MATLAB

.., ..

2005
MATLAB
(desktop) MATLAB

4
5

MATLAB

(Getting Help)
MATLAB

7
13

13

Array Editor
MATLAB

16
18

20

()

23

MATLAB

24

(Colon)

28

30

35

37

41

50

65

66

MATLAB-

(Flow Control)
1. MATLAB
2.
(General purpose commands)

74
75
86
97
108
114
121
123

 3.

126

4.
(Elementary math functions).

127

5.
(Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation)
6. -
(Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra)
7.
(Interpolation and polynomials)

129
132

8.
(Data analysis and Fourier transforms)
9.
(Character strings)

133
135

MATLAB

137

 MATLAB
MATLAB ( MATrix LABoratory - )
The MathWorks, Inc. (, ., . )
,
.
, Fortran, C C++.
MATLAB:

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MATLAB , ,
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REDUCE, MACSYMA, DERIVE, Maple, Mathematica, Theorist,
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(Application Toolboxes Toolboxes),
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SIMULINK.
MATLAB Application Toolboxes,
MATLAB,
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 MATLAB
MATLAB-. MATLAB
Windows. MATLAB- $matlabroot\work, $matlabroot , MATLAB.
, MATLAB - (master M-file)
matlabrc.m., startup.m ( ). matlabrc.m,
local, The MathWorks, . startup.m
()
. (. ),
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startup.m $matlabroot\toolbox\local (
MATLAB-).
MATLAB-. MATLAB Exit
MATLAB ( MATLAB) File MATLAB-, -
quit () Command Window.
, MATLAB finish.m, (. ) , -
MATLAB. finish.m . ,
MATLAB, ,
, . $matlabroot\toolbox\local , finish.m:
finishsav.m save, MATLAB-.
finishdlg.m , .

(desktop) MATLAB
MATLAB ,
:
Command Window ( )
MATLAB.
Command History ( ) ,
Command Window, .
Launch Pad ( )
MATLAB .
Current Directory Browser ( )
MATLAB, ,
, .
Help Browser ( )
MATLAB.
Workspace Browser ( )
(workspace) MATLAB.

 Array Editor ( ) ,
.
Editor/Debugger (/) ,
-, .. , MATLAB.
MATLAB (.1).

(. . 1). ,
, Dock View .
.
(Title Bar) .
MATLAB
Default ( ) Desktop Layout ( )
View () . MATLAB
(context menu),
(), .
. MATLAB
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(Workspace)

. 1. MATLAB

 MATLAB
MATLAB
.

-

Simulink

Undo

Redo

(Help)

Undo ; Redo .
. 2. (Toolbar)

Command Window ( )
1.
(>>) Command Window , MATLAB
. >> . , 33
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 10]
Enter ( Return) , MATLAB

A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10.
() (workspace) MATLAB.
! MATLAB , .. MATLAB ! ()
- !

Enter. MATLAB . ,
magic(2)

ans =
1
3

2.

, Shift+Enter .
Enter .
K>> , MATLAB
(debug mode). .
2. (Evaluating a Selection)

Evaluate Selection. MATLAB , , -.
3. (Opening a Selection)
-
Open Selection. -
/ (Editor/Debugger).
! MATLAB- .
MATLAB ,
!
4.
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( ; ). ,
format short;

x = (1:10)';

logs = [x log10(x)]

Enter
1 10.
5.
, , (...)
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s = 1 1/2 + 1/3 1/4 + 1/5 1/6 + 1/7 ...
1/8 + 1/9 1/10 + 1/11 1/12;
, , . ,
headers = ['Author Last Name, Author First Name, ...
'Author Middle Initial]

headers =

Author Last Name, Author First Name, Author Middle Initial

4096.
6.
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(, for, else, while ..), (...),
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Preferences File.
.
7.
MATLAB,
:
.
Cut (), Copy (), Paste (), Undo (
), Redo ( ) Edit (),
(. . 2).
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Tab (). MATLAB ,
, (handle graphics
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Tab. , .
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. , cos - Tab.
MATLAB , - cos.
Tab MATLAB -
:
cos cosh costfun
cos_tr cosint costs_march.

 . , , , . ,
rho = (1+ sqt(5))/2
Enter MATLAB :
Undefined function or variable 'sqt'.
( sqt),
sqrt ( ).
, .
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r. . . (smart recall) , ,
. , plo

, plo.
.
,

Ctrl+
Ctrl+
Home
End
Esc
Delete
Backspace
Shift+home
Shift+end

Ctrl+p

Ctrl+n

Ctrl+b
Ctrl+f
Ctrl+r
Ctrl+l
Ctrl+a
Ctrl+e
Ctrl+u
Ctrl+d
Ctrl+h
Ctrl+k

.
.
.
.
.
.
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8.

Clear Command Window

Edit. , -

 . .
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clc . clc, home
MATLAB (>>) ,
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9.
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A = magic(100);
Enter MATLAB A 100100,
.
10.
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( ).
more . more (). more on, MATLAB
( ).

Enter

more off.
11.
, . Preferences File
. ,
MATLAB-.
!
format.
, MATLAB- .

 .
x = [4/3 1.2345e6]
short e
1.3333e+000 1.2345e006
short
1.3333 0.0000
+
++
(Help) . sprintf fprintf .
. Preferences File . format compact , . , , format loose.
12.
Print File.
, Print
Selection File.
13.
-. -, .. MATLAB, ,
MATLAB-, ..
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MATLAB -.
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Ctrl+c Ctrl+Break .
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M- (Editor), , .
. MATLAB
diary ().
,

MATLAB, . . ,
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diary('sept23.out'). : diary('off')
. Command History ( ) ,
.

(Getting Help)
MATLAB
. , , . ,
: help, helpwin lookfor.
1. HELP. , .
help, , ( )
MATLAB.
() MATLAB- (. 1).
help(topic) help topic , topic (,
matlab\polyfun), .
help fun, fun , ,
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2. HELPWIN. , help,
(Help Browser) (. . 1).
3. LOOKFOR. -
. , , lookfor XYZ XYZ
(HELP text) -
MATLAB (MATLABPATH). , lookfor
.

MATLAB
(workspace) MATLAB- ( (array), MATLAB . , -, , . , , :
t = 0 : pi/4 : 2*pi; y = sin(t);
z = 5;
y t,
, z.
.
(Workspace Browser )

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 , . :
View MATLAB Workspace.
(Launch Pad) Workspace.
workspace MATLAB-.
( ):

. 3.

. ,
, . Name ( ).
! who . whos
. , who MATLAB :
Your variables are ( ):
A M S v
whos :
Name Size Bytes
Class
A 4x4
128
double array
M
8x1
2368
cell array
S
1x1
398
struct array
v
5x9
90
char array
Grand total is 286 elements using 2984 bytes

 ,
: double array , cell array
, struct array , char array .
.
MATLAB. MATLAB-,
.
MAT- (MAT-file), () .
MAT-, , ,
.
. :
1. File Save Workspace As,

. Save.
2. (File name). MATLAB
.mat .
3. Save.
MAT-
.
. :
1. . Shift Ctrl.
1. Save Selection As.
.
! save . , save('june10')
june10.mat. , matlab.mat .
, , ascii. , save 'june10' X Y X Y .
. :
1.
, Import Data. Open ().
2. MAT-, Open.
, MAT-,
MATLAB.
! load . , load('june10')
june10.mat.
. MAT- june10 A, B, C, june10 .

 ,
june10.
. . :
1. ( Shift
Ctrl). Select All Edit
.
2. :
- Delete.
- Delete Edit.
-

- Delete Selection .
3. , Yes.
Clear Workspace Edit
.
! clear . ,
clear A M
A M , clear . , clear all , .. MATLAB
(Base)
(Stack). - MATLAB ()
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MATLAB.

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Graph Selection , .
(figure window).
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Array Editor
() Array Editor
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1. .
2.
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Open Selection .
.
:

.4.

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4) Window.
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m (. . 4) , MATLAB
m=
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12

4 14 15

MATLAB-, openvar . , openvar('m') MATLAB m.

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Enter ; . ,
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MATLAB .

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Add with Subfolders

Move to Top
Move Up
Remove
Move Down
Move to Bottom
Default

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Current Directory ( )

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2. Look in Find & Replace ,
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3. Replace with , .
4. Replace , Replace All,
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.
5. Save File / .

()
MATLAB load help.
, :
load August17.dat
help magic
type rank.

.
load('August17.dat')
help('magic')
type('rank')
/ MATLAB.
command argument


command('argument')

, . ,
31- -
August1.dat, August2.dat, ..
for d = 1:31
s = ['August' int2str(d) '.dat']
load(s)
end
int2str, ,
,
.

MATLAB
.
, (.. ) MATLAB-.
, , , ,
.. MATLAB.
MATLAB
. , , . MATLAB- , () . 3-by-3,
.
.
A = pascal (3)

A=
1
1
1

1
2
3

1
3
6

 , (magic square):
B = magic(3)
B=
8
3
4

1
5
9

6
7
2

32 :
C = fix(10*rand(3,2))
C=
9
4
2
8
6
7.
rand(3,2) 32
0 1, fix
.
- m1 matrix, - 1 n ,
11.
, ,
( ).

u = [3; 1; 4]
v = [2 0 -1]
s=7
- u , - v s (
):
u=
3
1
4
v=
2

0 1

s=
7

 , .
,
( MATLAB ( )
). , ( )
Error using ==> +
Matrix dimensions must agree.

- - ( * 8). ( ) ( ).
v u :
x = v*u
x=
2
X = u*v
X=
6 0 -3
2 0 -1
8 0 -4
,
aij aji, . MATLAB () (). A = A. :
X = B'
X=
8 3 4
1 5 9
6 7 2
- - . x y , x*y , x'*y y'*x . ,
: ,
.
, z, z' -
. MATLAB- . . , z z.',
. ,

z = [1+2i 3+4i]

z' =
1-2i
3-4i
z.'
z.' =
1+2i
3+4i
, x'*y y'*x ,
x'*x
.

MATLAB = * . MATLAB
. , :
Error using ==> *
Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
(Subscripts)
, (), 4- :
F = magic(4)

F=
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12
4 14 15 1
i- j- F F (i,j). , F (4,2)
. , F(4,2)
14. , F,

F (1,4) + F (2,4) + F (3,4) + F (4,4)


ans =
34
, ,
.
,
F(k). ( ).
MATLAB- (
) , MATLAB -, . , , F (8) 14
F (4,2).
, ,
t = F (4,5)
Index exceeds matrix dimensions
( )
, - ,
, .
X = A;
X(4,5) = 17
X=
16 3
5 0
9 6
4 15

2 13 0
11 8 0
7 12 0
14 1 17

(Colon)
, : , MATLAB-.
. 1:10 -,
1 10:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
, . ,
100 : -7 : 50

100 93 86 79 72 65 58 51

0 : pi/4 : pi

0 0.7854 1.5708 2.3562 3.1416

, , . ,
F (1:k, j)

 k j- F. ,
sum(F (1:4, 4))
, , 4- . .
,
end (
- end ). ,
sum(F (:, end))
F . : ans = 34. 4 4 34 ? , 1
16 ( 4 4)
- ,
sum(1:16)/4
, , ans = 34.

, .

, , MATLAB- eye, eye(n)
nxn, eye(m,n) - mxn,
eye(size(A)) , A. ,
I = eye(3)
I=
1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

I = eye (3,5)
I=
1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

0
0
0

I = eye (4,2)
I=
1

0
0
0

0
0
0

1
0
0

, ( ), MATLAB- zeros, zeros (n) nxn, zeros (m,n) mxn, zeros (size(A)) A.
Z = zeros(2,4)
Z=
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
, ( ), MATLAB- ones,
ones (n) nxn, ones (m,n)
mxn, ones (size(A)) ,
A.
S = 5*ones(3, 3)
S=
5 5 5
5 5 5
5 5 5
, rand 0 1, ,
randn .
N = fix(10*rand(1,10))
N=
4 9 4 4 8 5 2 6 8 0
R = randn(4,4)
R=
1.0668 0.2944 -0.6918 -1.4410
0.0593 -1.3362 0.8580 0.5711
-0.0956 0.7143 1.2540 -0.3999
-0.8323 1.6236 -1.5937 0.6900

. , . A and B,
X, AX = B XA = B?
.

7x = 21
? , , .
x = 3. .
x = 21/7 = 3
7 (.. 7-1 = 0.142857), 7-1 21.
, 7-1 (),
.
; MATLAB . ,
MATLAB ,
,
. / ( ( - slash)) \ ( (backslash)) ,
:
X = A\B AX = B
X = B/A XA = B.
AX = B
XA = B A. A . X = A\B A B
. X B,
A. X = B/A, . , AX = B , XA = B. , \ , / . , \ ;
/
(B/A)' = (A'\B')
, A . A
mn, :
1. m = n . .
2. m > n . .
3. m < n .
m .
\ . , , :

,

,
,


A
- b , .. Ax = b. x = A\b , b. ,
x = A\u
x=
10
-12
5
. , A*x
u ( ).
A B , X = A\B ,
X = A\B
X=
19 -3 -1
-17 4 13
6
0 -6
, A*X B.
. , pascal(3),
. , .
A , . A , AX = B , . \ , A\B, , A
, .


.
. y t,
t

0.0
0.3
0.8
1.1

0.82
0.72
0.63
0.60

1.6 0.55
2.3 0.50
MATLAB :
t = [0 .3 .8 1.1 1.6 2.3]';
y = [0.82 0.72 0.63 0.60 0.55 0.50]';
.

y(t) = c1 + c2 e-t
, y , , , e-t. c1 c2
, .
, 62
E = [ones(size(t)) exp(-t)]
E=
1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 0.7408
1.0000 0.4493
1.0000 0.3329
1.0000 0.2019
1.0000 0.1003
\ :
c = E\y
c=
0.4760
0.3413
,
y(t) = 0.476 + 0.3413 e-t
( 0.1), .
T = (0 : 0.1 : 2.5)';
Y = [ones(size(T)) exp(-T)]*c;
plot(T, Y, '-', t, y, 'o')

 , E*c y, .
A , . A , AX = B . \
, .

. ,
. , \
. . MATLAB , m ( m -
), . ,
.
R = fix (10*rand(2,4))
R=
6 8 7 3
3 5 4 1
b = fix (10*rand(2,1))
b=
1

2
Rx = b .
R ,
rational ( ). :
p = R\b
p=
0
5/7
0
-11/7
p(2), R . p(4)
R ( QR- ).

, AX = I XA = I
X. A,
A-1 inv. ()
,

. , , det
. ,
A = pascal (3)
A=
1 1 1
1 2 3
1 3 6
d = det (A)
X = inv (A)
d=
1
X=
3 -3 1
-3 5 -2
1 -2 1
, A
, . ,

B = magic(3)
B=
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
d = det(B)
X = inv(B)
d=
-360
X=
0.1472 -0.1444 0.0639
-0.0611 0.0222 0.1056
-0.0194 0.1889 -0.1028
X, rational , , , 360.
A , , , X = inv(A)*B , X = A\B , Y = B*inv(A)
, Y = B/A. \ /
, ,
.

.
AX = I XA = I . -,
, pinv.
. .

, , A^p A .
X = A^2
X=
3

10

6 14 25
10 25 46

, A^(-p) inv(A)
p .
Y = B^(-3)
Y=
0.0053 -0.0068 0.0018
-0.0034 0.0001 0.0036
-0.0016 0.0070 -0.0051
, A^(2/3), ; .

.^ ( !) . ,
X = A.^2
A=
1
1
1

1 1
4 9
9 36

sqrtm , .. X = sqrtm(A) , X*X = A . m sqrtm , . sqrt(A), ,
A.^(1/2) ( !), .


dx/dt = Ax
x = x(t) t, A t.
.
x(t) = Atx(0)
expm(A) . 33

A=
0 -6 -1
6 2 -16
-5 20 -10
x(0)
x0 = [ 1 1 1].
101 0.01 0 t 1
X = [ ];
for t = 0 : 0.01 : 1
X = [X expm(t*A)*x0];
end

plot3(X(1,:), X(2,:), X(3,:), '-o')
(. . ). .


v,
Av = v

, V , v,
AV = V
V ,

= VV-1
.
lambda = eig(A)
- ( )
lambda =
-3.0710
-2.4645 + 17.6008i
-2.4645 - 17.6008i
, . -
.
, eig
.
[V,D] = eig(A)
V=
-0.8326 0.2003 - 0.1394i 0.2003 + 0.1394i
-0.3553 -0.2110 - 0.6447i -0.2110 + 0.6447i

-0.4248

-0.6930

-0.6930

D=
-3.0710
0
0

0
0
-2.4645+17.6008i
0
0
-2.4645-17.6008i

( V) ,
-.
, .. norm(v,2), .
V*D*inv(V), V*D/V, ,
, . , inv(V)*A*V, V\A*V, , , D.

. . ,
A=
6 12 19
-9 -20 -33
4 9 15
[V, D] = eig(A)
V=
-0.4741
0.8127
-0.3386

-0.4082
0.8165
-0.4082

-0.4082
0.8165
-0.4082

D=
-1.0000
0
0
1.0000
0
0

0
0
1.0000

.
V - ( V1
).

A u v ,
Av = u
ATu = v

 U V,
,
AV = U
ATU = V
U V ,
A = U VT
mn mm U, mn
, nn V. , U V ,
, A. A , U , .
, , U mn, nn V.
, , . ,
,
. . , -, .
A - ,
. , ,
.

A=
9
6
2

4
8
7

[U,S,V] = svd(A)

U=
-0.6105 0.7174 0.3355
-0.6646 -0.2336 -0.7098
-0.4308 -0.6563 0.6194
S=
14.9359

0
0

5.1883
0

V=
-0.6925
-0.7214

0.7214
-0.6925

, U*S*V' .
.
[U,S,V] = svd(A,0)
U=
-0.6105 0.7174
-0.6646 -0.2336
-0.4308 -0.6563
S=
14.9359 0
0 5.1883
V=
-0.6925 0.7214
-0.7214 -0.6925
, U*S*V' A .

MATLAB-,
-, -, .

conv
deconv
poly
polyder
polyfit
polyval

.
.


.

.
.

polyvalm
residue
roots

.

.

( ).
.

MATLAB -, . ,
p(x) = x3 2x 5
(Wallis),
. .
MATLAB,
p = [1 0 -2 -5].

roots :
r = roots(p)
r=
2.0946
-1.0473 + 1.1359i
-1.0473 - 1.1359i
MATLAB -. poly ,
( , ).
p2 = poly(r)
p2 =
1 8.8818e-16 -2 -5
poly roots - , , .

poly :

A = [1.2 3 -0.9; 5 1.75 6; 9 0 1];

poly(A)
ans =
1.0000 -3.9500 -1.8500 -163.2750
, roots,
( ) . ( ,
eig.)

polyval . p s = 5,
polyval(p,5)
ans =
110
. , :
p(X) = X3 - 2X 5I
X , I - . , X
X = [2 4 5; -1 0 3; 7 1 5];
p(X) .
Y = polyvalm(p, X)
Y=
377 179 439
111 81 136
490 253 639

conv
deconv. a(s) = s2 + 2s + 3 b(s) = 4s2 + 5s + 6.

a = [1 2 3]; b = [4 5 6];

c = conv(a,b)
MATLAB
c=
4 13 28 27 18
b deconv:
[q, r] = deconv(c, a)
q=
4 5 6
r=
0 0 0 0 0
r ( ). q, r , c, a deconv
c = conv(q, a) + r

polyder .
p = [1 0 -2 -5],
q = polyder(p)
q=
3

0 -2

polyder . , a b:
a = [1 3 5];

b = [2 4 6];

a*b polyder a b :
c = polyder(a, b)
c=
8 30 56 38
a/b polyder
:
[q, d] = polyder(a, b)
q=
-2 -8 -2
d=
4 16 40 48 36

 q/d .

polyfit n , ( y(x)) :
p = polyfit(x, y, n)
x y , x y, . , x-y,
x = [1 2 3 4 5];

y = [5.5 43.1 128 290.7 498.4].

y(x)
p = polyfit(x,y,3)

p=
-0.1917 31.5821 -60.3262 35.3400
, polyfit,
( 0.1) ( plot)
.
x2 = 1 : 0.1 : 5;
y2 = polyval(p, x2);
plot(x, y, 'o', x2, y2); grid on
grid on , .

.
,
.

residue , .
. a(s) b(s),
b(s)
r
r
rn
= 1 + 2 + ... +
+ k (s)
a (s) s p1 s p 2
s pn

r - , p - , k - - .
W ( p) =

4 + 8s 1
1 + 6s 1 + 8s 2

:
b = [-4 8];

a = [1 6 8].

[r, p, k] = residue(b, a)

r=
-12
8
p=
-4

-2
k=
[ ]
residue (r, p, k) (b2, a2) , .
[b2, a2] = residue(r, p, k)
b2 =
-4

a2 =
1 6 8
.. .
, .

() ,
. , . MATLAB
, .

griddata
griddata3
griddatan
interp1
interp2
interp3
interpft
interpn
pchip
spline

.
.
(n>=3).
.
.
.

.
.

.
.


MATLAB- .
1.
interp1
. ,
() .
yi = interp1(x, y, xi, method)
y , ; x ,
( ), y; xi , y ; method
, . :
(method = 'nearest').
.
(method = 'linear').
, xi ( ).
(method = 'spline'). , .
(method = 'pchip' 'cubic'). .
.
- xi , x,
. ,
yi = interp1(x, y, xi, method, extrapval)
, extrapval.
NaN.
x .
, . ,
, . , , (
). .
,
.

. ,
, ( ).
, . , ,
.


. ,
.

- .

2. _
interpft (FFT). ,
.
.
y = interpft(x, n)
x , ,
, n - ,
.

interp2 -
.

ZI = interp2(X, Y, Z, XI, YI, method)
Z , ; X Y , ; XI YI , ( , ); method ,
. :
(method = 'nearest'). -
. .
(method = 'linear').
() . . -;
, .
(method = 'cubic'). .
.
.
. , , .
, X Y , . -

 meshgrid, , , , , meshgrid. ,
. X Y ,
, , '*cubic'.


77.
1. peaks ( ).
[x, y] = meshgrid(-3 : 1 : 3);
z = peaks(x,y);
surf(x,y,z)
meshgrid(-3:1:3) x y
77; peaks(x,y) , MATLAB-
, surf(x,y,z) . .

2. ( 0.25).
[xi,yi] = meshgrid(-3:0.25:3);
3. .
zi1 = interp2(x,y,z,xi,yi,'nearest');

zi2 = interp2(x,y,z,xi,yi,'bilinear');
zi3 = interp2(x,y,z,xi,yi,'bicubic');
.

surf(xi,yi,zi1)

surf(xi,yi,zi2)

surf(xi,yi,zi3)

nearest

bilinear

bicubic

,
contour.

contour(xi,yi,zi1)
nearest

contour(xi,yi,zi2)
bilinear

contour(xi,yi,zi3)
bicubic

, . , ,
. , , , ,
, .

MATLAB
. , MATLAB ,
(
) :

Optimization .
Signal Processing , .
Spline .
Statistics ,
.
Wavelet - .
! MATLAB ,
!
, n- 1 n n1.
,
. MATLAB ,
- , . , , , 24 3
- 243.

, MATLAB- datafun
8 .
, , 24 . , count
count =
11
11
7
13
14
17
11 13
43
51
38 46
61 132
75 135
38 88
28 36
12 12
18
27
18 19
17 15
19 36
32 47
42 65
57 66
44 55
114 145
35 58
11 12
13 9
10
9

9
11
20
9
69
76
186
180
115
55
14
30
29
18
48
10
92
151
90
257
68
15
15
7

 , 24 . , t, 1 24: t = 1 : 24. counts :

plot(t, count)
legend('Location 1','Location 2','Location 3',0)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Vehicle Count')
grid on
plot(t, count) - ;
legend('Location 1','Location 2','Location 3',0) ; xlabel
ylabel , grid on . .

count max ( ), mean ( )

std (, ).
mx = max(count)
mu = mean(count)
sigma = std(count)

mx =
114

145

257

mu =
32.00

46.5417

65.5833

sigma =
25.3703

41.4057 68.0281


count.
. ,
[mx,indx] = min(count)
mx =
7

indx =
2 23 24
, 2
( ) 23 24 . .
, , mu ( )
e = ones(24, 1)
x = count - e*mu
. ,
MATLAB ,
,
. ,

min(count(:))

ans =
7
count(:) 243 721.

MATLAB- :
cov , () .
,
.
corrcoef .
cov count
cov(count(:,1))

ans =
643.6522

 , cov . .
.
mn, n-by-n ,
.
corrcoef ,
, .
. (-) ; . mn, nn.

. ,
corrcoef(count)

ans =
1.0000 0.9331 0.9599
0.9331 1.0000 0.9553
0.9599 0.9553 1.0000
,
, .

MATLAB .

diff

. .
.
.

gradient
del2

diff ,
diff(X) [X(2) -X(1) X(3) -X(2) ... X(n) -X(n-1)]. , A,
A = [9 -2 3 0 1 5 4];
diff(A)
MATLAB
ans =
-11 5 -3 1 4 -1
, diff . , diff ,

 ( ),
.. diff x.
()
diff(x) == 0
all(diff(x) > 0)
all(diff(diff(x)) == 0)

:

()

NaN, MATLAB- . NaN 0/0. . ,
NaN . MATLAB NaN .
. , NaN, NaN.
, , 33, NaN.
a = magic(3);

a(2,2) = NaN;

a=
8 1 6
3 NaN 7
4 9 2
:
sum(a)
ans =
15 NaN 15
NaN NaN . NaN-
. .

i = find( ~ isnan(x));
x = x(i)
x = x (find( ~ isnan(x)))
x = x ( ~ isnan(x));
x (isnan(x)) = [ ];

,
NaN,
NaN-
NaN- ().
NaN-

X (any(isnan(X)), :) = [ ];

X NaN

. NaN isnan, MATLAB- , NaN == NaN 0. x(x==NaN) = [ ]

NaN- .
NaN-, , -.
function X = excise(X)
X(any(isnan(X')),:) = [ ];
.
X = excise(X);
(excise )

,
NaN-. ,
count, ()
count
mu = mean(count)
sigma = std(count)
mu =
32.0000 46.5417 65.5833
sigma =
25.3703 41.4057 68.0281
, :
[n, p] = size(count)
outliers = abs(count - mu(ones(n, 1),:)) > 3*sigma(ones(n, 1),:);
nout = sum(outliers)
nout =
1

count(any(outliers'),:) = [ ];

,
( ) . , , . \ (backslash). , y
t.
t = [0 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.6 2.3]';
y = [0.5 0.82 1.14 1.25 1.35 1.40]';
plot(t,y,'o'); grid on

()
:

- (linear-in-the-parameters)


, ,
:

y = a0 + a1t + a2t2

 a0 , a1 a2 (), . ,

63:
X = [ones(size(t)) t
X=

1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0
0.3000
0.8000
1.1000
1.6000
2.3000

t.^2]

0
0.0900
0.6400
1.2100
2.5600
5.2900

\ :
a = X\y
a=
0.5318
0.9191
- 0.2387
,
y = 0.5318 + 0.9191t 0.2387 t2
( 0.1)
.
T = (0 : 0.1 : 2.5)';
Y = [ones(size(T)) T T.^2]*a;
plot(T,Y,'-',t,y,'o'); grid on

, . , -
.
- 1
, - . ,

y = a0 + a1-t + a2t-t
, a0 , a1 a2 . , X, \ :
X = [ones(size(t))

exp(- t)

t.*exp(- t)];

a = X\y
a=
1.3974
- 0.8988
0.4097
,

y = 1.3974 0.8988-t + 0.4097t-t

, , ( 0.1) .

1 - .

 ,
.

, . , y x1 x2
x1 = [0.2 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1]' ;
x2 = [0.1 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.1 1.4]' ;
y = [0.17 0.26 0.28 0.23 0.27 0.24]' ;

y = a0 + a1x1 + a2x2

a0 , a1 a2 . , X , \ .
X = [ones(size(x1)) x1 x2];
a = X\y
a=
0.1018
0.4844

-0.2847
,
y = 0.1018 + 0.4844x1 0.2847x2
.
Y = X*a;
MaxErr = max(abs(Y - y))
MaxErr =
0.0038
, .

MATLAB
() ( Basic Fitting interface). ,
,
. :
, , 10 .
.
( ).
.
.

.
MATLAB-.
, ,
, , . ,
.

.

 , :
1. .
2. Basic Fitting Tools .
3. More . c
(. ), Less.
.
Select data ( ) , , ( ). () . ,
. .
,
.
(Plot Editor), .
Center and scale X data ( X)
, ( ) ( ).
. , , .
Plot fits ( )
.
Check to display fits on figure ( )
, .
.

, pchip (Piecewise Cubic Hermite

Interpolating Polynomial - - ). polyfit. .
N , N . ,
, . , .
Show equations ( ) , .
Significant digits ( ) .
Plot residuals ( ()) ,
. . (bar plot), (scatter plot), .
, .
(subplots)
,
.
Show norm of residuals ( ) ,
.
, . norm(V,2), V .

Numerical results ( )
,
.
Fit ( ) . . , Plot fits. , , Plot fits.
Coefficients and norm of residuals ( )
, Fit. , Numerical Results ,
, Plot fits.
Save to workspace ( ) ,
.
Find Y = f(X) .
Enter value(s) ( ) , MATLAB . Evaluate (), . Fit.

 Save to workspace ( ) ,
.
Plot results ( ) , .

MATLAB . .
,
. , , -.

y = filter(b, a, x)
x , a b, y. filter . filter
, ,
, n ()
, na , a , nb , b. y(n) , x(n) x(n-1) ..., y(n-1) y(n-2) ...
a(1) y(n) = b(1) x(n) + b(2) x(n-1) + + b(nb) x(n-nb+1)
- a(2) y(n-1) - - a(na) y(n-na+1)
, , , 4 . :
y(n) = (1/4) x(n) + (1/4) x(n-1) + (1/4) x(n-2) + (1/4) x(n-3)
:
a = 1;

b = [1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4];

count . , count x :
x = count(:, 1);

 4
y = filter(b, a, x). ,
.
t = 1:length(x) ;
plot(t, x, '-.', t, y, '-');
grid on
legend('Original Data','Smoothed Data',2)

- ,
4 .
, Signal Processing Toolbox
.

MATLAB
. , (row) (column).

 ,
() , .
. ,
:
1 , .
2. .
3.
(page) 3 .

, , 2
(2,3,2) (. ).
, .
, , 4 . -,
.

,
datatypes.

 ,
.


. ,
.
A = [5 7 8; 0 1 9; 4 3 6];
33, .

A(:,:,2) = [1 0 4; 3 5 6; 9 8 7].
MATLAB
A(:, : ,1) =
5 7 8
0 1 9
4 3 6
A(:, :, 2) =
1 0 4
3 5 6
9 8 7
, .
.
:
.
.
, ,
..
MATLAB,
, :
A(:, :, 3) = 5;
A(:, :, 3)
ans =
5 5 5
5 5 5
5 5 5
3332
A(:, :, 1, 2) = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
A(:, :, 2, 2) = [9 8 7; 6 5 4; 3 2 1];
A(:, :, 3, 2) = [1 0 1; 1 1 0; 0 1 1];

, MATLAB A
, (
, ,
33).
MATLAB-.
MATLAB-
randn, ones, zeros,
.
. ,
432 :
B = randn(4,3,2).
, repmat. (
11) .
B = repmat(5,[3 4 2])
B(:, :, 1) =
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
B(:, :, 2) =
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
! 0,
(empty array) . , 10020
.
cat.
cat ;
.
B = cat (dim,A1,A2...)
1, 2 .. . dim ,
. ,
cat
B = cat (3, [2 8; 0 5], [1 3; 7 9])

B(:, :, 1) =
2
0

8
5

B(:, :, 2) =
1
7

3
9

cat . ,
. , ,
:
A = cat (3, [9 2; 6 5], [7 1; 8 4])
B = cat (3, [3 5; 0 1], [5 6; 2 1])
D = cat (4, A, B, cat (3, [1 2; 3 4], [4 3; 2 1])).
cat , ,
. , 2212
C = cat (4, [1 2; 4 5], [7 8; 3 2])
cat
, .
dim 5, 22112.
. 8

.

size ( ), ndims ( )
whos (
MATLAB).
size(C)
ans =
2

ndims(C)
ans =
4

, , . () -
.
: , -

 , .
nddata 1053:
nddata = fix (8*randn (10, 5, 3));
(3,2) 2 nddata nddata(3,2,2).
.
, , . , (2,1), (2,3), (2,4)
3 nddata,
nddata (2, [1 3 4], 3).
.
MATLAB- (colon)
. , 2
nddata nddata(:, 3, 2).
. , nddata(2:3,2:3,1) () 22, 1 nddata.

.
. , 44 :
C = zeros (4,4)
, 22 nddata

C(2:3,2:3) = nddata (2:3,1:2,2)

,
A(:, :, 2) = 1:10
, , .
, .
MATLAB . ,
, ,
. ,
A(1,:,2) = 1:10.
(Reshaping)
, MATLAB , .
. ,
, . reshape
.

B = reshape (A, [s1 s2 s3 ...] )

s1, s2, . , , ( ,
).

reshape .
.

,
nddata ( ).
B = reshape(nddata,[6 25])
C = reshape(nddata,[5 3 10])
D = reshape(nddata,[5 3 2 5])
.
MATLAB ,
, .
B = repmat (5, [2 3 1 4] ) ;
size(B)
ans =

squeeze .
C = squeeze(B);
size(C)
ans =
2

squeeze - .

MATLAB-
.
, , , .

, sum, mean, .., .
. ,
. , cross,
, , 3.
! , , ,
.

MATLAB-, ,
,
. , sin , . . , ,

( ).
, ,
.

, , matfun ,
. ,
matfun, , ^, \, /, .
.
, ,
. ,
A = cat (3 , [1 2 3; 9 8 7; 4 6 5], [0 3 2; 8 8 4; 5 3 5], [6 4 7; 6 8 5; 5 4 3]);
eig :

eig(A)
??? Error using eig
Input arguments must be 2-D.
, , eig .
, (,
):
eig(A(:, :, 2))
ans =
2.6260
12.9129
2.7131
! , , squeeze. , eig (A(2,:,:))
[1 3 3]. eig(squeeze(A(2, :, :))), ,
eig .


:
( ) . .
. , ,
,
() .
-
RGB. , RGB
,
(Red), (Green) (Blue) - . -
.
, , ,
.

 RGB. , ,
red_plane = RGB (:,:,1);

subimage = RGB (20:40, 50:85, :)
RGB , , . , , . ,
, , .


, .
(. ).
, ,
,
mean (mean (mean (TEMP)))
TEMP .
( (2,2))
, ,
B = TEMP (2, 2, :).

MATLAB
(structure) (cell). ( )
, . ( )
MATLAB, ,
, MATLAB-. ,
.
. ,
.
MATLAB-,

fieldnames
getfield
isfield
isstruct
rmfield
setfield
struct
struct2cell

,
,

cell
cell2struct
celldisp
cellfun
cellplot
deal
iscell
num2cell

,
. . ,
, (name),
, (billing),
(test) .

, .
11, 5
11.
, .

:
.
struct.
.
11
. MATLAB
. , 11 ,
. :

patient.name = 'John Doe';

patient.billing = 127.00;
patient.test = [79 75 73; 180 178 177.5; 220 210 205];

patient
MATLAB
name: 'John Doe'
billing: 127
test: [3x3 double]
patient , . :
patient(2).name = 'Ann Lane';
patient(2).billing = 28.50;
patient(2).test = [68 70 68; 118 118 119; 172 170 169];
patient [1 2]. ,
, MATLAB
. ,
, :
Patient
patient =
1x2 struct array with fields:
name
billing
test
fieldnames.
.
, MATLAB , ,
, :
.
.
,
patient(3).name = 'Alan Johnson'
patient 13. patient(3).billing patient(3).test
.

! . patient name , test .

struct.
struct.

str_array = struct ('1',1,'2',2, ...)
. , MATLAB-,
( ).
( ).
.
. 13 weather (), temp ()
rainfall ( ).
.

struct

struct
repmat
struct

weather(3) =
weather(3)
struct('temp',72,'rainfall',0.0); .
, weather(1)
weather(2), .
weather =

repmat (struct ('temp', 72,
weather
'rainfall', 0.0), 1, 3);

.
weather =
weather
struct ('temp',{68, 80, 72},

'rainfall', {0.2,0.4,0.0} );
,
.

.
,
. , . , , , .


. , 12
mypatients = patient(1:2)
1x2 struct array with fields:
name
billing
test
mypatients patient:
mypatients(1)
ans =
name: 'John Doe'
billing: 127
test: [3x3 double].
, (.) , :
str = patient(2) . name
str =
Ann Lane
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
test2b = patient(3).test(2,2)
test2b =
153


, ,
patient(3).test(2,2) = 7
. , 13,
billing fields.
bills = [patient.billing]
bills =
127.0000 28.5000 504.7000
, , test .
tests = {patient(1:2).test}
tests =
[3x3 double] [3x3 double]
setfield getfield
. , , ,
, fieldnames
M- setfield getfield.
getfield
f = getfield(array,{array_index},'field',{field_index})
field_index , array_index
11.
f = array(array_index).field(field_index)
, name patient
str = getfield(patient,{2},'name')
, setfield
f = setfield (array,{array_index},'field',{field_index},value)

. size. size ,
.

(n)., size . ,
patient 13, size(patient) [1 3].
size(patient(1,2).name) (1,2) patient.


. , patient

patient(2).ssn = '000000000'
patient(2).ssn . ssn,
, .

rmfield.

struc2 = rmfield(array,'field')
array , 'field' , .
, name patient, :
patient = rmfield(patient,'name')

,
MATLAB. ,
. , -
test patient(2):
mean((patient(2).test)')

. billing patient :
total = 0;
for j = 1:length(patient)
total = total + patient(j).billing;
end
, MATLAB .
(, array.field) . , ,
total = sum ([patient.billing])

 ,
(comma-separated list)
total = sum ([patient(1).billing , patient(2).billing ,...])
, .

- . .
, , .
, ,
. 15
, . 15 ,
, .
concen, . lead (), mercury (),
chromium ().
function [r1, r2] = concen(toxtest);
% Create two vectors. r1 contains the ratio of mercury to lead
% at each observation. r2 contains the ratio of lead to chromium.
r1 = [toxtest.mercury]./[toxtest.lead];
r2 = [toxtest.lead]./[toxtest.chromium];
% Plot the concentrations of lead, mercury, and chromium
% on the same plot, using different colors for each.
lead = [toxtest.lead];
mercury = [toxtest.mercury];
chromium = [toxtest.chromium];
plot(lead,'r'); hold on
plot(mercury,'b')
plot(chromium,'y'); hold off
. r1 , r2 . , , ( , , ).
test
test(1).lead = .007; test(2).lead = .031; test(3).lead = .019;
test(1).mercury = .0021; test(2).mercury = .0009;
test(3).mercury = .0013;
test(1).chromium = .025; test(2).chromium = .017;
test(3).chromium = .10;

, . , , -

 ,
. , RGB 128128,
: RED, GREEN BLUE.


,
, .
A.r = RED;
A.g = GREEN;
A.b = BLUE;
, . ,

red_plane = A.r;
,
. , A(2), A(3), , .
, . :
red_sub = A.r (2:12, 13:30);
grn_sub = A.g (2:12, 13:30);
blue_sub = A.b (2:12, 13:30);

,
.
for i = 1:size(RED,1)
for j = 1:size(RED,2)
B(i,j) .r = RED(i,j);
B(i,j) .g = GREEN(i,j);
B(i,j) .b = BLUE(i,j);
end
end
, :
Bsub = B(1:10, 1:10);
,
:
red_plane = zeros(128,128);
for i = 1 : (128128)
red_plane(i) = B(i).r;

end
, . , ,
.

-
.

,
:
. ,
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)
avg = mean(A.amount);
)
avg = mean([B.amount]);
,
. -, client.m,
. ,
:
function client(name,address, amount)
disp(name)
disp(address)
disp(amount)

 client ,
client(A.name(2,:),A.address(2,:), A. amount (2,:))

function client(B)
disp(B)
client ,
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.
,
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. ,
, .

, .
, struct,

struct
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11 nest :
A = struct('data',[3 4 7; 8 0 1],'nest',struct('testnum','Test 1', 'xdata',[4 2 8],'ydata',[7 1 6]));
:
A(2).data = [9 3 2; 7 6 5];
A(2).nest.testnum = 'Test 2';
A(2).nest.xdata = [3 4 2];
A(2).nest.ydata = [5 0 9];


,
. , , . , , , :
(1) A(1).nest.
xdata A(2)
A(2).nest.xdata.
2 ydata A(1), A(1).nest.ydata(2).

MATLAB . ,
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 , .

:
.
cell, .

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. {}. , 22.
A(1,1) = {[1 4 3; 0 5 8; 7 2 9]};
A(1,2) = {'Anne Smith'};
A(2,1) = {3+7i};
A(2,2) = {pi:pi/10:pi};
! {} , [ ]
. .

, . .
A{1,1} = [1 4 3; 0 5 8; 7 2 9];
A{1,2} = 'Anne Smith';

A{2,1} = 3+7i;
A{2,2} = pi:pi/10:pi;
, , . .
! ,
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. , MATLAB , .
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A=
[3x3 double]
'Anne Smith'
[3.0000+ 7.0000i] [1x21 double]
, celldisp. cellplot. , ,
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. , 22 33.
A(3,3) = {5};

.

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, , (. ).

, . ,
C = {[1 2], [3 4]; [5 6], [7 8]};
22

 ,
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:
B(1,3) = {1:3};


:
.
, .

- .
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. , .
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N{1,1} = [1 2; 4 5];
N{1,2} = 'Name';
N{2,1} = 2 4i;
N{2,2} = 7;
N{1,2}
c = N{1,2}
MATLAB
c=
Name

!
, . ,
A{1, :} = value B = A{1, :} .
. , (2,2) N{1,1}, :
d = N{1,1} (2,2)

d=
5

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ans =
6 2

MATLAB- :
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, T, . T{1:5} T,

[ T{1} , T{2} , T{3} , T{4} , T{5} ]
C:
C(1) = {[1 2 3]};
C(2) = {[1 0 1]};
C(3) = {1:10};
C(4) = {[9 8 7]};
C(5) = {3};
C(1) C(2) conv,
d = conv(C{1:2})
d=
1

C{2:4}

ans =
1
ans =
1 2

0 1

ans =
9

10

,
B = [ C{1}; C{2}; C{4} ]

B=
1 2 3
1 0 1
9 8 7
,

[D{1:2}] = eig (B)

D=
[3x3 double] [3x3 double]
, , eig(B)
, B . D{1} D{2}.

. ,
A{1, 1} = [1 2; 3 4];
A{1, 2} = randn (3,3);
A{1, 3} = 1 : 5;
, sum
B = sum (A{1,1})

B=
4

, :
for i = 1:length(A)
M{i} = sum(A{1,i});
end


, . , :
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[newdata, name] = deal (TEST{1:2})

TEST:
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name = TEST.name

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clear A
A(1,1) = {magic(5)};
A(1,2) = { { [ 5 2 8; 7 3 0; 6 7 3] 'Test 1'; [2 4i 5 + 7i] {17 [ ] } } }

A=
[5x5 double] {2x2 cell}
,
. cell (1,2) A.
22 .

 cell
cell, cell
. ,
1. 12
A = cell (1, 2);
2. 22 A(1,2).
A(1,2) = {cell(2,2)};
3. ,
A(1,1) = {magic(5)};
A{1,2}(1,1) = {[5 2 8; 7 3 0; 6 7 3]};
A{1,2}(1,2) = {'Test 1'};
A{1,2}(2,1) = {[24i 5+7i]};
A{1,2}(2,2) = {cell(1,2)}
A{1,2}{2,2}(1) = {17};
.
, 3 .

.
,
. ,

55 (1,1) A{1,1}.
33 (1,1) (1,2) A{1,2}{1,1}.
22 (1,2) A{1,2}.
(2,2) (1,2) A{1,2}{2,2}{1,2}.

, . , F:
F{1,1} = [1 2; 3 4];
F{1,2} = [1 0; 0 1];

F{2,1} = [7 8; 4 1];
F{2,2} = [4i 3+2i; 1 8i 5];
F NUM.
for k = 1:4
for i = 1:2
for j = 1:2
NUM(i,j,k) = F{k}(i,j);
end
end
end
, for :
G = cell(1,16);
for m = 1:16
G{m} = NUM(m);
end
,

c_str = cell(1,2);
c_str{1}.label = '12/2/94 12/5/94';
c_str{1}.obs = [47 52 55 48; 17 22 35 11];
c_str{2}.xdata = [0.03 0.41 1.98 2.12 17.11];
c_str{2}.ydata = [3 5 18 0 9];
c_str{2}.zdata = [0.6 0.8 1 2.2 3.4];

l c_str , , - . 2 .
, , . , , . :
cell_array{index}.field
, label 1
c_str{1}.label


,
. cat, .
, :
A{1,1} = [1 2; 4 5];
A{1,2} = 'Name';
A{2,1} = 2 4i;
A{2,2} = 7;
B{1,1} = 'Name2';
B{1,2} = 3;
B{2,1} = 0:1:3;
B{2,2} = [4 5]';
C = cat(3,A,B);

,
. ,
, cat.
patient(1,1,1).name = 'John Doe';
patient(1,1,1).billing = 127.00;
patient(1,1,1).test = [79 75 73; 180 178 177.5; 220 210 205];
patient(1,2,1).name = 'Ann Lane';
patient(1,2,1).billing = 28.50;
patient(1,2,1).test = [68 70 68; 118 118 119; 172 170 169];
patient(1,1,2).name = 'Al Smith';

patient(1,1,2).billing = 504.70;
patient(1,1,2).test = [80 80 80; 153 153 154; 181 190 182];
patient(1,2,2).name = 'Dora Jones';
patient(1,2,2).billing = 1173.90;
patient(1,2,2).test = [73 73 75; 103 103 102; 201 198 200];

. . , test patient(1,1,2):
sum((patient(1,1,2).test));
, billing patient:
total = sum([patient.billing]);

MATLAB-
MATLAB :
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function f = fact (n)
%
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% (H1 line)
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% Put simply, FACT(N) is PROD(1:N).
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, MATLAB:
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120
! - (), MATLAB-.
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rho theta,
% An Mfile script to produce
% "flower petal" plots
theta = pi:0.01:pi;
rho(1,:) = 2*sin(5*theta).^2;
rho(2,:) = cos(10*theta).^3;
rho(3,:) = sin(theta).^2;
rho(4,:) = 5*cos(3.5*theta).^3;
for i = 1:4
polar(theta,rho(i,:))
pause
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%
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function y = average(x)
% AVERAGE Mean of vector elements.
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% Non-vector input results in an error.
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if (~((m == 1) | (n == 1)) | (m == 1 & n == 1))
error('Input must be a vector')
end
y = sum(x) / length(x) ;
%
, ( , ). -, average.m. average
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z = 1:99;
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ans =
50

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SIN
Sine.
SIN(X) is the sine of the elements of X.
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function c = testarg1(a,b)
if (nargin == 1)
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end
, .
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 varargin varargout
. varargin MATLAB . varargout, , MATLAB
. ,
, ,
.
function testvar (varargin)
for i = 1:length (varargin)
x(i) = varargin{i}(1);
y(i) = varargin{i}(2);
end
xmin = min(0,min(x));
ymin = min(0,min(y));
axis([xmin fix(max(x)) + 3 ymin fix(max(y)) + 3])
plot(x,y)
testvar ; ,

testvar ([2 3], [1 5], [4 8], [6 5], [4 2], [2 3])
testvar ([1 0], [3 5], [4 2], [1 1])
varargin
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y(i) = varargin{i} (2);

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function [varargout] = testvar2 (arrayin)
for i = 1:nargout
varargout {i} = arrayin (i, :)
end

 for .
testvar2:
a = {1 2; 3 4 ; 5 6 ; 7 8; 9 0};
[p1, p2, p3, p4, p5] = testvar2 (a);
varargin varargout
varargin varargout ,
.
,
. ,
varargin varargout.
function [out1,out2] = example1(a,b,varargin)
function [i,j,varargout] = example2(x1,y1,x2,y2,flag)

MATLAB-, -,
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. , , , ,
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. , - ,
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dy1/dt = y1 - y1y2
dy2/dt = y2 - y1y2
- lotka.m.
function yp = lotka(t,y)
global ALPHA BETA
yp = [y(1) ALPHA*y(1)*y(2); y(2) + BETA*y(1)*y(2)];

global ALPHA BETA
ALPHA = 0.01
BETA = 0.02
[t,y] = ode23('lotka',0,10,[1; 1]);
plot(t,y)

 ALPHA BETA lotka.m.

- .
:
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3.1415926535897...
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x = 2*pi;
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char Unicode. 1n. array of characters.

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A = magic(3)
A=
8
3

1
5

6
7

3*A

ans =
24
9
12

3 18
15 21
27 6

MATLAB

<
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A = [2 7 6; 9 0 5; 3 0.5 6];
B = [8 7 0; 3 2 5; 4 1 7];
A == B
ans =
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
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u = [1 0 2 3 0 5];
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010
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1

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5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12

4 14 15 1
i = find (A > 8);
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A=
100 2
5 100
100 7
4 100

3 100
100 8
6 100
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find , ( ).

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, .

A = [3 9 5];
B = [2 1 5];
C = A ./ B.^2
C=
0.7500 9.0000 0.2000
C = (A. / B) .^2
C=
2.2500 81.0000 1.0000
,
b = sqrt (A(2)) + 2*B(1)
b=
7

(Flow Control)
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if, else elseif, ,
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if rem (a,2) == 0
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end
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else
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% .
end
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case 0
disp('zero');
case 1
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otherwise
disp('other value');
end
! C, switch
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! MATLAB-
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 I A(: , k). k 1;
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, . ,
function [avg,med] = newstats(u) %
% NEWSTATS
% .
n = length(u);
avg = mean(u,n);
med = median(u,n);
function a = mean(v,n) %
% .
a = sum(v)/n;
function m = median(v,n) %
% .
w = sort(v);
if rem(n,2) == 1
m = w((n+1)/2);
else
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mean median . newstats , n.
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1. MATLAB
1. matlab\general
-
2. matlab\ops
-
3. matlab\lang
-
4. matlab\elmat
-
5. matlab\elfun
-
6. matlab\specfun
-
7. matlab\matfun
-
8. matlab\datafun
-
9. matlab\audio
-
10. matlab\polyfun
-
11. matlab\funfun
-
(ODE solvers)
12. matlab\sparfun
-
13. matlab\graph2d
-
14. matlab\graph3d
-
15. matlab\specgraph -
16. matlab\graphics
- (Handle Graphics)
17. matlab\uitools
-
(Graphical User Interface (GUI))
18. matlab\strfun
-
19. matlab\iofun
- /
20. matlab\timefun
-
21. matlab\datatypes -
22. matlab\verctrl
-
23. matlab\winfun
- Windows (DDE/ActiveX)
24. matlab\demos
- MATLAB
25. toolbox\local
- (Preferences)
26. simulink\simulink - Simulink
27. simulink\blocks
- () Simulink
28. simulink\simdemos - Simulink 4
29. simdemos\aerospace - Simulink:
30. simdemos\automotive - Simulink:

31. simdemos\simfeatures - Simulink:

32. simdemos\simgeneral - Simulink:
33. simdemos\simnew
- Simulink:
34. simulink\dee
-
35. stateflow\stateflow - Stateflow
36. stateflow\sfdemos - Stateflow
37. stateflow\coder - Stateflow
38. rtw\rtw
- Real-Time Workshop
39. rtw\rtwdemos
- Real-Time Workshop
40. cdma\cdma
- Simulink
(CDMA Reference Blockset)
41. cdma\cdmamasks
- CDMA
42. cdma\cdmamex
- S- (S-Functions) CDMA
43. cdma\cdmademos
- CDMA
44. commblks\commblks -
(Communications Blockset)
45. commblks\commmasks - Communications Blockset
46. commblks\commmex - S- Communications Blockset
47. commblks\commblksdemos - Communications Blockset
48. comm\comm
- (Communications Toolbox)
49. comm\commdemos- Communications Toolbox
50. control\control
- (Control System Toolbox)
51. control\ctrldemos - Control System Toolbox
52. dspblks\dspblks
- (DSP Blockset)
53. dspblks\dspmasks - DSP Blockset
54. dspblks\dspmex
- S- - DSP Blockset
55. dspblks\dspdemos - DSP Blockset
56. daq\daq - (Data Acquisition Toolbox)
57. daq\daqdemos
- Data Acquisition Toolbox
58. database\database - (Database Toolbox)
59. database\dbdemos - Database Toolbox
60. datafeed\datafeed - (Datafeed Toolbox)
61. toolbox\dials
- Simulink ( Dials & Gauges
Blockset)
62. filterdesign\filterdesign - (Filter Design Toolbox)
63. ffilterdesign\filtdesdemos Filter Design Toolbox
64. finderiv\finderiv - Financial Toolbox
(Financial Derivatives Toolbox)
65. ftseries\ftseries - (Financial Time Series
Toolbox)
66. finance\finance
- (Financial Toolbox)
67. finance\calendar - Financial Toolbox
68. finance\findemos - Financial Toolbox
69. toolbox\fixpoint -
(Fixed-Point Blockset)
70. fixpoint\fxpdemos - Fixed-Point Blockset
71. fuzzy\fuzzy
- (Fuzzy Logic Toolbox)
72. fuzzy\fuzdemos
- Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
73. images\images
- (Image Processing Toolbox)
74. images\imdemos
- Image Processing Toolbox
75. instrument\instrument - ( )
(Instrument Control Toolbox)

76. lmi\lmictrl
77. lmi\lmilab

LMI Control Toolbox

-
(LMI Control Toolbox)
78. toolbox\compiler - MATLAB (MATLAB Compiler)
79. map\map
- (Mapping Toolbox)
80. mpc\mpccmds
- (Model Predictive
Control Toolbox)
81. mpc\mpcdemos
- Model Predictive Control Toolbox
82. mutools\commands - - (Mu-Analysis and
Synthesis Toolbox)
83. nnet\nnet
- (Neural Network Toolbox)
84. nnet\nndemos
- Neural Network
85. toolbox\ncd
- (Nonlinear
Control Design Blockset)
86. toolbox\optim
- (Optimization Toolbox)
87. toolbox\pde
-
(Partial Differential Equation Toolbox)
88. powersys\powersys - (Power System
Blockset)
89. powersys\powerdemo - Power System Blockset
90. targets\ecoder
-
Simulink (Real-Time Workshop Embedded Coder)
91. toolbox\robust - (Robust Control Toolbox)
92. signal\signal
- (Signal Processing Toolbox)
93. signal\sigdemos - Signal Processing Toolbox
94. toolbox\splines
- - (Spline Toolbox)
95. toolbox\stats
- (Statistics Toolbox)
96. toolbox\symbolic - (Symbolic Math Toolbox)
97. ident\ident
- (System
Identification Toolbox)
98. wavelet\wavelet
- (Wavelet
Toolbox)
99. wavelet\wavedemo - Wavelet Toolbox
100.
xpc\xpc
-
(xPC Target)
101.
xpc\xpcdemos
- xPC Target
. () MATLAB.

2. (General purpose commands)

- matlab\general
(General information)
1. help

- , .

2. helpwin
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

- , (help
browser).
helpdesk - .
support - Web- MathWorks.
demo
- .
java
- Java MATLAB-.
ver
- MATLAB-, SIMULINK- .
whatsnew - .

( Managing the workspace)

9. who
10. whos

- .
-
, , .
11. workspace - (Workspace
Browser), .. (GUI)
.
12. clear
- .
13. pack
- .
14. load
- .
15. save
- .
16. quit
- MATLAB.

(Managing commands and functions)

17. what

- MATLAB-
.
18. type
- .- .
19. edit
- /.
20. open
- .
21. which
- ( )
.
22. pcode
- - .
23. inmem
- .
24. mex
- -.

(Managing the search path)

25. path
- / .
26. addpath - .
27. rmpath
- .
28. pathtool - .
29. rehash
- -.
30. import - Java .

 (Controlling the command window)

31. echo
32. more
33. diary
34. format
35. beep

- - .
- .
- () MATLAB .
- .
- (beep).

(Operating system commands)

36. cd
- .
37. copyfile - .
38. pwd
- () .
39. dir
- .
40. delete
- .
41. getenv
- .
42. mkdir
- .
43. !
- .
44. dos
- DOS .
45. unix
- UNIX .
46. vms
- VMS DCL .
47. web
- Web browser.
48. computer - .
49. isunix - , UNIX- MATLAB-.
50. ispc - , PC (Windows)- MATLAB-.
- ( Debugging M-files)
51. debug
- .
52. dbstop
- ().
53. dbclear - .
54. dbcont
- .
55. dbdown
-
.
56. dbstack - .
57. dbstatus - .
58. dbstep
- .
59. dbtype -
.
60. dbup
-
.
61. dbquit
- .
62. dbmex
- MEX- ( UNIX).
- (Profiling M-files)
63. profile -
64. profreport - .

 - (Tools to
locate dependent functions of an M-file).
65. depfun
66. depdir
67. inmem

- , -.
- , ,
-.
- .

3.
- matlab\ general
(Arithmetic operators)
1. plus
- Plus
+
2. uplus
- Unary plus
+
3. minus
- Minus
4. uminus - Unary minus
5. mtimes - Matrix multiply
*
6. times
- Array multiply
.*
7. mpower - Matrix power
^
8. power - Array power
.^
9. mldivide - Left matrix divide
\
10. mrdivide - Right matrix divide
/
11. ldivide - Left array divide
.\
12. rdivide - Right array divide
./
13. kron
- Kronecker tensor product

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

(Relational operators)
14. eq
15. ne
16. lt
17. gt
18. le
19. ge

- Equal
- Not equal
- Less than
- Greater than
- Less than or equal
- Greater than or equal

==
~=
<
>
<=
>=

 (Logical operators)
20. and
21. or
22. not
23. xor
24. any
25. all

- Logical AND
&
- .
- Logical OR
|
- .
- Logical NOT
~
- .
- Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
- .
- , .
- , .

(Special characters.)
26. colon
27. paren
28. paren
29. paren
30. punct
31. punct
32. punct
33. punct
34. punct
35. punct
36. punct
37. punct
38. punct
39. punct
40. punct
41. transpose 42. ctranspose 43. horzcat 44. vertcat 45. subsasgn 46. subsref 47. subsindex -

:
()
[]
{}
@
.
.
..
...
,
;
%
!
=
'
.'
'
[,]
[;]
( ),{ },.
( ),{ },.

- .
- .
- .
.
- .
.
.
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
.
.
-

(Bitwise operators)
48. bitand
49. bitcmp
50. bitor
51. bitmax
52. bitxor
53. bitset
54. bitget
55. bitshift

- (Bit-wise AND).
- n- .
- (Bit-wise OR).
- .
- (Bit-wise XOR).
- .
- .
- 2.

(Set operators)
56. union

- .

57. unique - .
58. intersect - .
59. setdiff - .
60. setxor - .
61. ismember - .

4.
(Elementary math functions).
matlab\elfun
(Trigonometric)
1. sin
2. sinh
3. asin
4. asinh
5. cos
6. cosh
7. acos
8. acosh
9. tan
10. tanh
11. atan
12. atan2
13. atanh
14. sec
15. sech
16. asec
17. asech
18. csc
19. csch
20. acsc
21. acsch
22. cot
23. coth
24. acot
25. acoth

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 4- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

(Exponential)
26. exp
27. log
28. log10
29. log2

- .
- .
- 10.
- 2 .

30. pow2
- 2.
31. sqrt
- .
32. nextpow2 - 2.
(Complex)
33. abs
- .
34. angle
- .
35. complex -
.
36. conj
- .
37. imag
- .
38. real
- .
39. unwrap
- .
40. isreal - , .
41. cplxpair - - .
(Rounding and remainder)
42. fix
- .
43. floor
- .
44. ceil
-
45. round
- .
46. mod
- (Modulus or signed remainder after
division).
47. rem
- .
48. sign
- (Signum).

5.
(Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation)
matlab\elmat
(Elementary matrices)
1. zeros
- ( ).
2. ones
- .
3. eye
- .
4. repmat
- .
5. rand
- .
6. randn
- .
7. linspace - .
8. logspace - .
9. freqspace - .
10. meshgrid - (

11.

).
-
.

(Basic array information)

12. size
- ().
13. length
- .
14. ndims
- .
15. disp
- .
16. isempty - .
17. isequal - .
18. isnumeric - .
19. islogical - .
20. logical - .
(Matrix manipulation)
21. reshape - .
22. diag
- .
23. blkdiag - - .
24. tril
- .
25. triu
- .
26. fliplr - .
27. flipud
- .
28. flipdim - (
).
29. rot90
- 90 .
30. find
- .
31. end
- .
32. sub2ind - .
33. ind2sub - .
, (Special variables and constants)
34. ans
- .
35. eps
- .
36. realmax - .
37. realmin - .
38. pi
- 3.1415926535897....
39. i, j
- .
40. inf
- .
41. NaN
- .
42. isnan
- .
43. isinf
- .
44. isfinite - .
45. why
- .

 (Specialized matrices)
46. compan
- .
47. gallery - .
48. hadamard - .
49. hankel
- .
50. hilb
- .
51. invhilb - .
52. magic
- .
53. pascal
- .
54. rosser - (
).
55. toeplitz - (Toeplitz matrix).
56. vander - (Vandermonde matrix).
57. wilkinson - ( (Wilkinson)
.

6. -
(Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra)
matlab\matfun
(Matrix analysis)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

norm
- .
normest - 2- .
rank
- .
det
-
trace
- ( ).
null
- - () .
orth
- .
rref
- (Reduced row echelon form).
subspace - .

(Linear equations)
10. \ and /

- (. 3.
)
11. inv
- .
12. rcond
- , LAPACK (LAPACK reciprocal condition estimator).
13. cond
- .
14. condest - 1- .
15. normest1 - 1- .
16. chol
- (Cholesky factorization).

17. cholinc - (Incomplete Cholesky factorization).

18. lu
- LU- (LU factorization).
19. luinc
- LU- (Incomplete LU factorization).
20. qr
- - .
21. lsqnonneg - .
22. pinv
- .
23. lscov
- .
(Eigenvalues and singular values)
24. eig
25. svd
26. gsvd
27. eigs

- .
- .
- .
- (
).
28. svds
- .
29. poly
- .
30. polyeig - (Polynomial
eigenvalue problem).
31. condeig - .
32. hess
- (Hessenberg form).
33. qz
- QZ- ( ).
34. schur
- (Schur decomposition).
(Matrix functions).
35. expm
36. logm
37. sqrtm
38. funm
39. expm1
40. expm2
41. expm3

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.

(Factorization utilities)
42. qrdelete - QR -.
43. qrinsert - QR-.
44. rsf2csf - -
.
45. cdf2rdf - -
.
46. balance -
.
47. planerot - ( ).
48. cholupdate - .
49. qrupdate - QR .

 7. (Interpolation and polynomials)

matlab\polyfun
(Data interpolation)
1.
2.
3.
4.

pchip
- .
interp1 - .
interp1q - .
interpft -
.
5. interp2 - .
6. interp3 - .
7. interpn - .
8. griddata - .
9. griddata3 - .
10. griddatan - .
(Spline interpolation)
11. spline
12. ppval

- .
- - .

(Geometric analysis)
13. delaunay - (Delaunay triangulation).
14. delaunay3 - (3-D Delaunay tessellation).
15. delaunayn - (N-D Delaunay tessellation).
16. dsearch - .
17. dsearchn - .
18. tsearch - .
19. tsearchn - .
20. convhull - .
21. convhulln - .
22. voronoi - .
23. voronoin - .
24. inpolygon - , .
25. rectint - .
26. polyarea - .
(Polynomials)
27. roots
28. poly

- .
-
.
29. polyval - .

30. polyvalm - .
31. residue - ( ).
32. polyfit - .
33. polyder - .
34. polyint - .
35. conv
- .
36. deconv
- .

8.
(Data analysis and Fourier transforms)
matlab\datafun
(Basic operations)
1. max
- .
2. min
- .
3. mean
- .
4. median
- ( ).
5. std
- .
6. var
- .
7. sort
- .
8. sortrows - .
9. sum
- .
10. prod
- .
11. hist
- .
12. histc
- .
13. trapz
- .
14. cumsum
- .
15. cumprod - .
16. cumtrapz - .
(Finite differences)
17. diff
- .
18. gradient - .
19. del2
- .
(Correlation)
20. corrcoef - .
21. cov
- .
22. subspace - .

 (Filtering and convolution)

23. filter - .
24. filter2 - .
25. conv
- .
26. conv2
- .
27. convn
- N- () .
28. deconv
- .
29. detrend - .
(Fourier transforms)
30. fft
- .
31. fft2
- .
32. fftn
- .
33. ifft
- .
34. ifft2
- .
35. ifftn
- .
36. fftshift - .
37. ifftshift - .

9. (Character strings)
matlab\strfun
(General)
1. char
- ().
2. double
- .
3. cellstr - .
4. blanks
- .
5. deblank - .
6. eval
- , .
(String tests)
7. ischar
8. iscellstr
9. isletter
10. isspace

- , .
- , .
- , () .
- , .

(String operations)
11. strcat
- .
12. strvcat - .
13. strcmp - .
14. strncmp - N .

15. strcmpi - .
16. strncmpi - N .
17. findstr - .
18. strjust - .
19. strmatch - .
20. strrep
- .
21. strtok
- , (token).
22. upper
- .
23. lower
- .
(String to number conversion)
24. num2str - .
25. int2str - .
26. mat2str - .
27. str2double - .
28. str2num - .
29. sprintf - .
30. sscanf
- .

(Base number conversion)

31. hex2num

-
.
32. hex2dec - .
33. dec2hex - .
34. bin2dec - .
35. dec2bin - .
36. base2dec - - .
37. dec2base - -.


MATLAB
PLOT
-

plot(Y)
plot(X1, Y1, ...)
plot(X1, Y1, LineSpec, ...)
plot(..., 'PropertyName', PropertyValue, ...)
h = plot(...)

. Y ,
plot(Y) Y
. Y , plot(Y)
plot(real(Y), imag(Y)). , plot .
plot(X1, Y1, ...), , .

 , , X1 , Y1 .
X1 Y1 (
), Y1 X1.
Y1 , X1 ,
Y1 X1.
Y1 X1,
( Y1 - , )
X1, Y1 ( ),
X1 Y1 (. ).
plot(X1, Y1, LineSpec,...) ,
LineSpec , .
Xn, Yn, LineSpec Xn, Yn, .. LineSpec , : plot(X1, Y1, X2, Y2,
LineSpec, X3, Y3).
plot(... , 'PropertyName', PropertyValue,...) , 'PropertyName', ,
PropertyValue (. ).
h = plot(...) - (handles) -
, .
. ,
plot ,
ColorOrder . , ColorOrder, , plot (line styles) ,
LineStyleOrder . ,
, . ,
, MATLAB ColorOrder LineStyleOrder
plot.
, .
,
set(0, 'DefaultAxesColorOrder', [0 0 0], 'DefaultAxesLineStyleOrder', '-|-.|--|:')
()
( ColorOrder), (
LineStyleOrder) : (-), - (-.), (--)
(:).

. -
LineSpec.


1.
, ( line):
LineWidth (points), 1 1/72 .
MarkerEdgeColor
(, , , (), (), ).
MarkerFaceColor .
MarkerSize .
,
x = -pi : pi/10 : pi;
y = tan(sin(x)) - sin(tan(x));
plot(x, y, '--rs', 'LineWidth', 2,...
'MarkerEdgeColor', 'k',...
'MarkerFaceColor', 'g',...
'MarkerSize', 10)

2. (Tick-Mark) (Labeling)
,
. ,
x,
:
x = -pi : 0.1 : pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x, y)
set(gca, 'XTick',-pi : pi/2 : pi)
set(gca, 'XTickLabel',{'-pi', '-pi/2', '0', 'pi/2', 'pi'})

 ,
-pi/4, sin(-pi/4).
x y,

xlabel('-\pi \leq \Theta \leq \pi')
ylabel('sin(\Theta)')
title('Plot of sin(\Theta)')
text -

text(-pi/4, sin(-pi/4), '\leftarrow sin(-\pi\div4)', 'HorizontalAlignment', 'left')
, , plot, Color property. -
LineWidth
set(findobj(gca, 'Type', 'line', 'Color', [0 0 1]),...
'Color','red',,...
'LineWidth', 2)

. :
axis, bar, grid, legend, line, LineSpec, loglog, plotyy, semilogx, semilogy, subplot, xlabel,
xlim, ylabel, ylim, zlabel, zlim, stem
. String text , .

LineSpec
. (Line).
. , -
. MATLAB , :

(Line style)
(Line width)
(Color)
(Marker type)
(Marker size)
( )

MATLAB () , .
.

-:
-.

( )


-

+
o
*
.
x
s
d
^
v
>
<
p
h

()
()

r
g
b
c
m
y
k
w

(cyan)

(magenta)

 LineSpec,
:



, plot(x, y, '-.or') y x,
- (-.); (o) , , (r). (
) , .
LineSpec , (, plot(x,y,'d')), MATLAB
( )
() . plot plot3,
, :
LineWidth ( , 1/72 )
MarkerEdgeColor
(, , , , , ).
MarkerFaceColor
MarkerSize
, LineStyle, Color, Marker
. , ,
, ,
RGB.
ColorSpec.

,
, .
t = 0 : pi/20 : 2*pi;
plot(t, sin(t), '-.r*')
hold on
plot(sin(t - pi/2), '--mo')
plot(sin(t - pi), ':bs')
hold off

 , .
plot(t, sin(2*t),'-mo',...
'LineWidth', 2,...
'MarkerEdgeColor', 'k',...
'MarkerFaceColor', [0.49 1 0.63],...
'MarkerSize', 12)

. :
line, plot, patch, set, surface, LineStyleOrder