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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 39 10/11/2009, 17:32

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 40 10/11/2009, 17:32


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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 3 10/11/2009, 17:31

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 4 10/11/2009, 17:31

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 5 10/11/2009, 17:31

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 6 10/11/2009, 17:31

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 7 10/11/2009, 17:31

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rif;om; p0fpikd ;f vHk (Sao Sai Long) onf ¶Sr;f jynfe,f tpd;k &xHo@kd a[mfeef;udk
rv$aJ jymif;ay;cif 1959 ckEpS f txd a[mfeef;. aemufq;kH ydik &f iS jf zpfco hJ nf?
1962 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmppftpk;d & tm%modr;f cJah omtcgwiG f ppfwyfu
p0fpikd ;f vHk (Sao Sai Long) ESihf ol@.tpfujkd zpfot l m; tjcm;¶Sr;f apmfbmG ;rif;om;
rsm;ESit hf wlzrf;qD;cHc+hJ y;D &efuek t f if;pdeaf xmifwiG f ajcmufEpS w f m xde;f odr;f csKyfaESmif
xm;cJo h nf? ‚if;jyefvw G vf maomtcgY ude;f wkew f iG f aexdik cf iG rhf ðyawmhbJ a'ocH
ppfwyftm%mydkifrsm;u xdka[mfeef;tm; tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;¶Hk;tjzpf ajymif;vJ
toH;k ðycJ=h uonf?
&efuek rf S wdu
k &f ukd t
f rde@f &¶d+S y;D onhaf emuf 1991 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv 9 &ufae@
wGif a[mfeef;udk pwifòzdcszsuq f ;D cJo h nf? a'ocHoC H mawmfrsm;u arwWm&yfcH
awmif;yefjcif;ESifh jynfolrsm;u òrd@twGif;qef@usifuef@uGufaom vufurf;pm
apmifrsm;jzef@a0cJ=h uaomfvnf; ppftpd;k &u ‚if;wd@k .òzdcszsuq f ;D jcif;udk pwifvyk f
aqmifco hJ nf?

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 8 10/11/2009, 17:31

 a[mfeef;ay:u vGiphf Ofysuu f svmaom ausmufw;kH rsm;u ude;f wkeòf rd@tES@H vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif jyef@uso J mG ;cJo
h nf?
ajcaxmufudk vl@cE<mudk,f. tedrfhusqHk;tydkif;[k ,lqowfrSwfxm;aom ,Ofaus;r_wckwGif ,ckuJhodk@ordkif;0if
taqmufttHw k ck. tydik ;f tprsm;tm; vltrsm;ajccs&mae&matmufo@kd xm;¶Sv d u
kd jf cif;u ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm; wefb;kd
xm;onfh ordik ;f tarGtESpu f kd ajymifajymifwif;wif; apmfum;vdu k jf cif;yif jzpfonf?
1994 ckEpS wf iG f jrefrmh[w kd ,fEiS chf &D;oGm;vma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu a[mfeef;ae&ma[mif;wGif usKd if;wH[ k wdk ,f[k
trnfay;um acwfraDS [mfw,fwckukd pwifwnfaqmufco hJ nf? 1996 ckEpS w f iG f t+yD;owfwnfaqmufc+hJ yD; ukeu f s
p&dwfusyfaiG oef; 500 ukefuscJhonf? wap>ajcmufonf[laom aumv[mvowif;rsm;a=umifh [dkw,fwckvHk;
wnf;cdo
k ul if;rJv
h #u¶f o
Sd nf?

f ;D rDyEkH iS hf ,aeΠusKd if;wH[

used ;f wkeaf [mfeef;tm; rzsuq k w
kd ,f
9

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 9 10/11/2009, 17:31

 wrif OyuQmðyjcif;= qDaygh (oDayg) . a[mfeef;
qDayghonf ¶Srf;apmfbGm;tkyfcsKyf&ma'orsm;teuf OpPmaygtºuG,f0qHk;ESifh =oZmwuUdrt&dSqHk;e,fajr
wckjzpfonf? rl&if;a[mfeef;onf ‚if;.cHn h m;xnf0gra_ =umifh vlord sm;ausm=f um;cJo h nf? a[mfeef;.xD;yv†icf ef;raqmif
udk rE Wav;eef;awmfyHkpHtwkdif; wnfaqmufxm;cJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; a[mfeef;ysufpD;cJh+yD;onfhaemufwGif
apmfbmG ;rdom;pkonf +Adwo d #pt
H rd rf sKd ;uJo
h @kd aqmufvyk x f m;aom ta¶Se• ef;aqmif ac: tdraf wmfY aexdik cf o hJ nf?
qDayg. h aemufq;kH rif;om;wyg;jzpfol apmfbmG ;p0f=umqdik f ESi‚hf if;. ZeD;
=opwD;,m;vlrsKd ; Inge Sargent wd@k onf 1962 ckEpS f jrefrmppfwyf tm%m
odr;f ,lco hJ nft h csed tf xd xdak [mfeef;awmfwiG f aexdik cf o hJ nf? ynmwwf
wOD;jzpf+yD; wd;k wufaomtjrifjzift h yk cf sKyfol p0f=umqdik t f m; jrefrmppf
tpd;k &ppfwyfrS zrf;qD;cJo h nft h csed rf pS I ol@tm;aemufxyf rnfonft h cgrS
rawG@&awmhay? rdom;pkyikd t f jzpf 2005 ckEpS t f xd wnf¶cSd ahJ om ta¶Se• ef;
aqmifwiG f aemufq;kH aecJo h l p0f=umqdik . f wljzpfol pdik ;f OD;=umonf a[mfeef;
od@k urBmv h n S chf &D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm;udk zdwaf c:cJo h nf? od@k aomf,if;ESpw f iG yf if
ppftpd;k &ua[mfeef;twGi;f urBmv h n S chf &D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm;ESihf w&m;r0if
awG@qo kH nf[al ompGcJ sujf zifh pdik ;f OD;=umudk zrf;qD;cJu h m rE aW v;axmifwiG f
apmfbmG ;p0f-umqdik f ESihf ‚if;. ZeD; Inge Sargent axmif 13ESpu f sc&H efjypf'%fcsrw S cf +hJ yD;/ r=umao;rDurS vGw+f idr;f csr;f om
cGijhf zifh v$waf y;cJo h nf?
,ae@tcsed Yf ta¶Se• ef;awmfaqmiftm; oGm;a&mufvnfywfEikd jf cif; tvsi;f r¶Sad wmhyg? qDaygah pmfbmG ; rdom;pk
aEG&moD tyef;ajz&eftwGuf ausmufròJ rdŒteD; awmifuek ;f rsm;. awmifapmif;ay:wGif 1900 tapmydik ;f ESprf sm;twGi;f
qDaygrh if;om; qmp0fcJ (Sir Sao Khe) aqmufvyk cf ahJ om pcef;om aEG&moDpeH ef;rSmvnf; vH;k 0ysupf ;D oGm;+yD jzpfonf?
*syef®rŒodr;f wyfz@JG rsm;a=umifh pHeef;.b,fzufjcrf; rD;pGaJ vmifomG ;cJah omfvnf; use¶f aSd omtydik ;f rSm rysurf pD; taumif;
yuwd wnf¶cSd o hJ nf? aemufq;kH oDaygapmfbmG ; (rif;om;) u taqmuftODukd jyefvnfjyifqif&ef pDpOfco hJ nf? xdek ef;awmf
udk p0f=umqdik . f ZeD; (r[ma'0D) u Tod@k yHak z:ajymjycJo h nf? “Ed@k EpS af &mifxaewJh a¶S;a[mif; *E 0W if taqmuftOD;[m
ajrmufyikd ;f tDwvD awmifuek ;f wckay:wGif ¶Sad eovdk x,fx,f0g0g¶v dS yS gw,f? pHeef;&JŒ cef;rtv,fukd OD;wnfxm;wJh

10

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 10 10/11/2009, 17:31

 tjzLa&mifpusifausmufjym;avSum;rsm;u ajrxJyifv,fa'ouae o,f,lvmwJh ausmufjym;awGjzpf=uw,f?
tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh jywif;aygu}f uD;awG/ ajzmifw h ef;aeaom wdik v f ;kH }uD;awGe@J ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom tuGuaf ygi;f
rsm;pGmu pHeef;wckv;kH udk tvif;a&mifawGe@J v$r;f òcHay;xm;ygw,f?”
od@k aomf ,ae@wiG f xdpk cef;oma[mfeef;rSm vH;k 0ysupf ;D ae+yD; tpGe@f ypfcxH m;&onf? ‚if;pHeef;onf urBmv
h n
S hf
c&D;oGm;rsm;toHk;ðyaom vrf;r}uD;.rvSrf;ra0; awmifapmif;ay:wGif ¶dSaeaomfjim;vnf; urBmvSnfh c&D;oGm;
vrf;!¸erf sm;wGif az: jyxm;jcif; tvsi;f r¶daS wmhay?

pcef;om aEG&moDa[mfeef;yHk = 1900 tapmydik ;f ESprf sm; twGi;f u qDayghapmfbmG ; qmp0fcJ

(Sir Sao Khe) rS aqmufvyk cf jhJ yD; ,cktcg vH;k 0ysupf ;D oGm;_yDjzpfonf? urBmvSnchf &D;oGm;rsm;

toH;k ðyaomvrf;r}u;D rS rvSr;f ra0; awmifapmif;ay:wGif jzwfoef;olrsm;owdrxm;rdbw

J nf¶adS eonf?

11

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 11 10/11/2009, 17:31

 a[mfeef; rS Ak'0< ifjywdu
k f odŒk = a,mifa[G a[mfeef; (anmifa¶$)
¶Sr;f jynfe,f. xifay:ausm=f um;aom tif;av;uefteD;wnf¶aSd om a,mifa[Ga[mfeef;onf use¶f aSd eaom
¶Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;. a[mfeef;rsm;teuf tcHn h m;tx,f0gq;kH a[mfeef; wckjzpfonf? rE aW v;eef;awmf.yHpk u H kd erlem
,lxm;aom opfom;/ ausmufw;kH rsm;jzifh aqmufvyk x f m;onfh xdak [mfeef;udk (1920) ckEpS rf sm;wGif wnfaqmufco hJ nf?
a,mifa[Ga[mftm; aemufq;kH tkycf sKyfaexdik cf ahJ om apmfbmG ;rSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if .
H yxrOD;qH;k orRwjzpfcahJ om
p0fa¶$ou kd f jzpfonf?

12

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 12 10/11/2009, 17:31

 jrefrmppfwyfu tm%modrf;onfh 1962 ckESpf rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif &efukef¶dS
p0fa¶$ou kd . f aetdru f kd ppfwyfu0dik ;f &Honfh wcsed w
f nf;rSmyif/ a[mfeef;tm; aoewfrsm;
jzifyh pfc&hJ m orRwa[mif;.om;jzpfol touf (17) ESpf t¶G,f p0frD aoqH;k cJo h nf?
ouf}uD; }uD;&ifah ejyDjzpfaom apmbGm;}uD;p0fa¶$ou kd f tzrf;cHc&hJ +yD;/ tif;pdeaf xmifwiG f
tusOf;cscHcJh&um/ ‚if;ESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif ouFmruif;zG,f tajctaersm;a=umifh
axmifwiG ;f Yyif toufq;kH ¶H;_ cJ&h onf?
vGecf ahJ om q,fEpS cf ef@u a[mfeef;tm;jywdu k w f cktjzpf w&m;0ifajymif;vJvu kd u f m
anmifa¶$,Ofaus;r_jywdkuf (apmfbGm;}uD;rsm;jywdkuf [kvnf;vlodrsm;onf) [k
ac:a0:cJo h nf? urBmvSnchf &D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm;twGuf zGiv hf pS cf +hJ yD; eef;awmfyw JG uf
t0wftpm;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;xm;cJo h nf? xduk mvtwGi;f UNESCO u taqmuf
tODjyifqif&efESifh jyefvnfrGrf;rH&eftwGuf tar&duefa':vm oHk;aomif; (30000)
axmufyahH y;cJah omfvnf; ppftm%mydik rf sm;u rnfonfh jyifqifjcif;rsKd ;rS rvkyaf qmifc&hJ w kH ifru/ ¶kwcf sn;f 2006 ckEpS Yf
a[mfeef;&dS tEkynmvuf&m ypPn;f tm;vH;k udk òrd@awmfopf aejynfawmfo@kd yd@k aqmifay;&rnf[o l nfh ,Ofaus;r_0ef}uD;
XmerS trde@f pmwapmif xkwcf o hJ nf?
2007 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif jynfolvlxk
=unf¶h &_ eftwGuf a[mfeef;tm; Ak'0< ifjywdu k tf jzpf jyef
vnfziG v hf pS cf o
hJ nf? a[mfeef;. twGi;f zufrmS Avmusi;f
aeonf? usKd ufx;D ¶d;k / a¶$w*d kH ESihf r[mjrwfrek d paom
{&mrbk&m;"gwfyHk}uD;rsm;udk ,cifxD;yv†ifcef;raqmif
eH&w
H iG f cswd q f x JG m;onf? jywdu
k w f iG f jyxm;aom tcif;
tusi;f rsm;u TtaqmuftODonf ,cifu a[mfeef;
awmfwck jzpfco hJ nf[o
l nfh ordik ;f tcsut f vuf vH;k 0
az: jyxm;jcif;r¶daS y?

txuf = a,mifa[Gtm; aemufq;kH tkycf sKyfcahJ om apmfbmG ;}uD; p0fa¶$ou

kd f
,cif nDvmcH cef;r}uD;
13

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 13 10/11/2009, 17:31

 qJe0f D (odE)DM a[mfeef;
q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGm ppfwyf. odr;f ydu
k x
f m;r+
òrd@. A[dck surf awmifuek ;f xufwiG w f nf&u Sd m cHnh m;
0ifx
h ,faom u|e;f om; taqmuftOD jzpfonfh qJe0f D a[mfeef;
onf p0f[def;crf; arG;zGm;cJhonfh ae&mjzpfcJhonf? olronf
jrefrmEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;orRw a,mifa[GapmfbGm;}uD;
p0fa¶$ou kd . f ZeD;vnf;jzpfonf? tusO;f axmifxw J iG f apmfbmG ;
}uD; qH;k yg;oGm;+yD;onfah emuf olronf jynfyod@k xGuv f mcJ+h yD;
1960 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f ¶Sr;f awmfveS af &;v_y¶f mS ;rsm;r_ukd OD;aqmif
OD;¶Guðf ycJoh jl zpfonf? ,aeŒ a[mfeef; tysuf yHk

,k,d iG ;f ysupf ;D aeaom a[mfeef;udk rnfonft h cgrS jyefvnfðyjyifwnf

aqmufjcif;r¶dScJhay? 1962 ppfwyfrStm%modrf;+yD;aemuf jrefrmppfwyfonf
a[mfeef;y&0k%t f wGi;f ppfpcef;wck wnfaqmufco hJ nf? a'ocHjynfov l xl u k
xkv
d yk &f yftay: tvGet f rif; rausreyfjzpfcohJ nf? txl;ojzifh ‚if;tm; usL;ausmf
odrf;ydkufxm;aom ppfwyfrsm;u a'ocHjynfolxktay: rw&m;t=urf;zuf
owfjzwfr_rsm; usL;vGefjcif;rsm;tay: ydkItrsufa'goxGufcJh=uonf? 1960
tv,fyikd ;f ckEpS rf sm;u vlox d if&mS ;aom jzpf&yfwck jzpfymG ;cJoh nf? ,if;rSm a'ocH
ppftpd;k &. wyfr;ª wOD;jzpfaom trnfajymiftm;jzifh Adv k [f akd [muf (Adv
k af cgi;f jzL)
u ¶Srf;awmfvSefa&;tm; axmufcHonf[k ouFmruif;jzpfol &Gmom;wOD;udk
acgif;jzwfI ol. OD;acgif;udk a[mfeef;teD; wdkifwwdkifwGif pdkufxm;cJhonf?
xdjk zpf&yfa=umifh a'ocHjynfot l rsm;tjym;u a'goxGupf mG jzifh ¶Sr;f awmfveS af &;
od@k cdv
k y_H g0ifc=hJ uonf?

14
p0f[ed ;f crf;

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 14 10/11/2009, 17:31

 r=umao;rDumvrSyif jrefrmppfwyfrsm; a[mfeef;ae&mrS xGucf mG oGm;cJo
h nf? ‚if;a[mfeef;ae&mrSm tysut
f pD;
yHkrsm;jzifh AvbGjzpfaeum opfyifrsm;tkyfrdk;um awmxaeygonf? a'ocHrsm;u aemufwzef xyfrHodrf;ydkufjcif;
rjzpfapvdak oma=umifh ¶Sr;f ,Ofaus;r_toif; uruxjyKI xdak [mfeef;ae&mtm; ordik ;f 0if ae&mtrSwt f om; rSwwf ikd f
pdu
k xf xl m;ygonf?

rl&if; qJe0f D a[mfeef;. yHk

15

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 15 10/11/2009, 17:31

 ¶d;k &mtarGtESpu
f kd tumtuG,af y;aeaom jynfov
l x
l rk sm;
¶Sr;f jynftv,fyikd ;f &dS vdik ;f cgh (vJcsm;) ESihf a*;pD; (aus;oD;) òr@d rsm;rSm Edik if jH cm;c&D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm;ukd oGm;vmcGirhf ðy/
wif;wif;usyu f syyf w
d yf ifxm;aom ae&mrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,cifu atmifjrifcahJ om pdu k yf sKd ;a&;twGuf tcsutf csm
usco
hJ nfah 'oonf ppftpd;k &ppfwyfrsm;. xyfcgwvJvv J yk af om ajrvSepf pfqifa&;rsm;a=umifh vlO;D a&enf;yg;vmum
aus;vufa'o w0du k af 'orsm;rSmvnf; tvGeq f if;&JraJG wvmcJ&h onf?

rl&if; a[mfeef;rsm;. trSww

f &tjzpf = Tbke;f }uD;ausmif; ESpaf usmif;pvH;k ,cktcg a[mfeef; bke;f }uD;ausmif; [k trnf wGio
f nf

a*;pD; (aus;oD;) a[mfeef;

1962 ckEpS f tm%modr;f +yD; aemuf a*;pD;a[mfeef;udk jrefrmppfwyfu odr;f ,lco hJ nf? vGecf ahJ om q,fEpS u f
tm%mydik rf sm;xHo@kd tzefwvJvaJ rwWm&yfccH ahJ oma=umifh aemufq;kH wGif rl&if;ydik ¶f iS x
f oH @kd jyefvnfvaJ$ jymif;ay;cJoh nf?
od@k aomf a[mfeef;. taqmifta,miftm;vH;k tvk,cl cH &hJ onf? aemufxyford ;f ,lr_ (od@k r[kw)f zsuq f ;D cH&r_ukd
umuG,&f eftwGuf taqmuftODyikd ¶f iS rf S bke;f }uD;ausmif;tjzpftoH;k ðy&ef a'ocHvx l ok @kd v–'ge;f cJo
h nf?
16

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 16 10/11/2009, 17:31

 rl&if; a[mfeef;rsm;. trSww
f &tjzpf = Tbke;f }uD;ausmif; ESpaf usmif;pvH;k ,cktcg a[mfeef; bke;f }uD;ausmif; [k trnf wGio
f nf

vkid ;f cgh (vJcsm;) a[mfeef;

1991 ckEpS w f iG f ude;f wkef a[mfeef;udk zsuq f ;D ypfvu
kd +f y;D aemufvikd ;f cgòh rŒd ol/ òrŒd om;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . a[mfeef;tm;
tzsuq f ;D cH&rnfukd pd;k &dryf yl efvmcJo
h nf? ude;f wkef a[mfeef;uJo h @kd yif vdik ;f cgah [mfeef;onfvnf; ppftpd;k &.odr;f yduk jf cif;udk
cHc&hJ +yD; b%ftjzpf ajymif;vJtoH;k ðy cHc&hJ onf? tu,fI xkt d aqmuftODtm; bmoma&;twGuf toH;k ðyrnfqykd gu
zsuq f ;D cHEikd &f rnft
h E &W m,fenf;yg;Ekid o f nf[k ,H=k unfum a'ocHacgi;f aqmifrsm;u xdt k aqmuftODtm; bke;f }u;D ausmif;
tjzpf toH;k ðycGiahf y;&ef arwWm&yfcw H ifjycJ&h m ‚if;awmif;qdck suu f kd cGiðhf yay;cJoh nf?

17

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 17 10/11/2009, 17:31

 jrefrmhrif;/ jrefrmheef;rsm;tm;
jyefvnfxlaxmifaejcif;
jrefrmppftpd;k &onf ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. xD;rleef;rlordik ;f . tºuGi;f
tuserf sm;udk wufºupG mG azsmufzsuyf pfaeonfw h csed w
f nf;rSmwGif ppftpd;k &
onf jrefrmEkid if t
H v,fyikd ;f ¶dS a¶S;a[mif; jrefrmeef;awmfrsm;udk topf
jyefvnfwnfaqmufae=uonf? jrefrmoufO;D qHyikd af [mif;rsm;udk *k%ðf y
aomtm;jzifh r[mAsL[mtcsut f csm=uaom ae&mrsm;Y txdr;f trSwf
ausmufwikd rf sm;/ ¶kyx
f rk sm;udk pdu
k xf v
l maeonf?

wmcDvw
d ;f (wmcsDvw
d )f rS bk&ifah emif¶yk w
f k
bk&ifhaemifonf 16 &mpkESpfu tkyfpkd;cJhaom jrefrmbk&ifwyg;
jzpf+yD;/ 1556 ckEpS w f iG f ¶Sr;f jynfe,fukd odr;f ydu k tf yk cf sKyfc+hJ yD;/ 1564 ckEpS f ESihf
1569 ckESpfrsm;wGif xdkif;aejynfawmf t,k'Q,tm; ESpf}udrfwdkifwkdif
odr;f yduk cf o hJ jl zpfonf?
¶Sr;f jynfta¶Sy• ikd ;f e,fpyfòrŒd jzpfaom wmcDvw d ;f ðrŒd wGif bk&ifah emif.
¶kyw
f u k kd 1995 ckEpS f yxrOD;qH;k pwifwnfaqmufc&hJ m xdw k vwnf;wGiyf if
¶Sr;f awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;u wmcDvw d ;f òrd@tm; t}uD;tus,f xd;k ppf
qifc+hJ yD; jrefrmppfwyfu jyefvnfrwdu k x f w k cf iftxd òrd@.tpdwt f ydik ;f
wckuo kd rd ;f ,lEidk cf ohJ nf?
xdb k &k ifah emif¶yk w f u
k kd jrefrmvufry_ nmonfrsm;u jrefrmEdik if H
tv,fyikd ;f wGif xkvyk cf +hJ yD; ¶Sr;f jynfta¶Sy• ikd ;f od@k o,f,v l mcJI h 1996 ckEpS f
arv 6 &ufae@wGifusif;yaom w&m;0if zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;odk@ xkdpOfu
twGif;a&;rª; (1) AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!$ef@ wufa&mufcJhonf? xDrxifaom
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18 ESp&f m tuGmcef@wiG ¶f o Sd nf?

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 18 10/11/2009, 17:32

 2003 ckESpfwGif xkd¶kyfxktm; AHk;wvHk;jzifhypfcGJvdkufojzifh ajcaxmufESifh
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jrefrmbk&ifrsm;teuf wyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf? eef;awmftm; topfjyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef ppftpd;k &
u trdeŒf ay;cJoh nf? ‚if;eef;awmfrmS 2003 ckEpS Yf
trSepf ifppf/ tavmif;bk&m;onf ude;f wkef od@k
aqmufvyk _f yD;pD;cJoh nf?
wcgryS if ra&mufz;l cJah y?

19

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 19 10/11/2009, 17:32

 trnfemr. t"dyg` ,f
¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k u, kd ‚f if;wd@k “wdik ;f ” [k ac:a0:
=uonf? ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. bmompum;onf xdik ;f bmompum;
jzifh tvGeq f ifwal omfvnf; tuQ&m ta&;tom;url jrefrm
bmomESihf yHo k ¾mefwo l nf?
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bke;f }uD;ausmif;ynma&;pepf pmoifausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifjcif;
vm;¶d;+ òrdŒt0if0 rkXOf ;D jrefrmt"dyg` ,frmS “vm;jyyG”J ? ¶Sr;f bmomjzifh t"dyg` ,frmS
r&dcS ahJ y? od@k aomf ¶d;k pif;aom acwfay:¶Sr;f tuQ&mESihf aumif;rGef “vif;,kefiSufrsm;pGmaexdkifaom awmifESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifòrdŒ” jzpfonf? vGefcJhaom
aom ¶Sr;f jyXmef;pmtkyrf sm;r¶dcS jhJ cif;u xdpk moifausmif;rsm;wGif ESpftenf;i,fu òrdŒt0if0 rkXfOD;wdkifay:wGif azgif;ºuGyHkazmfxm;aom ¶Srf;¶dk;&mtdk;pnfyHkrsm;tm;
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cJjh cif;/ jyXmef; pmtkyrf sm; pwifðypkxw k af 0cJah omfvnf; pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ¶Sr;f bmompum;udk w&m;0ifbmomw&yftjzpf
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e,f¶Sd tpd;k &pmoifausmif; tm;vH;k wGif jrefrmbmompum;udk roifrae& oif=um;yd@k csrb _ mompum;tjzpf toH;k ðyvm&onf?
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xm;aom wdu k ¶f u
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kd bf momjyefrt _ m;vH;k onf uAsmqefqefawmhr[kwv f aS y?
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“rdik ;f ” jzpfomG ;aoma=umifh ¶Sr;f ®rŒrsm;pGmonf r*Fvmr¶Sd vSaom jrefrmtrnfrsm; &¶do S mG ;=uawmhonf? Ô
20

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 20 10/11/2009, 17:32

 vm;¶d+;¶Sd a¶$wd*Hk yHkwl

Ak'b
< momtaqmuftODrsm; tm%mjyjcif;. oauFwrsm;
¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;wGif ax&0g'Ak'b
< momESiyhf wfoufI tvGe¶f n S v f sm;aom ordik ;f a=umif; ¶do
S nf? ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m
yGJvrf;obifrsm;onf Ak'<bmomjyuQ'defudk r¾dKifðyxm;jcif; jzpfonf? ¶Srf;jynfe,ft0Srf; ra&rwGufEdkifaom
bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;ESihf bk&m;ykx;kd rsm; &d=S uonf? od@k aomf ppftpd;k &u ¶Sr;f jynfe,f. t"duusaom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif
bk&m;ykxdk;rsm;/ bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;/ Ak'<¶kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk topfwnfaqmufaeonfhtjyif ta[mif;rsm;udkvnf;
jyefvnfrrG ;f rHaeonf? wnfaqmufxm;+yD;jzpfaom taqmuftODrsm; (od@k r[kw)f jyefvnfðyjyifxm;aom taqmuf
tODrsm;. yHko¾mefESifh [efyefonf Ak'<bmomjyef@yGm;a&;ESifh rqdkpavmufomoufqdkif+yD; / ydkIay:vGifaeonfrSm
tm%m&Sad =umif; aºuG;a=umfvjkd cif;/ ,Ofaus;r_t&oGwo f iG ;f vdjk cif;ESihf t,lonf;r_rsm;om jzpfonf? 21

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 21 10/11/2009, 17:32

 a¶$w*d kH yHw
k l apwDrsm;
vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;onf &efukefòrd@. txifu& a¶$wd*Hkbk&m;.yHkwl
rsm;pGmudk ¶Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; wnfaqmufaeonf? ‚if;a¶$a&mifapwDrsm;onf omrefurBmvSnfhc&D;oGm;{nfhonf
wOD;tzd@k pGaJ qmifz, G jf zpfEidk af omfvnf; a'ocHwnf&rSd u _ kd ESrd cfh sjcif;ESihf r[mAsL[mt& ta&;ygaom wnfae&mrsm;wGif
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;a=umifh a'ocHrsm;u }uD;pGmrausreyfjzpfaeonf?
1995 ckEpS tf apmydik ;f wGif ppftpd;k &onf ude;f wkef ajrmufzuf w&kwEf ikd if eH ,fpyf¶Sd rdil ;f vm;òrd@wiG f a¶$w*d kH
yHw
k ul kd pwifwnfxm;cJo h nf? 1989 ckEpS f typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlncD suaf tmufwiG f xdak 'oonf ppftm%mjzifh
xde;f csKyfcx
H m;&aom a'ojzpfco hJ nf? Typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk =um;cHaqmif¶u G af y;cJah om jrefrm
axmufvrS ;f a&;rª;csKyf cif!e$ @f u bk&m;wnfaqmufa&;twGuf uruxvkyaf y;cJo h nf?
1997 ckEpS w f iG f bk&m;tm; a&pufcsco hJ nf? typftcwf &yfpJ
a&;rsm;t+yD;wGif a'owGi;f ºuG,0f r_EiS hf zG@H òzd;wd;k wufvmatmif aqmif
&Guaf y;rnf[k ppftpd;k & uwdu0wfðycJah omfvnf; bk&m;yHw k x
l ufyIkd
rnfonfht&mrS jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmufay;cJhonfr[kwfay? typf
tcwf&yfp+J yD; ESpaf ygi;f 20 ausm=f umaomtcgwiG f rdil ;f vm;òrdŒonf
w¶kwaf vmif;upm;ae&mwcktjzpfom trnfq;kd jzifh ausm=f um;vm
cJo
h nf?
1995 ckESpf Edkif0ifbmvwGif jrefrmppftpdk;&ppfwyfonf
xdkif;EdkifiHajrmufydkif; e,fpyfwGifwnf¶dSaom ¶Srf;jynfta¶›Szufjcrf;
wmcDvw d ;f òrd@tjyifzufwiG f a¶$w*d ykH w kH u l kd pwifwnfaqmufco hJ nf?
¶Sr;f awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;u xdòk rd@uw kd u kd cf u
kd I
f jrefrmppfwyfu ckccH hJ
aomESpf wESpw f nf;Yyifjzpfonf? xdek ,fpyfa'oudk jrefrmppfwyfu
xde;f csKyfxm;a=umif; jyoonft h rSwo f auFwwcktjzpf Tbk&m;yHw k l
tm; wnfaqmufcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
wmcsDvdwf¶Sd a¶$wd*Hk yHkwl

22

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 22 10/11/2009, 17:32

 bk&m;yHw k l wnfaqmufrt _ m;vH;k udk jrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f rS vufr_
ynmonfrsm;ESihf tvkyo f rm;rsm;u wm0ef,w l nfaqmufco hJ nf? bk&m;.
atmufajcwGif "gwaf wmfXmyemðyI bk&m;pwif wnfaqmufaom tcrf;
tem;ESihf bk&m;. iSurf suef m;awmfwiG f "gwaf wmfwifjcif; ESihf xD;awmfwifjcif;
rsm;aqmif¶Gufonfh bk&m;wnfaqmufjcif;+yD;qHk;aom 1998 ckESpfwGif
usi;f yonfh tcrf;tem;ESpcf v k ;kH udk jrefrmppfwyft&m¶drS sm;omwufa&mufI
bmoma&; "avhx;Hk wrf;rsm;udk aqmif¶u G =f uonf? xH;k wrf;tpOftvmt&
qkdygu oHCmawmfrsm;uom bmoma&;"avhxHk;wrf;udk oifhawmf&m
qkawmif;arwWmyd@k jcif;rsm;jzifh aqmif¶u G &f onf? od@k aomf a'ocHoC H mawmf
rsm;udk xH;k wrf;t&t"duvkyaf qmifr_ tqifq h if+h yD;rSom yifzh w d cf o
hJ nf?
1997 ckEpS wf iG f a'ocHppfwyf wyf&if;rª;rsm;u uGe[ f id ;f (uGe[ f ed ;f )wGif
a¶$w*d ykH w
kH ul kd pwifwnfxm;cJo h nf? uGe[ f id ;f òrd@onf ¶Sr;f jynftv,fyikd ;f òrd@e,f
rsm;teuf xif&mS ;aomòrdŒe,fwckjzpf+yD; ¶Sr;f awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;udk wdu k cf ukd f
aomaomif;usef;olqef@usifa&;ppfqifa&;}uD;wck. wpdwfwa'otjzpf
¶Srf;jynf vlxkoHk;odef;ausmfudk ppftpdk;&u twif;t=uyfajymif;a¶$ŒcJhaom
òrŒd e,fwck vnf;jzpfco hJ nf? bk&m;.trnfrmS r[muarBmZjynf+ird ;f at;bk&m;
jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;u tkXfjrpfcsyGJtcrf;tem;udk uruxvkyfay;
cJo
h nf? xdt k crf;tem;udk jyuQ'ed . f 9 v 9 &uf 9 em&DwiG f usi;f ycJo h nf?
9 *%ef;onf ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf twdwfaumif;onf[k
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a'ocH aus;¶Gmom;rsm;u tkwjf rpfcstcrf;tem;twGi;f bk&m;.atmufajcod@k
wefb;kd ¶daS omypPn;f rsm; Xmyem&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k tm;vH;k tm; ab; ppftpd;k &acgif;aqmif Adv
k cf sKyfr;ª }uD; oef;a¶$ ESihf
z,fxm;I ppfwyft&m¶drS sm;uom tkXjf rpfcsc=hJ uonf? tcrf;tem;+yD;onfh tjcm;ppfacgif;aqmif t&m¶Sdrsm; Ak'<bmom
aemufwiG rf S uav;oli,frsm;tygt0if a'ocH¶mG om;rsm;udk twif;t=uyf bk&m;ykxdk;rsm;Y ukokdvfðyae-uyHkudk Edik fiHydkif
t"rRvyk t f m;ay; bk&m;wnfaqmufcikd ;f cJo h nf? ¶kyjf rifo-H um;rS jyojcif;

23

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 23 10/11/2009, 17:32

 yefvkH ¶Sd a¶$w*d kH yHw
k l = ordik ;f 0if yefvpkH mcsKyfcsKyfonfh
txdr;f trSwaf usmufwikd . f rsuEf mS pmY wnf¶dS

24

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 24 10/11/2009, 17:32

 aemufxyf a¶$wd*HkyHkwlwqludk 2000 ckESpf ZGefvwGif rdlif;¶dkif
(rdik ;f &,f) wGif wnfxm;cJo h nf? rdil ;f ¶dik o
f nf ¶Sr;f jynfe,f.A[dt k v,f
wnfw h nfYh ¶d+S yD; ¶Sr;f jynfe,f. tjrifq h ;kH awmifxyd f vGKd ifvif; teD;wGif
wnf¶o Sd nf?
2001 ckEpS w f iG f aemufxyfa¶$w*d kH yHw k wl qlukd rdil ;f yef (rdik ;f yef)
wGipf wifwnfxm;cJo h nf? rdil ;f yefonf ¶Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ¶dS jrefrmppfwyf
. AsL[muGyu f aJ &;XmecsKyfjzpf+yD; xkid ;f e,fpyfwav#muf¶Sd ¶Sr;f awmfveS f
a&;wyfrsm;tm; wdkufcdkufaomppfqifa&;rsm;tm;vHk;udk }uD;=uyfuGyfuJ
onf? ®rŒ.taemufzuf awmifukef;ay:¶Sd ,cif¶Srf;bkef;}uD;ausmif;tdk
wpfausmif;tm; tjcm;ae&mod@k twif;t=uyfa¶$Œajymif;cdik ;f I ‚if;wnf
ae&mY a¶$w*d ykH w kH b
l &k m;udk wnfjcif;jzpfonf? twif;ta¶$ŒcHc&hJ onfh
bke;f }uD;ausmif;jyefaqmuf&eftwGuf {u 300 ¶Sd v,fajrwckukd ausmif;
y&0k%f tjzpford ;f ,lco hJ nf? Om%fawmf 108 ay (1 š 8 ] 9) tjrif¶h aSd om
r[mawZm"dywdbk&m; (pGrf;tifwefckd;jynfhpHkaombk&m;[k t"dy`g,f&

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 25 10/11/2009, 17:32

 onf) udk 2003 ckEpS f t+yD;owfwnfaqmufxm;cJo h nf? ppfwyftm%mydik rf sm;onf ,ae@tcsed x f d a'ocH¶mG om;
rsm;tm; bk&m;vHòk cHa&;tjzpf tvSnu hf suif;apmifch ikd ;f onft h jyif ESppf Ofx;kH wrf;tpOftvm ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. ¶Siðf yyGu
J vkd nf;
Tbk&m;ae&mwGif vma&mufusi;f ycdik ;f onf?
2002 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a¶$.trdef@t& ppftpdk;&onf yefvHk (yifvHk) wGif a¶$wd*HkyHkwlwqludk
pwifwnfaqmufco hJ nf? yefvòkH rdŒonf 1947 ckEpS w f iG f jAdwo d #xrH S vGwv f yfa&;awmif;qd&k mY jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; vufwyJG g0ifonfh ordik ;f 0ifoabmwlncD suf pmcsKyfcsKyfqakd omòrdŒjzpfonf? Om%fawmftjrifh
135 ay (1š3 š5 ] 9) ¶d S a om bk & m;. trnf r S m r[m&Ïmbd o mr*~ D a pwD a wmf “Rahtarbhithamaggi”
(}uD;us,cf ef;em;aom Edik if aH wmfpnf;vH;k nD!w $ rf [
_ t k "dyg` ,)f jzpfonf? bk&m;udk yefvpkH mcsKyfcsKyfqckd ahJ omae&mwGif
pdu
k x f x l m;aom txdr;f trSwaf usmufwikd af e&m. ta¶Sw › nfw h nfw h iG f wnfaqmufxm;aoma=umif/h yifvkH ausmufwikd f
.txifu&jzpfru _ kd arS;rSed af tmifvyk o f nft h jyif/ ppftpd;k &. }uD;pd;k r_tm; jyoaeonf? bk&m;topfo@kd oGm;onfh
vrf;azmuf&eftwGuf òrdŒ.av;yHyk kH wyHck ef@rmS twif;t=uyf a¶$Œajymif;cHc&hJ onf? yHw k b
l &k m;udk 2006 ckEpS wf iG f t+yD;owf
wnfxm;cJo h nf?
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OD;pD;OD;¶Guðf ycJo
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trnf&aom Om%fawmftjrifh 135 ay (1š3 š5 ] 9) &dSonfh a¶$wd*Hkbk&m;yHkwludk vmo#dKòrd@.t0if0wGif
wnfaqmufxm;cJhonf? vmo#dKonf ppftpdk;&. ta¶S•ajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf tajcpkduf&mòrd@vnf;jzpfonf?
Advk cf sKyf}uD;oef;a¶$u, kd wf ikd f uruxvkyf wnfaqmufaom bk&m;jzpfonf? a'ocH¶rS ;f vlrsKd ;rsm;u xkb d &k m;udk a¶Smifz,f
=uaomfvnf; ¶Sr;f ESpo f pfu;l yGaJ wmfukd xdb k &k m;ae&mwGio f musi;f y&ef tm%mydik rf sm;u zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? Ô

26

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 26 10/11/2009, 17:32

 ude;f wkef ¶dS &yfawmfrb
l &k m;
Om%fawmftjrifhay 60 ausmf¶dSaom &yfawmfrlbk&m;wqludk
vdGKifZGrfqwf (Loi Jom Sak) awmifukef;ay: Y 1998 ckESpfwGif t+yD;owf
wnfaqmufcJhonf? xdkawmifukef;onf udef;wkefòrd@. tjrifhqHk;ae&mjzpf+yD;
aemifwek u f ef. taemufzufjcrf;wGif ¶do S nf? bk&m;¶kyx f o k nf ta¶Sz• ufo@kd
rsuEf mS rlxm;um nmzufvufukd qef@wef;I òrd@zufqo D @kd vuf!;_d xd;k xm;onf?
toGirf wl trde@f ay;[efayguaf eonfh bk&m;¶kyx f jk zpfI a'ocHrsm;u oHo,
jzpfae=uonf?
xdb k &k m;udk a¶$}wd*w H ikd ;f rª;Adv
k cf sKyfoed ;f pdef (,ck0ef}uD;csKyf) . trde@f t&
wnfaqmufcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? a'ocH vufry_ nmonfrsm;udt k oH;k rðybJ rE aW v;rS
jrefrmvufry_ nmonfrsm;udk ac:aqmifvmI ‚if;wd@k u òrd@wiG w f yfpxJG m;aom
jrefrmppfom;rsm;tm; bk&m;wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf iSm;&rf;cJo h nf? aqmufvyk f
aepOfumvtwGi;f xdak e&mod@k a'ocHvx l rk sm;udk 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmcGirhf &dS ydwyf if
xm;cJo h nf?
¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& bk&m;¶kyyf mG ;awmfwql wnf
aqmuf&mwGif oHCmawmfrsm;/ &Gmom;rsm;u ¶kyyf mG ;awmf. ESv;kH om;ae&m
wGif tzdk;xdkufwefI jrifhjrwfonfh &wemypPnf;rsm; XmyemxnfhoGif;=uonfh
txl;yGaJ wmfwckukd usi;f yavh¶o Sd nf? od@k aomf ‚if;Ak'< qif;wkawmf wnfaqmuf
onfu h mvtwGi;f rnfonfah 'ocHjynfou l rkd S xdtk crf;tem;od@k zdw=f um;jcif;
r&dcS o
hJ jzifh bk&m;¶kyx f tk wGi;f xnfo h iG ;f xm;aomt&mrsm;ESihf ywfoufI a'ocH
jynforl sm;t=um; oHo, jzpfae=u&onf? bk&m;¶kyx f k wnfaqmuft+yD;wGif
bk&m;. ajcawmf&if;¶dS bke;f }uD;ausmif;udk ausmif;xdik &f eftwGuf &efuek rf S jrefrm
oHCm ESpyf g;udk yifzh w d If ausmif;xdik af pcJo h nf?

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 27 10/11/2009, 17:32

 a'ocHrsm;u xdkbk&m;¶kyfxkonf ‚if;wdk@twGuf raumif;aom twdwfedrdwfrsm; o,faqmifvmonf[k
,H=k unf=uojzifh oGm;a&mufuefawmh&ef a¶Smif¶mS ;=uonf? reufcif;aps;ok@d aps;a&mif;toGm;wGif xd&k yfawmfral ¶Sr• S
jzwfav#mufomG ;+yD; armf=unfrh yd gu bmwckrS a&mif;r&[k aps;onfrsm;uajym=uonf? xd@k a=umifh aps;onfrsm;onf
xdb k &k m;. atmufajcod@k jzwfroGm;vdo k jzifh wjcm;vrf;rSauG@a¶SmifI a0;vHpmG oGm;=uonf? ewfa'0grsm;u bk&m;
¶kyfxktm; rESpfòrdŒ=u[laom oufaoom"ursm;¶dSonf[k a'ocHrsm;u ajymqdk=uonf? OyrmwckrSm-
xdk&yfawmfrlbk&m; wnfaqmuft+yD; 6 vt=umwGif taESmifht,SufjzpfbG,f qef@wef;xm;aomvuftm;
rd;k óu;d ypfcsojzifh vufnK‡d ;jywfomG ;um/ rl&if;jrefrmAdou
k mynm¶Siwf OD;tm; csucf si;f ac:,lI tvsit
f jref jyefvnfjyifqif
cJo h nf[k od¶&dS onf?

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 28 10/11/2009, 17:32

 qDayg‹ (oDayg) òrdŒteD;¶dS
abmfóudb&k m;tm; jyefvnfðyjyifjcif;
abmfóudb&k m;onf vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f 2000
cef@uwnf;uwnfxm;cJo h nf[ck ef@reS ;f &aom a¶S;a[mif;
bk&m; wqljzpfonf? 1995-1996 ckEpS t f wGi;f 'kw,
d
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!$ef@. trdef@t& abmfóudbk&m;tm;
t}uD;tus,f jyefvnfjyifqifco hJ nf?
jrefrmppfwyfu jyefvnfðyjyif&ef trde@f ay;cJ+h yD;
òrdŒrdòrdŒzrsm;yg0ifaom ,cifb&k m;a*gyu tzG@J a[mif;udk
òrd@e,ftqifh jrefrmt&m¶dSrsm;yg0ifaomaumfrwDESifh
jyefvnftpm;xd;k I bk&m;ðyjyifa&; vkyif ef;ud}k uD;=uyf&ef
cef@tyfco hJ nf?
,cif ESifh ,ckabmfóudbk&m;}uD;

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 29 10/11/2009, 17:32

 bk&m;ykx;kd udk tvGet f rif; a¶$a&mifaq;okwxf m;&m ,cif¶rS ;f tv–&iS rf sm;. ajc&mvuf&m rsm;ruseaf tmif
zsux
f m;onf? jrefrmppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD;rsm;u Tabmfóudb&k m;tm; rnfo@kd rnfykH jyefvnfðyjyifco
hJ nfukd jrefrmbmomjzifh
urŠn;f wifxm;aom ausmufpmwdik rf sm;udk pdu k x
f x
l m;onf?

a'ocHjynfolvlxktrsm; twif;t"rRae&m
ajymif;a¶$ŒcH&aoma-umifh = apwDyx
k ;kd rsm;rSm
tpGeŒf y,fcH&_yD;/ vHk;0ysufpD;aeyHk

jrefrmppftpd;k & ppfom;rsm;rS t¶Suu f if;rJph mG jzifh

olwdkŒzsufqD;xm;aom bkef;}uD;ausmif;Y ‚if;wdkŒ.
ajcvsiw f yf&if;eHygwfrsm; a&;xd;k rSwof m;xm;yHk

bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;rS bk&m;pifrsm;ESihf yk&yd'k rf sm; wdu

k cf u
kd f tvk,ufcaH e&yHk

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 30 10/11/2009, 17:32

 a'ocH apwDyx
k ;kd bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;tm; zsufq;D ypfjcif;
jrefrmppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm; ¶Srf;jynfe,fodk@vma&mufvnfywf=upOfwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;onf Ak'<bmom
bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;ESihf bmoma&;txdr;f trSwf taqmuftODrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywf *g&0ðyjcif;/ v–'ge;f jcif;rsm;
ðyvky=f uonf? od@k aomf ‚if;wd@k omG ;a&mufvnfywf=uonfh bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;rSm ‚if;wd@k u, kd w
f ikd f uruxvkyI f
aqmufvyk x f m;aom bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;omjzpf+yD; a'ocHjynforl sm; ud;k uG,=f uaom rd¶;kd zvmbke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;
r[kw=f uacs? ppftpd;k &acgi;f aqmifrsm;u tjyifyef;vkyaf eonfukd ‚if;wd@k yidk o f wif;XmerSaeI bk&m;w&m;=unfnKd r_/
*g0&w&m;rsm; rnfr#¶Sda=umif; az:usL;um xkdc&D;pOf
rsm;udk t+rJwapaz: jy=uonf? q,fpkEpS fcsD vkycf Jhaom ppftpd;k &. aomif;usef;ol
vufawG@wGifrl ppftpdk;&onf ¶Srf;jynfe,f qefŒusifa&; ppfqifa&;umvtwGif; TuJhodkŒaom
twGif; Ak'<bmomtay: udkif;&d_if;r_rSm r&Sdoavmuf Ak'q < if;wkawmftrsm;tjym;rSm jrefrm ppftpd;k &
yifjzpfonf? 1996- 1998 ckEpS f aomif;use;f ol qef@usif ppfom;rsm;. tzsuq f ;D udk cHae-u&onf
a&; ppfqifa&;umvtwGif; ¶Gmaygif; 1400 ausmf
twif;t=uyfa¶$Œajymif;cHc&hJ aoma=umifh xdak us;&Gmrsm;
¶dS apwDyx k ;kd rsm;/ bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;udv
k nf; pGe@f ypf
xm;cJ=h u&onf? a'ocHjynfov l x
l u
k &mpkEpS af ygi;f rsm;
pGmu aocsmusepGm ðyjyifxdef;odrf;vmcJhaom xdk
bmoma&; taqmuftODrsm;onf ðyjyifIr&atmif
ysufpD;,dk,Gif;cJhonf? xdkbmoma&; taqmufttHk
rsm;rS wefz;kd rjzwfEikd af om Ak'q < if;wkawmfrsm;/ ydËuwf
usr;f rsm;tygt0if bke;f }uD;ausmif;ydik yf pPn;f rsm; cd;k ,lc&H / zsuq f ;D cHc&hJ onf? oHCmawmfrsm;udk qGr;f uGr;f uyfvr– nfh
'g,u d m/ 'g,u d mrrsm; wuGw J jym;jyef@uso J mG ;jcif;/ tarmif;xkwcf &H jcif;a=umifh xdb k ek ;f awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;rS oHCm
awmfrsm;/ ud&k ifrsm; trsm;tjym;vlxu G u f ek =f uonf?
¶Sr;f awmfveS af &;udk axmufcaH y;onf[k oHo,¶do S l oHCmtrsm;tjym;onfvnf; ppftpd;k &wyfz@JG rsm;.
ESyd pf ufni‡ ;f yef;jcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;rsm; cHc=hJ u&onf?

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 31 10/11/2009, 17:32

 oHviG fjrpftxufykid ;f wGif wnfaqmufrnfh uGefvkH a&umwmpDru
H ed f; ae&m

_cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&aom ¶Sr;f jynfe,f¶dS ¶+cif;oma'orsm;

urBmhvSnfhc&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm;onf ¶Srf;jynfe,f. om,m¶_armzG,ftjzpfqHk; a'oawmfawmfrsm;rsm;odk@
oGm;a&mufvnfywfciG u hf kd vH;k 0r&&daS y? xdak 'orsm;onf w¶kwEf iS x hf idk ;f &if;ES;D ðryfEo
HS rl sm;. aiGa=u;taxmuftyH&h aom
ppftpd;k &. a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f zG@H òzd;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;a=umifh +cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&onf? ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;twGuf tvSyqH;k /

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 32 10/11/2009, 17:32

 ude;f awmif;a&wHceG f

txifu& trSwt f om;wckjzpfaom ude;f awmif; a&wHceG o f nf vuf&w Sd nfaqmufaeonfh a&v$pJ epfprD u H ed ;f a=umifh
ysupf ;D &rnfuh ed ;f qdu
k af eonf? {&mra&umwm}uD;ESpcf u k kd ¶Sr;f jynfe,f. A[dck surf udk jzwfIqif;aeaom aoG;a=umr}uD;
wckjzpfonfh oHviG jf rpfay:wGif wnfaqmuf&efvnf; pDpOfaeaoma=umifh jrpf!mtxufyikd ;f ajrae&mrsm;rSm a&umwm
a=umifh a&zH;k v$r;f cH&awmhrnfjzpfonf?
,ck 2009 ckEpS w f iG v
f nf; jrefrmjynfrS w¶kwjf ynfo@kd o,f,yl @kd aqmifrnfh a&eHEiS o
hf bm0 "gwaf iG@yu
kd vf ikd ;f rsm;
wnfaqmuf&ef pDrHudef;&mxm;onf? xkdydkufvdkif;rsm;onf/ ¶Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; wydkif;vHk;tm;ausmfjzwf aqmuf
vkyfrnfjzpfI ydkufvdkif;aqmufvkyfrnfh e,fajra'owav#muf¶Sd obm0ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m wnfae&mrsm;
ysuo f ek ;f awmh&rnf tEœ&m,fjzifh +cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&onf? Ô
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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 33 10/11/2009, 17:32

 34

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 34 10/11/2009, 17:32

 tusOf;axmifrsm;
jrefrmEdik if .
H vlord sm;txif&mS ;qH;k Ekid if aH &; twdu k t f cH tcsKd @onf ‚if;wd@k aetdrrf S rdik af ygi;f &mcsD a0;vHaom
¶Srf;jynfe,f¶dS tusOf;axmifrsm;wGif axmif'%fwoufwu|ef; uscHae&onf? xdktusOf;axmifrsm;teuf
tcsKd @tusO;f axmifrsm;onf Ekid if jH cm;c&D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm; r=umc% jzwfoef;oGm;vmaom vrf;rsm;wav#mufwiG f
wnf¶o dS nf?
,cifEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;udk n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;twGuf trnfq;kd jzifx h if¶mS ;
ausm=f um;aom ppftpd;k &onf vGecf o hJ nfEh pS t f enf;i,ftwGi;f wGif twdu k tf cHrsm;udk vl@oufwrf;xufyrkd sm;aom
axmif'%frsm; qufwu kd cf srwS jf cif;ESihf vlreD;olreD;tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif axmifoiG ;f csxm;jcif;rsm; ponfh pdwyf ikd ;f
qdik &f mt& n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufry_ pkH t H opfukd toH;k ðyvmcJo h nf?
2007 ckESpf a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifqENjyolrsm;ESifh 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
ppftpdk;&u 2008 ckESpfY,kwdWrwef ESpf¶Snfaxmif'%frsm;csrSwfI &efukefòrdŒrS tvGefa0;vHaom vlolreD;
tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif axmif'%fus cHapcJo h nf? txif¶mS ;tausm=f um;qH;k Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;teuf tusO;f om;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ¶Sr;f jynfe,f¶Sd tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k yd@k co hJ nf? jrefrmjynftv,fyidk ;f ¶dS ‚if;wd@k t;kd tdrrf sm;rS a0;uGm
aejcif;u aqG;rsKd ;rsm; axmif0ifpmawG@&eftwGuf aiGa=u;ukeu f sp&dw}f uD;jcif;ponfh tcuftcJrsm;pGmudk awG@óuHaponf?
&moDOwk tvGeaf t;aoma=umifh emruse;f jzpf&ef ydI k vG,u f al ponf?
2005 ckEpS w f iG f ¶Sr;f Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif 8 OD;tay: ppftpd;k &. &ufpufaom qufqyH rHk sm;u xdt k csuu f kd ydI
k
xif¶mS ;apcJo h nf? ‚if;acgi;f aqmif 8 OD;onf ¶Sr;f jynfe,frS a0;vHaomtusO;f axmifrsm;wGif axmif'%f 106 ESpt f xd
jypf'%fcsrw S cf o
hJ nf? 1990 a¶G;aumufyw JG iG f ¶Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f trwfae&mtrsm;qH;k tEdik &f ¶dcS ahJ om ¶Sr;f trsKd ;om;
'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf. acgi;f aqmif OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf? xde;f odr;f csKyfaESmifc&H olrsm;. jypfrq _ o kd nfrmS
Edik if aH &;tajymif;tvJrsm; ðyvky&f eftwGuf +idr;f csr;f pGm ¶d;k ¶d;k pif;pif;awmif;qdck jhJ cif;om jzpfonf? xde;f odr;f cH&olrsm;teuf
&cdik jf ynfe,f/ oHwJG tusO;f axmifwiG f axmif'%f 79 ESpf uscaH eaom OD;jrifo h ef;onf 2006 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf ohJ nf?

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 35 10/11/2009, 17:32

 ude;f wkef tusO;f axmif t0if0 *dwf

ude;f wkef tusOf;axmif. 0if;wHcg; aemufu,

G w
f iG f
rif;udEk idk t
f m; tcef;usO;f av; wckwnf;wGif wdu k yf w
d cf sKyfaESmifxm;+y;D wdu k t
f jyifo@kd xGucf iG rhf ðy/ avhusichf ef;yif
vkyfcGifhrðyacs? axmiftpm;tpmonf tvGefnHhzsif;aoma=umifh tusOf;om;rdom;pktrsm;pkonf aumif;rGefaom
tpm;tpm&¶dS&eftwGuf rdom;pkaxmif0ifpmudkom tm;udk;&onf? rif;udkEdkif.rdom;pkonf &efukef¶dSol.tdrfESifh
tvGeaf 0;uGmaoma=umifh olxo H @kd axmif0ifpm =um=umrSwpfcg awG@ Ekid o f nf? ,cifxed ;f odr;f csKyfaESmifxm;pOftwGi;f
}udrzf efrsm;pGm n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufc&H jcif;a=umifh use;f rma&;,d,k iG ;f ae+yD; rif;udEk ikd o
f nf tm¶Hak =umrsm; tm;enf;jcif;/ tjrif
tm¶Hrk sm; ,d, k iG ;f vmjcif;ESihf ajczaemifYh t¶d;k tan‡mufxu G o f nfah 0'emrsm; cHpm;ae&+yD; aq;0g;ukor_yyD jD yifjyif r&¶daS y?

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 36 10/11/2009, 17:32

 atmufaz: jyygonf r*Fvmr¶Sad om trnf om"utcsdK‹jzpfonf
¶Sr;f trnf ¶Sr;f t"dyg` ,f wdu
k ¶f u
kd jf refrmjyefqkd jrefrmbmomt"dyg` ,f
onfth rnf
Mong Pan rdil ;f yef erfyh efacsmif;trnfpI
GJ Mine Pan rdik ;f yef AH;k yefqifxm;onf
ac:aomòrd@
Mong Kerng rdil ;f umif jrif;uke;f ES;D xkwaf omòrdŒ Mine Kaing rdik ;f udik f AH;k udik x
f m;onf
Mong Nawng rdil ;f aemif a&uefeaH b;uòrdŒ Mine Naung rdi
k ;f aemif AH;k aemifawmf (tud}k uD;)
Lashio vmo#Kd vif;,keif u S rf sm;pGmaexdik f Lashio vm;¶_;d vm;jyyGJ
aomawmifEiS hf
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik òf rd@
Ho Pong [dk0fykif; prf;a&OD;xGuaf omòrd@ Ho Pong [dkyHk; [dk (tJ')D yH;k
ae&ma'otrnfrsm;ukd pmrsuEf mS 20 wGi=f unf¶h &_ ef

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For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 37 10/11/2009, 17:32

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd 38 10/11/2009, 17:32