
,
.
, ,
.
, , . 3.19.
, , . , ,
. ,
, .. , ,
.
. 3.19 PMD ,
61
WDM
,
.
, ,
, . , . ,
( ) . PMD
, , . (

.)
, . - ,
,
.

,
( ,
, ).
, , PSP (Principal State of Polarization).
, . DGD (Differential Group Delay),
. PMD DGD , . 3.20.
. 3.20 DGD, , PMD
, PMD,
, PMD . ,
, . 3.21. , 62
WDM
,
.
. 3.21 (0, 1)
,
PMD
, . 3.22.
. 3.22 PMD
PMD , ,
.
PMD
, :
PMDtotal
= PMDn2
n =1
12
, , 9 10 PMD 0,2 , PMD

2 , PMD 2,088 .
.
.
,
PMD, PMD.
63
WDM
PMD :
( );
( );
(
).
PMD (
, , , EDFA, 40 ). PMD
,
( ).
PMD
, . , , PMD, , . 3.23.
. 3.23 1 ( ) ,
PMD WDM
, . ITU-T G.652 ( 1980-
80 ). , . ITU-T G.653, G.654 G.655, PMD
.
PMD,
, ITU,
. 3.24. PMD
/.
64
WDM
. 3.24 PMD
PMD 99,994% 0,1 1

(/)

PMD ()
PMD
400
(/)
2,5
40
2,0
10
10
0,5
20
0,25
40
2,5
0,125
. 3.25 PMD .

(..
).
. 3.25 , PMD
, PMD , . , PMD ,
. PMD .
3.3.3
PMD , , . 10 /,
, .
PMD PMD . ( -
65
WDM

). , PMD
. PMD
, ,
PMD . PMD
.
PMD .
DGD PMD
, . PMD DGD .
PMD
.
. 3.26 PMD (. ., DGD)

3.3.4

( ).
.
.
.

. , - .
. , WDM c
.
66
, ( ) . -
WDM
, ,
.
. 3.27
, E P ,
n2 Aeff , :
E ( z + dz ) = E ( z ) exp[( 2 + i + P( z, t ) 2)dz ] ,
, ,
, (2 )(n 2 Aeff ) . ,
,
MFD (Mode Field diameter):
Aeff = MFD 2
(. ITU-T G.653)
(. ITU-T G.655) Aeff 50-60
2, (. ITU-T G.652)
80 2.
Leff ( ~ 1 Leff ), , Aeff . Leff 20 .

. ( ) (
).
(
) ( )
. :
67
WDM
(
);
( ).
, ,
:
n = n0 + n 2 I ,
n0 , n2 n2 ((23) 10-16 2/ ), I . , ,
:
- , .. , .
, , ()

( ).
, .
, 1525 , . ITU-T G.653,
10,7 (+0,085 ) 60 . . ITU-T
G.652
11 (+0.088 ) 30 . SBMS
, 6 .
-
.
(~50 ) 1 ,
(30-60 ).
68
WDM
. 3.28 -
11
()
() ( 10-12 /), . .
1550 10 15 ,
100 .
( 7 55 ). WDM .
.3.29 ()

.
( ).
, - .
WDM ,
.
69
WDM
:

;
(
- );
WDM .
G.652 ( 1310 ) ,
1550 (. ITU-T G.653) (. ITU-T G.655).
.
:
, .
CPM (Cross-Phase Modulation) ,
, . ,
, , CPM
:
WDM,
.

FWM (Four-Wave Mixing) WDM.

i , j , k
i j k .
. :
N 2 ( N 1) / 2
70
N , . ,
WDM 24 , 16- 1920!, . 3.30.
WDM

.
. 3.30.

( ,
).
,
(. G.653).
(. G.655), .
.
:
DWDM,
(. G.652) 1550 , . (. G.653)
FWM .
71
WDM
3.4
EDFA
DWDM. EDFA
, . EDFA
.

EDFA ,
. , - EDFA .
-
, , , .
. ,
, .
, . (. 3.31),
, . , ,
, ,
.
. 3.31
G ( )
Pout Pin ,
G = 10 lg[(Pout ( c ) PASE ( c ) ) / Pin ( c )]
Pout ( c ) c ; PASE ( c )
; Pin ( c ) .
72
WDM

, . 3.32. (, >30
EDFA < 20 ).
.
.
3
.
. 3.32 EDFA
( EDFA
>3 ) .
, ,
( 1).

, ( 3 ) . ,

.
DWDM- . , .

. ,

.

,
() , .
73
WDM

.

PDG (Polarization Dependent Gain)

. ,
,
.

EDFA -
, , , . , .
(. . 3.32).
(, ) , , , . ,
( ),
.

DWDM.
. (
) , , /.

.
3.4.1

ASE. ASE -
. .
ASE. -
(.. ) , .
. , . 3.33.
74
WDM

N 1 N 3 , N 2 .
( N 2 N 1 ) 1550
, .
. 3.33 EDFA
( 10 ).
, , .

. EDFA (. 3.34)
, ( ) .
()
ASE. ASE
.
. 3.34 (z, z+z) ASE
, N in () N out ()
, ASE
:
N out () = N in () G + PASE
ASE .

(. . 3.35).
75
WDM
. 3.35
ASE
1

3.4.2 -
- NF (Noise Figure) /
. . / ,
ASE,
.
/ :
- ( );
- ( );
( )

. - ,
, , , -
. , ..
. N ,
N 1 2 ( ).
ASE - - (ASE-ASE
, ), -
76
, ( 0 3.35) -
, , .
, . . .
WDM
. ASE
,
. -
, .
, . EDFA ASE (, 1 ) ,
, . 3.36.
.
. 3.36 - ;
ASE ASE
- (ASE- ) ASE.
ASE
, ,
, .
- EDFA.
- NF ( ), -
, PASE c ( . 3.37
PASE ), G
B ( ) :
PASE ( c )
NF = 10 lg
G ( c ) h B
-
- , -
.
77
WDM
. 3.37 -
ASE
3.4.3
MPI (MultiPath Interference) -
EDFA, . - ( ),
RIN ,
. EDFA , , .., MPI
. -
.
. . - MPI :
NFMPI ( ) = SNRout ( ) SNRin ( ) ,
, SNRin SNRout /
. ,
.
-, .. , 3 980
.
3.5
78
DWDM .
EDFA. ,
. . WDM
. , -
WDM
,
. .
. 3.38 LED,
- DFB-
DWDM
. , ,
/. , ,

.

. () , , DWDM. ,
.
, , , ( ).
- .
.
,
.
, . , ,
.
, ,
( , )
79
WDM
.
.

. DFB-
0,1 / 0,01 /;
0,002 /,
0,001 /. , 40 .
, EDFA
.
,
, ( ).
.
: .
3.5.1
.

().
. ,
DWDM, , ,
.
, BER ,
.
, , .
LED LD, -
, WDM.
, 2,5
/, .
, , , ,
. , ,
, . ,
, .. .
80
WDM
3.5.2
. ( , ) ,

. -
, ,
.
,
. 2,5 /
.
(/)

.
3.5.3
,

ITU. , ,
.
3.6
, .
BER, .
BER, , ,
,
.
. 3.39 BER
-9
( 10 )
81
WDM
,
BER
.
,
, , .
,
, , ( ), .
3.7

, .

, . , . ,
, () .
,
. 3.40. , .
. 3.40
, . ,
.
82
WDM
3.8
.
.
/. , , , , , :
, ;
3.9
WDM
, , EDFA,
. ,
. ,
, , :
, ;
83
WDM
3.10
,
, DFB-.
.
:
, , 20 . (
), 3
.
( 1 ), 35
() 60 () .
PMD. , PMD
( 50 100 ).
, PMD, , .
, PDL,
.
( ,
).
, DWDM,
DWDM, , . , , .
. , , .
, .
84
4.1
, ,
. , DWDM ,
.
, DWDM.
DWDM :
( );
( );
- (, );
( ,
);
/;
-;
DWDM ,
, .
. 4.1
86
,
, . -

,
, . 4.1.

, .
, , . , ,
,
.
4.2
,
.
, . , ,
,
40 .

, .
, , (
, LED
ASE) ,
WDM. ,
.
ASE . ,
.

ECL (External Cavity Laser).
( ) , 120 . ECL
, . , . ECL
. , , EDFA
. ,
ECL ( -65 ).
87

, , . 4.2.
0
700
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
. 4.2
4.3
WDM
. ,
.
, , .
,
,
. ,
.
4.3.1
,
.
.
( InGaAs).
.
( )
, , .
4.3.2
88
. 4.3 (a, b, c) , .

.
( ),
- . , ,
() .
. 4.3, a. .
(. 4.3, b) ,
.
, ,
.
.
. 4.3, b.

(. 4.03, c) , . (
).
89
. 4.03, c. ,
. , , ,
, 50 .
RBW (Resolution Bandwidth)

, DWDM. RBW
.
, , ,
.
OSA, ,
.
DWDM. :

.
.
OSA .
. (, ECL ) .
, OSA,
- ,
90

, OSA . ,

( ,
).
, , .
4.3.3

. , , . 4.3, a. .
,
- .
,
.
OSA,
. -,
, ( )
, OSA ( OSA
).
, . , - (He-Ne)
. , (, 0,005 ), , , 80- WDM.
(
30 ), DWDM, . ,
OSA.
, .
91
4.4

DWDM , . 4.4. ()
.
. 4.4
OSA
. / , , , .
, .
4.4.1 /

DWDM, , ,
, ,
, .
/ ( ).

92
. 4.5 /. /
ASE,
. , OSA, .
, OSA.

(OSA RBW) . , 1xN.
.
. 4.5 ASE OSA ( )
PDL
OSA
, (PDL).

. PDL. . ,
.
. 4.6 PDL
PDL , OSA , .
4.6. . OSA , .
93

, PDL
2-5 .
DWDM (, )
PDL . .
. 4.7 PDL
PDL DWDM , PDL, . PDL

, .
PDL -
S .
( S 0 , S1 , S 2 , S 3 ) , ,
. 4.8.
. 4.8
94

DWDM
.
4 4 M :
S = MS
S , S .
- PDL .

( 0,
90, 45, )
() .

. (transmission coefficient)
( ). PDL
( ) :
PDL = 10 lg(Tmin Tmax )
. ,
PDL . -
. -
( 4.5), . 4.9.
. 4.9 -
95

- PDBW
(Polarization Dependent Bandwidth).

,
. 4.10.
. 4.10
PDBW = BWmax BWmin

PDBW
. .
PDCW
(Polarization Dependent Central Wavelength)
, . 4.11.
PDCW (1 ), DWDM.
. 4.11
96
DWDM, ASE, , .

( )
OSA /. ,
. , ,
0,001 , . 4.12, a.
,
; , OSA
, . 4.12, b. .
. 4.12 :
) OSA
b)
ORL (Optical Return Loss)

, ,
OCWR (Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer). ;
.
, , ORL.
, ORL 70
.
ORL . , ,
( ASE);
OSA , . 4.13. - OSA ORL
40 .
97
. 4.13 ORL
,
. . . 4.14
.
. 4.14 , ASE
OSA,
(, 0,1 ),
,
OSA, . 4.15. ( 0,01 ) .
(~ 100
).
98
. 4.15
, .
, . 4.16, TLS (Tunable Laser Source). ,

. ,
.
(. ),
.
. 4.16 PDL

, ( ) ,
. TLS (,
) 65 .
, ORL PDL .
99
PMD :
JME (Jones Matrix Eigenanalysis), PSA (Poincar Sphere Analysis),
WSFA (Wavelength-Scanning/Fixed-Analyzer) IM (Interferometric Method). JME PSA ()
DGD . IM WSFA
PMD
. (, ), , PMD .
4.4.2
,
, . 4.17.
. 4.17

. ,
.
,
.
,
, . ,
,
.
100

4.4.3

WDM, (, , ) .

.
. 4.18 .
1 4 .
. 4.18
:
1. ,
, .
2. . ,

. , , ,
.
3. (
L-I) , , ( ).
.
PDL (. 2)
,
ITU-T, (
). (
).
101

, ITU. .
4.4.4
, . p-i-n , ,
. ,
( , ), ,
.
. 4.19
. .
. 4.19
4.4.5 EDFA
, EDFA,
DWDM, .
, . -,
,
.
. ,
, . 4.20.
. 4.20
102

EDFA,

/ . EDFA ( ),
PMD, PDL PDG (Polarization Dependent Gain).
EDFA, . EDFA
( InGaAs Ge ), +25 . 1550
, .
.
30 , , , 3 . ,
.
-
,
, .
.
,
, .
EDFA ,
OSA . ,
, .
, , .
, EDFA , ..
. (LED ASE ) OSA. ,

. . 4.21.
. 4.21
103

EDFA , , . ORL
.
EDFA, , . 4.22,.
. 4.22 ORL
(,
ASE), OSA 1 2 , . 4.22, b.
EDFA, ,
,
EDFA.
EDFA .
EDFA ,
, EDFA , .
,
. ,
,
.
. 4.23 .
, , , ,
. . OSA. EDFA
.
:
, .
EDFA.
, : ,
104

.
, : ,
, . EDFA, .
. 4.23 OSA EDFA

, . 4.24,
EDFA
.
. 4.24 ,
EDFA
,
( - 4%
13.9 ),
(EDFA) , ,
. /

1 .
- EDFA , : . -
105

- , ,
(ASE), .
-
, , ,
.
.
: ,
(Time-domain Extinction).
.

. ASE
ASE , . 4.25.
. 4.25 - EDFA
ASE
, ASE , -.
, , , .
ASE , , :
Pamp ASE ( s ) = Ptot ASE G PSSE
Pamp ASE
ASE
s , Ptot ASE () ASE, G

EDFA PSSE ASE .
, , .
SSE (Source Spontaneous
Emission), . , 106

, ASE EDFA ,
. , SSE , ,
. ; (ASE) , . 4.26.
. 4.26 - EDFA

SSE ASE. , , PMD.
, , , EDFA,
.
ASE . ,
, ASE , . 4.27.
. 4.27 - EDFA
(~ 10 ),
. ,
, , .
107

EDFA;
.
, RIN (Relative Intensity Noise), , . 4.28.
. 4.28 (RIN)
RIN .
, , , -, ESA (Electrical Spectrum Analyzer), . 4.29.
. 4.29 RIN - EDFA
- ,
, RIN, . 4.30.
108
RIN
MPI (Multipath Interference),
. , . RIN ,
. 4.30 RIN EDFA
PMD, ,
EDFA,
. LED 1531 ,
. 4.31.
MPI, - ( ).
. 4.31 PMD, , PMD
MPI . ( ) MPI.
,
, , -.
EDFA MPI ,
, . .
(0 ) .
109

PDG (Polarization Dependent Gain)
PDL
( ) , . 4.32.
.
. 4.32 EDFA
EDFA : . , ,
, 4.33.
. 4.33 2x2
4.4.6
/, ,
, , . ,
. 4.34. ASE .
7-8 . .
110
. 4.34
4.4.7
, , ASE, .
. , , .
, , ASE OSA.
PDL ,
1550 ( DWDM),
, . 4.35.
. 4.35 PDL
, , , . - , ,
,
PMD. , -
. PMD
/, . 4.36.
111
. 4.36 PMD
, , .
4.37.
. 4.37 PDL
4.4.8

,
, ().
, 1550
, . 4.38.
. 4.38
112

.
, .
, . ,

.
,
.

PMD ,
. . :
. , : (JME) (PSA).
PMD: DGD.

, JME.

, . 4.39.
. 4.39

.
.
, .
,
- ,
. 4.40.
113
. 4.40
.
PMD.
PMD (
).
:
PMD
.
, , .
,
.
PMD , , . 4.41.
,
( DWDM 1550 ),
PMD . PMD
, . ,
.
OSA.
114
. 4.41 PMD
PMD
.
, ,
.

, .
/ ,
, .
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
. PMD
, . , PMD .

, ( ).
,
, 5C.
PMD .
.
.
, (
) , -,
, . 4.42. ,
PMD -.
. PMD
115

/ /. PMD
,
: ,
.
. 4.42 PMD

, PMD .
( )
(. 4.43):
< >= 3 4
< > PMD , ,

.
. 4.43 PMD ,

- , < > L
/ /.
116

, .
. -

, / PMD
1 , 5 10%. PMD 0.1 20-25%.
PMD.
PMD
.
PMD ( ) , .
PMD ( PMD2 ), PMD ,
:
PMD2 = 2c ( PMD1 ) 2 / 2 3
PMD1 PMD , c
.
, PMD 0,5 / 0,15 /().

PMD
.
PMD
, ,
PMD. PMD
, , PMD.
: JME
PSA.
WDM .
() .
117

JME , PSA .
EXFO PSA ,
JME. ,
, , . , DGD
( ).
JME ,
, PSA ( EXFO)
.
,
/ .

.
(.. )
.

.
, .. ,
. DGD
( ) ,
, .
DGD ,
. ( )
( )
, . 4.44.
, .
. 4.44 DGD , JME PSA ()
PMD
DGD .
118
PMD /
/ DGD
(~0.01 ) .
,
.
( )
.
PMD
( ) .
PMD PDL .
,
.
JME, . .
, PSA .
. DGD PSA ,
. PMD , .
4.5

, , , .

DWDM-.
119

() ,
. ,
. , 60 .
.

: , , ,
, , , , , PDL.
PDL . PDL
.
()
. , 32, 64 .
. .
, , ,
/, (-) ,
DWDM.
:
120
. ,
, .
.
. .
( ) ASE.
WRM (Wavelength Reference Module).

. :
, , , ORL.
. ,
WRM. , WRM. -

. OSA.
(PSA). PSA (SOP).

SOP ,
, PDL . , PDL,
.
. PDL
.
,
.
.
.
,
, . .txt ,
. ,
, , , .
4.6
, ,
: , , .
.
.
- , , , .
.
.
-
: ,
, .
(, ),
.
, .
121

EDFA, ,
.
, . , , .
,
, (, ).
, , , ASE,
. . : OSA, .
EDFA
.
,
WDM, ,

.
, , , ,
. , , ,
.
. , ,

.
.
/ ,
.
122
4.7
,
.
-, . ,
,
, .
,
,
. . DWDM
.
4.7.1
Optical Loss Test Set (OLTS), DWDM
,
1525 1565 . , ,
.

OSC (Optical Supervisory Channel): 1480 , 1510 1625 , . DFB .
1625 , ,
.
, .
4.7.2
(OTDR) 1
1625 .
1625 , . , 1625 , DWDM
EDFA . ,
- 1625 ,
DWDM . 1625 ,
, , - , . 4.45.
, ITU
5- L- (Long) 1565-1625 , 6- U- (Ultra-long)
1625-1675 . (. .)
123
. 4.45
4.7.3
ORL
.
WDM .
: , ,
, . ,
,
/, ORL
. , , ,
.
DFB-, .
, ORL .
.
. : ORL
.
ORL
, , . , .
,
( 0,1 )
/ ORL. OSA . ORL: ,
,
. 4.46.
124
. 4.46
ORL
4.7.4 PMD
, PMD , . ,
,
, ,
.
PMD .
,
, PMD .
, DGD, PMD,
PMD .
/,
BER.
PMD . ,
PMD ,
, .
, , .
. -, . -, , /
.
:
125

PMD
:
PMD1+ 2 = (PMD12 + PMD22 )
12
PMD1+ 2 PMD , PMD1 PMD2 - PMD .

, PMD 40
2,5 (0,4 /). 40- ,
PMD 1,5 (0,24 /), 3 (0,47 /),
80 3,35 (0,37 /).
, , , .
, PMD 2 (0,32 /), - 4 (0,63
/1/2), 80 4.47 (0,50 /), , . , . : ,
, .
, PMD , 10 / . PMD ,
, , , PMD.
EDFA , ,
PMD.
PMD
. ; . , PMD
. .
DWDM
.
. , , ,
. , ,

(, PDL). , , ,
. , , .
126
5
, WDM
, WDM
WDM
. WDM

.
,
,
.
WDM.
WDM .
, ,
,
,
.

. ,
.
WDM,
, ,
.
,
, WDM,
, ,
WDM.
5.1. WDM

. , WDM
, .

, ,
,
, .
WDM
:
. ,
.
,
.
.
. , 40
2,5 / (STM-16)
100 /.
128
. ITU-T
100 ( 0,8
, WDM
).
50 ( 0,4 ) 25
.
() 2,5 / (STM-16)
10 / (STM-64).
.
EDFA. EDFA
( 40 ) 30-40
.
.

, ,
.
WDM,
.
5.1.1

BER (Bit Error Rate),
103 1012
.
, BER. WDM
BER .
- , . 5.1.
, ?
. 5.1 -
,
. ,
BER.
, ,

.
129
, WDM
. 5.1.
. 5.1 -
3
(P1)
-5
,
..
-1
ST-,
-0,25
-20
-1
ST-,
()
-27,25
,

(P2=P1-)
-24,25
(N)
-40

(P2-N)
15,75
, , ,
,
BER. ,
. 15,75 .
10 .
, -
; ,
. , ,
.

.
BER . 5.2.
130
, WDM
. 5.2 BER
5.1.2

.
. ,
, .

.
.
.
5.1.3
- ,
.
, -
, .

,
.
.
,
. ,
DWDM, .
, /
. EDFA
.

.
131
, WDM

.
ORL (Optical Return Loss)
-
, .
:
ORL = 10 lg( Pin / Pref )
Pin , Pref .
ORL .
, .
, , 1 ,
1 , 30 .
ORL ,
, .

(, . .)
K = 10 lg( Pref / Pin )
Pref , (
!), Pin . ,
, ,

.
,
, . , ,
1 , 1 ,
30 .
, , .
5.1.4 /
BER ,
,
WDM, /.
/ OSNR (Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio)
WDM
.
OSNR,
.
132
, WDM
,
BER / OSNR
.
OSNR BER. , OSNR,
, BER.
WDM
OSNR.
OSNR . 5.3.
40
. OSNR.
OSNR
, EDFA .
EDFA OSNR
3-7 . OSNR 20 .
. 5.3. . SNR

.

. ,
( ,
), EDFA
. -
ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) EDFA. ,
EDFA ,
,
.

,
. ASE / ,
.
-
, , ,
, .
133
, WDM
OSNR () WDM
. . 5.3, :
OSNR = min i [10 lg( Pi / N i ) + 10 lg( Bm / Br )]
: Pi i - , Br
( ), 0,1 , N i

( ) Bm i - :
N i = [ N ( i ) + N ( i + )] 2
,
.
/
.
.
/
, .
5.1.5

.
EDFA
, , . 5.4.
/
,
.

.

,
.
.
. 5.4. EDFA
134
, WDM
5.1.6

.
.

, ,
.
.
,
, . 5.5.
. 5.5
50
DWDM ,
,
.
100
( 0,8 ).

,
.
DWDM 50
.
DWDM .

DFB (Distributed Feedback), ,
.

DWDM.
,
DWDM. SDH ,
.
DWDM
SDH.
DFB ( ,
135
, WDM

DWDM ). STM16 DFB.
5.1.7
.
- . . 5.6

, 12 .
,
.
. 5.6
,
.
,
.
,
.
5.1.8

.
.
(, , )
.
4.4.1.

,
.
25 , . 5.7.

17 , 13 .
136
, WDM
. 5.7 (
)
, ,
.
,
.
, .
5.1.9
, ,
.

, 3.3.4.
,
.
5.1.10

FWM, -
.
,
, . 5.8.
. 5.8. -
137
, WDM
FWM ,
. FWM
,
.
FWM
,

. ,
, .
,
.
5.1.11
, ,
PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion)
: - ,
, , .5.9.
, PMD
:
PMD = < DGD 2 >
DGD (Differential Group Delay) .

DGD , ,
, ,
PMD .
. 5.9. PMD
, PMD
.
,
Lc ,
. Lc
1 300 .
, L
138
, WDM
( L >> Lc ),
. PMD :
PMD = K PMD L
K PMD PMD, /.
PMD PMD 1 .
PMD ,
80- . ,
, PMD .
,
,
.
PMD.
, 80- ,
,
STM-64.
5.1.12

,
.
.
,
,
.
5.1.12 WDM
-
, :
, :
();
();
, :
();
();
();
, :
DGD ();
, PDL ();
/ (), ,
WDM;
3 4.
139
, WDM
5.2. WDM
WDM
.
WDM ,
. ,
WDM.
,
.

SDH ,
, WDM,
.
,
.
/,
,
, WDM.
-
,
.

WDM , ,
, , .
:
( );
5.2.1

WDM. ,
.
1310 1550
,
.

.
140

( ,
),
, WDM
.
(STM-64),
,
, -
.
5.2.2 -

,
.
-
, ..
. ,
,
.
,
, .

,
, ,
. / OSNR
. OSNR DWDM
OSA,
OSNR .
WDM
, ,
,
.
,
,
. ,

, ,
/, ,
, , , ,
, ()
. 5.3.
141
, WDM
5.2.3
,
.
, ,

/ .
WDM
, ,
.

() WDM (/) ()
(/),
DCC (Data Communications Channel),
LAN (Local Area Network) OSC (Optical
Supervisory Channel). , ,
5.4.
.
,
, .
.

, .
RFTS (Remote Fiber Test System),
5.5.
5.2.4
, ,
.

,
. , (
, , )
. (ITU )
,
, , ,
.
5.2.5
142

. WDM
-,

SDH. ,
/ OADM,
, WDM
.
,
, -,
.
,
.

. ,
,
.
WDM
- .

.
WDM /
, .
,
,
, .
5.3 WDM
,
,

.
, WDM
.

.
.
,
.
, .. .
, , .
,
,
WDM.
5.3.1

, OSA
, . 5.10.
: XY .

143
, WDM
MWM (Multiwavelength Meter)
ITU.
. 5.10.

5.3.2

BER.
BER, , . 5.11.
ITU,
.
. 5.11 BER

.
OSA ,
.5.12, 5.13.
144
, WDM
. 5.12 OSA

.
. 5.13 (/) Siemens.

(
Siemens)
5.3.3
EDFA ,

. 1550
, .
5.14.
. 5.14 EDFA
,

1550 1 .
EDFA
3 .
OSA, . 5.15.
EDFA 32 ( 1530 1562 ).
EDFA.

145
, WDM
OSA ( 980 ,
1480 ).
. 5.15 OSA

.
.
( : / /0,1 ).
5.3.4

.

.
,
. ,
.

BER
EDFA.
BER, .5. 16.

( ).
OSA.
3 ,
.
146
, WDM
. 5.16. BER WDM ,

.
20 , . 5.17.
. 5.17.

. , ,
(
) OSA,
, . 5.18.
,
.
147
, WDM
. 5.18 :
) OSA ;
b)

.
.
OSA
( OSA), . 5.19.
ITU.
( 3 )
0,2 .
. 5.19 :
) ASE OSA ;
) OSA

.
OSA, . 5.20.
148
, WDM
. 5.20
OSA
5.3.5
,

.
.
DWDM
, .
DWDM
/ OSNR.
OSA , . 5.21.
. 5.21
OSA
149
, WDM
-, OSA
OSNR . /
(
),
. 18
.
-, /
. 2,5 /
21 .

, . 5.22.

. OSA
(
). OSNR (
28 0,1 ),
2 .
. 5.22. OSA
OSNR
BER
. BER (15 )
, ,
50 25 . BER
, BER
(1012 25 ).
BER
BER (15 ).
24 ,
. OSNR
.
150
, WDM

-
.
.
( )
MWM. 50
5 .
.
BER ,
.

, 1 .
,
.
.
BER
WDM ,
, . 5.23.
. 5.23.

5.3.6
, . .
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
151
, WDM

, TEC (Thermo-Electric Cooler),
.

EDFA. ,
EDFA.

.

(
, , ).
,
- .
, ,
- ,
.
.
EDFA.

, (
) .
5.4 WDM
DWDM 90- ,
.
, , WDM,

, . 5.24. BER -
DFB-,
EDFA, EDFA

.
. ,

.
,
,
.
, .
152
, WDM
. 5.24 ,

5.4.1 / OSNR

/ OSNR.

, ,

OSNR
OSA. OSNR
( ,
)

.

/.
5.4.2
WDM
.
OSA.
,

MWM.

.
, ,
,
;
.
OSA,
.
.

RFTS.
153
, WDM
5.4.3
PMD -
,

. ,

PMD .
5.4.4
,

.
.
DWDM ,

.
, ,
,
BER.
5.4.5
( DWDM EDFA)
- .

.

OSA, .

EDFA, ,
.
OSNR .

.
5.4.6

MWM, .
DWDM
0,005 .
MWM (30-40 ).
, MWM
OSA.
154
, WDM
MWM
.
5.4.7

, OSA
.
, .
,
.
5.5 WDM
WDM
. ,
,
, .
,

.
DWDM,
, , ,
..
, .

, .
5.5.1

.
OSC (Optical Supervisory Channel).
OSC
, ,
. OSC
, , .
OSC, ,
EDFA.
OSC
: , . OSC
, .
.
OSC
,
. OSC
, .
155
, WDM
OSC - ;
. OSC
1510 1625 ,
EDFA ,
.
1510 ,
OSC 1480 1310 (
).
OSC -
,
.
,
OTDR. OTDR
.

OSC, EDFA.

.

DWDM. OSC,
EDFA.
SONET/SDH
.
EDFA
,
.
RTU (Remote Test Unit)
RFTS (Remote Fiber Test System)
.
5.5.2 RFTS

. , MWM
OSA. PMD,
OTDR .
RFTS
. RFTS
. ,
, . 5.25.
RFTS
,
. :
156
(
).
, WDM
(
DWDM (STM-16 STM-64)
).
- , DWDM,
RFTS
. ,
( SDH).
( 120 ),

.
. 5.25 RFTS
DWDM
. DWDM
. WDM
,
DWDM .
RFTS
, .
157
, WDM

OTDR
, OSA DWDM.

OSNR,
.
, ,
DWDM OSA
, -
EDFA.

DWDM
. DFB-
,
( )
.
(0,1-0,2 ) DWDM

. 0,02
.
MWM RFTS 0,003 ,
DFB-
.
PMD
STM-64

. -
PMD
STM-64. PMD
. RFTS
PMD.
PMD ,
DGD .

DGD .
-

. ,
RFTS.
RFTS ,
.
158
, WDM
5.5.3

.
. ,
,
. . . 5.26

.
. 5.26
1.

. , -
. MWM
OSNR , . 5.27.
BER (, 1013) /
OSNR 18 (
OSNR 22 ).
, 8 .

(
MWM).
. 5.27 OSNR
159
, WDM
2.
,
, . 5.28.
5 2
.
, .
. 5.28. OSNR
3.
,
(),
, . 5.29.
. 5.29. DFB- WDM
160
, WDM
4.
EDFA.
.
3 , . 5.30
. 5.30. EDFA (
)
5.
(SDH, SONET, IP .)
. BER
20 .
:
.
, ,
DWDM . ,

. , ,
-
, .
,
.
161
, WDM
162
6
DWDM
DWDM
6.1 ?
, . ,
, . .
,
.
,
, . ;
.
,
.
, , , ,
, , .

SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) .

, .
SONET SDH -
.
6.2 ?

. ITU (International
Telecommunication Union),
, IEC (International
Electrotechnical Commission), .
- . , TIA (Telecommunications Industry
Association) ,
ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute) TTC (. . 6.1).
164
DWDM
. 6.1 ,
ITU
IEC
ETSI
CENELEC
TTC
JISC
EIA/TIA
. , , .

, .
, . , ,
.
6.3 ,
DWDM
DWDM ,
.
, - , TIA (Telcordia
Technologies ( Bellcore))
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). : IEC
ITU. - ().
6.3.1 ITU
ITU
, . ITU
. ITU ITU-R, ITU-T ITU-D.
ITU-T .
,
. ITU-T SG (Study Group), ITU. - ITU
WTSC
165
DWDM
(World Telecommunication Standardization Conference) ,
.
ITU , ,
.
SG 15 ITU-T
ITU-T
, .
, SG 15 ( ,
), DWDM.
SG 15 , ,
. , SG 15
- IP
(Internet Protocol). ,
ITU-T , , . SG 15 345 26
78 . ITU-T.
SG 15 89 (
) , :
(xDSL);
( , GSTN, IP);
SDH/SONET (,
SDH/SONET);
ATM ( IP ATM);
(, , ,
, IP );
(, ,
, ,
IP).
IP
SG 15 WP (Working Party):
(Network Access), (Network Signal Processing), (Multiplexing) (Switching and Transmission). WP 4/15, ,
, ,
, .
- WP 4/15
:
166
DWDM
- ;
- ITU-T;
IP WDM.
WP4/15 DWDM
, :
;
;
- ;
,
SDH;
SDH (.G.692);

, . . WP 4/15
, ,
,
.
WP 4/15 , . ,
.
, - IP (Internet Protocol) . WP 4/15 ,
( , ) IP WDM. ,
167
DWDM
,
.
WP 4/15 WDM. WP 4/15
50 , 100 , ( 128 ) (
).
WP 4/15 TDM
10 /, WDM.
, TDM
40 /.
, WP 4/15
1620-1660
, RFTS (. 5.5.2).
6.3.2 IEC
ITU, ( , ,
..), IEC . IEC
, , , ,
.
50 IEC.
(National Committees).
,
.
. -
IEC . , IEC
. IEC ,
- IEC.
IEC , ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
ITU, WTO (World Trade Organization), CENELEC (European
Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization). TIA IEC.
168
DWDM
IEC (IEC Council), , 200 TC (Technical
Committee) SC (SubCommittee) 700 WG (Work
Group). 10 000 ,
.
- IEC , IEC.
TC , .
TC 86
- , .
TC 86 . 6.2.
. 6.2 IEC TC 86
IEC 86:

ITU (ITU-T)
IEC 100 D ( )
(WG)
WG 1:
WG 4: -
WG7: /
- ( )
(S)
SC 86 A:
WG 1:
WG 3:
SC 86 B: -
WG 4:
WG 6:
WG 7:
SC 86 C: -
WG 1:
WG 2:
WG 3:
, ,
, . , TC 86
IEC ITU . , TC 86 IEC,
169
DWDM
ITU ,
PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion), WDM, , .
ITU PMD
TC 86 .
, TC 86 IEC 61282-3
PMD - . PMD (IEC 61941),
PMD .

PMD
.
,
PMD , PMD , PMD
.
SB 4 (Sector Board), , WDM.
, SB 4 , :
DWDM ;
xDSL ;
,
ADSL;
( )
DWDM. IEC 61074 IEC SC 86B
. ITU-T
.

IEC 61291-1. ( IEC
61291-4) . :
, .
IEC 61291-4 , ,
. IEC 61291-4 , ,
( , , ..).
170
DWDM
:
1.
2.
(IEC 61290-1):
a)
b)
( ,
);
c)
d)
e)
, .
(IEC 61290-2):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
:
1.
( ) ( )
, EDFA; IEC 61290-3-1 ( OSA
) IEC 61290-3-2 ( ESA RIN (Relative Intensity Noise))
IEC 61290-10-2 (
OSA).
2.
, -
, .
IEC 61290-4-1 (
).
3.
, EDFA.
IEC 61290-5-1 ( OSA), IEC 61290-5-2 ( ESA), IEC 612905-3 ( ).
4.
, . IEC 61290-6-1 ( ).
171
DWDM
5.
,
. IEC
61290-7-1 (
).
IEC SC 86C , , , . , , IEC 61290-1-3

, , OSA.
, ,
OSA.
, .
IEC 60793-1-x

.
6.3.3 TIA
TIA
(Telecommunications Industry Association). TIA , : FO-2.0 ( ),
, FO-6.0 ( ), .
,
WDM : FO-2.1.1 (,
), FO-2.1.2 (
), FO-6.3.5 ( -
) FO-6.6.5 ( ). TIA ANSI
(American National Standards Institute).
.
TIA ITU IEC, TIA
.
FO-2.1.1 ,
, ,
, .
FO-2.1.2 / OSA
, / (OFSTP-6, Optical Fiber Standard Test Procedure).
OSA 172
DWDM
0,1 . , 10 / 0,2 , 2,5 / - 0,09
.
FO-6.3.5 PMD , PDL, ,
WDM.
FO-6.6.5 , , -, PMD
.
. 6.3. TIA
FO-2.1
FO-2.1.1
FO-2.1.2
FO 2.2
FO-2.2.1
FO-2.3
FO-2.4
FO-2.5
FO-2.6
FO-6.1
FO-6.1.1
FO-6.3
FO-6.3.1
FO-6.3.3
FO-6.3.4
FO-6.3.5
,

, ,

-
-

()

-
FO-6.3.6
FO-6.3.8

FO-6.3.10
FO-6.6

FO-6.6.1

FO-6.6.2

FO-6.6.3
FO-6.6.5

FO-6.6.6

FO-6.6.7

FO-6.6.8

FO-6.6.9

FO-6.7
-
FO-6.7.1

FO-6.7.10 -
FO-6.7.14
FO-6.7.15 IEC
/.
FO-6.7.16

FO-6.7.17
FO-6.8

FO-6.9
-
FO-6.9.3/6.6.3
FO-6.9.4
PN
173
DWDM
6.4

ITU-T IEC. :
ITU ( );
ITU 100 50 25 ;
DWDM (15281602 );
( ) 128 256 ;
22 25 ;

- 40-80 ;
ITU ,
;
+17 IIIb
( , 1 ,
IV ,
);

(1650 ), - OTDR, .
, . DWDM
.
, . DWDM
.
174
7.1 DWDM
- , ,
DWDM OC-48 (STM-16) OC-192
(STM-64) 50 .
,
. . 7.1
.
. 7.1 WDM

.
, - . TDM ,
, , .
, DWDM . DWDM
,
, . DWDM
, 1998 . 200 . . , 2003
2 . .
176
, 2005 15%
1,5 /, 20%
2 / . :
2005 2 / 85%
, 20% 45 /.

. , ,
, .
WDM .
7.2 DWDM
DWDM ,
.
(IP, Ethernet . .)
SONET/SDH. ,
DWDM ,
.
, DWDM ,
.
.

.
, ,
.
DWDM
SONET/SDH: ,
DWDM SONET/SDH.
, DWDM
SONET/SDH, IP ATM , . DWDM
, Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI ESCON.
Gigabit Ethernet
DWDM ,
, .
, SONET/SDH, DWDM.
SONET/SDH, . DWDM ,
.
DWDM ,
(
EDFA). EDFA
, DWDM :
() .
50 ,
.
. , -
177

.
,
,
.
.
EDFA, .
EDFA
, , . , , (
).
. , EDFA
/
EDFA
.
, .
DWDM ( , ), SDH.
(
) - .
.7.2. :
) TDM A D;
b) - WDM
178
DWDM
, , -
EDFA .
. ,
. , DWDM -

(, -, .)
.
,
.
DWDM (.7.2, b) ,
SONET/SDH (.7.2, ). /
DWDM , . ,
DWDM , .
7.3 ,

,
TDM DWDM ,
.
DWDM
, , . DWDM
, , . , Ethernet ,
- ,
.
, . ,

SONET/SDH, - .
, -
.
, DWDM
. DWDM : 30
50 . , .
, DWDM
,
SONET/SDH. , , .
179
7.4
DWDM , . DWDM , -
,
, , .
DWDM.
, , DWDM
. . , , .
DWDM , -
1310 ,
DWDM ,
.
DWDM ,
.

DWDM, ,
.
,

. .
DWDM DWDM.
.
180
8.1
, .
?

, (- ,
),
WDM. . ,
. ,
, ,

.
, , , . , , -
(. . 8.1).
. 8.1
182
0,5 /
2,5 /
(
)
32 DWDM
,
SONET/SDH
<10
/
STS (STM)

1,2 /
10 / (
)
128
DWDM

,
ITU
10
/

STS (STM)
DCS
2-5 /
40 /
( )
200
UDWDM

,
ITU
40
/
STS-3

8.2
.
50 .
. 400 .
, 2,5 / (
/ 20 ), 1 /. , , 2,5 /.
DWDM. / , ,
, . , ,
(, ). , , .
DWDM,
SONET/SDH, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet IP,
.
IP (Internet Protocol)
. , -,
.
. , , 128- DWDM
.
8.3
, , . SONET/SDH, ,
,

.
, . ,
,
.
,
. , -
183
, () .
DFB -
DWDM. , .
, , . ,
,
. 40 .

. 206 .
, . ,
DWDM
.
8.4
, , .
, , .
, .
, , ,
.
FTTH (Fiber to
The Home). , - ,
. , ( )
- . , 10
50% .
VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser)
1310 1550 .
184

WDM . FTTH , , .
, . ,
. HDTV,
. ,
, , , -
. ,
, .
,
,
.
2000 ,
.
, . ,
, :
, -
.
185
186
9
EXFO WDM
EXFO WDM
WDM. ,
.
.
EXFO .
WDM, , . :
, , , , , EXFO. ,
, EXFO. ,
EXFO .
,
EXFO.
WDM, SONET/SDH.
, , .
, ,
. WDM, 32
128 . 100 (0,8 ), 50 (0,4 ).
, , , 16
16 .
2,5 /.
WDM, 10 / , , ,
40 /. -
180 , 90 . , ,
, 90- .
188
EXFO WDM

WDM. , ,
.
9.1
.

. , , .

, . ,

128 40 /.

.
.
, . ,
. . -, EXFO,
, , , ,
.
,
:
ORL;
- PMD;
,
. .
,
.
189
EXFO WDM
. ,
,
.
, , . 9.1.
. :
. 9.1

1. . OTDR. - 1310 , 1550

1625 . .
. ,

. ToolBox Process . OTDR
,
, . 9.2.
. 9.2
2. . , . .
MultiTest MaxTester ( 1550 1625 )
. FasTesT,
. 9.3.
190
EXFO WDM
. 9.3
3. ORL. ORL
.
,

BER .
. ITU
1550 , . 9.4.
. 9.4
191
EXFO WDM
4. - PMD. - ,
PMD, . 9.5. PMD .
(1550 ) , PMD
. ,
. , PMD
(PMD power bar ). PMD, ,
.
; , .
. 9.5 PMD
5. .
.
( ), -
OSA.
;
OSA .
192
EXFO WDM
,
.

, .
.
, ,
WDM 128
50 . (.9.6)
.
. 9.6 DFB-

WDM
128 , 10 /.
, PMD, 8,3 , , . ITU 2,5 , 40
/.
.
193
EXFO WDM
9.2 :
, WDM, ,
.
.
, ,
, . . - , , ,
, , . :
- (OXC);
(DCD);
/ (OADM);
/;
EDFA .
,
().
WDM, . .
, ,
. ( 4). :
194
;
;
;
;
;
, PDL;
;
;
ORL.
EXFO WDM
, .

:
1. .
( ),
. ASE OSA (
), . 9.7.
, . ,
3 . .
, , .. ITU.
. 9.7
2. . , .
. ,
. , , . 9.8.
-, . .
195
EXFO WDM
ASE . (.9.8),
,
.
. 9.8
3. .
,
( ),
( 3
), . 9.9.
. 9.9
196
EXFO WDM
4. (). - IL
pin p out ( ):
IL = pin p out
pin pout , .. 1 : pin = 10 lg( Pin / P1 ) , p out = 10 lg( Pout / P1 ) , Pin Pout - .
IL
, . 9.10. ,
.
0,10 .

.
, ,
, , .
. 9.10
EXFO . , ,
: ; -
; ,
; - .
197
EXFO WDM
5. .
.
.
. 40 , . 9.11.
. 9.11
198
EXFO WDM
6. / ().

. . 9.12,
, .
.
1 2, . , . ,
. , .
. 9.12 (
)
7. , PDL (). , ,
.

PDL IL.
, PDL , PDL 0,05 . EXFO
PDL .
. ,
. , , . 9.13.
199
EXFO WDM
PDL
. .
. 9.13 PDL
200
EXFO WDM
8. (). ORL

ORL = 10 lg( Pin / Pref )
Pin , Pref .
ORL, 0 , 100%
; ORL 20 1%.
, , ORL > 60 .
ORL 60 0,0001% .
.
, , ,
.
(80 ); .
ORL. , ORL, ORL 80 .
, ORL DWDM.
ORL

.
( DFB-),
, , , , PDL,
, .
, ,
.
WDM - , , .
201
EXFO WDM
9.3
, ,
. , ,
.
, ,
. , , , .
, WDM.
(
). , .
.
:
EDFA;
/;
, WDM
. - , ,

EXFO:
202
EXFO WDM
1. .
, , ITU.
, MWM, . 9.14.
. 9.14 OSA MWM
203
EXFO WDM
2. . ,
,
, . 9.15. ,
. EXFO
WDM
OSA. , .
. 9.15
204
EXFO WDM
3. EDFA. ,
.
1550 , , . 9.16. -
EDFA ,
,
OSA .
. 9.16 EDFA
205
EXFO WDM
4. /. , 32 .
. , , OSA (
DEMUX, OSA
DEMUX).
.
, MWM ,
ITU, . 9.17. , ,
: WDM OSA. ,
, .
OSA, ,
. ,
.
. 9.17 MWM
206
EXFO WDM
5. . ,
. OSA / .
, / 18 , 40 . EDFA
. , ,
.
MWM (drift mode),

WDM .
6. . , (, , , , , )
.
9.4
9.4.1
. RTU (Remote
Test Unit), PC- , - ,
.
RTU OTDR , .
( ) , ,
. - , , .
,
, , , . .
RTU,
, /,
TSC (Test System Controller) (. 9.18). TSC ,
SQL. TSC RTU,
, .
207
EXFO WDM
. 9.18 RFTS
RFTS (Remote Fiber Test System).

RFTS
(GeoMedia Small World). , :
. .
() , , . ., GPS
( ).
RFTS
. .
208
EXFO WDM
:
, ;
(, . .);
9.4.2

RTU ( RFTS)
, .9.19. ,
().
. 9.19 RFTS
OTDR
209
EXFO WDM
, ,
.9.20. ; , ,
(, , ..), . 9.21. :
-
, ;
..
. 9.20
. 9.21
210
EXFO WDM
, . 9.22:
-
1;
12;
42;
13;
. 9.22
( ) , . 9.23.
. 9.23
211
EXFO WDM

RTU ( RFTS)
. .

, , . 9.24. ;
,
(,
, ..), . 9.25. :
-
/;
. 9.24 RFTS OSA
212
EXFO WDM
. 9.25
, . 9.26:
-
1;
12;
42;
13;
. 9.26 OSA

( ) .
213
EXFO WDM
9.5
, . , ,
, .
.
, .
,
.

.
, .
,
. ,
, , .
, ,
. , , ( )
, ,
. , EXFO,
:
EDFA 6 8 ;
/ 12 ;
16-18 .
, ,
!
214
C- ()
C-band (conventional band)
1525 1565 ,
,
. . " ITU".
DFB-
DFB laser
. .
DSn ( En)
DSn

, . DS1
1,544 / 24 DS0
64 /. DS3 DS2 (DS2 DS1),
44,736 /.
- En ( E1 E3
)
FP-
FP laser
. -.
L-
L-band (long band)
1568 1610 . .
" ITU".

Amplitude modulation (AM)
,
.

Network architecture
,
,
;
.
Attenuator
()
.

Near-End Crosstalk
. .
216

Brillouin scattering (BS)
,
,
, ..
,
.

Insertion loss (IL)
, -
.

Waveguide dispersion
,
.

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
,

.

Wavelength Meter
.

,
HeNe .

Step-index fiber

.
,
Graded index fiber
. .
,
Multimode fiber
. .
,
Singlemode fiber
. .
,
Optical fiber
. .
217
,
Step-index fiber
. .

Fiber Bragg grating
,
.
,
EDFA .
Repeatability
.
,
.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
,
.
( )
Stimulated Raman scattering

( )
. WDM-
.

Wide area network (WAN)
,
, , .
()
Central office (CO)
. .

Metropolitan area network (MAN)
/ .
( MAN 50
IEEE 802.6 MAN).

Graded index fiber
,
.
.

Far-End Crosstalk
. .
218
dBm

1 .

Birefringence

, -
(
).
Demultiplexer (DEMUX)
N ( ) .
Detector
,
.
()
Decibel (dB)

.
.

Mode field diameter (MFD)

,
.

Measurement range

,
.

Dynamic range

( ) , (
) ,
.
,
Light-emitting diode (LED)
. .
,
Dispersion
. /
219
,
Chromatic dispersion
. .

Diffraction grating
, (
) ,
.

( ).

Differential group delay (DGD)

. ,
,
.

(DGD).

Cutoff wavelength
,
( ).

Peak wavelength
,
(,
, ..).
,
Nominal wavelength
. .
,
Central wavelength
. .
, ,
Polarization dependent central wavelength (PDCW)
. .

Polarization dependent central wavelength (PDCW)

.
Retardation

.
220

Retardation plate
.
,
.
.
, .
Attenuation
,
. .

Buffer coating
,
. .

Optical continuous wave reflectometer (OCWR)
,
. OCWR

.

Optical loss test set (OLTS)
.

, .

Test System
,

Channel isolation
( )
. (. , FEXT).
, ( , FEXT)
Isolation
,
,
(, ).

Index-matching gel
,
.
.
221

IEEE
,
,
.
-
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
,
,
.
.
Source
,
.

Channel spacing
( ).
Coherence
( )
. ,
().
Connector
. .

Polarization controller
, (SOP)
.

Reflectance
-
.
( )
Bit error rate (BER)

.
BER - 1E-9 .

Avalanche photodiode (APD)
.
222
Laser
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
( ).

.
- .

Distributed feedback laser (DFB laser)
.
-
Fabry-Perot (FP) laser
,
, .
,
Tunable laser
. .
Linearity
( )
.
Trunk
.

Local area network (LAN)
, .
, : , ,
.
Backbone

Macrobending
, .

Material dispersion
,
.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

.
223
Microbending
.

.

Multipath interference (MPI)
,
.

.

Multimode fiber
,
.
Mode
.

Dispersion

.

.

Mode stripper
, ,
.
,
Amplitude modulation (AM)
. .
,
Frequency modulation (FM)
. .

Reference power
, .

.
,
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
. .
224
,
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
. .
,
Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)
. .
,
Narrowband wavelength-division multiplexing (NBWDM)
. .
Multiplexer (MUX)
, (
) .
/
Add/drop multiplexer (ADM)
,
/ .
/
(TDM), (DWDM)
.

Mandreling

(,
,
).
, ( , NEXT)
Directivity
(),
,
(, ).

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
,
, ,
.
Fault
.

Ripple
() ,
.
225

Nominal wavelength
,
(, , ).
-
.
Cladding

.

Backscattering
. . .

Singlemode fiber
,
.
(OC)
Optical carrier (OC)
SONET. OC-1
51,84 /, OC-n
(OC-3, OC-12, OC-48 OC-192) -1.
()
Optical return loss (ORL)

.
-
Optical cross connect (OXC)
, NxN,
, ,
.

Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR)
-
.
.

() ,
.

Optical cleave
()
.
226

Talk set
,
.
.
,
Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)

(20-100 ) .

Optical fiber
,

.

Optical fiber amplifier (OFA)
( ,
EDFA).

Principal states of polarization (PSP)
,
.

(PSP).
PSP .
.
PSP
.
Coupler
,
.

Relative intensity noise (RIN)
.
/
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
.
Reflection generator
,
.
227
Reflection

.
,
Total internal reflection
.
,
Fresnel reflection
. .
Transmitter

.
Switch
,
.

Cross-phase modulation (CPM)
() .

Crosstalk
, -
() . (NEXT, )
(FEXT, ) .
( )
Tunable laser
.
()
Connector adapter

.

OH-peak
1390
(OH-).
.
.

.

Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)
WDM .
228
Repeater
.
,
,
.
Absorption
, .

Index of refraction

.

Refractive index
,
, .. ,
,
.

Fiber coating
, ,
.
,
Buffer coating
. .

Total internal reflection
,
,

,
.

Bandpass
( ),
.

Bandwidth
. .
229
p-i-n
p-i-n photodiode
, ,
(p) (n)
i.
Polarizer
,
.
()
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
. - .
-
Polarization dependent bandwidth (PDBW)

.
- ()
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
-

.
.
Polarization

.
,
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
. .
Port
().
Loss
. .
PDL
Polarization dependent loss (PDL)
. .

Polarization dependent loss (PDL)
( ),
- ,
.
230

Bend loss
( ) (
).
.

Optical return loss (ORL)
. .
,
Insertion loss (IL)
. .
Refraction

.
Receiver

.
Protocol
, ,
.
Flatness
WDM .
,
Fused biconic tapered device
. .
Resolution

.

Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI)
, ANSI (MAN).
100
/.
Repeater
. .
231

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
,
( - , )
.
Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR)

. .

Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)
,

/. ,
,
.

Rayleigh scattering
( )
( ).

Fused biconic tapered (FBT) device
,
, ( 2 5
).
.
Light-emitting diode (LED)

, .

Edge-emitting LED (EELED)
, .
WDM-.

Mode coupling

.
Core
,

.
MAN,
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
. .
232

SONET
,
.

Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
,

.
Synchronous

.

.

Plug-in module

.
.
Connector

, .

Pigtail
, ,
.

Patchcord

, .

State of polarization (SOP)

.

Spectral width

.
,
-
.
233

Wavelength-independent coupler (WIC)
,
.
Splice
,
. .

Wavelength Locker
,
.

Network architecture
. .

Poincare sphere (PS)

.

Dark current
, .
DWDM
DWDM
. .
FDDI
Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI)
. .

Thin film coating-based filter
.
.
Topology

.
-
Point-to-point
.
Accuracy
.
234
-
Transistor-transistor logic (TTL)
, +5
(1), 0 - (0).

.
Node
,
.

Narrowband wavelength-division multiplexing (NBWDM)
WDM-,
1550 .

Connector adapter
. .

Noise floor
,
. /=1.
Gain

(ASE) .

Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE)
,
.
.
EDFA
EDFA
. , .
,
Optical fiber amplifier (OFA)
. .

Dispersion compensation device (DCD)

.

Self-phase modulation (SPM)

235
,
Mode stripper
. .
Photodiode
, ,
() .
Photon
( ).

Fresnel reflection
,
.
, ,
-13,9 n=1,46.

Chromatic dispersion
,

.
/(*).

Central wavelength
, .

Central office (CO)
.
Circulator
,
(, 90 180 ).
()
Frequency modulation (FM)
,
.
,
Chirp
(,
) (,
).
236

Numerical aperture (NA)
,

, .
Sensitivity

.
()
Responsivity

. /.

Pulse width
,
.

Bandwidth
( ),
Broadband
(, ,
/ ).

Fiber in the loop (FITL)

()
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
,
,
. , ,
, .

Group index

.
.
237
238
ADM
Add/Drop Multiplexer
ADSL

( ADSL)
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
ANSI
- American Nation Standards Institute
APD
Avalanche Photodiode
APS
Automatic Protection Switching
ASCII

( ASCII)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASE
Amplified Spontaneous Emission
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AWG
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
BDLA
Bidirectional Line Amplifier
BER
( )
Bit Error Rate
BML
( TMN)
Business Management Layer (TMN architecture)
BW
Bandwidth
CATV
Community Antenna Television or Cable Television
CD
Chromatic Dispersion
CLEC
Competitive Local Exchange Carrier
CO
Central Office
CORBA

Common Object Request Broker Architecture
( - (TMN architecture/object model)
)
CPU
DAMA
[] Demand Assignment Multiple Access

DBFA
Dual-Band Fiber Amplifier
DCD
Dispersion Compensation Device
DCF
Dispersion-Compensating Fiber
DCOM
Distributed Component Object Model (TMN archi( / TMN)

tecture/object model)
DGD
Differential Group Delay
DSF
Dispersion-Shifted Fiber
DUT
Device under Test
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
ECL
External Cavity Laser
EDFA
EDFA (
, )
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
EELED
Edge-Emitting LED
Central Processing Unit

EIA
Electronic Industries Association
EMI
()
Electromagnetic Interference
EML
( Element Management Layer (TMN architecture)

TMN)
ESA
Electrical Spectrum Analyzer
FBT
Fused Biconic Tapered device
FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface

( FDDI)
FDF
Fiber Distribution Frame
FEC
(
)
Forward Error Correction
FEXT
(. Isolation)
Far-End Crosstalk
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
FITL
( )
Fiber in the Loop
FM
Frequency Modulation
FOA
Fiber-Optic Adapter
FOM
Figure of Merit
fs
, 1E-15
Femtosecond
FTTC
Fiber To The Curb
FWHM
1/2
Full Width Half Maximum
FWM
Four-Wave Mixing
GIS
()
Geographical Information System
GPIB
General Purpose Interface Bus
HDSL
High-Rate Digital Subscriber Link

( HDSL)
HeNe
Helium-Neon laser
HFC
- ()
Hybrid Fiber Coax (network)
HiBi
High Birefringence fiber
IEEE
- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IL
Insertion Loss
IM
Interferometric Method
IP
IP
Internet Protocol
ITU

( )
International Telecommunication Union
IEC
Inter-exchange Carrier
ILEC
Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier
JME
Jones Matrix Eigenanalysis
LAN
()
Local Area Network
LED
Light -Emitting Diode
LWEDFA EDFA
Long Wavelength EDFA

239

MAC
(
OSI)
Media Access Control
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
MFD
()
Mode Field Diameter
MIB
( TMN)
Management Information Base (TMN)
MUX
Multiplexer
MWM
Multiwavelength Meter
NA
Numerical Aperture
NBWDM
240
Narrowband Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
NDSF
(- Non-Dispersion-Shifted Fiber
)
NE
Network Element
NEL
Network Element Layer
NEXT
(. Directivity)
Near-End Crosstalk
NF
Noise Figure
NIST
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
NML
( TMN) Network Management Layer (TMN)
NOC
Network Operations Center
NRZ
Non Return to Zero
NZDSF
Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber
OADM
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
OC
Optical Carrier
OC-3
155 / ( SONET), 155 Mb/s (SONET transmission rate)

STM-1
SDH
OC-12
622 / ( SONET), 622 Mb/s (SONET transmission rate)

STM-4 SDH
OC-48
2,5 / ( SONET),
STM-16 SDH
2,5 Gb/s (SONET transmission rate)
OC-192
10 / ( SONET),
STM-64 SDH
10 Gb/s (SONET transmission rate)
OC-768
40 / ( SONET),
STM-256 SDH
40 Gb/s (SONET transmission rate)
OCH
Optical Channel
OCWR
Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer
OFA
Optical Fiber Amplifier
OLTE
Optical Line Terminating Equipment
OLTS
Optical Loss Test Set
ONC
Optical Network Controller
OO
Object-Oriented
OPS
(- Optical Protection Switching

)

ORL
Optical Return Loss
OSA
Optical Spectrum Analyzer
OSC
Optical Supervisory Channel
OSNR
Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
OSS
( - Operation Support System (management systems)

)
OTAU

( Bellcore)
Optical Test Access Units (Bellcore/Telcordia

standard name for central station)
OTDR
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
OXC
Optical Cross Connect
PDBW
Polarization Dependent Bandwidth
PDCW
Polarization Dependent Central Wavelength
PDFFA
Praseodymium Doped Fluoride-based Fiber Amplifier
PDG
Polarization Dependent Gain
PDH
( Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PDH)
PDL
Polarization Dependent Loss
pm
, 1E-12
picometr
PMD
Polarization Mode Dispersion
POP
Point of Presence
POP3
POP3
Post Office Protocol Mail
PSA
Poincar Sphere Analysis
PSA
Polarization State Adjuster
PSP
Principal States of Polarization
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS
Quality of Service
RBW
Resolution Bandwidth
RFTS
Remote Fiber Test System
RIN
Relative Intensity Noise
RTU
Remote Test Unit
SBS
()
Stimulated Brillouin (back)Scattering
SDH
(
SDH)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SMTP

( SMTP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP
( Simple Network Management Protocol

SNMP)
SNR
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SOA
Semiconductor Optical Amplifier

241
242
SONET
(
SONET)
Synchronous Optical Network
SOP
State of Polarization
SPM
Self-Phase Modulation
SQL
( Structured Query Language

)
SRS
Stimulated Raman Scattering
SSE
Source Spontaneous Emission
STM
Synchronous Transfer Mode
STM-1
STM-1
(155 /, SDH)
Synchronous Transfer Mode STM-1

(155 Mb/s, SDH)
STM-4
STM-4
(622 /, SDH)

(622 Mb/s, SDH)
STM-16
STM-16
(2,4 /, SDH)

(2,5 Gb/s, SDH)
STM-64
STM-64
(10 /, SDH)

(10 Gb/s, SDH)
STM-256
STM-256
(40 /, SDH)

(40 Gb/s, SDH)
TCP/IP
/
( TCP/IP)
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDFFA
Thulium Doped Fluoride-based Fiber Amplifier
TDM
(
TDM)
Time-division Multiplexing
TLS
Tunable Laser Source
TMN
Telecommunications Management Network
TSC
(
Bellcore)
Test System Controller (Bellcore/Telcordia standard

name for central station)
VDSL

( VDSL)
Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line
VPN
( )
Virtual Private Network
WAN
(
)
Wide Area Network
WDM
(
WDM)
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
WRM
( )
Wavelength Reference Module
WSFA
Wavelength-Scanning/Fixed-Analyzer
XPM
Cross-Phase Modulation
Spectral-gain Characteristic
Fast Fourier Transform
Fiber-optic Cable
Geographical Information System
Decibel
Local Area Network
, 1E-12
Picometr
Software
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Device under Test
, 1E-15
Femtosecond
Chromatic Dispersion
243
244
O-
1260 1360
(Original)
E-
1360 1460
(Extended)
S-
1460 1530
(Short wavelength)
C-
1530 1565
(Conventional)
L-
1565 1625
(Long wavelength)
U-
1625 1675
(Ultra-long wavelength)

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1.
- ; , , // .
. . ., . . .: Connect, 2000.
2.
. . . .: ,
1999.
3.
. ., . . : . - .:
-, 1998.
4.
. . .
.: , 2000.
5.
. ., . ., . . , .1. - . .: , 1999.
6.
, , . : . , 1994.
7.
, -
110 .
.: , 1999.
8.
., . : . . .:
, 1987.
9.
. ., . . .
, Connect! 2000, 3 (72-84).
10.
. . - . .: -, 2000.
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. ., . ., . . -
. , Connect! 2000, 4.
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14.
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251
252

Основы DWDM

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Guide to WDM Technology and Testing

5.1. WDM ...........................................................128

7.1 DWDM ..............................................................176

WDM, , MAN (Metropolitan Access Network).

CIENA, TT, 192

DWDM TDM , DWDM

MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems)

/ (Addressable Add/Drop Device)

FBT (Fused Biconic Tapered)

, EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier)

1980- (Payne) (Laming)

. 2.22 EDFA (DCD , dispersion

2.6 WDM TDM

, PDL (Polarization Dependent Loss)

PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) .

K PMD PMD (/). K PMD PMD

WDM (. ITU-T G.652)

. 3.20 DGD, , PMD

, , 9 10 PMD 0,2 , PMD

PMD 99,994% 0,1 1

. 3.26 PMD (. ., DGD)

FWM (Four-Wave Mixing) WDM.

. 3.34 (z, z+z) ASE

RBW (Resolution Bandwidth)

. 4.5 ASE OSA ( )

PDL DWDM , PDL, . PDL

PDBW = BWmax BWmin

ORL (Optical Return Loss)

. 4.23 OSA EDFA

s , Ptot ASE () ASE, G

. 4.29 RIN - EDFA

. 4.30 RIN EDFA

. 4.31 PMD, , PMD

< > PMD , ,

. 4.44 DGD , JME PSA ()

WRM (Wavelength Reference Module).

(PSA). PSA (SOP).

PMD1+ 2 = (PMD12 + PMD22 )

PMD1+ 2 PMD , PMD1 PMD2 - PMD .

K = 10 lg( Pref / Pin )

DGD (Differential Group Delay) .

. 5.13 (/) Siemens.

ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission)

. 5.16. BER WDM ,

. 5.29. DFB- WDM

IEC SC 86C , , , . , , IEC 61290-1-3

1. . OTDR. - 1310 , 1550

. 9.14 OSA MWM

RFTS (Remote Fiber Test System).

. 9.24 RFTS OSA

Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR)

Light-emitting diode (LED)

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

- American Nation Standards Institute

Automatic Protection Switching

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Amplified Spontaneous Emission

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Arrayed Waveguide Grating

Bidirectional Line Amplifier

Bit Error Rate

Business Management Layer (TMN architecture)

Community Antenna Television or Cable Television

Competitive Local Exchange Carrier