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ISBN 5-7777-0129-0

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© 113MTellbCTBO «Ben MRP", 2002

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ISBN 5-7177-0129-0

K PYCCKOMY '1HTaTeAIO 7

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CpeAHeAYHallCKafl pasnaaa CTaM caMoH KpaHHeH 3aIIdAHOH TeppHTOpHeH pacIIpOCTpaH€HHfI IIOCeA€HHll aa HaChlIIHhlX xoxxax, HAll T€MX, CTO.lU:r xapaxrepaux AMI OAHJKH€rO BOCTOKa H EaAKaH roro BpeMeHH. 3TH XOAMhl, HAll HaChlIIH, CTaHOBHBUIHeCH ssnne C KaJKAbIM HOBhlM apxeoxorH'I€CKHM CAO€M, AO CHX nop HBAHIDTCR 'IdCTbID M€CTHOrO AaHALUaqna. Pacxonsa rr03BOAHIDT rosopars 00 OTHOCHT€AhHO BbICOKOM ypoane Pd3- BHTHH p€AHrH03HbIX B€pOBdHmi: H OOrn;€CTB€HHOrO YCTPOHCTBd pOAOB H IIAeM€H, KOTOPhl€ HdC€AHAH T€ppHTOpmo COBP€M€HHOH B€HrpHH B IIepHOA HeOAHTa. KYAbT OAHll,€TBOp5IBLUeH JK€HCKYID IIAOAOBHTOCTb BeJWKOll Boraaa (Magna Mater), pacnpocrpaaeaaua B re speaeaa aa OOAbIlI€ll 'IaCTH COC€AHHX 3€M€.IU:r, B 3IIOXY II03AH€rO HeOAHTa (C€p€AHHa G-ro ThlCR'I€A€THfI AO H.3.) 6bIA BbIT€CH€H KyAbTOM ooroB, CBfl3bIBdeMbIX, noxooao KpOHOCY - AP€BH€rpetI€CKoMY aepxonnoxy 60JK€cTBY, C IIAOAopoAHeM IIO'IBbI. B 3TOT JK€ II€PHOA 3Ha'IHT€AbHaR tIdCTb IIA€M€H, HaC€MBLUHX T€PpHTOpHH C€BepH€€ H 3aIIdAH€€ Kapnar, ern;e JKHAa OOAbIlIHMH ceMMIMH, xapaxrepauxa AMI MaTpHapxdTd, roraa KdK B HdLUeM peraone IIO'ITH IIOBceMeCTHO yJK€ CTaAH rrOHBAHTbCH MaAeHbKHe JKHJWI1I,a, OOOCOOA€HHbIe OT APymx, 'ITO CBHAeTeAbCTByeT 0 cPOpMHpOBaHHH THIIH'IHO narpaapXaAbHhlX ceMeH KaK OTHOCHTeAhHO caMOCTOHTeAbHhlX 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX eAHHHll,. OAHaKo OCOO€HHOCTM M€CTHOCTH H BpaJKA€6Hhl€ OTHOIlI€HHH MeJKAY IIepBo6bITHhlMH 3€MA€AeAbll,dMH Kepnarcxoro 6aCC€HHa, coxpaHHBIlIHMH CBH3H co CpeAH3€MHOMOpbeM, H a60pHr€HaMH-BapBapaMH, noCTOHHHO na HHX HarrdAaBIlIHMH, 06YCAOBHJW H€nOCA€AOBaT€AhHbIll xapaxrep pa3BHTHH KyAbTYPhl peraona; OOA€€ BbICOKHe H 60Aee HH3KH€ cTyrreHH ll,HBHAH3all,HH cocymecrsosexa 3Aecb 60K 0 OOK HAH JKe, xepenyRCb, CMeHHAH zpyr APyra.

B caMOM aaxaxe 3-ro ThlCR'I€A€THH AO H.3. HCTOPHH Kapnarcxoro oacceiraa II€peJKHBaeT ern;e OAIIO cym;ecTBeHHO€ H3MeHeHHe COll,HdAbHO-3KOHOMHtIeCKHX OTHOIlIeHHH, IIp€AOnpeA€A€HHOe TeXHH'IeCKHMH HOBIlIeCTBaMH H H3MeHeHHeM KJWMaTa. nOCT€n€HHOe nOTeIIAeHH€, coxpameaae OCdAKOB B CO'IeTaHHH C BepoHTHhlM HCTOrn;eHH€M rrO'IBbI H IIOCT05IHHhlMH OIIycTollIHTeAbHbIMH Ha6eraMH B KOHe'IHOM C'I€Te IIpHBeJW K TOMY, 'ITO CKOTOBOACTBO CTaAO AOMHHHpOBaTb B pernoae HdA 3eMAeAeAHeM. Moryrn;eCTBO B03HHKUIell CKOTOBOA'IeCKOH 3AHThl, IIOA'IHHHBUIell rex, KTO noIIdAaA B 3aBHCHMOCTb OT nee, B 3HatIHTeAbHOH xepe OIIpeAeMAOCb HCIIO.lU:r30BaHHeM MeAH. 3TOT MeTaAA, CAHIIIKOM M5IrKHH AMI roro, tITo6bI H3-

28 I. 3EMNI. HAPOAbI. ITPOWECCbl Ml1rPAlU1H

HCTOPH5I AO nPHXOAA MAAb5IP 29

n "l'dBAHBaTb 0PYAHH BhIpy6KH xeca HAH IIaJ{OTbI, OKa3aACH BeAHKOAeII- 111.IM MaTepHaAOM M5I opYJKmr. nOAoGHo BceM npeAhlAYJIlHM H IIocAeAYlO- 1I\I1M TeXHOAorWleCKHM OTKpbITHHM Toro nepaosa, MeAb snepsue 6hlAa IIbllIAaBAeHa aa EAHJKHeM Bocroxe. Meraxayprna 3Aecb rr05IBHAaCb KaK MHHHMYM B S-M TbICHL£eAeTHH AO H.3. CL£HTaeTCH, 'ITO OKOAO 4000 r. AO H.3. M(!CTHble MacTepa C03AaAH AaJKe 6pOH3Y. n03TOMY, nepecexaacs aa ceuop, OHH rrpHHeCAH C C060H MeAenAaBHAbHyro rexsoxormo Hap5IAY C noHCTUHe peBOA1OI(UOHHbIM u306peTeHHeM roro BpeMeHH, OAHHM li3 Ba)KHeHuHIx B paHHeH HCTOPHH L£eAoBeL£ecKoH I(HBHAH3aU;HH ~ L£eTbIpexKoAecHoH TeAeroH. Caxoe pamree H306paJKeHHe rcxera B Enpone MOJKHO YBHAeTb aa MeAHoM cocYAe AM nHTb5I HAH peznraoaaoro KYAbTa, AaTHpy(!MOM 6POH30BbIM BeKOM. OH 6hIA HaHAeH na pacKoilKax 6AH3 EYAanellITa (B Byaaxaxace]. B 'IeTbIpeXKoAecHhIe rexeru BrrpflraAH 6bIKOB, XOT}} TOrAd >Ke JUOAH Ha'IaAH npHpyqaTb AOllIBAeH. YCTaHOBAeHO, 'ITO 3THH'IeCKH aaPOAbI, 3aCeAflBllHIe KapnaTCKHM. 6acceHH B Te'IeHHe MeAHoro sexa, UPHlId/'>,AeJKaAlJ K HHAoeBponeHCKOH rpynne, KOTopaH npe06ABAaAa He TOAbKO II HallIeM peraone, HO H ne scex eBpa3HHCKOM npOCTpaHCTBe ~ OT Arxau'!'HKH AO I1HAHH ~ BMOTb AO BTOp)KeHHH ryHHOB H APymx dATaHCKHx KO'teBHHKOB TpH TblCHL£eAeTH.SI crrycra,

K KOHU;y MeAHoro sexa (OK. 2000 r. AO H.3.) no cpaBHeHHIO C ero aasa- 110M aacexenne Kapnarcxoro 6acceHHa, nO-BHAHMOMY, YBeAH'IilAOCb B lIeCKOAbKO pas, pacnpocrpaaaamacs na see nparoaasre AA5i npOJKHBaHH.SI 3eMAn. HOBhlH npHTOK HIfAOeBpOneHCKHX nxexea, B OCHOBHOM C rora, ua sry TeppHTOpHIO npOH30llIeA B HaL£aAe 6POH30Boro aexa, paCI(BeT KOroporo (1700~ 1300 IT. AO H.3.) COBndA C nponeccox see yrAy6JU1IOIll,erOCH COU;HdAbHOro paccxoeaas, xoraa nOA BAaCTbIO 60raTOH BoeHH3HpoBaHHOH CKOTOBOA'IeCKOH apacroxparan BCdAHHKOB, npOJKHBaIOIII,HX B rAHHOOHTRbIX xpenocrax, OKa3aAHCb AeCHTKH nxexea, pa3AH'IHbIX KdK no npoI1CXOJK,l'>,eHHIO, TaK H no 06pa3Y JKH3HH H YPOBHIO pd3BHTI1.SI. Ao Hac AOllIAO MHOJKeCTBO rrpeBOCXOAHbIX peMeCAeHHbIX H3AeAHH, npHHdAJ\.eIKaBIIIHX ee IIpeACTaBHTeJUlM. 3TO 6bIA nepnoa pacusera 6POH30Boro AHTbfl, d TaKJKe ronaapaoro AeAa aa BceM EBponeHCKOM KOHTHHeHTe. I1PH pacxonxax HeCKOJ\bKHX COTeH aaxopoaeami searepcxae apxeoxora 06HaPYJKHAH orpoxnoe KOAH'IeCTBO HCKYCHO opnaxearapoaemroro OpYIKH5I H npeAMeTOB 6bITa, rAa3ypOBaHHOH KepaMHKI1 H yxpaurenaii 113 30AOTa.

B XIII B. AO H.3. npOI(BeTaHHe BpeMeHHO 6bIAO npepaano HOBbIMI1 ryOllTeJlliHbIMH 3dBOeBdHH5l.MH, 06CT05l.TeJ\bCTBd H yqdCTHHKll KOTOPhlX AO CHX nop TO'IHO He onpeAeAeHbI apxeoxorana. KaKHM-TO 06pa30M aasocBaHHH 3TH MOrAll 6bITb CBfl3aHhl C C06bITH.SIMI1, COTpHcaBIIIHMH B TO apexa nee L(eHTpaAbHOe H BOCTO'IHOe CpeAH3eMHOMopbe. 3TO 6bIAa snoxa O'Ie-

30 I. 3EMNI, HAPOAbI, npOL(ECCbl MHrPAIJ;HH

pesnoro rtepecexeaas aapoaos, KOrM aa TeppHTOpmO AneHHHHcKOro noxyocrposa npOHHKAJI HTaJUlHCKHe IIheMeHa, HAhHPUHQbI sroprxacs B 3anilAHbIe paHOHbI EaAKdH, a Enmer U XeTTCKoe u;apCTBO B MdAOH A3HU nOA,BeprhHCh YAapaM T.R. «MOPCKHX HapOAOB». KYAbTYPa 6POR30Boro Bexa B03pOAHA.aCh na Kaprtarax B nepaoz, C XI no VIII B. AO H.3. TIpH6AH3HTeAbHO C 800 r. AO H.3. Hd'lMOCh MeMeHHoe, nocreneaaoe BbITeCHeHHe 6POH3bl HOBbIM MaTepHaAOM - JKeAe30M H 0pYAHHMH H3 Hero.

)KeAe3HbIe )'KpdIIIeHHH H opyxae rrOHBHAHCh B peraone BMeCTe C IIAeMeHaMH, npHIIIeAIIIUMM C BOCTOKd M 3aXBaTMBIIIHMH CpeAHeAYHdHCKYIO PdBHHHY. OHM, IIO-BHAliMOMY, paaronapasaxa aa OAHOM H3 HpaHCKHX nape'lHH. OKOAO 500 f. AO H.3. CIOM JKe IIpMIIIAO eru;e OAHO pOAcTBeHHoe UM IIAeM5l:: 3HdMeHHTbIe cKHCtlbI, n03AHee Hd3BaHHbIe Feponorox «sapaapCKHM» aepoaox, HdCeMlBIIIHM npocropsr BOCTO'lHOeBpOneHcKlix creneii. Ilepecexemre cxarpoa H APyrHx nAeMeH MorAO 6bITb BbI3BaHO BehHKHM rrOXOAOM nepcaacxoro napa AapHH, apMHH xoroporo B 513 r. AO H.3. nepeCeKAd HH30BbH AYBdH M BTOprAaCb B CTenH TIpM'lepHOMOpbH (TepPHTopHH HbIHeIIIHeH YKpdHHbI). 3TH HpaHCKHe IIAeMeHa BeAU TopraBAIO C rpexecKMMH ropoaaxa, Y KOTOPbIX 3dHMCTBOBaJUI rOH'IdpHbIH xpyr H UCKYCCTBO hHTbH. OT HUX OCTMOCb HeMMO 6POH30BbIX H 30hOTbIX yxpanreaaa, caMbIMH KpaCHBbIMH H3 KOTOPbIX HBMlIOTCH MHOrO'lHCAeHHbIe H306paJKeHUH OAeHH - 3HdK OTJ\ll'lHH CKHCPCKHX IIAeMeHHbIX BOJKAeH.

B Te'leHUe sroro nepaoaa 3eMAM K aanaay OT AyadH 6bIAH rrOAeAeHbI MeJKAY, BepOHTHO, KeAhTCKHM nacexeaaex, npHHdAAeJKdBIIIUM K rdhbIIITdTCKOH KYAhTYPe (OT Ha3BdHU5l: ropOAa B ABCTpHH) M JKHBIIIHM B cesepHOH '1dCTH pernoaa, H HMHpHHU;aMH, 3dHHMdBmMMH era IOJKHbIe npeaeAhl. MaCCOBaH MHrpaU;HH KeAbTOB C llCKOHHbIX MeeT 0611TaHliH B AOAllH€ PeHHa H B BepxoBMIX AYBaR Hd sanaz, AO ATAaHTH'IeCKOrO rr06epeJKbH H aa BOCTOK B l..leHTpaAbHYIO EBPOny Ha'lMaCb B VI B. AO H.3. K Ha'lMY IV B. AO H.3. OHa AOCTHrhd I1TMHH, rAe KeAbTbI 3axBdTHA.H AOAHay pexa TIo H, no npeAaHHIO, B 390 f. AO H.3. pasrpaoaxn PUM, H pacnpocrpaaaxecs na BCIO TeppHTopHIO Kapnarcxoro 6acceHHa, sa llCKAIO'leHUeM ero IOro-BOCTO'lHOH '1dCTH, ocrasureaca IIOA BAaCTbIO AdKOB (cesepaas BeTBb CPPdKMHCKIIX HapOAoB, xoropsre JKHAM na EaAKaHax H, rrOMHMO KeAbTOB H MAAHpHHQeB, COCTdBNIAH TpeTbIO 60AhIIIyIO rpyrrny HHAoeBpOIIeHCKHX napoAOB B L(eHTpMbHOH H IOro-BoCTO'lHOH Eapone], Morymecrso KeAhTOB 6bIhO OCHOBaHO aa JK€A€3e, rrpOH3BOACTBO KOTOPOfO Y aux AOCTHTMO 'lyrh AM He npoxuurxeaaax MacmTd6oB. KpOMe JKeAe3a OHU H3fOTaBAUBaAH CTeKAO H, cAeAYH npaxepy PUMMIH U rpexos, coocraeanae c€pe6- PHHbI€ MOHeTbi. KeAbTCKHe IIA€M€Ha B OCHOBHOM npOJKUBaJUI B He6oAbIIIHX nOC€AKaX U 3dHHMaJlliCb 3eMA€A€JUf€M. B MX pdCnOpHJK€HHH HMe-

MCTOPI1.Si AO nPHXOAA MAAb5lP 31

ARCh AepeB5IHHhIe COXH C JKeAe3HhIMH HdKOHe'lHRKaMH, ceprna H KOChl, K KOHIIY I B, AO H,3, OHH Y)Ke C03AdAH HeCKOAhKO nocexeaaa ropozcxoro THlid - OnnHAYMOB - KaK B KaprraTCKOM 6acceHHe, TaK H aa OCTdAhHOH 'I'I'PPHTOpillf Esponu, 3dHHMdeMOH KeAbTdMH, 3TO 6blAH xoporuo yxpenI'rPHHhIe, paCnOAOJKeHHhle na B03BhlllIeHHOCTHX coopYJKeHHH, B KOTOPhlX IIPO)KHBdAH BAaCTh HM)'lll.He H xoropsre HBAHAHCh TaKJKe lIeHTpaMH pexeCPA H TOprOBJUf, TaKHM 6hIAO 3paBHCKoe nocexenae AK-HHKO (n03ARee 1 HfMCKHH roPOA AKBHHK) na rope feMepT, B03BhlIIIalO~eHCH HilA asmeur!111M EYAaneIliTOM,

Hacrosmeii ropOACKOH KYAhTYPhl, oARaKo, AD rrpaxoza pHMAHH pera(III He 3HdA, EOAhIlIHHCTBO HCCAeAOBaTeAeH C'lHTaeT, 'ITO AOHCTOpH'leCKHH IIPPHOA pa3BMTH5.! Kapnarcxoro 6acceMHa npOAOAJKdAC5.! BnAOTh AD I B, AO 11.:)., xorna 3AeCh nOHBHAHCb pHMcKHe AemOHePhl, K KOHIIY 3nOXH aHTH'lIIOCTH aecs MHp 'leTKO AeJillACH aa IJ,HBHJUf30BaHHhIe H napaapcxae aapoN,t. 3TO Aell.eHHe, BIIOAHe OC03HaBaBllIeeCjl cOBpeMeHHHKaMH, HMeAO IJ,e"I,IH PHA 06'beKTHBHhIX KpHTepHeB, H3 KOTOPhlX BCLlKHeMIlIHM 6hlAa yp6aIlInaIJ,HH, B KOHIJ,e KOH~OB, caero rrOHHTHe (IIJ;HBHJill3an;H5.!)) rrpOHCXOAHT OT 1'"I'J'I1HCKoro CADBa civitas, 0603Ha'lalOIlI,erO ropoacxoe ofitnecrao C onpeN'l'reHHhlM ypoaaex MaTepHdAbHOll KyAhryPhI - OTHOCHTeAhHO BhlCOKHMI1 cTdHAapTaMu rrpOH3BOACTBa, pacnpenexenna H IIoTpe6AeHHH H CAO.!iUHlllIUMCH THIIOM 06Il1,eCTBeHHhlx OTHOllJeHHll ((IIOAHTH'leCKOH)) - OT I'pl''leCKOrO polis - KYAhYyphl), 11 TO H APyroe IIpeAorrpeAeAHAO neofixoN1MOCTb nHChMeHHOCTH, K TOMY)Ke ropoz, C ero crenaxn, yAHIJ,aMH H xaMt'J{HhlMH 3AaHH5.!MH CTdA KBHHT3cceHn;HeM nOHHTHH «flOCTOHHHoe noceJ\PlIl1e}), B 3TOM OH pesxo OTAH'ldACH He TOAhKO OT CTOM6HIlI, KO'leBHHKOB C IIX nepeHOCHblMH lOpTaMH, KOTopble AeI'KO pa36HpdAHCb, KaK TOJ\hKO aaN} 6hIAO nepeeascers aa HOBbIe nacrtiame, HO H OT AepeBeHh - nocexe- 1JIo1l1: H3 npocrsrx AepeBHHHhlX AOMOB, 6hICTPO B03BONIBllHIXCH rrpHMHTHBIIhlMH 3eMAeAeAhIJ;aMH aa HOBOM MeCTe, eCAH crapoe npaxonaxocs 6po('dTb, cnaceacs OT aparoa fopOACKaH n;HBHAH3an;HH AOAJKHa 5hIAa He 50- IIThCH 3aXBaT'lHKOB H yMeTh oT6HBaTb HX aTaKH. /J.,Mr )KHTeAeH OKpeCTHO('TPH ropoz, CTdA He TOAbKO y6eJKHIlI,eM, HO H lJ,eHTpOM ynpaaxeaaa. B pe'YllbTaTe JKH3Hh n;HBHJill30BaHHbIX HapoADB aasaxa onpeaexsrrsca npanI (11I1aMH, pa3HTeAbHO OTAHqaBIlIHMHC5.! OT nepBOOCHOB 6bITHH aapaapcxax IIIIJ)()AOB, /J.,Mr nOCAeAHllX B3aHMOOTHoru€HHH M€JKAY 'lAeHaMH C006Il1eCT- 11<1 CTPOHAHCb TOAhKO na KPOBHOM pOACTBe H AH'lHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH, To "(,,[,h OHH C'lHTaAH, 'ITO COCTaBJUHOT OAMH nepoq TOAhKO rrOTOMj', 'lTO see IIIIMllOTC5.! pogcTBeHHHKaMH, rrOTOMKaMH OARom npapOgHTeAH H n03TOMY 1III{I,'lHHHIOTCH eCTeCTBeHHhIM AAH C€MbH HepapXH'leCKHM CB5.!3HM MeJKAy I 'TapIlIHMH H MA8AlliHMll. HarrpOTHB, IJ;HBHJUf30BaHHhle HapOAM opraHH3Y-

32 I. 3EMNJ, HAPOAhI, nsousccu MJ.1fPAlIHH

lOT 06rn;eCTBeHHhIe B3aHMOOTHOIIIemm no TeppHTOpHdAhHOMY npHHQHny:

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I1CTOPI15! AO DPI1XOAA MAAb5lP 33

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:1 8826

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38 l. 3EMNI, HAPOAbI, nsousccu MHrPALI;l1l1

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B Te'IeHHe HeCKOAbKHX AeCHTHAeTHH nocxe caoero YTBep.>KAeHH5I B peraoae aaapu COBMe~dAH KO'IeBOe CKOTOBOACTBO C rpa6HTeAbCKHMH Hd- 6eraMH, ocooenao aa 3eMAH BOCTO'IHOH PHMcKm1: llMrrepHH, KOTOpa5I B KOHu;e KOHU;0B rrpeAIIO'IAa OT HHX orxymrrsca, BbIIlAa'IHBaJI e.>KerOAHYJO AaHb. OCHOBY soopysceaaux CllA asapoa COCTaBAHAa TH.>KeAaJI xasanepun, HCrrOAb30BaBIIIdH MeTdAAH'IeCKHe AocrreXH ~eHTPdAhHOa3HaTCKoro rana H .>KeAe3Hhre crpexeaa, xoropue 06Aef'IaAH 60eBbIe AeHCTBHH KOHHHU;bI, 3Hd'IHTeAhHO nossmraa ee 3¢¢eKTHBHOCTb. 3TO H306peTeHHe xerxo B OCHOBY BOOPY.>KeHH5I eaponericxoro cpenaenexosoro KOHHOro PbI~apCTBa, B 626 r. asapu BMeCTe C COI03HbIMH nepcaxn rrpeAIIPHH5IAH HeYAd'IHbIH IIITYPM KOHCTaHTHHOrrOAH, rrOAO.>KHBlliHH Ha'IMO saxary HX soeanoro npenocxoacraa. B 630-x rr, BOCCTaAH nopeoonteaaue HMH CAaBHHe, OTBOesan re caMbre norpana-msre 3eMAH aa EdAKaHax, xoropue 'IYTb paaee OCBo60AHAHCb OT BAaCTH BH3aHTHH 6AarOAdP5I Ha6erdM aaapos Hd rpaanU;bI BOCTO'IHOH PHMCKOH HMnepHH B HH30BhHX AyHaH. B 3TO JKe BpeM5I aaapsr Hd'lHHdIOT nocrcncnno npaoomarsca K 60Aee oceaxoxy 06Pd3Y .>KH3HH, 3aHHMaTbC5I rrOMHMO CKOTOBOAcTBa 3eMAeAeAHeM; AOMa-3eMAHHKH HX HeMHOrO'lHCAeHHbIX peMeCAeHHHKOB Y)Ke o6oPYAOBMHCb cneuaaJU,HbIMH KdMeHHbIMH ne'ldMH. 3THH'leCKaH fefeMOHHH asepoa coxpassAaCb B KapnaTCKOM 6acceHHe BIIAOTh AO KOHu;a VIII CTOAeTHH. OHa 6blJ\a Aa.>Ke ynposeaa B 670-700 rr. rrpacoeaaaeaaex MHOrOl.£HCAeHHbIX nxeMeH, 06bI'IHO Ha3bJBaeMhIX {(HOBhIMH asepasra». BH3aHTHHcKHe HCTO'IHHKH onpeAeAHIOT HX KaK rpynrry, rrpHHdAJl.e.>KaBIIIyro rrAeMeHHoMY C0103Y o6HTaBIIIHx B 6ecKpaHHHx rrpocTopax BOCTO'IHOeBpOrreHcKHx cTerrell OHOrypOB, KOTOPbIH B 3TOT rrepaoz, rrepe.>KHBaJ\ npouecc pacneza. OIm,

HCTOPyUI AO nPHXOAA MAAbHP 39

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40 I. 3EMNl. HAPOAbI, npOl(ECCbI MHrpAI..\HH

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APEBHJlll OT4H3HA 41

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APEBH5UIOTlfl13HA 41

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II <l>OpMHpoBaHHe CpeAHeBeKOBOH MOHapxHH (895-1301)

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~ 111126

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XOTH reorperpmecxae II ocorienao rHAPorpa¢HIJ:eCKHe YCAOBHH cy~eCTBOBaHHH B re apexeaa pa3HTeAhHO OTAHIJ:aAHCb OT HbIHellIHHX H 06- IIIHpHhle TeppHTOpHH B HH30BbHX pex 60Ablleil: 'IaCTbJO HBA5IAH co60ft nOHMhl H 60AOTd, 3eMAH OKd3aAHCb 60Aee HAH xeaee npHroAHbIMu AAH BeAeHHH nOAYKOIJ:eBoro oopasa )KH3HH, KOTOPbIH CAO)KHACH Y MdAbHp B 3TeAbKEbe. KaK onHCbIBaEOT MYCYAbMdHCKHe HCTOIJ:HHKH KOHu;a IX B., na 3HMY MdAbHpbI aceraa B03Bparu;aAHCb B CBOH 3HMHHe )KHAHru;a, KaK npsBHAO, pacnoaoscemnae B AOAllHaX pex, ocooeaao B pexasrx AeAbTaX H ycTMIX. 3TO H 6bIAH ux rrOCTO.HHHble I10CeAeHHH. Becaoii, npeJKAe IJ:eM HATH na nacrrimua nnepx no TeIJ:eHHEO pex, MdAhHpbl 3aCeHBaAH naXOTHbH' 3eMAll BOKpyr CBOUX AepeBeHb, a ocensro B03Bparu;aAHCb AOMOH H coonpaAll ypO)KaH 3epHOBbIX.

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BEHrEPCKHE CTPEAhI H nAYrH 55

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--

OCHOBHbIMH CBOHMIf CHhaMM, a IIOTOM OChIIIaJill rpilAOM CTIleA H A06HBaAH B xoze pyxorraumoro cpaxeana. OAHaKO, HeCMOTpH ira nee caoe BOHHcxoe MaCTepCTBO, searpsr He MorAH 6bI TaK AerKO OAepJKHBaTh rr06eAhI, eCAH 6bI rOCYAapCTBa, nexoraa BXOAMBIlIHe B IIMrrepluo Kapaa BeAHKOrO, He nepezcaaaxn B TOT rrepaoz, COCTOHHHe aHapXHH If nayrpenaax MeJKAOyC06MQ, a BH3aHTHH He HCrrbIThIBaAa TPYAIIOCTeH, CBH3aHHhIX C He06xoAHMOCThIO 3aIIl,HIIl,aTh CBOH rpaaartsr OT rrOCT05lHHhIX Ha6erOB KOlfeBHHKOB H 60Arap.

KaK 6bI TO HM 6bIAO, MilAbflPCKaH KOHHMQa BO BpeMfI Ha6erOB JKrAa H rpacaxa ropona H cexa cocezeii, rrOA1faC rAy60Ko aroprascr. aa HX repparopmo, AOXOAfl AO KacTHAHH M OMeHflACKoro XaJillcpaTa B Hcnamrn, AO EypryHAHM BO <PpaHQHH H AO AnyAHH (CaAeHTHHa) B IOJKHOH HTaAHH, XOTH 06bI1fHO 30Ha HX BoeHHbIX AeHCTBHH OrpaHH1fHBaAaCb 3eMAflMH FepMaHHH, CeBepHOH HTaAHH H Baaarrrna. OOAh3YflCh IlIHPOKO pacnpocrpaHeHHhIM cpeAH TIOPKCKHX K01feBhlX napoaon rrpHeMoM, senrpsr peryxapHO rpa6HAH OAHY H TY JKe reppnroparo, noxa ee npanarexa He OC03HaBaAM Heo6xoAHMOCTh «noxyrrars: spexeaaoe cnOKOHCTBHe rryr€M nsmxarsr eJK€rOAHOH AaHH. EAllHCTBeHHO€ 60Aee MAll xenee 3HalfHTeAhHOe xaparexsaoe KOHTPHaCTyrrA€HHe 3arrilAHbIX npaearexea na BeHrpOB, npeznpaasroe B 907 r. 6aBapcKHM KHfl3eM, saaepmaxocs rrpOBaAOM. IlepBhI€ JK€ TPYAHOCTH AJ\5I MdAbHp Ha<J:aAHCh C BOCXOJKA€HHfI aa repMaHcKHH TpOH 6hIBiliero npaaarexa CaKCOHHH Feapnxa I, npoasaanoro OTHQeAoBOM. B 924 r. OH aa AeBflTh AeT OTKyrrMACfI OT senrepcxax Ha6€rOB. 3TH roMI OH HCrrOAb30BaA AJ\5I YKperrAeHH5I H p€OpraHH3aQHH H€M€QKOH KaBaAepHH. B 933 r. f€HPUX I OTKa3aACfI OT AaAhH€HIIIeil BhIIIAaThI oTKyrrHhIx. Ero apxns nperpaaaxa rryrs BOHCKaM pa3rHeBaHHhIX MdAhflP H€nOAaA€KY OT Mepsedypra. 3A€Ch OH OAepJKaA nepsyro xpynayro rro6eAY HilA HHMH, npa 3TOM MOryIl.\eCTBO Benrepcxoro KHflJK€CTBa OKa3aAOCh rrOAopBaHHbIM He CTOAbKO BCJI.€ACTBHe noreps B JKHBOH CMAe, CKOAhKO B pe3YAhTaT€ YTpaTbI . qmHaHcoBbIX rrOCTYIIAeHHH. C sroro MOMeHTa opraansaropu Ha6erOB aa 3arrilA CKOHQ€HTPHpOBaJill csoe BHUMaHH€ ne BepXHeHeMeQKHX 3€MAHX. Ho co spexeaex CbIH Feapaxa ] - QTTOH I BeAHKHH yxpermx xopoxescxyto BAaCTh H HilA IOJKHhIMIi 06AaCTflMH I'epsraaaa. Y1faCTHHKH Ha6erOB ne HHX ace 1faIIl,e CTaAH CTdJl.KHBaThCfI C AOCTOHHhlM OTnopOM. B 951 r. FeHPHX, repnor EaBapcKHH, paarperiax OaHHoHHIO H pa36HA B C€BepHOH HTaAHH senrepcxae noiicxa. A paarpox B 955 r. B 6HTBe rrOA Ayrcriyprox o61>eAHH€HHOH rpynrraponxa nOA KOMaHAOBaHH€M EyA1fy H AByx APyrHx IIJI.eMeHHhlX BOJKAeH - Aexa (Aexexe) H lllypa, rrOKOH1fMA C MilAh5lpCKllMH Ha6eraMH Ha 3aIIdAHbIe 3eMJl.H. cDaKTH1f€CKH nocxe Mep3€6ypra fAaBHoH I.\€AhIO HX Ha6eroB CTaJill EdJl.KaHbI H BH3aHTH5!, KOTOpM nocze KaMrraHHH

56 II. cDOPMMPOBAHME CPEAHEBEKOBOrI MOHAPXHH

BEHfEPCKI1E CTPE,\bI H n,\Yfl1 57

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58 II. <DOPMI1POBAHI1E CPEAHEBEKOBOfI MOHAPXI1I1

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BEHrEPCKI1E CTPE}\bl 11 n}\YTI1 59

'1I4tpMHpOBaHH€ OPA€Ha 6eHeAHKTHHu;eB ('IeMy' BeCbMa cIIoc06cTBOBMO IWIIIHTue KyAbTYPhl H yseaocra), H3BeCTHoe B HCTOPllH IlOA Hd3BaHHeM 1I1\ .. poxaarcxoe B03pO;sKAeHHe», a TaIQKe perpopxsr OTToHa I, BOCCTaHOmuunero B 962 r. HMIlepJUO na aanase, y6eAHTeAbHo AaAH IlOHHTb ee ceIII'PII['IM H BOCTO'IHhlM COCeAHM, 'ITO cpeOAMbHOe 06w;ecTBO BHOBb ({nOAIlIlfI()C(' C KOAeH» H «pacnpaauxo IIAe1:J:H» H rOTOBO 6pOCHTb HM BbI30B.

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60 n, 'l)OPMI1POBAHI1E CPEAHEBEKOBOfi MOHAPXI1I1

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C03AAHl1EAHHACTl1D H XPI1CTI1AHCTBO 61

11I'lIl1ble, He3aBHCHMhIe ABOphI II CBHThI, OCTaBMI.SI ce6e see MeCTHhIe HaJl..OIII Ii c6oplJ, AOA)KHd 6h1Aa CMeHHThC5I nOAJillHHOH BAaCTbIO MOHapxd, onajlllHllHer0C51 Hd UHCTHTYI'hI TeppUTOpl1dAbHOH CHCTeMhI ynpdBAeHU5I. BoIIII ipux, AMI COAep)KdHU5I Heo6xoAHMbIX AMI peaxasanaa perpopx BOOpy- 1I'.I'IIIIbIX CHA CAeAOBaAO c03AaTb eAHHyro o6m;erOCY,ll,dPCTBeHHyJO CHCTeMy clla6)KeHH.SI, TpaHCIIopTa H TdMO)KeH. 11 B-TpeTbl1X. HY)KHO 6EJAO npoIIrll·ilI!,lI,HpOBaTh xpHCTHaHCTBO, 'lT06hI npeaparars nepxons B caMYIO MacmnylO rOCY,lI,apCTBeHHyro opraHH3aIl,HIO. 3TO 6EJAO He TOAhKO nexuo, HO II 1·1)(~,lI,CTBOM ,lI,OCTH)KeHH5I nsnneyrroaaayrux nOAHTH'leCKHX 3dAa'l: BHY- 1111111 lIaCTBe MhlCAH a CMHpeHHH ((B03,l1,dH xecapro xecapeso»], XPUCTUdHI l(rllI uepxoas TaK)Ke CA~HAd opY,lI,UeM rrO,ll,dBAeHH5I H3hl'leCKHX sepose- 111111 11 TPdAHII,HH, TeCHO nepenxereaaux C pO,ll,OIIAeMeHHOH, KAaHOBOH op- 1"III1:ldU;HeH 06m;eCTBa. BeHrpHH B onpeaexeaaox CMhlCAe nOBe3AO: OAHH I, I i\pyrnM Hd ee npecrox B30UIAH HeCKOAbKO rrpdBHTell.eH KHH)KeCKoro P"M, 0611.dAdBlllHX Heo6xo,ll,HMhlMl1 AMI Taro spexena Kd'leCTBaMU. OpyIII IIPM H KpOBbIO. CHAOH BAaCTU H AH'lHhlMH ,lI,OCTOHHCTBdMH - xapH3MoH. "',IK npHHHTO HhlHe rosopars, OHH cyMel\H ,lI,06H'fhC5I CTO.f[BIIIHX nepez, HHMil l~el\.eH.

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62 II. <l>OPMI1POBAHI1E CPEAHEBEKOBOH MOHAPXI1I1

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C03AAHHE AHHACTHfi VI XPY!CTHAHCTBO 63

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64 II. <DOPMHPOBAHI1E CPEAHEBEKOBOi1 MOHAPXI1H

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C03AAHJ.1E AHHACTJ.1I'!11 XPJ1CTI1AHCTBO 65

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C03AAHHE AHHACTHH H XPHCTHAHCTBO 67

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C03AAHHE AJ1HACTHA H XPHCTHAHCTBO 13

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3dTeM 3HApe rrOCTdpdACH ynpouarr, CBOM rr03Hl.\HH, A06HBIIIHCh PYKH /II »repa Fenpaxa III AJ\.H csoero MdAOAeTHero cuna Illaaaxona, Hd3HdtIeHIIOro HdCAeAHHKOM npecroxa. He B nepnsrii, HO H He B nOCAeAHHH pas B IhlHHHH nepnoz, BeHrepCKOH MCTOpMil 3TO BHOBh npasexo K B03HHKHOBeIIHIO {(CHHAPOMd Konnaas» , d llMeHHO K CXBdTKe 3d TpOH MeJKAY ChlHOM II,0P0hll. H crapurax B POAY, T.e. K KOHCPAHK'ry npasa nepsopozcraa c npaIHIM CTdPIIIHHCTBa, sceraa tIpeBdTOMY MeJKAoyco6Hl.\eH H sxemarexscrIIIIM H3BHe BO sayrpemrae AeAd rOCYAdpCTBd. Ao caxoro pOJKAeHHH lIla"dMOHd 3HApe He B03PdJKdA rrpOTHB roro, llTo6hl npecrox nepeurex K ero upary BeAe, rrorrYMpHOMY B aapoze. /!0.5I Hero cnenaexsao 6bIA yspeac/\I'll THtyA repnora H OTBeAeHhl orpoxaue 3eMeAhHble BII.dAeHHH aa cese- 1)1' H BOCTOKe crpansr, Teneps xce (06 3TOM Mhl 3HaeM H3 xeronacea) OH IqwMO}KHII. Bexe na Bbl60p KOPOlIY HAH Me'l - CHMBOJl.bI KOpOII.eBCKOH H l'I'pl.\OrCKOH BAdCTH - co cxpsrrsn« HaMeKOM Hd TO, 'lTO yMepTBHT ero B I'l\y'lae «aesepaoro» BbI50pa. Bexy npeaynpeznxa, H OH CAeAdA «sep- 111.1"» Bbl60p - B3HA Me'l. OARdKO scxope OH 6eJKdA B DOII.bIIIY, tIT06hI IU'PHyrhC5i OTTYAa BO rAaBe dpMMH. 3llApe, rro HpOllMM cYAh6b1 IIOMepJt(dHHhlH repMaHCKHM HMrrepdTopOM feHpUXOM W, 6PdTOM ero CHOXH, 01,111. y6HT H noxopoaen B 3HaMeHHTOM 6eHeAHKTUHCKOM a66aTCTBe B THX.IIIH, xoropoe CdM )Ke noxor OCHOBdTh. fAaBHbIM C06hITHeM KOPOTKO-

74 II. tllOPMHPOBAHI1E CPEAHEBEKOBOI1 MOHAPXI1H

ro - scero ThlCSl'l:eAHeBHOrO - lI,dpCTBOBaHHK EeAhl I (1060-63) CTaNl sropoe BOCCTaHHe H3hlqHHKOB B 1061 r.

06CT05ITeAbCTBa sroro C06hlTliH BeCbMa xpacsopeaaasr. KaK H nsrHaAlI,aTb AeT Ha3aA, BOCCTaBlIH-I:€ CB513blBaMI. CBOH HaAeJKAbl, C HOBhIM rrpaaarexex. I1MeHHo K HeMY B ero pe3HAeHIJ;HH B <DexepBape OHH o6paTHAHCb C npocsoofi H3rHdTb xpacraancxax CBHrn;eHHHKoB H BepHYTbcH K 5l3bl'lecKoll aepe OTIJ,OB. 3'I0 nOATBep~aeT TO, 'ITO K Cepe,ll,HHe Xl B. erePaJI CHCTeMa KpOBHOH CBH3H H OCHOBaHHaH na HeH KAaHOBaJI aepapxas IIpHIlIAH B nOAHWI ynaao«. HH3bI YIKe He BlfAeAM B CBOHX 60Aee COCTO.HTeAbHblX pOACTBeHHHKax, C KeM OHH AeI'KO HaxoAJUI.H 0611WH H3blK, TIOAAHHHhlX rrpeACTdBHTeAeH BAaCTH. ORIt noxeraan. 'ITO CHAd H BAH.H:HHe reneps cocpesorosenu B PYKax AaAeKliX or HHX dpHCTOKpdrOB, C CdHKU;HI1 KOTOPhlX OHH CqHTaAH IIpaBH!\bHhIM H He06xOAHMbIM anexxaposars IIp.H:MO K «A06poMY KOPOJUQ». OPR 3TOM HOBhlH 06rn;eCTBeHHhIH rrOp51AOK H era aacraryrsr B 060HX CAYQd51X AOKd3aAH CBOIO rrpOlJHOCTb. «Ao6phIe KOPOAM» 6e3 rrp06AeM «Pd36HPaAHCb» C BOCCTdBIIIHMH, XOT51 HX c06CTBeHHoe nOAOIKeHHe 6bIJI.D 60Jl.ee 'leM waTKHM.

Koraa Bexa B pesyxsrare HeC'laCTHOro CAJ'laJI norao, HMIIepaTOp FenpHX IV YIKe Ha'laA mapoxoxacurreoaoe HdcyYIIAeHHe aa Bearpmo C ueMIO IIOCMHTb aa npecrox ChlHa 3HAPe Illaxaaoae, KOTOPbIH B 1060 r. 6eJKaA B Fepxaamo. 3TO nacrynaenae CTaAO OARHM H3 3nH30AOB 60Ph6bI se HdCAeACTBO Me)K,ll.,Y npeACTaBHTellJIMH BeTEH Bd3YAd AOMa Apnaaos. OPHWAa napa B H3fHdHHe OTrrpaBAHTbC.H: ChlHOBbHM BeAhl. Bcxope, OAHdKO. HM YAaAOCb npHMHpHTbCH C lllaAaMoHoM (1063-74). a CTdPIlIHH H3 HHX. Iesa, AdJKe nOAJ'lHA repuorcxne BAdAeHH.H:, aexoraa rrpHHdAAeJKdBiliHe ern oruy. OH dKTHBHO noxorax KOPOJ\.IO, BeAlleMy BOHHbI C rre'IeHerdMH H C BH3dHTHeH, HO CCOphI H3-3a soeaaoa A06bI'lH H, B03MOIKHO, rrpHABopHbIe liHTpnfH rrpnBeAH K TO My. 'lTO MeJKAY HHMI{ paaropexacs BpdJKAd. Do6eAHTeAeM H3 nee BbIIlIeA CTapIlIUH no B03pacry Ii onhlTHhIU Feaa. IllaxaMOH. KOTOPOMY B TO BpeM51 HCnOAHHAOCb AHilib 22 roaa, onars 6eJKaA B I'epxenaro, na ceil: paa npaxsaraa KopoAeBcKYIO Ka3HY H npeMoIKuB Fenpaxy IV KNITBy BdCCdAbHOa sepaocrn B 06MeH aa BoeHHYIO nosroun; npeAbr.u;eHHhIH nOA06HoM rrepcrreKTHBoH. Feapax IV narrpasuz, B BearpHIO soacxa, HO OHH 6hlAH aarnaau. Co cBoeM CTOPOHbI Feaa 1(1074-77). CTdB pedJl.bHbIM BAaCTHTeAeM CTpaHbI. AOArO He xor KopOHOBaTbCH H, raKHM 06Pd30M, Y3dKOHHTb CBOIO BA3CTh. Koraa B PHMe Ha'laAaCh rrponezypa H3J'leHHH ero npaa Hd BeHrepCKUH npecrox, OH HdAeHACH (H HMeA Hd TO OCHOBdHHH), 'lTO nana Fpnropaa VII. KOHCPAHKTOBdBIlIHH C repMdHCKHM HMrrepaTopOM, rrOMO)KeT eMy. I'paropaa, GAHdKO, CTpeMHACH npeupartrn, nanCKHH npeCTOA B eAHHCTBeHHbIH HCTOqHHK nOAHTHlJeCKOH BAdCTH B EB-

C03AAHHE AHHACTHl1: H XPHCTHAHCTBO 15

I II 'II( -, B xasecrse oxepeaaoro mara na rryrn K AOCTHJKeHIUO ::ITOH n;eJill OH 1I1!N'h AHWh OAHU BapHaHT: Iesa noxysaer KOPOHY B 06MeH na rrOAOJKelUll' IIdCCaAa PHMCKOM nepxna. 3TO rrpeAAO)KeHMe 6hIAO OTBeprHYTo rrpaIHt'i'I'AeM B,eHrpHH, H OR npnaax KOPOHY M3 PYK caoero TeCTH - BH3aHIllikKoro HMilepaTopa MHxaHAa VII, KOTOPhlH He CTaBHA HMKaKHX YCAOIHI~i. (3Ta xopona 6hIAa HaCTOHru;HM rrpOH3BeAeHHeM MCKYCCTBa, xoropoe I I'll ACT crrYCTH CTaAO HllJKHeM "IaCThIO TOM CBHru;eHHoM BeHrepCKOM KOpO- 111.1, KOTOPyro MhlllMeeM ceroaaa.)

npeJKAeBpeMeHHaH cneprs Feasr rrOAO)KHAa KOHen; HeCKOAhKHM AecH- 111J\('TllHM 6ecrrpecTaHHhlx KOHCPAHKTOB U3-3a npecroxa, KOPOTKllX napI rlloBaHHM H cAa6hlx xopoxen. ChlHOBbH I'easr, KaAI.MaH H AAbMOIII, 6bIAll 1'11\1' necoBepIIIeHHoAeTHHMH, H souapeane ero 6paTa, repu;ora J\acAO, IlplllUAO 6e3 3KCIJ,eCcoB. TIpaBAeHHe J\aCAO I (1077-95), He ocraaasmero lld('l\ei\HHKa, II KaAhMaHa (1095-1116), crapmero CbIRa I'eau, 3aBepIllHAH I 1 ,(i( IH rrpou;ecc YTBep/KAeHllH aosoro COU;HdAbHOrO H rocyaapcrsenaoro III 'pSlAKa, Ha"IaThlH KHH3eM [e30M H xopoxex 11IIITBaHoM 1. B peayxsrare fll,IAO cosaaao Benrepcxoe xopoxsscrso - rocyaapcrao, 05AilAaBluee no'l'1'IIJ~HaAOM II 'recToA106lIeM OAHOM H3 BeAyru,llx AepJKaB peraona.

B AH'IHOCTll Aaczo, KaK H 11IIITBaHa I, C'laCTJillBO CO'IeTaAHCh xeprsr BOIIlld, CBHru;eHHIIKa H rocyxapcrseaaoro AeHTeAH. Ao5AecTb, npmIBAeHHaH 11M B CXBdTKax C ne'IeHeraMll B 1068 r., CAeAaAa ero repoen xereaz, B 1 O!!3 r. OH Ao6HACH KaHOHll3aU;Hll enncxona Fexxepra, KOPOM 11IIlTBaHa II npuora 11Mpe, npoaexoacrpaposaa caoe He3aYPHAHOe BeAHKOAYIIIlle (11(1 cAeAyeT 3a6hlBaTh, "ITO on 6hIA BH)'KOM Ba3YAa). Ilo-psmapcxn 6Aaroptl/l,no nocrynax OH M C WaAaMOHOM, paspemaa eMY BepHyrhcH B cTpaHY. 1I1,lAaMoH 6hlA apecronan AHllib TorAa, KorAa BbUlCHllAOCb, 'ITO OH AH'IHO Y'lclCTBOBaA B aaronope nporas KOPOAH. (CaM J\aCAO 6bIA xaaomraaposan II 1192 r.) KaHOHH3an;llH I1llITBaHa, KORe'IHO JKe, HBAHAaCh nOAHTll'leCKllM r.KTOM, CHMBOAOM roro, "ITO J\aCAO rrpeAaH AeAY coxpanenas H yxpenxeIIH.H rOCYAapCTBeHHoro 3AanH5I, B03BeAeHHoro ero npeAllIeCTBeHHHKOM. :~'lIIllMa5ICb rOCYAapCTBeHHhlM CTpOHTeAhCTBOM, OH mezpo OAapHBaA u;epK()llb, BeA 3aKOHOAaTeAhnyro Ae5ITeAbHOCTb H peopraaaaonax KopOAeBI'KYIO aaxoroayto CAYJK5y.

J\aCAO H3AaA TpM KHllrH 3aKOHOB II )'Ka30B. KaAI.MaH AorrOAHllA llX eru;e CI/I,lIOH. KpOMe 'roro, npn ::ITllX AByx KOPOAHX nearepcxmt CHHOA onytiaaIWllaA ABa csoaa ~epKOBHhlX YAOJKeHHM. 113 scex 3THX KOAeKCOB AO Hac i\OIUAO casnue 250 CTaTeH II )'Ka30B. 3TO see, 'ITO HaM ll3BeCTHO 0 3aKOHO'I'1I0p'leCTBe B Bearpan CO apexes 11llITBaHa I II BrrAOTh AO 30AOTOH 6YMhl 1 '222 r. RCHO, 'ITO 3TO 6hlA 'lpe3BhI"IaHHO Ba)KHhlH nepnoz, B CTaHOBAeHllH 1I0Boro rocYAapCTB€HHOrO H nepxoanoro CTpOH. OCHoBHoe BHHMaHHe B

16 n. <llOPMHPOBAHHE CPEAHE6EKOBOV! MOHAPXHH

CBoeM 3aKoHOTBOp'leCTBe Aacxo YAellJfA '1aCTHOH co6cTBeHHocTH, rapa II THHM ee 6e30rrdCHOCTH, OH CTpeMHACH AaTb TO'lHOe IOpHAH'leCKOe onp« A€AeHHe caxoxy HBAeHlllO tIaCTHOH C06CTB€HHOCTH, nOHHMaH, 'ITO, HI' CMOTPH aa nco CTapaHH.SI I1IIITBdHa I, OHO TaK H OCTMOCb He'leTKHM, oco- 6€HHO B CBeTe 6ypHhlX C06hITHH B Te'leHHe '1eThlpeX AeCHTHAenIl1, npoIIIeAIIIHX C roro BpeMeHH. BOAee rrOAOBHHhl3aKOHOB H YKa30B AaCAO npsMO, a xaorae APyme KOCBeHHO 6bIAH CBH3aHhl C 3arn;HTOH co6CTBeHHOCTH. HaPYUIHTeAH KapMHCb ouens )KeCTOKO. BOPbI, rr0l1MaHHhle aa MeCTI' npecrynaenaa, AOA)KHbI 6hlAH 6hlTb rrOBeIIIeHbI. 3a MeHbIIIee rrpecryrrAI' HH€ rrpOTHB 'lyJKoi\: C06CTB€HHOCTH BHHOBHbIll PHCKOBaA lilllllHTbC5i rAdl HAll PYK lIAH JKe OKa3aTbC5I rrpOAaHHbIM B paGCTBo. B nOCAeAHeM KOAeK{,(' AaCAO OTMeH5IAOCb AaJKe IIIHPOKO rrpaKTMKOBdBIIIeeC5I B 're spexeaa npaBO nepxsa rrp€AOCTaBlIJfTb y6e)KHrn;€ rrpecrynauxax, 06BMHeHHhlM B xpaJKe Mlill rpa6€JK€. ECAH C)lMMa YKPdAeHHOrO npensmraxa CTOHMOCTb KYP!1- U;bI, OCYJKAeHHhlH rrpHrOBapMBaACH K CMepTHOH Ka3HH. DOMHMO pa60Tbi HdA COAep)KaHHeM 3aKOHOB, Aacxo 3aHHMdAC5I H opraaaaauaoaao-npoU;eCCYdAbHhIMH aonpocaxa IOPI1CAI1KIl,HH. B 'laCTHOCTI1, npa HeM 6bIll.d BBeAeHa AOCTaBKa CYAe6HbIX yseAOMAeHMH, HAM rrOB€CTOK, 6hlAH npeaycMOTpeHbI CaHKIl,HH aa H€51BKy B cYA, a TaK)K€ 060CHoBdHa B03MO)KHOCTL nepexpecraoro Aorrpoca CBHAeTeA€H, HaxOAHIIl,HXC5I noz, npncsroii. OH H3AdA YKa3hI, peryxaposaemae BhlIlAary Il,epKOBHoH AeC5ITMHhl H 3aIIl,Mrn;aBllm€ u;epKoBHYIO C06CTB€HHOCTb B U;eAoM. Perpopxsr Fparopaa VII npnsexa K H€KOTOPOMY Y)KeCTO'leHHIO nepxosaoii AHCU;HrrAHHbI, XOTR 06€T 6e36pa'lHR If HeCT5IJKaT€AbCTBa IIO-npeJKHeMY C06AIOAdAC.SI He O'leHh crporo. Y'lI1ThIBa51 «cAa6ocTh tIeAOBe'leCKOH npapoasr», erracsonax H CB5IIIl,eHHHKdM 6blAO paapemeno )RHTb co CBOHMI1 JKeHdMH (liM AHIIIb HeAh3H 6blAO JKeHHTbCH rrOBTopHO). MOHdCThlPH, HaXOAHBIIIl1eC5I B ceMeHHOll c06CTBeHHOCTM MarHaTOB, no-npezoreny OCTdBdAHCb TOBapOM, KOTOPblll MO)KHO 6bIAO KynIfTb HAH npoaart, AaCAo He BBOAHA HOBhlX HdAOrOB, HO Ao6HACH nOBbIIIIeHH5I c06HpaeMOCTH crapsrx. KopOAeBCKa51 Ka3Hd IIOrrOAH5IAaCh H3 pa3AH'lHblX HCTO'lHHKOB: cym;ecTBeHHYIO rrpn6blAh AdBaJl.H xexaaxa co6CTBeHHblX AeH€r, HdAOm na see <pHHaHCOBhIe onepanaa, raMOJKeHHhIe C60PbI, a TaKJKe naara sa ropronue MeCTa aa psmxax H 51pMapKax, sa pesnue nepesosxa no BceH crpaue, KpOMe roro, no-npexoreMy cyr.u;eCTBOBaAH KopOAeBCKaH MOHOrrOAH.sI na axcnopr AOIIIdAeH H na ToprOBAIO COAhIO, HaAOm Ha HH03eMHhlX xyrmos H T.A.

CrrOKOHCTBHe aa rpanauax, n03BOAHBillee Aacxo. He OTBAeKaHCb, 3aHHMaTbC.sI roCYAapCTBeHHhlMH AeAaMH, tJ:aCTM'lHO 06'h5lCHMOCb TeM, 'ITO COCeMIM CTMO He AO aroro: OHM caMH IIOlJTH B TO JKe BpeM5.I CTOAKHYAllCb C Heo6xOAHMOCTbIO pemars CBOH BHyrpeHHHe rrpo6AeMhI. 06CT05ITeAhCT-

C03AAHl1E Al1HACTl1f111 XPYlCTl1AHCTBO 71

1101 I'IIK)i{e nOMOrAH J\aCAO BO BTOPOH nOAOBllHe u;apCTBOBamHI npoaozjrrs t!"'IoMd aKTl{BHYJO BHeUIHlO1O rrOAHTHKY, EMY He HaAO 6hIAO 60AI.UIe 6ecIIllIWHTbCH a Illaxavone KaK nOCTOHHHOM ITOBOAe ANI repxancxoro BMe!tI,II'I'i\hCTBa BO BHYTpeHHlle AeAa Bearpna, IT03TOMY OH OTKa3aAC5.I OT oc'I'UPOJKHOH AllIIAOMaTllll, KO'TOpaSI 6blAa xapaKTepHa f!./I.'iI KHSI3SI [e3blll KOIHIMI ViIllTBaHa I. CaMhIM cepsesnsrx AOCTllJKeHlleM roro spexenn CTaAO IIIH1('O€AllHeHlle B 1091 T, XopBaTHH B OTKPhITOM conepaasecrne C nanl'i(IIM IIpeCTOAoM, 3TH 3eMJ\ll (RblHe reppnropaa K ceaepy or pexa Case, Hi'l'llpllQeCKdH o6AacTb CAdBOHHH). no Bcefl BllAllMOCTH, HaxOAHJl.HCb BO MtlN~HHll MilAMlp C rex nap, KaK OHM nocexaxacr, B KaprraTCKOM 6accenIII' ti3BecTHO, 'ITO 3arpe6cKllH enncxonar 6bIJI. OCHOBaH BO BpeMH IlpdllAeHWI J\aCAo, Maxensxoe CAaB5.lHCKOe KopoAeBCTBO, c03AaHHoe B IUO-X rr. K tory OT searepcxax BAClAeHllH, B OTAll'IHe OT CBOllX npeaocxaa!lI.IX coceAen aa EdAKdHax, HaXOAHJl.OCb nOA BAHHHHeM PHMCKOH nepxsa 1I00'Il1HaH C VIII B., a B 1074 r, oq.mIl,HdAbHO CTaAO BaCCaAOM «U;epKBH CB, t h'"I'pa)), QHO BcerAa nOMep.>KHBaAO APy.>KeCTBeHHble OTHOIlleHllSI C BeHI'I'II('KHMH rrpaBHTeMIMll, xoropsre paccaarpaaaxa ara 3eMJ\ll B OCHOBHOM jl,IIK HhlXOA K MpHaTllKe H rroTOMY aaunnnaxa ax OT spares. B 1090 r. TpOH XtipsaTllllOKa3aJ1..C5I CB060AHhlM, Hasaxecs csryra, H OAHa H3 6apOHCKllX IIIPdKU;HH 06pdTMAaCb K Aacxo C npocsooit 3aHHTb xopaarcxair npecrox, AIIIIl'KCH51 Xopnarna rtponsourxa B 1091 r, 6e3 KaKOrO-AH60 cepsesnoro 1'lIllpOTHBAeHHH, OARaKo He06xoAliMOCTb 3au:t;Hu:t;aTb BOCTO'IHhle 3eMAH 1\1'11 rpan or nOJl.OBII,eB BbIHYAHAd J\aCAO aepnyrscs AOMon, rropysna csoeMy IIpeeMHllKY, MAaAllieMY rrAeMHHHllKY KH5.l31O AAI.MOIIIY, oxxynaposars I\llAMaIl,HIO (llCTOpHQeCKa5I 06AaCTb na MpMaTll'IeCKOM rr06epeJKbe H OCrposax], TaK Ha'IaJl.aCh llCTOpllQeCKa5.1 CBH3h MeJKAY KopOAeBCTBaMll BeH"I'PCKHM H XopBaTCKHM, KOTOpa5I npOAO!VKaAdCb BnAOTb AO KOHIW IlepItl IH MllPOBOH BoHHb!.

ECAH AOBep5ITh AeTOIIHCII,aM, TO KaAI.MaH, npeeanax J\aCAO, BO MHOrHX lI'I"IIOIIIeHH5.lX 6bIJI. IIP5IMOif rrpOTHBOIIOAO)KHOCThIO csoero A5IAH, 11,1 pe'IeHHOrO «CBHTbIM KOpOAeM», roraa KaK npasxeaae sroporo 6hlAO sa- 1I!l'I'HaHO ({MHorMMll 3AhlMll AeAaMlll>, a caM OH 6hIJI. ({KOBapHhIH", nOAYCJl.eIII)H ropoyn H XPOMOH 3aHKa»). AOCTOBepHOCTb 3THX XpOHllK, oAHaKo, BbI'ILluaeT BeCbMa cepsesnae COMHeHllH, Ona 6hlAll HaITHCaHbI nosanee, BO npeM5I npaaxeaas nOTOMKOB A/l.bMollia - 6paTa KdAbMaHa, - xoropsni rlloHM BOHHCTBeHHbJM 06AllKOM COOTBeTCTBOBaJI.. rrpeACTaBJl.eHH5IM Taro IIpeMeHH 06 HAedAI.HOM rocyzape, KaAI.MaH opraHH30BaA IIIeCTb 3arOBOPOB nporas KOPOMI, noxa B 1113 r. eMY caMoMY II era CblHY Bexe He BblIla/'ul CYAb6a IIOBTOPllTh ysacrt, Ba3YJI.d. OHM o6a 6bIJ\ll ocxenxeau, Ii AaJKe ('CAll onHCaHH.l1 BHelliHOCTH KdJl.bMaHa B xpoaaxax B KaKoH-To xepe llMe-

78 II. ¢OPMI1POBAHI1E CPEAHEBEKOBOI1 MOHAPXHI1

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I 11826

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100 n. ¢>OPMI1POBAHME CPEAHEBEKOBOti MOHAPXI1I1

BTOPOE PO)KAEHHE BEHTPHH H KOHE~ AHHACTI1I1 APnA,ll,OB 101

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HO eMY BblIIaAa yxacrr, nOAaBHTb B BeHI'pHH CHili aHapXHH, OKOJftIdTeAbHO pacrtoscastuaecs Cpa3Y IIOCAe roro, KaK B crpaae HCtIe3AO Aa}Ke nOAO- 6He QeHTpdAbHOH BAaCTH. Ho CHatIMa eMY CJl.eAOBaJl.O BbIHrpaTb cpaxeHHSl rrpOTHB conepHHKOB-npeTeHAeHTOB, CpdJKdBlllHXCH sa BAdCTh B rexeHHe acero CeMHJl.eTHero rrepaoza MeJKAyn;apcTBM.H.

104 II. clJOPMHPOBAHI1E CPEAHEBEKOBotl: MOHAPXHI1

III 30AoThIe aexa H ynaaox (1301-1526)

n Pl~3yAbTdTe onpezexeaaux HCTopIPleCKHX nponeccos (B BeHrpHH, KdK II Y ee cesepnsrx cocezea, OHH 3dBepIIIHAHCb K KOH~y XIII B,) 003AHee ('pPAHeBeKOBbe H B03pOJKAeHHe OKd3aAHCb 3IIOXOH, KOfAd npHHClMeJKIII WTh CTpdHbI K 3dndAHOXpHCTHdHCKOH :QHBHAH3d~HH nepecraxa BbI3bI!trill. IICHKHe COMHeHHH, OAHdKO Benrpns He PdCTBOPHAdCb B Hell, d COKpllllHAa co6CTBeHHbIe Hd~HOHdAbHhIe oco6eHHOCTH, nexoropyio Pd3MbI'I'IIC "1'1. H AdJKe npOTHBOpe'lHBOCTb (BOerO 06~eCTBeHHoro YCTPOllCTBd, MVIII,lypbl H nyrea pd3BHTml, C TO'lKH 3peHHR ee nOAHTH'leCKoro CTpOR H II"PKOBHOll oprdHH3dU;HH, PdBHO KdK H no CBoeMY KYAbTYPHOMY 06AHKY, III'III'PHH pd3HTeAbHO OTAH"IdAdCb 0'1' CBOHX npaaocxasasrx coceaea Hd "(I("I'OKe H IOrO-BOCTOKe. B OTAH'lHe OT MdAeHhKllX EdAKdHCKHX rocyMlwTB, AOCTdTO'lHO CAd6bIX H B pe3YAbTdTe noraomeaaux OCMdHCKOH IIMIlt'pHell, H B OTAH'lHe 0'1' MOlY'leH, HO TeM He xeaee TO pdCnBAdBIIIeHCR, I'll IIIIOBb 06'beAHH5IBIlleHCSI KHeBCKOll PYCH, AOAfOBe'lHOCTb H u;eAbHOCTh 1II'III'IHfH 6bIAH CHMBOAH'leCKH BOIIAO~eHbI B CdMOM <paKTe HaAHl.JillI CBSIIIII'llItoll KOPOHbI HIllTBdHd I CBSIToro. Benrepcxoe KopOAeBcTBo SIBASIAOCb IIPO'lIIhlM rrOAHTH'leCKHM 06'l>eAHHeHHeM c l.IeTKO onpeAeAHeMbIMH H 60- ,,1'1' HAil MeHee nOCT05IHHbIMH rpdHHU;dMH. 3TO H noxorao BeHrpHH rrepe- 111.11'1'(, MOHrOAbCKOe HdllIeCTBHe, KOHen; AHHdCTHH Apnaaos H OJKeCTOl.JeH- 111.11' <peOAdAbHbIe MeJKAoyco6HU;bI, CTdBIlIHe HeOTheMAeMOll 'ldCThlO ee IWl'OPHH, Caxa HAeSI, rrycrs H caoeobpaaao sonzouteaaaa, opranaseuan II Il'YHKQHOHHPOBdHHH BAdCTl! KdK CHCTeMbI B3dHMoOTHOllieHI-IH MeJKAY IIIIHl1(HdAhHO npHBHAerHpoBdHHbIMH 06rn;eCTBeHHbIMH rpyrrrrdMH (comIIl11l1ilas regnij, 06HdPYJKHBdAd OT'leTAHBO «sanaanoe: npOHCxOJKAeHHe, I'u >KP canoe MOJKHO CKd3dTh 0 cTaryce npeAcTdBHTeAell BbICIIIero AYXOIII'HCTBd, xoropsre 6blAH 60rdThIMH 3eMAeBAdAeAbU;dMH H BAHHTeAbHbIMH

nOAllTHKaMH, XOTH TeOpeTH':leCKH ClfHTaAHCb ¢YHKU;HOHepaMH, OTBeTCT" BeHHhlMH sa HOpMaAhHyro paoory u;epKOBHbIX HHCTHryTOB. TIepBOCBH" llJ,eHHMKH B BeHrpHM, KaK Ii BO BCeX crpanax 3anCIAHoil: EBPOIIl>I, 6l:JAH Olf€Hb 60raThL GARaKO OHM peaasao IIOA'lHH5IAHCh BAaCTH paxcxoro naIIbI, TorAa KdK Hd rrpdBOCAaBHOM BOCTOK€ dBTOPHT€T KOHCTdHTHHOnOJ\l:rCKOro narpaapxa 6blA HOMHHaAhHhlM (Oll ClfHTaAC5I nepaux cpeaa paBHhlX rAaB HaU;HOHdAbHhlX npaaocxaaaux uepxnea]. Karoxnsecxae enacxomr K TOMY )K€ 6hlAH aenocpezcraeaao CB5I3dHhI C MOHaIlIeCKHMH opzeHaMH, H rr03ToMY Aa)Ke npn xopoxescxax ABOpax OHH B OCHOBHOM HHTepecoaaxncs BonpOCdMH, CB713aHHhlMH C BepOH. B OTAH'IHe OT CAaBHHCKHX rocyzapcra aa EMKaHax H B KHeBcKoH PyCH, rAe yxasa, rpanors; H Aoroaopsr ,!\HIlIb B pesxnx cAY'IaHx Oq,OPMAHAHCh B BHAe nMChMeHHhlX AOKYMeHTOS, B BeHrpHH no Mepe pa3BHTH5I H YCAOJKHeHH.SI ee rocYAapcTBeHHhIX H cYAe6Hhlx oprauos CTpeMHTeAbHO pacnpocrpanaaacs rrpaxraxa CPHKcHpOBaHH5I KdK "laCTHhlX, TaK H rocyaapcreennsrx corxauremrir, AoroBOpOB H CBHAeTeAhcTB. 11 XOT5I MDHrOAhCKHe H rypeD;KHe 3aBoeBaTeAH YHHlfTO)Klli\H 3HdlfHTeAhHYlO 'laCTb nHChMeHHoro seurepcsoro HaCAeAH5I, OT roro BpeMeHH AO 1526 r. coxpaaaxocr, OKOAD 300 ThIC. ADKYMeHTOB. CpaBHHTeAbHO C ¢paHD;HeH HAll AHrAHeH, rAe IIHCbMeHHoe HaCAeAHe sa TOT IKe nepaoz, HdC'IHThIBaeT MHAAHOHhl eAHHHIl, xpaHeHH5I, :na U;Hcllpa npeACTaBNIeTCH aecsxa CKpOMH0I1. Ee 3Ha'IeHHe, OAHaKO, BbI5IBNIeTC5I npH conocTaB"eHHH co CAdB5!.HCKHMH rOCYAdpC'rBdMH aa EaAKaHax, rAe OT roro BpeMeHH AO Hac AOIliAli ncero HeCKOAbKO COTeH AOKYMeHTOB.

Msrcxs 0 TOM, 'ITO K KOHIl,Y CpeAHHX BeKOB Bearpas cyxexa npeoaoAeTh nponacrs, OTAeA5IBIIIYIO ee OT 3anCIAHOH Enponsr, MOIKeT nOKa3aThC5I 6eccnopHOH, eCAH Y'IeCTh, 'ITO B XIV B., KorAa see pasarrrsre 3aIIdAHOeBponeiicxae crpanu nepe)KllBaAH fll.y6oKliH KPH3HC, Bearepcsoe KOpOJl.eBCTBO HapMY C Borexaen a TIOAbIlIeH nOJKHHaAO IIAOAhI 3KOHOMWIecxoro npOQBeTaHHH l1 IIOAHTH'IeCKOH cTa6HAbHOCTH. OPH 6AllJKaHllIeM paCCMOTpeHHl1, OARaKO, rrOAo6HhlH BhIBOA npeACTaBA.SIeTC5I AOJKHhIM, noCKOAhKY Benrpmo BbIIIIeynoM5IHyrhIH «KPH3HC}) MHHOBaA HMeHHO nOTOMY, 'ITO MHoroe JI3 nponcxonaaurero B 3andAHhlX crpanax ee sooome He KOCHYAOCh. KPH3HChl, nepHOAMtteCKl1 OXBaThlBaBIlIHe aaH60Aee paasaThIe crpansr C KOHu.a CpeAHeBeKOBb5I BITAOTh AO XX B., MOIKHO 06'bHCHHTb CJl.OJKHOCTbIO rrpo6AeM CTpeMHTeAbHO paanasaaurerocs 06~eCTBa. Hepasaoaepmni, nOA'IaC npOCTO ¢aHTaCTll'IeCKHH POCT pOJKAaeMOCTH speMH OT apesieaa npHBOAHA K nepenaceneamo B 3aIIClAHoeBponeHCKHX roCYAapCTBax, xoropoe caMbIM 6eCIIolll,dAHhlM 06pa30M xoppexraposaxocs rOAoAoM, 3ITHAeMHKMH, KPOBdBhlMH KpeCTbSl.HCKHMH BOCCTdHHSl.MH (JKdKepHH), liCTpe6l1TeAhHbIMH BOHHaMH MeJKAY HapoAaMH, OTHOCHTeAhHbIM

106 Ill. 30AOTblE BEKA 11 YrlAA0K

t01

IIOC'AIIOHHeM ABOPHHCTBd, OCAd6AeHHeM AYXOBHOrO BAHHHHH nepxaa, Oil I I K I II )TCTBOM H AHKBHAdU;HeH KOMMep'IeCKHX H CPHHdHCOBbIX rrpeAIIPHH- 111 'I. Ii u;eAoM 3TH rrOTpHCeHHH 6hlAH CBH3dHbI C pd3MhlBaHHeM rpaaau ~1'>Ki\Y COCAOBHHMH punapea, CBHIII,eHHHKOB H KpeCTbHH, panee secsxa 'jIlTK 11 X, JKeCTKHX H npeacxasyesuax. B KOHe'IHOM C'IeTe 3TH rrOTp5ICeHH5I 'I'IIM IIMI HHhlM 06Pd30M npeAOnpeAeM£AllCb POCTOM AeHe)KHoro oopatneIIIUI li :lHa'IeHM5I AeHer, ITpHHIl,HnhI COIl,HaAbHOrO HepaBeHCTBd H IOPHAH'1111'11.0" 3aBHCHMOCTH rpaJKAaH CTaAH HHBeAMpOBaThC5I pa3BHTMeM TOBap- 1111 /I,4'IIP)KHhlX OTHOllIeHHH, a 3aTeM 3aMelIl,aTbC5I HMM,

t\pyI'HMH CAOBaMH, f.MBHOH npM'IHHOH 06lIl,eCTBeHHhIX nepexea, xa·'·llI1WldTOPOM KPM3HCOB H rrOHCKOB BhIXOAa H3 HHX HBA5IAC5I npou,ecc crpeMIITI'IIj,IJOH yp6dHH3au,MM KOHTHHeHTa, B HeMeIl,K05I3hl'IHhIX crpanax, aaIIPIIMI'P, KOAH'IeCTBO HOBhIX ropOAOB 11,01200 f, H nOCAe 1300 r, B cpeznex 1111 'PII('TaAO na 50 (MAM -ryrs MeHhllIe) aa AeCHTb AeT, 3a rrepHOA C 1200 no I IUO I'. :JTOT noxasareas HeCKOAhKO pas COCTaBA5IA 60Aee 100 HOBhlX ropoN III, (I ()AHdJK/I,hI Aa)Ke AOCTHr 250. ITOMHMO 'IHCTO KOAH'IeCTBeHHoro pOC"III IIC'KoTophle aarraaaoesponeiicxae ropozcxae uenrpsr, nOflBHBIlIHeC5I 1111 U['l(()Ae CpeAHeBeKoBbfl, 3Ha'IHTeAhHO OTAH'IaAHCb OT crapsrx roPOAOB. 111[11 Y>Ke He OrpaHH'IHBaAHCh ToprOBAeH npeAMeTdMH POCKOIlIH, 3aB03H~II.IMI' 1·13 AaAhHHX CTpaH, a CTaAH npeapautarsca B MeCTa KOHIl,eHTpaIl,HH n'IIIKI HICKoro xenaraaa, CTOAh Heo6xoAHMOrO AM! MHBeCTHIl,HH B pa3BHBa- 11111\11('(,51 orpacxn HHAYCTPHH, rrpeJKAe scero B TeKCTHAhHYIO npoxsnn~I'IIIIO(,Th, npOH3BoAHBIlIYIO TKaHH AM! pacryr.u;ero sayrpeaaero punxa,

UI'IIfPHH nOAo6HhlX KaTaAH3aTOpOB, r.e. KPH3IICOB H 03AopOBAeHH5I 11111'"'' flhlxoAa H3 HHX, He 3HaAa, KaK MbI Y)Ke BHAeAH, ee yp6aHM3aU;H5I ""'IMIIiCh AOBOAbHO n03AHO. TOproBA5I, cocpeAOTO'IeHHa51 B PYKax HHO- 1ttMIlt.IX KynIl,OB, AOAroe spexa OrpaHH'IHBaAaCb npeAMeTaMM POCKOIlIH, IIllTllpbIC npeAHa3Ha'laAHCh AM! O'IeHh Y3KOH COIl,HaAhHOH rpynnhI, 06AaArlI1I1J1'" BhlCOKOll nOKyrraTeAhHOH cnocotiaocruo, - M.H xopoxescxoro I\IIIIJlII H apHCTOKpaTHH. 3TOT BNBOA, pa3YMeeTC5I, KaK H AI06ble o606IlJ,e- 111111, (o3AaeT HeCKOAbKO ynpOlIl,eHHYIO KapTHHY, B 3dnd/l,HbIX H cesepmrx I'IIj1olldX Bearpna, d TaK)Ke B TPdHCHAhBdHHH HMeAOCh HeMMO ropOAOB, " IWl'llPhlX nponseraxo MeCTHoe npOH3BOACTBO II npOMhIllIAeHHOCTb no VIII 11111 10 pa3BIITH5I TeXHOAOfHH HH'IeM He OTAM'IMaCb OT 3drrdAHhlX aHaAO"1111. VI lice )Ke, H8CMOTPH aa npOTeKU;HOHHCTCKYro nOAMTHKy OTAeAbHhlX II.OPClAPI1, ITO TeM HAM IIHNM npH'IHHdM OKa3bIBdBIlIMX ropoaai« nOKpOBH'I'PIII,('TIlO, 06~M caryanas CBHAeTeAbcTByeT a npOMhlllIAeHHOll OTCTaAOI TIl 1 TpdIIhl: ee "POH3BOACTBO nO'ITII He 3HMO HHAYCTpHaAH3aU;HH H xaIfIiTIIAI1Jau,HH. Bcsrepcxoe KopOAeBCTBO MorAO npouserars, B OTAeAbHhle If"PI10i\bI Aa)Ke 6hITh CdMhlM 60raThlM rOCYAdpCTBOM Ha KOHTIIHeHTe no

TOH npmane, 'ITO B ero PYAHHKax A06hIBaJl.aCh 60JU,IIIaH 'IaCTh 30AOTa AMI MOHeTHhIX ABOpOB H xpaHHAHIIJ; Bspomr. 3TO 60raTCTBO, B oco6eHHOCTH xoraa OHO CO'IeTaAOCh C CHAhHOH l,\eHTPaAhHOH BAaCThIO, AaBaAO B03MOJKHOCTh B€HrepCKHM MOHapxaM COAepJKaTh MOIll,HYIO apMllIO, rrpeBOCXOAnBIIIYIO apMllH MHOfHX sanaanoasponeitcxax roCYAapCTB (KaK, nartpaxep, B XV B., BO spexeaa KOPOM MaThRIlIa, COAepJKaBIIIerO B Ayxe rOCYAap€H B03pOJKAeHHR eIll,€ H POCKOIIIHhIH KOPOA€BCKHH ABOp). OAHaKO OKOAO 1500 r., C BCTYIIAeHHeM 3arrMa B nonyro CTMHIO 3KOHOMH'IeCKOro H COIJ;HaThHOrO pa3BHTHH, oc06eHHOCTH reorparpna BeHrpHH (6AH30CTh K OcMaHcKoH HMIIepHH H ee YAaAeHHOCTh OT OKeaHOB) He 6hlAH rAaBHhlMH npH'lHHaMH ee ApaMaTR'leCKOrO ynaAKa. feOrpa¢R'leCKOe nOA.OJKeHRe AHlIIb YCyry6HAO OTpHI(aTeAbHhIe TeHAeHU;HH nporaaopevasoro nponecca pa3BHTH5I, H3-3a KOTOPhIX €e 3KOHOMHKa H 06Il1,eCTB€HHOe YCTPOHCTBO 'laCTO HarrOMHHaAH ABYAHKOro HHyca. Ta He3aBeplIIeHHOCTb CPOpMHpOBaHllH COU;HaAhHhlX H rrOAHTH'IeCKHX CTPYKTYP, KOTOPM noxoraaa BeHrpHH BiiAOTh AO 1450 r. H36eraTh 60A.e3HeHHhlx TPYAHOCT€H, nepesomaexsrx ee 3aIIaAHbIMH coceAHMH, nOCAe 1500 r. BhIRBHAa see CBOH IIOPOKH II AecpeKTbI, 'ITO OCTaBMA.O rAy60KHH H THJKeAhlH CAeA na BceH HCTOpMM BeHrpHH aosoro BpeMeHH.

108 Ill. 30AOTbIE BEKA H ynAAOK

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AH)KYHCKAA MOHAPXHH 109

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