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.........................................................................................................................................................................1
1 GSM.................................................................................................................................6
1.1. ......................................................................................................................................................6
1.2. ..................................................................................................................................6
1.3. ...................................................................................................................................7
1.4. (GSM)................................................................................................8
1.4.1 GSM. GSM............................................................................8
1.4.2 ETSI GSM ................................................................................................................................9
1.5 GSM.............................................................................................................................10
1.6. , ......................................................................................11
1.7 GSM........................................................................................................................15
AUC............................................................................................................................................................................16
1.9.3.1 (OMC/OSS).................................................18
1.9.3.2 (NMT)...........................................................................18
1.9.4 (MS).................................................................................................................................18
1.10 GSM.................................................................................................................19
1.10.1 .................................................................................................................................................................19
1.10.2 (LA)...........................................................................................................................20
1.10.3 MSC (SA).......................................................................................................................20
1.10.4 PLMN.............................................................................................................................20
1.10.5 GSM..............................................................................................................................20
1.11. GSM..................................................................................................................................21
..............................................................................................................................23
...............................................................................................................23
1.12 ...........................................................................................................................23
IDLE................................................................................................................................23
2 - ......................................................................................................................25
2.1 ..............................................................................................................................................25
2.1.1 ..............................................................................................................................................................25
2.1.2. ....................................................................................................................................................25
2.1.3. .......................................................................................................................................26
2.1.4. .............................................................................................................................................................26
2.1.5. .........................................................................................................................................27
2.1.6. ....................................................................................................................................27
2.1.7. ................................................................................27
2.1.8 ...........................................................................................................................................28
2.1.9 ........................................................................................................................................................28
2.1.10. : (TDMA).........................................................................28
2.2 .........................................................................................................................29
2.2.1. .....................................................................................................................29
2.2.2. ......................................................................................................................................29
,
......................................................................................................................................29
2.2.3. ...................................................................................................................................29
2.2.4. .........................................................................................................................................29
2.2.5. .....................................................................................29
2.3. , ...................................................................................30
1
2.4.2.1 ...............................................................................34
2.4.2.2 ................................................................................35
2.4.3. (Adaptive Equalization)............................................................................................35
2.4.4. (Frequency Hopping).................................................................................................36
2.4.5. (Timing Advance) .......................................................................................................37
2.5 GSM........................................................................................................................39
2.5.1. - . (Analog To Digital (A/D) Conversion)..............................................39
2.5.1.1 (Sampling).....................................................................................40
2.5.1.2 (Quantization)....................................................................................40
2.5.1.3 (Coding)............................................................................................40
2.5.2. (Segmentation)..........................................................................................................................41
2.5.3. (Speech Coding)...........................................................................................................41
2.5.4. (Channel Coding).....................................................................................................42
2.5.5. (Interleaving).............................................................................................................................42
2.5.5.1. .............................................................................43
2.5.5.2. .............................................................................43
2.5.6. (Ciphering/Encryption)..............................................................................................................44
2.5.7. (Burst Formatting)...................................................................................................44
2.5.8. ....................................................................................................................................44
3 GSM .........................................................................................45
3.1. ........................................................................................................................45
3.1.1. .........................................................................................................................................45
3.1.1.1 ................................................................................................46
LAI;
, LAI , SIM;
, BCCH.
, MS BCCH,
................................47
SDCCH..........................................47
3.1.1.2 ..............................................................................48
3.1.2. (Bursts)................................................................................................................................................48
3.1.2.1. .............................50
3.2. .................................................................................51
3.2.1. 0, 0........................................................................................................52
3.2.2. 0, 1........................................................................................................52
3.2.3. 0,
........................................................................................................................52
3.3. MS................................................................................................53
4 - GPRS ..................................54
4.1 GPRS.........................................................................................................................................54
4.2 (BSS)...........................................................................................................................55
(CSS)..........................................................................................................................55
4.3.1 (AUC) ......................................................................................................................55
4.3.2 (PSS)...............................................................................................................55
4.3.3 GGSN............................................................................................................................................55
4.3.4 ................................................................................................................................................56
GGSN...............................................................................................................................................................59
GPRS............................................................................................................................................................60
4.5.1 ...............................................................................................................................................60
2
5.2.3.1 GMSC......................................................................................................66
5.2.3.2 GMSC..................................................................................................66
5.2.4 (HLR)....................................................................................................67
5.2.4.1 HLR.........................................................................................................67
5.2.5 ILR..................................................................................................................................67
5.2.5.1 ILR...........................................................................................................67
5.2.6 AUC EIR..............................................67
5.2.6.1 AUC.........................................................................................................68
5 - .......................................................................................................................................65
5.2.6.2 EIR...........................................................................................................70
5.2.7 ...........................................................................................................................71
5.2.7.1 DTI...........................................................................................................71
5.2.8 (MC).................................................................................................................72
5.2.8.1 MC........................................................72
6 - ..............................................................................................................74
6.1 ..................................................................................................................................................................74
6.1.1 ...................................................................................................74
6.1.2 ...............................................................................................................................................75
6.1.3 ........................................................................................................75
6.2 .............................................................................................................................................................75
6.2.1 TRC.............................................................................................................................75
5.2.1.1...................................................................................................76
5.2.1.2 ...........................................................................................76
6.3 (BSC).....................................................................................................................76
6.3.1 BSC.................................................................................................................................76
6.3.1.1 .........................................................................................76
6.3.1.2 BS......................................................................................................76
6.3.1.3 TRC......................................................................................................77
6.3.1.4 ..........................................................77
6.3.1.5 - BSC...77
6.3.1.6 MS.............................................................................77
6.4 ...................................................................................................................................................78
6.4.1 BS...............................................................................................................................................78
6.4.2 BTS..................................................................................................................................................79
6.4.2.1 .........................................................................................................79
6.4.2.2 ......................................................................................79
6.4.2.3 .......................................................................79
6 - .............................................................................................................75
6.4.2.4 ......................................................................................................80
6.4.2.5 ...............................................................80
6.4.2.6 BTS .........................................80
7 - .........................................................................................................................................81
........................................................................................................................................................................81
7.2 ................................................................................................................................81
7.2.1 ............................................................................................................................................81
3
7.2.2 , .................................................................82
7.2.4.2 (DRX)...................................................................................89
7.2.5 ..........................................................................................................................89
7.3 (SIM).....................................................................................................89
7.3.1 SIM-................................................................................................................................................89
7.3.2 .............................................................................................................90
7.3.3 , SIM ...........................................................................................90
7.3.3.1 ............................................................................................90
7.3.4 MS.................................................................................................................................92
9.1.2.1 LA.........................................................................................100
9.1.2.2 MSC/VLR.................................100
9.1.2.3
MSC/VLR..........................................................................................................................101
9.1.2.4 , - ...................101
9.1.3 .......................................................................................................................................101
9.2.3.1 (Locating)..............................................105
9.3 ........................................................................................................................................108
9.3.1 IMSI (IMSI Attach).....................................................................................................................109
9.3.2 MS...................................................................................................................................................109
9.3.3 Dropback......................................................................................................................................109
4
9.3.4 ....................................................................................................................110
9.3.5 SMS MS.......................................................................................................................................110
9.3.6 SMS...............................................................................................................................110
10 - .................................................................................................................................112
10.1 ......................................................................................................................................................113
10.1.1 : ...........................................................................................................113
10.1.1.1 ...........................................................................................113
10.1.1.2 ...................................................................113
10.1.1.3 ( ).......................................................................113
10.1.1.4 .....................................................................113
10.1.1.5 ...................................................................................114
10.1.1.6 .....................................................................................................115
10.1.1.7 ................................................................115
10.1.1.8 ..................................................................................................115
10.1.2 ......................................................................................................................116
10.1.2.1 BS...............................................................................116
10.1.2.2 ..........................................116
10.1.2.3 ...................................................................117
10.1.2.4 ...............................................................................118
10.1.2.5 ......................................................................119
10.1.2.6....................................................................................................120
10.1.2.7 GSM 900
.......................................................................................................121
10.1.3 .........................................................................................123
10.1.3.1 ..............................................................123
10.1.3.2 ..................................................................................124
10.1.3.3 ..................................................................................124
10.1.3.4 ...............................................................124
10.1.3.5 ..............................................................................124
10.1.3.6 ......................................................................125
10.1.3.7 ...................................................................................125
10.1.3.8 ...............................................................................................125
10.1.3.9 ....................................................................................125
10.1.4 ....................................................................................................................................125
10.1.5 .............................................................................................................................125
10.2 .......................................................................................................................................................126
10.2.1 ..............................................................................................................126
10.2.1.1 ...........................................126
10.2.1.2 ............................................................126
10.2.1.3 TEMS Investigation............................127
10.2.2 .........................................................................................130
10.3 ...............................................................................................................................................................130
1 GSM
1 GSM
1.1.
.
,
.
.
, .
(1G) ,
, . ,
.
(2G) .
,
. GSM 2G.
2G.
, 2.5 G. 2.5 G GPRS (General Packet Radio
Services) ,
.
(IN), (
) , SMS ( )
.
2G,
,
. (3G),
,
, ().
2G,
,
, , . 3G
(UMTS).
, GSM ,
.
1.2.
1906
1915
1921
1930-
1935
1940-
1947
1948
Reginald Fesseden .
.
J.A. Fleming ,
.
2
.
.
()
.
()
. ,
.
.
(FCC) ,
(DPLM). DPLM 1946 . (St. Louis). 150 . 1947
- , 35-40 .
D.H. Ring Bell Laboratories .
Shockley, Bardeen Brittain Bell Laboratories ,
, ,
.
6
1 GSM
1958
1964
Bell Systems .
AT&T
(IMTS).
1968
1969
FCC .
(, , , )
.
(Nordic Mobile Telephone - NMT),
.
NMT ,
,
. .
FCC (Illinois Bell
telephone Company).
NMT 450.
(GSM).
200 .
GPRS.
, 3G,
3G.
3G .
TDMA GSM.
1973
1979
1981
1991
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1.3.
, :
;
.
,
, :
;
;
.
,
. , :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- , ;
- (, ..).
2002 GSM 71%
68% .
, 1981 NMT 450,
.
,
, .
, , .
, ,
:
1 GSM
1-2.
1981
NMT 450
1983
AMPS
1985
TACS
1986
NMT 900
1991
GSM
1991
TDMA (D-AMPS)
(IS136)
1993
CDMA One
(IS 95)
1992
GSM 1800
1994
PDC
1995
2000
PCS 1900
UMTS
2001
GSM 800
( AMPS)
()
1.4. (GSM)
1.4.1
19821985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
GSM. GSM.
(CET)
900 .
(GSM).
,
: (FDMA)
(TDMA).
GSM TDMA FDMA.
12 (MoU),
GSM 1991 .
CEPT GSM . 5
MoU. - MoU , .
(ETSI)
GSM.
1 GSM ,
.
GSM 1800. MoU ,
, CEPT.
1.
GSM 1.
() ().
- , MoU.
8
1 GSM
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2002
2003
MoU 70 . GSM ,
, , . GSM
. DCS
1800.
MoU 100 60 . GSM.
GSM 3 .
(PCS).
GSM, 1900 .
GSM 1900. PCS
1900.
, GSM - ,
GSM,
, GSM.
, GSM,
, , (SMS),
(IN), , (MVPN).
GSM
,
.
GSM , ,
,
.
1.4.2 ETSI GSM
C GSM . GSM
,
,
GSM .
GSM,
.
12 ETSI GSM, 1-4.
,
, ETSI.
1-2 ETSI
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
MS - BSS
MS
BSS - MSC
9
1 GSM
12
DCS-1800 PSC-1900
ETSI GSM-900.
DCS-1800 PSC-1900 , , PSC-1900 -
, American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
1.5 GSM
1980 - GSM ,
. GSM 1.
GSM ( 2, 2+) .
. 1.1. GSM
1
1 :
( 9.6 /);
.
, 1
(Subscriber Identity Module - SIM).
2
2 ETSI 1996 ETS 300 522.
GSM 03.02. 1
, :
;
;
;
;
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1
0
1 GSM
;
.
2+
2+. 2+
ETSI 2000 GSM 01.04, V 8.0.0.
. , 2+,
:
;
;
;
GSM 1800, GSM 1900 DECT
.
, -,
.
, :
EDGE
(Enhanced Datarates for Global Evolition);
CAMEL -
(Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic), ,
IN ;
HSCSD (High Speed Circuit
Switched Data,
()
.
1.6. ,
2G
3G
3GMS
3GPP
AGCH
AID
AMR
ANSI
AoC
AoCC
AoCI
API
ARFCN
ARIB
ASE
ASN.1
AT-command
AuC
BAIC
BAOC
BCCH
BCH
BIC-Roam
BOIC
BOIC-exHC
BTS
BSC
BSS
BSSMAP
CAI
CAMEL
GSM
GSM
()
()
1
PLMN
PLMN
1
1
1 GSM
CAP
CB
CBC
CBCH
CBS
CC
CCBS
H
CD
CDR
CF
CFB
CFNRc
CFNR
CFU
CLI
CLIP
CLIR
CM
CMIP
CMISE
CN
CNAP
COLP
COLR
CORBA
CS
CS-1
CSE
CUG
CW
CWTS
DCE
DCCH
DTE
DTMF
DTX
ECT
EGPRS
EIR
EM
eMLPP
EN
E-OTD
EP
ETSI
FACCH
FCCH
FM
GAD
GBS
GDMO
GERAN
GGSN
GLR
GMLC
GMSC
GPRS
gprsSSF
GPS
GSM
CAMEL
,
CAMEL
GPRS
GSM EDGE
GPRS
MSC
GPRS
1
2
1 GSM
GSM-EFR
gsmSCF
gsmSRF
gsmSSF
GSN
GT
GTP
HDLC
HE
HLR
HPLMN
HSCSD
IC
ID
IMEI
IM-GSN
IM-MSC
IMSI
IN
INAP
IP
IPLMN
IrDA
IrMC
IRP
IS
ISDN
ISO
ISUP
Itf-N
IWF
LAN
LCS
LMSI
LMU
LR
MAP
MC
MCC
ME
MExE
MIM
MIME
MLC
MM
MMI
MMS
MNC
MNP
MO
MO-LR
MPTY
MS
MSC
MSISDN
MSP
MSRN
MT
MT
NE
NITZ
NM
NRM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
PLMN
ISDN
N
-
ISDN
1
3
1 GSM
OACSU
ODB
OMG
OS
OSA
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PBX
PCH
PCM
PDC-EFR
PDN
PDP
PDU
PI
PIX
PLMN
PP
PS
PSE
PSTN
RACH
RANAP
RID
RLC/MAC
RLP
RNC
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RR
SACCH
SAT
SC
SCCP
SCH
SCR
SCS
SDO
SGSN
SI
SID
SIM
SIWF
SIWFS
SM
SMIL
SM-RL
SMS
SMSC
SMSCB
SMTP
SOR
SRNC
SRNS
SS
SS
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SSF
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T1P1
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TAF
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TCAP
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MS
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-
/
SIM
-
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GSM
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7
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/
1
4
1 GSM
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TDMA
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TE
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TTA
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UTRA
UTRA-FDD
UTRAN
UTRA-TDD
UUS
VAD
VBS
VGCS
VHE
VLR
VMSC
VPLMN
WAP
XML
/
TIA IS-641
TIA TDMA-US1 ( 12.2 /, GSM-EFR)
()
()
( 7)
IC
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1.7 GSM
GSM 2 .
, , .
:
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. . 1.2
.
1
5
1 GSM
. 1.2.
, . 1.2.
AUC
Authentication Center
BSC
BTS
EIR
HLR
MS
MSC
NMC
OMC
VLR
(
)
SS ,
. SS
:
(MSC)
(HLR)
(VLR)
(AUC)
(EIR).
SS , .
:
(BSC)
(BTS)
1
6
1 GSM
(OMC) , ,
, .
OMC SS, BSS.
MS , .
1.8 SS
1.8.1 (MSC)
MSC .
, .
PSTN, ISDN, , ,
.
MSC. MSC .
MSC . ,
, .
MSC ,
, (). MSC ,
.
MSC
,
.
,
(HLR) (VLR).
1.8.2
(HLR)
GSM ,
PLMN.
HLR. HLR
( ) ,
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HLR :
.
, .
.
.
HLR , . HLR
, HLR. HLR
.
. , HLR, MSC VLR,
, .
1.8.3
(VLR)
VLR ,
MSC. , MSC
VLR. VLR ,
MSC , MSC. VLR
HLR, VLR
, HLR.
MSC, VLR,
MSC, HLR,
. HLR VLR
. , VLR
, .
MSC, VLR HLR,
. HLR VLR
.
, MS / .
1
7
1 GSM
1.8.4
(AUC)
. AUC -
( ).
, . AUC
,
EIR.
1.8.4.1 (EIR)
EIR ,
. .
(EIR) , ,
.
1.9 BSS
1.9.1
(BSC)
BSC , GS.
, , MS,
. MSC BSC.
1.9.2 (BTS)
BTS MS. BTS ,
(-) ,
. BSC BTS.
1.9.3
1.9.3.1 (OMC/OSS)
OMC OSS ,
X.25 , , ,
MSC BSC.
.
, .
1.9.3.2 (NMT)
(NMT).
,
OMC/OSS. , NMT
,
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.
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.
1.9.4
(MS)
MS .
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.
.
MS , ,
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1
8
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1.10 GSM
. ,
,
.
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, .
, (CGI). ,
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1.4.
1
9
1 GSM
1.10.2 (LA)
(LA) .
LA, . LA
VLR.
MS , LA,
LA. , MS
(Idle).
, . MS
LA, .
MS
, LA.
1.10.3
MSC (SA)
MSC LA ,
MSC. , MS
MSC ,
(HLR).
. 1.5 MSC
1.10.4
PLMN
PLMN ,
,
. PLMN,
. MS
PLMN . . 1.6
.
1.10.5 GSM
GSM ,
GSM. GSM ,
,
. GSM
.
, , MS
PLMN PLMN.
2
0
1 GSM
GSM
PLMN
(SA) MSC
(LA)
1.6. GSM
. 1.7, 1.8 .
. 1.7
.
. 1.7 .
. 1.8 .
1.11. GSM
GSM : 900, 1800, 1900 .
2
1
1 GSM
900
. 1.9 GSM
GSM 900 .
. ,
. E-GSM RGSM, P-GSM (primary).
P-GSM900 890-915/915-960 MHz
E-GSM900 880-915/925-960 MHz
R-GSM900 890-920/915-970 MHz
1800
1990 . , United Kingdom
GSM, 1800.
.
,
, , .
, ,
. 1800 : GSM
1710-1785/1805-1880 MHz
1997 1800 Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800 MHz,
GSM 1800.
2
2
1 GSM
1900
1995 PCS ( ).
,
, . PCS ,
,
. , PCS,
1900 . GSM 900
- , , GSM 1900
.
GSM 1900 GSM 900 , GSM 1900 ANSI.
GSM 800
800 TDMA (AMPS
D-AMPS). GSM 1800
,
.
2 .
2 -
P-GSM 900
E-GSM 900
R-GSM 900
GSM 1800
GSM 1900
Uplink
890 915
880 - 915
890 925
1710 1785
1850 1910
Downlink
935 960
925 - 960
935 970
1805 1880
1930 1990
1.12
,
.
.
Idle (): MS , ;
Active ( ): MS , ;
Detached: MS
Implicit Detach: MS .
3 , GSM
.
3
, MS
(Registration)
, MS
(Roaming)
, MS
. MS ,
(International
IDLE
Roaming)
MS ,
Location Updating
LA
, MS , ..
Paging
MS
MS
23
1 GSM
ACTIVE
,
MS
Handover
. 1.10
MS , Detach. MS
, GSM ,
. MS ,
, MS. ,
, .
MS , ,
IDLE. , MS
LA, MS .
MS
. MS , 1.
LA, MS.
(IDLE), S,
, .
1
24
2 -
2.1
1 GSM.
1 - GSM
P-GSM 900
E-GSM 900
,
890-915
880-915
Uplink
935-960
925-960
Downlink
, c.
~33
~33
25
35
45
45
200
200
2
125
175
,
270
270
/.
GSM 1800
1710-1785
1805-1880
~17
75
95
200
375
270
GSM 1900
1850-1910
1930-1990
~16
60
80
200
300
270
2.1.1
,
. .
. 1 . :
..
. ( ).
, , .
. 2.1 , .
. 2.1
2.1.2.
.
, . - .
.
( 3 10 8 /.).
1.1.
c
=
(2.1)
f
GSM 1 . . ,
, .
2
2
, GSM 900 :
3108 /
=
0.33
900
2.1 , , . ,
, . ,
, .
FM .
, .
, .
, ,
.
2.1.3.
, , ,
uplink MS BTS.
. ,
, ,
.
2.1.4.
, , . ,
, /.
. 2 .
2
, FM
, , FM,
. , , , :
, -
.
uplink,
downlink.
. 2.2 .
. 2.2 -
2
2
2.1.5.
(uplink, downlink),
. .
. . 2.3, GSM 900.
. 2.3
2.1.6.
, 3.
,
.
.
. , . .
2.4 .
. 2.4
. 2.4 , 895.4 895.6
. 200 .
.
2.1.7.
.
, . ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
, .
.
,
.
.
.
. 2.5 . . 2.5 ,
,
. ,
.
.
2
. 2.5 -
2.1.8
, ,
. , /. /,
GSM 270 /.
2.1.9
, GSM 900 .
, ,
(, , ), ,
.
:
.
, : , .
.
, .
: 1 /. 1 .
, 200 /, 200 .
, 1 / 1 .
GSM Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
,
270 / 200 .
GSM
, /. . .
GSM GMSK
.
,
( NMT-450).
2.1.10. : (TDMA)
(Time Division Multiple
Access - TDMA) .
TDMA /
. ,
. TS - time slots. MS
TS uplink, downlink. , TS,
(burst).
TDMA GSM 8 . , GSM
8 . . 2.6 TDMA.
. 2.6 TDMA
2.2
2.2.1.
.
.
2.2.2.
,
.
. 2.7
2.2.3.
- . .
, ,
.
2.2.4.
. 3.8
2.2.5.
. ( ),
( ).
()
. ,
, ( ).
2
, , , .
.
. ,
.
. 2.9
, .
. ,
.
, ,
, .
2.3. ,
, .
.
2.3.1. (Path loss)
Path Loss (PL) , , MS BS. PL (dropped calls),
, BS PL ,
, .
2.3.2. (Shadowing)
, MS BS
, , , , .. ,
(signal strength). MS
MS BS.
.
(fading dips). . 2.10 , MS
BS.
.2.10 -
2.3.3. (Multipath fading)
,
MS BS , , .
, , , ,
.
2.3.4. (Rayleigh fading)
3
2
,
. ,
, . ,
. ,
. MS
. .
, GSM 900 17.
. 2.11
2.3.5. (Time Dispersion)
,
MS BS.
,
, , , .
(Inter-Symbol Interference - ISI),
() ,
.
2.12, 1, 0 BTS.
2.12
,
1 0 . 1
0 MS , .
2.3.6. (Time Alignment)
MS TS TDMA. ,
, MS BS.
, , MS,
TS.
TS, ,
, MS, TS (. 2.13).
MS BS.
.
. 2.13
2.3.7. (Combined Signal Loss)
, , , ,
.
.
MS .
. 2.14 . PL,
, ( ).
(path loss), .
.
. 2.14
, 2.15.
2
. 2.15
, (
2.15 ). , 100 dBm,
(-104 dBm), ,
. , , ,
dB, dB
.
.
2.4 ,
. , ,
(BER Bit Error Ratio). BER
.
. ,
, , .
, BER,
.
.
, ,
, .
2.4.1. (Interleaving)
. ,
.
. ,
.
Interleaving
.
,
.
, (1234).
, ,
BER 25%, 100%.
.
, 2.16,
. ,
25%. ,
BER 25%. , ,
.
2
2.16
. 2.17
2.4.2. (Antenna Diversity)
.
:
2.4.2.1
BS
. 2 . 2
, , ,
, . 900 , ,
3 dB, 5 6 (12 18 )
25*(12 18* ) . 1800 ,
- .
.
, ,
, , .
. 2.18 .
. 2.18
2.4.2.2
. ,
. /
, 45. ,
Rx BTS. Tx/Rx .
, ,
- .
2
2. MS BTS ( . 2.19,
S). , ,
( ).
3. BTS MS
. , , BTS
, MS BTS.
, ,
, .
4. , BTS
.
.
. 2.19
BTS ,
100% - .
.
, GSM (Viterbi equalizer).
2.4.4. (Frequency Hopping)
, . ,
. GSM
Frequency Hopping - MS BS .
MS BS .
GSM 64 .
, 63 ,
.
. 2.20, .
N TDMA 1, N+1 C2.
,
.
. 2.20
2.4.5. (Timing Advance)
, .
, .
GSM .
, MS BS Uplink
( MS BS). (AB - access burst)
(RACH random access channel).
. 2.21.
,
RACH, (FACCH Fast Associated Common
Control Channel).
, (49 )
(39 ) MS
BS. (GB - guard period),
68.25 . - 252 .
. 2.22.
. 2.22.
. 2.22 (tail bits ) ,
.
MS , BS,
, . ,
0 ,
252 ,
.
.
GSM 35 .
(63 ).
,
, TA ,
2.2.
R=
DRT
( TA )
2
(2.2)
TA ; DRT
,
DRT = v t
(2.3)
v 3 10 8 [ / ] ; t = 1 = 48/13 [].
2
2.5 GSM
. 2.23 GSM.
2.23. GSM
GSM .
- ():
- ()
-
-
()
2.5.1. - . (Analog To Digital (A/D) Conversion)
MS
: A/D Conversion. ,
.
. 2.24. /
( ).
:
( )
3
2
2.5.1.1 (Sampling)
.
. 2.25.
"", ,
. . ,
, .
, , , 300 3400 .
, .
2*3.4 = 6.8 .
8 ,
.
2.5.1.2 (Quantization)
.
( ) .
, ,
- .
. 2.26. . ,
.
. , 256 ,
GSM 8192 .
2.26
2.5.1.3 (Coding)
4
2
1/0.
13 ( 213 = 8192 ). , 2157
0100001101101.
2.27 2157
- 8000
13 .
104 /.
, 8 ( ),
8*104 / = 832 /.
, ( ) 1 ,
, 200 , , 8
832 /.. GSM
.
2.5.2. (Segmentation)
, ,
, , GSM
. : ( ),
, ( ).
MS, .
.
,
. , , .. ,
. GSM
.
,
, 20 . GSM
20 .
2.28
.
50 8000, - .
2.5.3.
4 (Speech Coding)
13 , -
, 260 .
, 50*260 = 13 /.
,
PSTN.
, ,
GSM, .
4
2.29
.
(waveform coders ).
, (vocoders). GSM
(Hybrid Coders),
.
GSM 13 / . , 8
8*13 / = 104 /.
-
832 /.
. :
()
2.5.4.
(Channel Coding)
. 2.30.
GSM 260 , ,
, , 456 .
260 :
1: 50
2: 132 -
3: 78
, 50 , ( ),
3 , , 53 . 3
.
53 132 4 (
189 ) 1:2, 378 .
.
.
2.5.5.
(Interleaving)
4
2
2.5.5.1.
, 456
20 . . , 8 57
. . 2.31.
2.32 (normal burst) (
57 ). . , ,
25 % BER 20 . (2/8 = 25%)
. 2.31. 20 .
. 2.33.
. 2.34.
2
, 25%.
.
BER 12.5 %.
57 20 . ,
20
20 .
20 ., MS 20 . .
(burst) 12.5% .
.
2.5.6.
(Ciphering/Encryption)
(Ciphering/Encryption) (burst) ,
.
GSM 5.
- , , 456
20 .
2.5.7.
(Burst Formatting)
, MS/BS (
). (
) , (bit rate) ,
, .
GSM
456 . 136 20 .,
592 .
TDMA 0.577 . ,
156.25 ( 3.7 .),
148 . 8.25 (Guard Period GP). MS/BS ramp up , ramp down. Ramp up
MS . Ramp down
, , , MS
, MS.
156.25 ( ) 625 ( )
20 . , ,
. 676
20 . TDMA 8
GSM 270.4 /.
2.5.8.
676 20 ,
, . , GSM GSMK.
(, 916.4 ) .
3 GSM
3 GSM
3.1.
(time slot - TS) TDMA
. GSM 8 .
, .
3.1. TDMA
.
, .
.
,
. ,
, TCH Traffic Channel,
- Traffic messages), ,
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH).
3.1.1.
GSM ,
/ MS.
, MS ,
, ,
. , (burst),
, ,
. (burst).
3.2.
3 GSM
. 3.2
3.1.1.1
, BTS, . MS
, , ,
. MS ,
. , MS
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) -
.
BCCH MS, , ,
(LA), , .
MS .
,
MS, . Broadcast Channel (BCH)
.
, MS BCH,
, .
, MS ( - roaming),
, FCCH, SCH, BCCH.
MS,
Common Control CHannel (CCCH)
3 GSM
3.1 BCH.
Broadcast Channel (BCH) -
BTS
FCCH
Downlink
BTS MS,
.
SCH
(Synchronization
Channel)
Downlink
BTS MS,
TDMA
( )
BS
(Base Station Identity
Code -BTSIC).
BCCH
(Broadcast
Control Channel)
Downlink
BTS MS,
:
-
(LAI),
-
,
-
BCCH
.
MS
BCCH
.
,
BTS GSM
BTS
GSM, BTSIC
MS.
LAI;
, LAI
,
SIM;
,
BCCH.
, MS
BCCH,
3.2 CCCH.
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
BTS
PCH
Downlink,
MS
BTS MS,
,
(Paging Channel)
-
MS
SMS.
,
.
RACH
Uplink, MS MS
BTS,
-
,
(Random Access Channel)
,
SMS.
AGCH -
Downlink
BTS MS,
SDCCH MS.
(Access Grant
4
MS
MS PCH
,
(
), .
RACH
.
SDCCH.
3 GSM
Channel)
MS BSS .
MS BSS - DCCH (Dedicated Control channel).
3.3 DCCH.
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
SDCCH
CBCH
(Cell Broadcast Channel)
Downlink,
BTS MS,
SACCH
(Slow Associated Control
Channel)
(Uplink,
Downlink),
-
FACCH
(Fast
Associated Control
Channel)
(Uplink,
Downlink),
-
BTS
BTS
SDCCH,
.
BSC
TCH.
SDCCH
MS
SMS.
(SMS) MS,
.
MS ,
,
.
MS
MS
SDCCH,
.
MS
TCH (
)
MS
BTS
( , ,
)
BTS (
). MS
SDCCH.
.
3.1.1.2
,
MS .
TCH (Traffic Channel). TCH:
- (FR-TCH): 13 /.
TCH .
- (HR-TCH): 5.6 /.
,
.
3.1.2. (Bursts)
3 GSM
TDMA ,
,
(bursts):
3.4
:
BCCH,
PCH,
AGCH,
SDCCH,
CBCH,
SACCH,
FACCH,
TCH
Frequency Correction
Burst
Synchronization Burst
MS
FCCH
MS
SCH
Dummy Burst
TS
C0 (1-7)
RACH,
FACCH
Normal Burst
Access Burst
57 ,
.
(26 ).
(Steal flags)
1 , ,
FACCH 57 .
(Tail bits) ( 000)
(Guard period)
8.25 .
142 .
.
: 8.25 .
39
TDMA.
64 .
.
: 8.25 .
,
.
41 .
36 (,
-).
.
(GP): 68.25 .
GP - ,
.
NB (Normal Burst)
NB ,
RACH. 114
(GP) 8,25 30,46 . 114
57 ,
26 ,
.
NB (Steeling Flag), ,
:
. (Traffic Channel)
, .
NB
26 , .
:
-
. RXQUAL,
. , , ,
. RXQUAL
, ;
- NB
;
4
3 GSM
-
. ,
.
,
.
FCB (Frequency Correction Burst)
FCB . 142
- , 1625/24
.
(200 ),
0,022% 900 . FCB 8,25
, . (FCB)
(FCCH).
SB (Synchronization Burst)
SB .
64 , TDMA
.
.
(SCH).
DB (Dummy Burst)
DB . DB
NB (. 3.3) 26 . DB
, . DB ,
.
AB (Access Burst)
.
.
, , .
. 8 , (41 ),
36 .
(68,25 , 252 .), (
) .
.
GSM -
35 .
233,3 .
3.1.2.1.
3 GSM
. 3.3.
3.2.
, .
- mapping.
,
, 1 TS.
TDMA.
,
,
.
. 3.4. , DCCH -
.
3 GSM
. 3.4.
3.2.1. 0, 0
. , MS , BCCH,
, .
BTS MS (downlink) BCH CCCH.
, MS BTS
(uplink), RACH. RACH , MS
.
3.2.2. 0, 1
, (1)
. ,
.
. 3.4, ,
, DCCH.
, 0 1 0.
, .
0
0 /
: BCH, CCCH DCCH. , 1
.
SDCCH 4 SACCH
. ,
8 .
3.2.3. 0,
, 0 1
, . TCH.
MS ,
, . SACCH,
TCH.
3 GSM
3.3. MS
. 3.5 MS
.
. 3.5. MS
MSC/VLR , LA MS.
BSC, LA.
1. BSC
LA. , PCH.
2. MS PCH,
RACH.
3. BSC AGCH MS , SDCCH
SACCH .
4. SDCCH SACCH . ,
SDCCH .
5. MS BTS TCH
. , .
, MS
SACCH.
4 GPRS
4 - GPRS
GPRS
GSM .
GPRS
GSM.
, .
GPRS ,
.
GPRS ,
GSM ,
GPRS . .
, GPRS .
4.1 GPRS
GPRS. GPRS
GSM, GSM
. GPRS ,
GPRS .
GPRS
GSM, BSC,
(. . 4.1). GSM :
GPRS Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) GPRS Gateway
GPRS Support Node (GGSN).
. GPRS, , ,
GPRS, SGSN
GGSN. SGSN GGSN.
, GPRS
GSM GPRS .
BSS
BTS
CSS
A
BSC
MSC/VL
R
A
G
sG
SGSN
Gn
BGw
Gr
PSS
b
MS
SMS-G/IW
MSC
Gd
SOG
HL
R
Gi
GGSN
Backbone
Network
Gn
AUC
ISP
Network
Gi
Corporate
Network
4 GPRS
SSGN BSC Gb,
ETSI.
.
4.2 (BSS)
GPRS MS,
BSS. BSS :
, .
GPRS BTS
.
BSS ,
, ,
MSC. GPRS.
(CSS)
CSS SS GSM,
(. 1, 1.7: GSM).
GPRS MSC,
GSM/GPRS, ,
MS (Attach): IMSI/GPRS.
GPRS GMSC,
GSM PSTN.
HLR , ,
, GPRS. , HLR
, .
, , / GPRS ,
(Access Point Name APN) (Internet Service Provider ISP),
, MS IP. HLR
(context subscription) PDP. HLR
5 PDP . HLR
SGSN. HLR,
SGSN.
HLR GPRS .
4.3.1 (AUC)
AUC - GPRS.
AUC GPRS ,
GPRS 5.
MSC (SMS-IW-MSC) MS
GPRS SMS GPRS. SMS-IW-MSC
GPRS.
4.3.2 (PSS)
PSS , GPRS.
(IP). ,
GSN ( GPRS).
GPRS: GPRS (SGSN) GPRS
(GGSN). SGSN GSM, , MSC/BSC,
GGSN , ,
.
4.3.3 GGSN
MS, GPRS.
: MS GPRS GSM. ,
MS (attach), , ,
.. , . MS
.
: MS GSM GPRS,
/ ,
.
5
4 GPRS
: MS , , attach.
MS GSM, GPRS,
.
.
4.3.4
(Biling Gateway BGw).
BGw GPRS ,
GPRS . ,
Advanced Processing
.
GPRS
, . ,
/ , .
GPRS ,
.
.
SGSN GGSN,
, MSC CDR
. CDR :
S-CDR, SGSN.
G-CDR,
GGSN.
CDR, , GPRS.
GPRS S-CDR G-CDR.
BGw
. BGw ,
,
,
.
, .
GPRS
GPRS SGSN GGSN,
GPRS.
.
GPRS (SGSN)
SGSN GPRS, . 4.2. BSC,
MSC/VLR, SMS-G HLR. (backbone network)
GGSN SGSN.
4 GPRS
4 GPRS
. 4.2
SGSN
SGSN
GPRS,
BSC
A
G
Gs
b
MSC/VL
R
PSS
SGSN
Gn
BGw
SMS-G/IW
MSC
Gd
HL
R
Gr
Gi
GGSN
Backbone
Network
Gn
ISP
Network
Gi
Corporate
Network
4 GPRS
.
.
(Session Management SM)
SM
(PDP), .
PDP
, MS GGSN.
SGSN , :
- PDP - ,
PDP.
- PDP. PDP. IPv4.
- PDP. . IPv4,
,
.
- (APN). , : wap.beeline.ru
- (QoS). QoS,
.
PDP SGSN , -
(PDU) MS MS.
SGSN PDP,
.
SGSN . SGSN
, ISP
.
( ,
SMS), ( /,
PDP) .
GPRS
ETSI S-CDR (SGSN), G-CDR (GGSN) SMS CDR.
CDR :
- S-CDR: MS, RA, ,
, SGSN ,
, , .
- G-CDR: , ,
, .
- CDR , CDR,
PDP,
. CDR GPRS.
CDR GPRS ,
15 , .
,
72 .
:
- (, );
- CDR;
- CDR;
- (RAM);
- (RAM);
- .
GGSN
SGSN GGSN ( )
(PDP), (APN) .
(Domain Name Server) SGSN,
APN. SGSN GPRS
(GTP) GGSN .
5
4 GPRS
PSS
Gn
GGSN
SGSN
wap.beeline.ru
DNS
Gn
Gn
Backbone
Network
GTP
Tunne
l
Gi
ISP
Network
Gi
Beeline.ru
. 4.3 GGSN
GPRS
4.5.1
: SGSN GGSN.
IP
, .
IP, GPRS.
GPRS ETSI,
GPRS. GPRS
. GPRS : RIP v2, OSPF v2, BGP v4 (
).
GPRS.
OSPF v2.
4.5.2 SMS GPRS
SGSN Gd SMS-GMSC SMS-IW-MSC.
SMS GPRS
SMS.
SMS GPRS
, SMS
.
MS, GPRS,
GPRS. MS,
GPRS, IMSI,
GPRS. MS, GPRS,
IMSI, GPRS,
GSM. SMS GSM,
MS SMS SGSN.
6
4 GPRS
SMS GPRS:
4.
5.
SMS-GMSC.
SMS-GMSC
HLR SMS.
HLR ,
SGSN, MS,
MSC .
SGSN, , HLR , MS
SGSN SGSN.
MSC, SMS GSM.
SGSN, SMS-GMSC SMS
SGSN.
SGSN SMS MS, SMS-C.
GGSN GSPR:
IP. GGSN IP
. RADIUS
IP.
IP.
SGSN GGSN ( Gi).
GPRS (VPN).
GPRS .
IP .
, .
,
IP.
IP SGSN,
GGSN ( , ).
Opv4 IPSEC, MD5
(ESP),
(DES-CBC). (,
..)
. SGSN.
. GGSN (
, PDP).
SGSN. .
. GGSN CDR
MS. CDR
,
.
4.8
GSM 10 .
. , , PCH
, BCCH
. GPRS .
,
GSM. , Packet
6
4 GPRS
, , GPRS. , ,
GPRS PPCH Packet Paging Channel.
GPRS PTCCH (Packet Timing advance
Control Channel). TA,
. GSM , ,
SACCH.
GPRS
(PS). , GPRS ,
(CSD), PDCH. PDCH
(PSD). PDCH
TCH, PS.
PDCH CS.
PDCH PCU.
PSD PS PDCH.
PS (TBF),
: uplink downlink. MS TBF,
uplink, downlink.
TBF MS PDCH. PDCH
PDCH, PSET PDCH PSET
MS. ,
PSD PDCH.
4.9 GPRS
PBCCH
PBCCH , BCCH GSM,
.
PBCCH,
BCCH.
PCCCH
,
, .
PPCH
downlink.
MS . PPCH
,
. PPCH
GPRS I.
PRACH Packet Random Acces Channel, uplink. PRACH
MS uplink
.
PAGCH Packet Access Grant Channel downlink
. MS
.
PNCH Packet Notification Channel downlink.
PTM-M (Point-to-Multipoin Multicast) MS
PTM-M. PNCH DRX.
DRX GPRS 1.
PCCH - Packet Associated Control Channel ,
MS. , ,
. PCCH
.
PDTCH, MS. ,
MS,
, , MS .
4 GPRS
PTCCH/U - Packet Timing advance Control Channel uplink.
MS, .
PTCCH/D - Packet Timing advance Control Channel downlink..
MS. PTCCH/D PTCCH/U .
PDTCH
. PTM-M,
MS . ,
MS PDTCH
. ,
PDTCH/U uplink, PDTCH/D
downlink.
5 -
5 -
. 5.1
5.1
5.1
MSC/
Mobile services Station Center/
VLR
Visitor Location Register
GMSC
Gateway MSC
HLR
Home Location Register
ILR
Interworking Location Register
AUC
Authentication Center
EIR
Equipment Identity Register
DTI
Data Transmission Interface
MC
Message Center
/
MSC
5.2. / (MSC/VLR)
5.2.1 MSC
MSC GSM.
MS.
:
. MSC
: ,
,
(). MSC
, , MS ,
PSTN.
. MSC
. MSC ,
, ,
.
. MSC
. (SMS)
MSC.
HLR. ,
MSC HLR MS. HLR
6
5 -
MSC5. VLR.
.
.
MSC.
, MSC.
BSC. BSS
MS SS, BSS BSC,
MSC. MSC
MSC BSC. MSC BSC
, ,
BSC.
. MSC
(ISP - Internet Service Provider) , PSTN.
MSC ,
.
, , , TIGRIS Ericsson.
MSC, .
. 5.2 GSM/PSTN ( )
. 5.3
5.2.2 (VLR)
VLR GSM
, MSC. ,
MSC VLR. , MSC HLR
( ) ,
.
MSC . MSC
HLR .
6
5 -
MS :
1.
VLR () , ,
MS ( IMSI).
2.
, VLR MS, HLR
.
3.
HLR VLR MS
. HLR VLR,
.
4.
VLR ,
MS (IDLE).
VLR MS MSC MS,
:
(,
)
MS (IDLE)
MS (LA)
5.2.3 (GMSC)
5.2.3.1 GMSC
MSC (GMSC) , MSC.
MSC HLR MS.
MS - ,
MS. , (PSTN),
GSM, PSTN GSM
GMSC. GMSC, , HLR
, MSC/VLR
. MS MS.
5.2.3.2 GMSC
MSC ,
HLR ,
. MSC GMSC
, HLR.
GMSC:
1. HLR .
2. .
5 -
5.2.4 (HLR)
5.2.4.1 HLR
HLR (), .
HLR ,
. HLR
, . , HLR, :
( IMSI, MSISDN);
;
(, MSC - SA);
.
HLR :
,
. HLR ,
,
. HLR
. .
MSC. HLR MS
MSC, MS,
. MSC MSISDN , HLR,
GSM,
.
GMSC. GMSC MS
HLR MS, HLR
. MS (DETACHED),
HLR GMSC ,
. IMSI, GMSC , HLR ,
MS.
AUC. HLR , -
,
AUC.
VLR/ILR. MS MSC,
VLR MS HLR,
, MS. HLR VLR ,
VLR,
, .
HLR , MSC/VLR,
. .
5.2.5
ILR
5.2.5.1 ILR
ILR ERICSSON,
. ILR - CMS40 (1800)
AMPS GSM 1900 (PCS, ). ILR
HLR AMPS VLR GSM
.
AMPS, AMPS- HLR
ILR. GSM 1900, HLR VLR
ILR, , .
5.2.6
AUC EIR
,
. , GSM ,
:
.
.
6
5 -
, . ,
MS, . MS
, MS.
MS.
GSM, MS. , MS,
, .
. ,
MS MS (IMSI)
, , .
() ,
, " " (TMSI),
(LA).
TMSI. (,
),
(IMSI).
TMSI .
TMSI .
, TMSI
(LAI), TMSI .
AUC EIR. , MSC/VLR
5.2.6.1 AUC
AUC ,
MSC/VLR
, MS.
, AUC,
:
( )
(Ki). AUC
IMSI.
. SIM.
AUC :
1. RAND;
2. RAND Ki SRES Kc
A3 A8 .
AUC
RAND
IMSI Ki
Ki
REND
D
A3
SRES
A8
Kc
HLR
(IMSI)
5 -
RAND
SRES
Ki
IMSI
- ;
- ;
- ;
-
-
. 5.5 AUC
1. MSC/VLR RAND MS.
2. MS, REND, SRES, A3 -
Ki.
3. MS, Ki., Kc RAND, A8. Kc
MS .
4. SRES MSC/VLR, ,
, SRES, MS, SRES,
AUC. MS ,
.
. 5.6
.
. :
- ;
-
-
- .
,
, BS MS, .
TDMA, 5.
,
, , ..
.
().
5 -
. 5.7
1.
2.
3.
M Kc MSC/VLR BTS.
M MS.
, ( , SRES
) TDMA,
5.
4.
BS.
5.
BS , TDMA
5.
6.
,
MSC. ,
, .
5.2
GSM.
5.2 -
GSM.
( SIM)
(SIM)
3
4
(AUC)
(HLR)
(VLR)
6
7
(MSC)
(BSC)
5
A3; 8; IMSI; Ki;
TMSI/LAI; Kc
A3; 8; IMSI/Ki
IMSI/RAND/SRES/Kc
IMSI/RAND/SRES/Kc,
IMSI/TMSI/LAI/Kc/CKSN
5, TMSI/IMSI/Kc
5, TMSI/IMSI/Kc
5.2.6.2 EIR
MS IMEI.
:
5 -
spare . .
MS, 0.
IMEI
1. MSC/VLR IMEI MS.
2. MS IMEI MSC.
3. MSC/VLR IMEI EIR.
4. IMEI, EIR :
.
,
. IMEI,
GSM.
. ( ) IMEI ,
.
5. IMEI MSC/VLR, ,
.
. 5.8
5.2.7
5.2.7.1 DTI
DTI GSM (Inter-Working Function IWF). ,
, GSM
. :
/ PSTN. .
DTI
.
/ ISDN. ISDN
, MSC/DTI ISDN GSM
.
/ PDN. DTI ,
(PDN - Public Data Networks), ,
, (Packet Switched PDN - PSPDN).
5 -
. PLMN
DTI ,
.
HSCSD. (HSCSD)
(2, 3, 4) (1 TS - 9.6
/).
5.2.8
(MC)
5.2.8.1 MC
, ,
, MC, :
(SMS
Cell Broadcast - SMSCB)
.
, .
,
. MS
, ,
, ..
, . , ,
( ).
, . ,
,
.
.
(SMS)
160 -
(MS), . SMS
GSM.
, MS .
, SMS , SMS.
SMS , , .
, .
SMS GMSC.
.
MS.
SMS Cell Broadcast (SMSCB)
SMSCB 93
MS, .
, ,
7
5 -
(, ..) - MS
.
6 -
6 -
6.1
(BSS), ,
. :
MS;
MS ;
.
. 6.1 BS
. 6.1
BSS ERICSSON,
:
(BSC): ,
.
(TRC): .
,
MSC/VLR. - 33.8 /,
MSC/VLR 64 /.
(RBS): BS ERICSSON RBS
(Radio Base Station) MS . RBS
, .
6.1.1
BSC TRC:
BSC TRC. ,
. .
, .
1024 . BSC/TRC
15 BSC.
BSC TRC.
. ,
. 500
. TRC , MSC/VLR
.
6 -
. 6.2 TRC
6.1.2
6.1.3
,
. :
(). ,
MS BS. BER,
.
(Leaky Cable). ,
. . ,
BS. , , Leaky Cable
.
6.2
6.2.1 TRC
:
;
7
6 -
5.2.1.1
,
(- )
GSM. MS, BSS.
5.2.1.2
, MSC/VLR
64 /, , BSC 16 /. ( ). 16 /. 13 /. 3 /.
.
. 4
. .
16 /. .
:
64/. : 16/. = 4.
TRC ERICSSON ,
. TRAU (Transcoder and
Rate Adaptation Units).
( ), , BSC,
TRC, TRAU.
TRC .
TRAU MSC/VLR.
6.3 (BSC)
6.3.1 BSC
BSC . ,
. :
BS
TRC
BSC
MS
6.3.1.1
( , BCCH,
, BS.)
( / ,
, , BCCH
).
(,
, ,).
, ,
.
(, ,
, , ).
MS. BS ,
, .
.
6.3.1.2
BS
6 -
BS BS,
, BTS.
BS:
.
.
BS:
.
BS.
BS.
6.3.1.3
TRC
Paging. BSC ,
(LA) (paging).
BSC.
.
MS BSC SDCCH. MS
, BSC .
.
. SDCCH
BSC
TCH. BSC
, MS . TCH , MS
TCH .
7
6 -
BSC :
MS BS. BSC
MS BS uplink downlink.
MS BS
480 .
(Locating).
MS , ,
. ,
MS BS , .
. Locating
, BSC ,
.
BSC, MSC/VLR .
MSC/VLR BSC. MSC
,
.
. BSC :
: ,
.
: ,
6.4
6.4.1 BS
BS ,
.
BTS ( BS)
BTS ( BS)
BTS ()
BTS
BTS GSM: 900/1800/1900 M.
7
6 -
6.4.2 BTS
BS :
6.4.2.1
BS MS .
:
.
BSC , :
(BSIC)
.
.
BSC.
.
BS MS
(, ).
. 6.4
BS ,
Uplink
6.4.2.2
BS
:
(Adaptive equalization)
6.4.2.3
6 -
BS BS BSC, ,
.
6.4.2.4
BSC
BS. BTS
TDMA.
6.4.2.5
BS -
BSC. BS,
.
6.4.2.6 BTS
BS .
BS, , BSC.
7 -
7 -
:
SIM -
ME Mobile Equipment ( )
SIM- - , ,
.
( ).
. 7.1
7.2
7.2.1
2,
. .
7.2.
7 -
. 7.2
7.2.2 ,
, MS,
. MS
MS ( IDLE ACTIVE).
7.2.2.1 IDLE ( )
MS BCCH
. ,
.
MS:
1. MS .
2. MS RACH ,
.
3. , LA MS ( MS)
( IDLE) MS 4 :
PLMN (PLMN selection)
(Cell Selection)
(Cell Reselection)
(Location updating).
7 -
. 7.3 IDLE
PLMN
MS PLMN PLMN.
MS . MS ,
PLMN (registered PLMN).
MS . , MS
PLMN , .
, .
PLMN,
SIM- ,
. MS PLMN.
PLMN , MS . ,
, - PLMN.
(location updating). MS
, MS .
, MS , MS
LA, PLMN,
.
8
7 -
MS PLMN (
), PLMN, MS PLMN. PLMN
:
1. PLMN ;
2. - PLMN, SIM-
;
3. PLMN
-85 dBm;
4. PLMN .
, PLMN , MS
PLMN.
PLMN, MS
PLMN. PLMN
. , PLMN ,
PLMN. , PLMN ,
MS.
(Cell Selection)
, .
:
Stored list selection. , BCCH BA
(BCCH Allocation list). .
Normal cell selection. .
, BA .
7 -
. 7.4
:
PLMN.
. ( , MS
IDLE, MS ( ),
);
.
LA,
.
MS IDLE 1.
: 1>0.
:
8
7 -
C1 = A B
C1 = A 0
B >0
B < 0,
A = RXLEV ACCMIN
B = CCHPWR P
7.1
RXLEV
ACCMI
N
CCHP
WR
P
MS BTS (downlink). .
MS,
MS (downlink). .
, MS,
(uplink). .
, MS,
.
dBm.
(Cell Reselection)
7 -
C 2 = C1 + CRO + TO * H ( PT T )
C 2 = C1 + CRO
PT = 31 ,
PT 0
0 x< 0
.
H ( x) =
1 x 0
7 -
IMSI attach/detach
, / . MS,
MSC/VLR IMSI attach. MS MSC/VLR
IMSI detach. VLR ,
MS. MS, ,
.
Implicit detach
MS MSC detach (implicit detach). ,
MS , BTDM (MSC)
GTDM.
MGIDI MSC. -
.
BSC ( T3212). MS
, .
Purged in VLR
MS Purged in VLR ( MS VLR) - ,
,
, TDD MSC.
MGADI.
7.2.3 (Active mode)
MS
SACCH . MS BS.
BSC .
. 7.5 BCCH
MS IDLE
.
7.2.4
7.2.4.1 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
7 -
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
MS. MS DTX ()
ON .
, MS . MS ,
, Post ,
TCH. , MS , Pre,
ON TCH. Post
() , TRC .
, ,
.
MS Post , ,
BTS (update) .
7.2.4.2 (DRX)
MS Discontinuous
Reception (DRX). , BS ,
. MS . MS
.
MS sleep mode. MS .
7.2.5
MS , , MS
. ,
. ,
MS. MS GSM .
MS.
MS:
7.2 MS
1
2
3
4
5
(Hand-Held)
(Hand-Held)
(Hand-Held)
GSM900
20
8 (39 dBm)
5 (37 dBm)
GSM1800
1
(30 dBm)
0.25 (24 dBm)
GSM1900
1
(30 dBm)
0.25 (24 dBm)
4
(36 dBm)
2
(33 dBm)
2 (33 dBm)
0.8 (29 dBm)
MS , . MS,
, MS,
.
7.3 (SIM)
GSM Subscriber Identity Module SIM-. SIM ME,
GSM. SIM- MS ,
.
SIM- :
: ,
IMSI, ,
.
: LA, PLMN.
, .
7.3.1 SIM-
7 -
2 SIM-. ID-1 SIM
Plug-in SIM. SIM-.
ID-1 SIM
ID-1 SIM ISO Integrated Circuit (IC)
).
. 7.7 SIM
7.3.2
GSM , SIM. :
, 3
, Ki
, A8
, Kc
, SIM-
7.3.3 , SIM
SIM GSM.
, GSM PLMN. , SIM,
: .
7.3.3.1
: SIM, ,
( ).
IC : , SIM.
ICCID - . (
). .
IccID=89701+99+010000000001 19 ;
:
. ITU-T .118:
89 -
7 -
7 - (. ITU-T E.164)
01 - GSM-900
99
01 -
SIM: , SIM
( , , PLMN).
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI): ,
. IMSI=MCC+MNC+MSIN=250+99+91X1X8;
: LAI, .
()
,
PLMN
: ,
, Kc Kc
.
SIM
:
Personal Identification Number (PIN) PIN
/ PIN
PIN
PIN Unlock Key (PUK) - PUK
PUK
(Ki)
, . 7.8, , SIM-.
TEMS Investigation ERICSSON
7 -
. 7.8 , SIM-
7.3.4 MS
, (Mobile Equipment)
SIM- MS.
PIN PUK .
7.3.4.1 PIN-
PIN 4 8 . PIN
. PIN-
. PIN-.
PIN- .
PIN- SIM . ,
PIN- SIM- , SIM-
PIN-.
7.3.4.2 / SIM
SIM- , GSM . SIM
PIN- (Unblocking Key) PUK. PUK 8-
. PUK , . 10
PUK , MS. MS
.
9
7 -
8 - GSM
8 - GSM
8.1
, GSM
.
MS. ,
.
8.2
8.2.1 (MSISDN)
(Mobile Station ISDN number - MSISDN)
PSTN.
.
8.1 MSISDN
CC (Country Code) -
NDC (National Destination Code) -
SN (Subscriber Number)
PLMN NDC. , NDC 086
087, PLMN. PLMN
NDC. MSISDN .
15 , (+7).
Beeline +7 903 XXX XXXX.
8.2.2 (IMSI)
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) .
.
PLMN. IMSI SIM, HLR VLR.
IMSI :
8.2 IMSI
8 - GSM
8.2.3 (TMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) - IMSI, MS
.
,
.
TMSI ( MSC/VLR)
(Location Update). TMSI
, 8 . TMSI
, IMSI, ,
.
8.2.3 MS (IMEI)
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
.
. GSM IMEI 15 :
TAC (Type Approval Code) - .
8.3 IMEI
8.2.4 MS
(IMEISV)
International Mobile Equipment Identity Software Version number (IMEISV)
MS,
, MS, .
, , MS,
. , , PLMN
MS (, half rate/full rate,
.). IMEISV.
IMEISV :
8.4 IMEISV
8 - GSM
8.3.1 MS (MSRN)
Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) - ,
MS, . MSRN :
8.5 MSRN
SN MSC/VLR.
8.3.2 (LAI)
Location Area Identity (LAI) ,
. :
1. . LAI MSC LA,
MS.
2.
LAI :
8.6 LAI
8.7 CGI
8.3.4 (BSIC)
9
8 - GSM
Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) MS .. BSIC :
8.8 BSIC
8.9
8.3.6 (RSZI)
/.
Regional Subscription Zone Identity (RSZI).
RSZI :
8.10 RSZI
ZC - . - 2 .
8.3.7
, MS (LU,
) MSC/VLR TMSI. IMSI MSC/VLR TMSI
MS, SIM-. MSC/VLR MS
TMSI. , IMSI . TMSI
IMSI, ,
. IMSI , Location Updating
TMSI.
8 - GSM
9 -
9.1 : MS IDLE
9.1 MS IDLE
1. , IMSI (IMSI attach)
2. (Location updating)
3. LA
4. MSC/VLR
5. MSC/VLR
6. , - .
7. (IMSI detach)
8. (
MS)
(Implicit detach)
9.1.1 MS
9.1.1.1 IMSI Attached
MS ( MS), IMSI attach,
:
1.
MS IMSI attach ,
IDLE.
2.
VLR , MS. , VLR
HLR, MS, .
3.
VLR MS
IDLE.
4.
MS .
99
9.3 MSC/VLR
1.
MS BCCH , LAI. LAI
. , .
2.
MS SDCCH. .
3.
, MS
.
10
9
4.
LU
.
9.1.2.3 MSC/VLR
(LU) , MS LA.
, LA MSC/VLR. VLR
LU, :
9.4 , MSC/VLR
1.
. , VLR
, , .
2.
VLR MS, HLR
VLR.
3.
HLR VLR
MS.
4.
VLR MS,
IDLE. VLR MS.
9.1.2.4 , -
, MS
. , MS
, MS (detached).
, MS ,
. ,
,
BCCH.
acknowledgment message. MS ,
.
9.1.3
9.1.3.1 IMSI (IMSI Detach)
IMSI , MS . MS
. VLR,
, IMSI . HLR .
MS .
9.1.3.2 (Implicit Detach)
MS
, MS. MS
,
.
, MS . VLR ,
MS . (Implicit Detach).
, MS
, MS Implicit Detach.
10
9
9.1.3.3 VLR MS (MS Purging)
, HLR
MS VLR. VLR HLR
, , MS MS .
,
.
, MS
MSC/VLR GSM .
. . MS
. MS
(MS Purging), HLR
MS
MSC/VLR GSM .
MSC/VLR GSM HLR , .
MS (MS Purging)
MSC/VLR
HLR , MS , , MSC/VLR
.
9.2 : MS
MS , ,
(, )
( ).
. 9.5 MS MS
1. MS ( : , ,
SMS).
2. MS ( : , , ,
SMS (cell broadcast)).
3. BSC
4. BSC MSC
5. MSC
10
9.2.1 ( MS PSTN)
,
MS . .
. 9.6 MS .
a.
b.
c.
MS RACH .
BSC/TRC AGCH.
MS SDCCH MSC/VLR .
, ,
SDCCH. :
i.
VLR MS (IMSI Attach).
ii.
.
iii.
.
iv.
- ( ).
v.
(/).
d. MSC/VLR BSC/TRC TCH. BS MS
TCH.
e. MSC/VLR - PSTN .
f.
.
10
9
k. . ,
.
9.2.3 (Handover)
GSM .
MS BS. MS
,
( Mobile Assisted HandOver).
9.2.3.1 (Locating)
MS
.
dawlink, MS . BS
SACCH . BS, MS
, .
. 9.8 , BSC
BS MS (Measurement Reports).
, BSC .
BSC , ,
. (locating).
, - , ,
.
().
, .
MS .
MS , BS MS
. , .
MS LA,
.
.
MS
, .
:
, BSC;
10
, BSC MSC/VLR;
MSC
.
.
, BSC ,
, , ,
. BSC ()
, , MS .
: BSC
. , , .
, BSC
MSC/VLR ,
BSC. MSC/VLR .
LA,
, .
9.9 , BSC
1 BCS BTS TCH.
2 BSC BTS MS ,
(TS) ,
. MS FACCH.
3 MS
. MS ,
( 8 ).
4 BTS , ,
, FACCH.
5 MS BSC BS.
6 BSC BTS
.
, BSC, MSC/VLR
BSC,
BSC MSC/VLR.
10
10
9.11 MSC/VLR
1 () BSC
MSC (MSC-A) .
2 MSC-A , MSC (MSC-B) .
3 MSC-B .
BSC.
4 BSC BTS .
5 MSC-B MSC-A .
6 MSC-B PSTN.
7 MSC-A MS BSC.
8 MS
.
9 BTS ,
().
10 MS MSC BSC
MSC.
11 MSC-A
.
12 BSC, ( .
8.11 ).
MSC (MSC-A) ,
. ,
, .
MS , LA
MSC. HLR VLR-B
, VLR-B, , VLR-A
.
9.3
GSM
. ,
,
, .
.
, . , ,
, .
10
9
9.3.1 IMSI (IMSI Attach)
MS , :
1. MS GSM
(GSM 900). . MS ,
.
.
2. MS PLMN,
SIM. ,
. , MS, ,
MS .
3. MS , ,
. MS ,
IMSI (IMSI Attach).
4. IMSI ( ).
, HLR .
9.3.2 MS
MS ,
, MS
. ,
GMSC HLR , MSC/VLR
.
9.3.3 Dropback
dropback.
. , :
, MS
MSC.
, MS MSC/VLR-A.
1. . .
2. , MSC/VLR-A
.
GSM .
9.12 , dropback.
dropback: GMSC
dropback:
MSC/VLR-A, .
10
9
9.3.4
(SMS)
, 160 - . SMS-C (SMS nter)
, .
SMS :
SMS: SMS-C MS
SMS: MS SMS-C
MS IDLE. MS ,
SACCH. , ,
.. .
9.3.5 SMS MS
SMS MS SMS-C,
, , , .
9.13
MS ,
, RACH, AGCH, SDCCH..
, MS
SDCCH SMS-C MSC/VLR. SMS-C
. MS , .
9.3.6 SMS
SMS - SMS-C MS.
9.14
11
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SMS-C .
SMS-C SMS-GMSC.
SMS-GMSC HLR .
HLR SMS-GMSC
SMS-GMSC MSC/VLR.
MS , , ,
.
7. , MSC/VLR MS,
SDCCH.
8. , MSC/VLR SMS-C. ,
MSC/VLR HLR, SMS-C.
, SMS-C HLR VLR ,
MS. HLR SMS-C , MS .
SMS-C , , ,
, .
11
10
10 -
-
. 9.1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
(-)
2.
1.
2.
3. .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
.
3.
BSC.
. 10.1
11
10
10.1
10.1.1 :
10.1.1.1
.
.
, , ,
-, , ,
.
10.1.1.2
.
,
.
10.1.1.3 ( )
,
, .
10.1.1.4
B. =
AN
AZ
N !
Z =0 Z !
N
, N ; A , ;
:
A=
n T
3600
, n - , , 1 3600 .; T , ;
,
5%,
0.015 . , ,
( + ) 0.025
2%. , ,
, (0.007 0.016) .
,
,
, 10.1.
11
10
10.1 -
10.1.1.5
11
10
,
() BSS.
:
.
,
BSS
() ,
.
,
.
.
. ,
,
, .
10.1.1.6
.
:
(GOS);
RX Quality
SQI
10.1.1.7
, ;
PSTN PLMN.
.
BSS .
.
3 :
(3.5 35) ;
6 (0.5 3.5) ;
0.5 .
, ,
.
10.1.1.8
PLMN :
.
, , ,
;
.
, , ,
.
,
.
11
10
10.1.2
, .
BS , .
10.1.2.1
BS
, :
.
,
. ,
. BS ,
GSM 1800 ,
.
,
1 3- .
BS
. Ericsson
GSM 900/1800.
10.2
GSM 1800
,
.
2.7
5
BS, .
4.0
7.5
GSM 900
,
3.7
8.1
BS, .
5.6
12.2
22
33
27
41
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11
10
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10.3 Allgon 7331.06.
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450
90
650
300
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.
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10
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. 10.4
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. .
C/R Carrier-to-Reflection (
R).
. -
.
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(Time Alignment). ,
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TDMA TA, , ,
72 .
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11
10
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. 10.7
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12
10
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.
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12
10
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Ds
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R
D ,
C/I.
, ,
.
GSM qs
qs=
D
= 3 k
R
=3
3R. , C/I 12 ,
6 . C/I :
1
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j
j ;
qs - ;
- MS BS
12
10
10.4 .
4
3.5
3
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D1 = 4.58 R1 . ,
;
1
1
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) = 10 log( ( 3 k
j
j
1
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6
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6 ,
C/I
.
.
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BS,
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:
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1.
2.
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5, 20 25 GSM 900 10 15 GSM
1800/1900.
GSM 900 :
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0.2 .
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10
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MSC;
BSC;
.
,
, (BTS, BSC, MSC).
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.
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,
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12
10
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10.2.1
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10
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10.5 TEMS
12
10
TEMS, ,
.
Ericsson GH688, Ericsson R520m ETSI.
TEMS, Test Mobile System,
(Test Mobile Software) (Test Mobile Station). TEMS
, MS
GPS. , TEMS
,
MS BTS.
, ,
.
,
, . 10.9.
12
10
2- S;
, 2, 3- ;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
S;
SIM ;
;
SMS- ;
RxQuality ;
, FER;
12
10
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SQI, Speech Quality Index;
C/I C/A;
;
,
, ;
MS BS ;
- .
10.2.2
- ,
, . ,
TEMS,
. :
1. (TCH) (SDCCH);
2. (congestion) (TCH) (SDCCH);
3. ;
4. .
, , .
,
.
10.3
, , ,
.
GSM 1800
GSM 900
, , .
GSM 900/1800
.
13