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1 Barmina L A Verkhovskaya I P Learning To Use Articles PDF
1 Barmina L A Verkhovskaya I P Learning To Use Articles PDF
2Англ-923
Б 25
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кафедра английского языка Ташкентского государст
венного педагогического института иностранных языков
имени Ф. Энгельса (зав. кафедрой д-р филол. наук проф.
У. К. Юсупов); д-р филол. наук проф. М. Я. Блох (МГПИ
имени В. И, Ленина)
ББ
4602020102 (4309000000)—251 К 81.2 Англ-923
Б
001 (01)—89 272-89 4И (Днгл)
EXERCISES 58
KEY TO THE EXERCISES 172
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Предлагаемое пособие посвящается одному из самых слож
ных и важных грамматических явлений английского языка —
артиклю. По свидетельству специалистов методики преподавания
иностранных языков и преподавателей английского языка
многочисленные ошибки в употреблении артиклей встречаются
в речи студентов не только младших, но и студентов старших
курсов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков, то есть
в ближайшем будущем — преподавателей английского языка.
Одна из главных трудностей состоит в том, что обучение
употреблению артиклей происходит без опоры на родной (рус
ский) язык, в котором артикли отсутствуют. Другая, не мень
шая трудность заключается в сложности определения грамма
тических значений артиклей, являющихся основным средством
выражения категории определенности/неопределенности в анг
лийском языке. Как известно, этот вопрос решается грамматис
тами по-разному. По этим причинам затруднения вызывает не
только сам процесс формирования навыков употребления ар
тиклей в устной и письменной речи, но и предварительный этап —
усвоение правил функционирования артиклей.
• В то же время высокая частотность употребления артиклей,
которая объясняется их морфологической функцией показате
лей существительного, их роль в формировании функциональной
перспективы предложения делают обучение навыкам правиль
ного использования артиклей в речи задачей первостепенной
важности.
Сказанное выше определяет содержание и структуру посо
бия. П е р в а я ч а с т ь включает подробное описание правил
функционирования артиклей в современном английском языке.
Авторы сочли необходимым привести некоторые сведения об
артикле, не имеющие прямого отношения к практическому вла
дению употреблением артиклей. Мы имеем в виду краткую ха
рактеристику артикля как одного из составляющих синтаксиче
ского класса детерминативов. Эти сведения представляются нам
существенными для расширения филологического кругозора
студентов. При формулировании правил использовалась терми
нология, принятая в грамматиках» советских авторов, а также
в зарубежных грамматиках, изданных в нашей стране *. Правила
1
Гордон Е. М.у Крылова И. /7. Грамматика современного
английского языка. М., 1986; Каушанская В. Л. и др. Граммати
ка английского языка. Л., 1973; Кобрина Н. А. и др. Граммати
ка английского языка. Морфология. М., 1985; Quirk R. et al.
A University Grammar of English. M., 1982; A Practical Eng
lish Grammar, M,, 1978,
4
иллюстрируются примерами, взятыми в основном из художест
венных произведений британских и американских писателей
XX века. При этом следует указать, что некоторые примеры под
верглись сокращению, так как примеры из художественной ли
тературы иногда длинны и трудны для понимания, поскольку
они привязаны к ситуации художественного произведения, из
которого взяты. Однако такие сокращения производились без
искажения основного содержания и грамматического оформле
ния предложений, использованных в качестве примеров.
Там, где это необходимо, в пособии указывается на различия
в употреблении артиклей в различных типах речи (устной, пись
менной, разговорной, литературно-книжной), а также на раз
личия, характерные для основных территориальных вариантов
современного английского языка — британского и американ
ского.
В т о р а я ч а с т ь состоит из упражнений. В пособие
включены упражнения, отражающие различные стадии в обу
чении употреблению артиклей. Следует прежде всего указать
на упражнения аналитического характера, целью которых яв
ляется обеспечение понимания правил функционирования ар
тиклей, а также закрепление знания этих правил. Большое
место отводится упражнениям, направленным на выработку на
выков употребления артиклей. Кроме того, предлагаются упраж
нения полутворческие и творческие, в которых ставится задача
использования изученных грамматических явлений в определен
ных ситуациях общения.
Пособие предназначается для студентов институтов иност
ранных языков и факультетов иностранных языков педагогиче
ских вузов. Поскольку в пособии содержатся подробные сведе
ния об употреблении артиклей в английском языке, оно может
быть использовано на факультетах повышения квалификации
преподавателей неязыковых вузов,
Авторы
USE OF ARTICLES
GENERAL NOTION
this ;
§ 2. The indefinite article a, an has developed from
the numeral one (O.E. an) and retains some of its earlier
meaning: it occurs only before singular nouns:
Peter started life as a schoolmaster.
Sitting at a round table, sipping a glass of orange juice
was a handsome gray-haired man who was an old friend.
The definite article has developed from the O.E. de
monstrative pronoun se and the demonstrative meaning is
clearly felt:
The screenplay (= this screenplay) is based on a novel.
The lady (== this lady) is waiting to see you.
The articles are unstressed as a rule. The indefinite
article is а [a] before nouns beginning with a consonant
sound (a girl, a cat, a house, a letter) and an [an] before nouns
beginning with a vowel sound (an eagle, an idea, an arm).
Care should be taken not to use an before words begin
ning with vowel letters which are pronounced as conso
nant sounds (a European country, a unit, a one-syllable
word).
An is used before the so-called "silent h" (an hour, an
heir).
Some British speakers prefer an to a before a pro
nounced h if the first syllable is unstressed (a historian—an
historian).
The definite article the is pronounced [3a] before con
sonant sounds (the storm, the horse, the woman) and [3i]
before vowel sounds (the apple, the uncle, the oak).
There are also stressed forms — a [ei], an [sen], the [3i:],
which appear if the following word is emphasized or before
a pause:
You don't mean to say that funny little man is the
Charles Matthews'?
This is a, er, poem I've written for the occasion.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ARTICLES
§ 3. The articles have morphologic, syntactic and
communicating functions.
7
The morphologic function of the articles consists inl
serving as a formal indicator of the noun: the presence
of the article signals that what follows is a noun.
The articles have two syntactic functions:
1. The article separates the noun phraseirom other parts
of the sentence:
( a magazine.
John has brought <• an interesting magazine.
{ an interesting English magazine.
2. The article may connect sentences within a text by
correlating a noun it modifies with some word or a group
of words in the previous context:
John has brought a book. The book is interesting.
Thus, the article in such a case has the connecting
function.
The articles also have the communicating function.
A noun with the indefinite article may introduce new
information in the sentence: it is then the focus of commu-
nication ("the Theme" of the sentence):
A pretty girl of about eight ran into the room.
A noun with the definite article in the initial position
usually indicates given information and is not the focus
of communication ("the theme" of the sentence):
The girl ran into the room.
CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
/| Uncountable Countable
9 work — работа
There was hard work to
a work — произведение
He spoke of the picture as
be done on the ranch. a work of art.
nature—природа a nature—натура, характер
We must live in peace The man had a violent na-
with nature. ture.
decision — решимость a decision—решение
Mr. Pitt was a man of We couldn't come to a de-
decision, cision.
beauty — красота a beauty—красавица
Beauty is only skin deep. She was a beauty twenty
years ago.
experience—опыт an experience—случай, пе
реживание
29
We all learn by expe- It was an unusual cxpe*
rience. rience.
Abstract nouns used both as countables and uncounta-
bles may have the same lexical meaning. Among them are:
difficulty — difficulties, chance — chances, discussion —.
discussions, talent — talents, war — wars and others:
Uncountable Countable
It will take great effort The efforts were rewarded.
to help her.
You mustn't leave things You have a good chance to
to chance. win the tournament.
The question will not We had a discussion before
bear discussion. we reached agreement.
Sometimes countable abstract nouns are treated as
uncountable and take no article in the singular form.
This kind of usage may be found in prepositional phrases
(esp. after the prepositions of, with, in):
We were in the midst of sound, in the streets of Monte
Carlo.
Jennifer has made the discovery that a vast part of
ordinary human conversation is made up of memories.
You shouldn't get angry with people without reason.
He looked at us with suspicion,
James disappeared inside the shop in hope the customer
would buy something.
§ 27. The indefinite article. An abstract noun may be
used with the indefinite article when a certain aspect of the
notion denoted by the noun is meant: an abstract noun
expresses a certain kind of quality, emotion, state, etc.
This meaning of the indefinite article is called(a$pective\
An abstract noun mostly has a descriptive attribute in
such cases (an attribute of the second type). x Besides
bringtng out a certain aspect of the notion denoted by
the noun the indefinite article also has a stylistic effect
making a description more .vivid. Therefore the use of the
indefinite article with abstract nouns is characteristic
of the belles lettres style:
He was filled with a loathing he had never known.
He scanned her face: it expressed a dramatic eagerness*
1
About attributes of the first type see § 25,
30
Looking back upon that luncheon now it is invested for
me with a curious glamour.
If an abstract noun is modified by the adjectiv£SL£er-J
tain or peculiar the indefinite article is Qbligatory:
There is a peculiar temion about her and yet her face
doesn't show Hr."'~~"~'
Of course, you had to admit that he had a certain shrewd-
ness, but he was not nearly so clever as he thought him-
self.
The indefinite article in the aspective meaning may
also be found with abstract nouns which have no attri-
butes, but this kind of use occurs more rarely:
I was aware now of a sickness ( = a kind of sickness).
She knew now why a softness had crept into the air;
the sea was near.
Note. The indefinite article is often omitted if an abstract
noun modified by a descriptive attribute of the second type is
used in the following syntactic functions:
1. a predicative:
It was gallant courage, and it had stood her in such stead
during her mother's long illness.
2. an attribute expressed by a prepositional phrase (mostly
an of-phrase):
She was a woman of wonderful generosity and would give away
everything she possessed.
3. an adverbial modifier of manner expressed by a preposi-
tional group (mostly with the prepositions with or in):
She sang with such tragic beautiful anguish that my heart melt-
ed within me.
He shouted at them in helpless rage.
The nouns pity, shame, disgrace, pleasure, relief,
comfort, disappointment are always used with the indef-
inite article in the following constructions:
1. in sentences with the formal it as subject when they
are used as predicatives of the main clause:
It is a pity you don't ride or shoot, you must miss a lot.
2. in exclamatory sentences after what:
What a shame you didn't write down her addressl
What a disgrace!
31
What a disappointment!
(Compare with: I read disappointment in her eyes.)
/
!
The following nouns are never used with the indefinite
article: advice, assistance, bliss, breeding, xunning, con-
trol, evidence, guidance, health, fun, information, luck,
j money, nature, news, nonsense, permission, progress,
[ trade, weather, work:
A full moon was shining on us: nature as though she
knew what was proper for the occasion, had set the right
scene.
If you want solid information about people in the thea-
ter or films the place to go for it in New York is the Players
on Gramercy Park.
"I am going to tell you a story and ask you for advice
and perhaps for assistance," he said.
I thought she was going to be generous after all, wish
me luck and give me encouragement.
What nasty weather we are having today!
Some people say that no news is good news.
"Oh, but we haven't been as slow as all that," he said.
''Definite progress has been made."
( class
J prison (jail)
to go into \ church
{ bed
( school
| university
to come from | college
^ church
hospital
to come out ы{ prison (jail)
to get out of
to stay in bed
college
to leave school
However, when these nouns denote a building or an ob-
jecUhey are used with the definite or %> inHpfrnjfp article
irTaccordance with the general rules for countable nouns.
Compare:
"Institutions" Buildings, objects
"You've been to college and The college was a stately
you are a decent boy," six-storied building.
said old Anthony.
*About a month after his "I think of Chicago now
release from prison he and I see a dark, grey
was sitting outside the city, all stone—it *is
bar looking vacantly like a prison."
down the street.
Mr. Jones was suffering "I want a room with two
from an attack of ma beds" he said.
laria; he was in bed and
unable to move":
46
Articles with the noun "society"
§ 44. The noun society is used without any article when
it means "anorganized community people live in":
"He is a forger. He ought to be hounded out of civilized
society" Mr. Warton said.
There cannot be any justice for the poor in bourgeois
society.
In other meanings it may be used with the definite and
the indefinite article:
They decided to organize a cooperative societu.
It was but natural that he preferred the society of his
friends, but his parents did not understand this.
PLACE OF ARTICLES
1
jack: Lady Bracknell, I hate to seem inquisitive, but
would you kindly inform me who I am?
Lady Bracknell: You are the son of my poor sister, Mrs.
Monscriff, and consequently Algernon's elder brother,
Jack: Algy's elder brother. Then I have a brother after
all! I knew I had a brother! I always said I had a broth-
er. Cecily — how could you have ever doubted that I
had a brother! Algy, you young scoundrel, you have
never behaved to me like a brother in all your life.
2
(Mr. Barthwick throws the window open. The faint
sobbing of a child comes in.) What's that? (They listen.)
Mrs. Barthwick: I can't stand that crying. I must send
Marlow (the butler) to stop it. My nerves are all on
edge. (She rings the bell.) Nothing upsets me like a
child's crying. (Marlow comes in.) What's that noise of
crying, Marlow? It sounds like a child.
Mr. Barthwick: It is a child. I can see it against the rail-
ings.
Mrs. Barthwick: Poor little chap. (Turns her back to the
window. Marlow shuts the window. The crying ceases.)
Supplementary task. Comment upon the tenderness of Mrs. Barth-
wick's heart, on how far the tenderness went and whether
it did any good to the crying child.
3. Determine the meaning of the definite article in the following
sentences.
1. Then holding the glass and sipping the water very
slowly he stood in front of the big map on the wall and
studied the offensive possibilities in the country above
Navacerrada. 2. On the evening of Labour Day, the empty
field near the mills was no longer empty. 3. It was not
Blois with its thin turrets and its spires that stared up at
nie from the printed page. 4. The moral I draw is that the
writer should seek his reward in the pleasure of his work.
5. The path led to a labyrinth, some choked wilderness,
59
and not to the house at all. 6. They remain just as cleatB
divided in my mind as before but what has become a litfl
confused in me is the distinction between the bad man afl
the good one. 7. The three men made their way, s i n e
file, with Lewis leading them through the dim, purpM
lighted maze of corridors. 8. Thus in life there is eve
the intellectual and the emotional nature — the mind thB
reasons, and the mind that feels. 9. He motioned to t h e j
to sit down on a flattened log that served as a bench a i l
looking at Joaquin jerked his thumb down the trail in tfl
direction they had come from. 10. He sat down on t i l
vacant end of the sofa. 11. A day of it to the untried mirfj
is like opium to the untried body. 12. Every portrait t h a
is painted with feeling is a portrait of the artist, not ql
the sitter. 13. He lay there, staring up at the ceiling, all
gratitude, and all bitterness. 14. "At what particular poiiJ
did you mention the word "marriage", Dorian?" 1
4. Explain why the definite article is used with the italicise!
nouns which refer to the preceding (or following) statement o]
situation in the following extracts. Describe the situation!
1 I
Gwendolen: I am engaged to Mr. Worthing, mamma.
Lady Bracknell: Pardon me, you are not engaged to anyone]
When you do become engaged to some one, I or youfl
father will inform you of the fact. ]
*21. Fill in the blanks with articles. Explain your reasons for the
use of the articles.
90
afternoon answering idiotic inquiries. 60. ... Ryan fam-
ily had made its way by weight of numbers and noise
to a position just below where Chilla was. 61. From be-
hind ... maid who opened ... door darted ... lovely girl
of nine who shrieked "Daddy!" and flew up, struggling
like ... fish, into his arms. 62. It was ... great landlocked
harbour big enough to hold ... fleet of battleships. 63. She
liked ... idea of guiding my virgin steps on ... hard road
of letters. 64. Do you mean to say you don't want ...
money, ... big money, ... money running into millions?
65. It was ... deep, comfortable room, with books lining
,,. walls to ... ceiling. 66. ... actions speak louder than
... words.
Supplementary task. Comment on the ideas expressed in sentences
49, 66.
*42. Fill in the blanks with articles. Write out a few sentences
containing nouns modified by different kinds of attributes
(i.e. by attributes expressed by adjectives, participle phrases
or attributive clauses). Explain the use of articles with these
nouns.
November 7
The Great October Socialist Revolution liberated the
peoples of Russia from the landowners and the capital
ists.
According to the first decrees of the Soviet Power,
proclaimed by V. I. Lenin at the Second Congress of.
Soviets, the peasants became masters of the land and the
workers became masters of the plants and factories.
96
The October Revolution brought equality to all na-
tions.
Half a century ago, tsarist Russia was one of Europe's
most backward countries. Since then that backward
country has had to fight its way through three hard wars,
and in spite of this has become one of the strongest pow-
ers in the world.
The October Revolution was a clarion call to all the
peoples of the world, a call for resolute battle for the
destruction of all forms of oppression and exploitation
of man by man.
The ideas of the October Revolution are ideas of so-
cialism and peace on earth.
The Soviet people are contributing actively to
the victory of the great ideas of the October Revolution
everywhere in the world.
The anniversary ,of the Great October Socialist Rev-
olution is a national holiday for the working people
of our country. Working people in all parts of the world
also celebrate the anniversary of the October Revolu-
tion with joy.
Under the influence of Lenin's ideas many millions
of people have risen in struggle for their vital interests
against the old world.
49. Supply situations for the following sentences. Find Russian
equivalents for the first two sentences.
Interview
Tom met John Begg, ... young sales assistant, when lie
was buying ... coffee in ... big London department store.
As John wasn't busy, he had ... talk with Tom.
Tom: There are such ... lot of ... departments in ... store.
Why did you choose to work in ... grocery department?
John: My father has ... grocery shop in ... Ireland, so
I already knew ... bit about selling ... groceries when
I came to England. I thought that blending and sell
ing ... teas and ... coffees from all over ... world
would be particularly interesting.
Tom: You certainly sell many different kinds of ... cof
fees and ... teas—some with ... strange names, too.
What is "mate", for ... instance?
John: "Mate" is ... tea made from ... mate plant in ...
Argentina. We also sell ... Jasmine-scented tea, amongst
... others, as well as ... dozens of ... different types
of ... coffees that you can see.
Tom: I suppose ... different customers want ... special
blends?
John: Oh yes. Some of them are very particular indeed
about ... blending, and want ... three or four differ
ent teas or coffees mixed together, or "blended" as
we say.
Tom: Your customers must know quite ... lot about ...
tea and ... coffee to ask for these special blends.
*5G. Translate from Russian into English.
1. Сидя на веранде, Барт мог слышать звон фар
фора, стук серебра. 2. Ни один из них не ел хлеба в
течение десяти лет. 3, Холодная вода освежила его
101
после долгого сна. 4. Она носила коралловое ожерелье
в серебряной оправе. 5. Вы хоть раз получали табак
который я посылал? 6. Джейн и Джон шли по грязи
и слякоти, взявшись за руки. 7. Восхитительный аро
мат жарящегося цыпленка наполнил квартиру. 8. Когда
суп был съеден, он повернулся к огню и зажег си
гару. 9. Я наполнил ванну холодной водой. 10. На
поверхности воды лежали листья.' 11. Она приготовила^
себе кофе. 12. Мейбл вязала что-то из толстой красной
шерсти. 13. «Диета? — подумала она.— Когда мне бу
дет шестьдесят, я позволю себе распуститься. Я буду1
есть столько хлеба и масла, сколько мне захочется»»
14. Перед Беатрисой стояла тарелка с маслом, гор- -
точек с клубничным джемом, кофе и кувшин со слив*
ками. 15. Ее слова повисли в тишине комнаты, как
туман над водой. 16. Правда ведь, что не имеет зна
чения, написано завещание пером или напечатано на
машинке? 17. Она пила крепкий черный кофе, нама
зывая масло на кусок черствого хлеба. 18. Крыши и
земля были покрыты снегом. 19. Джанис последовала,
за ней с чашкой теплого молока и померила у нее тем
пературу. 20. У него кончились продукты, и он пи
тался рыбой и кокосовыми орехами. *
57. Read the story and answer the questions given below.
Once a man put up at an English hotel. He was hun
gry and went to the dining-room to have dinner. He or
dered dinner and the waiter brought him a plate of soup.
After he put it on the table before the guest, he went to
the window and looked out. The sky was covered with .;
heavy clouds.
"It looks like rain, sir," the waiter said to the guest.
"Yes," agreed the man as he was tasting the soup.
"And it tastes like rain, too."
In the Dining-room
A: What shall we take?
B: I think I'll have soup and then a mutton chop and chips.
A: ...
B: ...
1
Two friends met for the first time in several years.
"Well, old man," one said, "I hear you finally got mar
ried. Congratulations, for I also hear you have an ex
cellent and most accomplished wife." "Yes, indeed,"
was the reply. "My wife is accomplished. She is perfectly
at home in literature, at home in art, at home in music,
at home in science, in short at home everywhere, except—"
"Except what?"
"Except at home."
2
When Whistler had finished a portrait of a well-
known celebrity, he asked him whether he liked it.
"Mo, I can't say I do, Mr. Whistler, and you must
really admit it's a bad work of art."
"Yes," replied the artist, looking at his sitter through
his monocle, "but then you must admit that you are
a bad work of nature"
3
leacher: The earth has a conquerable attractive power;
that power is known as gt'aVily. It is in fact, the law
112
of gravity which prevents us from being thrown off
the earth as it revolves.
Scholar: Please, teacher, how did we keep on the earth
before the law was passed?
71. Think of situations for the following sentences.
1. Prosperity makes friends; adversity tries them.
2. She needed a person of strong will to watch her diet.
3. That is the love that makes the world a miracle.
4. Throughout last week I couldn't but be touched
by the sympathy and kindness of my friends.
5. They will build a new life somewhere else.
6. There must be a certain gratification in that for you.
7. She was panting now and in her face was a terror
which was inexplicable.
8. He noticed something beyond the usual in her voice.
9. It was better not to think of the past. Nothing
could alter that.
*72. Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary and comment on
the use (or absence) of articles with names of substances and
abstract nouns in the following extract.
*78. Fill in the blanks with articles before appositive and pre
dicative nouns wherever necessary.
L Melanie was ... fool, but there was nothing anybody
could do about it. 2. She was ... only woman I had ever
met who could behave so gracefully. 3. Charlie wasn't
... fool enough as to put up the back of the Assistant
Colonial secretary. 4. Hemingway, ... son of a small town
doctor, was born in Illinois in 1898. 5. Kust, ... bartend
er, gave Bill and Janice a smile of recognition. 6. Тага
had risen to riches on cotton, even as the whole South
had risen, and Scarlett was ... Southerner enough to
believe that both Тага and the South would rise again
out of the red fields. 7. Behind him his cousin, the tall
George, ... son of the fifth Forsyte, had a strange look
on his fleshy face. 8. "You staying here?"—"New boy in
town. I am ... instructor in the ski school." 9*. My first
thought that this should be ... son of Jane Fowler's fiance
proved to be correct. 10. My father was ... mayor of the
village and ... honorable man. Ц. His laboratory, ...
best institution of this kind, made Cambridge world
known in the field of experimental physics. 12. Raiford
Calvert was made^TT, first lieutepani because everybody
liked Raif, and Able Wynder, Л son of a small trapper,
himself ... small farmer, was elected -m second lieutenant.
j3. The door to his office opened and ... Professor Fox
sa w a young man, about 21, enter behind the secretary.
14. Every Thursday morning ... Aunt Carrie took the
cellar key from the place where she'd hidden it and herself
fetched a bottle of claret from the cellar. 15. If he had
had more conferences with ... scientist Krall they would
have contributed a great deal towards his understanding
of the vocational high school. 16. The black-clad servant
of ... Bartfn de Belleme prepared to shoot at the impos
sible target. 17. James Clerk Maxwell, ... great physi
cist and mathematician, was born in Edinburgh, Scot
land, on November 13, 1831. 18. When Mike had seen
her, she was ... girl of eighteen. 19. I was ... young kid
who didn't know which end was up. 20. Madame Sur-
rane Bauvier, ... widow of an officer, has supported her
self and her daughter by means of her.talent. 21. And
she dressed like — well, like what she was, ... wife of
the assistant Colonial Secretary at Hong Kong. 22. Perez
de Cuellar, ... UN Secretary General, declared his sup
port for the Soviet peace initiatives to reach a just set
tlement. 23. I'm ... Assistant General Manager. That's
why I came personally. 24. Any man who was ... fool
enough to fall for a simper, a faint or "Oh, how wonder
ful you are!" wasn't worth having. 25. They think it
... lie to keep the patient from worrying. 26. She didn't
know whether he had gone ... Republican, or ... Demo
crat, or ... maoist. 27. He was made ... executive in his
father-in-law's bank in Syracusa. 28. Edmund Halley,
... head of Greenwich Observatory, was among them
too. 29. ... surgeon Laide explained the operation to
her carefully. 30. ... Aunt Pitty completely forgot that
the sight of blood always made her faint. 31. ... prisoner
as he was, Rhett Butler was ... dangerous man.
*79. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English
paying attention to the use of articles with appositive and
predicative nouns.
2
Mark Twain once visited the artist Whistler in his
study and was looking over his pictures. He started to
touch one canvas. "Oh," cried Whistler, "don't touch
that! Don't you see it, it isn't dry yet?"
"I don't mind," said Mark Twain, "I have gloves on."
3
James Thurber, the "New Yorker" cartoonist, attend
ed one of Hollywood's premieres. When they were leav
ing the theatre Thurber asked Mr. Field, a writer friend,
what he thought of the picture.
"I thought it was awful," replied Mr. Field. "What
did you think of it?"
"I can't say I liked it that'well," said Thurber.
83. Explain the use of articles with nouns in apposition. Retell
the text using these nouns.
122
Unknown Raphael Found
A previously unknown painting by Raphael, the Re-
naissance master, has been purchased "for a sum in six
figures" by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Mr. Perry
Rathbone, the museum's director announced.
The painting, a formal portrait of a dark-eyed girl
of twelve dressed in lace and velvet and wearing gold
and pearl jewelry, was discovered in the private collec-
tion of an old European family. Mr. Rathbone refused
to identify the family or to disclose the price the museum
paid.
Dr. John Shearman, a British art historian and author-
ity on Raphael, has said the painting is "unquestiona-
bly authentic", and he succeeded in identifying the girl
in it.
Undiscovered Raphaels are extraordinarily rare. Ra-
phael has been in vogue for centuries and his art was
already expensive while he was alive. His paintings
were commissioned not by common men, but by popes
and dukes and families of great wealth and sophisticat-
ed taste.
Dr. Shearman believes that it was one such family—
the della Roveres, the rulers of Urbino, where Raphael
was born—who commissioned the girl's portrait in 1505.
Eventually, through marriage, it became the prop-
erty of the Fieschis, a family of Rome and Genoa. Mem-
bers of that family always assumed that the portrait
was by Raphael, but nothing was known about the girl.
It was Dr. Shearman who concluded that she was
Eleonora della Rovere, later Duchess of Urbino. She is
so identified at the Museum of Fine Arts.
84. Retell the text given below. Explain the use of the indefinite
article with the italicised nouns. Speak of some other famous
women — revolutionaries, scientists, writers, actresses, musi-
cians.
Angela Davis
Angela. Davis became famous in the early 1970's
^hen she campaigned to free three black prisoners in
California. At that time she was a Professor of Philos-
°Phy at California University. She was arrested as
a
"terrorist" in New York in October 1970. Her support-
ers launched a campaign to free her and in June 1972
123
she was found to be innocent of the charges made against
her. She went on to campaign, for other political prison-
ers and for racial equality of all peoples.
*85. Fill in the blanks with articles wherever necessary. Explain
the use of articles with predicative nouns.
1
Will Roger* invited to dinner by a friend* replied:
"No thanks, I've already ate."
"You should say thave eaten'," his friend corrected.
"Well," drawled Roger, "I know a lot of fellows who
say 'have eaten' who ain't ate!"
2
Swift, in travelling, called a hospitable house. The
lady of the mansion, rejoiced to have so distinguished
a guest, with great eagerness asked him what he would
have for dinner. "Will you have an apple-pie, sir? Will
you have a gooseberry-pie, sir? Will you have a cherry-
pie, sir? Will you have a plum-pie, sir?"
"Any pie, Madam, but a mag-pie!"
3
In his early days in New York Floyd Odium and his
wife were invited to a dinner. The only pair'of shoes he
happened to own at the time were bright yellow. In order
to render them appropriate to the occasion he and his
wife painted them black on the day of the party. During
dinner, their hostess, sniffing perplexedly, said to her
son ."Charlie, I smell paint. Did you upset the paint in
1'..- cellar?"
A fruitless discussion ensued in which everyone spoke
of the smell of paint except the Odiums who protested
that they smelled nothing.
101. Read and retell the joke.
A farmer who went to a large city to see the sights
engaged a room at a hotel and before retiring asked the
clerk at what time the meals were served.
"We serve breakfast from 7 to 11, dinner from 12 to
3, and supper from 6 to 8," explained the clerk.
"Look here," asked the farmer in surprise, "What
time am I going to see the town?"
139
Develop the situation speaking on the following topics.
1. The farmer tells a friend of his about what he saw
in the city.
2. The farmer describes the meals he had at the hotel
to a friend of his after he returns home.
*102. Fill in the blanks with articles.
English Tea
... trouble with ... tea is that originally it was quite
... good drink.
So ... group of ... most eminent British scientists
put their heads together, and made ... complicated bio
logical experiments to find ... way of spoiling it.
To ... eternal glory of ... British science their labour
bore ... fruit. They suggested that if you don't drink it
clear, or with ... lemon or ... rum and ... sugar, but pour
... few drops of ... cold milk into it, and no sugar at all, .
... desired object is achieved. Once this refreshing, aro
matic, oriental beverage was successfully transformed
into ... colourless and tasteless gargling-water, it sud- ч
denly became ... national drink of ... Great Britain and j
... Ireland—still retaining ... high-sounding title ... tea.
There are ... occasions when you must not refuse ... c
cup of ... tea, otherwise you are judged ...exotic and ;
barbarous bird without ... hope of ever being able to \
take your place in ... civilised society. 3
If you are invited to ... English home at five o'clock '
in ... morning you get ... cup of ... tea. It is either
brought by ... heartily smiling hostess or ... almost ma- \
levolently silent maid.
Then you have ... tea for ... breakfast; then you have
... tea at eleven o'clock in ... morning; then after...
lunch; then you have ... tea for ... tea; then after ... sup
per; and again at eleven o'clock at ... night.
Yoti definitely must not follow my example. I sleep
at five o'clock in ... morning; I have ... coffee for ...
breakfast; I drink ... innumerable cups of ... black cof
fee during ... day; I have ... most unorthodox and exotic
teas even at ... tea-time.
... other day, for instance — I just mention it as ...
terrifying example to show you how low some_ people
can sink—I wanted ... cup of ... coffee and ... piece of
... cheese for ... tea. It was ... exceptionally hot day and
140
0y wife made some cold coffee and put it in ... refriger-
at0r, where it froze and became one solid block. On ...
0ther hand, she left... cheese on ... kitchen table, where
It melted. So I had ... piece of ... coffee and ... glass of
cheese.
*103. Insert articles before names of diseases if necessary.
1. Manson was in this horrible situation, really feel-
ing the nightmare of every doctor. And all that he had
done was to cure Mary of v.. consumption. 2. The cold
water sent <£L spasm through the base of his spine, the
stick fell from his hands. 3. She got kind of quiet, like
she had .л headache. 4. "What's happened to your
friend?" he said. I told him about ^influenza. 5. He is
only fifty but the liver has stopped restoring itself, the
precipitating factor is .# alcoholism. 6. I got .v. pneu
monia making a picture last January and I've been re
cuperating. 7. "I was called at my home," Barlett said,
u
and Dr. Cymbalist told me he suspected a, perforated
ulcer." 8. I had heard of a man who had a slight fungus
growth on his thumb and had become obsessed with the
idea that it was .* cancer. 9. I made sure it was л chill,
Doctor. 10. She clung to him, face distorted and crim
son. Й1. cough rocked her. 11. Old and young, talkative
and taciturn, rich and poor, they all had two things in
common, lice and bs. dysentery. 12. After Ъл typhoid she
was just skin and bone. 13. Yes, you had found ... diph
theria and ... typhoid, and, if I am right, there were
some outstanding, like ... scarlet fever and ... smallpox,
that you called ultramicroscopia, and which you were
still hunting for, and others that you didn't even suspect.
14. She coughed less too, as ^ p l e u r i s y subsided but
she grew tired in the divan bed though Bart had put a
headrest to it to hold her pillows. 15. It probably ac
counts for some of ЛчШи you spoke of, but that is not too
serious in itself.Г lb. Think of patients lying in that
racket after a serious abdominal or running a temperature
of a hundred and four with ... meningitis! 17. The morn
ing after the bridge party Mrs. Van Hopper woke with ...
sore throat and a temperature of a hundred and two. 18.
Little Nancy has ... backache and they've cabled" her to go
home. 19. I developed ... blister on my thumb and had
to quit. 20. Lucy knew, of course—and was aware that
Vivian knew it too—that the possibility remained that
... osteogenic sarcome which Dr. Pearson had diagnosed
HI
might have metastasiged ahead of the amputation. 21
The trainer took a fussy interest in him when he canie /к
with ... small bruise on his knee. 22. It looked precise}!!
the place to provoke rather than cure ... nervous break
down. 23. The last woman who had undressed me had
been my mother, when I was five, and I had ... measles
24. She'd hurry to her room and plead ... toothache. But
when the carriage came nearer, her flight was checked
by her amazement. 25. Case was a forty-year old man
admitted for ... appendicitis. 26. Would you agree with
me, Dr. Seddons, that the diagnosis of death of ... coro
nary thrombosis seems fairly well established? 27. He
had attended her when she had ... pleurisy, and it had
always been the same. 28. At the beginning of the year
Cooper went down with ... fever. 29. He had ... grippe
and I figured that I probably won't see him again. 30. The
medical history of this man shows that three years ago
he suffered ... first coronary attack and then ... second
attack earlier this year.
104. Complete the sentences using names of diseases and the ex
pressions "to have toothache, a headache, a cough, a cold,'
heart trouble", etc.
1. "What is the matter with Anne?" "She is in bed
with ..." 2. "You look pale. What has happened?"
"I have ..." 3. "I hear John is in hospital." "Yes, he has ..."
4. Jane has a high temperature. I'm sure it is ... 5.
George has a bad cough. I'm sure it is ... 6. Mary doesn't
feel well after ... 7. I don't feel well. I'm afraid I've
caught ... 8. Henry was taken to hospital with acute ...;
9. I'm afraid Anthony has fallen ill. It must be ... 10. Sam
was suddenly taken ill last month. It was ... 11. I must'
see a dentist, I have terrible ... 12. "Why hasn't Tom
come?" "He is down with ..."
*105. Fill in the blanks with articles wherever necessary paying
particular attention to names of diseases.
I-»remember going to ... British Museum one day to
read up ... treatment for some slight ailment of which j
I had ... touch: ... hay fever, I fancy it was. I got down \
... book, and read all I came to read; and then, in ... 5
unthinking moment, I idly turned ... leaves, and began )
to study ... diseases, generally. I forget which was ... i
first disease I read about, but before I had glanced half 1
down ... list of ... "premonitory symptoms", I was cer- 1
tain I had got it.
142 •
I sat for ... while frozen with ... horror; and then in
despair I again turned over ... pages. I came to ...
jyphoid fever—read ... symptoms—discovered that I
/ad .-• typhoid fever, must have had it for ... months
Without knowing it—wondered what else I had got;
turned up ... scarlet fever—found, as I expected, that I
dad that too—began to get interested in my case, and
determined to sift it to ... bottom, and so started alpha
betically— read up ... ague, and learnt that I was sick
ening for it, and that ... acute stage would commence
in about ... fortnight. ... rheumatism, I was relieved to
find, I had only in ... modified form, and so far as that
was concerned I might live for ... years. ... cholera I had
with ... severe complications; and ... diphtheria I
seemed to have been born with. I read conscientiously
through ... twenty-six letters, and ... only malady I
could conclude I had not got was ... housemaid's knee.
I felt rather hurt about it at first; it seemed somehow
to be ... sort of ... slight. Why hadn't I got ... house
maid's knee? After ... while, however, I reflected that
I had every other known disease in ... pharmacology,
and I grew less selfish and determined to do without
... housemaid's knee. ... gout, in ... most malignant stage,
it would appear, had seized me without my being aware
of it; and ... zymosis I had evidently been suffering with
from ... boyhood. There were no more diseases after ...
zymosis, so I concluded that there was nothing else ...
matter with me.
I had walked into ... reading-room, ... happy, healthy
man. I crawled out ... decrepit wreck.
*106. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English
paying attention to the use of articles with names of dis
eases.
1
"Could there be anything worse," an ailing friend
once wrote complainingly to Mark Twain, "than having
a toothache and an earache at the same time?"
Mark Twain wrote back; "Rheumatism and St. Vitus
Dance."
И4
2
A doctor was aroused in the middle of the night by
a phone call from a man to whose family he had not had
occasion to render medical services for some time. "Doc-
tor," said the excited man, "please come over right away.
My wife is in great pain and I am sure it is appendicitis'
The doctor had been sleepily mulling over the medical
history of the family and said, "Well now, it probably
isn't anything like that. I'll come around first thing in
the morning. Don't worry. Probably just indisgestion*
"But, doctor, you've got to come. I'm positive it's
appendicitis" protested the alarmed husband.
"Oh, come, Mr. Johnson," the doctor said, somewhat
irritably, "I took out your wife's appendix almost two
years ago. You know as well as I do, she hasn't got anoth-
er one."
"That's all right," said the husband, "but I've got
another wife."
3
A certain person coming to a doctor said, "Sir, when
I awake from sleep I have a dizziness for half an hour
and then I feel all right."
"Get up after the half-hour," the physician replied.
*109. Fill in the blanks with articles wherever necessary. Comment
on your choice.
£)Six months in j£ bed no longer seemed a long time
when Mrs. Carlton beside her had been in ,*. bed for eight-
een months.Г2р I'm in my second year in #. medical
school. 3. It's^worse than A prison, because in CI. prison
at least you are all criminals, but here only we three
have the stigma on us, and in .>? prison you can at least
have a cell to yourself 4. If you don't mind getting out
of ..r'bed, my Lord.^L Paulette, when this is oyer, I'm
going to treat you to the best lunch in x. town.(6,Xorna
was glad that she had gone to .Я secondary school be
cause it had been only constructed a year before. She
was 17 years of age and had left *>. school 2 years before.
7. On the morning of the ШгД day of rain we decided
to go down into ... town.(JpWell, amigo, don't you
think it's time you were in .(I amfqrtable bed? We
have one for you at the San MiguelQh^I've been weak
and I have permitted your father to drive me from &£A
10 - 3 9 3 145
churcJ^-JO. The ship was floating idly on ... motionless
sea. (lUMel Bakersfeld was in .* hospital after he had
spent a few terribly hours in the truck snowbound on one
of the runways. (\2) Floyd was surprised to hear Pul s
daughter was doing wrell at ..V school while his son was
only somewhere down at the chart. {зУ/Fan lay back in
ii?--narrow hospital bed and tried to a3just herself to her
new surroundings. 14. Picked her up cheap at... market last
springand thought I'd got a bargain, but I soon found-
out. flSTjHe had felt that <u sea had finally relieved him-,
of hisimrden of violence; the future he and Swyer hoped|
for themselves was harmless and unobjectionable on <?L'|
mild sea among mild men. 16. He held himself very ei^ct r |
as though he were still in ... Air Cadets' school. (Пу1Щ
she could somehow manage to marry him while he was'l
in .V. jail all those millions would be hers and hers alone|
should he be executed. 18. So they were all seated at ...$
table, Rudolph self consciously the focus of the occasion^
wearing a collar and tie, and sitting very erect, like ar%
cadet at ... table at West Point. 19. He was explaining^
the work that was going forward—how one was discharg- i
ing another taking in cargo, and a third making ready }
for ... sea. (Йр "Jack, what are you going to do with your ]
life?"—"Who knows? Go to yj. sea, maybe, builc^ elec- i
tronic equipment, teach, marry a rich wife." (2jy After i
I checked into the office and confirmed that there was
nothing for me >tha,t weekend I drove into Л4 town in
my Volk^agen.Q^ I had known Jan slightly in .* high ;
school. (23v Still it was better than teaching chemistry
in Pi high school. 24. I had seen them walking together,
arms linked, to ... sea, coming back rather late and tired
and happy to a cold lunch. 25. He was usually caustic
in his comments on those who used ... church only for
marrying, or burying. 26. I wanted to look in at ... hos
pital before it was too late for visitors. 27. ... bed was
empty and there was no one in the room. 28. Men who
had hud high positions in the White House were being
sent to ... jail. 29. He was a youngish man in a button-
down collar to show that he had gone to ... law school
in the East, and a bright bow tie, to show that he now
lived in California. 30. This was no time to be laid up
immobilized and helpless in ... hospital for weeks or
may be months on end. 31. I read with satisfaction that
Venice was sinking into ... sea. 32. He probed his mind
for anything he might have done in ... college.
146
*110. Translate the following sentences from Russian into Eng
lish.
1. Школа находилась в жилой части города к се
веру и к востоку от делового центра. 2. Вы случайно
не заметили, где находится католическая церковь?
В Англии все ходят в церковь? 3. Была ночь. Море
было гладкое, как стекло. 4. Они оба в школе. 5. Джен
оглядела девушек в палате. Почти все они были при
кованы к постели, и им не разрешали ходить. Неко
торые из них пролежали в постели несколько лет.
6. Я направился на юг из-этого города, где, как я по
нял сейчас, я был счастлив более пяти лет. 7. Она при
летела в Нью-Йорк, а он был слишком ленив, чтобы
встретить ее. 8. Она никогда не была внутри церкви.
9. Джен сказала сама себе: «Никто никогда не заста
вит меня опять лечь в больницу, подобную этой». 10. Его
отец ходил вокруг дома медленно и осторожно (спо
койно), как человек, который только что вышел из
больницы после серьезной операции. 11. Когда он
оделся, он сел на кровать и стал ждать жену. 12. Мне
было всего восемнадцать лет, когда я приехала сюда.
Я npwPY^njLj^gMLJqor-"^ ""голы. УПГ Я тебе когда-
нибудь говорил, что мальчиком я посещал школу тан
цев? 14. Но если бы Бренатскис не пришел, Хьюго
пришлось бы провести ночь в тюрьме. 15. Она приехала
в город за покупками. 16. Боюсь, что вы можете опо
здать на последний поезд. Лучше оставайтесь в городе.
17. Примерно через две улицы отсюда есть больница.
18. Наступил день, когда мне надо было снова идти
в школу. 19. В доме никогда не было достаточно денег.
Поэтому он не учился в колледже. 20. «Что ты соби
раешься делать?» «Прежде всего,— сказал я,— уехать
из города». 21. «Отсюда море не видно»,— сказала я,
поворачиваясь к миссис Дэнверс. 22. Школа была
построена на холме, и он мог видеть реку Гудзон внизу.
23. Он учится в вечерней школе. 24. На уикенд они
решили поехать на море.
111. Read and retell the following joke. Develop the situation
trying to describe the events after Bobby's sister fell out of
the window.
120. Explain the use of articles with names of persons in the fol
lowing sentences.
Australia
Australia is ... fifth and smallest of ... continents,
three-quarters ... size of ... Europe, ... quarter ... size
11-393 161
of ... Africa and ... sixth ... size of ... Asia or AmPr
icas. On ... other hand, it is by far ... largest island in
... world, with ... coastline of 12,200 miles and .. over
all area of almost three million square miles, which
makes it slightly smaller than ... United States and about
twenty-four times ... size of ... British Isles.
Geologically, Australia dates back at least 2,000
million years, and ... poet who described it as "... land
as old as ... time" was not far wrong. Some people be-
lieve that it was once ... part of ... Antarctic continent.
There is also ... theory that until ... few million years
ago it was ... part of ... great land which reached ... north
to ... Asia and ... east as far as ... New Zealand. ... skel-
etal remains indicate that at one time Australia was
inhabited by ... giant land fauna, for example, ... kan-
garoos and ... emus up to three times their present size,
and ... lizards up to twenty feet long. ... country's
vegetation in those days was very much as it is now.
In its present shape more than ... third of Australia
lies within ... tropics. ... Cape York, its northern tip,
is in more or less ... same latitude as ... far south of ...
India and ... central islands of ... Philippines. ... south-
ern tip of ... Tasmania has ... same latitude as ... Port-
land (... Maine), ... Black Sea and ... Vladivostok. Be-
cause of this there is much variety in ... physical char-
acter and ... climate. It is ... rather flat country with
... not very high ranges near ... eastern coast. ... highest
peak, ... Mount Kosciusco, reaches only 7,316 feet, ...
quarter of ... height of ... Mount Everest. Much of ...
country's interior is almost rainless, and as ... result
most of ... people live on ... east and ... south-east
coasts. ... large cities such as ... Sydney and ... Melbourne
are crowded with ... people but ... average number of
... inhabitants to ... square mile in Australia is only
four.
*128 1 Fill in the blanks with articles wherever necessary paying
** particular attention to the use of articles before geographic
names. Retell the text. Describe the geography of another
country.
*132. Translate the text into English. Develop the story in your
own way.
On Snobbery
... snobbery is not so common in England today as it
was at ... beginning of ... century. It still exists, however,
and ... advertisers know how to use it in order to sell their
goods.
... snob, ... dictionaries tell us, is ... person who pays
too much attention to ... social position or wealth. ... po
pular newspapers know that many of their readers are ...
snobs. That is why they give them ... unimportant and
useless information about ... persons of ... high social
position, ... photographs of 'Lady X and her friends' at ...
ball, or 'Lord Y and his friends' at ... races.
It is ... snobbery that makes some men feel annoyed
when on ... envelopes of ... letters addressed to them, they
find 'Mr' before their names instead 'Esq/ after their
names. ...snobbery explains why many people give their
suburban house ... name, such as '... Oaks', '... Pines',
4
... Cedars', '... Poplars', even though there are no oak
trees, pine trees, cedar trees or poplar trees in their garden.
... people of ... high social position have ... country houses
with ... names, so ... house with ... name seems 'better'
than ... house with ... number. ... numbers make ... post
man's work much easier, but that is not important.
... advertisers are very clever in their use of... snobbery.
... motor-car manufacturers, for example, advertise ...
colours of their cars as 'Embassy Black' or 'Balmoral
Stone'. ... embassy black is ... plain, ordinary black, but
because ... embassy is ... official residence of ... ambassa
dor, ... name suggests ... diplomats and all ... social
importance that surrounds them: ... Balmoral stone is ...
grey colour of ... ordinary stone, but ... Balmoral is also
... name of ... residence in Scotland of ... British royal
family.
Supplementary task.
Do you know any snobs? What can you say about them?
169
*134. Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary.
J 73
moment, Wadleigh saw him and straightened up and smiled at him.
19. Was it not the very opportunity of which Gladys spoke? 20.
"He's a most handsome young man, but he's not clever enough,"
Magda thought of Bart when she first saw him at the railway sta-
tion. 21. It was the third or fourth time he had reprimanded her
since they had sat down at the desk together. 22. She opened an-
other door (a second door) and saw that it led into a passage. 23. I
thought you saw him last Tuesday.— No, but I'll be seeing him
next Tuesday.
Ex. 21. 1. the. 2. a. 3. a, a. 4. a. 5. a. 6. the. 7. a. 8. an. 9. the.
10. —, a, a,—. 11. the. 12. a. 13. the. 14. the. 15. a. 16. a. 17. a,
18. the. 19. a. 20. the. 21. the, the, the. 22. the, a.
Ex. 22. 1. He locked the door leading into the hall. 2. The boys
serving the cannon trundled it along at the head of the procession.
3. The quarter master pointed with his thumb to the woman stand-
ing by his side. 4. It was Virginia, a scarf over her head, in a fur-
trimmed grey coat. 5. We went along a broad, carpeted passage,
and then turned left. 6. He heard the murmur of a coming plane.
7. I stood by the iron gate leading to the garage and for a while
I could not enter. 8. Mrs. Van Hopper had a trained nurse. 9. He
looked up and saw a man standing in front of him. 10. Andrew
was a man endowed with supreme patience. 11. Then he followed
his unknown friend back to the lighted hall. 12. She looked at him
with a joking smile. 13. He sent her a note saying he was coming
back. 14. He looked around and saw a fifteen-year-old boy coming,
towards him. 15. There was a depressing pause. 16. He went in
the direction indicated and soon found himself at Cameron's.
17. Grant looked with interest at the pencilled words. 18. A red
neon sign flickered dimly, buzzing like a dying insect. 19. The»'
technicians and military men involved in the activity knew that a
test was under way — a test of what they had no idea. 20. At the
door leading to the veranda Bart read the words "Doctor Smith".
178
setting it back on the fire. 9. I dwelt in pleasure as a fish lives in
water. 10. He pulled down the thick green shades and the darkness
fell on the store. 11. Oil is thicker than water. 12. The silence irri
tated Shelton. 13. He glowed inwardly with a satisfaction which
seemed to melt his shyness. 14. The church condones the frightful
brutality with which the capitalist class treats the working class.
15. Nevertheless, the Americans did, in spite of all the doubts and
fears, elect him president. 16. There was jealousy in the lad's heart,
and a fierce, murderous hatred of the stranger who, as it seemed to
him, had come between them. 17. Now that I was away from the
noise and the stiffness of the buildings the silence and the emptiness
enveloped me. 18. They found a taxi and he admired the grace
with which she raised her arm to hail the taxi. 19. She must not
mention ТВ, she was there for bronchial trouble. She remembered
it. It was like pouring salt on a wound to remember. 20. The public
honours the memory of US war losses—the total number of the
dead was 400,000. 21. Jan spread butter on slices of fresh bread and
sliced tomatoes. 22. I hoped for more courageous conduct from you.
I thought the Irish said what they thought. 23. I'm going to sing
on the radio and make heaps of money. 24. His apologetic laugh
did not disguise the pleasure that he felt. 25. "Have you ever
thought about the future?" he asked me. 26. Davidson's voice
trembled with excitement. 27. His hall was panelled in black oak.
28. It was inactivity that gnawed at him; he was not a man of
idleness. 29. The two of them were the best actors in the world.
30. The two ladies looked at each other again, this time with a
tinge of embarrassment. 31. He had not imagined that a woman
would dare to speak so to a man.
Ex. 56. 1. Sitting on the veranda Bart could hear the tinkl
ing of china, the rattling of silver. 2. None of them had eaten bread
for ten years. 3. The cool water refreshed him after his long sleep.
4. She wore a necklace of corals set in silver. 5. Did you ever get
the tobacco I sent? 6. Jane and John were walking hand in hand
through the slush and mud. 7. The delicious smell of frying chicken
filled the flat. 8. When the soup was finished he turned round to the
12* 179
fire and lit a cigar. 9. I filled the bath with cold water. 10. Leaves
lay on the surface of the water. 11. She made herself a coffee. 12.
Mable was knitting something of thick red wool. 13. "Diet?" she
thought- "When I am sixty I shall let myself go. I shall eat all
the bread and butter I like/ 1 14. In front of Beatrice was a plate
of butter, a pot of strawberry jam, coffee and a jug of cream. 16. Her
words hung in the quiet room like fog over water. 16. It doesn't mat
ter if a will is written in ink or typed, does it? 17. She drank strong
black coffee, spreading butter over a slice of stale bread. 18. The
roofs and the ground were covered with snow. 19. Janice followed
her with a cup of warm milk and took her temperature. 20. He came
to the end of his provisions and lived on fish and coconuts.
—, the, Z a, Z a, a.
180
18. Fear gripped him. 19. She turned and looked at him. Her eyes
were calmer now, only contempt showing in them. 20. How quickly
the unimaginable became the practical reality. 21. Nothing seemed
to surprise him. Perhaps he had seen too much of the unexpected
ever to be startled again. 22. He kept low to the ground and alert,
listening for the unusual. 23. Ashley can't look forward any more.
He can't see the present, he fears the future, and so he looks back.
24. She was gay and talkative as in the past. 25. I knew that the
future was going to be full of pain for me. 26. I'll have to be more
careful in future.
Ex. 72. —, —, —, Z the, the, the, —, Z a, —, Z —, a, a, a,
—, —, a, a, —, —, Z the, the, Z a, a, a, —, the, Z the, a, —, Z
a, a, , a, —, —, —, .
Ex. 74. 1. the, the, the. 2. the, the. 3. the, a, an. 4. the, the,
a. 6. a, a. 6. a. 7. the. 8. the. 9. the. 10. a. 11. the, the 4 12. a. 13. the,
the. 14. the. 15. the. 16. the. 17. the, the. 18. t h e / l 9 . the, the.
Ex. 75. 1, It was Sunday afternoon and the sun, which had
been shining now for several hours, was beginning to warm the
earth. 2. They are the most ungrateful people in the world. 3. The
sky pressed down like a metal dome from horizon to horizon. 4. A
sharp wind had sprung up and she was cold. 5. He could see the
moon through the trees. 6. The air under the trees seemed oppressive.
7. This night the sky was overcast and the moon could not be
seen. Michael took along a pocket flashlight to light their way.
8. The moon sank behind the hill. 9. The open air and the rest
began to have a positive effect on his health. 10. The children were
asleep; the last of the winter winds blew in gusts outside the windows
of their bedroom. 11. The child stopped and looked at a silver
plane circling high in the sky. 12. Although the sun had set, the
heat hung heavy in the narrow street. 13. On the eastern horizon a
star was shining.
Ex. 76. 1. the, the, the. 2. the. 3. the, a, —, the. 4. an, a.
5. —, the. 6. a, a, the. 7. —, a, —. 8. the, the. 9. —. 10. the, an,
the. 11. a, the, the, the, the, the. 12. the, the. 13. —. 14. a, a.
15. the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the. 16. the, —. 17. —.
18. the, a, a. 19. the, the, the, —. 20. the, the, a. 21. —, the. 22.
the, the. 23. —, —. 24. the, the. 25. —. 26. the, the, a. 27. the,
the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the. 28. —, a. 29. the, the. 30. a, a.
31. the. 32. the, the. 33. —, the. 34. —, the, —, —, —, the, —, —.
Ex. 81. 1. I heard the voice of this man years ago when he
was head of the gang. 2. She was the best cook on the Isla nd. 3. James
stood on the pavement in horror. He was trembling from head to
foot. 4. O'Donnel was chief of surgery and also president of the
hospital's medical board. 5. I have some friends out there, whom I
visit from time to time in the summer. 6. What friends they werel
7. His career as a schoolteacher ended in 1911 by the illness. 8. "I'd
sooner not speak about him, dad," he said at last. 9. For many years
Newton served as President of the Royal Society. 10. She was
married to Sir Max Mallowan, the well-known archeologist. 11. I
continued to see Irene from time to time. 12. He turned restlessly
from side to side but sleep wouldn't come. 13. "You treated me as
a child so long," said Lucy slowly. 14, "What a funny thing,"
182
lid Mrs. Van Hopper, as we went upstairs in the lift. 15. I've
•avelled from town to town looking for freedom. 16.We demanded
lat Doctor Manson should resign. 17. Academician Petrov was
ле most experienced Т. В. specialist. 18. I respect you very much,
octor, and I should be sorry if you thought ill of me.
Ex. 85. a, —, a, an, a, —, Z —, —, the, —, Z a, a, a, the,
, Z a, a, a, Z the, —, —, —, —, the, the, an, Z the, an, —, —, a,
- , a, Z the, the, the, —, —, —-, the, the, the, the, the, —, the,
- , Z the, the, a, —, the, —, Z a, the, the, the, a, the, —, the,
- , the, —, Z the, the, a, the, a, —, the, the, Z a, —, the, the, a, a,
he, the, the, the, —, Z the, a, the, the, a, the, Z the, the, —, the,
\ —, —, —, —, the, a, a, Z the, the, the, a, a, Z —, the, the,
i, the, Z the, a, a, a, a, the, Z the, the, the, —, —, —, Z the, an,
i, a, , —, Z , .
/L
Ex. 86. 1. —, —, the. 2. —. 3. —. 4. the. 5. an. 6. the. 7.
;he. 8. the. 9. — (the). 10. the. 11. the. 12. the, —, the, the,
- , 13. the (—). 14. the. 15. the. 16. —. 17. —. 18. —. 19.—. 20.
the. 21. a. 22. —, —, —, —. 23. a. 24. — (the). 25. the.
Ex. 87.^f[ uuring the summer I met my schoolmate frequent
ly. 2. "It was late autumn when she wrote to me," he said. 3. They
were to marry at the very beginning of spring. 4. The previous
summer Sarah moved to the country. 5. The summer Susanne spent
with Larry was the happiest time in her life. 6. I suppose you know
Larry has been in Sanary all the winter. 7. You see, I am going to
join my uncle's firm in the autumn. 8. It was early spring when
they arrived in Odessa. 9. What a dreary summer lies ahead of us.
10. The winter was cold that year. 11. During the winter the average
temperature was minus 10°. 12. Outside the hospital the citizens
of Burlington suffered from a terribly hot summer. 13. But really,
it seems rather absurd that I shouldn't see my own work, especially
as I am going to exhibit it in Paris in the autumn. 14; The winter
was near at hand, she had no clothes and now she was out of work.
15. In the summer of 1985 she won the competition.
Ex. M ^ r T h e , —. 2. —, the. 3. —, the, the. 4. —. 5. —. 6. —.
7# _ . 8. —. 9. —. 10. the. 11. —, the. 12. —. 13. —. 14. the. 15.
—, —, the. 16. —. 17. the. 18. the. 19. the. 20. a. 21. a. 22. the.
23. the. 24. the. 25. the. 26. the, the. 27. —. 28. —, the. 29. an, an.
30. the. 31. —. 32. —. 33. —. 34. the. 35. the. 36. —, the. 37. —.
38. —. 39. —, —. 40. the, the. 41. the, the, the. 42. —. 43. the.
103. 1. —. 2. a. 3. a. 4. the. 5. —. 6. —. 7. a. 8. —. 9. a.
10. a. 11. —. 12. the. 13. —, —, —, —. 14. the. 15. the. 16. —.
17. a. 18. —. 19. a. 20. the. 21. a. 22. a. 23. —. 24. —. 25. —.
26. —. 27. —. 28. —. 29. the. 30. a, a.
Ex. 105. the, the, a, —, the, an, the, —, the, the, the, Z a, —,
—, the, —, the, —, —, —, the, —, the, a, —, a, —, —, —, —,
the, the, —, Z a, —, —, a, —, —, —, the, —, -—, —, the, Z the, a, a.
Ex. 106. 1. The doctor said it was appendicitis and she ought
to be operated on. 2. Billy, who looked pale, complained that he had
a headache and went upstairs and lay down. 3, Your son came
№
to us because of kleptomania. 4. In actuality Dick was sick with the
flu. 5. I'm simply tired and have earache. 6. Perhaps the tuberculo-
sis he has doesn't come from the dust. 7. "Are you ready for the
reception?""I'm sorry, but I have liver trouble." 8. Naturally, I
realize the pleurisy she suffers from will prevent her from start-
ing to work by the end of October. 9. The surgeon was operating
for suspected cancer in the intestinal iract. When he reached the
affected area he decided the cancer was inoperable. 10. All the
workers had starved to death, except one, Chaginsky, who was in
hospital with scurvy. 11. It was early summer, when Julia decided
to go to the country house. But Roger had a sore throat and they
had to put off their trip. 12. George got out his banjo after supper
and wanted to play it, but Harris objected. He said he had got a
headache. 13. She's very sick now. She's got pleurisy. 14. I rang
up her doctor, who came round at once and diagnosed the usual
influenza. 15. One day I happened to have a cold and didn't know
it and swam in the canal. 16. Toward the end of July a sharp
outbreak of chickenpox began among the natives. 17. There is
evidence of the heart attack three years ago—an old infarct which
has healed. 18. He died of pneumonia today in the hospital. 19. By
the time I passed him I was limping noticeably. He looked at me
sympathetically and asked: "You, too?" "Just a sprain," I answer-
ed. 20. I had caught a cold on the plane and was sniffing and run-
ning a fever when we landed.
\LEX. 109. 1. —, —. 2. —. 3. a, a, —. 4. —. 5. —. 6. a, —.
7. —. 8. a. 9. the. 10. a. 11. —. 12. —. 13. the. 14. —. 15. the,
a. 16. —. 17. —. 18. the, a. 19. —. 20. —. 21. —. 22. —. 23. a.
24. the. 25. the. 26. the. 27. the. 28. —. 29. a. 30. —. 31. the.
32. —.
187
tres are there in your town? 27. What is on at the cinema near
your house?
Ex. 118. 1. a. 2. the. 3. a, a. 4. the. 5. the. 6. a. 7. an. 8. the.
9. a. 10. a. 11. the. 12. a. 13. the. 14. a. 15. a. 16. the. 17. a. 18. a.
19. an. 20. a. 21. a. 22. —. 23. a. 24. a. 25. a. 26. a , a . 27. a. 28. an.
29. —.
Ex. 119. 1. How lovely a child you have brought with you!
2. "What a day we are having to-day!" he said, "Let's start at once."
3. Both the girls looked excited, though they tried to pretend that
nothing serious had happened. 4. "You must be more generous
than that," he said in such a simple way that she was touched. 5.
You could stay say no more than half the year. 6. All five trains
stopped at all the stations. 7. As you can imagine I was utterly
taken aback by such an address. 8. Poirot was afraid that another
death may follow, so he took all the necessary precautions. 9. There
was a rather awkward silence. 10. She looked out obediently at
the rather bare plain with its low trees. 11. When he got to his
room he turned on all the lights. 12. The man has rather a low
reputation. 13. There's quite a long description of the experiment
in this book. 14. She doubted the exactness of so large a bill. \5.
Quite an unusual panic gripped him. 16. It was too difficult a
task. 17. "What a day for a walk!" thought Carrie. 18. It's too
tough a game for you. 19. How famous a school you are going to.
20. She was so young a wife and so pretty.
^ Ex. 121. 1. —, —. 2. a. 3. the. 4. the, the. 5. the. 6. the.
7. the. 8. the. 9. —. 10. a. 11. a. 12. a, the. 13. a. 14. a. 15^-J
16. a. 17. the. 18. an, a. 19. —, a. 20. the. 21. —, —, a. 22. a. 23. a.
j Ex. 122. 1. —, —, —. 2. the. 3. a. 4. —, —. 5. —. 6. —. 7. the.
8. - r , — . 9 . —, —. 10. the. 11. —. 12. the. 13.—. 14. the. 15. the,
the.116. —. 17. —. 18. the, —, —. 19. the, the. 20. the, —. 21. —.
22. the. 23. the. 24. the. 25. —. 26. —, —. 27. an. 28. the. 29. —, —.
30. the. 31. —, the.
^ Ex. 123. 1. the. 2. the. 3. the. 4. the, the. 5. —. 6. the. 7. —.
8. j - . 9. the, —. 10. the, —. 11. the. 12. the. 13. the. 14. —. 15. the,
the\ 16. the. 17. —. 18. the. 19. —. 20. —. 21. the. 22. the.
" ^ Г Е х Г 124. 1. —. 2. the. 3. the. 4. —. 5. —. 6. —. 7. the. 8. the.
9. the. 10. —. 11. the. 12._^Al3. -^. 14. the, the. 15. —. 16. the.
17. the. 18. the, the, the, 19. the, the. 20. —. 21. the. 22, the,
the, the. 23. the.
)LExuJL25. 1. —, the, the, —. 2. —, —, the, the. 3. the. 4. —,
the. 5. —. 6. the, —. 7. —. 8. the. 9. the. 10. the. 11. the. 12.
t h e f = J L \ l 3 . —. 14. the. 15. —, —. 16. —. 17. the. 18. the, —. 19.
- . 20. the. 21. an, —. 22. the, —. 23. the. 24. —, —, 25. the. 26.
—. —. - ' 27» the. 28. the, —, 29. the, the, the.
188
Ex. 126. 1. the. 2. the. 3. the, the, —. 4. the. 5. —. 6. the.
7. —, the, —, —. 8. the. 9. —, —. 10. the. 11. —. 12. —, —. 13. the,
the. 14. the. 15. —. 16. the. 17. —, —. 18. the. 19. the. 20. the.
21. the. 22. —, —, —, —. 23. —, —. 24. the. 25. the. 26. —. 27. the.
28. —. 29. the, —. 30. the, —. 31. —, —. 32. the. 33. —, the. 34.
—, the. 35. the, the. 36. —, —, —. 37. the. 38. —. 39. the. 40. —.
41. —, —. 42. the, the. 43. the, —. 44. the, the, the, the. 45. the.
46. —. 47. the. 48. the. 49. —, —. 50. the. 51. the, the. 52. —, a.
53. —, the, the, the.
Ex. 128. the, the, the, the, the, a, —, the, the, the, the, a, —,
the, the, —, the, the, a, —, —, the, Z the, the, —, the, the, —,
the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, —, —, —, —, —, the,
the, the, the, the, the, the, the, Z the, the, —, the, — (the), the,
— (the), the, the, Z the, the, the, —, —, the, the, —, —, —, —, —,
—, the, the, the, the, Z the, —, the, a, —, —, —, the, —, the, the,
—t —, —» —» —i 2 the, the, —, —, —, the, —-, —, —, —, Z the,
the, the, —, —, —, —, —, —, the, —, the, the, —-,