შმემანი - მართლმადიდებლობის ისტორიული გზა 2011 (Zoidze-Sakvarelidze) PDF

ПРОТОИЕРЕЙ
АЛЕКСАНДР ШМЕМАН
ÈÑÒÎÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ
ÏÓÒÜ ÏÐÀÂÎÑËÀÂÈß
protopresviteri
aleqsandre Smemani
marTlmadideblobis
istoriuli gza
mTargmnelebi:
oTar zoiZe
fridon sayvareliZe
wignis saxelosno
Tbilisi
2011
protopresviteri aleqsandre Smemani
marTlmadideblobis istoriuli gza
pirveli gamocema, 2011 weli
gamomcemloba wignis saxelosno
mTargmnelebi
o T a r z o i Z e da f r i d o n s a y v a r e l i Z e
redaqtori
m a g d a m W e d l i Z e , filologiis doqtori
© Smemani aleqsandre, protopresviteri

© Smemani aleqsandre, memkvidreebi
© oTar zoiZe da fridon sayvareliZe – mTargmnelebi
Протопресвитер Александр Шмеман

Исторический путь православия
Первое издание, 2011 год
Издательсто "Цигнис сахелосно"
Редактор
Магда Мчедлидзе, доктор филологии
Перевод
Отар Зоидзе и Фридон Сакварелидзе
© Шмеман Александр, Протоиерей

© Шмеман Александр, наследники
© Отар Зоидзе и Фридон Сакварелидзе – переводчики
ISBN
5
mTargmnelebisagan
me-20 saukunis didi saeklesio moRvawisa da marTlmadidebeli

RvTismetyvelis protopresviter aleqsandre Smemanis
winamdebare wigni `marTlmadideblobis istoriuli gza~
gamorCeuli naSromia eklesiis zogadi istoriis Sesaxeb.
wignis gamorCeuloba ganpirobebulia avtoris SesaniSnavi
unariT, naTlad gadmosces is, rac, misi azriT, umTavresia
eklesiis istoriaSi: èklesia istoriaSi cxovrobs, am mudmiv
moZraobaSi, cvlilebebSi; mdinareba da `sikvdili da dro sufevs
qveynierebaze~1. magram mxolod eklesiam icis, rom istoriaSi
ukve Sesulia maradisoba, rom napovnia lodi, romelic am
dausrulebeli mdinarebidan gamosvlis saSualebas mogvcems,
raTa davamarcxoT is da sazrisi SevZinoT mas. radgan Tavad
eklesiaa es lodi da dafuZnebulia `qristes Seuryevelsa zeda
kldesa~2. qriste cxovrobs eklesiaSi, xolo qriste `guSin
da dRes da igi Tavadi ars ukunisamde~ (ebr. 13:8), da qristes
cxovrebiT cxovrebisas eklesia ukve ara mxolod adamianuri,
aramed RmerTkacobrivi cxovrebiT cxovrobs. is erTdroulad
gzaSia da evneba grZeli gzis xvatisa da mtvrisagan, magram ukve
samSobloSia; jer kidev miwazea, magram ukve zecaSicaa.~3
teqstis ukeT aRqmisaTvis wigns Tan davurTeT ori leqsikoni:
1) geografiul da istoriul saxelTa leqsikoni; 2) mcire
biografiuli leqsikoni. pirvel leqsikonSi ganmartebulia
1 v. soloviovis leqsidan `Бедный друг, истомил тебя путь…~

(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
2 andria kritelis didi kanoni (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
3 aleqsandre Smemani, eklesia da istoria (ix. krebuli: Прот. Александр
Шмеман, Собрание статей, 1947-1983., Москва, Русский путь 2009, с. 17-19)
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
6
ZiriTad teqstSi moxseniebuli yvela geografiuli (mag. optis

udabno, smirna, Tesaloniki da a.S.) da istoriuli saxeli (mag.
bizantiis imperia, nikeis imperia da a.S.) pirTa leqsikonSi
mocemulia naSromSi moxseniebul pirTa mokle biografiebi
(basili didi, grigol palama da a.S.) im SemTxvevebis garda,
rodesac informacia zogierTi piris Sesaxeb sqolioSia
Camotanili. aseve sqolioSi CamovitaneT yvela is sityva, saxeli
Tu termini, romelTa ganmarteba aucileblad CavTvaleT.
leqsikonebSi statiebi anbanis rigzea dalagebuli;
gamoyenebulia sacnobaro gamocemebisaTvis Cveuli sistema:
ama Tu im statiaSi kursiviTaa dabeWdili iq moxseniebuli is
sityva an saxeli, romelic anbanis rigze specialuri statiiTaa
warmodgenili, xolo statiis bolos, Tu informaciis
sisrulisaTvis es saWirodaa miCneuli, miTiTebulia ganmartebuli
sityvis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli sxva statiebic.
CvenTvis, mTargmnelebisaTvis, udidesi sixaruli iyo mama
aleqsandres wignis Targmanze muSaoba; vmadlobT yvelas, visi
daxmarebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda araerTi RirsebiT gamorCeuli
am wignis qarTul enaze gamocema:
– sergei Smemans, mama aleqsandres Svils, romelmac
usasyidlod mogvaniWa mama aleqsandres Sromebis Targmnisa da
gamocemis eqskluziuri ufleba saqarTveloSi;
rusTavisa da marneulis mTavarepiskoposs ioanesa da fe
riscvalebis dedaTa monastris monazvnebs, romlebic dagvexmarnen
liturgiuli teqstebis qarTuli Sesatyvisebis daZebnaSi;
baton goCa saiTiZes – istoriul-geografiuli leqsikonis
redaqtirebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis;
qalbaton magda mWedliZes – am gamocemis redaqtors;
qalbaton eliko kavlelaSvils – ydis dizainis SeqmnaSi
gaweuli konsultaciisTvis;
qalbaton qeTevan maTiaSvils – zogierTi terminis ganmartebaSi
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis;
baton revaz vaSakiZes – romelmac mogvapovebina wignis Targmnisa
da gamocemis ufleba da romlis gareSec es wigni ver gamoicemoda.
7
mkiTxvels vTxovT Sendobas uneblie SecdomebisaTvis.

yovel SeniSvnas gulisxmierebiT miviRebT da gaviTvaliswinebT
momdevno gamocemebSi. (mogvwereT misamarTze:
otarzoidze@gmail.com, fsakvarelidze@yahoo.com)
oTar zoiZe
fridon sayvareliZe
8
aleqsandre dimitris Ze Smemani

(mokle biografiuli cnobebi)
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis didi moRvawe da RvTismetyveli,

mRvdeli, profesori, mqadagebeli. daibada 1921 wlis 13
seqtembers revelSi (estoneTi), sadac misi ojaxi aRmoCnda 1917
wlis oqtombris bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg. misi babua
iyo ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, mama – semionovskis polkis
leib-gvardiis oficeri, deda – kostromis memamulis qaliSvili.
ociani wlebis dasawyisSi Smemanebis ojaxi gadavida parizSi.
Tavdapirvelad aleqsandre Smemani miabares kadetTa korpusSi,
saidanac igi gadavida frangul liceumSi. liceumis dasrulebis
Semdeg 1940 wels Smemanma swavla gaagrZela parizis wminda
sergis saRvTismetyvelo institutSi. 1944 wels aleqsandre
Smemani daniSnes saprofesoro stipendiantad profesor
a. kartaSevis xelmZRvanelobiT. momdevno wels aleqsandre
Smemani gaxda RvTismetyvelebis kandidati da daiwyo Zveli da
bizantiuri eklesiebis istoriis kursis kiTxva. misi pirveli
leqciis mosmenis Semdeg misma xelmZRvanelma moxucebulma
istorikosma kartaSevma Tqva: àw ganuteve mona Seni, meufeo...~
eklesiis istoriaSi muSaobis nayofi iyo aleqsandre Smemanis
wigni `marTlmadideblobis istoriuli gza.~ 1946 wels aleqsandre
Smemani mRvdlad akurTxes. mama aleqsandre aswavlida wminda
sergis saRvTismetyvelo institutSi. 1951 wels mama giorgi
florovskim mama aleqsandre miiwvia niu-iorkis wminda vladimeris
akademiaSi. mama aleqsandre meuRlesTan (iuliana osorgina) da sam
SvilTan erTad sacxovreblad niu-iorkSi gadavida. 1959 wels man
daicva sadoqtoro disertacia liturgiul RvTismetyvelebaSi
(SemdgomSi sadisertacio naSromi daibeWda wignad `Sesavali
liturgiul RvTismetyvelebaSi~). wlebis ganmavlobaSi
9
qadagebda radio `Tavisuflebis~ rusul redaqciaSi (sami

aTasamde qadageba), 1962 wlidan gardacvalebamde iyo
wm. vladimeris akademiis reqtori, bevri universitetis
sapatio doqtori. mama aleqsandres didi RvawliT amerikis
marTlmadidebelma eklesiam miiRo avtokefaluroba.
mama aleqsandre gardaicvala 1983 wlis 13 dekembers mZime
avadmyofobis Semdeg. igi ise gardaicvala, rom Semdeg misi
mowafeebi ambobdnen: `Tavdapirvelad igi gvaswavlida sicocxles,
xolo Semdeg sikvdils.~
aleqsandre Smemanis ZiriTadi naSromebia: `Sesavali liturgiul
RvTismetyvelebaSi~ èvqaristia~, `wyliTa da suliT,~ àma soflis
sicocxlisaTvis~, `mZime marxva~. misi Sromebi farTod gamoiyeneba
amerikis sxvadasxva universitetSi. am ramdenime wlis win aSS-s
mTavrobam armiisaTvis `mZime marxvis~ ramdenime aTasi egzemplari
daukveTa... mama aleqsandres gardacvalebidan ramdenime wlis
Semdeg aRmoaCines misi dRiurebi, romelic ukve ramdenime enaze
iTargmna da gamoica.
10
sarCevi
winasityvaoba. ........................................................................................................13
Tavi 1. eklesiis dasawyisi

`saqme mociqulTa.~ ierusalimis Temi: misi mowyoba
da cxovreba. kavSiris gawyveta iudevelobasTan. misia.
mociquli pavle (Targmna oTar zoiZem)..........................................................14
Tavi 2. devnili eklesia

eklesia da berZnul-romauli samyaro. devna da mowameebi.
brZola gnosisTan. III saukunis mniSvneloba
(Targmna oTar zoiZem)..........................................................................................49
Tavi 3. qristianobis gamarjveba

konstantines moqceva. axali urTierTobebi saxelmwifosTan.
ariozuli SfoTis arsi. cvlilebebi saeklesio cxovrebaSi.
monazvnoba (Targmna oTar zoiZem)..................................................................111
Tavi 4. msoflio krebebis epoqa

qristologiuri davebi da maTi mniSvneloba
marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi. aRmosavleTis gandgoma.
iustiniane. VII saukune
(Targmnes oTar zoiZem da fridon sayvareliZem)......................................167
Tavi 5. bizantia
bizantiuri periodis mniSvneloba. xatTmebrZolobis krizisi.
bizantia da romi. bizantia da slavebi
(Targmna fridon sayvareliZem).......................................................................261
11
Tavi 6. bneli saukuneebi

Turquli uReli. marTlmadidebluri nacionalizmi.
kulturis dacema. gaTavisufleba.
Tavi 7. rusuli marTlmadidebloba

qristianobis dasawyisi ruseTSi.
kievi – moskovis samefo – sinodis periodi
bolosityvaoba
geografiul da istoriul saxelTa leqsikoni

(Seadgina fridon sayvareliZem)......................................................................419
mcire biografiuli leqsikoni

(Seadgina oTar zoiZem).......................................................................................442
13
winasityvaoba
es wigni ar aris marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoria, kidev
ufro naklebadaa samecniero gamokvleva. zogadi istoriis oTxas
gverdze dawera istoriis saxelebisa da TariRebis CamoTvlamde
dayvana iqneboda. am wignSi mkiTxveli ipovis amgvar zogad istoriaze
erTgvar komentars mTavar movlenebze miTiTebiT, warsulSi
momxdari mTavaris meorexarisxovanisagan garCevis mcdelobas,
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis xangrZlivi gzis niSnulebis (ZiriTadis
mainc) aRniSvnas. me ar vmalav movlenebis Cemeul Sefasebebs, magram,
cxadia, am Sefasebebs aranairad miviCnev arc saboloo, arc amomwurav
Sefasebebad. vfiqrob, rom fiqri warsulze, misi sindisieri Sefaseba,
istoriuli simarTlis uSiSrad miReba dRes gansakuTrebiT
aucilebelia yvela im adamianisaTvis, visTvisac yvela miswrafebisa
da imedis centrSi eklesia dgas. Cems sakuTar Sefasebas vTvli ufro
kiTxvad, vidre pasuxad, an `msjavrad~.
am `ganzogadebas~ safuZvlad udevs aRmosavleTis eklesiis
istoriis kursi, romelsac 1945-1951 wlebSi vkiTxulobdi
marTlmadideblur saRvTismetyvelo institutSi, parizSi, xolo
bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi – wm. vladimeris sasuliero akademiaSi,
niu-iorkSi. vasruleb ra am wigns, msurs madloba gadavuxado yvelas,
vinc am wlebSi qristianuli WeSmaritebis msaxurebis STamagonebeli
magaliTi iyo. upirvelesad, vmadlob Cems maswavlebels, profesor a.
v. kartaSevs, romlis xelmZRvanelobiTac daviwye eklesiis istoriis
Seswavla, aseve vmadlob Cems maswavleblebsa da kolegebs parizis
saRvTismetyvelo institutSi, wm. vladimeris akademiis dekans
protopresviter g. v. florovskis. mkiTxveli Tavad naxavs, ramdenad
var davalebuli misgan. gansakuTrebiT ki minda vaxseno profesori s.
s. verxovski; masTan megobrobisa da urTierTobisgan davalebuli var
metad, vidre amis gamoxatva SemiZlia.
protopresviteri a. Smemani
niu-iorki, marti, 1953 w.
14 marTlmadideblobis istoriuli gza
Tavi 1. eklesiis dasawyisi
nawili 1.
eklesiis istoriis pirvel wlebze, sawyis movlenebze

moTxrobilia `mociqulTa saqmeSi~1, romelic dawerilia luka
maxareblis mier, rogorc misive saxarebis gagrZeleba. mociqulTa
saqmeSi aRwerilia pirveli qristianuli Temi ierusalimSi,
am Temis devna iudeis xelisufalTagan, mociqulebis,
gansakuTrebiT pavles qadageba da, bolos, qristianobis
gavrceleba ierusalimidan romamde. am Txrobis istoriul
Rirebulebas xSirad sadavod xdidnen da, marTlac, erTi
SexedviT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom igi Sors dgas istoriis
amocanebisa da meTodebis Tanamedrove gagebisagan; masSi bevria
dumili, Seuvsebeli adgilebi, zogjer igi ufro ganmartebaa an
sqema, vidre movlenis ubralo aRwera. magram mociqulTa saqmis
kiTxvisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom, msgavsad saxarebebisa (romelTa
Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba qristes cxovrebis aRweriT), mociqulTa
saqme Tavisi CanafiqriT aseve ar aris mxolod istoriuli
qronika. igi daiwera im wlebSi, roca eklesia, romelic romis
imperiis bevr did centrSi ganmtkicebis Semdeg gamovida
Tavisi ganviTarebis pirveli stadiidan, srulad acnobierebda
Tavis daniSnulebas da Tavisi pirveldawyebiTi gamocdilebis
aRnusxvasa da `formulirebas~ iwyebda werilobiTi formiT,
1 `saqme mociqulTas~ sruli saxelwodebaa `saqme mociqulTa¡ aRwerili luka
maxareblisa¡~. igi axali aRTqmis erT-erTi kanonikuri wignia, romelic
eklesiis wminda gardamocemis Sesabamisad da mkvlevarTa udidesi nawilis
azriT dawerilia wminda mociqulisa da maxareblis lukas mier. wigni
TariRdeba pirveli saukunis samociani wlebiT.
Tavi 1. eklesiis dasawyisi 15
ramac SemdegSi axali aRTqmis wigni Seadgina. axali aRTqmis yvela

avtors Soris lukas sxvebze metad SeiZleba ewodos istorikosi
am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT; da mainc, misi yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia ara mxolod istoriaze, rogorc aseTze. misi
Tema aris eklesia, rogorc dasruleba axali aRTqmisa, rogorc
qristes qmedebaTa aRsruleba samyaroSi, ese igi adamianTa
sazogadoebaSi, istoriaSi. ara ubralod eklesiis istoria,
aramed, uwinaresad, TviT eklesia, misi cocxali saxe, misi arsi,
rogorc isini gacxadda eklesiis arsebobis pirvelive wlebSi
– ai, eklesiis istoriis am fuZemdebluri Zeglis (mociqulTa
saqmis) Sinaarsi. esaa eklesiis Sesaxeb pirveli swavleba, romelic
gadmocemulia eklesiis cxovrebis faqtebiT; amitom SerCeulia
mxolod is faqtebi, rac emsaxureba am mizans, rasac aqvs arsebiTi
mniSvneloba am swavlebis gasagebad. am wigns (mociqulTa saqmes)
swored ase aRiqvamdnen qristianTa Semdgomi Taobebi, romlebic
ierusalimis TemSi, mociqulTa qadagebaSi, pavles cxovrebasa
da swavlebaSi xedavdnen saeklesio cxovrebis nimuSsa da sazoms
yvela droisaTvis, xedavdnen STamagonebel sawyiss – eklesiis
mTeli Semdgomi istoriis wyarosa da safuZvels.
mociqulTa saqmis Txroba iwyeba movlenebiT, romlebic
istorikosisaTvis jer kidev eklesiis istoriis mijnaze dgas:
Txroba iwyeba amaRlebiTa da sulTmofenobiT. magram lukas
xedvaSi swored amaRlebasa da sulTmofenobaSi aris eklesiis
dasawyisi, ese igi, mocemulia eklesiis arsebobis sazrisi,
romelic Semdeg TavebSi iqneba gacxadebuli.
mowafeTa mcire jgufi, romelic SeiZleba moTavsdes erT
oTaxSi: meTevzeebi, romlebic, lukas aRweriT, `... uwignoni
arian da umecarni~2, qalebi, moZRvris ramdenime naTesavi da
megobari; ai, mTeli `mcire samwyso~3, rac darCa ieso nazarevelis
Semdeg. ram aqcia isini uSiSar mqadageblebad, ram miiyvana isini
`dasasruladmde queyanisa,~4 ram daumorCila maT rwmenas odesme
2 saqme, 4:13
3 Sdr.: `nu geSinin mciresa magas samwysosa, rameTu saTno-iyo mamaman Tquenman
zecaTaman mocemad Tquenda sasufeveli~ (luka, 12:32).
4 saqme, 1:8
arsebul civilizaciaTa Soris udidesi, ram gardaqmna samyaro

ise, rom ukve veranairi Zala ver gandevnis samyarodan imis
saxes, vis Sesaxebac auwyeben qveyanas mowafeebi? Tavisi wignis
pirvelive gverdebze luka pasuxobs: suliwmindis gardamosvlam,
saidumlo xelaxalma Sobam, ris Semdeg yvelaferi is, rasac
akeTebda, rasac aswavlida ieso, gaxdeba mowafeTa Zala da TviT
qriste imoqmedebs Tavis mimdevrebSi da TviT qriste iqneba
qveyanaze. àramed moiRoT Zali mosvlasa sulisa wmidisasa Tquen
zeda, da iyvneT Cemda mowame ierusalems da yovelsa huriastansa
da samariasa da vidre dasasrulamde queyanisa~ (saqme, 1:8).~
ris Sesaxebaa es mowmoba? aq, uwinaresad, TviT eklesiis
istoriis Txrobis dawyebamde, ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT, ra Tqma
unda, friad zogadi saxiT, is saxareba, ese igi, xareba (sixarulis
uwyeba), rac Seadgens kidec saeklesio cxovrebisa da qristianuli
qadagebis Sinaarss samyaros winaSe. Tavisi amqveyniuri msaxurebis
Jams ieso qristem adamianebs auwya RmrTis sasufeveli. da misi
qadagebisa da saqmeTa arsi iyo is, rom qristes mosvla aris
dasawyisi sasufevlisa, rom Ze RmrTisa movida imisaTvis, rom
adamianebisaTvis ganecxadebina da aReTqva sasufeveli.
RmrTisagan codviT ganSorebulebs, borotsa da sikvdils
damorCilebulebs, namdvili cxovrebis damkargvelebs –
adamianebs kvlav SeuZliaT qristes rwmenis meSveobiT Seicnon
erTiani WeSmariti RmerTi da RmrTis siyvaruli ama soflisadmi,
qristesTan SeerTebiT miiRon axali – marTali, WeSmariti da
maradiuli sicocxle, risTvisac arian Seqmnilni adamianebi.
qriste gvaswavlida, rom sofeli ar iRebs RmrTis am sasufevels
imitom, rom `...yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~5 da sofelma
naTelze metad bneli Seiyvara. da amitom, Ze RmrTisam adamianebs
moutana ara mxolod swavleba, ara mxolod codna sasufevlis
Sesaxeb, aramed xsnac. borotebasa da codvas, rac adamianebze
batonobda, man Tavad sZlia. mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT igi avlenda
xatebas sruli adamianisa, ese igi adamianisa, romelic bolomde
morCilia RmrTisa. da mxolod am morCilebasa da am siyvarulSi
5 1 iovane, 5:19
iyo misi Zalaufleba da Zalmosileba, romliTac igi utevebda

codvebs, kurnavda sneulebebs, aRadgenda mkvdrebs. Tavis TavSi
igi moavlenda RmrTis sasufevels, rogorc srul SeerTebas
RmerTTan, rogorc RmrTisa da adamianebisadmi siyvarulisa da
msxverplis gaRebis Zalas. man, samarcxvino sikvdils micemulma,
yvelasagan mitovebulma, aRasrula saxe sruli Tavdadebisa,
sruli siyvarulisa, ukiduresi morCilebisa. magram am TavdadebaSi
iyo swored misi gamarjveba borotebasa da codvaze: siyvarulma
izeima siZulvilze, WeSmaritebam – sicrueze, sicocxlem –
sikvdilze: RmerTma igi mkvdreTiT aRadgina. qveynierebis yvela
boroteba, rRvevis mTeli Zala, romelic batonobs qveyanaze,
uZluri aRmoCnda am simarTlis mimarT da igi damarcxda erT
adamianSi (Ze RmrTisaSi). erTi adamianis codvisa da sikvdilis
samefoSi Sevida RmrTis sasufeveli – sasufeveli siyvarulisa,
sikeTisa da maradiuli sicocxlisa. magram es gamarjveba qristem
moipova ara TavisTvis, aramed sxvebisTvis, yvelasaTvis – raTa
ixsnas yvela da yvela Seiyvanos mis mier ganxorcielebul
sasufevelSi. da amitom qristem Tavidanve airCia Tormeti mowme,
raTa isini yofiliyvnen masTan, moesminaT misi swavleba, daenaxaT
misi saqmeni, misi sikvdili, aRdgoma da gandideba. da Rames, roca
jvarze aRsrulebuli sikvdiliT qriste Sevida Tavis didebaSi,
man mowafeebs aRuTqva sasufeveli: qristem aRuTqva, Tavisi
didebiT Tavisi Zala mieca maTTvis, raTa is, rasac mxolod igi
akeTebda, gamxdariyo yvelas monapovari, raTa mowafeebs
adamianebisaTvis ara mxolod moeTxroT mis Sesaxeb, aramed
adamianebi mieyvanaT masTan, SeeerTebinaT masTan da gaexadaT
isini qristes sasufevlis monawileni.
aseTi iyo aRTqma da igi aRsrulebul iqna sulTmofenobis
dRes. am dRes mowafeTa mcire jgufma miiRo mowmobis
Zalmosileba – ara mxolod moZRvris cxovrebisa da saswaulebis
Sesaxeb mowmoba, aramed mowmoba imis Sesaxebac, rom maswavlebeli
aris macxovari, samyaros meufe da ufali. mowafeTaTvis es
mowmoba, an mtkicebuleba aris eklesia, romelSic qriste
agrZelebs cxovrebas, romelSic, mowafeTa xeliT, axorcielebs
Tavis Zalauflebasa da Zalmosilebas, romelSic misi cxovreba

xdeba axali cxovreba yvela im morwmunisa, romelsac swams
igi. suliwmindis gardamosvla niSnavs yovelive zemoTqmuls.
suliwmindis gardamosvla `mcire samwysos~ aqcevs eklesiad.
es aRsrulda ierusalimSi. amasTan erTad, saxarebidan viciT,
rom mociqulebi galilevelni, e. i. CrdiloeT palestinis
mcxovrebni iyvnen da maT pirvelad swored iq ixiles aRmdgari
ufali. magram luka gansakuTrebulad amaxvilebs yuradRebas
macxovris sityvebze: ìerusalemiT nu ganeSorebiT, aramed
moelodeT aRTqumasa mamisasa, romeli gesma Cemgan~6 . eklesiis
dasawyiss – aseTia am sityvebis azri – safuZveli unda
daedos ierusalimSi da eklesiis istoriis gasagebad amis
aRniSvna mniSvnelovania. ierusalimi iyo ebraelTa religiur-
nacionaluri imedebis centri, Zveli aRTqmiseuli istoriis
guli. solomoniseuli didebis oqros legendiT Semosili,
israelis warsuli saxelmwifoebrivi aRmavlobis mowme – igi,
tyveobis, damcirebisa da monobis wlebSi, ufro da ufro
mkafiod aRiqmeboda israelis mistikur centrad, rogorc
wminda sioni, sadac idumal ùflis dRes~7 unda moevlinos
mesia, raTa ixsnas Tavisi xalxi da aRadginos am xalxis
mefoba. da es viwronacionaluri, politikuri restavraciis
`mesianuri samefo~ – mocemuli winaswametyvelTa xilvebSi –
gardaiqmna samyaros religiur ganaxlebad, WeSmaritebisa da
samarTlianobis zeobad, xolo mesia – codvisa da sikvdilisagan
adamianebis mxsnelad. amitom, roca sulTmofenobis dRes brbos
gakvirvebas petrem winaswarmetyvel ioelis sityvebiT upasuxa:
`da iyos ukana¡sknelTa dReTa, – ityvis ufali RmerTi, – mivhfino
sulisagan Cemisa yovelsa zeda xorcielsa...~8 , roca man aRiara,
rom momxdaris Sedegad dadga ùflis didi da saSineli dRe~9,
risic swamda yovel marTlmorwmune iudevels, es qristianTaTvis
6 saqme, 1:4
7 Sdr.: `mze gardaiqces bnelad da mTovare sisxlad pirvel vidre mowevnadmde
dRisa mis uflisa didisa da ganCinebulisa~ (saqme, 2:20).
8 saqme, 2:17, ioeli, 3:1;
9 ix. me-4 sqolio.
niSnavda imas, rom mesia movida, rom Zveli aRTqmis yvela aRTqma,
yvela molodini aRsrulda da dadga `mesianuri meufeba~. es
niSnavda imas, rom uflis dideba, dapirebuli ierusalimisaTvis,
gardamovida masze, da rom eklesiaSi dasrulda xsnis Zveli
aRTqmiseuli istoria.
aseTia mociqulTa saqmis pirveli Tavebis azri. urwmunos
SeiZleba hqondes eWvi am Tavebis ìstoriulobis~ mimarT, magram
manve unda aRiaros, rom ar iyo dRe, roca qristianebs ar swamdaT
eklesiis es RmrTaebrivi dasabami da is, rom TviT es rwmena ukve
aris eklesiis istoriis fuZemdebluri aqti, romlis gareSec
Znelad Tu gaigeb eklesiis Semdgom ganviTarebas.
nawili 2.
iudevelobis SigniT pawia seqta – zedapirulad ase SeiZleba

ganisazRvros qristianobis pirvel wlebSi qristianTa
mdgomareoba ierusalimSi. im drois ebraelTa Soris msgavsi
seqtebi da religiuri partiebi arcTu cota iyo. es iyo epoqa
religiur-politikuri mRelvarebisa, imedebisa da molodinis
gamZafrebisa, rac dakavSirebuli iyo israelis erovnul bedTan,
rCeuli eris saboloo gamarjvebis Sesaxeb bibliur
winaswarmetyvelebebTan. axlovdeboda saZulveli romauli
batonobis winaaRmdeg bolo ajanyebebis, ìsraelis aRdgenis~
ukanaskneli mcdelobebisa da maTi tragikuli epilogis –
ierusalimis dangrevis dReebi. ùfalo, ukueTu amaT JamTa
kualad moagoa sasufeveli israelsa?~10 – kiTxva, romliTac
mowafeebi mimarTaven mimaval moZRvars, im Jams bevrs
aRelvebda, enTo ebraelTa gulebSi. magram qristianebisaTvis,
– ar daviviwyoT, rom Tavidan isini TiTqmis yvelani ebraelebi
iyvnen, – TviT maTi rwmena iyo am kiTxvaze pasuxi, radgan rwmenis
centrSi idga iesos aRiareba qristed, ese igi mesiad. da, ai,
10 saqme, 1:6
mesiasTan TavianTi sisxlismieri Zmebis miyvanaSi isini xedavdnen

TavianT pirvel, SeiZleba iTqvas, TavisTavad cxad mizans, radgan
qriste movida `...cxovarTa maT warwymedulTa saxlisa
israelisaTa~11. igi jvars acves xalxis meTaurebma, magram
israels jer kidev SeuZlia monanieba da moqceva Tavis mxsnelTan.
`rameTu Tqueni ars aRTquma¡ da SvilTa TquenTa¡...~12 – uTxra
petrem Tavis pirvelive sityvaSi ebraelebs da es iqneba
fuZemdebluri sityvebi mTeli adreuli qadagebisaTvis. pirvel
qristianul Taobas (romelic sisxliT TiTqmis mTlianad
ebrauli iyo) israelis, romelsac, mociquli pavles sityvebiT,
ekuTvnis `Svileba¡ da dideba¡ da aRTqumani da sjulisdebani da
msaxurebani da miTxrobani (hrom. 9:4), moqceva miaCnia saxarebis
istoriis bunebriv dasrulebad, qristes (romelmac mowafeebs
daavala qristes Sesaxeb qadagebis dawyeba ierusalimidan da
iudeidan) aRTqmis pirdapir aRsrulebad. da pirvelive dReebSi,
mociqulTa saqmis mixedviT, marTlac bevri qristiandeboda: `da
SeeZinnes mas dResa Sina sulni viTar sam aTasni oden~ (saqme, 2:41)
– naTqvamia sulTmofenobis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT, roca
qristianTa yvelanairi Zalisxmevis miuxedavad moxdeba meore da
saboloo ganyofa iudevelobasTan, rogorc mTlianTan,
davinaxavT, ra mtkivneulad ganicdis amas eklesia. magram manamde
eklesia cxovrobs israelis moqcevis rwmeniT. da am rwmeniT
aixsneba is, rac dRes ucnaur faqtad gveCveneba, rom pirveli
ierusalimuri Temi ara mxolod ar gamoyofs sakuTar Tavs
iudevelobisagan, aramed Tavis sakuTar cxovrebaSic inarCunebs
ebraul religiur yaidas. mociqulTa saqmidan vxedavT, rom
mociqulebi icaven locvis dadgenil drosa da sakvebTan
dakavSirebul yvela ritualur ganawess, rom qristianebi `...
dRiTi-dRed gankrZalul iyvnes taZarsa mas Sina...~ (saqme, 2:46),
rom isini asruleben moses kanons. imaze, visac saeklesio
tradicia ierusalimis pirvel episkoposs uwodebs, iakobze –
uflis Zmaze, II saukunis eklesiis istorikosi hegesiposi
11 maTe, 10:6
12 saqme, 2:39
mogviTxrobs, rom adgilobrivi ierusalimuri tradiciis

safuZvelze `mxolod iakobs hqonda ufleba, Sesuliyo wmidaTa
wmidaSi, rom mas hqonda Cveuleba, marto misuliyo taZarSi da mas
xSirad xedavdnen xalxis SendobisaTvis muxlmodrekiT mlocvels~
(evsebi, eklesiis istoria, 2:23). qristianul mexsierebaSi iakobi
rCeba rogorc ganxorcieleba iudeoqristianobisa, israelis
qristeze moqcevis am jer kidev SeubRalavi imedisa, rogorc
qristianobaSi tradiciuli Zveli aRTqmiseuli marTladmyofobis
gagrZeleba; lukas TxrobaSi sinedrionTan pirveli Setakebebic
ki naCvenebia ufro rogorc mkvdarTa aRdgomis sakiTxze or
partias Soris adre dawyebuli saRvTismetyvelo davis epizodebi,
vidre rogorc iudevelebis mier qristianTa sistematuri devna.
piriqiT, mociqulTa saqmeSi pirdapiraa naTqvami, rom qristianebs
`...aqunda madli yovlisa mimarT erisa~ (saqme, 2:47). TviT pavlec ki
– warmarTTa mociquli da zogierTi iudeoqristianis ukiduresi
merjuleobis13 winaaRmdeg mebrZoli, ierusalimSi misvlisas,
usityvod, iakobisa da presviterebis TxovniT, daTanxmda taZarSi
ritualuri ganwmendis wesi Seesrulebina, raTa `... cnan yovelTa,
viTarmed romlisaTvis igi esma SenTvis, arara¡ ars, aramed hgie
Senca da imarxav sjulsa~ (saqme, 21:24). ierusalimis taZari – Zveli
aRTqmis religiis centri – qristianebisTvisac darCa locvis,
swavlebis, qadagebis adgilad. maSinac ki, roca taZarTan es
Tavdapirveli kavSiri gawydeba da daiwyeba damoukidebeli
qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis ganviTareba, igi (qristianuli
RvTismsaxureba) samudamod SeinarCunebs Tavisi ebrauli
warmomavlobis beWeds, Tumca Tanamedrove marTlmadidebels,
SeiZleba gaukvirdes, roca gaigebs, rom misi RvTismsaxureba Tavis
pirvelsawyisSi srulad ganpirobebulia taZriTa da sinagogiT.
amrigad, Tavdapirvelad Cven ver vxedavT iudevelobasTan arc
mkveTr ganyofas, arc konfliqts, piriqiT, vxedavT qristianebs,
romlebic Tavs Tvlian Tavisive xalxis organul nawilad, xolo
TavianT mowodebad miiCneven am xalxis gaqristianebas. magram
es sulac ar niSnavs, rogorc uwindel liberal-relativist
13 dedanSia `законничествo~
istorikosebs eCvenebodaT, rom mxolod mogvianebiT berZnul-

romaul samyaroSi SesvliTa da am samyaros gavleniT daiwyo
qristianobis, rogorc radikalurad gansxvavebuli fenomenis
gancda, Tavisi cxovrebisa da organizaciis òriginaluri~ formis
Seqmna, Tavdapirvelad ki àxali Rvino~ savsebiT kmayofildeboda
`Zveli tikebiT.~ sinamdvileSi ki siaxlis es gancda, gancda
radikaluri gadatrialebisa, rac samyaros istoriasa da
adamianTa cxovrebaSi moxda, Seadgens adreqristianuli Temis
yvelaze ZiriTad Tvisebas, rogorc es aRwerilia mociqulTa
saqmeSi an pavles epistoleebSi. saWiroa mxolod gavigoT,
rom ierusalimeli qristianebisaTvis iudeuri religiuri
tradiciis, ebrauli cxovrebis wesis SenarCuneba sulac ar
aris ubralo gadmonaSTi, romlisagan isini gaTavisufldebian
TavianTi rwmenis gaazrebis kvaldakval. piriqiT, isini swored
imitom icaven am tradicias, rom es tradiciebi maTTvis sworedac
mowmobaa maTi rwmenis WeSmaritebisa. Zveli aRTqmis mTeli arsi
xom isaa, rom igi mimarTulia aRTqmis axdenisa da aRsrulebisaken,
momavali mesiisaken. TviT qriste xom yovelTvis auwyebda Tavisi
saqmis, rogorc wminda werilis aRsrulebas: `... gamoeZiebdiT
wignTa... igini arian, romelni wameben CemTvis~14. Zveli, Cveuli
sityvebi, Zveli Cveulebebi axla axali naTliT ganaTda, da
maTSi qristianebi poulobdnen axali aRTqmis WeSmaritebisa da
sisavsis ufro da ufro axal mtkicebulebas. da mogvianebiT maTes
saxareba, dawerili iudeoqristianul garemoSi, gamoxatavs
qristianebisaTvis fuZemdeblur rwmenas Zveli aRTqmis, rogorc
qristes Sesaxeb winaswarmetyvelebisa da swavlebis mimarT.
magram ramdenadac winaswarmetyveleba axda, da eklesia aris
dasruleba Zveli aRTqmisa, igi Tavis cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielebs
im axalsac, rac gacxadda qristeSi da rasac ZvelaRTqmiseuli
religia emsaxureboda rogorc winamauwyebeli. es axali,
upirvelesad, is sazogadoebaa, rasac Seadgenen qristianebi,
da rac, miuxedavad tradiciul religiasTan yvela kavSirisa,
savsebiT gansxvavdeba misgan. axali aRTqma, romelic ukve
14 iovane, 5:39
berZnuladaa Sedgenili, mas uwodebs èkklesia~-s – eklesias.

berZnul-romauli samyaros sazogadoebriv-politikur
cxovrebaSi am terminiT aRiniSneboda moqalaqeTa oficialuri,
uflebamosili Sekreba, romelic moiwveoda (etimologiurad
èkklesia~ warmoSobilia zmnisagan `mowveva~, `Sekreba~)
sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis gadasawyvetad, suverenuli nebis
gamosaxatavad; xolo Zveli aRTqmis berZnul TargmanSi (e. w.
`septuagintaSi~, romelic naTargmnia qristeSobamde mesame
saukuneSi, aleqsandriaSi) es termini iZens religiur sazriss
– RmrTis eris Sekreba, Sekreba xalxisa, romelic airCia da
romelsac mouwoda RmerTma Tavis samsaxurad. amgvarad,
axal aRTqmaSi qristianuli Temis mimarT am sityvis mxolod
gamoyenebac ki gviCvenebs, rom Tavidanve eklesia Tavis Tavs
acnobierebda rogorc RmrTaebriv dawesebulebas, mowodebuls
gansakuTrebuli msaxurebisaTvis. ara ubralod religiuri
Zmoba, ara sasuliero sazogadoeba, ara TanamoazreTa kavSiri,
aramed ekklisia: samyaros winaSe im pirTa Sekreba, romlebic
mowodebulni arian Seadginon RmrTis axali eri, auwyon RmrTis
neba, aRasrulon RmrTis saqme. amitom uwodebs am eklesiis
TiToeuli wevri Tavis Tavs `mowodebulsa~ da `wmindas.~ radgan
siwminde Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT aris RmrTaebrivi
mowodeba emsaxuros mxolod RmerTs, adamianis, an nivTebis
gamocalkeveba `profanuli~ sferodan `wminda~ sferoSi,
gamorCeva da kurTxeva. `xolo Tquen, naTesavi rCeuli, sameufo¡
samRdelo¡, Tesli wmida¡, eri mogebuli, ra¡Ta saTnoebaTa
miuTxrobdeT, romelman-igi bnelisagan giwodna Tquen
sakvirvelsa mas naTelsa missa. romelni-ege odesme ara er, xolo
aw eri RmrTisa¡; romelni-egi odesme ara Sewyalebul, xolo aw
SeiwyaleniT~ (1 petre, 2:9-10) – ai eklesiis gansazRvreba, romelic
mocemulia petres pirvel epistoleSi.
da siaxle iseTia, siwminde imgvaria am sazogadoebisa, rom masSi
Sesvlas jer kidev saxareba gansazRvravs rogorc axal Sobas da
axali wevris am sazogadoebaSi Sesvla aResruleba sikvdilsa da
aRdgomasTan simboluri msgavsebiT: esaa naTloba, ese igi axali
qristianis wyalSi liturgiuli STaflva, rac aResruleba

qristes sikvdilisa da aRdgomis mogonebad da xatad. `rai-
me vyoT kacno Zmano?~ – ekiTxebian petres isini, romlebmac
irwmunes petres qadageba sulTmofenobisas. `xolo petre hrqua
maT: SeinaneT da naTel-iReT kacad-kacadman Tquenman saxeliTa
uflisa iesu qristesiTa misatevebelad codvaTa, da miiRoT niWi
sulisa wmidisa¡~15. àha wyali, ra¡Ra yeneba ars Cemda naTlis-
Rebad?~ – ekiTxeba filipes eTiopeli saWurisi, romelmac moismina
xareba qristes Sesaxeb. `grwams Tu yovliTa guliTa SeniTa, jer-
ars~16 – pasuxobs filipe. adrindeli eklesia cxovrobs naTlobis
gamocdilebiT: naTlobisaken mogviwodebs saxareba da misken
mivyavarT saxarebis qadagebas, masTanaa dakavSirebuli Temis
liturgiuli cxovreba, igi iqneba Sinaarsi pirveli qristianuli
ferwerisa, roca katakombebis kedlebze, simboloebsa da
alegoriebSi qristianebi kvlav da kvlav daamowmeben gardaqmnis
gasaocar Zalas, rasac isini ganicdian wyalSi naTlobiT. rwmenas imis
Sesaxeb, rom naTlobaSi adamiani namdvilad Tanamokvdeba qristesTan
erTad (raTa miiRos saflavidan amobrwyinebuli sicocxle)
gamoxatavs pavle mociquli romaelTa mimarT epistoleSi: `da Tana-
davefleniT mas naTlis-RebiTa miT sikudilisa missa, ra¡Ta viTarca-
igi aRdga qriste mkudreTiT didebiTa mamisa¡Ta, egreca Cuen
ganaxlebiTa cxorebisa¡Ta vidodiT... ukeuTu movkudeT qristes
Tana, gurwams, rameTu mis Tanaca vcxondeT~ (hrom. 6:4-8).
naTlobas SevyavarT axal cxovrebaSi, romelic jer kidev `...
dafarul ars qristeTurT RmrTisa Tana~17, RmrTis sasufevelSi,
romelic amqveynad jer kidev momavali saukunis sasufevelia.
qriste ukve mefobs, magram axla es sasufeveli Seicnoba mxolod
rwmeniT; igi xilulia mxolod misTvis, vinc moinania da Sinaganad
gardaiqmna. da mxolod maSin, roca qriste dabrundeba didebiT
`gansjad cxovelTa da mkudarTa~18, sasufeveli aSkara gaxdeba
15 saqme, 2:37–38
16 saqme, 8:36-37
17 kolas. 3:3
18 mrwamsidan (sarwmunoebis simbolodan): `da kualad momaval ars didebiT
gansjad cxovelTa da mkudarTa.~
yvelasaTvis. pirvelqristianobis gamocdilebaSi eklesia aris

rwmeniT winarexilva momavlisa, moaxlebadisa, idumali zrda
miwaSi STaTesili da STafluli Teslisa. `maranaTa~19 – ùfali
movals!~ – am sazeimo liturgikuli asamaRlebliT qristianebi
gamoxataven qristes didebiT mosvlis molodinsac da, maT
Soris, qristes ukve da awve myofobis rwmenasac.
da amitom, Tu naTlobiT iwyeba axali cxovreba, Temis
centraluri aqti, romelSic Temi aRmsareblobs Tavis arss,
rogorc qristes sasufevels, aris `gantexa purisa~, rac maT
mcnebad daudgina TviT qristem Tavisi vnebis Rames. es aris saerTo
trapezi saxed imisa, rac aRasrula qristem Tavis mowafeebTan
erTad; trapezze aResruleba èvqaristia~, ese igi madloba
RmrTis mimarT qristes msxverplisaTvis, ris Semdeg yvela damswre
inawilebs pursa da Rvinos, pursa da RvinoSi xdeba ziarebuli, anu
xdeba qristes xorcisa da sisxlis, ese igi TviT qristes sicocxlis
monawile. aseTia qristianebis dasabamieri rwmena, damowmebuli
Cvenamde moRweuli yvela ZegliT: `puris gantexaSi~ qristianebi
uerTdebian TviT qristes, da amitom aris igi (puris gantexa)
mwvervalica da wyaroc im saaRdgomo-Zlevamosili sixarulisa,
romliTac gaciskrovnebulia mTeli pirvelqristianoba.
`puris gantexa~ aResruleba `saxlebSi~20, ese igi Temis
Sekrebisas, rac gansxvavdeba taZarSi myofobisagan. evqaristiis
gansakuTrebuli dRe ki iyo Svideulis (kviriakis) pirveli dRe,
ese igi SabaTis momdevno dRe, ra dResac, mociqulTa mowmobiT,
aRdga qriste. am dRes qristianebi uwodeben ùflis dRes~ da masSi,
SesaZloa, yvelaze mZlavrad gamoixateba adrindeli eklesiis
TviTSegneba, rogorc absoluturad àxali~ dasawyisisa, rasac
qristianebi gahyavda tradiciuli religiis farglebs miRma da
rac maT, mociqulis sityvebiT, yvelgan xdida `viTarca mwirTa da
warmavalTa.~21 CvenTvis kviradRe ukve didixania iqca dasvenebis
19 Sdr.: `romelsa ara uyuardes ufali Cueni ieso qriste, iyavn SeCuenebul.
maranaTa~ (1 korinT. 16:22).
20 Sdr.: àkurTxevdis saxl-mdabr pursa~ (saqme, 2:46).
21 1 petre, 2:11
bunebriv dRed, aucilebel Sesvenebad samuSao kviriakeSi. magram

sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi – konstantine didamde, qristianTa
wminda dRe iyo ara dasvenebis dRe, aramed ubralo samuSao dRe
– ara `meSvide~, odiTganve adamianTa daTvliT `damamTavrebel
dRed~ miCneuli, aramed `merve~, anu `pirveli~ dRe, rogorc
uwodebdnen mas qristianebi. da drois bunebrivi aTvlis am rRveviT,
Svideulis (romelSic Cawerilia da romliTac gansazRvrulia
adamianis cxovreba da istoria) farglebs miRma am Segnebuli
gasvliT eklesia aCvenebs, rom misi sakuTari cxovreba, romelic
miedineba amqveynad, ukve aris àra ama soflisagan~, aramed
winarexilva im maradiuli dRisa, romlis ganTiadi aRmociskrda
sikvdilze pirveli gamarjvebis dilas. `rameTu mohkuediT, – Tqva
mociqulma pavlem, – da cxoreba¡ Tqueni dafarul ars qristeTurT
RmrTisa Tana. raJams qriste gamocxadnes, cxoreba¡ igi Cueni,
maSin Tquenca mis Tana gamoscxadneT didebiTa~ (kolas. 3:3-4). es
gasaocari sityvebi maSin pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT esmodaT: nacnob
da yoveldRiur samyaroSi, `naturalur~ adamianur cxovrebaSi
Semovida da masSi izrdeba damabrmavebeli naTeba sxva samyarosi,
maradiuli sicocxlisa...
pawia iudeuri seqta, romelic Tavisi warmoSobisas qveynierebam
TiTqmis ver SeamCia, sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams rogorc `marils
queyanisa~ da `naTels soflisa~22, rogorc wyaros axali naTlisa,
romelic mowodebulia, gananaTlos da ixsnas adamianebi.
nawili 3
am Tems, rogorc erTgvar aramkacrad organizebul,

eqstatikur23 saZmos, romelic cxovrobda aRmafreniTa da
eqstaziT da romelsac ar hyavda sxva avtoriteti, garda erTisa
22 maTe, 5:13-14
23 eqstatikuri – eqstazuri, eqstazis gamomxatveli
– da es iyo `suli sicocxlisa¡~24, xSirad upirispirebdnen

gviandel òrganizebul~ eklesias, ierarqiisa da avtoritetis
eklesias. sulis religia da avtoritetis religia – am mcdari
dilemis (romelic Seqmna mecxramete saukunis idealisturma
istoriosofiam) CarCoSi surdaT CaetiaT adrindeli eklesiis
istoria. realurad ki TviT cneba èklesia~ (amJamad amas
aRiareben TviT yvelaze liberaluri istorikosebi) ukve
moicavda organizebuli sazogadoebis ideas da araferia ufro
ucxo adrindeli eklesiis cnobierebisaTvis, vidre sulis
nebismieri saxiT dapirispireba formasTan, Tu Tavisuflebisa
– organizaciasTan. piriqiT, axali aRTqmis werilis mixedviT
eklesiis sazrisi swored isaa, rom suli RmrTisa aRavsebs
adamianTa sazogadoebas da aqcevs mas RmrTaebrivi sicocxlis
mqoned; ase rom yoveli adamianuri xdeba RmrTaebrivis gamtari,
da yoveli sulieri xorcieldeba adamianurSi. adamianTa
sazogadoeba xdeba sulieri organizmi. roca mociqulma pavlem
eklesias qristes sxeuli uwoda, amiT man mxolod Camoayaliba
dasabamieri qristianuli gamocdileba, romelSic eklesia
gancdilia rogorc mravalTa erToba, SeerTebuli axali –
mogvianebiT ityvian – `madlismieri~ sicocxliT: `rameTu
erTiTa suliTa Cuen yovelTa erTisa mimarT guamisa naTel-
viReT~ (1 korinT. 12:13). magram swored organizmis es idea
ganapirobebs eklesiis mowyobis dasabamier ierarqiulobas,
masSi wevrebisa da msaxurobis mimarTebas – `xolo ukueTumca
iyo yoveli erT aso, sadamca iyo guami igi?~25 da marTlac,
eklesiis pirvelive aRwerebidan eklesiaSi vxedavT, uwinaresad,
gansazRvrul meTaurobas, romelic aRWurvilia ZalauflebiTa
da avtoritetiT. esaa Tormeti mociquli, Tavdapirvel
mowafeTa is jgufi, romelic airCia TviT ufalma. àra Tquen
gamomirCieT me, aramed me gamogirCien Tquen~26: ara adamianTa
mier, aramed macxovris mier mowafeTa am arCevaSi aris maTi
24 dabadeba, 6.22
25 1 korinT. 12:19
26 iovane, 15:16
erTaderTi, Seudarebeli avtoritetis sawyisi. maTi meSveobiT

xorcieldeba eklesiaSi TviT uflis Zalaufleba. isini arian
mowmeni uflis miwieri cxovrebisa, saswaulebisa, sikvdilisa da
aRdgomisa, da roca qadageben masze, iuwyebian imas, rom TviTon
moismines, TviTon ixiles da TviTon msaxurebdnen ufals.
sulTmofenobisas maTi mowmoba aRvsebulia suliwmindiT –
am mowmobis WeSmariti ganmartebisa da amqveynad aRsrulebis
niWiT. maT miecaT Zalaufleba Sekvrisa da mitevebisa,
Zalaufleba swavlebisa – suliwminda uZRvis maT `WeSmaritebasa
yovelsa~27, Zalaufleba eklesiis aRSenebisa da misi `gangebisa.~
amitom eklesiaSi wevrad Sesvla niSnavs mociqulTa mowmobis
rwmenas, maTi swavlebis miRebas: TviT Temi ìyvnes gankrZalul
moZRurebasa mas mociqulTasa~ (saqme, 2:42). da es mniSvneloba
Tormeti mociqulisa, rogorc eklesiis saZirkvlisa da
centrisa, imdenad udavoa, imdenad aSkaraa pirveli TemisaTvis,
rom jer kidev sulTmofenobamde misi pirveli saqme mociqulTa
raodenobis Sevseba iqneba: Secvla iudasi, romelic gamcemi
aRmoCnda. `jer ars ukue Cuen Tana SekrebulTa amaT kacTa¡
yovelsa Jamsa, romelsa Semovida da ganvida Cuenda ufali iesu,
da iwyo naTlis-cemiTgan iovanesiT vidre dRedmde amaRlebisa
misisa Cuengan mowamed aRdgomisa misisa Cuen Tana yofad erTi
amaTgani~ (saqme, 1:21-22) – ambobs mociquli petre. da kvlav
arCeva moiazreba, rogorc arCeva uflisagan: `da ilocvides
da Tques: Sen ufalo, yovelTa gulTa mecniero, gamoaCine
erTi amaT orTagani, romelica gamoirCie, da miRebad wili
msaxurebisa¡ amis da mociqulebisa¡, romlisagan ganvida iuda
misvlad adgilsa Tvissa. da miscnes wilni maT. da gamouxda
wili mataTias da Tana-aRiracxa aTerTmetTa mociqulTa~ (saqme
mociqulTa, 1:24-26).
mociqulTa Soris saqme mociqulTas avtori gamohyofs
petres, rogorc maTi Tanxmobis gamomxatvels, rogorc pirvels
mociqulTa kavSirSi. petre sTavazobs eklesias mociqulTa
ricxovnebis Sevsebas, pirvel qadagebaSi gaocebul brbos
27 iovane, 16:13
uxsnis sulTmofenobis arss, pasuxobs iudevel mmarTvelebs

braldebebze, warmoTqvams msjavrs ananiasa da sapfiraze,
romlebmac TavianTi cbierebiT daarRvies eklesiuri cxovrebis
erTianoba.28 adrindel Temsa da mociqulTa Soris petres adgili
mogvianebiT davis sagani gaxdeba da sabolood es dava qristianul
dasavleTs ganyofs aRmosavluri marTlmadideblobisagan. rac
Seexeba mociqulTa saqmes, masSi petre yovelTvis moqmedebs
mociqulTa saxeliT, gamoxatavs maT saerTo SeTanxmebul
mowmobas. aRmosavlur tradiaciaSi igi yovelTvis darCeba
`mociqulTa Tavad“, magram es `Tavad myofoba~ (pirveloba) ar
iqneba gagebuli mociqulebisa da eklesiis mimarT gansakuTrebuli
Zalauflebis gamomxatvelad – `mociqulTa Tavad~ yofna aris
mociqulTa erTsulovnebis gamoxatvis, an RaRadebis niWi,
Tormeti mociqulisa da eklesiis `bageebad~ yofnis niWi.
mociqulebi xelmZRvaneloben eklesias da marTaven mas. magram
maTi pirveli, ZiriTadi msaxureba aris `sityvis msaxureba~29,
qadageba qristes Sesaxeb. amitom, roca mowafeTa ricxvi mravldeba
da izrdeba Temis marTvis sazrunavi, mociqulebi sTavazoben
am mizniT gansakuTrebuli adamianebis arCevas, raTa Tormet
mociquls SeZleboda mudmivad yofiliyo `locvasa da msaxurebasa
amis sityvisasa~ (saqme, 6:4). `da saTno uCnda sityua¡ ese winaSe
yovlisa mis simravlisa~30 da airCies Svidi piri `da daadginnes
winaSe mociqulTa da iloces, da daasxnes maT zeda xelni maTni~31.
Svidi piris (maT saeklesio gardamocema diakvnebs uwodebs)
arCevaSi luka maxarebelma mogvca saeklesio ierarqiisa da misi
momavali ganviTarebis ZiriTadi principi. Tu mociqulebi airCia
TviT ufalma, am axal msaxurebs irCevs eklesia, magram mociqulTa
iniciativiTa da maTi nebarTviT: arCevis Semdeg aResruleba
gansakuTrebuli xeldasxma mociqulTa xelis dadebiT. aseve
28 ix. saqme, 5:1-11.

29 Sdr.: `xolo Cuen locvasa da msaxurebasa amis sityvisasa ganvekrZalneT~
(saqme, 6:4). `sityva~ aq gulisxmos logoss, yovladwminda samebis meore pirs –
Ze RmerTs.
30 saqme, 6:5
31 saqme, 6:6
mociqulebi gansazRvraven arCevis pirobebs; saWiroa, rom

arCeulebi iyvnen `savseni suliTa wmidiTa da sibrZniTa~32. ase
daefuZna eklesiaSi yvela msaxureba, yvela ierarqiuli mowyoba
mociqulebriobaSi, rogorc Tavis sawyisSi, xolo eklesiisaTvis
es niSnavs dafuZnebas TviT qristeSi, radgan TviT mociqulebi
qristes mowmeni da misi suliT aRvsilni arian. eklesia irCevs
Tavis msaxurebs, magram TviT ufali mociqulTa xeliT akurTxebs
maT, ese igi aZlevs maT suliwmindis gansakuTrebul niWs TavianTi
msaxurebis aRsasruleblad.
mociqulTa misia ar SemoizRudeba mxolod ierusalimis
TemiT, radgan maT qadagebasa da swavlebaSi aris yoveli
Temis, yovel adgilze eklesiis safuZveli. Zalian male
qristianoba gascdeba ierusalimis sazRvrebs da Cven
davinaxavT mociqulebs, romlebic regularulad mogzauroben
yvela xelaxla Seqmnil TemSi maT dasamtkiceblad. mtkiceba,
upirvelesad, xdeba suliwmindis gardamosvliT – momavalSi
mironcxebis saidumloTi, romliTac naTelRebuli xdeba
saeklesio cxovrebis erTobis wevri. ase magaliTad, roca
qristianulma qadagebam samariaSi nayofi gamoiRo, mociqulebi
iq gzavnian petresa da ioanes, `romelni-igi viTarca mivides,
locva-yves maTTvis, ra¡Ta miiRon suli wminda¡. rameTu munamde
ara iyo arca erTsa maTgansa zeda mowevnul suli wmida¡, garna
banil xolo iyvnes saxeliTa uflisa iesu¡saTa. maSin daasxmides
xelTa maT zeda, da miaqunda suli wmida¡~ (saqme, 8:15–17).
magram Tuki mociqulTa msaxureba dakavSirebulia yvela
eklesiasTan, yvela maTgans aerTianebs rwmenisa da sulis erToba,
TiToeuli eklesia Tavisi adgilobrivi, mudmivi ierarqiis saxiT
iRebs mociqulTa niWisa da swavlebis sisrules. Zalian adre TviT
ierusalimis eklesiaSi, yvela sxva eklesiis saxesa da safuZvelSi,
mociqulebTan erTad vxedavT avtoritetsa da Zalauflebas
iakobisa da presviterebisa, romelTa msaxureba ukve mTlianad
dakavSirebulia am TemTan, romelic mowodebulia daicvas
es Temi da aRaSenos igi samociqulo swavlebaSi. mociqulebi
32 saqme, 6:3
wavlen, xolo adgilobrivi ierarqia darCeba yovel adgilze,

raTa gagrZelos mociqulTa saqme, SeinarCunos mociqulTa
mowmoba, gadasces maTi niWi da sxva yvela TemTan TanxmobiT
aRasrulos erToba eklesiisa, rogorc erTiani `RvTis erisa,~
romelic Sekrebilia yvelgan axali cxovrebis xarebisaTvis.
ase dasabamidanve – mociqulTa saqmeebSi – mogveca magaliTi
da gansazRvreba imisa, rac momavalSi wodebul iqneba rogorc
`mociqulTa memkvidreoba~.
nawili 4.
axla davsvaT kiTxva: rogoriRa iyo am TemisaTvis cxovrebis

dadebiTi ideali, riTi vlindeba es axali cxovreba, romelic,
rogorc vnaxeT, adamians eZleva naTlobiT, xorcieldeba
evqaristiaSi, xolo qveyanas eqadageba, rogorc gza xsnisa?
yvelaze ukeT es ideali aRiwereba rogorc siyvarulSi
erTobis ideali. CvenTvis Znelia bolomde gavigoT da vigrZnoT
pirvelqristianobis swored es aspeqti imitom, rom Tanamedrove
cnobierebaSi – eklesiis cnobierebaSic ki, erToba gagebulia
an ganyenebulad, ìdeologiurad~, an rogorc gamoyenebiTi
Rirebuleba: erToba raRacisaTvis, erToba viRacis winaaRmdeg...
adreuli eklesiisaTvis ki erToba Tavadaa saboloo, udidesi
Rirebuleba, cxovrebis umaRlesi sazrisi, romelic adamianebs
qristem gamoucxada. eklesia aris aRdgena erTobisa, romelic
darRveulia, danawevrebulia codviT, e.i. TavkerZobiTa da
RmrTisgan ganSorebiT. eklesiaSi naTelRebulni – ese igi
qristesTan SeerTebulni da puris gantexis saSualebiT qristes
sicocxleSi mcxovrebni – uerTdebian RmerTs, xolo RmerTSi
kvlav moipoveben erTmaneTTan erTobasac.
rogorRa vlindeba es erToba? upirveles yovlisa, qmediT
siyvarulSi, romelSic TiToeuli sakuTar Tavs Seicnobs
rogorc yvelasadmi mikuTvnebuls da aseve yvelas Tavisad
miiCnevs. siyvaruli, romliTac RmerTma ise Seiyvara es sofeli,

rom sakuTari Ze misca ama soflisaTvis, eklesiaSi myofobs da
aris mTavari da pirveli mowmoba qristes Sesaxeb. `sayuarelno,
– ityvis mociquli ioane Tavisi sicocxlis daisze, – ukueTu
RmerTman esreT Semiyuarna, Cuenca Tana-guac urTierTas
siyuaruli. RmerTi ara sada vis uxilavs. ukueTu viyuarebodiT
urTierTas, RmerTi Cuen Soris hgies da siyuaruli misi Cuen
Soris aRsrulebul ars~ (1 iovane 4:11–12). siyvaruli moiTxovs
erTobliv cxovrebas, namdvil erTobas – ara mxolod rwmenasa
an moZRvrebaSi, aramed urTierTobaSic; Tu dRes qristianTa
erToba, didwilad `simbolurad gamoixateba~ saRvTismsaxuro
erTobaSi, adreul eklesiaSi liturgia agvirgvinebs namdvil
erTobas, mudmiv urTierTobas yoveldRiur yofaSi da
mas ar aqvs sazrisi urTierTobis miRma. adreqristianul
mwerlobaSi arcerTi sityva ar meordeba ise xSirad, rogorc
sityva `Zmebo~, magram am ZmobaSi qristianebi gulisxmobdnen
mTel mis cxovrebiseul qmediT sazriss. Zmoba gamoixateba
TanamoazreobaSi: `xolo simravlisa mis morwmuneTa¡sa iyo guli
da goneba¡ erT...~33. Tanamoazreobis sixaruls – `xolo ars ese
Tana-nugeSinis-cema Tquen Soris urTierTarsi igi sarwmunoebai
Tqueni da Cemi~34 – ganuwyvetliv gvaxsenebs pavle, romelic
iTxovs mis dacvas, `Tavs-idebdiT urTierTars da mihmadlebdiT
TavTa TvisTa, ukueTu visme aqundes visTvisme brali, viTarca-igi
qristeman migmadla Tquen, egreca Tquen mihmadleT maT. da amas
yovelsa zeda siyuaruli, romel-igi ars simtkice srulebisa¡.
da mSvidoba¡ igi RmrTisa¡ ganmtkicenin gulTa Sina TquenTa,
romlisa mimarTca-igi Cinebul xarT erTiTa xorciTa, da madlis
mimcemel iyveniT...~ (kolas. 3:13–15). Semdeg – igi gamoixateba
qmediT urTierTTanadgomasa da yvelas mimarT yvelas zrunvaSi,
materialursa da sulierze erTnairad zrunvaSi. `yovelnive
morwmuneni iyvnes erTbamad, da aqunda yovelive zogad. da
dabnebsa da monagebsa ganhyiddes da ganuyofdes mas yovelTa,
33 saqme, 4:32
34 hrom. 1:12
viTarca vis ra¡ uxmda. (...) da arca erTman vin Tqvis monagebi
misi Tvisad, aramed iyo yovelive maTda zogad... da aravin iyo
naklulevan maT Soris, rameTu romelni-igi povnier iyvnes
saxlebisa gina dabnebisa, ganhyiddes da moaqunda sasyideli
gansyidulTa¡ maT da dasdebdes ferxTa Tana mociqulTasa, da
miecemoda kacad-kacadsa, ra¡ca vis uxmda~ (saqme, 2:44–45, 4:32–35).
amgvarad, pirvel xanebSi, ierusalimSi qristianTa SedarebiTi
mcirericxovneba qonebis gaerTianebis gziT erTad cxovrebis
wesis radikalurad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. is,
rasac Cvens droSi ase warumateblad uwodes `pirvelqristianuli
komunizmi,~ realurad iyo ara Sedegi specifiurad qristianuli,
ekonomikuri, an socialuri Teoriisa, aramed siyvarulis
gamovlena, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mociqulTa saqmis
Txrobis sazrisia ara qonebis gaerTianeba, rogorc aseTi,
aramed mowmoba axal cxovrebaze, romelmac sruliad gardaqmna
Zveli, da romelic gamovlinda qonebis am gaerTianebaSi. da
ukve pavle mociqulis epistoleebSi vxedavT mowodebas, `kacad-
kacadsa viTarca gamourCevies guliTa, nu mwuxarebiT, nuca
uneblebiT; rameTu mxiarulebiT misacemeli uyuars ufalsa~35,
rac miuTiTebs sxva TemebSi kerZo sakuTrebis SenarCunebaze.
magram ierusalimis Temis, `glaxakTa~ am saZmos (ase uwoda
maT pavlem), maqsimalizmi samudamod darCeba qristianul
cnobierebaSi rogorc waruxoceli magaliTi da aRTqma, rogorc
cxovrebis sruli gardaqmnisa da siyvaruliT yvela adamianuri
urTierTobis namdvili ganaxlebis ideali. da TiTqmis yovel
epoqaSi, sul ufro da ufro axal pirobebSi, qristianTa (zogjer
Tundac arcTu ise bevris) gulSi aRorZindeba pirvelqristianTa
am idealis ganxorcielebis miswrafeba, swrafva imisken, rom
eklesia gaxdes àxali cxovrebis~ namdvili safuZveli.
adrindel eklesias xSirad gamoxatavdnen rogorc
amqveyniurisadmi gulgrils, romelic mudmivad imyofeboda
samyaros aRsasrulis daZabul molodinSi. magram siyvarulisa
da axali cxovrebis TviT am idealSi, romelic ganxorcielda
35 2 korinT., 9:7
eklesiaSi, mocemulia am qveynisadmi axali damokidebulebac,

radgan qristianebisaTvis es siyvaruli aris ara eklesiis
Sinagani saqme, aramed am qveynad eklesiis mowmobis arsi.
àmiT cnan yovelTa, viTarmed Cemni mowafeni xarT, ukueTu
iyuarebodiT urTierTas~36. da axal aRTqmaSi, Tu mas yuradRebiT
wavikiTxavT, gveZleva mTliani swavleba am qveynisa da imis
Sesaxeb, rogori damokidebuleba unda hqondeT qristianebs mis
mimarT da rogor unda icxovron am qveynad maT. mTaze qadageba,
netarebis mcnebebi, mowyale da meoxi qristes saxe eklesiis mier
uwyebul iqneba amqveynis mimarT da mis idealad darCeba maSinac
ki, roca adamianebi uaryofen eklesias. da gana mociqul pavles
epistoleebSi yovelTvis ar pouloben qristianebi saxelmwifos,
ojaxis, Sromisa da adamianis cxovrebis yvela mxarisadmi
TavianTi damokidebulebis pirvelad normebs? ar arsebobs
arcerTi sakiTxi, romelsac ar Seexo pavle Zmebis mimarT Tavisi
mxurvale msaxurebisas. realurad, istoriuli simarTlis
mimarT Zaladobis gareSe, dadebiTi idealis gamocalkevebis
gareSe SeuZlebelia, adreuli eklesiis cnobierebis dayvana
mxolod aRsasrulis molodinamde, qristes meored mosvlis
Sesaxeb locvamde – yovelive imamde, rac dRes èsqatologizmad~
iwodeba. momavali sufeva, romlis dadgomis Sesaxebac
loculoben qristianebi, maTTvis ganuyofelia samsjavrosagan,
is ki miemarTeba sworedac cxovrebaSi, ese igi amqveynad maT mier
sakuTari rwmenis gamovlenis xarisxs. `raodeni uyavT erTsa amas
mcireTagansa ZmaTa CemTasa, igi me miyavT~ (maTe, 25:40). qristes
meSveobiT RmrTis sasufeveli Semovida adamianTa cxovrebaSi,
raTa ganaaxlos igi. da Tu am sasufevlis Suqze `warmaval ars
xati amis soflisa¡~37, aRsasrulis gardauvaloba qristianTa
msaxurebas sworedac agrerigad pasuxsagebad xdis, yvelafers
amqveynad ki am msaxurebis miznad aqcevs. qristianTa xareba
mimarTulia `yovlisa soflisa~38 mimarT.
36 iovane, 13:35
37 1 korinT., 7:31
38 markoz, 16:15
ai, eklesiis saxe, romelic Semogvinaxa eklesiis yvelaze

adrindelma Zeglebma. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom eklesiaSi ar
iyo arc nakli, arc sisuste? ra Tqma unda, ara. bevr maTgans
mociqulTa saqmis avtori ixseniebs. pavles epistoleebSi
mTeli Tavebi mieZRvneba qristianTa codvebis mxilebasa da
gamaTraxebas. magram eklesiis (romelSic Zalian xSirad es
codvebi da sisusteebi ase mtkivneulad aSkara iqneba) istoriis
dawyebisas aucilebelia, davimaxsovroT èklesiis is xatic~,
eklesiaSi cxovrebis is pirveli gamocdilebac, romlebSic
yovelTvis moZebnian qristianebi TavianTi sneulebebis
kurnebis, TavianTi codvebis daZlevis saSualebas. swored am
istorias gvacnobs mociqulTa saqmis momdevno Tavebi.
nawili 5
iudeur religiur xelisuflebasTan konfliqti mociqulTa

saqmis meore Temaa. swored es konfliqti gaxdeba iudevelobis
farglebs gareT axali rwmenis gavrcelebis garegani biZgi, igi
gaiyvans eklesias istoriis did gzaze.
konfliqti Tavidanve mwifdeba. mociqulTa saqmis mowmobiT,
sinedrionis wevrebma orjer gasces eklesiis meTaurTa
dapatimrebis brZaneba, magram dakiTxvis Semdeg dapatimrebulni
orivejer gaaTavisufles. sinedrionis wevrebi TviTonve
yoymanobdnen: qristianebi ar arRvevdnen kanons da mTeli maTi
danaSauli ìesos saxelisa~ da mkvdarTa aRdgomis qadageba iyo.
magram aRdgomis Sesaxeb swavlebas momxreebi TviT ebraelTa
Sorisac hyavda – farisevelTa mimdinareobasa Tu skolaSi. amitom
sinedrionSi ar icodnen, rogorc moqceodnen qristianebs, xolo
erTi gamoCenili fariseveli gamalieli pirdapir moiTxovda
brZolisagan TavSekavebas: `xolo ukueTu ars kacTagan zraxva¡
ese, ginaTu saqme ese, dahxsndes, xolo ukueTu RmrTisagan ars,
ver xel-gewifebis daxsnad misa, nuukue RmrTis molaleca
ipovneT~39. mociqulTa saqmis avtori yovelTvis atarebs misTvis

fuZemdeblur azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom iudevelebs araferi unda
hqondeT qristianebis sawinaaRmdego. qristianuli qadageba ara
mxolod ar ewinaaRmdegeba Zvel aRTqmas, aramed dafuZnebulia
wminda werilze da aris mowmoba `sjulisa da winaswarmetyvelTa
aRsrulebisa.~ da amitomac mxolod crumowmeobis safuZvelze
SeiZleboda TviT qristes gasamarTleba, iseve rogorc axlac
mxolod crumowmeobis safuZvelze SeuZliaT eklesiis mtrebs
eklesiisa da misi mimdevrebis gasamarTleba. qristianul
cnobierebaSi kanons mivyavarT qristesaken, qristes uaryofa
ki aris `sjulis darRveva~, rac ebraelebs maTi mxsnelisagan
ganaSorebs.
am Temas sinedrionis sasamarTloze ganaviTarebs stefane,
mociqulTa Svid damxmareTagan40 erT-erTi, romlis mkvlelobac
gaxdeba eklesiis aSkara devnis niSani. xangrZliv sityvaSi
igi xsnis Zveli aRTqmis istoriis sazriss, rogorc rCeuli
eris mudmiv winaaRmdegobas imaTTan, romelTac RmerTi
warmougzavnida xolme rCeul ers. da uaryofisa da Ralatis am
grZel rigs mivyavarT mesiis – mxsnelis saboloo uaryofamde:
`romelnime winaswarmetyuelTaganni ara devnnes mamaTa maT
TquenTa? da moswyvidnes, romelni wina¡swar uTxrobdes
mosvlasa mas marTlisasa, romlisa-igi Tquen aw Sina-ganmcemel
da mkvlel iqmeniT. da romelTa moiReT sjuli brZanebisamebr
angelozTa¡sa da ara daimarxeT~41. aq mocemulia israelis
religiuri bedis tragikuli paradoqsis erTgvari pirveli
qristianuli formulireba: israelma sjuliT uaryo is, viszedac
mowmobs sjuli da viskenac mivyavarT sjuls. amitomac eklesia
ufro da ufro naTlad Seimecnebs sakuTar Tavs Zveli aRTqmis
erTaderT memkvidred, axali aRTqmis axal israelad.
39 saqme, 7:52-53
40 igulisxmeba mociqulTa mier xeldasxmuli Svidi diakvani: `da gamoirCies
stefane, kaci savse sarwmunoebiTa da suliTa wmidiTa, da filipe da proxoron
da nikanora da timona da parmena da nikolaos, mwiri antioqeli. da daadgines
winaSe mociqulTa da iloces, da daasxnes maT zeda xelni maTni~ (ix. saqme, 6:5-6).
41 saqme, 7:52-53
ìyo mas dResa Sina devnuleba¡ didi eklesiaTa maT zeda,

romelni iyvnes ierusalems, da yovelnive ganibnines soflebsa
mas huriastanisasa da samaria¡sasa, Tvinier xolo mociqulTa...
da romelni igi mimodaibnines, vidodes da axarebdes sityuasa
mas cxorebisasa~ (saqme, 8:1-4). am dromde eklesia ierusalimSi
imyofeboda. Cven ki ukve viciT, rom Tavisi daniSnulebiT
eklesias sakuTari Tavi unda gamoevlina rogorc erTiani,
mesianuri Temis xiluli krebuli, wminda qalaqSi Sekrebili
Tormeti mociqulis garSemo, raTa daemowmebina aRTqmuli
RmrTis sasufevlis dadgoma. es iyo jer kidev raimeTi
Seuryvneli sixaruli axali cxovrebisa, romelic daiwyo
ZRvenTa siuxveSi, yvelasTan siyvarulSi, gamarjvebis zeobaSi.
magram es mxolod dasawyisi iyo, SeuZlebeli iyo, es pirveli
Tavi ar dasrulebuliyo. eklesias marTebda Tavisi grZeli,
miwieri, adamianuri gzis, mTeli mxurvalebis, mTeli mtvris
miReba. da, aha, es gza axla iwyeba devniT, ierusalimidan
qristianTa Zaladobrivi gandevniT. mxolod tanjviT, mxolod
erTgulebis ZalisxmeviT xorcieldeba adamianis cnobierebis
gafarToeba da igi xdeba SemZle, miiRos is ZRveni, romelic
aRemateba mis SesaZleblobas. ierusalimeli qristianebi –
ebraelebi sisxliT, fsiqologiiT, mTeli saukunovani
tradiciiT, romelmac aRzarda isini – bunebrivad da
uwinaresad eklesiaSi xedavdnen TavianTi istoriis
dagvirgvinebas, iRebdnen mas, rogorc Tavisi xalxisadmi
RmrTis ukanasknel da umaRles ZRvens, rogorc iudevelobis
sulier dasrulebas. maTi adamianuri cnobiereba jer kidev ver
itevda eklesiis msoflio, saerTosakacobrio daniSnulebas da
`sisxliTa da xorciT~ SezRuduli rCeboda. amitom mociqulTa
saqmeSi ierusalimSi ganxorcielebuli devna naCvenebia rogorc
erTgvari providenciuli miTiTeba qristianebisaTvis – daeto-
vebinaT ierusalimi, gasuliyvnen iudevelobis farglebidan da
qristes Sesaxeb eqadagaT mTeli qveynierebisaTvis. miTiTeba
ver iqna maSinve gagebuli da yvelas mier miRebuli.
qristianobaSi warmarTebis miRebis Sesaxeb sakiTxi, romelic
Tavisi arsiT swored ze-iudevelobis42, eklesiis sayovelTao

daniSnulebis Sesaxeb sakiTxia, gaxdeba pirveli da mwvave
`zrdis avadmyofoba~ qristianobisaTvis. miT ufro mniSv-
nelovania davimaxsovroT am zrdis pirveli magaliTebi,
romelic mohyavs mociqulTa saqmis avtors. esaa qadageba
samarielebisaTvis, romlebic marTlmorwmune iudevelebisagan
didi xniT adre iyvnen gamoyofilni, romaeli asisTavis
korneliusis qristianobaze moqceva, mociqul filipes mier
eTiopieli didebulis monaTvla... Cven vxedavT ieru-
salimeli qristianebis gakvirvebas, zogjer undoblobasac ki
– gana ufali ar eubneboda mociqulebs: `gzasa warmarTTasa nu
mixualT da qalaqsa samaritelTasa nu SexualT~ (maTe, 10:5)?
magram, ai, TviT petre amtkicebs, rom samaritelebzec ise
gadmovida suliwminda, `...viTarca-igi Cuen zeda pirvelad~43,
xilvaSi ki TviT RmerTi ubrZanebs qristianebs, ar CaTvalon
uwmindurad is, vinc ufalma ganwminda... marTalia, es jer kidev
gamonaklisia. sxva mqadageblebi midian Sors – finikiamde,
kviprosamde, antioqiamde, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom swored
maSin, ierusalimidan gamosulebma daafuZnes eklesia romSi,
magram yvela am misioneris Sesaxeb pirdapiraa naTqvami, rom
isini aravis uqadagebdnen garda iudevelebisa. da mainc,
`gareSeTa~ moqcevis safuZveli Cayrilia, sakiTxi dasmulia.
ebrauli Temi Tu sayovelTao eklesia? israelis xsna Tu
qveynierebis xsna? mociqulTa saqmis TxrobaSi Cven vxvdebiT im
adamians, romlis xvedric iqneba, mTeli Tavisi cxovreba
miuZRvnas am sakiTxis gadawyvetas da warmarTTa mociquls
wilad xvdeba Tavisi msaxurebiT daasrulos eklesiis dasabami.
42 igulisxmeba iudevelobis farglebs gareT gasvla.

43 saqme, 11:15
nawili 6.
mociqulTagan aravisze mouRwevia Cvenamde imden cnobas,

rogorc pavles Sesaxeb. misi moqceva, mogzauroba, qadageba,
tanjva detaluradaa aRwerili mociqulTa saqmeSi, romlis
avtori iyo mociqulis Tanamogzauri da `mkurnali sayuareli~44.
xolo Tavisi sulieri gamocdileba, Tavisi swavleba da
damokidebuleba eklesiis cxovrebis didi da mcire sakiTxebis
mimarT pavlem Tavadve Camoayaliba sxvadasxva qristianuli
Temisadmi gagzavnil Tavis epistoleebSi. mogvianebiT es
epistoleebi gaxdeba axali aRTqmis wignis Semadgeneli nawili. da
imdenad ganumeoreblad mkveTria am adamianis saxe, rom `pavles
sakiTxi~ samudamod darCeba mTeli qristianuli istoriis
erT-erT centralur sakiTxad, yvelas STagonebis wyarod,
bevrisaTvis `lodad Sebrkolebisa... klded dacemulebisasa~45.
marTlmorwmune ebraeli, magram kilikiis tarsusSi, ese igi
devnilobaSi, èmigraciaSi~ dabadebuli, Tavis TavSi aerTianebs
Tavisi xalxisa da misi religiisadmi mZafr erTgulebas,
Serwymuls WeSmaritad msoflio masStabis azrovnebasTan. misi
religiuri cnobiereba srulad ganpirobebulia iudevelobiT, am
Zveli aRTqmiseuli `cocxali RmrTis~ dauokebeli wyurviliT,
magram igi ukve Tavisuflad sunTqavs berZnul-romauli samyaros
haeriTac, igi romaeli moqalaqea ara mxolod `qaRaldebiT~,
aramed msoflaRqmiTa da sindisiTac.
man religiuri ganaTleba miiRo ierusalimSi, farisevlobis
winamZRolisa da ideologis – `gamalielis ferxTiT~.
iudevelobis amgvari ukiduresi konservatiuli suliskveTebiT
aRzrdas SeuZlebelia ar eqcia igi qristianobis bunebriv mtrad.
ukve am mtrobaSi gamovlinda misi pirovnebis mniSvnelovani
Tvisebebebi: mTlianoba da maqsimalizmi Tavisi religiuri
idealis cxovrebaSi gamovlenisas. pavles pirvelad vxvdebiT
mociqulTa saqmis TxrobaSi, roca igi iwonebs stefanes
44 kolas. 4:14
45 isaia, 8:14
mkvlelobas. vxedavT SemdegSi, `ganrisxebuls~, `savses gulis

wyromiTa da klviTa~46, romelic `... friad mavnebel iyo eklesiaTa
mimarT, saxlebsa Sevidoda da iTrevda mamebsa da dedebsa da
miscemda sapyrobiled~47. igi ar dakmayofilda ierusalimSi
devniT da sinedrionisagan gamoiTxova siriaSi qristianTa devnis
gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebani. da aq, gzad damaskosaken,
masSi xdeba is gardatexa, romlis Sesaxebac igi yovelTvis
amtkicebda, rom es iyo misi uSualo gamorCeva da misi mowodeba
àra kacTagan, arca kacTa mier,~48 aramed TviT qristes mier.
igi gaaciskrovna naTelma, man gaigona qristes xma da igi moeqca
qristesken iseTi sisavsiT, iseTi ganuyoflobiT, rogorc, albaT,
aravin arc manamde da arc Semdeg moqceula. pavles moqcevaze
dawerilia asobiT wigni, mis axsnas cdilobdnen `mecnierulad~:
fsiqologiiT, nevrologiiT, lamis gulyriT, romliTac TiTqos
igi itanjeboda... magram aris raRac primitiuloba da sacodaoba
am mcdelobebSi. yoveli moqceva saidumloa, romlis bolomde
axsnis unari mecnierebas ar mimadlebia, Tavisi yvelaze natifi
saSualebebiTac ki. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom pavles
yoveli sityva, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, miuTiTebs qristes
pirovnebaSi pavles mTeli pirovnebis, mTeli misi cnobierebis
iseT fesvgadgmulobas, iseT marTlac pirad kavSirs qristesTan
da iseT rwmenas qristes gansakuTrebuli gamocxadebis Sesaxeb,
rom eklesia, miuxedavad im vergagebisa da winaaRmdegobisa,
rasac pavle uxvad Sexvdeba Tavis cxovrebaSi, ar daeWvdeba
da mas aRiarebs mociqulad, Tormeti mociqulis Tanasworad,
CarTavs mas im `TviTmxilvelTa~ ricxvSi, romelTa mowmobazec
agebulia eklesiis swavleba.
monaTvlisa da damaskoSi sami wliT yofnis Semdeg pavle
gaemgzavra ierusalimSi, sadac igi petrem da iakobma miiRes.
ierusalimis TemSi igi yovelTvis dainaxavs ufros eklesias,
46 Sdr.: saqme, 9:1: `xolo savle ufro¡sad ganrisxneboda da savse iyo gulis
wyromiTa da klviTa mowafeTa maT zeda uflisaTa...~
47 saqme, 8:3
48 galat. 1:1
qristianobis Sesakrebels da Tavis epistoleebSi mudmivad

mouwodebs ìerusalimel wmindanebs~ daxmarebisaken.
ierusalimidan, ebraelebis siZulviliT devnili, pavle
midis Tavis mSobliur qalaq tarsusSi, saidanac mas miiwveven
antioqiaSi. aq, ierusalimis Semdeg qristianobis meore centrSi,
sadac, mociqulTa saqmis sityvebiT, iyo `...wodebad pirvelad
antioqias Sina mowafeTa maT qristianed~49, pavle, rogorc
`winaswarmetyveli~, e. i. qristianul krebulSi mqadagebeli,
erT-erT pirvel adgils ikavebs.
qadagebebs, `sityvisadmi msaxurebas~ pavlem mTeli Tavisi
sicocxle miuZRvna; igi maTSi xedavs Tavis mTavar, TiTqmis
gansakuTrebul mowodebas, xolo qadagebebisa da sityvisadmi
msaxurebis nayofSi – Tavisi mociqulobis beWeds, romelsac
zogierTi sadavod xdida. amgvari nayofi iyo mTeli qseli im
eklesiebisa, rac pavlem daafuZna mcire aziaSi, saberZneTsa
da, SesaZloa, romis imperiis dasavleT nawilSic. mociqulTa
saqmeSi gansakuTrebiTaa aRniSnuli pavlesa (romelic
Tavdapirvelad saxeldebulia misi saxelis ebrauli formiT
– `savled~) da misi Tanamgzavris barnabas arCeva suliwmindis
mier samisionero mogzaurobisaTvis, romelsac eZRvneba wignis
(mociqulTa saqmis) mTeli darCenili Tavebi. da am samisionero
msaxurebis dasawyisSive pavles winaSe mTeli Tavisi sisruliT
dadga sakiTxi eklesiaSi moqceuli warmarTebis adgilis Sesaxeb
– fuZemdebluri sakiTxi qristianobis Semdgomi bedisaTvis.
Cven viciT, rom jer kidev pavles qadagebamde
qristianoba ganmtkicda romis imperiis mTavar qalaqebSi –
antioqiaSi, aleqsandriaSi, romSi. magram es jer kidev mainc
iudeoqristianoba iyo: mas avrcelebdnen devnilobaSi myofi is
ebraelebi, romlebic ierusalimSi tradiciulad mosalocad
da taZarSi msxverplis Sesawirad midiodnen. amgvari
momlocvelebi Cven ukve vnaxeT sulTmofenobis dRes petres
pirveli qadagebis msmenelTa Soris. qristianobis miRebis
Semdeg TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebze dabrunebisas didi
49 saqme, 11:26
qalaqebis ebraul koloniebSi isini afuZnebdnen Temebs. magram

es ar iyo iudevelobis farglebs gareT gasvla, qristianobis
Sesaxeb dava iyo Sidaebrauli kamaTi. ase, magaliTad, romaeli
istorikosis svetoniusis sityvebiT, 49 wels imperatorma
klavdiusma romidan gaasaxla yvela ebraeli viRac qristes
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmnili uwesrigobebis gamo.
pavlemac mcire aziaSi Tavisi qadageba ebraelebiT daiwyo.
mociqulTa saqmeSi araerTxel meordeba Semdegi sqema: qalaqSi
misvlisas pavle Sedis adgilobriv sinagogaSi da, wminda
werilze (romelic sinagogaSi yovel SabaTs ikiTxeboda)
dayrdnobiT iwyebs qadagebas qristeze. ebraelebi, mcire
gamonaklisis garda, uaryofen mas da maSin pavle mimarTavs
warmarTebs. pavle arasdros daeWvebula imaSi, rom `jer iyo
pirvelad rqumad sityua¡ ese RmrTisa¡~ (saqme, 13:46)
ebraelebisaTvis. maTgan qristes uaryofa pavlesaTvis iyo
`mouklebeli salmoba¡~, `rameTu vilocevd me, – Tqva man, –
SeCuenebul- yofad Tavsa Cemsa qristesgan ZmaTa CemTaTvis da
naTesavTa CemTa xorcielad~ (hrom. 9:2-3). magram misTvis axla
aseve ueWvelia is, rom saxareba mimarTulia mTeli qveynierebis
mimarT – `macxovrad kidiT kidedmde queyanisa“50. ebraelebisagan
uaryofilma pavlem bolomde gaacnobiera Tavisi mowodeba –
iyos warmarTTa mociquli da amieridan pavle Tavis beds
warmarTebs ukavSirebs.
magram axla ukve es aris warmarTTa ara erTeuli moqceva, ara
gamonaklisi, aramed warmarTTa mTeli Temebis moqceva.
vrceldeba Tu ara maTze Zveli aRTqmis ritualuri wesebi,
romelmac, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, SeinarCuna Tavisi Zalmosileba
ierusalimeli iudeoqristianebisaTvis? am kiTxvas pavle
gadaWriT pasuxobs: ara! da misTvis es ar aris `taqtikis~, ese igi
warmarTTa moqcevis ukeTesi xerxis SerCevis sakiTxi. pavlesaTvis
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebulia mTeli qristianuli xarebis arsi,
mTeli arsi xsnisa, rac aRasrula qristem. Tavdapirvelad
galatelTa mimarT epistoleSi (romelic gaxurebuli davis
50 saqme, 13:47
Jamsaa dawerili), mogvianebiT ufro àkademiurad~ romaelTa

mimarT epistoleSi pavle aviTarebs Tavis swavlebas sjulisa da
madlis urTierTimimarTebisa da sjulisagan qristianTa
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. pavle naklebad aris midrekili sjulis
mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis uaryofisaken, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, Zveli aRTqmis mniSvnelobis uaryofisaken. `...sjuli
wmida ars da mcneba¡ igi wmida da marTal da keTil“51. magram
sjulis mniSvneloba sworedac isaa, rom igi aucilebels xdis
TviT sjulis daZlevas: `vina¡ca sjuli igi mzardul gueqmna Cuen
qristes mimarT, ra¡Ta sarwmunoebiTa ganvmarTldeT,~52 radgan
sjuli mxolod adgens, ra aris boroteba da codva, magram ar
iZleva codvisagan xsnis Zalas. adamiani, Tundac icodes man, ra
aris sikeTe da ra aris boroteba, uZluria mospos boroteba:
`rameTu ara romeli-igi mnebavs keTili, mas vhyof, aramed
romeli-igi ara mnebavs boroti, mas viqm. xolo ukueTu romeli-
igi me ara mnebavs da mas vhyof, arRara me viqm mas, aramed romeli-
igi damkvidrebul ars Cem Tana codvai~ (hrom. 7:19-20). adamiani
daemona codvas, igi monaa – da mas ukve aRar SeuZlia sakuTari
ZalebiT gaTavisufldes am monobisagan. da Tu sjuli, ese igi
sjulis normis codna, sakmarisi iqneboda codvis dasaZlevad,
saWiro aRar iqneboda xsna qristeSi. magram misca ra sjuli,
RmerTma, erTi mxriv, adamians gamoucxada, rom boroteba
àranormalurobaa~ – aris codva, adamianisa da samyaros Sesaxeb
RmrTis nebis darRveva, meore mxriv, msjavri dasdo adamians,
ramdenadac aris ra codvili, magram ar aqvs codvis daZlevis
Zalmosileba, adamiani uimedod ganwirulia. magram maSin rCeba
xsna mxolod TviT RmrTis mier da es xsna aResrula qristeSi. Ze
RmrTisa gaxda adamiani, da man, iyo ra ucodveli, itvirTa mTeli
simZime codvebisa, yoveli sasjeli sjulisa da Tavisi sikvdiliT
gamogvisyida am sasjelisagan. magram, amasTanave, masSi mokvda
sjuli da dadga meufeba madlisa: qristeSi rwmeniT, naTlisRebaSi
STaflviT qristes sikvdilTan mimsgavsebis meSveobiT qristesTan
51 hrom. 7:12
52 galat. 3:24
SeerTebiT, adamianma miiRo qristes sicocxle, daZlia

monadmyofoba, raTa gaxdes Ze RmrTisa. da es xsna mieca ara
mxolod iudevelebs, aramed yvela adamians. radgan warmarTebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar ician Zveli aRTqmis RmrTiv-
gancxadebuli da srulyofili sjuli, TavianT TavSi aqvT
sindisis sjuli, romelic gmobs borotebas. da amitom maTze
iseve vrceldeba sjulis sasjeli, rogorc iudevelebze.
pavlesaTvis iudevelebis aRmatebuloba an rCeuloba, rasac igi
arasodes uaryofs, imaSi ki araa, rom iudevelebs aqvT sikeTisa
da borotebis sjuli, aramed imaSia, rom maT `hrwmennes sityuani
RmrTisani~53, ese igi iudevelebis meSveobiT mzaddeba qristes
mosvla. magram qriste modis, raTa ixsnas yvela, radgan
iudevelebica da warmarTebic `codvasa queSe~ imyofebian (hrom.
3:9). moses sjuliTa Tu sindisis sjuliT, `Seayenna RmerTman
yovelnive urCebasa, ra¡Ta yovelni Seiwyalnes~ (hrom. 11:32). `...
raodenTa qristes mimarT naTel-iReT, qriste SeimoseT. ara ars
huriaeba, arca warmarTeba; ara ars moneba, arca aznaureba; ara
ars rCeva mamakacisa, arca dedakacisa, rameTu Tquen yovelni erT
xarT qriste iesu¡s mier~ (galat. 3:27–28). vinc irwmuna qriste,
emsgavsa mas sikvdiliT, aqvs qristes sicocxle, da mainc aniWebs
mniSvnelobas zemoT miTiTebul gansxvavebebs, da jer kidev mainc
fiqrobs gamarTlebis miRebas sjulis garegani wesebis
aRsrulebiT, mas ar aqvs raime sargebeli: `ganqarvebul xarT
qristesgan, romelni ege sjuliTa ganhmarTldebiT, madlisa
misgan ganvrdomil xarT~54. radgan sjulis mTeli arsi mxolod
erTaderTSi – siyvarulSia, sjuls ki am siyvarulis micemis Zala
sakuTar TavSi sworedac rom ar aqvs. siyvaruli mocemulia,
ZRvnad mocemulia qristeSi da amitom qristeSi da qristeTi
sjuli zedmeti (arasaWiro) xdeba, `rameTu qriste iesu¡s mier
arca winadacueTileba¡ ras SemZlebel ars, arca wina-
daucueTileba¡, aramed sarwmunoeba¡, siyuarulisagan Se-
wevnuli~55.
53 hrom. 3:2
54 galat. 5:4
55 galat. 5:6
`pirveli-igi warxda, aha esera iqmna yoveli axali~ (2 korinT.

5:17). pavle arasodes iRleba axali sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis
ZRvenis, madlTan Tanaziarebis uwyebiTY da Tavisuflebis am
xarebas upirispirebs yvela imas, visac jer kidev surs
daubrundes merjuleobis monobas.
warmarTebisagan igi arafers iTxovda qristes rwmenis, ese
igi qristes mimarT Segnebuli da sruli moqcevisa da `qristeSi~
axali sicocxlis garda. magram roca igi da misi Tanamgzavri
barnaba dabrundnen antioqiaSi da mouTxres TavianTi
mogzaurobis Sesaxeb, isini Sexvdnen winaaRmdegobasa da gmobas
iudeoqristianTa im nawilisagan, romelic jer kidev Tvlida,
rom moses sjulis dacva savaldebuloa eklesiis yvela
wevrisaTvis. daiwyo xangrZlivi da mtanjveli konfliqti,
romelmac pavles bevri tanjva da mwuxareba moutana. arafers
ganicdida igi ise mtkivneulad da mZafrad, rogorc mis `ZmaTa-
mtyuarTagan~56 argagebasa da devnas... xolo misi epistoleebidan
Cans, rom mas yovelTvis uxdeboda Tavisi qadagebis, Tavisi
mociqulobis, Tavisi swavlebis dacva im mtrebis ciliswamebisa
da Sxamisagan, romlebic cdilobdnen pavlesagan pavles mierve
dafuZnebuli eklesiebis mowyvetas.
mociqulTa saqmeSi es konfliqti am wignis avtoris Cveule-
bis Sesabamisad dayvanilia ZiriTad sqemamde: kiTxva da kiTxvaze
eklesiis pasuxi. am kiTxvas pasuxi gasces mociqulebma da ieru-
salimis eklesiam, radgan gadawyda, rom antioqiis dava gan-
saxilvelad gadascemoda mociqulebsa da ierusalimis eklesias.
`mociqulTa kreba~ ierusalimSi (saqme, Tavi 15) saeklesio
gardamocemaSi darCa rogorc nimuSi Semdgomi krebebisa,
rogorc sazomi eklesiis sayovelTaobisa.57 krebaSi monawileobas
iReben ara mxolod mociqulebi, aramed presviterebic, ese igi
adgilobrivi Temis ierarqebic, xolo maTi meSveobiT – ieru-
salimis mTeli eklesiac; amasTan, swored am eklesiis meTauri,
iakobi, ajamebs msjelobis Sedegebs da sTavazobs sakiTxis
56 galat. 2:4
57 dedanSia `соборность~
gadawyvetas. es gadawyvetileba axla ukve òficialurad~

aTavisuflebs araebrael qristianebs sjulis uRlisagan. maT
ganuweses mxolod ganSoreba `...nakerpavisagan da sisxlisa,
damSTvarisa da siZvisa~58, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT – daudgi-
nes warmarTuli saritualo trapezebisagan TavSekaveba. amave
suliskveTebiT Sedga epistole antioqiis, siriisa da kilikiis
qristianebis mimarT. marTalia, rogorc Cans, yvelgan ar cnes am
dadgenilebis Zalmosileba. pavle kidev bevrjer daitanja
iudeoqristianebisagan. magram gadamwyveti nabiji gadaidga:
gaqristianebuli warmarTebis iudeuri sjulisagan – ebraeli eris
SemadgenlobaSi CarTvisagan – gaTavisuflebiT eklesiam aCvena, rom
mas ukve srulad aqvs gacnobierebuli eklesiis sayovelTao
masStabis mowodeba da daniSnuleba, da rom misi istoriis
mosamzadebeli – iudeoqristianuli periodi dasrulebulia.
pavle kidev didxans agrZelebda Tavis samqadageblo
msaxurebas. mociqulTa saqmeSi aRwerilia misi sami didi
mogzauroba, magram amiT ar amoiwureba misi samociqulo
moRvaweoba. mcire aziis Semdeg Cven mas vxedavT saberZneTSi:
TesalonikSi, korinToSi, aTenSi, Semdeg kvlav efesoSi,
ierusalimSi, bolos, romSi. TiToeul adgilze qadageba
sruldeba eklesiis SeqmniT, episkoposTa da presviterTa
xeldasxmiT, qristianuli Temis CamoyalibebiT. mqadagebeli
aris moZRvari, mwyemsi, mama. pavles epistoleni mowmobs pavles
mudmiv da cocxal kavSirze mis mier dafuZnebul TemebTan. igi
itanjeba qristianTa ganwyobebiTa da erTmaneTs Soris
ganyofiT, iZleva rCevebsa da miTiTebebs, wyvets gaugebar
sakiTxebs, emuqreba, iwynarebs, ubrZanebs. igi sruli sisavsiT
axerxebs mis mierve Camoyalibebuli moZRvris idealis
xorcSesxmas: `yovelTa veqmen yovlad, ra¡Ta yovelni
vacxovnne~59. yvelaze naklebad igi abstraqtuli moazrovnea;
misi dawerili TiToeuli winadadeba aCvenebs, ra ZaliT grZnobda
igi pasuxismgeblobas sulisaTvis, eklesiisaTvis, im TiToeuli
58 saqme, 15:29
59 1 korinT. 9:22
adamianisaTvis, romelTac ase mimarTavs: `Svilno Cemno,

romelTaTvis kualad melmis, vidremde gamoixatos qriste
Tquen Soris“60.
eklesiis dasawyisi ki ar iyo advili. saxarebas bevri iRebda
aRfrTovanebiT, magram igi ar esmoda yvelas. axal cxovrebas,
qristeSi Tavisuflebas, siyvarulSi sixaruliT savse erTobas,
rasac axarebda pavle, friad xSirad iRebdnen jer kidev warmarTul
perspeqtivaSi, im drois warmarTuli kultebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli emociuri mgznebarebiT. iudeuri merjuleobis xifaTs, meore
mxriv, pasuxobda xifaTi warmarTuli `misteriuli~ religiurobisa,
romelic metismetad advilad iviwyebda qristeSi boZebuli
Tavisuflebis zneobriv Sinaarss. da saWiro iyo pavles usasrulo
moTmineba, siyvaruli, dauRleli zrunva, raTa axal qristianebs
mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT SeeTvisebinaT saxarebis swavleba, raTa
axlidan amoZirkvuliyo `Zveli~, raTa qristeze moqceulSi
`gamoxatuliyo qriste~.
eklesiaSi aseve iWreba adamianuri vnebebic: ganyofa, Suri,
kamaTi calkeul pirTa Sesaxeb. mudmivad Cndeba axali kiTxvebi,
axali siZneleebi. pavle pasuxobs yvelaferze, exeba yvela
wvrilmans. magram misi yvela pasuxi, yvela sityva sabolood
daiyvaneba erT, fuZemdeblur, dauRlelad ganmeorebad
mtkicebamde da mowodebamde: `qristeSi.~ am sityvaSi gamoxatulia
mTeli qristianobis arsi, mocemulia qristianuli cxovrebis
gansazRvreba. rwmenam da naTlobam SegvaerTa qristesTan da axla
vcxovrobT masSi, misTvis, misi sicocxliT. es niSnavs, rom
vcxovrobT masTan iseTi erTobiT, misdami iseTi siyvaruliT, misi
msaxurebisaken da misi gamovlenisaken iseTi miswrafebiT, rom
mTeli eklesia, yvela qristiani sxva araferia, Tu ara TviT qriste,
romelic agrZelebs cxovrebas adamianebSi da agrZelebs adamianebis
xsnas. eklesia da qristianebi qristes sxeulia, qristes mierve
suliwmindiT Seqmnili. Cven ukve varT `qristeSi~, da amitomac unda
vicxovroT am mowodebiTa da kurTxeviT. da yvelaferi eklesiaSi
– misi mowyoba, Sekreba, msaxurebaTa gansxvaveba, TviT sameurneo
60 galat. 4:19
sazrunavi – yvelaferi arsebobs mxolod imisaTvis, rom Cven

gavizardoT qristeSi, ganvviTardeT da qristes davubrunoT is
madli, rac misgan miviReT. ase magaliTad, Tu mociqulTa saqmis
pirvel TavebSi eklesia warmoCenilia rogorc dadgoma aRTqmuli
RmrTis sasufevlisa, pavles epistoleebSi es sasufeveli cxaddeba
rogorc TviT qristes cxovreba, rac eboZa adamianebs da rac maT
suliwmindiT aerTianebs RmerTTan daurRvevel erTobasa da
erTmaneTTan erTobaSi.
didma mociqulma Tavisi cxovreba mowameobrivad daasrula.
ierusalimSi, sadac mudmivad iswrafoda yoveli axali mogzaurobis
Semdeg, pavle ebraelebma Seipyres da brbos angariSsworebis
asacilebelad man imperatoris sasamarTlo moiTxova, risi
uflebac mas hqonda rogorc romis moqalaqes. dapatimrebuli
pavles romSi Casvlasa da imperiis dedaqalaqSi orwlian qadagebaze
wydeba mociqulTa saqmis Txroba. da es araa SemTxveviTi. wignis
Tema swored eklesiis es gza iyo – gza ierusalimidan romamde,
israelis centridan msoflios centramde. mociqulTa msaxureba
sruldeba ara mxolod sityvis, aramed sisxlis mowmobiTac.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase amtkicebs eklesiis gardamocema. ra rCeba
mociqulTa Semdeg? adamianTa umciresi jgufebi, momofantuli
qveynierebaze, aravisTvis cnobili, Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis
SeumCneveli yvelasagan. da mainc, pirveli gamarjveba mopovebulia,
`... kidiT kidedmde queyanisa“61 gaisma xareba qristes Sesaxeb.
mociqulTa sisxls gadavyavarT Semdeg Tavze – devnilobis
epoqaze. magram eklesiis am meore naTlobis – sisxliT naTlobis
dasawyisSive gaisma mociqulis sityvebi: `... yovelsa Sina
warudgineniT Tavni Tquenni (...) viTarca ucnaurni, da sacnaurni,
viTarca mosikudidni, da aha esera cxovel varT, viTarca
swavlulni da ara sikudildni; viTarca mwuxareni, da maradis
gvixaris; viTarca glaxakni, da mravalTa ganvamdidrebT; viTarca
arara¡ guaqus, da yovelive guaqus...“62.
aseTi cnobierebiT gadadis eklesia Tavisi istoriis meore
periodSi.
61 saqme, 13:47
62 2 korinT. 6:4-10
Tavi 2. devnili eklesia 49
Tavi 2. devnili eklesia
nawili 1.
qriste iSva maSin, roca àvgustusi erTmTavrobda qveyanaze~:

dRemde ase igalobeba Cvens saaRdgomo sagalobelSi. eklesiam
ar daiviwya, rom droSi misi dasawyisi Tanxvda msoflio istoriis
gadamwyvet moments: suliskveTebiTa da CanafiqriT uni-
versaluri romis imperiis dasrulebuli saxiT Camoyalibebas.
berZnul-romauli samyaro, ese igi romauli saxelmwifoebrioba,
SeerTebuli elinistur kulturasTan – ai, iudevelobis Semdeg
qristianobis meore `samSoblo.~ diax, Cveni istoriuli Tval-
sawieris gafarToebiT, sxva Zvel samyaroebsa da kulturebSi
Cveni mexsierebis SeWriT Seirya legenda berZnul-romauli
antikurobis erTaderTobisa da universalizmis Sesaxeb; diax,
axla Cven viciT, rom es `samyaro~ – ìkumeni~ – rogorc TviT
romis imperiam gansazRvra sakuTari Tavi, iyo sulac mxolod
erTi Tavi, erTi monakveTi kacobriobis grZel gzaze. da mainc,
dResac es legenda ar aris mxolod legenda. da dRes, miuxedavad
imisa, rom bevri uaryofs am monakveTis saerTosakacobrio
mniSvnelobasa da arss, umtkivneulod acalkevebs sakuTar Tavs
berZnul-romauli tradiciisagan, qristianebisaTvis amgvari
ram Znelad Tu aris SesaZlebeli. qristianul cnobierebaSi
istoria ar SeiZleba iyos mizezebisa da Sedegebis meqanikuri
gadabma, xolo eklesiis dabadeba swored im samyaroSi, im
momentSi – ubralo SemTxveviToba. `xolo odes moiwia aRsasruli
JamTa¡, moavlina RmerTman Ze Tvisi... “63. – wers mociquli pavle.
63 galat. 4:4
es sityvebi garkveulwilad xom ar miemarTeba im samyarosac,

romelsac pirvels xvda wilad gamxdariyo eklesiis ìstoriuli
sxeuli~? Cven viciT, rom es samyaro qristianobas mtrulad da
devniT Sexvda. magram mainc, imisaTvis, rom bolos da bolos
qristianobas daeZlia es mtroba, am samyaros unda hqonoda unari,
gaego qristianuli qadageba, da raRac xarisxiT gamxdariyo misi
Sesatyvisi. ra Tqma unda, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom saxarebis
wminda sityvebi Caweril iqna berZnul enaze da azrovnebis
berZnuli kategoriebiT, elinuri samosiT Seimosa eklesiis
RvTismetyveleba da adamianis pasuxi RmrTaebriv gamocxadebaze.
da Tu saxarebis bolomde gageba SeuZlebelia misi ebrauli,
Zveli aRTqmiseuli wyaroebis gareSe, igi ganuyofelia im
samyarosganac, romelSic pirvelad gaisma xareba.
Cven vuwodebT èlinisturs~ – elinurisagan gansxvavebiT –
antikurobis istoriis im periods, romelic iwyeba aleqsandre
makedonelis mokle, magram aseTi sabediswero sicocxlis Semdeg.
es periodi aRiniSna, erTi mxriv, elinuri kulturis eqspansiiT
TviT eladis sazRvrebisagan Sors, meore mxriv, am eqspansiis
yvela sferos saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri gaerTianebiT romis
garSemo. aleqsandre ocnebobda msoflio imperiaze, saberZneTis
politikur hegemoniaze. magram Tormeti weli, romlis
ganmavlobaSic man daipyro siria, egvipte, mcire azia, raTa Semdeg
gaWriliyo Soreul indoeTSi, ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi am ocnebis
gansaxorcieleblad. imperia dairRva aleqsandres TiTqmis
sikvdilisTanave da mis nangrevebze gaCnda misi generlebis
èlinisturi~ samefoebi, romelTa urTierTmetoqeobamac bolos
da bolos roms aRmosavleTis karibWe gauRo. da mainc,
aleqsandres Semdeg àraferi iyo msgavsi imisi, rac iyo
aleqsandremde,~ rogorc Tqva Zvelma istorikosma. politikurad
vera, magram elinizmma gaimarjva kulturulad. berZnuli
kultura TandaTanobiT xdeba saerTo da gamaerTianebeli
kultura mTeli xmelTaSua zRvis auzisa da ufro farTo
arealisac – somxeTidan espaneTamde, saharidan dunaimde da
rainamde. cudia Tu kargi, berZnul enaze daiwyo saubari yvelam,
visac surda kulturasTan ziareba, berZnul enaze wers mociquli

pavle, da meore ebraeli, qristes Tanamedrove aleqsandrieli
filosofosi filoni, da babiloneli qurumi berososi, da
romaeli imperatori markus avreliusi... enisagan ki ganu-
yofelia enis formebSi, mTel mis wyobaSi ganxorcielebuli ber-
Znuli kulturis, berZnuli cxovrebis ideali da axla igi
marTlac saerTosakacobrio ideali xdeba. yoveli, vinc gaiara
berZnuli skola, vinc miiRo berZnuli `paidea,“64 ukve elinia, ra
sisxlic unda Cqefdes mis ZarRvebSi. xolo berZnuli skolis,
gimnasionis, areopagis nangrevebi arqeologebma arabeTis
sazRvrebTanac ipoves da inglisSic. elinizmis Zvel da axal
centrebSi – aTenSi, aleqsandriaSi, antioqiaSi, TandaTanobiT
ibadeba erTgvari axali èlita~, adamianis axali tipi – romelmac
daZlia qalaqis, samSoblos, ojaxis fsiqologiuri sazRvrebi;
romelic ufro Riaa axali dinebebis mimarT; romelic
SeSfoTebulia moulodnelad gaxsnili horizontebiT.
romauli dapyrobebi (qristeSobamde meore da pirveli
saukuneebi) ar aCerebs am elinizacias, piriqiT, agrZelebs da
ganamtkicebs mas. kulturulad romi TviTon `berZnuldeba~. da
swored romaul msoflio monarqiaSi aRwevs elinisturi epoqa
Tavis apogeas. roms moaqvs wesrigi da mSvidoba. aswliani omebisa
da gaCanagebis Semdeg bolos da bolos myardeba Pax Romana65,
romliTac samarTlianad ase amayobdnen romaelebi. legionTa
rkinis kedeli imperias icavs barbarosebisagan, romauli
samarTali yvelgan adgens samarTlianobas, simtkices, keTil-
dReobas. maTTan ki dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri ayvavebac. xolo
mogzaurobis siadvile – gzaTa gasaocari qselis meSveobiT,
romlis gegmac dResac ki SeiZleba naxo romSi vifsanias portikze,
xels uwyobs ara mxolod saqonlis, aramed azrebisa da wignebis
gacvlas. ar aris gasaocari, rom wyaro da simbolo yvela am
sikeTisa – TviT Roma Augusta66 TandaTanobiT xdeba kultis
sagani, am axali gaerTianebuli kacobriobis umaRlesi faseuloba.
64 paidea (berZn.) – ganaTleba, aRzrda

65 Pax Romana (laT.) – romauli mSvidoba
66 Roma Augusta (laT.) – wminda romi
magram garegani brwyinvalebisa da keTildReobis miRma

izrdeba Rrma sulieri krizisi. icvleba cxovrebis saukunovani
wesebi, ikveTeba Zveli rwmenisa da tradiciebis uZlureba.
adamiani ukve aRar kmayofildeba nacionalur-yofiTi RmerTebiT,
romlebic Semofarglavdnen qalaqis, gvaris, tomis Caketil
Tvalsawiers. maT adgils ikavebs skefsisi da imedgacrueba, da
bevri ukve axal sulier sazrdos eZebs aRmosavlur `misteriebSi~,
romlebic mRvrie dinebebiT tboravs imperias. romis centrSi
Sendeba isidas, kibeles, dionises taZrebi, sadac aResruleba
saidumlo wesebi, rac TavianTYTavSi Seicavs ukvdavebisa da
ganaxlebis dapirebas. axla religiisgan surT ara mxolod yofiT
saqmeebSi daxmareba; religiaSi surT miiRon xsna tanjvisagan,
borotebisagan, sikvdilis SiSisagan. esaa epoqa winaTgrZnobisa
da molodinisa: èrTi imperia, erTi msoflio ena, erTi kultura,
erTi saerTo ganviTareba monoTeizmis mimarTulebiT, da erTi
saerTo wadili macxovris Sesaxeb,~ – ase aRwera harnakma
mdgomareoba, romelSic iwyeba qristianobis ganviTareba.
nawili 2.
magram, ra Tqma unda, am gavrcelebis bunebrivi gza

SeuZlebelia ar yofiliyo ebrauli diaspora. jer kidev
aleqsandre makedonelamde dawyebuli da elinistur epoqaSi
gaZlierebuli, palestinidan ebraelTa emigracia im donemde
mivida, rom imperiis TiTqmis yovel qalaqSi gaCnda ebrauli
kvartlebi, romlebic TavianTi sinagogiT, TavianTi religiuri
organizaciiT dakavSirebuli iyo religiur-nacionalur
centrTan ierusalimSi. qalaqSi Sesvlisas pavles SeeZlo
TiTqmis darwmunebuli yofiliyo, rom qalaqSi ipovida ebraul
SabaTis Sekrebas, sadac SeZlebda qristes Sesaxeb qadagebas
`wignTagan~67. istorikosTa gaangariSebiT, devnilobaSi
67 saqme, 17:2
cxovrobda aranakleb oTxi milioni ebraeli, romis imperiis

mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba ki ormocdaaTi milioni iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobda uricxvi religiuri akrZalva,
da devnilobaSic grZeldeboda ùwmindurebisagan~ ebraelTa
gamoyofa, elinistur kulturasTan mudmiv Sexebas SeuZlebeli
iyo, ar gamoewvia zogierTi ryeva. gansxvavebiT palestineli
rabinebisagan, romlebic ufro da ufro izRudebodnen sjulis
unayofo da wvrilmani ganmartebebiT, devnilobaSi myofi
ebraelebi grZnobdnen moTxovnilebas, TavianTi rwmena aexsnaT
gare samyarosTvis, gare samyaro mieyvanaT erTiani WeSmariti
RmerTis, zecisa da qveynis Semoqmedis Secnobamde. am
moTxovnilebas ki `warmarTuli~ mxare pasuxobda aRmosavleTisa
da misi religiuri siRrmeebisadmi ufro da ufro gaZlierebuli
interesiT, Cven mier ukve aRniSnuli sulieri wadiliT. amgvari
daaxloebis magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT Zveli aRTqmis
berZnuli Targmani (rac dasrulda egvipteSi mease wels
qristeSobamde da ramac bibliuri gamocxadeba misawvdomi gaxada
elinisturi samyarosaTvis), xolo mogvianebiT – aleqsandrieli
ebraelis filonis filosofia, romelSic igi berZnuli azrovnebis
cnebebiT cdilobda Tavisi mamebis rwmenis gadmocemas, raTa igi
gasagebi gamxdariyo `gareSeTaTvis.~ meore mxriv, arcTu cota
warmarTi eqceva israelis religiaze, xdeba ebraeli ukve ara
sisxliT, aramed im rwmeniT, im msoflmxedvelobiT, romlis
centSi dgas mesiisa da misi meufebis molodini.
sinagogebis es qseli, romelic faravda mTel imperias,
aRmoCnda kidec qristianuli qadagebis TiTqosda provi-
denciulad gamzadebuli gza. am qselis meSveobiT uwyebam
qristeze, kamaTma da masTan dakavSirebulma cTunebebma sul
ramdenime weliwadSi Semoiara mTeli ìkumeni~. aqedan ki
saxarebis qadagebam iolad SeaRwia ebraelobasTan axlos mdgom
da misi sulieri gavlenis misaRebad mzadmyof fenaSi. pirveli
qristianuli Temebi Sedgeboda swored amgvari adamianebisagan,
romlebic gansxvavebulni iyvnen sisxliT, magram maT aerTianebda
axali rwmenis moTxovnileba, xelaxali Sobisa da xsnis wyurvili.
rogor xdeboda es moqceva? amis Sesaxeb Zalian cota viciT

da, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa qadagebisa da moqcevis dayvana erT
gansazRvrul tipamde. rogorc dRes, rogorc yovelTvis,
religiuri krizisi, rac ganapirobebs axali rwmenis miRebas,
ucvlelad individualuria da aTas mizezs, aTas gzas mivyavarT
misken. pavles epistoleebidan vxedavT, rogor icvleboda misi
argumentaciis meTodebi, rogor gansxvavebulad mimarTavda
gansxvavebul jgufebs. magram, ra Tqma unda, yoveli qadagebis
centrSi, vis mimarTac unda yofiliyo mimarTuli igi, yovelTvis
idga `kerigma~: axali faqtis gacxadeba, uwyeba macxovarze,
romelmac moitana xsna da mSvidoba. es ar iyo arc masobrivi
qadageba – brbosaTvis, arc saxalxo cnobismoyvareobis mizidva
raRacnairi garegani ceremoniebiT. magram erTSi anTebuli
cecxli gadaecemoda meores; xolo axali naTeli, romelic
aciskrovnebda saxeebs, ar rCeboda SeumCneveli imisgan, romelic
ukve eZebda am naTels da amitom xedavda mas. yvela sityvaze
metad ki qristianobas xels uwyobda, cxadia, is marTlac
ganaxlebuli cxovreba, romelic vlindeboda qristianul TemSi,
da romelsac sabolood erTaderTs SeeZlo `daemtkicebina~
saxarebis cxovelmyofeli Zala.
iyo dro, roca miRebuli iyo pirveli qristianebis Zebna
imperiis `socialurad dabal fenebSi,~ im saerTaSoriso
proletariatSi, romelic avsebda did qalaqebs, gansakuTrebiT
ki – portebs, da sadac, siRatakisa da socialuri uTanasworobis
gamo, TiTqosda advilad gaidgamda fesvs sityvebi siyvarulis,
imedis, axali cxovrebis Sesaxeb. pavles epistoleSi korinTos
eklesiis aRwera TiTqosda amgvar mtkicebas adasturebs; pavle
wers korinTelebs: `rameTu ixileT-Ra Cinebuleba¡ ege Tqueni,
Zmano: ara mravalni brZen ariana xorcielad, ara mravalni Zlier
ariana, ara mravalni aznaur ariana? aramed sulelni igi
soflisani gamoirCina RmerTman, ra¡Ta arcxvinos brZenTa da
uZlurni igi soflisani gamoirCina RmerTman, ra¡Ta arcxvinos
ZlierTa. da uaznoni igi soflisani da Seuracxni gamoirCina
RmerTman da ara-arsni igi, ra¡Ta arsni igi ganaqarvnes~ (1
korinT. 1:26-28). magram mainc ar iqneba swori adreuli eklesiis

stilizeba `proletarul~ tonebSi, masSi mxolod socialuri
movlenisa da lamis klasobrivi brZolis produqtis danaxva.
imave pavles romaelTa mimarT epistoleSi vxvdebiT èrastoss,
mnes qalaqisa~68, aTenSi pavle aqristianebs areopagis wevrs
dionises, TesalonikSi qristianobas `...Seudges ... dedaTa
mTavarTa ara mciredTa¡~69. iakobis epistole amxels mdidrebs,
maSasadame, eklesiaSi mdidrebic yofilan, xolo mogvianebiT
biTviniis mmarTveli pliniusi imperator traianes miawvdis
informacias `sxvadasxva wodebis~ qristianTa simravleze.
magram, marTlac iyvnen Tu ara Tavdapirvelad qristianebi
mravalricxovanni? meore saukunis miwuruls, qristianebis
mdevnelebisadmi mimarTvisas, tertuliane wers: `Cven varsebobT
mxolod guSindlidan da, miuxedavad amisa, Cven aRvavseT Tqveni
yovelive: qalaqebi, kunZulebi, cixe-simagreebi, municipiumebi,
banakebi, tribebi, kuriebi, sasaxle, senati, forumi... Tu Cven
Tqveni mtrebi varT, maSin Tqven ufro meti mteri gyavT, vidre
moqalaqe, radgan Tqveni yvela moqalaqe gaqristianda.~ cxadia,
es ritorikuli gadaWarbebaa. geografiulad qristianoba,
marTlac, sakmaod swrafad gavrcelda. pirvelive saukuneSi
didi eklesiebi arsebobda siriaSi, egvipteSi, mcire aziaSi,
SesaZloa, espaneTsa da galiaSi. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom
qristianebi Zalian bevri iyvnen. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imperator
konstantines moqcevisas, ese igi meoTxe saukunis dasawyisSi,
qristianebi, istorikosTa gaTvlebiT, Seadgendnen imperiis
mTeli mosaxleobis araumetes aT procents. SeiZleba vamtkicoT,
rom Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eklesia inarCunebda
soflisagan devnili `mcire samwysos,~ umciresobis xasiaTs.
68 hrom. 16:23
69 saqme, 17:4
nawili 3.
aTeulma wlebma, rac eklesiis samociqulo `dasawyiss~

aSorebs meore saukunis Sua xanebisagan, Zalian cota Zegli
Semogvinaxa. Cven TiTqmis araferi viciT eklesiis zrdaze, misi
organizaciis Tavdapirvel ganviTarebaze, swavlebaze, RvTis-
msaxurebaze. aman qristianobis yovelgvar `reformatorebsa~
da `samecniero~ kritikas saSualeba misca am epoqis Sesaxeb
aegoT yvelanairi hipoTeza, TavianTi survilisamebr aRedginaT
epoqis suraTi da ganemartaT igi. masSi surdaT aucileblad
daenaxaT eklesiis erTgvari `metamorfoza~, saxarebaSi asaxul
qristianobis Tavdapirvel ìdeasTan~ kavSiris gawyveta.
organizebuli eklesia ierarqiiT, swavlebiT, discipliniT, –
rogorsac kvlav vxedavT mas meore saukunis SuaxanebSi, –
TiTqosda aris am krizisebis, socialur pirobebTan `misa-
dagebis~ Sedegi. aramkafiod gamokveTili rwmena nebsiT Tu
uneblieT Camoiqna TiTqosda im epoqis azrovnebis formebSi,
moxda maTi èlinizeba,~ masSi aisaxa am rwmenis mimRebi
sazogadoebis gavlena da moTxovnilebani. magram bolo xanebSi
yvela es Teoria ufro da ufro aaSkaravebs Tavis usafuZvlobas.
da mecnierebi ufro da ufro meti yuradRebiT usmenen eklesiis
gardamocemas, romelic jer kidev cota xnis win tendenciurad,
lamis borotganzraxviT gamogonilad eCvenebodaT. aRmoCnda,
rom SeuZlebelia saxarebis gancalkeveba eklesiisagan: saxareba
eklesiaSi da eklesiisaTvisaa dawerili; igi aris mowmoba
eklesiis rwmenisa, mowmoba mis cocxal gamocdilebaze; da am
gamocdilebis miRma SeuZlebelia saxarebis gageba. locvaTa
nawyvetebi, niSnebi da simboloebi katakombebis kedlebze, erTi
eklesiis ramdenime epistole meoris mimarT – yvelaferi es
axla axleburad Suqdeba, ixsneba rogorc erTiani ganviTareba
da ara rogorc krizisebisa da wyvetis monacvleoba. dauwerels
SeeZlo idumalad ecocxla da Semonaxuliyo eklesiis uwyvet
mexsierebaSi, TviT eklesiis cxovrebaSi da zogjer igi SeiZleba
Caweriliyo mxolod aswleulebis Semdeg. ase ufro da ufro
aSkara xdeba, rom eklesia aris qristianobis swored Tavda-

pirveli arsi, rom misi àRdgena~ da `gamarTleba~ ki ar aris
saWiro Cvenamde moRweuli fragmentebis safuZvelze, aramed
mxolod masSi, ese igi eklesiis `pirveladobis~ aRiarebis
safuZvelze iZenen es fragmentebi mniSvnelobas da am
safuZvelze SeiZleba maTi sworad ganmarteba. daiwyo ra
saeklesio gardamocemis gamanadgurebeli kritikiT, mecniereba
TandaTan midis sawinaaRmdego Sedegamde: amtkicebs am
gardamocemas, rogorc qristianobis warsulis Sesaxeb Cveni
codnis yvelaze saimedo, yvelaze avtoritetul wyaros.
da ra viciT am pirvel aTwleulebze, am eklesiebze,
romlebic ukve gafantulia mTel romis imperiaSi?
kvlav, rogorc pirvel dRes ierusalimSi, upirvelesad,
vxedavT qristianebs, `Sekrebils eklesiaSi~ – naTlobisa da
evqaristiisaTvis. am orerTiani saidumloTi – wylisa da
sulisagan SobiTa da puris gantexiT ganisazRvreba eklesiis
mTeli cxovreba da misi TiToeuli wevris cxovreba. es aris
saeklesio cxovrebis ara erTi àspeqti~, ara ubralod
RvTismsaxureba, aramed es aris wyaro, Sinaarsi da mwvervali
yvelafrisa, rac eklesiaSi arsebobs, aris TviT guli
`pirvelqristianobisa~.
`qristianebad ar ibadebian, aramed xdebian~ – tertulianes
es sityvebi gvixsnis, am epoqis iSviaT ZeglebSi ratomaa yvelaze
xSirad saubari naTlobasa da evqaristiaze. qristianebad
xdebodnen. es ki niSnavs, rom TiToeuli naTelRebulis mex-
sierebaSi SeuZlebelia ar aRbeWdiliyo is dRe, roca sulSi
Canergili Teslis idumali zrdis Semdeg, yoymanis, Semowmebis,
tanjvis Semdeg, bolos da bolos, is midis naTlobis wyalTan.
masSi unda momkvdariyo Zveli cxovreba, raTa dawyebuliyo
axali. mas erTbaSad eZleoda yvelaferi: miteveba codvebisa,
SeerTeba qristesTan, rwmena TviT sikvdilis mokvdinebisa,
gamocdileba aRdgomisa da maradiuli sixarulisa, risi warT-
mevac ukve aravis SeeZlo. da yvelaferi es iyo ara abstraqcia,
ara ìdeologia~, aramed sinamdvile: naTlobis wminda wylidan
amosuli axalnaTelRebuli ar rCeboda marto. naTlisRebas igi

Sehyavda ZmobaSi, siyvarulis erTobaSi, ganuwyvetel urTier-
TobaSi. aseTia evqaristiis maradiuli mniSvneloba: mudam
qristes mier ZmebTan erTad. erTi puri, erTi barZimi, ga-
ziarebuli yvelas mier da yvela SeerTebuli erTSi. moxsenieba
gadaqceuli sinamdviled, molodini ki – myofobad. da maSin
rogor unda gaJRerebuliyo madlierebis sityvebi, romelmac
Cvenamde moaRwia eklesiis am Zveli siymawvilidan, da romelsac
warmoTqvamda winamZRoli winadagebul ZRvenze: `gmadlob Sen,
mamao Cveno, sicocxlisa da winamZRolobisaTvis, romelic Sen
mogvivline Seni yrma iesos meSveobiT. dideba Senda ukunisamde.
rogorc es puri daTesil iqna mindvrebSi da, SekrebiT gaxda
erTi, dedamiwis kidiT kidemde ase Seikribos Seni eklesia Sens
sasufevelSi... moixsene igi, raTa ixsna igi yoveli borotisagan
da srulyo igi Sens siyvarulSi, oTx qarTagan Sekribe igi Sens
kurTxeul sasufevelSi, romelic Sen ganumzade mas...~
kviridan kviramde, evqaristiidan evqaristiamde – monaT-
lulis mTeli cxovreba aRivso Sekrebis, Sexvedris, urTier-
Tobis, siyvarulis sixaruliT savse aRsrulebis molodiniT.
dae, garegnulad yvelaferi Tundac igive darCeniliyo; dae,
saqmeebiTa da sazrunaviT adrindeliviT savse yofiliyo
cxovreba. naTlobisa da evqaristiis gamocdilebaSi yvelaferi
ukve axali sinaTliT iyo ganaTebuli, aRvsili iyo axali
mniSvnelobiT, gardaqmnili iyo siyvaruliT. yoveli dRe, am
dRis yoveli saqme iyo ZlevamosilebiT momavali uflis
saboloo gamarjvebis nabiji, sasufevlis dauRamebeli dRis
trapezze yoveli Sekreba ukve moaswavebda siyvarulSi saboloo
erTobas.
da amitom mxolod evqaristiuli SekrebiT – qristianuli
Temis am centriT – SeiZleba sworad axsna TviT eklesiis
mowyoba, misi cxovrebis òrganizaciuli~ aspeqti. qristianebi
mxolod evqaristiuli saidumlos Suqze aRiqvamen am
organizacias ara rogorc ubralo, adamianur organizacias –
xelmZRvanelebiTa da qveSevrdomebiT, avtoritetiTa da mor-
CilebiT, aramed rogorc cocxal organizms, suliwmindiT

darwyulebuls. masSi yvela adamianuri `msaxureba~, yvela
adamianuri urTierToba iqceva igive erTiani sulis
gamovlinebad, TviT qristes msaxurebad Tavis ZmaTa mier.
Tems meTaurobs episkoposi. misi xelisufleba savsebiT
gansakuTrebulia. mociqulebisagan, an maTi memkvidreebis – sxva
episkoposebisagan dadgenili episkoposi Tavisi eklesiisaTvis
aris TviT qristes – eklesiis Tavisa da misi mTeli cxovrebis
wyaros saxe. episkoposis gareSe eklesiaSi araferi unda
gakeTdes, radgan misi msaxureba, misi gansakurebuli madli
swored imaSia, rom qristianTa Sekreba evqaristiis saidumlos
meSveobiT gardaqmnas qristes sxeulad, SeaerTos axali
cxovrebis ganuyofel erTobaSi. episkoposi naTlavs,
aRasrulebs evqaristiis saidumlos, unawilebs krebuls ZRvens.
xolo saidumlos aRsrulebis ZalauflebasTan ganuyofladaa
dakavSirebuli moZRvrobis Zalaufleba: episkoposi morwmuneTa
krebulSi aswavlis ara sakuTari saxeliT, aramed aswavlis
suliwmindis mier; igi aris samociqulo gardamocemis mcveli,
eklesiis sayovelTao erTobis mowme. da igive wyarodan
gamomdinareobs mwyemsobis madli: episkoposi, rogorc qriste,
zrunavs yvelaze erTad da TiToeulze cal-calke, igi aris
qristianTa Zmobisa da urTierTobis cocxali centri.
èpiskoposis mimarT unda gvqondes iseTi damokidebuleba,
rogorc uflis mimarT, – wers wminda egnate antioqieli (II
saukunis dasawyisi), – radgan episkoposebi, dadgenilni samyaros
aRsasrulamde, arian ieso qristes sulTan erTobaSi. amitom:
èklesiaSi nurafers gaakeTebT episkoposis gareSe. mxolod is
evqaristiaa namdvili, romelsac igi, an mis mier dadgenili piri
aRasrulebs. yvelgan, sadac episkoposia, dae, iq iyos Temic
msgavsad imisa, sadacaa ieso qriste, iqaa kaTolike eklesia...~
eklesiis marTvaSi episkoposs exmarebian presviterebi –
ùxucesni~. Tu episkoposebs wminda egnate amsgavsebs qristes,
presviterebSi igi xedavs mociqulebs. presviterebi, episkopo-
sis mier dadgenilni, xeldasxmulni, episkoposs exmarebian
yvelaferSi, Tems gadascemen episkoposis swavlebas, mzrun-

velobas, gankargulebebs. Tavdapirvelad qristianoba TiTqmis
gamonaklisis gareSe gavrcelda qalaqebSi da amitom Tav-
dapirveli eklesia iyo qalaqis Temi, qristianTa Sekreba erT
adgilze episkoposis garSemo. mogvianebiT, roca qristianTa
ricxvi gaizrdeba da amgvari erToba SeuZlebeli gaxdeba,
qalaqis Temi TiTqosda sakuTari Tavidan gamohyofs qalaqis
Temisadmi daqvemdebarebuli sagareubno Temebis, anu
`samrevloebis~ qsels. maSin am samrevloebSi presviterebi
Secvlian episkoposebs, gaxdebian episkoposis sruluflebiani
warmomadgenlebi, iqcevian episkopossa da mrevls Soris
erTgvar damakavSirebel rgolad. amgvarad saepiskoposo
xeldasxmis saidumlos meSveobiT yvela Temi inarCunebs Tavis
organizaciul kavSirs episkoposTan, rogorc saeklesio
erTobis madlmosil òrganosTan~.
episkopossa da presviterebs mohyvebian diakvnebi –
`msaxurni~. isini arian episkoposis `yurebi~, `xelebi~, Tvalebi~,
episkoposis cocxali kavSiri Tavis mrevlTan. dRes TiTqmis
sruladaa daviwyebuli Temis `socialuri~ Semadgenloba.
Tanamedrove mrevlis erToba amoiwureba saRvTismsaxuro
SekrebiT. magram adreul eklesiaSi saRvTismsaxuro erToba
ganuyoflad iyo dakavSirebuli TviT realur urTierT-
daxmarebasTan, ZmobasTan, Raribebze, oblebsa da qvrivebze
erTobliv zrunvasTan, Zmebis dakrZalvasTan. ar SeiZleba
monawileobde evqaristiaSi da realurad ar miitano sakuTari
`ZRveni~: puri, romelic iqceva qristes xorcad, gamocalkevdeba
im àrsobis~ purisagan, im nayofisagan, romelic qristianebs
Sekrebisas miaqvT – saerTo trapezisa da upovarTa dax-
marebisTvis. da es aris ara mowyaleba, ara qvelmoqmedeba, aramed
TviT qristianuli cxovrebis upirvelesi piroba. diakvnebs ki
evalebaT zrunva ZRvenis ganawilebaze, Raribebis daxmarebaze,
àRapis~ – siyvarulis trapezis organizaciaze, qristianTa
namdvil erTobaze, rac qristianTa saidumloSi urTierTobisagan
gamomdinareobs.
magram Tu, wm. egnage antioqielis sityvebiT, èpiskoposis,

presviterebisa da diakvnebis gareSe ar aris eklesia~, es ar
niSnavs, rom eklesiaSi mxolod ierarqiaa àqtiuri~. eklesiis
yovel wevrs aqvs Tavisi msaxureba da isini erTmaneTs avseben
daurRvevel erTobaSi. `xolo ganyofani madlTani arian, da
igive suli ars. da ganyofani msaxurebaTani arian, da igive
Tavadi ufali ars. da ganyofani SewevnaTani arian, da igive
Tavadi RmerTi ars, romeli Seiqms yovelsa yovelTa Soris.
xolo TviToeulsa Cuensa micemul ars gamocxadeba¡ igi sulisa¡
umjobesisaTvis... viTarca-igi guami erT ars, da mravali asoebi
aqus, da yoveli igi asoebi erTisa mis guamisa¡ mraval RaTu ars,
erTguamve ars, egreca qriste. rameTu erTiTa suliTa Cuen
yovelTa erTisa mimarT guamisa naTel-viReT... da yovelTave
erTisa sulisa gvisuams“ (1 korinT. 12:4–13). ai, es ideali
mTelisa, romelSic mTeli ar iqvemdebarebs pirovnebas, aramed
TviT pirovneba ixsneba, poulobs sakuTar Tavs mxolod ZmaTa
msaxurebaSi, aris ideali adreuli eklesiisa, romlis
gaTvaliswinebiTac unda gavigoT eklesiis organizaciis
sxvadasxva forma.
ukve mociqul pavles epistoleebSi sityva èklesia~
gamoiyeneba rogorc calkeuli Temis, ise saerTod qristianTa,
e.i. sayovelTao eklesiis aRsaniSnavad. da es asea imitom, rom
yoveli Temi, ra mcirericxovanic unda iyos igi, episkoposis,
samRvdeloebisa da mrevlis erTobaSi Tavis Tavs acnobierebs
rogorc ganxorcielebas am adgilze mTeli eklesiisa, qristes
mTeli sxeulisa, erTi qristes aq movlinebad da yofnad. yoveli
aseTi adgilobrivi eklesia darwmunebulia, rom misi rwmena,
swavleba, misi cxovreba igivea rac `kidiT kidedmde~70 ganfenili
yvela sxva eklesiis rwmena, swavleba da cxovreba. sadac unda
misuliyo qristiani, igi yovelgan ipovis igive gansatex purs –
`danawevrebads, magram ara ganyofads~, moismens igive xarebas,
`CaerTveba~ igive erTobaSi. erTi da igive qriste yvelgan krebs
Zmebs da Tavisi sicocxlis mTeli sisruliTa da Tavisi madliT
70 saqme, 13:47
myofobs am ZmaTa Soris. yvela eklesias aqvs erTi wyaro da erTi

norma: mociqulTa gardamocema; TiToeuls ZaluZs TavianTi
episkoposebis meSveobiT sakuTari Tavi aRiyvanos eklesiis
pirvel movlinebamde: sulTmofenobis saswaulamde da
ierusalimis pirvel Temamde; amitom TiToeuls cal-calke da
yvelas erTad aqvs ganuyofeli sicocxle da dakavSirebulni
arian erTiani siyvaruliT.
da yvela eklesiis es sayovelTao erToba, Tavis mxriv, aseve
gamoixateba mudmiv kontaqtSi, yvelas zrunvaSi yvelas mimarT.
antioqiis episkoposi egnate Tavisi epistoleebiT sxva eklesiebs
afrTxilebs warmoqmnili cruswavlebebis winaaRmdeg, epis-
koposi polikarpe Tavisi smirnis eklesiidan wers filipelebs
da midis romSi, raTa gadawyvitos sakiTxi aRdgomis aRniSvnis
Sesaxeb; romaeli qristianebi zrunaven korinTos Temis
damSvidebaze... qristianebi yvelgan grZnoben TavianT Tavs axal
xalxad, romelic Sekrebilia yvela xalxisagan, magram
gansxvavebulia maTgan. ìsini ar cxovroben calkeul qalaqebSi,
– ambobs diognetes mimarT werili, anonimuri pirvelqristia-
nuli Zegli, – maT ar aqvT gansakuTrebuli ena an sxvebisgan
gansxvavebuli cxovreba... TiToeuli maTgani cxovrobs Tavis
mamulSi, magram TiTqosda droebiT. radgan yoveli ucxoeTi
maTTvis mamulia, xolo yoveli mamuli ucxoeTi...~
eklesiebis am qselSi Tavidanve ikveTeba ramdenime ufrosi
eklesia, romelic TiToeul olqSi urTierTobis erTgvar
centrebs Seadgens. es eklesiebi meti uSualobiTaa dakav-
Sirebuli mociqulebTan, ufro Zvelia da mravalricxovani. am
wlebSi dgeba ierusalimis eklesiis daisi. 70 wels ebraelTa
ajanyeba da ierusalimis dangreva qristianebs iordanes gadaRma
gadasaxlebas aiZulebs. 132 wels imperatori adriane
gaanadgurebs wminda qalaqis TviT saxels. magram am pirvel,
qristianobis istoriaSi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT erTaderT centrs
ukve sxva centrebi Secvlis. esaa samociqulo `kaTedrebi~:
romis, antioqiis, efesos, aleqsandriis, gansakuTrebiT – romis
kaTedra, ganmtkicebuli petresa da pavles sisxliT – wm. egnate
antioqielis sityvebiT, `siyvarulSi meTauri~. mogvianebiT

romi Tavisi episkoposisaTvis msoflio Zalauflebis moxveWas
moisurvebs da es miswrafeba ganyofs eklesias. im wlebSi
araferi ismis am miswrafebaze. aravin xdis sadavod romis
eklesiis avtoritetsa da mniSvnelobas: igi pirvelia da ufrosi,
magram erTobasa da TanasworobaSi, centri yvela eklesiis
sayovelTao Tanxmobisa.
ra Tqma unda, jer kidev Soria saeklesio mowyobis saboloo
`gaformebamde~. sxvadasxva eklesiaSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
sityva, dasaxeleba, gansazRvreba. magram am sityvismieri
mravalferovnebiTac ki ase cxadad ikveTeba kaTolike, ese igi
sayovelTao da erTiani eklesiis mwyobri konturi. igi
gaizrdeba da ganviTardeba, magram es aris sicocxlis zrda,
miwaSi CaTesili Teslisgan xis zrda, da ara istoriuli
SemTxveviTobebis TamaSi, rogorc ase xSirad surdaT am
ganviTarebis warmoCena.
nawili 4.
qristianobis devnis sakiTxs istoriul mecnierebaSi

xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. cnobilia, rom qristianebma TavianTi
mowameebi Tavidanve sruliad gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT
Seiyvares. xolo am siyvarulma yvelanairad Seaferada ZvelTa-
gan moRweuli mowameobrivi gmirobebis mSrali da xSirad metad
mokle aRwerebi. ase Seiqmna Sua saukuneebSi òqros legenda~71,
romelSic istoriuli simarTle Seeria gamonagons, xolo TviT
devnis arsi dayvanil iqna elementur sqemamde. magram erT
ukiduresobas gardauvlad mohyveba meore. gulubryvilo
rwmena, rac advilad itans yvelaze daujerebel zRaprebs,
Caanacvla `ganmanaTlebelTa~ mSralma da damangrevelma
71 hagiografiuli sakiTxavebis krebuli (me-13 s.), uaRresad popularuli Sua

saukuneebSi.
skefsisma, ramac Tavidan ubralod uaryo TviT devnis faqti.

meTvramete saukunis adamianebi roms xatavdnen samarTlianobis,
saxelmwifoebriobis, kulturulobis idealad. saidan
SeiZleboda yofiliyo iq religiuri devnis fanatizmi, sad
gvxdeba mis istoriaSi es sisxlismsmeli imperatorebi, ase
xSirad rom figurireben Suasaukuneebis cxovrebanSi? diax,
SeiZleba iyo gaugebrobebi, incidentebi, magram araferi meti.
da volteri, `ganmanaTleblobis~ eponimi da sulisCamdgmeli,
boroti sixaruliT aaSkaravebs òqros legendis~ yovelgvar
Seusabamobas, gadaWarbebasa da gamonagons, dascinis qristianul
gulubryvilobas. magram aseTma damangrevelma, antiqris-
tianulma kritikam aqac moitana sargebeli: man eklesiis
mexsierebidan srulad warecxa mooqrovili brWyvialeba, magram
aRmoaCina mowameebis Sesaxeb iseTi namdvili silamaze, iseTi
simarTle, romelic ukve aRar saWiroebs aranair Selamazebasa
da Seferadebas. cxovrebaTa Sesaxeb uzarmazari literaturi-
dan, bolos da bolos, gamoiyo namdvili dokumentebi da am
dokumentebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda devnis Sesaxeb
sakiTxis arsebiTad dasma da gadawyveta.
upirvelesad, sakiTxi devnis mizezebis Sesaxeb. marTlac,
romis imperia ar iyo arc `sisxlismsmeli~, arc `fanatikuri.~
qristianobis warmoSobis momentSi imperiaSi hyvaoda sxva-
dasxvagvari religia da egzotikuri kulturebiT romaelebis am
gatacebas ukve iuvenali dascinis Tavis satirebSi. maS, riTi
aixsneba es daJinebuli, samsaukunovani brZola qristianobasTan,
bolos ki, TiTqmis uimedo da uazro?
Cven viciT, rom Tavidan romis xelisuflebam TiTqmis ar
`SeamCnia~ qristianebi, ar dainaxa maTi Zireuli gansxvaveba
iudevelebisagan. iudeveloba ki, marTalia, ucnauri, uCveulo,
magram mainc kanonieri religia iyo. da ai, iudevelobis
`safarqveS~, tertulianes gamoTqmiT, eklesiam ganvlo pirveli
aTwleulebi, da aman mas mTel imperiaSi fexze dadgomis,
gavrcelebisa da ganmtkicebis saSualeba misca. sanacvlod, am
epoqaSi vxvdebiT qristianebis mimarT mtrobasa da xSirad
siZulvilsac ki `brbos~ mxriv. taZrebis ararseboba, Ramis

Sekrebebi, saidumlo wesebi, mamakacTa da qalTa saerTo trapezi
– yovelive amas SeuZlebelia ar gamoewvia eWvebi da bunebrivad
daiZra saSineli xmebis nakadi: qristianTa Sekrebebze orgiebis,
magiis, ritualuri mkvlelobebis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT vnaxavT,
rom qristianebi sZulda TviT ìnteligenciasac~ ki. magram
yvelaferi es, Tundac devnis noyieri niadagi Seeqmna, mainc ver
gaxdeboda devnis mizezi: romis saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo iyo da ar uSvebda TviTnebur angariSsworebasa da
uwesobas. amitom konfliqtis erTaderTi namdvili mizezi – es
damtkicebulia udavod – unda veZeboT TviT romis saxelmwifos
arsSi. rogorc yovel antikur saxelmwifos, roms hyavda Tavisi
RmerTebi, hqonda Tavisi nacionalur-politikuri religia. igi
ar iyo arc rwmenisa da arc moralis sistema (romis moqalaqes
SeeZlo erwmuna da Zalian xSirad swamda kidec – ùcxoelTa
RmerTebi~). es iyo wvrilmanebamde SemuSavebuli msxverpl-
Sewirvisa da locvebis rituali, kulti, romelsac, uwinaresad,
saxelmwifo-politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda. mis dacvaze
damokidebuli iyo imperiis keTildReoba, `keTilSezaveba
haerTa~, Zleva mterTa. dae, Tundac es yofiliyo mxolod
simbolo, risic am areul epoqaSi TiTqmis aravis swamda. sxva
simbolo erTobis gamosaxatavad da SesanarCuneblad, Tavisi
Tavisadmi rwmenis gansaxorcieleblad roms ar hqonda. am
simbolosTan iyo dakavSirebuli mTeli misi saxelovani dideba,
mTeli siamaye da gamarjvebebi, yvela tradicia da yvela
mogoneba. misi uaryofa niSnavda romis SeZulebas, romisadmi
loialobaze uaris Tqmas, meamboxed qcevas. amitomac Tavisi
yvela qveSevrdomisagan romi iTxovda mxolod erTs: am
saxelmwifo kultSi formalur monawileobas, rogorc loia-
lobis gamoxatulebas, rogorc romis Rirebulebebisadmi
daqvemdebarebasa da CarTulobas romis tradiciebSi. samamulo
RmerTebis gamosaxulebis winaSe ramdenime marcvali sakmevlis
dawva, imperatorisaTvis ùflis~ wodeba, wesis aRsruleba – ai,
yvelaferi, rasac moqalaqisagan iTxovdnen, da, amis aRsrulebis
Semdeg moqalaqes Tavisuflad SeeZlo, eZebna WeSmariti rwmena an

cxovrebis maradiuli sazrisi yvelgan, sadac moisurvebda.
antikuri adamianisaTvis aseTi moTxovna TavisTavad cxadi
iyo. misTvis religia iyo ara piradi arCevnis sakiTxi, aramed
ojaxis, gvaris, saxelmwifos saqme. religiaSi igi xedavda da
grZnobda nacionalur-politikur duRabs, mTeli Tavisi
kanonebiT adamianTa sazogadoebis wyarosa da sanqcias. sakuTar
RmerTebze uaris Tqma niSnavda sakuTari ojaxis, sakuTari
xalxisa da samSoblos uaryofas. misi piradi rwmena Tu
urwmunoeba sulac ar exeboda religias, iseve rogorc TviT
religia arasodes yofila WeSmaritebis sakiTxi, aramed iyo
mxolod aRiareba àrsebuli wyobisa,~ misi kanonierebisa da
mizanSewonilobisa.
swored am TavisTavad cxadi, umartivesi samoqalaqo
valdebulebis Sesrulebaze ganacxades uari qristianebma da es
uari gaxda devnis mizezi. ra aris am uaryofis Rrma, maradiuli
arsi? es ar iyo arc janyi, arc saxelmwifos, rogorc aseTis,
dagmoba, an Tundac saxelmwifos calkeuli defeqtisa da naklis
mimarT winaaRmdegobis gaweva. pavle mociqulidan dawyebuli
qristianebs Tamamad SeeZloT daemtkicebinaT TavianTi
`loialoba~ romis mimarT da mieTiTebinaT TavianT locvebze
imperatoris, xelisuflebisa da samSoblosaTvis. magram maT ar
SeeZloT ori moTxovnis Sesruleba: imperatoris aRiareba
ùflad~ da kerpebisaTvis Tundac garegnuli Tayvaniscema, am
kerpebisadmi rwmenis gareSec ki. ùfali~ – im drois enaze –
aRniSnavda absolutur patronsa da meufes, gaRmerTebul
batons. magram qristianebisaTvis maTi rwmenis mTeli arsi iyo
is, rom qveyanas moevlina da qveynad gamefda erTaderTi da
namdvili ufali – ieso qriste. ùfal da cxebul yo igi RmerTman,
ese iesu~ (saqme, 2:36). es niSnavs, rom RmerTma samyaros mimarT
mTeli Zalaufleba misca ieso qristes, da rom amieridan igi
aris adamianis mTeli cxovrebis erTaderTi meufe. mTeli
saxareba iyo uwyeba RmrTis sasufevlis dadgomisa da imis
Sesaxeb, rom sasufeveli movlenilia da gamefebulia qristeSi.
èrTi ufali~: Cven axla ukve veRar vgrZnobT Cven mier

Semonaxuli am pirvelqristianuli SeZaxilis mTel Zalas, mTel
paradoqsulobas. magram igi maSin gaismoda (da axlac unda
JRerdes) rogorc gamowveva samyarosadmi, romelSic yoveli
xelisufleba, yoveli saxelmwifo, yoveli `koleqtivi~ odiT-
ganve acxadebs pretenzias ùflad yofnaze~, Tavisi Tavis
gaRmerTebaze. qristianebi iRebdnen saxelmwifosac da sazo-
gadoebasac, magram mxolod im zomiT, ramdenadac isini ar
zRudavdnen qristes ufladmyofobas, ar axSobdnen sasufevlis
aRmsareblobas. radgan RmrTis sasufeveli ukve movlenil iqna
da gacxadda samyaroSi da amieridan isaa istoriisa da adamianis
cxovrebis erTaderTi sazomi. ucnauria, magram imperiis
warmarTuli moTxovnis mimarT qristianTa brZolaSi ratomRac
xedavdnen qristianTa gulgrilobas `garegnuli~ samyarosadmi,
am samyarosagan `gaTavisuflebis~ miswrafebas. realurad ki am
moTxovnis (romelsac seriozulad ar aRiqvamdnen TviT am
moTxovnis wamomyeneblebic) uaryofaSi ukunisamde gamovlenili
iyo sworedac samyaroSi qristianTa pasuxismgeblobis zoma.
saxelmwifos `formaluri~ moTxovnis uaryofiT qristianebi
amiT saxelmwifos adgils uCendnen qristes meufebis
perspeqtivaSi, mouwodebdnen (Tundac pasiurad) saxelmwifos,
isic damorCileboda samyaros meufes. erTi titulis uaryofa
avlenda konfliqtTagan uRrmessa da umniSvnelovaness:
eklesiis brZolas ara ama soflis winaaRmdeg, aramed ama
soflisaTvis, ama soflis misayvanad meufesTan, vinc Tavisi
meufebiT amsofels xsna mouvlina.
TiTqmis aravis swamda is kerpebi, romelTa Tayvaniscemas
qristianebisagan moiTxovdnen. magram aqac, am moTxovnis
Sesrulebis uaryofiT qristianebma aCvenes, rom maT – TiTqmis
martooden maT – sjerodaT kerpebisa. es niSnavs, rom Tundac
garegnul, kerpebis politikur kultSi qristianebi xedavdnen
eSmakis Zalauflebas, romelmac samyaro mowyvita erTi WeSmariti
RmerTis codnisagan da aiZula kerpebis Tayvaniscema. magram
qriste movida, raTa samyaro gaeTavisuflebina eSmakis am
Zalauflebisagan. da maSin – am brZolis fonze – uecrad mTeli

Tavisi saSineli religiuri mniSvnelobiT gacocxlda TviT
mTeli warmarToba – rogorc sicruis meufeba, rogorc
eSmakiseuli danawesi, romelTanac qristianebi sasikvdilo
orTabrZolaSi Caebnen.
Tanamedrove cnobiereba, TviT qristianulic ki, am
konfliqtSi xedavs brZolas `sindisis TavisuflebisaTvis~,
adamianis uflebisaTvis – gaxados religia Tavis `kerZo saqmed~.
adreuli eklesiisaTvis am brZolis mniSvneloba, cxadia,
ganuzomlad Rrmaa. qristianoba misTvis ara imdenad axali
religiaa, aramed gadatrialebaa, rac moxda samyaros istoriaSi:
samyaroSi movlinebul iqna ufali imis winaaRmdeg sabr-
Zolvelad, vinc miitaca uflis Zalaufleba. eklesia aris mowme
uflis movlinebisa da myofobisa. eklesiam icis, rom ufali
gamefda da am meufebis Sesaxeb auwyebs qveynierebas. magram Tu
igi ufalia, maSin yvelaferi mas unda ekuTvnodes, mxolod igi
unda iyos meufe cisa da qveynisa. èrTi ufali!~ – ai, saboloo
arsi brZolisa, misi namdvili Sinaarsi eklesiisaTvis.
nawili 5
devnis dasawyisi maradiuli qalaqis xanZarma gaanaTa. 64 wlis

16 ivlisis Rames daiwva romis didi nawili da aRSfoTebuli
xalxis xmam romis gadawvaSi TviT imperators dasdo brali:
Tavis aRgznebul warmosaxvaSi neroni TiTqosda ocnebobda
dedaqalaqis gadagegmarebaze. da, ai, am eWvis gasafantavad
neronma brali dasdo àdamianebs, romlebic sZulda maTi
biwisaTvis da romlebsac xalxi qristianebs uwodebda...
Tavdapirvelad Sepyrobil iqnen isini, vinc aRiarebda Tavis
qristianobas, xolo Semdeg maTi miTiTebiT dakavebul iqna
bevri, vinc amxiles ara imdenad cecxlis wakidebaSi, ramdenadac
adamianis modgmisadmi siZulvilSi. da Tumca es adamianebi iyvnen
braleulni, maT TavianT mimarT sibraluli da TanagrZnoba

gamoiwvies, radgan iRupebodnen ara saerTo sikeTisaTvis,
aramed erTi adamianis sastiki axirebis gamo.~ romaeli
istorikosis tacitusis am ramdenime striqoniT, romelic
savsea `borotmyofeli seqtisadmi~ siZulviliT, amoiwureba
Cveni cnobebi. magram es cnobebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom
qristianoba àRmoCenilia~ romis xelisuflebis mier, rom misi
arseboba yvelasTvisaa cnobili. da Tumca neronis devna
Semofargluli iyo romiT, da devnis mizezi SemTxveviTia, –
swored es devna svams pirvelad sakiTxs qristianebis Sesaxeb
politikur da saxelmwifoebriv sibrtyeSi, rogoradac gan-
xiluli iqneba igi SemdgomSi. marTalia, sakiTxi ucbad ar
gadawydeba. saukune sruldeba gadatrialebebiT, areulobebiTa
da uwesrigobebiT. roms qristianebisaTvis ar scalia. eklesiis
gardamocema am wlebs, SesaZloa, neronis mmarTvelobis periods,
miakuTvnebs mociqulebis – petresa da pavles mowameobriv
sikvdils romSi, xolo domicianes (81-96 ww.) Jams – mociqul
ioanes sikvdils aRmosavleTSi. Cvenamde moaRwia sxva mowameTa
saxelebmac. da es, sul ufro gaxSirebuli gaelvebebi, amzadebs
Ria konfliqts.
meore saukunis dawyebiT dgeba romis istoriis oqros wlebi –
àntoninusebis saukune.~ esaa romis ukanaskneli ayvavebis dro
romis mmarTvelTa Soris saukeTeso mmarTvelebis Zalauflebis
Jams. maTi moraluri saxe imdenad momxiblvelia, rom TviT
qristianebi Seqmnian antoninusebisagan pirveli imperatoris –
traianes sikvdilisSemdgomi xsnis legendas, xolo imperator-
filosofosis markus avreliusis àzrebs~ dRemde ukavia sapatio
adgili antikurobis klasikur memkvidreobaSi. magram, ai, am
saukeTeso imperatorebis dros, im dros, roca TiTqosda dadga
berZnul-romauli samyaros moraluri Rirebulebebis zeoba,
qristianobasTan konfliqti Tavis tragikul mniSvnelobas iZens.
Semonaxulia traianes pasuxi Tavisi megobris – plinius
umcrosisadmi, vinc, erTi Soreuli provinciis mmarTvelis
rangSi, imperators ekiTxeba, rogorc moeqces qristianebs.
dasajos Tu ara `TviT saxelis gamo~, ese igi, mxolod

qristianobisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gamo, Tu dasajos im dana-
SaulobaTaTvis, rac dakavSirebulia qristianis `saxelTan?~
unda moiZebnon Tu ara qristianebi, Tu daelodnon formalur
braldebas? traianem naTlad da mkafiod upasuxa: diax, TviT
`saxeli~, ese igi TviT qristianoba aris danaSaulis Semadgen-
loba da amisaTvis unda daisajnon. da Tumca man akrZala
qristianTa Zebna da uaryo anonimuri dasmenebi, rogorc ùRirsi
Cveni droisaTvis,~ am reskriptSi qristianoba daigmo romis
kanonis mTeli simkacriT. amieridan yoveli, vinc braldebulia,
rom igi qristiania da vinc ver gaimarTlebs Tavs RmerTebisaTvis
msxverplis SewirviT, eqvemdebareboda sikvdiliT dasjas. qris-
tianoba danaSaulad gamocxadda. `Tqven ar unda arsebobdeT...~
marTalia, TviT romis samarTalwarmoebis struqtura
qristianebs kanongareSed gamocxadebis pirobebSic ki aZlevda
arsebobis saSualebas. roms ar hyavda saxelmwifo bralmdebeli:
yoveli qristianis winaaRmdeg `kerZo~ bralmdebeli unda
gamosuliyo, TviT saxelmwifom ki Tavdapirvelad uari Tqva, xelSi
aeRo devnis iniciativa. amiT aixsneba, erTi mxriv, devnis procesSi
sakmaod xangrZlivi mineleba, xolo, meore mxriv, devnis
ìndividualuri~ xasiaTi: romelime qristiani SeiZleba ise
daekavebinaT Sekrebisas, rom Sekrebis sxva monawileni ar
dazaralebuliyvnen. da mainc, yvela qristianis mdgomareoba
saSineli iyo: isini iyvnen kanongareSeni da sakmarisi iyo erTi
dasmena, rom braldebis Seubralebeli logika sikvdiliT
sruldeboda.
amieridan – mTeli ori aswleulis ganmavlobaSi – eklesiis
cxovrebis sazomi mowameTa sisxlia. sxvadasxva epoqaSi,
politikuri pirobebisa da sxva mizezebis Sesabamisad, devna xan
Zlierdeboda, xan neldeboda, magram mowameobis jaWvi savsebiT
arasodes gawyvetila. zogjer es iyo masobrivi devnis afeTqeba,
magaliTad, 155 wels smirnaSi, rac `polikarpes wamebis~ Sesaxeb
monaTxrobma Semoinaxa; 167 wels lionSi, rac detaluradaa
aRwerili mcire aziis qristianebisadmi galiis qristianebis
werilSi. zogjer individualuri procesebi: egnate

antioqielisa da simeon ierusalimelis wameba traianes dros,
telesforus romaelisa – adrianes mmarTvelobisas, polikarpe
smirnelisa da sxva qristianebisa – antoninus piusis dros,
iustine filosofosisa – markus avreliusis dros da ase Semdeg.
ase Tu ise, orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi arcerT qristians ar
SeeZlo usafrTxod egrZno Tavi da, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi
gariyulobis es gancda, qveynirebisagan qristianTa msjavrdeba
dgas adreqristianuli gamocdilebis centrSi.
Cvenamde moRweuli mowameobis aqtebi da devnis aRwerebi
gviCvenebs, rogor reagirebda eklesia qveynierebisagan qris-
tianTa msjavrdebaze. es dokumentebi xsnis mTel im mniSvnelobas,
rasac eklesia aniWebda `mowameobas~, ese igi qristianTa mowmobas
qveynierebis samsjavros winaSe, da gvixsnis, ratom miiCnevda
eklesia swored mowameobas mTeli qristianuli cxovrebis
erTgvar `normad~, agreTve qristianuli WeSmaritebis yvelaze
Zlier mtkicebulebad. araswori iqneboda mowameobis mTeli
arsis dayvana mxolod `gmirobamde~, an `msxverplad Sewirvamde~:
amgvari mowame-gmirebi hyavda yvela religias, da Tu msxverplis
ricxovnebiT izomeba ideebis WeSmariteba, TiToeul religias
SeeZlo Tavis mowameTa rigis wardgena. magram qristiani mowame
aris ara gmiri, aramed `mowme~: tanjvisa da sikvdilis miRebiT
igi amtkicebs, rom sikvdilis meufeba dasrulda; igi kvdeba ara
qristesTvis, aramed qristesTan erTad da amiT qristeSi miiRebs
sicocxles, rac àRmobrwyinda saflavidan~. eklesiam ase maRla
swored imis gamo aitaca mowameoba, rom misTvis es aris yvelaze
mTavari qristianuli mtkicebulebis dadastureba: qristes
aRdgoma mkvdreTiT, sikvdilze gamarjveba. aravis gamouxatavs
es ufro ukeT, vidre wminda egnate antioqiels. igi,
dapatimrebuli, romSi dasasjelad badragiT mimavali, werils
wers Tavis romael megobrebs da Txovs, ar scadon misi
gaTavisufleba: `...momeciT saSualeba, gavxde mxecTa saWmeli.
gwerT cocxali, romelsac mxurvaled surs sikvdili... Cemi
siyvaruli jvarcmulia... da cxoveli wyali, romelic mimodis
CemSi, meubneba: midi mamasTan. aRar msurs, vicxovro am miwieri

cxovrebiT... RvTis puri msurs, zeciuri puri, sicocxlis puri
– qristes xorci, xorci Ze RmrTisa... da saRmrTo sasmeli
mwyuria – sisxli imisi, vinc aris siyvaruli, uxrwneli da
maradiuli sicocxle...~ sikvdilis survili: mowameobis aRwe-
rebSi, lakonur àqtebSi~ – ar aris arc paTosi, arc aRtaceba.
magram aris naTeli, yovlismZleveli rwmena gamarjvebisa, rac
qristem sikvdilze moipova, da namdvili cxovrebis – qristesTan
da qristeSi cxovrebis – aRmatebuleba ama soflis cxovrebaze,
romlis xati `warmaval ars~72.
SeuZlebelia Cvenamde moRweuli yvela teqstis aq damow-
meba: lioneli qristianebis epistole mcire aziis qristianebis
mimarT, romelic aRwers 165 wlis devnas galiaSi, gasaocari
`polikarpes wameba~, an Tavisi simokliT gasaocari àqtebi~
iustines, kviprianes, isxliseli mowameebisa da esoden bevri
sxva mowamisa. magram yvela am dokumentis arsi yovelTvis
erTi da igivea: yoveli mowamis sikvdili aris marad
aRsrulebadi qristes gamarjveba sikvdilze. qristem
`sikvdiliTa sikvdili daTrguna~. da amitom mowameebis kul-
tiT eklesia izraxavs wmindanTa gandidebis dawyebas: TiToeuli
maTgani aris `mowme~, xolo maTi sisxli, tertulianes gamoTqmis
Sesabamisad, – `Tesli~, romelic axal ylortebs gamoiRebs.
romis imperiasTan konfliqts TviT eklesia acnobierebs ara
rogorc tragikul gaugebrobas, aramed rogorc macxovris
dapirebis aRsrulebas: `sofelsa amas Wiri gaqus, aramed nu
geSinin, rameTu me miZlevies sofelsa~73. eklesiisaTvis devna
gamarjvebis saukeTeso sawindaria.
72 1 korinT. 7:31
73 iovane, 16:33
nawili 6.
Tumca, qristianobasa da qveynierebas Soris konfliqti ar

amoiwureba saxelmwifo devniT. eklesiisaTvis Ria devnaze ufro
saxifaTo elinisturi garemocvis ideebTan da rwmena-
warmodgenebTan Sexeba iyo. aq eklesia SeeCexa Tavisi rwmenis
ukve Sinagani damaxinjebis, Tavisi odindeli gamocdilebis
Seryvnis saSiSroebas. meore saukune aRiniSna qristianobis
daZabuli brZoliT Tavisi `TviTmyofadobisaTvis~, qveynie-
rebisaTvis miZRvnili Tavisi swavlebis siwmindisa da
mTlianobisaTvis.
qristes Sesaxeb qadagebas jer kidev mociquli pavle uwo-
debda `huriaTaTvis sacTurs~, warmarTebisaTvis – `sisu-
leles~74. iudevelebi cTundebodnen mesiis jvarcmis, RmrTis
sasufevlis Sesaxeb mesiis swavlebis mniSvnelobis gamo. da
mainc, sanam qristianoba ebraelebs Soris vrceldeboda, igi,
xSiri uaryofis miuxedavad, mainc rCeboda `gasageb~ swavlebad.
qristianoba saubrobda ebraelebisaTvis gasageb enaze – bibliis
enaze da igi dafuZnebuli iyo RmrTis, samyaros, adamianis,
codvis igive bibliur gagebaze. ganuzomlad ufro Zneli iyo
qristianobis gageba da misi WeSmaritad `miReba~ im
adamianisaTvis, romelic gaizarda da aRizarda elinizmis
atmosferoSi. SemTxveviTi ar iyo is, rom aTenelma filo-
sofosebma, romlebic areopagSi pavle mociqulis mosasmenad
Seikribnen, pavles sityva maSin Seawyvetines, roca pavlem
mkvdarTa aRdgomaze daiwyo saubari. berZnuli msofl-
mxedvelobis sistemaSi RmrTis ganxorcielebis, RmrTis jvarze
sikvdilis, sxeulis aRdgomis Sesaxeb sityva marTlac
ùgunurebad~ gamoiyureboda da igi ver iqneboda gagebuli
mTeli cnobierebis, azrovnebis mTeli Cvevebis Rrma gardaqmnis
gareSe. gana berZnuli filosofia ar aswavlida, rom sxeulSi
unda dagvenaxa ukvdavi sulis sapyrobile da ar mogviwodebda
sulis sxeulisagan ganZarcvisaken: wminda, yovelgvari mate-
74 1 korinT. 1:23
rialurisagan Tavisufali yofierebis arsis Wvretisaken?

samyaroSi elini xedavda mxolod `maradiul dabrunebas~,
maradiul wrebrunvas, romlisgan xsnas eZebda ideebis uZrav
samyaroSi. xSirad saubroben `berZnul saswaulze~ –
sxeulebrivisa da sulieris sixaruliT aRsavse harmoniaze,
samyarosa da misi silamazis naTel miRebaze, rac samaradisodaa
ganxorcielebuli berZnuli xelovnebis gamWvirvale siwmindeSi,
magram imaSi xom ar aris am harmoniis saidumloeba, rom
xelovnebaSi berZeni miiswrafvis ipovos da gamoxatos samyaros
swored ìdealuri forma~, dafaruli samyaros mimdinare,
cvalebadi saxis miRma ipovos da gamoxatos samyaros ara
namdvili, ara realuri cxovreba, rac xSirad tragikuli
winaaRmdegobebiTaa savse. grZnoba istoriisa, ese igi Seuq-
cevadobisa, drois ganumeoreblobisa, da am droSi yoveli
movlenisa da pirovnebis erTaderTobisa da ganumeoreblobisa
siRrmiseulad ucxoa elinuri fsiqologiisaTvis; adamianur
cnobierebaSi igi pirvelad Cainerga bibliis wminda
ìstorizmiT.~ da mxolod am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gagebul
iqnas qristianTa rwmena imisa, rom istoriis erTi movlena, erTi
pirovneba, erTi momenti erTaderTia, da misi mniSvneloba
Seudarebelia raimesTan. es igive bibliuri `realizmia~,
romelic dasaZirkvlebulia RmrTis, rogorc cocxali da
Semoqmedi pirovnebis pirvelad intuiciaSi; magram maSin
samyaroSi yovelive `miekuTvneba~ am pirovnebas, yovelive am
pirovnebiT cxovrobs da am pirovnebiT ganisazRvreba; mTeli
samyaro ganmsWvalulia piradi cxovrebiT da amitom vlindeba
samyaro, rogorc istoria. samyaro Tavis centrs poulobs
adamianSi, Tavisufal pirovnebaSi, romelic dgas pirovnuli
RmrTis winaSe da mis winaSe irCevs da wyvets sakuTar beds.
adamiani, misi suli da sxeuli, misi siyvaruli, codvebi,
miswrafebebi iZens usasrulo mniSvnelobas, masSi samyaro
pasuxobs RmerTs, ebrZvis RmerTs, swyuria RmerTi, da, bolos,
uerTdeba RmerTs TavisuflebaSi, siyvarulsa da WeSmaritebaSi.
magram rogor SeTavsdes am realizmTan berZnuli cnobierebis
idealizmi, romelSic istoria da piradi cxovreba ki ara, buneba

Seadgens yvela miswrafebis centrs, sadac umaRlesi sibrZne
mdgomareobs yofierebis idealur kanonzomierebebTan yvela-
nairi pirovnulis Serwymasa da ganzavebaSi? qristianobasa da
elinizms Soris konfliqti aranairad SeiZleba ganimartos,
rogorc droebiTi gaugebroba; erTmaneTs Seejaxa ori
msoflaRqma, romelTagan arcerTi ar daiyvaneba meoremde,
erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori polaruli urTierTsawinaaRm-
dego religiuri da fsiqologiuri wanamZRvrebi. da elinizmis
mier qristianobis miReba SeuZlebeli iyo WeSmariti moqcevis,
ese igi cnobierebisa da azris siRrmiseuli gardaqmnis gareSe.
amitom adreuli qristianobis istoria iyo istoria ara aTenisa da
ierusalimis `daaxloebisa~ da Serigebisa, aramed maTi brZolisa,
romlis meSveobiTac dasrulda kidec elinizmis neli `gaek-
lesiureba~, ramac samudamod gaanayofiera qristianuli azri.
magram imisaTvis, rom amgvari gaeklesiureba SesaZlebeli
gamxdariyo, saWiro iyo eklesia gamijvnoda mcdelobebs,
romelTa mizani iyo metad advilad Seerigebina qristianoba
drois sulTan, umtkivneulod ganemarta qristianoba elinistur
yaidaze. eklesia mxolod ebraul `formebSi~ Caketili rom
darCeniliyo, igi ver gaimarjvebda amsofelze, magram Tu igi am
formebs ubralod miusadagebda elinisturi cnobierebis
formebs, es iqneboda ara qristianobis gamarjveba amsofelze,
aramed, piriqiT, ama soflis gamarjveba qristianobaze.
garemomcvel samyarosTan amgvari, ukve ìdeologiuri,~
konfliqtis dasawyiss Cven vxedavT kidec meore saukuneSi,
amasTan, pirveli mteri, visTanac eklesias mouxda Sejaxeba,
swored `kompromisis~, ganmartebis, Serigebis ideebiT
sazrdoobda. es mteri gnosisi iyo.
gnosiss, an gnosticizms Cveulebriv uwodeben aRmosavlur
misticizmTan berZnuli filosofiis im nazavs, im ucnaur
religiur-filosofiur Senadnobs, rac wamoiqmna rogorc
aRmosavleTTan berZnul-romauli samyaros daaxloebis Sedegi
da rac swored kaSkaSa ferebiT qristianobis Tavdapirveli
gavrcelebis epoqaSi gaifurqCna. gardamavali, religiurad

mRelvare drois tipuri warmonaqmni, gnostikuri mimdinareobebi
da sazogadoebebi TavianT TavSi asaxavda namdvil sulier
amocanebsac da àRmosavluri sibrZniT~ zedapirul gatacebasac,
mtkivneul interess yoveli idumalebis, simboloebis, wes-
Cveulebebis, misteriebis mimarT. maTi warmateba SeiZleba
SevadaroT Cvens droSi Teosofiisa da msgavsi `mecnierul-
mistikuri~ religiebis warmatebas. rogorc TeosofiaSi, ise
gnosisSi religiuri sakiTxebisadmi `mecnieruli~ midgoma
erwymoda mistikur fantaziebsa da yvelanair `saidumloebebs~.
daRlil, Tavisi yofiTi, `Cveulebrivi~ religiisadmi
rwmenadakargul, amavdroulad skeptikurad ganwyobil da
rwmenamonatrebul adamians sTavazobdnen da aRuTqvamdnen
`gnosiss~ – yofierebis umaRles saidumloebebSi gandobas,
codnis umaRles xarisxSi ayvanas (`gnosisi~ berZnulad swored
`codnas~ niSnavs). xolo wes-CveulebebSi, ceremoniebSi,
xeldasxmaSi kmayofildeboda `sakralurisken~ adamianis
maradiuli miswrafebis wyurvili, is religiuri mgrZnobeloba,
rac ase xSirad anacvlebs namdvil religiurobas.
mecnierebi kamaToben sxvadasxva gnostikuri swavlebebis
warmomavlobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es swavlebani bevri iyo
da xSirad xerxdeboda maTi gasaocari Sezaveba. is dro, iseve
rogorc Cveni, Sepyrobili iyo iseTi `sinTezuri religiis~
ZiebiT, romelSic Seirwymeboda da aiTqvifeboda yvela swavleba,
yvela filosofia, yvela religia. magram swored es miswrafeba
yvela religiis Taviseburad ganmartebisa da Serwymisaken
aqcevda gnosiss eklesiisaTvis saxifaTod. gnosticizmi ara Tu
mtrulad ekideboda qristianobas, aramed Tavad iswrafoda
sakuTar badeSi moeqcia igi. qristianobamde da misgan
damoukideblad warmoSobili gnosisi Tavis ganviTarebaSi ver
ascdeboda eklesiasTan dajaxebas da eklesiiT `dainteresebas~.
qristianobac aRmosavleTidan, yvela saidumlo sibrZnis
samSoblodan modioda; igi dakavSirebuli iyo iudaizmTan,
razedac elinistur samyaroSi erTgvari `moda~ iyo, iudaizmsac
hqonda Tavisi misteriebi, brbos Tvalisagan dafaruli Tavisi

cxovreba. magram mTavari iyo is, rom iudaizmic igive mtanjvel
kiTxvebs pasuxobda: borotebis warmoSobis, tanjvis sazrisis,
cxovrebis sazrisis Sesaxeb – razedac pasuxis gacemas cdilobda
gnosisi. amitom, eklesiis TiTqmis pirveli nabijebis
gadadgmisTanave, eklesiis gverdiT, zogjer ki mis SigniT,
vxedavT `qristianuli gnosisis~ Casaxvas, ese igi mcdelobas,
`ganimartos~ saxareba, gverdi aeqcios imas, rac saxarebaSi
miuRebeli, gaugebari da uCveulo Cans – upirvelesad, ra Tqma
unda, RmrTis gankaceba, qristes kacobrivi bunebis namdviloba.
ukve mociqulTa nawerebSi igrZnoba gangaSi. èkrZaleniT, nu
vinme iyos warmtyuenvel Tquenda sibrZnis moyuarebiTa da
cudiTa sacTuriTa moZRurebisa misebr kacTa¡sa, wesTa maTebr
amis soflisaTa da ara qristes mier~ (kolas., 2:8), – wers pavle
mociquli kolaselebs. ioane RvTismetyveli qristianebs
mouwodebs: `sayuarelno, nu yovlisa sulisa grwamn, aramed
gamoicadeniT sulni, ukueTu RmrTisagan iyvnen, rameTu
mravalni cru-winaswarmetyvelni gansrul arian soflad~ (1
iovane, 4:1). safrTxe Zlierdeba, roca eklesiaSi umravlesobad
iqceva ara ebraeloba, aramed yofili warmarTebi. bevri maTgani
eklesiaSi mohyavs igive interesebsa da ganwyobebs, riTic
aixsneba gnosticizmis warmatebac. cxadia, bevr maTgans ar
SeuZlia, Cawvdes aRmosavlur-elinisturi `misteriuli~
religiebisagan qristianobis Zireul gansxvavebas, aRiqvas
saxarebis mTeli siaxle. es mojanye sulebi eklesiaSi xedaven,
surT dainaxon TavianTi religiuri gamocdilebis dagvirgvineba,
pasuxebi TavianT kiTxvebze. ès warmarTebi, – wers profesori
bolotovi, – fiqrobdnen, rom isini sulac ar iyvnen valdebulni,
eklesiaSi Sesvlisas daetovebinaT TavianTi adrindeli
Teoriebi, piriqiT, fiqrobdnen am TeoriebiT sworad ganemartaT
da gaegoT qristianoba misi amaRlebuli da srulyofili
mniSvnelobiT.~ meore saukunis dasawyisSi wm. egnate antioqieli
amxels imaT, vinc miuTiTebs Tavis gansakuTrebul codnaze
(gnosisze), da axsenebs, rom RmerTis Sesaxeb namdvili codna
SesaZlebelia mxolod ieso qristes meSveobiT. magram es

qristianuli gnosisi namdvil ayvavebas aRwevs meore saukunis
SuaxanebSi – basilides, valentinis, saturnines, markionisa da
sxvaTa swavlebebSi. ukve TviT saxelebis raodenoba miuTiTebs
moZraobis masStabze. gnosticizmis maswavlebelTa nawerebSi,
ramac Cvenamde, marTalia, fragmentulad moaRwia, SeiZleba
igrZno namdvili gaqaneba azrisa da siRrme ganzraxvisa. ase rom,
am swavlebebiT gataceba ukve ar SeiZleba mivaweroT mxolod
damaxinjebul warmosaxvas, an egzotikuri `saidumloebebis~
mimarT interess.
gnosisis Zala da, amasTan erTad, misi sicrue, ramac eklesia
aiZula mis winaaRmdeg moekriba mTeli Zala, iyo is, rom gnosisi
qristes miakuTvnebda pirvel da centralur adgils, aRiarebda
mas logosad, macxovrad, mxsnelad da, amavdroulad, gnostikosi
moazrovneebi arRvevdnen TviT qristianobis, rogorc RmerTis
ganxorcielebis, RmerTis amqveynad movlinebis rwmenis arss.
maT ganmartebebSi qristianoba gadaiqca Tavisebur miTologiur
filosofiad: qristianobaSi mxsnelia ukve ara sityva (logosi),
romelic `xorciel iqmna~75, ara sikvdilis gamarjveba sikvdilze,
ara sxeulis aRdgoma, aramed `codna~, Tundac `misteriuli~
samosiT Semosili. nacvlad codvis, mitevebis, xsnis dramisa –
piradi drama: RmerTsa da adamians Soris; aq SemoTavazebuli
iyo erTgvari kosmologiuri sqema, romelSic `sulieri~
elementebi TandaTanobiT Tavisufldeba materiis tyveobisagan,
uazro simravle adgils uTmobs abstraqtul erTobas... es iyo
Zvel berZnul idealizmTan dabruneba axali aRmosavluri
samoseliT, `qristianul banakSi mstovarTa SeRweva im mizniT,
rom Tavisi WkuiT gardaeqmnaT es banaki da xelSi CaegdoT igi~
(bolotovi).
qristianul garemoSi gnosisis SeRwevam da masTan brZolam
eklesiis istoriaSi udavod udidesi roli Seasrula. zogierTi
istorikosi iqamde midioda, rom am brZolisagan gamohyavda
eklesiis mTeli `metamorfoza~ – eklesiis gadaqceva mwyobr,
75 iovane, 1:14
monoliTur organizaciad, romelic SejavSnulia ierarqiis

avtoritetiTa da oficialuri doqtriniT. berdiaevi, Tavis
mxriv, gnosisis dagmobaSi udides ubedurebasac ki xedavda:
eCveneboda, rom am dagmobiT CaixSo azris Tavisufleba da
warmoiSva òrTodoqsiis~ TviT principi, rogorc umciresobaze
umravlesobis zeoba. dRes, gnostikuri Zeglebis ukeT codnis
pirobebSi, amvari msjeloba naklebadaa SesaZlebeli. magram
gnosisma, marTlac daaCqara da metwilad gansazRvra eklesiis
mier sakuTari cxovrebis, rwmenis, gamocdilebis `gacnobiereba~,
aiZula eklesia, zustad ganesazRvra am cxovrebis Sinagani,
organuli kanonebi, garegan formebsa da formulebSi
`gamoevlina~ is, rac, ra Tqma unda, dasawyisidanve Seadgenda
eklesiis arss. gnosisTan brZolam migviyvana, rogorc amboben,
axali aRTqmis `kanonis~, anu axali aRTqmis wignebis
Semadgenlobis damtkicebamde, saeklesio gardamocemisa da
ierarqiis samociqulo memkvidreobiTobis principis dadge-
namde, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, im ZiriTadi safuZvlebis
gansazRvramde, rasac marTlac emyareba da romliTac dRemde
`mowmdeba~ saelesio cxovreba. magram imisaTvis, raTa sworad
gavigoT yvela am faqtis mniSvneloba, sakiTxi unda davsvaT
sxvagvarad, siRrmiseulad unda CavwvdeT TviT konfliqtis
arss. gnosisi sakuTar Tavs warmoaCenda rogorc saeklesio
swavlebis, qristes, rogorc macxovrisa da RmrTis rwmenis
ganviTarebas, an ganmartebas. saWiroa Tavidanve aRvniSnoT, rom
gnosisTan brZolisas eklesiam arc erTxel ar dagmo da ar
akrZala amgvari ganmartebisa da axsnis TviT SesaZlebloba.
magram eklesiam gnosisSi dainaxa qristes im saxis – riTic
cxovrobda TviT eklesia – Canacvleba sxva, ucxo da dama-
xinjebuli saxiT. amasTan erTad, gnostikosebi miuTiTebdnen
saidumlo gadmocemebze, Zvel werilobiT Zeglebze, àpeli-
rebdnen~ tradiciaze. maT qristes Sesaxeb Seqmnes mTeli
àpokrifuli~ literatura, romelSic eklesiis gardamocema
aRreul iqna gamonagonTan. Cvenamde moaRwia fragmentebma
amgvari gnostikuri `saxarebebisa~, romlebic miewereba petres,
iakobs, pavles, ioanesa da sxvebs. `maTSi qristes saxe, – wers

profesori licmani, – iZens ara mxolod ucnaur da zeadamianur,
aramed moCvenebiT xasiaTsac. qriste imyofeba uxilavad, zogjer
sxeulSi, zogjer usxeulod, evlineba zogjer bavSvis, zogjer
zrdasrulis, zogjer ki moxucis saxiT.~ am apokrifebis
kiTxvisas SeiZleba mixvde, rogor SeaRwia gnostikurma ideebma
qristianul garemoSi da ratom hqonda warmateba maT bevr
qristianSi: `maTSi iyo xibli saswaulebrivisa, idumali ena
zeadamianuri winaswarmetyvelebisa; isini pasuxobdnen im
cnobismoyvareobas, romelsac eklesiis tradiciuli moZRv-
rebis, istoriisa da RvTismetyvelebis nacvlad swyuroda
saidumlo codna. am TvalsazrisiT gnosisi aris dauSreteli
wyaro da igi sTavazobda – aTasobiT Seferadebul suraTSi imas,
rac surda guls~ (licmani). amgvarad, uwinaresad, es iyo dava
qristes, misi istoriuli saxis, misi qadagebis Sesaxeb da misi
movlinebisa da saswaulebis sazrisis Sesaxeb. da eklesiis winaSe
dadga aucilebloba, zustad ganesazRvra – ris safuZvelzea
gnostikuri qriste yalbi, ra aZlevs eklesias imis saSualebas, rom
ganasxvavos qristes Sesaxeb WeSmariti gardamocema yalbisagan.
gnosisis istoriuli mniSvneloba isaa, rom gnosisis warmoSobamde
is codna qristeze, misi saxisa da moZRvrebis is aRqma, riTic
eklesia cxovrobda, misTvis, ase vTqvaT, TavisTavad cxadi iyo da
aravis uCndebobda raime eWvi, gnosisma ki eklesia aiZula, pirvelad
zustad ganesazRvra am codnis wyaroebi, gamoiwvia eklesiis
`refleqsia~ sakuTari Tavisa da cxovrebis mimarT.
Cven adre ukve warmovaCineT, rom pirvelive dRidan
qristianoba moiazreboda rogorc qristes Sesaxeb mowmoba
mociqulebisa, qristes mcnebebis mowmeebisa. maTgan da mxolod
maTgan miiRo eklesiam cocxali, istoriuli saxe macxovrisa,
misi cxovrebisa, saswaulebisa, tanjvisa da aRdgomisa. magram es
aris ara ubralo adamianuri Txroba, ara ubralod istoriuli
mowmoba – eklesiis swavlebiT, sulTmofenobisas suliwmindis
gardamosvlis meSveobiT miniWebuli niWiT mowmoba iqceva
RmrTis sityvad. TavianT misias mociqulebi aRiqvamen swored
rogorc sityvis76 msaxurebas an qadagebas. ufro metic, TviT

eklesia sxva araferia, Tu ara am sityvis miReba; ase rom, eklesia
da misi zrda mociqulTa saqmeebsa da pavles epistoleebSi
ganisazRvreba rogorc zrda sityvisa: `rameTu sityua¡ igi
RmrTisa¡ aRorZndeboda da ganmravldeboda~ (saqme, 12:24). `da
esreT mtkiced sityua¡ igi uflisa¡ aRorZndeboda da
ganmtkicneboda~ (saqme, 19:20). magram imisaTvis, raTa gavigoT am
frazebis sruli mniSvneloba, agreTve adreuli eklesiis
cnobierebaSi mociqulebrivi mowmobis adgili, unda gvaxsov-
des, rom eklesiisaTvis, iseve rogorc mTeli Zveli aRTqmisa
da ebrauli cnobierebisaTvis, uflis sityva aRniSnavs ara mxolod
absoluturi WeSmaritebis gamoxatvas adamianur enaze, ara
mxolod gamocxadebas oden gonebisaTvis, aramed, uwinaresad,
TviT RmerTis movlinebas, misi RmrTaebrivi sicocxlisa da
Zalmosilebis gamovlinebas. Zvel aRTqmaSi RmerTi sityviT
qmnis samyaros, sityviT ìnarCunebs~ samyaros sicocxles;
sityviT iwyebs samyaros xsnas. RmerTi ara mxolod ambobs Tavis
sityvas, aramed RmerTi sityviT `moqmedebs~, an, ufro sworad,
TviT RmrTis sityva aris sicocxle, moqmedeba, Semoqmedeba.
`pirveliTgan iyo sityua¡ da sityua¡ igi iyo RmrTisa Tana, da
RmerTi iyo sityua¡ igi... mis Tana cxoreba¡ iyo da cxoreba¡ igi
iyo naTel kacTa~77. ioanes saxarebis prologSi surdaT daenaxaT
ganyenebuli, filosofiuri cnebis Sesaxeb Sesavali `konkretul~
iudeur-qristianul qadagebaSi, qristianuli xarebis èliniza-
ciis~ mcdeloba. ioanes saxarebis prologi ki mTlianad emyareba
sityvis, rogorc RmrTaebrivi sicocxlis, RmrTaebrivi moqmedebis
swored bibliur aRqmas. `da sityua¡ igi xorciel iqmna~78. es
niSnavs, rom qristeSi RmerTma adamianebs ara mxolod
gamoucxada axali swavleba, auwya axali da absoluturi
WeSmariteba, aramed TviT RmrTaebrivi sicocxle Semovida
amsofelSi da gaxda sicocxle adamianisa.
76 termini `sityva~ gulisxmobs wm. samebis meore hipostass – Ze RmerTs

(ieso qristes).
77 iovane, 1:1-4
78 iovane, 1:14
magram maSin mociqulTa mier uflis sityvis qadageba aRniSnavs

ganuzomlad ufro mets, vidre TviTmxilvelis sando monaTxrobs,
an mowmobas qristes cxovrebis faqtebisa da misi swavlebis
Sesaxeb. mociqulTa qadageba ara mxolod auwyebs qristes Sesaxeb,
aramed gadascems TviT qristes, TviT sityvas, romelic
`xorciel iqmna~, Sehyavs qristes cxovrebaSi da aerTebs
qristesTan. uflis sityvis mxolod amgvari gagebiT cxaddeba
naTlobasTan mociqulTa qadagebis organuli kavSiris sazrisic:
uflis sityvis qadagebas mivyavarT iqeTken, rom adamiani
SeuerTdes uflis sityvas, miiRos igi Tavis TavSi, aqcios igi
sakuTar sicocxled; es aResruleba kidec naTlobaSi, ese igi
qmedebaSi, romelic msgavsia Sobisa, magram es msgavseba gvaniWebs
imas, rasac gvamsgavsebs. `da sityua¡ igi xorciel iqmna~79. adreul
eklesiaSi es sityvebi Tavisi sazrisis sruli sisavsiT gaismis:
TviT eklesia xdeba logosis80 sxeuli, ziareba logosSi
gacxadebul RmrTaebriv sicocxlesTan. da amitom mociqulTa
qadageba aris ara Txroba, aramed TviT logosis – sityvis gadacema;
eklesiis sicocxle aris ara mxolod aRsruleba uflis swavlebisa,
aramed ziareba logosTan, misi zrda eklesiaSi.
amgvarad, Tu adreuli eklesiis yvela ZeglSi aSkaraa eklesiis
sruli daqvemdebareba uflis sityvaze, es ar niSnavs
daqvemdebarebas mxolod Caweril sityvaze, ese igi axali
aRTqmis `teqstze~. qristes saxe da swavleba, nauwyebi
mociqulebis mier, aris ara erTxel da samudamod `SeTvisebuli
WeSmariteba~, aramed cocxali da qmediTi realoba, madlis,
swavlebis, sulieri zrdis dauSreteli wyaro. `rameTu cxovel
ars sityua¡ RmrTisa¡ da Zlier...~ (ebr. 4:12). igi (uflis sityva)
gansazRvravs, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, TviT qristianuli Temis
mowyobas; mas ganuwyvetliv auwyebs episkoposis qadageba, mas
eziarebian qristianebi sxvadasxva saidumloSi, sityviT sulier
simxneves iReben locvaSi. da bolos, igi aerTebs qristianebs da
aris wyaro im Tanxmobisa da erTsulovnebisa, rac yvelas
79 iovane, 1:14
80 logosi – yovladwminda samebis meore piri - Ze RmrTisa.
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. yvela ZeglSi Cven vpoulobT miTiTebas

qristes sityvasa da swavlebaze, rac aSkarad Tavidanve iyo
cnobili yvelasaTvis. da aseve Tavidanve naTlisRebis win
axladmoqceulisagan eklesia iTxovs sarwmunoebis aRmsareb-
lobas e.w. `naTlisRebis simboloSi:~ qristes Sesaxeb ZiriTad
WeSmaritebaTa mokle CamonaTvals, rac warmoaCens qristes
Sesaxeb savsebiT naTel warmodgenas, rac yvela qristians
moeTxoveba.
amitom, roca sxvadasxva adgilze gaCnda samociqulo
qadagebis Canawerebi, saeklesio cnobierebis mier igi maSinve
miRebul iqna rogorc swored dasabamieri, nacnobi, yvelasagan
miRebuli mowmoba da swavleba. xolo radganac es iyo uflis
sityvis mowmoba, Sesabamisad, am mowmobis Canaweric, ra Tqma
unda, iRebda igive mniSvnelobas, rac hqonda qristes Sesaxeb
gardamocemas mis sxvadasxva formaSi: qadagebaSi, liturgiul
locvaSi, sanaTlav `katexizaciaSi~ (ese igi naTlobisaTvis
axladmoqceulTa momzadebisas). hqondaT ra Zveli aRTqmis
wminda werili, qristianebma zemoT miTiTebuli Canawerebi
bunebrivad miamates Zvel aRTqmas, rogorc misi dasruleba,
ganmarteba da aRsruleba.
aq SeuZlebelia, Tundac mokled gadmosce istoria am
Cawerisa, ramac aseTi dausrulebeli dava gamoiwvia mecnierTa
Soris. erTi aSkaraa: rogoric unda yofiliyo Cveni oTxi
saxarebis `wyaro~ da am saxarebaTa urTierTmimarTeba, ra
maxvilgonivruli hipoTezebic unda Seqmnan mecnierebma maTi
`genezisis~ aRdgenis mizniT, oTxTavi miiRo eklesiam – ese igi
oTxive saxarebam moipova aRiareba swored imitom, rom TavianTi
SinaarsiT isini emTxveoda qristes saxesa da misi moZRvrebis
Sinaarss, rac eklesiam pirvelive dReebidan icoda. Cven araferi
viciT arc davaze, arc eWvebze: oTxTavis miReba, anu `cnoba~
xdeboda, SeiZleba iTqvas, `TavisTavad~. eklesiam ki ar `gasca
sanqcia~ axali aRTqmis werilze, aramed axali aRTqmis werilSi
miiRo RmrTis swored is sityva, rac eklesias dasabamidanve
hqonda rogorc Tavisi arsebobis wyaro.
pirveli saukunis bolos, roca sruldeba eklesiis istoriis

`samociqulo~ periodi, eklesias, udavod, ukve hqonda oTxi
saxareba maTesi, markozisa, lukasi da ioanesi; Tumca, SesaZloa,
isini ar iyo erT wignad Sekrebili, TiToeuli maTgani `miRebuli~
iyo eklesiis im jgufSi, romlisTvisac daiwera igi. maTi
SeerTeba oTxTavad Zalian male moxda: meore saukunis SuaxanebSi
qristianobis apologeti tatiane adgens saxarebebis pirvel
`harmonias~, anu krebuls. Cven viciT, rom oTx saxarebas Soris
aris gansxvavebani da aSkara gansxvavebanic ki meorexarisxovan
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT: qronologiaSi, movlenaTa Tan-
mimdevrobaSi. Tanamedrove mecnierebam es gansxvavebani gaabuqa
TiTqmis gadauWrel `problemebamde~ da maT gadaWraze gaxada
damokidebuli ama Tu im teqstis miReba. magram es gansxvavebani
cnobili iyo Zveli qristianebisTvisac da igi sruliad ar
uqmnida maT uxerxulobas. isini saxarebaSi, Cveni drois
adamianebisagan gansxvavebiT, eZebdnen da poulobdnen ara
istoriul `sizustes~, aramed qristes Sesaxeb simarTles –
istoriul da sulier simarTles. xolo qristes saxis uRrmesi
msgavseba oTxive saxarebaSi, qristes Sesaxeb mowmobis Sesaxeb
maTi Sinagani Tanxmobis arseboba jer aravis uaruyvia.
amgvarad, eklesiaSi axali aRTqmis, rogorc wignis, rogorc
wminda werilis gaCena arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar iyo àxali~ faqti,
brZolis, an eWvebis Sedegi. es iyo Cawera im fuZemdebluri
gardamocemisa, romlis meSveobiTac RmrTis sityva
ganuwyvetliv cxovrobs eklesiaSi. magram swored imitom, rom
es gardamocema dasabamieria, eklesia Tavdapirvelad ar
saWiroebs gansazRvrul `kanons~ – Canawerebis, an werilis
zustad dadgenil sias; `kanoni~ aris eklesiis TviT rwmena,
romelic daculia episkoposebis swavlebaSi, liturgikul
praqtikasa da `naTlobis katexizaciaSi.~ RmrTis sityva ar aris
`garegani~ avtoriteti, ar aris `teqsti~, aramed aris rwmenisa
da eklesiis cxovrebis realoba. TviT `teqstebi~ imitom miiReba
rogorc werili, rom isini Seesabameba RmrTis sityvas, rom
maTSi eklesia cnobs Tavis rwmenas, Tavis qadagebas, Tavis
swavlebas – imas, riTic igi cxovrobs mociqulTagan dawyebuli.
magram swored werilis zusti `kanonis~ ararseboba aZlevda

saSualebas gnostikos moZRvrebs, TavianTi swavleba mieweraT
YmociqulebisaTvis, warmoedginaT es swavleba `saxarebis~ an
èpistoleTa~ formiT. maT icodnen, rom eklesiaSi aRiarebas
hpovebda mxolod is, rac kurTxeuli iqneboda mociqulTa
mowmobis avtoritetiT. xolo ramdenadac gnostikosTa nawerebi
`saintereso~ iyo, moqmedebda warmosaxvaze, pasuxobda drois
gemovnebas rwmenaSi ganumtkicebeli bevri pirisaTvis, an
axladmoqceulTaTvis, es nawerebi, SesaZloa, sacTuneblad
qceuliyo.
aq gansakuTrebiT unda movixsenioT markioni da misi swavleba.
Savi zRvis sinopis mkvidri, episkoposis Svili markioni romSi
antoninus piusis mmarTvelobis dros Cndeba da romis eklesiaSi
TvalsaCino adgils ikavebs. Tumca, Zalian male igi wyvets kavSirs
eklesiasTan da afuZnebs Tavis sazogadoebas, romelic swrafad
izrdeba, iZens wevrebs `mTel kacobriobaSi~, iustine filosofosis
sityvebiT. markions acTunebs Zveli aRTqma da eklesiaSi Zveli
aRTqmis miReba. misTvis Zveli aRTqmis RmerTi aris boroti
RmerTi, romlis Zalauflebisagan gasaTavisufleblad movida
qriste. markioni eyrdnoba gnosisisaTvis Cveulebriv `dualizms~
– ese igi materiis sulisadmi dapirispirebas, da Zvel aRTqmaSi igi
xedavs materiis, sxeulisa da, Sesabamisad, sjulis zeobas.
markionisaTvis pavle mociquli aris erTaderTi pirovneba, vinc
zustad gamoxata qristes moZRvreba. amitom igi uaryofs axali
aRTqmis mTel werils garda pavles epistoleebisa da lukas
(pavles mowafis) saxarebisa. magram radgan pavlesa da lukasTanac
gvxvdeba miTiTebani Zvel aRTqmaze, markioni Tamamad `wmends~
lukasa da pavles `CanarTebisa~ da `damaxinjebebisagan~ da amgvarad
miRebul `gasufTavebul~ werils umatebs sakuTar naSroms –
àntiTezebs~ – rogorc am werilis swori ganmartebis gasaRebs.
axali aRTqmis ganmartebis markioniseul bevr meTodsa da midgomas
iyeneben axali aRTqmis Tanamedrove ganmmarteblebi. markioni
jer qristianobis Tavis gagebas qmnis, Semdeg ki wminda werils am
TvalTaxedviT zomavs da gansjis, `nayalbevad~ acxadebs
yvelafers, rac ar Seesabameba mis Sexedulebebs. markionis

swavleba maSinve swrafad vrceldeba. `markionitebis~ mraval-
ricxovani jgufebi Cndeba romSi, egvipteSi, mcire aziaSi, siriaSi;
ase rom maT winaaRmdeg wera qristian polemistebs meoTxe
saukuneSic uxdebodaT.
markionis magaliTze friad naTlad ikveTeba mTavari sakiTxi,
romelic meore saukunis SuaxanebSi dgeba eklesiis cnobierebis
winaSe: es aris sakiTxi kriteriumebis Sesaxeb. yoveli axali
swavleba saxarebis WeSmarit ganmartebad saRdeba, TiToeuli
swavleba uTiTebs mociqulebsa da maT nawerebs, TiToeuli
ganeSoreba eklesias, TviT qmnis èklesias~ da am eklesias
acxadebs WeSmarit eklesiad. ra aZlevs `kaTolike~ eklesias am
swavlebis Sefasebis saSualebas, ra aris am Sefasebis
WeSmaritebis garantia, ras SeiZleba daeyrdnos TiToeuli
morwmune sicruisagan WeSmaritebis gamosarCevad?
swored am kiTxvebs pasuxobs qristian RvTismetyvelTa
pirveli Taoba, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos
wminda irineos lioneli, gnosisis winaaRmdeg mTavari mebrZoli.
man pirvelma gansazRvra eklesiis `norma~, e.i. TviT eklesiis
cxovrebis gamocdilebidan man gamoiyvana is principebi, riTic,
Tavis mxriv, es cxovreba wesrigdeba.
irineosi daibada daaxloebiT 140 wels mcire aziaSi da
bavSvobaSi icnobda polikarpe smirnelsa da sxva `presviterebs~,
romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, axalgazrdobaSi enaxaT ioane RvTis-
metyveli da sxva mociqulebi. Semdeg man ramdenime weliwadi dahyo
romSi (sadac, SesaZloa, swavlobda wm. iustine filosofosis
skolaSi, romelic CvenTvis cnobili pirveli qristianul skolaa).
177 wlidan mas vxedavT galiaSi jer mRvdlad, xolo Semdeg lionis
episkoposad. Tavisi saepiskoposo msaxurebis oci weli man Seswira
ara mxolod Tavis samwysos, aramed mTel eklesias: eklesias icavs
gnostikosebisagan, ganyofisagan, uZlurebisagan. igi pirveli didi
maswavlebelia èklesiis mamaTagan~: ase uwodes qristianebma
sayovelTao gardamocemis gamomxatvelebs, kaTolike gamoc-
dilebis `mowmeebs~.
irineosis mier Sedgenili `cru codnis mxileba da uaryofa~

saukeTesod warmoaCens eklesiis reaqcias am cTunebaze da,
amasTan erTad, ajamebs meore saukunis Sedegebs: irineosi
amTavrebs `pirvelqristianobas.~ irineosis mTeli argumentacia
gnostikosebis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gamoixatos terminiT
`samociqulo gardamocema.~ oRond am terminis gageba ganu-
zomlad farToa, vidre Tanamedrove RvTismetyvelebaSi, sadac
misi gageba TandaTanobiT daviwrovda mxolod ierarqiis
memkvidreobiTobamde, anu mociqulTa droidan saepiskoposo
xeldasxmis uwyvetobamde. irineosisaTvis ki pirvel adgilze
dgas rwmenisa da cxovrebis is erToba, rac dasabamidan TviT
qristesagan gardamogvecema. `samociqulo gardamocema~ aris
swored, uwinaresad, eklesiisa da misi cxovrebis erToba drosa
da sivrceSi. `...eklesiam miiRo es qadageba, es rwmena, da Tumca
eklesia ganfenilia mTel qveynierebaze, rogorc vTqvi, igi
gulodginebiT inarCunebs mas ise, TiTqos cxovrobdes erT
saxlSi, erTgvarovnad swams igi ise, TiTqos hqondes erTi suli
da guli; sruli TanxmobiT qadagebs mas, aswavlis am rwmeniT da
gadascems mas ise, TiTqos eklesias erTi bageebi hqondes.
dedamiwaze bevri enaa, magram gardamocemis Zalmosileba erTi
da igive. sxvagvarad ki ar swamT da gansxvavebuli gardamocema
ki ar aqvT eklesiebs, dafuZnebulT germaniaSi, espaneTSi,
galiaSi, aRmosavleTSi, egvipteSi, libiasa da msoflios
SuagulSi. aramed rogorc mze, RmrTis es qmnileba, mTel
msoflioSi erTi da igivea, aseve WeSmaritebis qadageba yvelgan
aciskrovnebs da gananaTllebs yvela adamians visac surs
WeSmaritebis Semecnebamde misvla. da eklesiis warmomad-
genelTagan sityvierebaSi yvelaze Zlieri ver aswavlis sxva
moZRvrebas, radgan aravinaa Tavis ufalze aRmatebuli, da
yvelaze susti verafers moaklebs gardamocemas, radgan rwmenas,
erTiansa da igiveobrivs, ar amdidrebs is, vinc bevrs saubrobs
da ar aRaribebs is, vinc mciredmetyvelia~...
es gardamocema eklesiam miiRo TviT mociqulebisagan,
romelTagan TiToeuli cal-calke da yvela erTad flobda
saxarebis sisavses. Tavdapirvelad zepirad naqadagebi saxareba
SemdegSi Caweril iqna. irineosi asaxelebs oTx saxarebas da maT

amsgavsebs oTx burjs, rasac eklesiis Senoba efuZneba.
gnostikosTa saxarebebi yalbia, radgan isini ar efuZneba
mociqulTa mowmobas. irineosi amtkicebs, rom mxolod is
saxarebaa WeSmariti, romelic gadmocemulia mociqulebisagan
da im droidanve mimatebebisa da Semoklebebis gareSe daculia
marTlmadidebeli episkoposebis mier. Cven aq vxedavT axali
aRTqmis kanonis dasawyissac, agreTve am kanonis gansazRvris
princips: mxolod oTxi saxarebaa WeSmariti, radgan oTxive
Seicavs WeSmarit samociqulo mowmobas, magram maTi WeSmaritebis
Sesaxeb Cven viciT imitom, rom isini daicves da gadmogvces
marTlmadidebelma episkoposebma. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
mxolod eklesias SeuZlia ganasxvavos WeSmariti werili
yalbisagan, radgan eklesiaSi yovelTvis cxovrobs suliwminda:
`radgan, sadac eklesiaa, iq aris suli RmrTisa, da sadac aris
suli RmrTisa, iq aris eklesia da mTeli madli, xolo suli
RmrTisa aris WeSmariteba. amitom, isini, vinc ar arian RmrTis
sulTan Tanaziarni, ar iReben sicocxles dedis ZuZuTagan, arc
rwyuldebian uwmindesi wyarosagan, rac qristes sxeulidan
momdinareobs.~
eklesia – es aris cxovreba suliwmindaSi, romelic gveZleva
naTlisRebisas da aResruleba qristes xorciT dapurebis
saSualebiT. `ganbanviT da suliwmindiT iReben erT sxeuls,
rasac mivyavarT uxrwnelobamde. ganbanva da suliwminda
aucilebelia, radgan maTi meSveobiT CvenSi izrdeba RmrTaebrivi
cxovreba.~ mTel adreul eklesiasTan Tanxmierad irineosi
qristianobaSi xedavs ara mxolod `codnas~ an `doqtrinas~,
aramed, uwinaresad, axali cxovrebis ZRvens, romlis gareSec
SeuZlebelia codnis dauflebaca da marTladmyofobac. es aris
axali cxovreba, radgan esaa TviT qristes cxovreba, romelic
gveZleva suliwmindis mier; esaa axali cxovreba, rac
gvaerTianebs, gvaqcevs èrTobad~. yoveli, vinc gamoeyofa
eklesias, ganeSoreba suliwmindasa da ukvdavebis purs. `marili
qveynierebisa, eklesia, am samyaroSi adamianuri daavadebebiT
wyluldeba, magram maSinac ki, roca mas – ganxeTqilebaSi, devnaSi

aglejen mTel nawilebs, eklesia ucvlelad igive marilis svetad
(rogorc coli lotisa), igive uSiSar rwmenaSi myofobs da
ganamtkicebs imaT mxneobas, romelTac uZRvnis mamazeciers.~
suliwminda eZleva eklesias: mTeli eklesia, eklesiis yvela
wevri Seadgens erT sxeuls da mTeli eklesia aris mcveli
gardamocemisa, ese igi WeSmaritebisa. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, `samociqulo memkvidreoba~ aris TviT eklesiis
cxovrebis memkvidreoba: mTeli eklesia aris gamovlineba da
ganxorcieleba sicocxlisa, sityvis zrdisa, aRsruleba
rwmenisa, rac macxovarma mociqulebs mianiWa. magram, radganac
suliwmindis erToba da cxovrebis erToba xorcieldeba
adamianTa xilul erTobaSi, eklesias aseve aqvs xiluli niSani,
anu `forma~: episkoposTa memkvidreobiToba mociqulebisagan.
Cven ukve viciT, ra adgili ukavia episkoposs eklesiaSi: igi aris
mcveli rwmenisa, aRmsrulebeli sxvadasxva saidumlosi, igi
yvelas cocxali centria, eklesiuri erTobis mtvirTvelia.
rogorc eklesiis episkoposi, igi auwyebs ara Tavis swavlebas,
ara Tavis varaudebs, aramed TviT eklesiis rwmenas da eklesiis
erTobas aRasrulebs saidumloebebSi. am gziT yoveli episkoposi
ara mxolod `memkvidrea~ mociqulebisa, aramed, uwinaresad,
`mowmea~ imisa, rom saeklesio swavleba mTeli sisavsiT isea
SenarCunebuli eklesiaSi, rogorc dasawyisidanve iyo daculi
es swavleba eklesiaSi. romSi episkoposebis memkvidreobiTobaze,
rogorc sxva eklesiebSi aseTive memkvidreobiTobis saxeze
miTiTebis Semdeg, irineosi askvnis: àmgvari wesiTa da amgvari
memkvidreobiT mociqulebisagan momdinare saeklesio garda-
mocemam da WeSmaritebis qadagebam moaRwia Cvenamde. da es aris
sruli mtkicebuleba imisa, rom dRemde eklesiaSi Senar-
Cunebulia mociqulebisagan gardamocemuli da WeSmariti saxiT
mocemuli erTi da igive cxovelmyofeli rwmena.~
SevajamoT: gnosisis cTunebas, ganyofisa da qristianobis
`nawilobrivi~ ganmartebis cTunebas irineosi upirispirebs ara
sxva ganmartebas, aramed TviT eklesiis faqts: xilul da aRqmad
erTobas, romelic erTaderTi (imis gamo, rom igi aris cxovrebis

erToba suliwmindaSi) icavs da gadascems Tavis wevrebs mTel
WeSmaritebas, saxarebis mTel sisavses. wminda werilis kanoni,
mociqulTa memkvidreobiToba, winaswarmetyvelTa ganmarteba –
yvelaferi es mxolod garegani formebia im fuZemdebluri
erTobisa, ris gareSec yovelive es arafers niSnavs. Cven
davinaxeT, rom dasawyisidanve eklesia Tavis Tavs acnobierebda
rogorc RmrTis eris erTobas. irineos lionelis swavlebaSi
Cven vxedavT am erTobis pirvel da naTel `formulas~; sxvadasxva
swavlebebisa da filosofiebis mier eklesiis daqvemdebarebis
mcdelobebs irineosi pasuxobs TviT eklesiis, rogorc mTeli
swavlebis damtevnelisa da gamomxatvelis, rogorc WeSmaritebisa
da sicruis sazomis, aRmsareblobiT.
SemdegSi Cven davinaxavT, rogor arsebiTad upasuxebs eklesia
yvela im `problemas~, rasac wamoayeneben gnostikosebi, – upasuxebs
Tavisi RvTismetyvelebis ganviTarebiT. amgvari pasuxis sawyisebi
irineosis nawarmoebebSicaa. amJamad mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, riT
upasuxa eklesiam meore saukunis gansacdelebs: upasuxa Tavisi
naTeli swavlebiT TviT eklesiis Sesaxeb, eklesiis `kaTolike
TviTSegnebiT.~ Tu mniSvnelovanwilad am TviTSegnebis dazusteba
dakavSirebulia brZolasTan, am brZolis arsi swored isaa, rom
eklesia imarjvebs da ixsnis sakuTar Tavs ara àxlis~ SeqmniT, ara
`gardaqmniT~, aramed imis gacnobierebiTa da gaZlierebiT, rac iyo
eklesia dasabamidanve.
nawili 7
meore saukunis bolos saeklesio istoriis `pirvelqristia-

nuli~ periodi SeiZleba dasrulebulad CaiTvalos. Tu romis
imperiaSi qristianebi jer kidev devnil umciresobas Seadgendnen,
es umciresoba ukve naTlad acnobierebda Tavis universalur
mowodebas. swored am wlebs miekuTvneba tertulianes sityva
qristianebze, romlebmac mTeli msoflio aRavses. Semonaxul

iqna àpologiebi~ – dacviTi sityvebi, romliTac ganaTlebuli
qristianebi mimarTaven imperatorebsa da sazogadoebriv azrs da
amtkiceben qristianebis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli braldebebis
sicrues, TavianT rwmenas warmoaCenen rogorc umaRles
WeSmaritebas, romelic, rogorc WeSmariti pasuxi adamianuri
cnobierebis yvela SekiTxvaze, eqvemdebareba nebismier patiosan
filosofiur Semowmebas. unda davasaxeloT Tundac wm. iustine,
profesionali filosofosi, romelic qristianad moqcevis
Semdegac agrZelebda filosofosis mantiis tarebasa da romSi
filosofiuri skolis xelmZRvanelobas. Tavis àpologiebsa~ da
sxva nawarmoebebSi man pirvelma scada elinisturi ìnteli-
genciisaTvis~ aexsna qristianobis simarTle. àpologiebi~ Seadgens
saeklesio RvTismetyvelebis pirvel Tavs, wminda werilis,
gardamocemisa da saeklesio cxovrebis gamocdilebis `siste-
matizebis~ pirvel mcdelobas. da TviT maTi gaCenis faqti mowmobs
momxdar gardatexaze. Tavdapirvelad amqveyniuri samyaro impe-
riis saxiT devnida qristianobas, cdilobda mis ganadgurebas,
magram ar ekamaTeboda mas. qveyana gulgrili iyo qristianobis
`Sinaarsis~ mimarT, magram sZagda igi. am gulgrilobas eklesiam
upasuxa Tavisi mowameebis `martvilobiT,~ riTic eklesiam TviT
yvelaze gulgrilnic ki aiZula, ufro Rrmad dafiqrebuliyvnen
iseT rwmenaze, romelic arafrad miiCnevs sikvdils, arafrad
racxs yvela miwier sikeTes... magram axla qristianoba sinaTleze
gamovida. ukve SeuZlebelia, gaanadguro, an daadumo, an ubralod
ugulebelhyo igi. masTan unda ikamaTo. amgvari àrsebiTi~ davis
magaliTad SeiZleba mivuTiToT kelsusis `WeSmarit sityvaze~,
romelic qristianobis mecnieruli kritikisa da uaryofis
pirveli magaliTia. kelsusi werda mesame saukunis dasawyisSi da
misi nawarmoebebis calkeuli fragmentebi Semoinaxa kelsusisadmi
origenes pasuxma. kelsusma icis, rasac wers: man Seiswavla
qristianuli wignebi, Zveli aRTqma, eklesiis doqtrina. qris-
tianobis winaaRmdeg igi aRiWurva filosofiiT, istoriiT,
religiiT, elinizmis mTeli kulturuli `muxtiT~. magram mis
argumentebSi ukve igrZnoba SiSi: qristianoba amxobs elinizms,

arRvevs im samyaros safuZvlebs, romelic berZnul-romauli
inteligenciisaTvis ukanasknel da umaRles Rirebulebas Seadgenda.
kelsuss sxva araferi darCenoda, Tu ara qristianobis dadana-
Saulebisa barbarosobaSi, filosofiur gaumarTaobaSi, winaaRm-
degobebsa da rac mTavaria – araoriginalurobaSi, e.i. TviT qris-
tianobis Zvel religiebze damokidebulebaSi. meore magaliTi, rac
miuTiTebs qristianobis Zalaze, esaa TviT warmarTobis aRorZinebis
mcdelobebi, risTvisac warmarTobaSi SemohqondaT `mxsnelTa~
saxeebi da cdilobdnen `mxsnelebis~ swavlebebiTa da saswaulebiT
gulTa da gonebaTa dapyrobas. qristes pirovnebas warmarToba
upirispirebs apuleus madavrels, apolonios tianels, brZenebs,
saswaulmoqmedebs, naxevarRmerTebs. ra Sorsac unda yofiliyo
qristianobis saboloo gamarjveba, yovelive es miuTiTebs, rom
qristianoba damkvidrda, rom igi aRmoufxvreli faqtia, romlisgan
gandgoma mxolod zizRiani dumiliT SeuZlebelia.
eklesia ukve gaTavisuflda, erTi mxriv, iudeoqristia-
nobis cTunebebisa da, meore mxriv, gnosticizmisagan da am
gamarjvebiT sabolood uaryo garemomcvel samyaroSi eklesiis
aTqvefis mcdelobebi. eklesia monoliTuri da sayovelTao
organizaciaa, zusti sazRvrebiT, `rwmenis zusti kanoniT~,
avtoritetiTa da discipliniT. mesame saukunis dasawyisSi
mxolod romis eklesia asamde presviters iTvlis. eklesias aqvs
Tavisi sasaflao, mowyalebis saxlebi, igi eweva farTo
saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas. afrikaSi krebebze samasamde
episkoposi ikribeba, mTeli mcire azia dafarulia qristianuli
TemebiT. eklesias kvlav elis xangrZlivi brZola. mesame saukune –
imperiasTan ukanaskneli Sebmis, yvelaze saSiSi SebrZolebis
Jamia. magram TviT am brZolaSi ukve igrZnoba, rom mowinaaRmdege
uZlurdeba, ufro da ufro aSkarad ikrebs Zalas momavali
gamarjvebis ganTiadi.
magram sanam am gamarjvebaze visaubrebdeT, aucilebelia
cota xniT mainc SevCerdeT im Sinagan siZneleebze, rac Seadgens
eklesiis am zrdis erTgvar Crdilovan mxares: eklesiis saerTo
ganviTarebaSi am sirTuleTa daZleva garegan warmatebebze

ufro mniSvnelovania.
qristianTa raodenobis zrdasTan erTad icvleba eklesiuri
sazogadoebis suli, anu `ganwyoba~. SeiZleba vilaparakoT
erTgvar dacemaze, sulierebis donis daqveiTebaze, im cecxlis
Sesustebaze, riTic CvenTvis samudamod gaciskrovnda eklesiis
`bavSvoba~. ra Tqma unda, codva da dacema eklesiaSi
dasawyisidanve iyo: mas pirvelive wlebSi amxelen mociqulebi
da moZRvrebi. magram axla – da amiT vlindeba cvlileba –
qristianul cnobierebaSi icvleba am codvaTa Sefaseba.
pirvelqristianobisaTvis eklesia wmindanTa erTobaa, da
siwminde eklesiis cxovrebis normaa. naTlisRebis TeTri
samosis mimRebi valdebuli iyo Tavis cxovrebaSi samosis
sispetake SeenarCunebina. yoveli codva ganicdeba rogorc Rrma
aranormaluroba, rogorc mtanjveli winaaRmdegoba. àra
uwyiTa, rameTu taZarni RmrTisani xarT, da suli RmrTisa¡
damkvidrebul ars Tquen Soris~81? – kiTxulobs pavle mociquli.
da mTeli misi swavleba, yvela mowodeba dafuZnebulia am
Sexsenebaze: Tqven ukve ganwmendilni xarT, Tqven ukve
gamoxsnilni xarT, Tqven ukve miiReT axali cxovreba – icxovreT
am ZRvenis Sesabamisad. qristianebi unda iyvnen wmindanni, radgan
isini ganwmendilni arian suliwmindiT, SeerTebulni arian
qristesTan. eklesiaSi adgili ar aqvs codvas, radgan eklesia
aris wminda erToba, ese igi axali, ganwmendili, kacTa modgma,
romelic gaxda RvTis eri. `viciT, rameTu yoveli, romeli Sobil
iyos RmrTisagan, ara codos~ (1 iovane, 5:18). siwminde ar niSnavs
ucodvelobas: mxolod RmerTia ucodveli. magram siwminde
aRniSnavs srulad – suliTa da xorciT qristesadmi kuTvnilebis
gacnobierebas, `CarTulobas~ qristes cxovrebaSi. man `sasyid-
liT gamogvisyida~82 da Cven CvenSi unda aRvasruloT is, rac
qristem mogvca... codva ar ekadreba wmindans, – ai, adreuli
81 1 korinT. 3:16
82 Sdr.: `rameTu sasyidliT syidul xarT, adideT ukue RmerTi xorciTa magiT
TqueniTa, romeli-igi ars RmrTisa¡~ (I korinT. 6:20)
qristianobis Sexeduleba, Rrmad gansxvavebuli Cveni cnobiere-

bisagan – romelSic siwminde moiazreba ukve rogorc gamo-
naklisi, TiTqmis rogorc àranormaluroba.~ Semcodem unda
moinanios, magram TviT sinanuli mxolod imitomaa SesaZlebeli,
rom sinanuli aris dabruneba ukve SeZenilTan, aris codviT
darRveuli cxovrebis aRdgena. adreuli eklesia siwmindiT
afasebs qristianobis mTel cxovrebas, mxolod siwmindeSi
xedavs eklesiurobis normas.
magram daaxloebiT meore saukunis Suaxanebidan ukve gvesmis
erTgvari axali motivi. eklesiis erTobisa da siwmindis
himnebTan erTad ufro da ufro Zlierad ismis qristianTa
codvebis aRiarebac. es motivi gansakuTrebul siZlieres aRwevs
hermas `mwyemsSi~, meore saukunis romaul ZeglSi, romelic ukve
dawerilia ara episkoposis, an presviteris, aramed eriskacis,
e.i. eklesiis rigiTi wevris mier. avtori alegoriuli formiT
gadaWriT svams sakiTxs eklesiaSi codvis Sesaxeb. rogoraa
SesaZlebeli codvis arseboba? Tu naTloba Sobs axal cxovrebaSi
da aTavisuflebs codvis Zalauflebisagan, maSin ras niSnavs
qristianTa codvianoba? `momismenia, ufalo, zogierTi
moZRvrisaTvis, romelic aswavlis, rom ar arsebobs sxva
sinanuli, garda naTlobisas aRsrulebuli sinanulisa, roca
CTavefaliT wyalSi da miviReT adrindeli codvebis Sendoba.
moZRvarma mipasuxa: WeSmariteba moismine Sen da asec aris.
radgan iman, visac mieteva codvebi, aRar unda Sescodos, aramed
ucodveli unda iyos...~ magram, aha, cxovrebis gamocdileba
aCvenebs, rom ase ar xdeba, rom codva kvlav dabudebulia
wmindanTa erTobaSi, yvela ar icavs naTlobis samosis sispetakes.
da herma agrZelebs RmerTis saxeliT: `magram me geubnebi: am
diadi da sazeimo mowodebis Semdeg Tuki vinme eSmakis cTunebiT
Sescodavs, mas rCeba erTi monanieba; xolo, Tu is scodavs
usasrulod, raTa kvlav Seinanos, dae, nu elodeba am sinanulis
nayofs. misi xsna safuZvelSeryeulia.~
cota mogvianebiT amave `meore sinanulze~ wers tertuliane,
meore saukunis bolosa da mesame saukunis dasawyisis afrikeli
moZRvari. `RmerTi erTxel, mxolod erTxel gvaZlevs saSuale-

bas, davakakunoT meore monaniebis karze~. riTi vlindeba igi?
imiT, rom `dRe da Rame mouwodo RmerTsa da macxovars, ganerTxo
mRvdlebis ferxTiT, muxli moiyaro Zmebis winaSe da yvelas
evedro locvas... sircxvili? TiTqos eklesiaSi SeiZleba
dacinvisa da zizRis geSinodes, TiTqos erTi wevris tanjva
yvelas tanjva ar iyos. eklesia yovel wevrSia da eklesia – es
aris qriste...~
ra aris es `meore sinanuli~? zogierTi istorikosi aqac
xedavda `revolucias~ eklesiis cnobierebaSi, `gamoxsnilTa~
erTobidan eklesiis gadaqcevas `gamosaxsnelTa~ erTobad.
magram es msjeloba zedapirulia. rogorc siwmindis Sesaxeb
eklesiis cnobiereba ar gamoricxavda, piriqiT, gulisxmobda
mudmiv sinanuls – Tavisi codvilobisa da uRirsobis
gacnobierebas, ise amJamindeli miTiTeba sulieri cxovrebis
`damdablebaze~ ar cvlis eklesiis, rogorc wmindanTa erTobis,
ideals. magram cxovrebisa da istoriis gamocdilebaSi vlindeba
`Zvelis~, codvilis, borotis mTeli Zala, romelic arsebobs
adamianSi, TviT àxal~ adamianSic, romelic ganaxlda wyliTa da
suliT. eklesia aRar aris `mcire samwyso~, pirveli aTwleulebis
aRmafrena da mobilizebuloba adgils uTmobs sinamdvilis
fxizel gacnobierebas. ase magaliTad, adreuli eklesia
ganayenebda, gankveTda eklesiisagan imaT, vinc TviTon
ganeSoreboda madlisagan, vinc TviTon uaryofda àxal
cxovrebas~, `rameTu SeuZlebel ars erT-gzis ganaTlebulTa
maT, romelTa gemo¡ exilvos niWTa maT zecisaTa¡ da ziar-qmnul
iyvnen sulisa wmidisa da keTili gemo¡ exilvos sityvisa
RmrTisa¡ da Zali igi mermisa mis saukunoisa¡ da dacemulTa
kualad ganaxleba¡ sinanulad, Tana-juar-cumad TavTa maTTa
Zesa RmrTisasa da ganqiqebad~ (ebr. 6:4-6). magram TviT am
gankveTas miznad hqonda gankveTilis kurneba, misi saboloo
gamoxsna: `...ra¡Ta suli cxondes dResa mas uflisasa Cuenisa
iesu qristessa~ (1 korinT. 5:5). ara gansasjelad, aramed
saxsneladaa mowodebuli eklesia ukanasknel samsajavromde. da,
ai, axla mas Semoaqvs `meore monanieba~ – ese igi SesaZlebloba,

eklesias daubrundes eklesiisagan gankveTili, aRdges
naTlisRebis is Zala, rac daikarga eklesiisagan gandgomisas.
dasawyisidanve eklesia Tavs acnobierebda rogorc gamoxsnili
codvilebis sazogadoebas – erTi SexedviT am winaaRmdegobriv
sityvaTSexamebaSi vpoulobT sinanulisadmi eklesiis `sxvada-
sxvagvari~ damokidebulebis axsnas. codvilebi, romelTac
miecaT xsna. magram es `xsna~ ar aris magia, igi mocemulia
Tavisufali miRebisaTvis, brZolisaTvis, zrdisaTvis...
da Tu pirveli aTwleulebis sixarulSi Zlierad ganicdian
ZRvenis `siaxles~, SemdegSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi, maT ar
SeuZliaT ar gaacnobieron im brZolis masStabebi, ris winaSec
xsnis SesaZlebloba ayenebs maT. eklesiaSi ar aris adgili
codvisaTvis, magram eklesia arsebobs codvilebisaTvis. amitom
`sinanulis disciplinis~ ganviTareba, moTxovnaTa xiluli
daqveiTeba aris ara eklesiis dacema da ara eklesiis odindeli
idealis Ralati, aramed eklesiis maradiuli daniSnulebis –
adamianis xsnisa da ganaxlebis misiis aRsruleba.
magram bevri ver uZlebs eklesiis am `realizms~, adamianuri
istoriis tevrSi eklesiis TandaTanobiT aSkara Cazrdas, rac
maT Ralatad miaCniaT. swored amgvari saxis ganwyoba kvebavs
montanizms, moZraobas, romelmac meore saukunis samocdaaTian
wlebSi TiTqmis mTeli eklesia moicva.
axali eresis samSobloa frigia – odiTgan religiuri
fanatizmis qveyana. daaxloebiT 150 wels vinme montanusi,
axladmoqceuli qristiani, or qalTan – priskilasa da
maqsimilasTan erTad iwyebs uwyebas suliwmindis movlinebaze,
rac qristem aRgviTqva saxarebaSi. montanis azriT, meore aRTqma –
Ze RmerTis aRTqma ar aris saboloo. montanistebi qadageben,
rom xsna aResruleba mxolod ukanaskneli RmrTisgancxadebiT –
suliwmindis movlinebaSi. da àxali winaswarmetyveleba~, axali
gamocxadeba RmerTma moavlina misi – montanusisa da misi ori
winaswarmetyvelis meSveobiT. Tavisi mimdevrebisagan montanusi
moiTxovs absolutur moralur rigorizms, qorwinebaze uaris
Tqmas, nebayoflobiT martvilobas, radgan qveynierebis dasas-

ruli male unda dadges. arsebiTad bneli èsqatologizmis~ es
afeTqeba aris samyaros swrafi aRsasrulis im molodinis
ukanaskneli da ukiduresi gamovlineba, rac damaxasiaTebeli
iyo pirveli Taobis qristianebisaTvis. magram axla es
amavdroulad iyo protestic ìstoriuli~ eklesiis winaaRmdeg da
amas maSinve mixvdnen mcireazieli episkoposebi, romlebmac
montanizmi ramdenime krebaze dagmes. amasTanave, niSandoblivi
iyo, rom Tavisi warmoSobis adgilze dagmobili montanizmi
TiTqmis aRfrTovanebiT iqna miRebuli dasavleTSi – romSi,
galiaSi, afrikaSi da saWiro gaxda xangrZlivi dro montanizmis
`seqtanturi~ arsis warmosaCenad. TviT irineos lioneli
didxans icavda montanizms dagmobisagan. .àxali winaswar-
metyvelebis~ religiaSi yvelaze cnobil gadasvlad ki safuZv-
lianad miiCneva tertulianes moqceva. igi, ficxi afrikeli,
samudamod darCa pirvelqristianobis lamis èponimad;~ aravis
imowmeben ise xSirad, rogorc tertulianes, roca surT
miuTiTon adreuli eklesiis suliskveTebaze. man, erT-erTma
pirvelma dasavlelma RvTismetyvelma, maswavlebelma, apolo-
getma, didi gavlena moaxdina eklesiis mTel cxovrebaze da
bevris msgavsad isic dabrkolda, ver gauZlo eklesiis zrdasa
da am zrdiT gamowveul cvlilebebs. dabrkolda da wavida
àmorful~ qristianobaSi. `siwmindis~ Sesaxeb traqtatSi
tertuliane ukve uaryofs imas, rasac igi werda sinanulze.
swored sinanuli, ese igi mitevebis, dabrunebisa da, Sesabamisad,
codvilTa imedis SesaZlebloba aRar surs mas. tertulianes
azriT, eklesias SeuZlia codvaTa miteveba, magram ar unda
miutevos; eklesia, romelSic jer kidev aris codva, ar aris
ukanaskneli eklesia, namdvili eklesia. da tertuliane tovebs
mas da iRebs mesame aRTqmas, raTa Tavisi cxovrebis bolo nawili
eklesiasTan brZolas miuZRvnas.
tertulianes magaliTze kargad Cans montanizmis, rogorc
rigoristuli moZraobis xasiaTi, romelic ver itanda istoriul
eklesias. masSi aisaxa Tavdapirveli siwmindis, pirveli
qristianebis cxovrebis mobilizebulobis monatreba. ar

SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom am wlebSi qristianuli cxovrebis
done ecema. da mainc, eklesiis gamarjveba montanizmze
istoriulad eklesiis erT-erTi udidesi gamarjvebaa. es
gamarjveba mopovebul iqna im momentSi, roca eklesiis winaSe
idga sabediswero sakiTxi: darCeniliyo erTi muWa
`srulyofilebis~ sakrebulod, gamijvnoda yvelafers, rasac
ar SeeZlo am srulyofilebis miReba, an Tavisi saboloo miznis
Seucvlelad Tavis TavSi mieRo `masa~ da daewyo am masis
TanTaTanobiTi aRzrda? darCeniliyo ama soflis gareSe,
istoriis gareSe, Tu mieRo es sofeli, rogorc Tavisi mZime da
xangrZlivi Sromis sivrce? montanizmTan brZola rTuli iyo:
masSi ifeTqa imdenma siwmindem, msxverplma, yvelaferma iman,
rac amxnevebda qristianobas, riTic cxovrobda qristianoba.
magram montanizmis dagmobiT eklesiam samudamod dagmo
yovelgvari mcdeloba istoriuli, xiluli eklesiis ganZarcvisa,
yvela cTuneba mesame aRTqmaSi eklesiis ganxorcielebisa.
qristianuli mobilizebulobis `dacemis~ erT-erTi mTavari
mizezi, ueWvelad, devnis SeCereba iyo. markus avreliusis
sikvdilidan (185 w.) mesame saukunis Suaxanebamde eklesia
SedarebiT usafrTxoebaSi cxovrobda. SedarebiT imitom, rom
oficialurad qristianobis akrZalva araTu gauqmebuli iyo,
aramed, piriqiT, xazgasmulad gaZlierda: 202 wels specialuri
ediqtiT septimius severusi kvlav krZalavs yovelgvar qris-
tianul prozelitizms83. da mowameebis jaWvi am wlebSic ar
wydeba. magram mTlianobaSi mdgomareoba friad gaumjobesda.
qristianebs SeeCvivnen, maT Sesaxeb ician. xolo severusebis
aRmosavluri dinastiis dros aRmosavleTisadmi interesis
gaZliereba qmnis erTgvar `modasac~ ki qristianebze, Tu
qristianobaze ara. septimius severusis naTesavi iulia mamea
TavisTan, sasaxleSi iwvevs saxelganTqmul qristian maswav-
lebels origenes, raTa sasaxlesTan iulias mier Seqmnil
83 prozelitizmi – moqmedebani, mimarTuli Tavis sarwmunoebaze sxvebis

mosaqcevad.
`religiur-filosofiur~ salonSi ekamaTos mas; mogvianebiT

aleqsandre severusma qristes qandakeba Tavis kerZo samloc-
veloSi ganaTavsa. da, bolos, imperator filipe arabs (243-249
ww.) netarma ieronimem pirveli qristiani imperatori uwoda:
ambobdnen, TiTqosda filipe saidumlod moinaTla.
ai, ratom aRmoCnda aseT saSiS da moulodnel gamocdad devna,
rac eklesias ucabedad daatyda Tavs 249 wels. am devnaSi ukve
mTeli sicxadiT gamJRavnda, rogor daSorda ase bevri qristiani
pirveli periodis rwmenisa da cxovrebis mobilizebulobas.
imperatorma dekiusma (249-251 ww.) Zalaufleba kritikul
momentSi miiRo. roms daRupva emuqreboda aRorZinebuli
sparseTis imperiisagan, agreTve Rrma Sinagani ryevebisa da
areulobebisagan; romis istoriis am epoqas Tanamedrove
istorikosma `saSineli wlebi~ uwoda. dekiusi xsnas xedavda
mxolod Zveli romauli sulis aRorZinebaSi, Selaxuli
tradiciebis dabrunebaSi. man upirveles miznad daisaxa
saxelmwifo kultebis aRorZineba, ramac qristianobasTan
gardauvali Sejaxeba gamoiwvia. dekiusiT daiwyo devnis
istoriis axali era: misi saxiT romis xelisuflebam pirvelad
aiRo devnis iniciativa; imperatorma specialuri ediqtiT
brZana, rom romis yvela qveSevrdoms samamulo kultebisadmi
Tavisi loialoba msxverplSewirviT unda daedasturebina.
egvipteSi aRmoCenilma papirusebma Semogvinaxa nimuSebi
xelwerilebisa, romlebic eZleoda imas, vinc imperatoris
brZanebas asrulebda.
es iyo mowmendil caze mexis gavardna. ra Tqma unda, devnas
eklesiam axlac mowameTa sisxliT upasuxa: mowameTa Soris
iyvnen romis episkoposi fabiane, antioqiis episkoposi babila,
ierusalimis episkoposi aleqsandre. magram umTavresi, ramac
SeZra eklesia, iyo masobrivi gandgomiloba. `SiSma gangmira
yvela, – werda episkoposi dionise aleqsandrieli, – bevri
maTgani, da arcTu umniSvnelo piri, maSinve gamocxadda. nawili
SiSis gamo; sxvebi, Cinovnikebi – samsaxurebrivi valdebulebis
gamo; mesameni – garemocviT midrekilni. isini ise iyvnen
ferdakargulni da acaxcaxebulni, TiTqos maT ki ar unda

SeewiraT msxverpli, aramed isini unda SeewiraT kerpebisaTvis,
da amitom dascinoda maT brbo...~ igive suraTia kvipriane
karTagenelis werilebSi: ìyvnen iseTebic, romlebic ar
elodnen gamoZaxebas, raTa asuliyvnen kapitoliumze; ar
elodnen arc kiTxvebs, raTa uareyoT... isini TviTonve mirbodnen
forumze, eCqarodnen sikvdils, TiTqosda ukve didi xania
swyurodaT igi... da, bolos, danaSaulis zRvari! mSoblebs
mihyavdaT bavSvebi, raTa maT Cvilobidanve daekargaT is, rac
miiRes cxovrebis dasawyisSi.~
devnam qariSxaliviT gadaiqrola da miwynarda. magram man
eklesia nangrevebSi datova; maSin dadga sakiTxi: rogori
damokidebuleba hqonodaT `dacemulebis~ mimarT, romlebic
eklesias mitevebisa da Serigebis TxovniT miawydnen? Tu ukve
meore saukunis dasawyisSi eklesia cnobda `meore sinanuls~,
axla sakiTxi axleburad da ufro mwvaved ismeboda: adre
`dacemulebi~ gamonaklisebi iyvnen da amitom gamonaklisi iyo
`meore sinanulic~. axla dacema masobrivi movlenaa. da Tu
gavixsenebT, ras aRniSnavda eklesiisaTvis mowameTa `mowmoba~ –
eklesiis TviTdamowmebas, eklesiaSi myofi qristes Zalis
damtkicebas, naTeli gaxdeba, ratom gamoiwvia gandgomilTa
sakiTxma xangrZlivi, èklesiis Sesaxeb cTunebebSi~ rigiT bolo
areuloba, riTic aRiniSna meore aswleulis dasasruli da
mesame saukunis dasawyisi.
am areulobis fonze gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad ikveTeba didi
afrikeli episkoposis – wminda kvipriane karTagenelis saxe.
tertulianes msgavsad kviprianec im àsprocentiani~ qristianobis
warmomadgenelia, riTic gamorCeulia afrikis eklesiis mokle,
magram esoden saxelovani istoria. kvipriane, warmarTi ritori,
sityvierebis maswavlebeli, qristianad moqcevis Semdeg uaryofs
yovelives. `zecidan gardamosulma sulma meore SobiT axal
adamianad maqcia. da maSinve simtkicem saswaulebrivad warxoca
meryeoba...~ moqcevidan Zalian male igi xdeba afrikul eklesiaTagan
uadresis – karTagenis episkoposi. da maSinve iwyeba devna. kvipriane
imaleba: magram ara SiSis gamo, aramed imisaTvis, raTa gaagrZelos

eklesiis marTva. misi aryofnisas dgeba dacemulTa sakiTxic. es
ukanasknelni, icodnen ra kviprianes rigorizmi84 da eklesiis
Cveulebrivi praqtika, episkoposis gverdis avliT mimarTavdnen
àRmsareblebs~ – ese igi imaT, vinc sapyrobileSi yofniTa da
wamebiT zRves qristes erTgulebisaTvis. aseTi aRmsareblebi
mowameebze ufro metni iyvnen: romis xelisuflebas, romelmac
gamocdileba miiRo, eklesiisaTvis surda ara mowameobrivi
sikvdiliT miRebuli dideba, aramed `gaxrwna~; amitom mtkice
qristianebs sapyrobileSi alpobdnen, awamebdnen maT...
aRmsareblebi – eklesiis didebaa, maTi avtoriteti udavo
iyo. da ai, isini `nebas rTaven~ dacemulebs, aZleven
rekomendaciebs episkoposTan, raTa episkoposmac dacemulni
eklesiur erTobaSi miiRos. iqmneba rTuli mdgomareoba:
orgvari avtoriteti eklesiaSi. kviprianes surda sakiTxis
gadawyveta gadadebuliyo mis dabrunebamde, episkoposTa
saerTo krebamde – magram àRmsareblebi~ amaSi xedaven TavianTi
tanjvisadmi upativcemulobas; mwifdeba paradoqsuli konf-
liqti: aRmsarebelTa da `dacemulTa~ kavSiri kanonieri
episkoposisa da ierarqiis winaaRmdeg. mRelvareba gadadis
romis eklesiaSic, romelic is-is iyo wiTlad SeReba misi
episkoposis sisxlma: iq kviprianes winaaRmdeg gamodis pres-
viteri novatiane, romelic ambobs, rom TviT kvipriane gaiqca
da, Sesabamisad, `daeca~. xolo karTagenSi iqmneba mTeli partia
kviprianes winaaRmdeg da episkoposi iZulebulia gamoiCinos
simkacre da eklesiisagan gankveTos am partiis beladebi... da
bolos, 251 wlis gazafxulze kvipriane brundeba karTagenSi da
ukve SeuZlia krebis mowveva. am krebaze `dacemulTa~ sakiTxi
sabolood wydeba da kvlav wydeba sinanulis disciplinis
Semsubuqebis mimarTulebiT. krebam `dacemulebi~ or kate-
goriad gahyo da `dacemis~ xarisxis mixedviT daadgina eklesiis
84 rigorizmi (frang. rigorisme, laTinurisagan: rigor – simtkice, simkacre)
– raRac principis mkacri da ganuxreli dacva moqmedebaSi, qcevasa da
azrovnebaSi ise, rom gamoricxulia raime kompromisi, sxva principebis
gaTvaliswineba. xSirad iRebs eTikuri formalizmis saxes.
wiaRSi dabrunebis ori forma: erT nawils iwynarebdnen

sasikvdilo sarecelze yofnis SemTxvevaSi, xolo meore nawils –
metnaklebad xangrZlivi sinanulis Semdeg. `realizmma~ kidev
erTxel gaimarjva `rogorizmze,~ radgan, rogorc v. v. bolotovi
wers, `saWiro iyo yuradRebis miqceva ara mxolod warsulze,
aramed momavalzec... dacemulebi yvelgan iyvnen. maTTvis
eklesiasTan erTobis SesaZleblobis warTmeva niSnavda
qristianTa raodenobis metismetad Semcirebas, eklesiis gareg-
nuli misiis SezRudvasa da sikeTis nacvlad borotebis Cadenas.~
magram aq raRac ucnauri ram moxda. swored isini, vinc
kviprianesagan moiTxovdnen `dacemulTa~ dauyovnebliv Sewyna-
rebas aRmsarebelTa siebis mixedviT, axla ayvirdnen, rom
kviprianem uRalata eklesiis siwmindes. maT mxardaWera hpoves
romSi novatianesTan, romelsac gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daasxes
xeli episkoposad. axali `novatianuri~ eresi saSineli siswrafiT
gavrcelda yvela eklesiaSi, yvelgan Seiqmna `sufTebis~
(kaTarebis) seqtebi. ukve mxolod es saxelwodeba miuTiTebs
eklesiisagan ganSorebulTa ganwyobaze: `sufTa eklesiis~
paTosze, maT dapirispirebaze dacemul eklesiasTan. da kvlav,
iseve rogorc montanizmis dros, eklesiam upasuxa episkoposebis,
`kaTolike~ cxovrebis urRvevi memkvidreobiTobis irgvliv
gaerTianebiT. afrika gaerTianda kviprianes irgvliv, dasavleTi
ki – xelaxla arCeuli kanonieri papis korneliusis garSemo.
egviptidan dionise aleqsandrieli, meore naTeli saxe
`msoflio~ maswavleblisa, yvelgan werda werilebs da yvelas
erTianobis SenarCunebas evedreboda... novatianeloba, iseve
rogorc montanizmi, gadagvarda seqtad, romlis narCenebi
meSvide saukuneSic ki arsebobda.
montanizmisa da novatianelobis magaliTebze warmoCindeba
eklesiis èvoluciis~ arsi im gardamaval aTwleulebSi.
formalurad novatiane marTali iyo, roca ewinaaRmdegeboda
daculTa Sewynarebas da uTiTebda warsulze, gardamocemaze.
TviT kvipriane dekiusis devnis dawyebamde tipuri rigoristi
iyo. magram saqme isaa, rom eklesiis swavleba ar aris logikaze
agebuli sistema da ar efuZneba silogizmebs. logikis erTguli

novatiane eklesiis cxovrebisagan mowyvetili aRmoCnda.
kviprianes ki, romelic garegnulad ewinaaRmdegeboda Tavis
Tavs, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, SeeZlo Tamamad eTqva: me ar
Semomitania raime siaxle dacemulTa sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT...
radgan mTel doqtrinas igi eklesiis cxovrebidan iRebda. da,
marTlac, araferi Secvlila eklesiis bunebaSi, mis siwmindeSi,
magram cxovrebis gamocdilebaSi tragikuli siRrmiT moxda
gacnobiereba mis miwier gzaze `Zvelisa~ da àxlis~ antinomiuri
SeerTebisa. novatiane da misi mimdevrebi, principebis gamo,
eklesiis miRma aRmoCndnen – aseTia yoveli ganxeTqilebis
logika. isini ganmartovdnen dacemulebiT `gavsebuli~ ekle-
siisadmi amayi zizRiT. magram kviprianes moZRvrul gulSi, mis
WeSmaritad kaTolike cnobierebaSi es `dacemulTa eklesia~
darCa qristes igive wminda sasZlod, romelSic ar aris adgili
codvisaTvis, magram romelic arsebobs codvilTa xsnisaTvis.
kviprianes saxe mowameobrivi sikvdilis naTliT dasrulda.
258 wlis 13 seqtembers kvipriane prokonsulTan gamoiZaxes.
Semonaxulia kviprianes dakiTxvis aqtebis dednebi.
`galerius maqsimusma, prokonsulma, Tqva:
– Sen taskius kvipriane xar, biwierTa papi?
– kviprianem upasuxa: me var.
– imperatorebi gibrZaneben msxverplSewirvas.
– me ar davemorCilebi.
– girCev, dafiqrde.
– gaakeTe, rac gevaleba. esoden marTal saqmeSi rCevebi
zedmetia.~
asesorebTan moTaTbirebis Semdeg prokonsulma waikiTxa
ganaCeni: `... Sen sakuTari Tavi warmoaCine romis RmerTebisa da
wminda kanonebis mtrad. uavgustesma imperatorebma ver
dagarwmunes, dabrunebodi romis religiuri Cveulebebis
aRsrulebas. imaT gasafrTxileblad, vinc CaiTrie Sens
danaSaulebriv jgufSi, kanonebis darRvevisaTvis zRav Seni
sisxliT. taskius kviprianes xmliT moekveTos Tavi...~
`Deo gratia~,85 – Tqva kviprianem.

dasjis adgilze mas anTebuli CiraRdnebiTa da locvaTa
galobiT acilebda qristianTa jgufi. misi wameba gardaiqmna
sazeimo liturgiul aqtad... kviprianes wamebamde erTi TviT
adre papma qsistusmac `daamowma.~ policia papTan maSin mivida,
roca igi garemoculi iyo sasuliero pirebiT, romlebic
meTaurobdnen marTalTa Sekrebas. papi aResrula episkoposis
taxtze mjdomi; masTan erTad moakvdines misi diakoni
lavrentic. eklesiis erToba da misi simarTle im dReebSi
mowameTa sisxliT ibeWdeboda...
nawili 8.
devnasa da cTunebebSi iWedeba eklesiuri cnobiereba,

mtkicdeba eklesia. da ukve karis zRurblze mdgar gamarjvebas
araferi gamoxatavs ufro ukeT, vidre is pirveli ayvaveba
qristianuli azrovnebisa, is pirveli naxtomebi qristianuli
kulturisa, riTic mesame saukune aRiniSna. aq, upirvelesad,
unda davasaxeloT aleqsandriis qristianuli skola da misi
saxelganTqmuli maswavlebeli origene.
mesame saukunemde qristianuli mwerloba an `dacviT~ xasiaTs
atarebda – mimarTuli iyo eresebisa da warmarTobis winaaRmdeg,
an kidev gamoixateboda saeklesio aRmsareblobis ZiriTadi
momentebis ubralo gadmocemiT. aleqsandriis skolis
mniSvneloba isaa, rom aq pirvelad scades, es aRmsarebloba
gaeazrebinaT rogorc mTliani sistema, gamoevlinaT masSi
damarxuli WeSmariteba, rogorc wyaro azrovnebisa da codnisa.
aleqsandriis skolis dasawyisis Sesaxeb cota ram viciT:
didi albaTobiT, igi axladmoqceulTa `katexizaciidan~
amoizarda. aleqsandria elinisturi samyaros inteleqtualuri
centri iyo da aq yoveli qadageba inteleqtualuri samoseliT
85 Deo gratia (laT.) – madloba RmerTs.

imoseboda, riTic àkademiur~ xasiaTs iZenda igi. amitom,

bunebrivia, rom swored aleqsandriaSi daedo safuZveli
mecnierul RvTismetyvelebas da igi aRqmuli iqna rogorc
qristianis saboloo da umaRlesi mowodeba. ukve pirveli
cnobili aleqsandrieli maswavleblis – klimentisaTvis
qristianoba aris umaRlesi `codna~, gnosisi am sityvis sruli
da absoluturi mniSvnelobiT. `gnostikosisaTvis sulis xsnasa
da RmerTis Semecnebas Soris arCevani rom SeeTavazebinaT, imis
daSvebiT, rom es ori ram gansxvavebulia (Tumca isini
igiveobrivia), gnostikosi airCevda RmrTis Semecnebas.~ gnosisi
aris RmrTis xilva `pirispir,~ mistiuri gaciskrovneba RmrTis
WeSmaritebiT; RmerTis am codnas qristiani yvelaferze maRla
ayenebs da masSi xedavs mTeli cxovrebis mizans. magram
klimentisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia samyaros miReba
sixaruliT, samyaros `gamarTleba.~ esaa axali gamocdileba,
romlis dasatevnelad qristianoba ukve myarad ganmtkicda da
zeobs samyaroSi. `vin gadarCeba mdidarTagan?~ – ase iwodeba
klimentis erTi naSromi, tipuri misi msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. igi
ar uaryofs amsofels, piriqiT, yovelmxriv cdilobs, sofeli
qristianuli gaxados; klimentTan vxvdebiT msjelobas sicilze,
an kidev ojaxur mowyobazec ki. yvelaferi dasaSvebia, Tu
zomierebaa daculi, magram (rac mTavaria) im pirobiT, Tu
yvelaferi eqvemdebareba saboloo Rirebulebas: RmrTis codnas
da WeSmaritebas RmerTSi... esaa qristianobisa da elinizmis
pirveli, magram jer kidev ara Rrma da xSirad saeWvo sinTezis
optimizmi. magram arsebiTad samecniero RvTismetyvelebas
safuZveli daudo ara klimentim. mis nacvlad `katexizatoris~
kaTedraze axalgazrda origene avida.
origene Tavis TavSi `gmiruli~ pirvelqristianuli periodis
niSnebs aerTianebs axal suliskveTebasTan, rac TandaTanobiT
ufro mZlavrad vlindeba eklesiaSi. origene, ukve dabadebiT
qristiani, ufro metad mainc mowameobis idealiTaa STagonebuli
da misi naSromi `mowodeba mowameobisaken~, dawerili maqsimines
(235-238 ww.) devnis dros, pirvelqristianobis erT-erT
saukeTeso Zeglad rCeba. magram misTvis mowameoba ar aris

mxolod mdevnelTa winaSe qristes aRmsarebloba. mowameoba
aris qristianis mTeli cxovreba, rac am sofelSi SeuZlebelia
ar iyos ìwro ... bWe da saWirvel gza¡...~86, Tuki saxarebiseuli
srulyofilebisaken iswrafvi. origene asketizmis Teoriis erT-
erTi fuZemdebelia da misi gavlena udidesi iqneba, roca,
momdevno saukuneSi, eklesiaSi monazvnoba gaCndeba. misma
survilma, cxovrebaSi pirdapiri formaluri gagebiT gane-
xorcielebina saxarebiseuli swavleba, origene, rogorc cno-
bilia, sakuTari Tavis dasaWurisebamdec ki miiyvana. masSi
xSirad xedavdnen saeklesio cxovrebisgan daSorebul da
mxolod wignebSi TavCargul wminda wylis ìnteleqtuals~.
realurad ki, igi, uwinaresad, eklesiis adamiania, Rrmadaa
fesvgadgmuli eklesiis cxovrebaSi, eklesiis locvaSi. da TviT
misi ìnteleqtualuri~ msaxureba SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar dagvaviwydeba, rom misTvis yvelaferi
eqvemdebareba imas, rac èrTisa¡ ars saxmar~87...
origene Zalian axalgazrda iwyebs `katexizatoris~
msaxurebas, rac axladmoqceulebisaTvis wminda werilis axsnas
gulisxmobda. origene, romelmac sakuTari Tavi srulad
miuZRvna am saqmes, male mivida im azramde, rom wminda werilis
mxolod wakiTxva ar aris sakmarisi. mis auditoriaSi isxdnen
filosofosebi, swavlulebi, didi codnis adamianebi. saWiro
iyo, maTTvis aexsnaT qristianuli swavleba da, uwinaresad,
RmrTis sityva, rogorc umaRlesi gamocxadeba, daemtkicebinaT
mTeli siRrme am swavlebisa da RmrTis sityvisa. magram saamisod
saWiroa swored im meTodebis gamoyeneba, rasac WeSmaritebis
Ziebisas iyenebdnen filosofosebi, saWiro iyo maTi kulturis
daufleba. origenes skola icvlis Tavis Tavdapirvel
daniSnulebas: igi Riaa yvela msurvelisaTvis, esaa forumi,
sadac qristianuli sibrZne ejaxeba da ebrZvis warmarTuls.
magram origenesTan qristianuli sibrZne ara mxolod uaryofs
86 maTe, 7:14
87 luka, 10:41
warmarTuls: aq xdeba pirveli gardatexa, pirveli miReba

èlinuri Rirebulebebisa~ qristianobis mier, am Rirebulebebis
qristes samsaxurSi Casayeneblad. `me visurvebdi, rom Seni
gonebis yoveli SesaZlebloba gamoiyeno qristianobis
warsamateblad, rac Seni umaRlesi mizani unda iyos, – wers
origene Tavis mowafe grigols, – amis misaRwevad minda,
berZnuli folosofiisagan aiRo is codna, rac SeiZleba gaxdes
Sesavali qristianobaSi, da geometriisa da astronomiis is
monacemebi, rac SeiZleba gamodges wminda wignebis gansamartavad,
raTa is, rasac amboben filosofosebi geometriis, musikis,
gramatikis, ritorikis, astronomiis Sesaxeb, kerZod, imas, rom
isini filosofiis damxmare disciplinebia, SeiZleba vTqvaT
TviT filosofiis Sesaxebac qristianobasTan mimarTebaSi~.
amgvari damokidebuleba niSnavda `srul gadatrialebas
profanuli kulturisadmi damokidebulebaSi~ (danielu88),
magram, gnosticizmisagan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba ki ar
èqvemdebareboda~ elinizms, aramed TviT elinizmi cxaddeboda,
rogorc adamianuri gonebis momzadeba umaRlesi gamocxadebis
misaRebad, wminda werilis Sesacnobad.
yoveli mecnierebis, iseve rogorc TviT qristianobis,
umaRlesi mizani ki RmrTis sityvis Semecnebaa. yvelaferi
eqvemdebareba am mizans da ar arsebobs zRvari RmrTis sityvis
arsSi Cawvdomisa. magram es wvdoma moiTxovs ara mxolod
gansakuTrebul madls, gonebis ganaTebas locviT, xolo sxeulis
ganaTebas askeziT, aramed mecnierul momzadebasac. TviT
origenem Seiswavla ebrauli ena da uzarmazari samuSao gaswia
wminda werilis Sesaswavlad da wminda werilis yvela Targmanis
Sesadareblad. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom Tavis `heqsaplebSi~89 man
eqvsjer gadawera mTeli wminda werili – teqsti paralelur
svetebad daalaga, ebrauli originalis gverdiT ganaTavsa
88 igulisxmeba cnobili frangi kaTolike RvTismetyveli, kardinali Jan

danielu (1905-1974 ww.)
89 heqsaplebi – eqvs svetad gadawerili teqsti bibliisa: ebrauli teqsti, misi
berZnuli transkrifcia, septuaginta da kidev sami sxva berZnuli Targmani.
rogorc misi transkrifcia berZnuli asoebiT, ise arsebuli

berZnuli Targmanebi. am samuSaos Sesrulebisas man gamoiyena
meTodebi saxelganTqmuli aleqsandriuli saliteraturo
skolisa, romelic ZvelberZnuli literaturis SeswavliT iyo
dakavebuli. origenes meSveobiT es meTodebi samudamod daedo
safuZvlad bibliis qristianul Seswavlas.
magram es samuSao mxolod mosamzadebeli xasiaTisaa. rCeba
TviT wminda werilis ganmarteba da aqac origenem axali gzebi
gakvala; mis ganmartebebs safuZvlad udevs saeklesio
gardamocema RmrTis sityvis sulieri arsis Sesaxeb, rac
sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobis miRma vlindeba. Zveli aRTqma
Tavis TavSi Seicavs axali aRTqmis winasaxes, axal aRTqmaSi ki
cxaddeba eklesiisa da qristianuli cxovrebis maradiuli
saxeebi. iudevelebma ver gaiges TavianTi wminda werilis saxeebi
da uaryves qriste; gnostikosebi, romelTac ar ZaluZT wminda
werilis gageba, uaryofen Zvel aRTqmas, rogorc boroti da
SurismaZiebeli RmerTis Sesaxeb gamocxadebas. magram yvela
saxe realobad iqca qristes movlinebiT da amitom mxolod
qristea gasaRebi wminda werilisa, zustad iseve, rogorc
mxolod wminda werilisagan SeiZleba miviRoT gamocxadeba
qristes Sesaxeb. Zveli aRTqma xsnis axal aRTqmas, xolo axal
aRTqmaSi gacxadebulia RmrTis momavali sasufevlis Sesaxeb,
roca iqneba `...RmerTi yovlad yovelsa Sina~90 da yvela saxe
aRsruldeba maradiul sinamdvileSi.
wminda werilis Seswavlisa da ganmartebis saqmeSi origenes
damsaxureba udidesia. Tumca, cxadia, origenemdec eklesiis
qadageba da RvTismetyveleba yovelTvis wminda werils
efuZneboda, swored origenem pirvelma Camoayaliba Zveli
aRTqmis sistemuri `qristocentruli~ gageba, xolo Tavis
uricxv ganmartebebSi saukuneebiT adre gansazRvra saeklesio
ègzegezis~91 ganviTareba. magram ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos im
90 1 korinT. 15:28
91 egzegeza (berZn) – wminda werilis (mogvianebiT, aseve, wminda mamaTa
Sromebis) ganmarteba.
safrTxeebis Sesaxeb, rasac bibliisadmi misi midgoma Seicavs. es

safrTxea ukiduresi alegorizmi, romlis wyalobiTac bibliis
TiToeuli sityva iZens usazRvrod mravalricxovan mniSv-
nelobas, zogjer fantastiur da aradamajerebelsac ki.
alegorizmi friad moduri iyo aleqsandriel warmarT
literaturaTmcodneebSi da am modam origenezec iqonia
gavlena. marTalia, Tanamedrove mecnierebi cdiloben, origenes
ganmartebebSi gamijnon `tipologia,~ ese igi WeSmariti saxeebisa
da sulieri sazrisis Zieba, àlegoriebisagan,~ ese igi ama Tu im
movlenasa da sityvaSi nebismieri mniSvnelobis moazrebisagan.
didi albaTobiT, origene TviTon grZnobda am gansxvavebas,
magram realurad am or midgomas Soris sazRvris gavleba Znelia
da àlegorizmi~ didxans darCeba qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi
saxifaTo swavlebad, ris gamoc ritorikuli xrikebis meSveobiT
xSirad icvleboda RmrTis sityvis jansaRi da sasicocxlo
mniSvneloba.
momavlisaTvis kidev ufro saxifaTo aRmoCnda origenes TviT
RvTismetyveleba – qristianuli aRmsareblobis sistemis agebis
misi mcdeloba. es mcdeloba mocemulia mis nawarmoebSi
`sawyisebis Sesaxeb~, romelmac Cvenamde mxolod gviandeli
laTinuri TargmaniT moaRwia. Tumca origene amtkicebda, rom
yovelgvari RvTismetyvelebis erTaderTi sazomi unda iyos
`rwmenis wesi~, ese igi eklesiis gardamocema, realurad man ver
moaxerxa gamocxadebisa da elinuri filosofiis iseTi SeTavseba,
raSic daZleuli iqneboda berZnuli msoflmxedvelobis odiTgan
arsebuli ìdealizmi~. piriqiT, origenes sistema aRmoCnda TviT
qristianobis mZafri elinizaciis gamoxatuleba: origenes
RvTismetyvelebidan amovarda mkafio moZRvreba arafrisagan
samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb (rac yoveli WeSmaritad qristianuli
kosmologiis gasaRebia) da samyaros bibliuri gagebis mTeli
Tavisebureba, rogorc istoriisa, rogorc Tavisufali arCevnis
namdvili da ara moCvenebiTi tragediisa. origenes mixedviT,
samyaro `viTardeba~ RmrTisagan da brundeba RmerTSi erTgvari
ucvleli kanoniT, raSic `ganileva~ borotebis realuroba,
Tavisuflebis realuroba, xsnis realuroba. xolo ramdenadac

RmerTSi yvelaferi maradiulia, TviT samyaros qmnadobis es wrec
maradiulia, marad meordeba da igi ucvlelad mTavrdeba
sayovelTao aRdgeniTa da xsniT...
Tavisi xangrZlivi da marTali cxovreba origenem aRmsareb-
lobiT daasrula: igi gardaicvala tanjva-wamebisagan, rac mas
dekiusis devnis dros (250 w.) miayenes. aRsrulda mowameobis
survili, rac bavSvobidan ar sustdeboda masSi. Tu origenes saxe
araCveulebrivad mimzidvelia, aRfrTovanebis magaliTia, misi
RvTismetyveleba, sabolood, sabediswero rols iTamaSebs saek-
lesio azrovnebis istoriaSi da òrigenizmis~ cTunebebsa da
xifaTebs eklesia mravalricxovani samwuxaro movlenebis Sedegad
daZlevs.
origeneTi iwyeba neli `gaeklesiureba elinizmisa~, brZola
elinizmis dasaZlevad ukve TviT eklesiis wiaRSi; am brZolaSi
(rac eklesiis istoriis momdevno – bizantiuri saukuneebis
ZiriTadi Tema iyo) da, SesaZloa, TviT origenes `SemoqmedebiTi
marcxis~ gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda qristianuli elinizmis
saboloo zeoba.
saukunis dasasruli devnis gaZlierebiT aRiniSna. imperia
iRupeba, misi yvela safuZveli iryeva germanelebis (CrdiloeTi-
dan), goTebisa da sparselebis (aRmosavleTidan) saSineli mowolis
Sedegad. am areul wlebSi, roca bunebrivad xdeba saWiro amden
ubedurebaSi damnaSaveTa Zieba, qristianTa mimarT siZulvilis
gaCaReba ar aris rTuli. ediqti ediqts mosdevs da mTeli imperiis
masStabiT eklesiis `martirologebi~ zrdian mowameTa ricxvs.
magram, rogorc Cans, devnas iseTi daZabulobisaTvis arasodes
miuRwevia, rogorc diokletianes (303-305 ww.) dros, swored
konstantines moqcevis win. am devnis Sedegad SemogvrCa mowameTa
yvelaze meti saxeli. TiTqosda gamarjvebis win eklesia
ukanasknelad avlens mowameobis mTel Zlevamosilebas, mTel
mSvenierebas, mTel STagonebas, imas, riTic eklesia cxovrobda
Tavisi istoriis pirvel saukuneebSi, avlens qristes sasufevlis
mowmobis Zalas, erTaderTs, riTic sabolood gaimarjva kidec.
Tavi 3. qristianobis gamarjveba 111
Tavi 3. qristianobis gamarjveba
nawili 1.
yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

imperator konstantines moqcevas yvelaze didi gardatexa
mohyva yvela im gardatexaTagan, rac eklesias ganucdia.
konstantines gaqristianebis mniSneloba ar amoiwureba saeklesio-
saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobebis, eklesiis cxovrebis garegani
pirobebis cvlilebiT. ganuzomlad mniSvnelovania am movleniT
gamowveuli Zvrebi TviT qristianobis cnobierebaSi, Rrma
Sinagani gadatrialeba, rac TandaTan moxda saeklesio
sazogadoebaSi. es procesi imdenad rTuli da mravalmxrivia,
rom saWiroa sifrTxiliT movekidoT `konstantineseuli~
periodis urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sefasebebs: am periodis
xelaRebul gmobasac da upirobo `gamarTlebasac.~
pirvel adgilze dgas sakiTxi TviT konstantines Sesaxeb.
ramdenadac qristianobasTan imperiis brZola, rogorc ukve
vnaxeT, `fataluri~ movlenaa, imdenad mSvidoba qristianobasa da
imperias Soris, uwinaresad, erTi pirovnebis, erTi nebis, erTi
iniciativis saqmea. konstantines am rols aravin uaryofs. magram
mas diametrulad sapirispirod afaseben. aRmosavluri
qristianobisaTvis konstantine dRemde rCeba qristianuli
samyaros wminda mesaZirkvled, iaraRad bnelze naTlis
gamarjvebisa, rac mowameTa gmirobis dagvirgvineba iyo.
dasavleTi ki `konstantineseul mSvidobaSi~ Cveulebriv xedavs
eklesiis damorCilebas saxelmwifos mier, an pirvel-qristianuli
Tavisuflebis simaRlidan eklesiis pirvel `dacemasac~ ki. aucile
belia Tundac mokled ganvixiloT dRemde mimdinare es dava.
Cvens liturgikul teqstebSi konstantines moqceva

Sedarebulia pavles moqcevasTan: `...pavle, mociquli ara
kacTagan, arca kacTa mier...~ magram istorikosma Tavidanve unda
aRniSnos am or moqcevas Soris Zireuli gansxvaveba. is, rac
damaskoSi mimavalma pavlem ganicada, iyo namdvili da uRrmesi
krizisi, `yvela Rirebulebis gadafaseba.~ Zvelsa da axals Soris
aRimarTa gadaulaxavi zRude, ramac mociqulis cxovrebasa da
fsiqikaSi yvelaferi Secvala. konstantines moqceva ki
SemTxveviT ar emTxveva mis politikur, imperatoris karieris
yvelaze gadamwyvet moments. es iyo ara politikuri gaTvla, ara
`makiavelizmi,~ rogorc amtkicebda zogierTi istorikosi,
magram es arc pirovnebis fericvaleba iyo, rogorc pavlesTan.
da amis axsna unda veZioT konstantines religiur-politikur
ideologiaSi, an fsiqikaSi, rac erTaderTi iZleva gasaRebs
qristianobis istoriaSi konstantines adgilis gasagebad.
konstantines dros mTavrdeba romis imperiis is evolucia,
rac daiwyo elinistur aRmosavleTTan misi pirvelive SexebiT.
esaa romauli principatis TandaTanobiTi gardaqmna
Teokratiul monarqiad, sadac imperatori xdeba RmerTsa da
samyaros Soris damakavSirebeli rgoli, xolo saxelmwifo –
zeciuri kanonis miwieri asaxva. ukve Zlevamosili mzis kulti,
romelic imperatorma avrelianem mesame saukunis SuaxanebSi
saxelisuflo religiad aqcia, mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli
monarqiis am axal religiur gaazrebasTan: imperatori
samyaroSi igivea, rac mze zecaSi, imperatori Tanaziaria mzis
bunebisa, mzis warmomadgenelia dedamiwaze. monarqi
gancalkevebulia rigiT mokvdavTagan, igi `wmindaa~ da amitom
wmindaa yvelaferi is, rac mis irgvlivaa. mas miegeba religiuri
Tayvaniscema ìmperiul liturgiaSic~, wminda ritualSi,
romelSic amieridan asaxulia mefis mTeli cxovreba,
simbolizebulia saxelmwifos, rogorc zeciuri wyobis,
RvTaebrivi buneba, asaxuli dedamiwaze. saxelmwifoebrivi
TviTSegnebis am evolucias Seesatyviseba, mas STaagonebs, da,
Tavis mxriv, am evoluciiTve Tavadaa STagonebuli berZnul-
romauli moZraoba monoTeizmis, ese igi erTi RmerTis rwmenis

mimarTulebiT. plotinis neoplatonizmi – es aris berZnuli
filosofiis gedis simRera. aRmosavluri kultebi,
`hermetuli~ werilobiTi naSromebi, epoqis yvela mTavari
92
sulieri da gonebrivi mimdinareoba acxadebs erT sawyiss, erT

umaRles zeciur RmerTs.
konstantine iyo swored amgvari religiuri cnobierebis
tipuri warmomadgeneli. misi pirveli qristiani biografis,
evsebi kesarielis mowmobiT, ukve konstantines mamam `miuZRvna
erTian RmerTs Tavisi Svilebi, coli, msaxurni da mTeli
Tavisi sasaxle~. konstantine gaizarda am amaRlebuli, uxeSi
warmarTobisagan ganwmendili `zeciuri~ religiis atmosferoSi.
mas yovelTvis hqonda interesi mistikisadmi, rwmena sizmrebisa
da xilvebisa, gabrwyinebisa. mas mtkiced swamda Tavisi
rCeuloba da mTeli misi politikuri kariera niSandebulia
zecasTan piradi `kontaqtebiT.~ amgvari ganwyoba jer kidev
srulad ar xsnis mis gaqristianebas, magram gvexmareba ukeT
gavigoT, Tu rogor aRiqvamda qristianobas TviTon
konstantine. es ganwyoba mas warmoaCens eklesiisa da eklesiis
rwmenisadmi axali damokidebulebis warmomadgenlad.
konstantines varskvlavma imperiis politikur horizontze
amobrwyineba daiwyo ngrevisa da ramdenime dapirispirebuli
imperatoris Sinaomebis Jams, rac diokletianes taxtidan
gadadgomas mohyva. rogorc dasavleTis imperators, imperiis
dasavleTis nawilze Zalauflebis gasavrceleblad, mas unda
gaenadgurebina romSi damkvidrebuli Tavisi metoqe
maqsenciusi. 312 wlis dasawyisSi konstantine daiZra galiidan
da zamTarSi alpebis Tamami gadalaxvis Semdeg oqtomberSi
mcire armiiT miadga maradiul qalaqs. momaval brZolas unda
gadaewyvita sikvdil-sicocxlis, saboloo warmatebis an mTeli
92 me-2-3 saukuneebis okulturi krebuli `hermetikuli korpusi~, romelic
moicavs Semdeg sferoebs – magia, astrologia, alqimia. hermetizmis
tradicia gagrZelda evropul renesansSi (marselo fiCini, jovani piko
dela mirandola), man gavlena moaxdina aseve jordano brunosa da isaak
niutonze. savaraudo avtoria hermes trismegisti.
misi `misiis~ (mis mier ase mZafrad aRqmuli) kraxis sakiTxi.

da, ai, man gabeda romze galaSqreba. magram maqsencisTan erTad
xom ar icavda am qalaqs yvela misi Zveli RmerTi, tradiciis
mTeli Zala, warsulis mTeli dideba? iseTi adamianisaTvis,
rogoric kontantine iyo, brZola romTan xom ar aRniSnavda
warsulTan kavSiris mkrexelur gawyvetas? da xom ar eZebda
igi qvecnobierebad axal Zalas, axal religiur sayrdens,
rac mas mxars dauWerda romis ganaxlebis Canafiqris
ganxorcielebaSi? saSineli daZabulobisa da meryeobis am
moments emTxveva konstantines moqceva. am movlenasTan drois
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze axlomdgom aRwerebSi ar aris miTiTeba
arc jvris xilvaze, arc sityvebze: àmiT sZlie~. wyaroebSi
saubaria konstantines mier ZilSi miRebul Segonebaze, axali
niSani gamoesaxa iaraRze. konstantinem aRasrula es Segoneba,
sZlia maqsenciuss da romSi Sevida. es ZiriTadi Txroba
Segonebaze mogvianebiT legendiT Seimosa (ara konstantines
dauxmareblad). erTi ram ueWvelia: niSani, rac konstantinem
ixila da romlis TanxlebiTac mopovebul iqna gadamwyveti
gamarjveba, TviT konstantines cnobierebaSi qristianuli
niSani iyo da am momentidan imperatori sakuTar Tavs
qristianad Tvlida.
magram realurad gaxda Tu ara igi qristiani? naTlisReba,
erTaderTi ram, rac eklesiis azriT adamians namdvilad
aqcevs qristianad da naTelRebuls CarTavs xolme axal
cxovrebaSi, konstantinem mxolod sikvdilis win miiRo,
milviusis xidTan gamarTuli brZolidan ocdaxuTi wlis
Semdeg! vin iyo konstantine manamde? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemisas Cven aRmovaCenT bizantinizmis im sawyis paradoqss,
rasac srulad moicavs pirveli qristiani imperatoris
Taviseburi moqceva. saqme isaa, rom konstantines SegnebaSi
qristianuli rwmena an, ufro sworad qristes rwmena, movida
ara eklesiis meSveobiT, aramed eboZa piradad, uSualod da
mterze gasamarjveblad, ese igi misi samefo msaxurebis
aRsrulebis Jams. amiT gamarjveba, mopovebuli qristianuli
RmerTis SemweobiT, amieridan imperatorsa da, Sesabamisad,

imperiasac ayenebda jvris mfarvelobis qveS, qristesagan
pirdapir damokidebulebaSi. magram es niSnavda imasac, rom
konstantine moeqca ara rogorc adamiani, vinc eZiebda
WeSmaritebas, mxolod WeSmaritebas da TviT am WeSmaritebisaTvis,
aramed moeqca rogorc imperatori: TviT qristem akurTxa misi
Zalaufleba, aqcia igi Tavis sagangebo rCeulad, xolo misi
saxiT imperiac TavisTan SeierTa erTgvari gansakuTrebuli
kavSiriT. ase aixsneba is gamaognebeli faqti, rom konstantines
moqcevas ar mohyva imperiis Teokratiuli TviTSegnebis
araviTari gadasinjva, araviTari `gadafaseba~, piriqiT, TviT
qristianebi, TviT eklesia darwmundnen imperatoris
rCeulobaSi, da imperiaSi dainaxes RmrTis rCeuli da wminda
samefo. yvela siZnele, yvela Tavisebureba bizantiisa,
saeklesio istoriis `konstantines epoqis~ mTeli simZafre da
orazrovneba am pirveli paradoqsidan gamomdinareobs:
pirveli qristiani imperatori qristiani aRmoCnda eklesiis
gareSe da eklesiam dumiliT, magram sruli siwrfeliTa da
rwmeniT miiRo da aRiara es faqti. imperatoris saxiT imperia
gaxda qristianuli ise, rom ar gauvlia naTlobis samsjavros
krizisi.
moqcevas mohyva e.w. `milanis ediqti~ (313 w.), romliTac
ganisazRvra konstantines religiuri politikis principebi.
ediqtSi sazeimod cxaddeboda Tavisufleba – `qristianebsa
da yvelas aqvs ufleba, misdevdes im religias, rac mas surs.~
qristianul eklesiebs ki, garda amisa, ubrundeboda devnilobisas
CamorTmeuli qoneba. milanis aqtis arsze cxare kamaTi
mimdinareobda istorikosTa Soris. ras niSnavda es religiuri
Tavisufleba? Tuki, religiuri Tavisuflebis gamocxadebisas
konstantine STagonebuli iyo saxelmwifosagan religiuri
rwmenis damoukideblobis qristianuli ideiT, ratom iarseba am
Tavisuflebam ase mokle xans, ratom dauTmo man adgili
qristianobis ganuyofel da iZulebiT monopolias, ramac
saukunod mospo yovelgvari religiuri Tavisufleba? pasuxi
SeiZleba mxolod erTi iyos: konstantines Tavisufleba ar

iyo qristianuli Tavisufleba. saWiro gaxda aswleulebi,
raTa is axali gageba pirovnebisa, rac mTeli Tavisi fesvebiT
saxarebisagan gamomdinareobs, TandaTanobiT gadazrdiliyo
saxelmwifos axal gagebaSi da saxelmwifo SeezRuda pirovnebis
am ganuyofeli uflebebiT. axla viciT, ra mtanjveli aRmoCnda
es procesi, viciT isic, rom, samwuxarod, am procesSi xSirad
TviT qristianebi ar iyvnen qristianuli, saxarebiseuli
WeSmaritebis damtevni. xom ar aris axali istoriis tragedia,
uwinaresad, is, rom Cveni samyaros yvela ideas Soris yvelaze
qristianuli idea adamianis pirovnebis absoluturi
Rirebulebisa, istoriulad saeklesio sazogadoebis
winaaRmdeg wamoayenes da icaven da igi aRmoCna sabediswero
simbolo eklesiis winaaRmdeg brZolisa? es ki moxda swored
imitom, rom Tavidanve qristianTa cnobiereba monusxuli
aRmoCnda konstantines moqceviT; aman ki xeli SeuSala eklesias,
saxarebiseuli xedvis safuZvelze gadaesinja antikuri
saxelmwifoebriobis Teokratiuli absolutizmi, piriqiT ki
moxda, igi (antikuri saxelmwifoebriobis Teokratiuli
absolutizmi) metismetad didi xniT gaxda qristianuli
msoflaRqmis ganuyofeli nawili. da milanis ediqtiT dadge-
nili Tavisuflebis sworad ganmarteba SeiZleba mxolod
konstantines im Teokratiuli TviTSegnebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelSic saxelmwifo moiazreba religiis `mtvirTvelad~
imitom, rom saxelmwifo uSualod asaxavs da axorcielebs
adamianTa sazogadoebaSi RmrTaebriv nebas samyaros Sesaxeb.
esaa kultis, e. i. RmrTis Tayvaniscemis garegani formebis
Tavisufleba; saxelmwifo aRar izRudavs Tavs arcerTi kul-
tiT, magram ara imitom, rom religiurad igi `neitraluri~
xdeba, aramed imitom, rom axal religiur-filosofiur
monoTeizmSi, romlis warmomadgeneli iyo konstantine Tavis
moqcevamde, religiis, kultis yvela garegani forma ama Tu im
formiT erTi umaRlesi RmrTaebisaken miemarTeba da sabolo
jamSi `SefardebiTia~. am TvalsazrisiT milanis ediqti aris
ara dasawyisi, aramed dasasruli. masSi ukanaskneli

gamoxatuleba hpova im religiurma sinkretizmma, romelSic
irRveva da kvdeba Zveli warmarToba. magram saxelmwifos
Teokratiuli buneba xelSeuxebeli rCeba; religia aris
upiratesad saxelmwifos saqme imitom, rom TviT saxelmwifo
aris RvTaebrivi dawesebuleba, adamianTa sazogadoebis
RvTaebrivi `forma~. da Tavisufleba dgindeba imitom, rom
`caTa Sina myofi RmrTaeba keTilganwyobili iyos Cvendami da
yvela Cveni qveSevrdomisadmi...~
magram Tuki es Tavisufleba unda gavigoT rogorc imperiis
sinkretizmis ukanaskneli gamovlineba, masTan erTad milanis
ediqtSi Cndeba raRac axalic. imperatori ar faravs Tavis
gansakuTrebul simpaTias qristianobis mimarT da pirdapir
acxadebs, rom Tavisuflebas araqristianebs aniWebs `Cveni
droebis simSvidisaTvis~, misi guli ki ukve ganuyoflad
ekuTvnis axal rwmenas. es iyo gardamavali periodis Tavisuf-
leba, boZebuli qristianobis umtkivneulo zeobis molodinSi.
warmarToba ukve ganwirulia daRupvisa da devnisaTvis. da igi
ganwirulia swored TviT imperiis Teokratiuli bunebis,
warmarTuli TvalTaxedviT saxelmwifos aRqmis gamo. rogorc
imperatori, konstantine sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams imperiis
religiur kanonmdeblad, mis religiur Sesakreblad, xolo
rogorc qristians, ar SeuZlia qristianobis aRreva warmar-
Tul sicruesTan. da rac ufro Zlierdeba masSi sakuTari Tavis
qristianad aRqma, miT ufro aSkara xdeba misi mtroba
warmarTobisadmi. ori `logika~, ori rwmena: Teokratiuli da
qristianuli erTmaneTs ejaWveba orazrovan erTianobaSi, rac
gansazRvravs kidec eklesiis beds Sobis procesSi myof
bizantiaSi.
es orazrovneba TiTqmis maSinve gamovlinda egreT wodebul
donatistTa ganxeTqilebiT afrikaSi. konstantines moqcevis
paralelurad afrikul eklesiaSi areuloba daiwyo. devnis
talRis Semdeg atmosfero mowamluli iyo eWvebiTa da
braldebebiT Ralatsa da dacemebSi. karTageneli qristianebis
nawilma uari Tqva axali episkoposis cecilianes cnobaze imitom,

rom mis xeldasxmaSi monawileoba miiRo vinme feliqsma, apton-
gis episkoposma, visac brali dasdes `traditorobaSi~ – wminda
wignebis policiisaTvis gadacemaSi. am jgufma, visac mxars
uWerda bevri mezobeli episkoposi, Tavis episkoposad airCia
jer maiorinusi, xolo Semdeg donatusi, visi saxelic ewoda
mTel seqtas. swored am momentSi konstantinem guluxvi ZRveni
gaugzavna devnisagan dazaralebul qristianul Temebs.
afrikaSi, bunebrivia, konstantines daxmareba miiRes
`kaTolikeebma~ cecilianes meTaurobiT. aman donatistebs
ubiZga, TxovniT miemarTaT imperatorisaTvis, maTi saqme
gadascemoda galiis episkoposTa samsjavros, radgan es
ukanasknelni ar idevnebodnen da amitom ar iyvnen braldebulni
kompromisebSi. konstantine arafers afasebda ise, rogorc
mSvidobas da TviT qristianobaSi mas, SesaZloa, yvelaze metad
izidavda `kaTolikoba~ – eklesiis sayovelTao erToba.
afrikuli eklesiis daSoSminebis survilis gamo igi daTanxmda
donatistebis Txovnas. galiis wamyvani episkoposebi Seikribnen
romSi papi miltiades meTaurobiT, mousmines orive mxares da
sazeimod daamtkices karTagenis krebis ganaCeni. Canda, rom
saqme gadawyda yvela saeklesio wesis Sesabamisad, rogorc
amas iTxovdnen donatistebi, magram maT kvlav mimarTes
imperators. da aq konstantinem gadadga is gamousworebeli
nabiji, saidanac iwyeba mravalsaukunovani tragikuli
gaugebroba Teokratiul imperiasa da eklesias Soris.
nacvlad imisa, rom ubralod mieTiTebina misgan damoukideb-
lad miRebul saeklesio gadawyvetilebaze, mounaTlavma
imperatorma Seasrula donatistebis Txovna da gasca axali
gamoZiebis dawyebis brZaneba. ase miiRo pirveli dartyma
eklesiis damoukideblobam da daibinda saxelmwifos bunebisa-
gan eklesiis gansxvavebuli bunebis Segneba. donatistebis
Semdgomi areuloba ukve mxolod Sedegi iyo am pirveli da
sabediswero Secdomisa. ganxeTqilebis xelaxali dagmoba arlis
didi krebis mier da axali apelacia imperatorTan. konstantine
aRSfoTda: `ra ugunurebaa msjavris moTxovna adamianisa-

gan, vinc TviTon elodeba qristes msjavrs!~... da mainc kvlav
danebda. da roca amdeni ganxilvis Semdeg igi, bolos da
bolos, darwmunda donatistebis simcdareSi, man donatistebs
Tavs daatexa mTeli simZime saxelmwifoebrivi devnisa, rac
ukanaskneli, yvelaze saSineli Secdoma iyo! devnam gan-
xeTqilebaSi myofni mowameebad aqcia da mxolod gaaZliera
isini. xanZari mTel afrikas moedo da ukve aRarafers SeeZlo
misi Caqroba. donatistebis ganxeTqileba, jer kidev vandalebis
Semosevamde, gaxda didi da saxelovani afrikuli eklesiis
dasasrulis dasawyisi.
magram donatizmi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis
istoriis mxolod pirveli, Sesavali Tavia. am urTierTobis
arsi ganuzomlad srulad da tragikulad cxaddeba ariozis
ganxeTqilebaSi, ramac `konstantineseuli mSvidobis~ mTeli
pirveli saukune aRavso.
nawili 2.
ariozis SfoTSi, rogorc kvanZSi, Tavs iyris Zafis bevri

wveri, masSi mravali sakiTxi erwymis erTmaneTs. esaa dasawyisi
sami didi saRvTismetyvelo davisa, romlis gadawyvetasac
dasWirdeba eklesiis istoriis TiTqmis xuTi saukune da rac
memkvidreobiT dagvitovebs eklesiis mamaTa da maswavlebelTa
STagonebul naSromebs, msoflio saeklesio krebebze naWed
formulebs. magram WeSmaritebisaTvis es brZola Tavidanve
rTuldeba masSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis monawileobis
gamo, da es brZolebi aRar aris wminda saeklesio saqme, ris
gamoc igi iZens axal – saxelmwifoebriv ganzomilebas. am
brZolebSi ara mxolod eklesiis rwmena iWedeba, aramed
qristianuli bizantiis neli da mtanjveli Sobac mimdinareobs.
garegnulad meoTxe saukune erT-erTi yvelaze tragikulia
eklesiis istoriaSi; da mainc swored maSin ismeba pirvelad,

mTeli Tavisi siRrmiT, qristianuli samyaros Tema, ibadeba is
ganzraxva, is xedva, rasac verasodes amoSlian saeklesio
cnobierebidan.
dava aleqsandriaSi, qristianuli azrovnebis dedaqalaqSi
warmoiSva. ariozma, swavlulma aleqsandrielma presviterma
da mqadagebelma, daiwyo swavleba, rom qriste, iyo ra Ze
RmrTisa, aucilebelobidan gamomdinare, aRiarebul unda iqnas
droSi Seqmnilad, RmrTis erT-erT qmnilebad, radgan
SeuZlebelia, dabadeba ar moxdes droSi. qriste ki RmrTisagan
dabadebulia samyaros Seqmnis mizniT, rogorc am Seqmnis iaraRi,
amitom ìyo dro, roca qriste ar iyo:~ da Sesabamisad, Ze
RmrTisa, sruliad gansxvavebulia mama RmerTisagan da ar
emsgavseba mamas.
Tanamedrove saeklesio sazogadoebisaTvis, visTvisac
masobrivad ucxoa saRvTismetyvelo interesi (àrasaWiro da
saxifaTo sjani!~) Zneli gasagebia, pirvel rigSi, rogor
SeiZleba warmoqmniliyo amgvari swavleba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
qristianobis uZiriTades debulebebs, da, meore, aseve Zneli
gasagebia am davis `rezonansi~, romelic mTeli ormocdaaTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi eklesias nafleTebad glejda. es rom
gavigoT, unda vigrZnoT, rom maSindeli qristianebisaTvis
RvTismetyveleba marTlac iyo `sicocxlis, sulieri Rvawlis,
rwmenis aRmsareblobis, sasicocxlo sakiTxebis SemoqmedebiTi
gadawyvetis saqme~ (protopresviteri giorgi florovski), rom
TiTqos sityvebsa da gansazRvrebebze kamaTiT davis monawileni
realurad icavdnen da inarCunebdnen swored qristianobis
sasicocxlo, axla ityvian – `praqtikul~, an ègzistenciur~
mniSvnelobas, rac ganivTebuli iyo sityvaSi `xsna~. xsna xom
magiuri, garedan mimdinare procesi ar aris, igi damokidebulia
adamianis mier RmrTaebrivi ZRvenis sisruliT miRebasa da
SeTvisebaze. am TvalTaxedviT ki RvTismetyveleba, ese igi
WeSmaritebis gonebiT wvdoma, gamoxatva, sityvebSi asaxuli
aRsareba cxaddeba rogorc umaRlesi, samefo mowodeba
adamianisa, RvTismetyvelebaSi aRdgeba adamianis Tanaziaroba

RmrTaebriv sazrisTan, pirmSooba adamianisa, rogorc samyaroSi
myofi gonieri arsebisa. RvTismetyveleba aris gonebiT sawvdom
cnebebSi eklesiis rwmenis gacxadeba, ara gonebiT rwmenis
Semowmeba da ara rwmenis daqvemdebareba gonebaze, aramed,
piriqiT, TviT gonebis Tvalsawieris gafarToeba gamocxadebamde,
misi SeTanxmeba WeSmaritebasTan, cxad rwmenasTan. rwmena –
uwinares RvTismetyvelebisa, da sworedac mxolod amitom
SeiZleba visaubroT saRvTismetyvelo ganviTarebaze, rogorc
dasabamidan sruli rwmenis TandaTanobiT aRqmaze, gacxadebasa
da dazustebaze. origenes magaliTiT viciT, rom am gacxadebis
pirveli mcdelobebi arasrulyofilia, èretikulic~ ki aris.
magram es niSnavs, rom advili ar iyo rwmenis gamosaxatad saWiro
sityvis povna, da saWiro gaxda saukuneebi, raTa TviT azri
qristianobis suliskveTebiT Camoqniliyo.
eklesia pirvelive dReebidan mamis, Zisa da suliwmindis,
sameba RmerTis gamocdilebiT rwmeniT cxovrobda. samebis,
rogorc srulyofili erTobis, srulyofili siyvarulisa da
srulyofili cxovrebis gacxadebaSia saxarebis arsi. `madli
uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesi, da siyuaruli RmrTisa da mamisa¡,
da ziareba¡ sulisa wmidisa¡...~93 – es liturgikuli kurTxeva
ukve pavles epistoleSi gvxvdeba. magram Tu xsna da qristianuli
cxovrebis Zala triaduli RmerTis Sesaxeb gamocxadebaSia,
maSin am gamocxadebam unda gananaTlos adamianis gonebac da misi
Tvalsawieri ise unda gaafarTovos, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes
qristes mier gamocxadebul saidumloSi wvdoma. WeSmaritebis
miReba ki yovelTvis niSnavs Zalisxmevas, kriziss, zrdas.
`bunebrivi~ goneba ejaxeba gamocxadebas, rogorc winaaRmdego-
brivsa da paradoqss: rogor SeiZleba SeuTavsdes triaduli
RmerTis mimarT eklesiis Tavdapirveli rwmena RmerTis
erTianobis Sesaxeb aseTive ueWvel mtkicebas – im `monoTeizms~,
romlisTvisac qristianebma ebraelebis msgavsad uaryves
yovelgvari warmarToba? es rwmena unda warmoCindes, es
93 2 korinT. 13:13
gamocdileba unda aixsnas. ase Cndeba saeklesio cnobierebaSi

drois mixedviT pirveli da arsebiTad fuZemdebluri
saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxi – sakiTxi samebis Sesaxeb.
ukve meore saukuneSi apologetebi, ese igi imperiisa da
sazogadoebis winaSe qristianobis damcvelni, cdilobdnen
aexsnaT samebisadmi rwmena, gamodiodnen ra berZeni filoso-
fosebisaTvis Cveuli cnebidan `logosi~. Ze RmrTisa, qriste
aris mamis sityva, romliTac mama qmnis da ixsnis samyaros da
romliTac mama dakavSirebulia samyarosTan. `sityviT~ ki Cven
SevimecnebT RmerTs da vuerTdebiT mas. magram amgvari axsnis
xifaTi is iyo, rom berZnul filosofiaSi cneba `logoss~, ase
vTqvaT, aqvs ìnstrumentuli~ xasiaTi. `logosi~ yovelTvis
aris kavSiri, Sualeduri rgoli, gamaerTianebeli principi,
magram igi ar aris damoukidebeli, TavisTavad arsebuli sawyisi.
Tu ioanes saxarebaSi `sityva~, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, gagebulia
Zveli aRTqmis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc cocxali da moqmedi
RmerTi, berZnul aRqmaSi igi advilad SeiZleba gagebuliyo
rogorc erTgvari RmrTaebrivi `Tviseba~, an `Zala~, romelic
mieca adamian iesos da rac iesos gamohyofda danarCeni
kacobriobisagan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, jer kidev saWiro
iyo qristianobisa da elinizmisaTvis saerTo cneba `logosi~
gawmendiliyo im gansakuTrebulad `kosmologiuri~ mniSvne-
lobisagan, rac mas berZnul filosofiaSi hqonda, magram
meore saukunis apologetebs saamisod arc sityva hyofnidaT
da arc filosofiuri niWi. uneblieT maTi naSromebi orazro-
vani, CaxlarTuli xdeboda: apologetebis naSromebi, savsebiT
marTlmadidebeli xasiaTisa eklesiisaTvis, romelic maT
sakuTari rwmenis TvalTaxedviT kiTxulobda, `garedan~
SeiZleba gaegoT, rogorc mamis gaigiveba sityvasTan, msgavsad
imisa, rogorc adamians aigiveben mis `gonebasTan~ an àzrTan.~
cota mogvianebiT, mesame saukunis dasawyisSi, kvlav
dasavleTSi, warmoiSva egreT wodebuli `monarqianoba~, e.i.
iseTi swavleba samebis Sesaxeb, romelSic daculia mama RmerTis
`monarqia~. es iyo odindeli monoTeizmis uaryofis SiSi, cTuneba
eklesiis rwmenis, rogorc sami RmerTis rwmenis mimarT.

monarqianelebi aswavlidnen, rom mxolod erTi – mama aris
RmerTi. ieso qristesa da suliwmindis Sesaxeb swavlebaSi ki
isini ori mimarTulebiT iyofodnen: erTni aswavlidnen, rom
qriste aris adamiani, viszedac gadmovida RmrTaebrivi Zala,
ramac qriste gaxada RmrTis Ze da sruliad gansakuTrebuli
saxiT SeaerTa igi mamasTan. sxvebi ki ambobdnen, rom mama, Ze da
suli aris erTi da igive RmerTis samyaroSi gamovlinebis sami
sxvadasxva `modusi~. Tavdapirvelad igi cxaddeba rogorc mama,
Semdeg – rogorc Ze da bolos – rogorc suliwminda. am swavlebas
uwodes `modalizmi~ da misi mTavari warmomadgeneli swavluli
romaeli presviteri sabeliozi eklesiidan gankveTes papi
kalistes (217–222 w.w.) dros. am eresebTan brZolaSi Cndeba
samebis saidumlos marTlmadidebeli poziciidan àRweris~,
misi kacobrivi sityvebiT gamoxatvis pirveli mcdelobani.
dasavleTSi esaa tertulianes (montanizmSi mis gadasvlamde)
RvTismetyveleba, aRmosavleTSi – origenesi. yvela sxvaobasTan
erTad orives RvTismetyveleba erTnairad scodavs erTi
nakliT: orive maTgani iRebs RmerTis imave gaigivebas mxolod
mama RmerTTan, ramac warmoSva `monarqianoba~. am moZRvrebis
mixedviT, sameba `warmoiSoba~, ìqmneba~ Tu droSi ara,
ierarqiulad mainc – rogorc `gacxadeba~ mama RmerTisa. amis
sapirispirod eklesiis gamocdilebaSi RmrTis samoba aris
RmrTis srulyofileba, saidumlo samisa, romelsac srulyofil
siyvarulSi aqvs erTi cxovreba... azri jer kidev ver misdevda
rwmenas, sityvebs ar ZaluZda gamocdilebis gamoxatva.
aseTia mdgomareoba meoTxe saukunis dasawyisSi arianelobis
warmoSobis momentisaTvis. sityvebis ukmarisobis gamo azris
mdinareba wydeba da rwmenas Sinaarss ucvlis, riTic amaxinjebs
axali aRTqmis gamocxadebis yvelaze fuZemdeblur da
sasicocxlo WeSmaritebas. am TvalsazrisiT ariozis gan-
xeTqileba niSnavs yvela am ganxeTqilebis dasasrulsac: swored
igi miscems eklesias saSualebas, bolos da bolos, samebisadmi
Tavisi rwmena `RmrTivsaTno~ sityvebiT gamoxatos.
ariozi Secda, radgan samebis Sesaxeb saRvTismetyvelo

sakiTxs miudga mxolod rogorc filosofosi da mTel sakiTxs
logikiT gansjida. qristianuli WeSmaritebis or qvakuTxedsa
da sworedac sasicocxlo WeSmaritebas – erTiani RmrTisa da Ze
RmrTis mier samyaros xsnis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebas ariozi iRebda
rogorc abstraqtul debulebebs. igi iyo uryevi monoTeisti,
magram ara Zveli aRTqmiseuli suliskveTebiT, aramed im filo-
sofiuri monoTeizmis gagebiT, romelic elinistur samyaroSi
batonobda im epoqaSi. es iyo aRiareba erTgvari abstraqtuli
erTisa an erTianisa, romelic yvela arsis safuZveli iyo,
rogorc misi sawyisi da rogorc `mravalis~ gamaerTianebeli
principi. RmerTi erTia da masSi ar SeiZleba iyos raime
mravlobiToba; Tu mas hyavs Ze, maSin Ze ukve gansxvavebulia
mamisagan, ar aris igi (mama) da ar arisE RmerTi. Ze iSveba, magram
Soba aris warmoSoba imisi, rac adre ar iyo. Ze ibadeba
imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas, gamoxsnil iqnas, magram igi ar aris
RmerTi im erTaderTi, absoluturi mniSvnelobiT, ra
mniSvnelobiTac Cven mamas vuwodebT RmerTs... arianeloba aris
qristianobis `racionalizacia.~ masSi ukve cocxali, religiuri
gamocdileba ki ar anayofierebs azrs, aiZulebs mas, dainaxos
da gaigos is, rac adre ar esmoda, piriqiT, logikuri analizis
Sedegad rwmena xdeba mSrali da igi iqceva abstraqtul
konstruqciad. magram arianeloba mkacri monoTeizmiT, da,
amasTan erTad, yovelgvari ìracionaluris~, gaugebaris mokveTiT
Tavis epoqas èxmianeboda.~ saSualo donis gonebisaTvis, romelic
`gonivrul~ rwmenas eZiebda, igi ufro misawvdomi iyo, vidre
eklesiis gardamocema Tavisi bibliuri, realisturi saxeebiTa da
gamoxatulebebiT. rogorc marTebulad SeniSna erTma istori-
kosma, arianeloba qristianobas ukargavda cocxal religiur
Sinaarss da mas aqcevda `Teizmad~: kosmologiad da moralad.
arianelobaze pirveli reaqcia iyo reaqcia swored cocxali
rwmenisa, romelic eklesiis TviT siwmindis SeryvniT SeiZra.
ariozi dagmo misive episkoposma – aleqsandre aleqsandrielma.
magram es iyo dagmoba, da ara pasuxi. pasuxSi ki TviT aleqsandre
cdeboda, raki marTebul terminebs ver poulobda. ariozma

dasaxmareblad mimarTa Tavis yofil megobrebs, romlebTan
erTadac swavlobda cnobili antioqieli RvTismetyvelis
lukianes skolaSi. rogorc ganaTlebul RvTismetyvelebs, bevr
maTgans saepiskoposo kaTedrebi ekava. saWiroa gansakuTrebulad
aRiniSnos ori evsebi: evsebi kesarieli, pirveli saeklesio
istorikosi (misi èklesiis istoria~ adreuli eklesiis Sesaxeb Cveni
codnis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa) da evsebi nikomedieli,
romelmac mogvianebiT imperatori konstantine monaTla. maT
mxari dauWires ariozs, da ara mxolod piradi mizezebiT. am
wlebSi eklesiaSi Cndeboda ìnteligencia~, romelsac swyuroda
rwmenis `gonivruli~ axsna, romelsac ukve erTgvarad
ercxvineboda saeklesio swavlebis arasakmarisi filosofiuri
xasiaTi. ariozis eresi maT savsebiT Sesaferisad – eklesiis
swavlebis `Tanamedrove~ ganmartebad, ganaTlebul adamianTa
farTo wreebisaTvis misaRebad CaTvales. ase gavrcelda
adgilobrivi aleqsandriuli dava mTel aRmosavleTSi.
swored am dros davaSi erTveba imperatori konstantine. unda
gaviazroT, ras niSnavda eklesiisaTvis samsaukunovani devnis
Semdeg TviT imperatoris moqceva, raTa gavigoT, ratom gaxda
konstantines kari mizidulobis centri – da ara mxolod
oportunistebisa da karieristebisaTvis, aramed imaTTvisac,
romlebic, qristes gamarjvebiT frTaSesxmulni, ocnebobdnen
am gamarjvebis mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebaze. imperatori da
imperia xdeboda qristes sameufos providenciuli iaraRi! da
konstantines irgvliv maSinve Cndeba qristian mrCevelTa wre,
erTgvari araoficialuri `Stabi~, da masSi gamorCeuli adgili
adridanve, aRmosavleTSi konstantines gamoCenis momentidanve,
ukavia evsebi nikomediels, karis episkoposTa savalalo rigis
pirvel episkoposs. TviT konstantines, cxadia, ar SeeZlo
arsebiTad garkveuliyo saRvTismetyvelo davaSi. magram igi
SeZruli iyo eklesiaSi am axali areulobiT. is wlebi
konstantines zeobis wlebi iyo. 324 w. liciniusze gamarjvebam
sabolood gaamyara konstantines erTmpyrobeloba da mas
warmosaxuli hqonda saxe erTiani imperiisa, romelic erTiani

eklesiiT Sinaganad sulierad ganaxlebuli iqneboda... da uceb,
ocnebis nacvlad, samwuxaro sinamdvile: axali dava, axali
ganyofa... didi albaTobiT, swored qristianma mrCevlebma
urCies imperators episkoposTa krebis mowveva, rac davaTa
gadawyvetis Cveuli meqanizmi iyo eklesiisaTvis. magram, garda
amisa, konstantinem moindoma krebis gadaqceva rogorc Tavisi
gamarjvebis, ise imperiaSi eklesiis axali mdgomareobis simbolod
da gvirgvinad. ase iqna mowveuli pirveli msoflio kreba 325 wlis
gazafxulze nikeaSi. krebis msoflioobas ganapirobebda ara
episkoposTa ricxvi (gardamocema krebas uwodebs 318 mamis krebas),
aramed ganzraxuloba da mniSvneloba. marTlac, aswleulebis
ganmavlobaSi naxevrad iatakqveSeTSi arsebobis Semdeg pirvelad
Seikribnen episkoposebi (bevri maTgani jer kidev diokletianes
dros miRebuli WrilobebiTa da saxiCrobiT) eklesiis yvela
nawilidan. rogori sagrZnobi gancdaa zeimisa da gamarjvebisa!
xolo miRebis mdidruloba, Sexvedris jeraryofili sazeimo
xasiaTi, alersi da sikeTe imperatorisa aZlierebda axali epoqis
dawyebisadmi, amsofelze qristes realuri gamarjvebisadmi
sasixarulo rwmenas. ase aRiqvamda krebas, uwinaresad, TviT
konstantine. man kreba daamTxvia Tavisi imperatorobis oci
wlisTavs; mas surda dResaswauli da sixaruli da ar surda
autaneli kamaTi. krebis gaxsnis dRes episkoposebisadmi
mimarTvaSi igi ambobda, rom es kamaTebi ùfro saSiSia, vidre
omebi da sxva konfliqtebi... me isini ufro metad mawuxebs,
vidre sxva yvelaferi.~
magram nikeis krebis mniSvneloba, uwinaresad, aris krebaze
mopovebuli diadi gamarjveba WeSmaritebisa. am krebisagan, sxva
msoflio krebebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar darCa raime oqmi da
`qmedebani~. cnobilia mxolod, rom krebam dagmo arianeloba,
xolo naTlisRebis rwmenis simbolos tradiciul SinaarsSi
Seitana axali dazusteba mamisadmi Zis mimarTebis Sesaxeb – Zes
ewoda erTarsi (Tanaarsi) mamisa, rac niSnavda imas, rom Zes
aqvs igive arsi, rac aqvs mamas, da, Sesabamisad, RmrTeebiT Ze
Tanasworia mamisa. es sityva (erTarsi/Tanaarsi), v. v. bolotovis
SeniSvniT, imdenad zusti iyo, rom `gamoricxavda sxvagvari

ganmartebis nebismier SesaZleblobas:~ am terminiT arianeloba
upirobod iyo dagmobili. magram swored es sityva gaxda lodi
dabrkolebisa da sacTurisa didi xnis ganmavlobaSi da man
eklesia xangrZliv areulobaSi CaiTria.
es areuloba grZeldeba ormocdaTeqvsmeti wlis ganmav-
lobaSi, drois monakveTSi, romelic ganaSorebs pirvel
msoflio krebas meore – 381 wlis konstantinopolis
krebisagan. masSi unda ganvasxvavoT sxvadasxva Tema, magram
unda davinaxoT am TemaTa Soris kavSiris arsebobac: TiToeuli
es Tema TiTqmis TanabarmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs eklesiis
Semdgom istorias, romelSic Znelad Tu aqvs msgavsi mniSvneloba
romelime sxva ormocdaTeqvsmetwlian periods.
areulobis garegani mizezi iyo is, rom dagmobili arianelebi
ara mxolod ar `danebdnen~, aramed metad rTuli intrigebis
meoxebiT SeZles saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Tavis mxares
gadabireba: ase daisva pirveli Tema – imperatoris monawileoba
eklesiis cxovrebaSi. winaswar vityviT, rom meoTxe saukunis
Sedegebi am TvalsazrisiT ufro metad uaryofiTia, es
Sedegebi WeSmaritad tragikulia. magram aqve, axlave,
aucileblad unda ganvsazRvroT arianuli areulobis meore
Temac. arianelTa zeoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda TviT imperatoris
mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu eklesia, romelmac TiTqmis
erTxmad dagmo ariozi, am dagmobaSi erTiani aRmoCndeboda
da, rac mTavaria, erTiani iqneboda nikeis krebis swavlebis
pozitiurad miRebaSi. magram es sworedac ar moxda. nikeam
Seacbuna goneba da dabada eWvebi, magram maSin unda davsvaT
nikeisSemdgomi areulobis saRvTismetyvelo Sinaarsis sakiTxi.
am kuTxiT ki meoTxe saukunes, piriqiT, dadebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs da igi TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs eklesiis cxovrebaSi
WeSmaritebis saboloo Zlevamosilebas uimedo garemoebebSic ki.
eklesiis monawilTa umravlesobam advilad miiRo
arianelobis dagmoba: igi metismetad aSkarad amaxinjebda
dasabamier saeklesio gardamocemas. magram savsebiT sxvagvari
damokidebuleba iyo samebis Sesaxeb pozitiuri moZRvrebis
sakiTxTan, rasac Seicavda sityva èrTarsi~ (`Tanaarsi~). es

sityva wamoswia da igi konstantines, xolo konstantines
meSveobiT krebas faqtiurad Tavs moaxvia SorsmWvreteli da
Tamami RvTismetyvelebis patara jgufma, romelsac esmoda
ariozis dagmobis arasakmarisoba da eklesiis gardamocemis
mkafio terminiT `gamoWedvis~ aucilebloba. magram episkoposTa
umravlesobisaTvis es sityva ucxo da gaugebari iyo: am sityviT
pirvelad sarwmunoebis swavlebaSi Semodioda filosofiuri
termini, romelic ucxo iyo wminda werilisaTvis. amasTanave,
termini saeWvoc ki iyo: es èrTarsi~ xom ar abrunebda eklesiaSi
sul cota xnis win daZleul sabeliozis mwvaleblobas, kvlavac
xom ar axdenda mamisa da Zis `Serwymas~ èrT arsebaSi?~ da mainc,
krebam, konstantines TxovniT, es sityva Seitana sarwmunoebis
simboloSi ise, rom ar CaZiebia mis arss: episkoposebs miaCndaT,
rom mTavari iyo eresis dagmoba, xolo rac Seexeba sarwmunoebis
simbolos, realurad yovel eklesias hqonda Tavisi simbolo,
romelic yvela sxva simbolosTan SeTanxmebuli iyo arsebiTad,
magram ara yovelTvis formalurad. amgvarad, garegnulad kreba
warmatebiT dasrulda, Tu ar CavTvliT konstantines
ganmeorebiT (donatizmis Semdeg) Secdomas: konstantinem
ariozi da misi Tanamoazreni gadaasaxla da amiT kvlav aRria
eklesiis msjavri keisris msjavrSi.
swored aq warmoCnda karis episkoposTa im jgufis wona,
romelzec zemoT vsaubrobdiT. igi TiTqmis mTlianad ariozis
megobrebisagan Sedgeboda da maT evsebi nikomedieli
meTaurobda. maT miiRes ariozis dagmoba, radgan krebaze
gamoCnda, rom TiTqmis yvela episkoposi erTxmad daupiris-
pirda ariozs. magram maT guli gaimagres da `revanSze~ ocneba
daiwyes. krebis winaaRmdeg aSkara gamosvla SeuZlebeli iyo da
ariozis megobrebma intrigas mimarTes. maT isargebles nikeis
pozitiuri dadgenilebis mimarT episkoposTa gulgrilobiT
da ubralod miaCumaTes es dadgenileba, xolo mTeli TavianTi
Zalebi mimarTes im RvTismetyvelTa erTi jgufis winaaRmdeg,
romelTac esmodaT èrTarsis~ sruli mniSvneloba. amoqmedda
dabezRebisa da braldebebis manqana, rasac araferi hqonda

saerTo RvTismetyvelebasTan. pirveli msxverpli gaxda
evstaTi antioqieli – arianelebma moaxerxes imperatoris
TvalSi misi gaSaveba, xolo Semdgom – gadasaxleba. merme, da
ukve mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, intrigebis mTavari obieqti
gaxda axalgazrda, axlad arCeuli aleqsandrieli episkoposi
aTanase, didi albaTobiT, mTavari sulisCamdgmeli termin
èrTarsisa.~ da kvlav masTan yovelgvari saRvTismetyvelo
kamaTis gareSe misma mtrebma, TiTqosda kanonikuri darRvevis
gamo, moaxerxes aTanases dagmoba jer tiris episkoposTa
krebaze (331 w.), xolo Semdeg imperatoris meSveobiT – misi
gadasaxleba trirSi (md. rainze): konstantine ver itanda
SfoTis Camomgdebs, xolo aTanases mtrebma swored ase
warmoaCines aTanase imperatoris winaSe. amis Semdeg ukve aRar iyo
Zneli TviT ariozis dabruneba: man xeli moawera gaurkvevel
monaniebas da igi daabrunes saeklesio erTobaSi. konstantinem,
romelmac verasodes gaigo, ris gamo mimdinareobda dava,
CaTvala, rom yvelaferi rigzea: eklesiaSi xom mSvidoba aRdga
da amis Semdeg mxolod mtrebs SeuZliaT warsulis gaxseneba.
òportunistebi~ zeimobdnen yvela `yvela frontze~, mTeli
eklesiis aSkara ugulisxmobisa da dumilis viTarebaSi.
magram konstantines sicocxle ukve sruldeboda. imave 336
wels, roca aTanase gadaasaxles, konstantine ukanasknelad
zeimobs iubiles – Tavisi mefobis ocdaaT wels. magram es ukve
sxva konstantinea. wlebis ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda misi
mistikuri ganwyoba, rac masSi bavSvobidanve cocxlobda. ase
rom, bolos TviT saxelmwifos interesebi meore planze
gadavida. sikvdiliswina iubiles sityvebi da zeimi
gaciskrovnebulia im naTliT, romelic ufro mZlavrad ainTo
mis sulSi; sikvdilamde cota xniT adre mas xeli dasdes, igi
gaxda, – mxolod axla! – kaTakmeveli. amis Semdeg mas samefo
samoseli aRar Seumosavs. misi ocneba iyo iordaneSi monaTvla,
magram am ocnebas axdena ar ewera. konstantine monaTla evsebi
nikomedielma da mas Semdeg mas ganuSoreblad hqonda rwmena
qristesa da misi maradiuli naTlis siaxlovisa... igi

gardaicvala sulTmofenobis mzian dRes... ramdeni Secdomac
unda iyos, SesaZloa, danaSaulic ki (Svilis – krispusis
mkvleloba – bneli ojaxuri drama, bolomde samudamod
gamoucnobi) mis cxovrebaSi, Znelia eWvi Seitano imaSi, rom es
adamiani yovelTvis miiswrafoda RmrTisaken, cxovrobda
absoluturis wyurviliT, surda zeciuri simarTlis anarekli
da silamaze dedamiwaze daemkvidrebina. mis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli eklesiis yvelazi didi miwieri imedebi, ocneba
dedamiwaze qristes zeobisa. da, ai, eklesiis siyvaruli da
madliereba ufro Zlieria istorikosTa umowyalo, magram
meryev da xSirad zedapirul msjavrze.
mxolod konstantines sikvdilis Semdeg iwyebs ariozis
SfoTi mTeli Tavisi sisruliT ganviTarebas. konstantines
memkvidreebi iyvnen misi vaJebi – konstantine II dasavleTSi da
konstanciusi aRmosavleTSi. am ukanasknelma eklesiis
istoriaSi sabediswero roli iTamaSa. Tu konstantine Tavis,
rogorc èklesiis gare episkoposis~ mdgomareobas
ukavSirebda moqcevas, mis uSualod arCevas qristes mier,
konstanciusi Tavis Zalauflebas eklesiaze ukve aRiqvamda,
rogorc TavisTavad cxads. `konstantineseuli mSvidobis~
orazrovneba Tavisi Sxamiani nayofis gamoRebas iwyebda. garda
amisa, konstantines SeeZlo Semcdariyo da xSirad cdeboda
kidec, magram igi didi adamiani iyo da arsebiTad surda
samarTliani yofiliyo. konstanci ki, miuxedavad qris-
tianobisadmi misi erTgulebisa, mewvrilmane adamiani iyo da
maSinve daeyrdno usircxvilo mliqvnelebisa da oportunis-
tebis jgufs, romelic mas mieweba.
marTalia, Tavdapirvelad, èvsebielebs~ daTmoba marTebdaT.
konstanciusis ufrosma Zmam konstantinem moiTxova yvela
gadasaxlebuli episkoposis TavianT kaTedrebze dabruneba.
aleqsandriaSi xalxi siyvaruliT Sexvda aTanases, romelic
arasodes cnobda Tavis damxobas saepiskoposi kaTedridan da
romelsac dasavleTis eklesiebi uWerdnen mxars. magram mis
winaaRmdeg èvsebielebs~ mZlavri iaraRi hqondaT: aTanase

episkoposTa krebam gadaayena, amitom mxolod krebas SeuZlia
misi aRdgena. vimeorebT, episkoposTa udides nawils aranairi
eWvi ar gasCenia aleqsandrieli `papis~ winaaRmdeg am brZolis
ìdeologiuri~ safuZvlis arsebobis Sesaxeb. maTYaTanase
miaCndaT mSfoTvare adamianad, romelic kanonikurad iyo
gadayenebuli. 337-338 wlebis zamTarSi antioqiaSi, èvsebie-
lebis~ intrigebis centrSi Sedga mimarTva imperatorebisa da
kaTolike eklesiis yvela episkoposisadmi. mimarTvaSi aTanases
brali dasdes kaTedraze ukanono dabrunebaSi. am mimarTvas
aTanasem upasuxa samocdaori egvipteli episkoposis krebiT
da aseve mimarTa mTeli eklesiis sasamarTlos. daamtkica ra
aTanases ubraloeba wayenebul absurdul braldebebSi, krebam
pirdapir miuTiTa mTeli saqmis namdvil arsze – aTanases
mtrebis survilze `gaanadguron marTlmadideblebi da
gaauqmon WeSmariti da didi krebis mier ariozis dagmoba.~
aqve pirvelad igrZnoba SeSfoTeba eklesiis saqmeebSi
imperatoris Carevis gamo: `romeli samarTliT Seikribnen
imperatoris brZanebis safuZvelze episkoposebi, romlebmac
gaasamarTles aTanase?~ magram egviptelma episkoposebma
gvian Seicxades, rom `gare xelisuflebas~ ar aqvs raime
ufleba eklesiaSi. magram nikea?...
asea Tu ise, axla sakiTxi namdvil – saRvTismetyvelo
safuZvelze iqna gadatanili da masSi CaerTo aRmosavleTis
saqmeebSi manamde umecari dasavleTi. dayovneba dauSvebeli
iyo, evsebielebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo aTanases dauyovneb-
livi likvidireba. da amoqmedda konstanciusze mTeli maTi
gavlena. evsebielebma airCies TavianTi aleqsandrieli
episkoposi – vinme grigol kapadokieli da imperatorisagan
moiTxoves, raTa imperatori grigols ganyenebuli da dagmo-
bili aTanasesaTvis aleqsandriis eklesiis warTmevaSi
daxmareboda. am momentidan cxadi xdeba konstanciusis kavSiri
èvsebielebTan~. egviptis prefeqts filagriuss, ariozis
megobars, ebrZana, yovelmxriv daxmareboda grigol kapa-
dokiels. aleqsandriasTan grigolis miaxloebis Sesaxeb

cnobis miRebisTanave xalxi eklesiebs miawyda, raTa isini
eretikosisagan daecva. saqmeSi CaerTo policia, daiwyo
umsgavso qmedebebi, samxedro ZaliT eklesiebis xalxisagan
gawmenda. policia aTanases eZebda, magram man mimalva moaxerxa;
339 wlis 22 marts grigoli sazeimod Sevida aleqsandriaSi,
sadac daiwyo aTanases momxreebis policiuri devna. evse-
bielebma kidev erTxel izeimes.
magram aTanase ar iyo is adamiani, vinc Zalis winaSe ukan
daixevda. es iyo adamiani rkinis nebisyofiT, daumorCilebeli
energiiT, Tavisi saqmis simarTleSi absoluturad
darwmunebuli da gansacdelebi, romelSic gaiara didi
aleqsandrieli mamisa da moZRvris mTelma cxovrebiseulma
gzam, mxolod ganamtkicebda am rwmenas. daiwyo am goliaTis
WeSmaritad epikuri brZola yvela stiqiasTan, romelic mis
winaaRmdeg Seikriba. aleqsandriis maxloblad mimaluli
aTanase afeTqda Tavisi saxelganTqmuli egviptisa da siriis
episkoposebisadmi mimarTuli àrianelTa winaaRmdeg
epistoleTi~, romelsac Tanamedrove istorikosma `saeklesio
mwerlobis erT-erTi yvelaze paTetikuri furceli~ (batifoli)
uwoda. es iyo Zaxili dasaxmareblad: ìs, rac moxda CvenSi,
aRemateba yvela devnis simwares... mTeli eklesia pativayrilia,
samRvdeloeba Seuracxyofilia, da kidev ufro uaresi,
keTilSobileba devnilia uwesobisagan... dae, dagvexmaros
yoveli, romelic SeZrulia saSiSroebiT, ixilos Selaxuli
saeklesio kanonebi da eklesiis rwmena...~
Zalian male aTanases vxedavT romSi, sadac TandaTanobiT
ikribebian evsebielTa teroris msxverplni. am dromde
dasavleTi ar iRebda raime monawileobas nikeisSemdgom
SfoTSi. èrTarsi~ dasavleTma ukamaTod da eWvebis gareSe
miiRo. da mxolod axla, aTanasesa da misi megobrebis
meSveobiT dasavleTSi gaigeben aRmosavleTSi saqmeTa
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. aRmosavleTis tragediaSi Cndeba axali –
romauli motivi.
erTi SexedviT, movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTareba SeiZleba

martivi sqemiT gamoixatos: marTlmadidebeli, nikeis erTguli
romi, romelic icavs aTanases èretikuli~ im aRmosavleTis
winaaRmdeg, romelic miiswrafvis, TviT aTanase daabrunos
WeSmaritebaSi. realurad ki saqme ganuzomlad rTulad da
tragikuladaa. tragedia ki isaa, rom papi iuliusi nikeis
rwmenisa da aTanases dacvas iseTi romauli toniT mosavs, rom
amis Sedegad romis mimarT aRmosavleTis winaaRmdegoba,
aRmosavleTis gaerTianeba romis winaaRmdeg gardauvali xdeba.
aRmosavleTi ki, uaryofs ra aTanasesa da nikeis rwmenas,
amavdroulad icavs eklesiis im pirvandel gagebas, razedac
igi uars ar ityvis maSinac ki, roca aRmosavleTi daubrundeba
nikeasac da aTanasesac.
ukve meore saukunis bolodan dasavleTSi vxedavT `romauli
cnobierebis~ Casaxvasa da ganviTarebas. dasavleTSi romis
eklesia iyo uZvelesi eklesia, erTaderTi samociqulo kaTedra,
romelic ganwmendili iyo petre da pavle mociqulebis
saxelebiTa da sisxliT. dasavleTSi qristianoba romidan
ganviTarda; ase rom, bevri dasavluri eklesia romis eklesiaSi
xedavda deda-eklesias, romlisganac maT miiRes rwmenis Sesaxeb
gardamocema da mociqulTa memkvidreoba. magram Tu dasavleTSi
romis mdgomareoba gansakuTrebuli iyo, wm. petres eklesia
aRmosavleTSic gamorCeuli pativiscemiT sargeblobda; ukve
egnate antioqieli uwodebda mas `meTaurs siyvarulSi.~
ierusalimis samociqulo Temis daisis Semdeg romi, udavod,
gaxda pirveli eklesia, centri im sayovelTao erTobisa da
Tanxmobisa, rasac irineos lioneli gnostikuri seqtebisagan
momdinare danawevrebas upirispirebda. magram metad adre
Cndeba pirveli SemaSfoTebeli niSnebi: Tavis, yvelasagan
udavod aRiarebul `pirvelobas~ romis episkoposebi ufro
da ufro metad ganixilaven rogorc gansakuTrebul
Zalauflebas, formulas – `meTaurobas siyvarulSi~ Tvlian
formulad: `meTauroba Zalauflebasa da avtoritetSi.~ ase
magaliTad, 190-192 wlebSi papma viqtorma ultimatumis for-
miT aRmosavleTis eklesiebisagan moiTxova, rom maT mieRoT

aRdgomis dResaswaulis romauli praqtika: romi aRdgomas
zeimobda ebrauli paseqis momdevno kviras, xolo aRmosavleTSi
aRdgoma Tanxvdeboda ebraul paseqs. Tavis moTxovnas viqtori
asabuTebda petresa da pavles avtoritetiT. mas upasuxa
aRmosavleTis erT-erTma uxucesma episkoposma polikarpe
efeselma. Tavis mxriv, igi miuTiTebs gardamocemaze, romelic
man uSualod mociqulebisagan miiRo. polikarpe ubralod
uaryofs romis pretenzias, Tavisi praqtika moaxvios sxva
eklesiebs: `... me samocdaxuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi vcxovrob
ufalSi, me wavikiTxe mTeli wminda werili da arafris meSinia,
rogoradac ar unda memuqrebodnen. ufro didi adamianebi, vidre
aris viqtori, ambobdnen: umjobesia usmino RmerTs, vidre
adamianebs~... amis pasuxad, Tavis epistoleSi viqtori ubralod
gankveTs mcireaziur eklesiebs romisagan da es gadamwyveti
nabiji iwvevs protests iqac ki, sadac aRdgomis zeimis romaul
da ara aRmosavlur praqtikas misdevdnen. mogvianebiT, mesame
saukunis SuaxanebSi, eretikosTa naTlobis Sesaxeb sakiTxze
dava warmoiSva romsa da afrikas Soris. papi stefane aseve
moiTxovs romis gadawyvetilebisadmi usityvo morCilebas. afri-
keli episkoposebi kvipriane karTagenelis piriT pasuxoben:
àrc erTi Cvengani ar miiCnevs Tavs episkoposTa episkoposad da
ar mimarTavs tiranias Cveni moZmeebisagan Tanxmobis misaRe-
bad. yoveli episkoposi Tavisi Tavisuflebis sisavsiTa da
avtoritetiT inarCunebs uflebas, ifiqros TavisTvis: igi ar
eqvemdebareba sxva episkoposis msjavrs da ar gansjis sxva epis-
koposs.~ stefanes kidev ufro mkveTrad pasuxobs firmiliane
(kapadokiis kesariidan), erT-erTi `sveti~ aRmosavleTis ekle-
siisa: `... bevri gansxvavebaa eklesiaSi, magram arsebiTia sulieri
erToba, erToba rwmenasa da gardamocemaSi... ra Tavxedobaa,
gindodes, iyo yvelas msajuli. amiT stefane TviTon ganayenebs
Tavs episkopatis sayovelTao erTobisagan...~
amgvarad, Zalian adre erTdroulad vxedavT romis, rogorc
pirveli eklesiis, rogorc saerTo Tanxmobis gamomxatvelis
sayovelTao mniSvnelobis aRiarebas, magram am mniSvnelobis

specifiurad romaul interpretaciaze reaqciasac. magram
yovel jerze es aris reaqcia konkretul mizezze, romis
miswrafebebis Sesaxeb sakiTxi arsebiTad arcerTxel ar ismeba,
rac am miswrafebebs TandaTanobiT mTel romaul gardamocemad
ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs. roca aRmosavleTi (da
dasavleTic) SeeCexeba mas, ukve gviani iqneba: TviT romisaTvis es
gardamocema nakurTxi iqneba siZveliT, aRqmuli iqneba rogorc
odindeli... vergageba gadaizrdeba gansxvavebaSi, raTa bolos
ganyofiT dasruldes.
am neli daSorebis istoriaSi arianuli SfoTi mniSvnelovani
etapia. aTanase mimarTavs roms, radgan aRmosavleTSi aRaravinaa,
visTvisac mimarTva SeiZleba. evsebielebi epistoles agzavnian
romSi, raTa aTanases dagmoba sayovelTao dagmobad iqces. orive
mimarTva Tavsdeboda eklesiis sayovelTao erTobis farglebSi,
rac ukve vnaxeT meore da mesame saukuneebSi: eklesiis gageba,
rogorc sayovelTao urTierTobisa, rogorc cxovrebis erTo-
bisa. magram papi iuliusi mas ukve Taviseburad iRebs,
TandaTanobiT ganviTarebuli specifiurad romauli gardamo-
cemis TvalTaxedviT. Tavis Tavs igi ukve aRmosavlur saqmeTa
arbitrad moiazrebs. igi mimarTavs aRmosavleTs da moiTxovs
mTeli saqmis gadawyvetas romSi krebaze, amasTanave, niSnavs
krebis TariRsac. es TiTqmis ultimatumi iyo.
antioqiaSi papis werilma aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. vimeorebT, ar
unda daviviwyoT, rom am momentSi aRmosavleTis episkoposebis
udidesi nawilisaTvis saqme exeboda ara nikeis rwmenas, aramed
aTanases. maT TvalSi ki aTanase damxobili iyo kanonieri krebis
mier da am gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva ara aRmosavleTSi, aramed
romSi aRmosavleTis episkopats eklesiis mier odiTganve
miRebuli yvela kanonikuri normis gaugonar Selaxvad miaCnda. am
aRSfoTebaze daiwyes `TamaSi~ evsebielebma. papis epistoles
miRebidan mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg – 341 wlis ianvarSi mivida
romSi pasuxi, romelsac xels awerda evsebi nikomedieli
(romelmac am droisaTvis ukve moaswro aRmosavleTis axal
dedaqalaqSi – konstantinopolSi gadabargeba) da ori uxucesi

aRmosavleli episkoposi. am pasuxiT paps pativiT, Tumca arcTu
ironiis gareSe, àdgili miuCines~. unda SevniSnoT, rom
iuliusma Tavisi Tavi mZime mdgomareobaSi Caigdo imiTac, rom
aTanasesTan erTad erTobaSi miiRo markelus ankvireli,
romelic nikeis dadgenilebas marTlac eretikulad, sabelio-
ziseul tonalobaSi ganmartavda; ase rom misi dagmoba aRmo-
savleTSi udavod swori iyo. dasavleTSi cudad erkveodnen
saRvTismetyvelo niuansebSi da nikeis dadgenileba forma-
lurad miiRes, amitom markelusSi mxolod WeSmaritebisaTvis
wamebuls xedavdnen... magram aRmosavleTidan iuliuss
sTavazobdnen arCevans or dagmobil ltolvilsa da maT
dagmobaSi erTsulovan mTel aRmosavleTis eklesias Soris.
aseTi pasuxis miRebis Semdeg iuliusma romSi dauyovnebliv
Sekriba italieli episkoposebis kreba, romelzedac sazeimod
gamoacxada Tavisi Tanxmoba aTanasesa da markelusTan.
aRmosavleTis episkoposebisadmi axal epistoleSi romauli
TvalTaxedva ukve mikib-mokibvis gareSe iyo gamoxatuli: `nuTu
ar uwyiT, rom Cveulebis Sesabamisad pirvelad Cven unda
mogvweroT, raTa aq aRsruldes marTlmsajuleba... is, rasac me
gwerT da geubnebiT, Cven miviReT netari petre mociqulisagan...~
iuliusi savsebiT gulwrfelia, moralurad igi ufro maRla
dgas, vidre evsebielebi, da misi epistoleTi – amaRlebuliTa da
RirseuliT – samarTlianad amayobs kaTolikuri dasavleTi.
magram mTeli tragedia swored isaa, rom, icavda ra WeSmaritebas,
man marTlac daarRvia aRmosavleTis eklesiis gardamocema,
roca aRmosavleTis eklesias, romelsac arasodes gaegona
amgvari Cveulebis arseboba, TiTqmis iZulebuls xdida,
gaerTianebuliyo papis winaaRmdeg.
da aRmosavleTma upasuxa kidec didi krebiT, romelic
gaimarTa 341 wels antioqiaSi, raTa ekurTxaT òqros didi
eklesia~, romlis dasrulebac konstantinem Tavis sicocxleSi
ver moaswro. krebas eswreboda daaxloebiT asi episkoposi.
araferi warmoaCens ukeT sworxazovan sqemebamde saeklesio
istoriis dayvanis SeuZleblobas, vidre is faqti, rom es kreba,

romelmac kvlav dagmo aTanase, miuxedavad amisa, aRmosavleTis
eklesiis gardamocemaSi darCa rogorc erT-erTi avtori-
tetuli àdgilobrivi kreba~ da am krebis mier miRebuli
kanonebi dRemde Sedis kanonikur krebulebSi.
arianul SfoTSi antioqiis 341 wlis kreba gadamwyveti
momenti aRmoCnda. aq nikeis Semdeg pirvelad aRmosavleTis
eklesia kvlav daubrunda saRvTismetyvelo niadags. evse-
bielebs surdaT ara saRvTismetyvelo kamaTi, aramed èrTarsis~
damcvelTa ubralo likvidacia. magram axla aucilebeli iyo
pasuxis gacema eresSi dasavleTis braldebaze, rac swored
saRvTismetyvelo pasuxs moiTxovda. daubrundnen ra RvTis-
metyvelebas, aRmosavleli episkoposebi daadgnen gzas, romelic
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mtanjveli damaxinjebebis Semdeg
nikeis gacnobierebul miRebamde miiyvans maT.
papis braldebis pasuxad krebis mamebma sazeimod daadastures
Zveli, nikeamdeli sarwmunoebis simbolo, romelic miewereboda
lukiane antioqiels da romelSic ieso qristesadmi rwmena asea
gamoxatuli: `...RmerTi RmrTisagan, mTeli mTlianisagan, erTiani
erTianisagan, srulyofili srulyofilisagan, meufe meufisa-
gan... ganusxvavebeli xati mamis RmrTeebisa, rogorc misi
arsisa, ise Zalisa, nebisa da didebisa...~ rogorc prof. a. v.
kartaSevi SeniSnavs, es iyo `nikeamdeli swavlebis moZvelebuli
forma igive erTarsis Sesaxeb, magram Zveli sityvieri
samoseliT.~ magram antioqieli mamebi sworedac rom ver
xedavdnen TavianT Tanxmobas èrTarsTan~ iseve, rogorc ver
xedavdnen, rom mxolod nikeis dadgenileba gamoxatavs bolomde
da zRvruli sizustiT imas, razedac isini amdeni saxis
moSveliebiT saubroben: Zis srulyofili RmrTeeba, Zis
srulyofili erToba mamasTan. piriqiT, èrTarsi~ maT ucxo da
saxifaTo sityvad eCvenebodaT da axla am mosazrebis dasturs
isini xedavdnen markelus ankvirelis eresSi, Zis mamasTan
Serevnis sabelioziseuli swavlebis dabrunebaSi. romma ki
miiRo markelusi... amgvarad, SeuZlebelia isaubro marTlma-
didebeli dasavleTis brZolaze eretikuli aRmosavleTis

winaaRmdeg. gaugebrobisa da vergagebisaTvis orive mxares
sakmaod bevri mizezi hqonda. bevri ram unda gamomwvariyo
tanjvisa da ganyofis ganmwmend cecxlSi.
cxadia, aq ar SegviZlia am ganwmendis met-naklebad
detaluri warmoCena. mivuTiTebT mxolod yvelaze ZiriTadze.
341 wlis antioqiis krebam TiTqos SesaZlebeli gaxada
dasavleTTan saRvTismetyvelo SeTanxmebis miRweva. magram
rCeboda sakiTxi ori pirovnebis, uwinaresad, aTanases Sesaxeb.
dasavleTis imperatoris – konstantines zegavleniT gada-
wyvetil iqna am sakiTxis ganxilva msoflio krebaze serdikaSi
(sofia). magram SekrebisTanave (343 w.) kreba maSinve gaiyo da
kvlav imis gamo, rom dasavlelebs ar esmodaT mdgomareobis
mTeli sirTule. aRmosavlelebi Tanxmdebodnen aTanases saqmis
gadasinjvas, magram am gadasinjvamde aTanases miiCnevdnen
gadayenebulad da moiTxovdnen, rom igi ar daswreboda sakiTxis
ganxilvas. magram dasavlelebma uari ganacxades am moTxovnis
Sesrulebaze da uTiTebdnen romis mier aTanases gamarTlebaze...
kreba gaiyo, dawyebuli daaxloeba CaiSala.
amasTanave, Zmaze konstantines dawola grZeldeboda, xolo
aRmosavleTSi samxedro mdgomareoba konstanciuss gansa-
kuTrebulad mgrZnobiares xdida am dawolis mimarT. saqme
iqamde mivida, rom, roca 345 wels grigol aleqsandrieli
gardaicvala, konstanciusma, yovelgvari saeklesio ganxilvis
gareSe ubralod mouwoda aTanases, daekavebina Tavisi uwin-
deli adgili. aTanasem, romelsac esmoda, ra valdebuleba
ekisreboda am mowodebiT, moiTxova werilobiTi reskripti da
radganac igi arasodes cnobda Tavis gadayenebas, daubrunda
Tavis kaTedras. es dabruneba iyo triumfi. TviT yvelaze
mZvinvare mtrebi Seurigdnen `momxdar faqts.~
magram Zalian male sxva politikurma qarma daubera. 353 wels,
ramdenime Sinaomis Semdeg, konstanciusi mTeli imperiis
erTmmarTveli gaxda da maSinve naTelhyo, rom misi Semrigeb-
luri mimarTuleba mxolod politikuri oportunizmiT
aixsneboda. arianelebi da naxevrad arianelebi ganuzomlad

morCilebi aRmoCndnen saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mimarT, vidre
nikeelebi: swored isini gaxdnen konstanciusis dasayrdenni.
yvelgan daiwyo nikeelebis gandevna. magram aTanases jer ar
exebodnen: igi xom konstanciusma piradi reskriptiT daabruna.
imperatorica da misi mrCevlebic xvdebodnen, rom sanam aTanase
dasavleTs eyrdnoboda, manamde misi dagmoba ver miiRebda
sayovelTao xasiaTs. amitom, uwinaresad, saWiro iyo dasavleTis
Semusrva, dasavleTis daqvemdebareba saxelmwifo xelisufle-
bisaTvis. romSi 352 wels gardacvlili iuliusi Secvala papma
liberiusma. imperatorma misgan krebis mowveva da aTanases
dagmoba moiTxova. papma scada Tavis dacva, magram uSedegod. 355
wels samasma dasavlelma episkoposma milanSi, sadac im dros
mdebareobda saimperatoro kari, dauTmo uxeS Zalas. `Cemi neba
– ai, kanoni TqvenTvis.~ – upasuxa konstanciusma episkoposTa
Txovnas, kanonikurad gamoeZiebinaT sakiTxi da yvelam, ramdenime
mtkice episkoposis garda, xeli moawera aTanases dagmobas.
urCni dauyovnebliv gadaasaxles. gadaasaxles liberiusic,
romelmac uari Tqva krebis gadawyvetilebis cnobaze. xolo
imperatorebis Cinovnikebma mTeli dasavleTi Semoiares da
episkoposTa xelmowerebi Seagroves.
konstantines moqcevidan ormoci wlis Semdeg daTrgunuli
eklesia misi vaJis ferxTiT aRmoCnda! rCeboda erTi aTanase,
cocxali gamowveva Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, mowme eklesiis
damoukideblobisa. da, ai, 356 wlis 8-9 Tebervlis Rames, roca
aTanase RamisTevis locvas winamZRvrobda, jariskacebma taZari
alyaSi moaqcies. episkoposis brZanebiT xalxma daiwyo galoba –
àqebdiT saxelsa uflisasa~ – taZridan gasvla daiwyo. xalxTan
erTad sibneleSi SeumCnevlad gavida aTanase da eqvsi wliT
gaqra. gaRizianebuli konstanciusi amaod ubrZanebda egviptis
yvela monastris gaCxrekas, – udabnom da berebma damales
TavianTi episkoposi. da maSinve gaisma aTanases mgrgvinavi da
mamxilebeli sityva: Tavisi mimalvis wlebSi man dawera
imperatoris gamanadgurebeli `konstanciusis apologia~ da
àrianelTa istoria~, sadac axsnilia nikeisSemdgomi areulobis

mTeli saRvTismetyvelo dialeqtika. mozeime ZaladobaSi igi
erTaderTi rCeboda udreki.
am dromde nikeis winaaRmdeg aSkarad jer kidev aravis gaelaSqa
da mxolod personaluri sakiTxiTa da dasavleTisadmi zogadi
winaaRmdegobiT SeeZlo arianelTa umciresobas Seeqmna
aRmosavleTis episkopatis erTianobis iluzia. magram axla xelebi
gaxsnili hqondaT, yovelgvari winaaRmdegoba mospobili iyo. yvela
mTavari kaTedra dakavebuli hqondaT karis oligarqiis miTiTe-
baTa morCil aRmsruleblebs. da, ai, 357 wlis Semodgomaze sir-
miumSi (dunaize) arianelebma niRabi Camoixsnes. maT Seadgines
rwmenis gansazRvreba (egreT wodebuli `sirmiumis meore for-
mula~), ukve TiTqmis aSkarad arianuli, da saxelmwifoebrivi
sanqciebis muqariT episkoposebisagan am formulis miReba moiT-
xoves: imperatoris avtoritetiT damtkicebuli sirmiumis mani-
festi sayviris xmasaviT gaisma imperiis erTi bolodan meoremde.
magram swored es ukanaskneli gamarjveba, arianelobis es
apogea aRmoCnda sabediswero eresisaTvis. sirmiis manifesti
iseTi xarisxiT iyo aSkarad arianuli, rom SeuZlebeli iyo ar
gamoewvia eklesiis yvela jansaRi nawilis reaqcia. koalicia,
romlis Semokreba SeiZleboda aTanases, markelis, romis
winaaRmdeg, axla dairRva da aRmosavleTis eklesiam, romelic
aqamde ver acnobierebda mTel saSiSroebas, gajansaReba daiwyo.
gajansaRebis es procesi neli iyo da masSi axali ZaliT iCenda
Tavs saxelmwifoebrivi `faqtoris~ mTeli simZime, rac amieridan
saeklesio cxovrebis mouSorebeli tvirTi gaxda. daiwyo
episkoposTa dayofa saRvTismetyvelo partiebad, romlebic
rwmenis sul axal da axal ganmartebebs adgendnen, daiwyo
brZola, urTierTgankveTa, krebebi da yrilobebi. eklesiis
gviandeli istorikosi sokrate am periods adarebda Ramis
darbevas, roca aravin icis, sad aris mteri da sad moyvare.
arianeloba qristianobis TviT arsis faqtobriv uaryofamde
mivida. es gansakuTrebuli ZaliT warmoaCines ariozis
epigonebma, egreT wodebulma ànomielebma~, romlebic amtki-
cebdnen, rom qriste absoluturad gansxvavdeba RmrTisagan. da

maSin, bolos da bolos, eklesiam mkafiod gaacnobiera mkafio
saRvTismetyvelo pasuxis, rwmenis mtkice aRmsareblobis
aucilebloba. yvelam gaigo, rom ubralo miTiTebebi adrindel
simboloebze arasakmarisia: xatovan gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic
gamoyenebuli iyo rwmenis ganmartebebSi, arianelebi Taviseburad
ganmartavdnen. amave dros ki nikeiseuli èrTarsi~ jer kidev
saeWvod eCvenebodaT. amitom arianelobis winaaRmdeg pirvelma
saRvTismetyvelo reaqciam aRmosavleli episkoposebis didi
nawili gaaerTiana terminis – àrsiT msgavsis~ irgvliv. Ze àrsiT
msgavsia~ mamisa, ese igi Ze aris igive bunebisa, rac mama: es iyo
pirveli nabiji. misi gadadgmiT aRmosavlelebma aRiares
rwmenis gamosaxatavad filosofiuri terminebis gamoyenebis
aucilebloba; isini Tavad daadgnen im gzas, risTvisac aqamde
gmobdnen nikeis damcvelebs. magram arianelebma kidev erTxel
moaxerxes gamarjveba: komisiaSi, romelsac konstanciusis
brZanebiT unda moemzadebina axali msoflio kreba, arianelebma
SeZles dabneuli episkoposebis darwmuneba, rom yvela
boroteba momdinareobs sityva àrsisagan~, da rom umjobesia,
ubralod aikrZalos am sityvis gamoyeneba, xolo Zes ewodos
`yvelaferSi mamis msgavsi.~ axali ganyofa, axali dava.
daqanculma konstanciusma gadawyvita yvelas gaerTianeba
aramkafio saRvTismetyvelo minimumis safuZvelze: zusti
simbolo ganyofis sagani xdeba. krebaze, romelic 360 w.
Seikriba konstantinopolSi wm. sofiis taZris sakurTxeblad,
gacxadda, rom `Ze msgavsia mamisa,~ magram uaryofil iqna
dazusteba `yvelaferSi:~ aseTi gansazRvreba SeiZleba mieRo
yvelas, garda ukiduresi arianelebisa. magram igi eklesiis
rwmenas ukargavda sasicocxlo Sinaarss, TviT RmerTis `Cveni
xsnisaTvis~ gankacebisadmi sasixarulo rwmenas. krebaze amav-
droulad sxvadasxva cru braldebis safuZvelze kaTedrebidan
gadaayenes da gaasaxles urCi episkoposebi. eklesiaze gabatonda
axali `saxelmwifo rwmena.~ SeiZleba konstanciuss efiqra, rom
man daasrula Tavisi mamis saqme da miaRwia sasurvel mSvidobas
eklesiaSi. magram swored imitom, rom es mSvidoba dafuZnebuli

iyo uSinaarso kompromisze, iyo mSvidoba mSvidobisaTvis da ara
mSvidoba WeSmaritebaSi, igi adre Tu gvian unda dasrulebuliyo.
òmielebis~ (ase ewoda axal saxelmwifoebriv-saeklesio
koalicias sityvisagan òmios~ – `msgavsi~) gamarjvebidan
wlinaxevris Semdeg konstanciusi gardaicvala. mas mohyva
reaqcia, magram ukve ara ama Tu im RvTismetyvelebis, aramed
TviT qristianobis winaaRmdeg: ornaxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi
imperiaze Camowva gamoucnobi da tragikuli Crdili iuliane
gandgomilisa (361-363 ww.). misi pirveli aqti iyo sruli
religiuri Tavisuflebis aRdgena. rogorc amboben, imperatori
imedovnebda, rom qristianebi sabolood daWamdnen erTmaneTs
da yvelas TvalSi moaxdendnen TavianTi rwmenis `diskre-
ditacias.~ realurad iulianes xanmokle mmarTveloSi sakuTar
Tavs mindobilma eklesiam daiwyo Tavisi siZneleebis
damoukideblad gadawyveta. didi aleqsandrieli – devnili
aTanase kidev erTxel Sevida triumfiT Tavis qalaqSi.
marTalia, ara didi xniT, radgan roca gaigo, rom aTanasem
ramdenime warmarTi monaTla, iulianem gamosca ediqti
aTanases gandevnis Sesaxeb, da aTanase miimala. magram aTanases
aleqsandriaSi yofnis mokle periodi aRiniSna èrTi udidesi
istoriuli qmedebiT~ (v. v. bolotovi). es iyo aleqsandriis
kreba 362 wels. yvelaze metad aTanasesagan iyo mosalodneli
rigorizmi da Seurigebloba: ramdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi
devnida mas mTeli antinikeuri aRmosavleTi. da, ai, aTanasem,
romelic mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT Seerwya nikeis gansazRvrebas,
romelic arc erTxel daeWvebula, arc erTxel Sedrekila,
maSinac ki, roca, TiTqosda, mTeli eklesia erTiani iyo aTanases
uaryofaSi, aTanasem, pirvelma, Tavisi eklesiuri guliT
gaigo, rom aRmosavleTis episkoposTa da RvTismetyvelTa
cTomilebani ar aris mxolod eresi da SeZlo maTSi mokavSi-
reebi da Zmebi amoecno. aTanasem gaigo, rom misi uaryofis ukan
iyo gulwrfeli vergageba, da warumatebel, arasakmaris
sityvebSi dainaxa Semdgari dabruneba WeSmaritebaSi. mxolod
amisaTvis imsaxurebs igi `didad~ moxseniebas. Serigebis es

Jesti iyo swored 362 wlis krebis saqme. krebam sazeimod
daamtkica nikeis simbolo, magram mas iseTi ganmarteba misca,
romelsac ukve ar SeeZlo ar daebrunebina nikeis simbolosTan,
rogorc erTaderT xsnasTan, yvela is, vinc bindsa da SfoTSi
WeSmaritebas eZiebda da ar kargavda misi povnis imeds...
pirvelad dasavleTi gamococxlda, sadac èrTarsisagan~
gandgoma mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi iZulebiT iyo gamowveuli.
363 wels legionebma taxtze aiyvanes Zveli mxedarTmTavari
valentiniane, romelmac episkoposebis Txovnas, neba daerTo
krebis mowvevisa, upasuxa: `me eriskaci var da ukadrisad miviCnev
am saqmeSi Carevas. dae, ierarqebi Seikribon da gadawyviton,
rac surT.~ am TavisuflebiT dasavleTis eklesia martivad da
srulad daubrunda mis mier Tavdapirveladve miRebul nikeis
simbolos. rTulad iyo saqme aRmosavleTSi, sadac valen-
tinianem imperatorad daniSna Tavisi Zma valensi (364–378 ww.),
romelic oficialurad agrZeldebda òmielebis~ oficialur
mfarvelobas. garegnulad eklesiis cxovreba kvlav daSlili
iyo, Canda ganyofis, urTierTbraldebaTa da gankveTis Sedegebi
da mainc, am samwuxaro garegnuli mdgomareobis miRma
Zlierdeboda àxalnikeelobis~ mZlavri nakadi.
am aRdgenis saqmeSi savsebiT gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula
samma episkoposma, romelTac erTi saxeliT aerTianeben: `didi
kapadokielebi.~ eseni arian basili didi, grigol RvTismetyveli
da grigol noseli – eklesiis gardamocemiT aTanasesTan erTad
yvelaze didi mamebi da maswavleblebi. ise rogorc aTanasesTan
samudamodaa dakavSirebuli nikeis kreba da brZola nikeis
sarwmunoebisaTvis, ise am sami episkoposisagan, gansakuTrebiT
basili didisagan aris davalebuli eklesia Tavisi saboloo
gamarjvebiT.
mTavari maTi damsaxureba saRvTismetyvelo xasiaTisaa:
nikeisSemdgomma davebma warmoaCina, ra Znelad poulobda
eklesiis rwmena sityvebSi gamoxatvas. swored kapadokielebma,
am davebis mTeli gamocdilebiT gamdidrebulma genialurma
moazrovneebma da filosofosebma, daasrules saRvTismetyvelo

enis Seqmna, mkafio cnebebis Camoyalibeba, da bolos, gamoxates
mTeli siRrme, mTeli usazRvro mniSvneloba wm. samebis Sesaxeb
marTlmadidebluri swavlebisa, romelic fesvgadgmuli iyo
aTanaseseul èrTarsSi~ da nikeis simboloSi; maT aiZules
mTeli eklesia, daenaxa Tavisi WeSmariteba.
basili didis naTeli saxe gansakuTrebiT aciskrovnebs am
xangrZlivi, mRvrie, xSirad TiTqosda uimedo brZolis
epilogs. janmrTelobaSeryeuli, marad meocnebe monazvnur
ganartoebaze, Wvretasa da Semoqmedebaze, igi, miuxedavad
amisa, mTel cxovrebas uZRvnis eklesiis Sekrebas da ar aqvs
sazRvari mis taqts, moTminebas, Seupovrebas. ramdenjer
Canda, rom TiTqos aRar iyo gamosavali Cixidan, ganyofidan,
ramac ukve TviT eklesiis sxeulSi SeaRwia. ramdeni wyena,
gaugebroba da ciliswameba! magram kapadokiis kesariis didi
arqiepiskoposi ar amcirebs Tavis Zalisxmevas. misi msaxureba
gardacvalebis win akurTxa da aRiara moxucma aTanasem,
romelmac bolo wlebi, bolos da bolos, mSvidad gaatara
Tavis xalxSi. basilim aRasrula es msaxureba. igi gardaicvala
379 wels, nikeis saboloo gamarjvebis – meore msoflio krebis
win, ise, rogorc mose, romelmac Tavisi xalxi aRTqmul
qveyanamde miiyvana, magram TviTon ukve aRar Sevida am qveyanaSi.
nawili 3.
arianul SfoTSi vlindeba amqveynad eklesiis axali

mdgomareobis mTeli sirTule da orazrovneba. gamarjveba
xSirad iqceva marcxad, devnisagan gaTavisufleba – xelisuf-
lebisagan damokidebulebad. unda vaRiaroT, rom Tanamedrove
qristianul cnobierebaSi konstantines periodis uaryofiTma
Sefasebam didi xania sZlia dadebiTs. Cven axleburad
mgrZnobiareni gavxdiT adreuli eklesiis èsqatologizmisadmi~
da ufro naTlad vsvamT kiTxvas: xom ar iyo am saukuneebSi

sabediswero Secdoma saxelmwifosTan, kulturasTan, sazo-
gadoebasTan kavSiri da mSvidoba, maTTan erTobaSi xom ar
gaamqveyniurda eklesia, xom ar uaryo eklesiam èrTisa¡ ars
saxmar~94? da rogorc yovelTvis xdeba rRvevis tragikul
momentebSi, qristianul cnobierebaSi Cndeba Znelad SesamCnevi
cTuneba eklesiis sxeulisagan ganZarcvisa, gzisa da pasu-
xismgeblobis uaryofisa, wminda `sulierebaSi~ wasvlisa.
magram mxolod istoriuli marcxis tkivili Tu uSlis xels
Cvens mexsierebas, Cvens gonebas, dainaxos, rom am
`bedisganmsazRvrel~ aTwleulebSi iwyeba procesi, romlis
mniSvneloba usasrulod aRemateba Tavisive istoriul garss:
es aris qristianuli samyaros Sobis procesi. am sityvaTSexa-
mebaSi Cven vgulisxmobT ara eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
urTierTobis ama Tu im formas, qristianuli wesebis,
simboloebis, Cveulebebis ara garegnul aTvisebas sazoga-
doebis mier, ara `qristianuli yofis~ warmoSobas. mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis SeumCneveli, magram Tavisi
SedegebiT usazRvrod mniSvnelovani Rrma ganaxleba TviT
adamianis cnobierebisa, rac yovelive zemoTqmulis ukan dgas.
esaa qristes xatebis `damynoba~ adamianis gonebaze, cnobierebaze,
sindisze. konstantines periodidan qristianoba namdvilad
xdeba qveynierebis bedi ise, rom siRrmiseulad yvelaferi, rac aq
xdeba, ase Tu ise, dakavSirebulia qristianobasTan, wydeba
qristianobasTan mimarTebiT. esaa im epoqis waruvali mniSvneloba.
`nominaluri~ moqceva: Cveulebriv, aseTia pirveli STabeW-
dileba meoTxe saukunis Sesaxeb. marTlac, garegnulad es
saukune savsea qristianobis Sesaxeb davebiT, qalaqebSi
Sendeba SesaniSnavi taZrebi, maTSi yvelaferi sazeimoa, sul
ufro lamazad tardeba RvTismsaxureba, Sesamoselze Cndeba
oqro da Zvirfasi qvebi... magram vxedavT Tu ara sazogadoebis
zneobriv ganaxlebas? qristianobis gavlenas kanonebze, Cveu-
lebebze, qristianobis mimRebi saxelmwifos yvela principze?
94 luka, 10:41
diax, konstantine kvira dRes uqmed acxadebs, eklesiasa da

sasuliero pirebs aTavisuflebs begarisagan, episkoposebs
aniWebs marTlmsajulebis uflebas, icavs ojaxs. magram misi
`qristianuli~ kanonebis nawili mimarTulia eklesiis
privilegiisaken, xolo meore – is, romelic namdvilad cdilobs
cxovrebis `gaadamianurebas~, – agrZelebs jer kidev mesame
saukuneSi dawyebul romis samarTlis evolucias `filan-
tropiis~ mimarTulebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi Cven ver vxedavT
mkveTr gardatexas, cnobierebis veranair `kriziss~, xolo
bevri TvalsazrisiT meoTxe saukune, piriqiT, aRiniSna adamianis
adrindelze ufro metad daymevebiT, saxelmwifos meti zewoliT
adamianze da amiT meoTxe saukune winamoaswavebs `rkinis~
Suasakuneebs...
magram am epoqis Sefasebisas ar unda daviviwyoT, rom
eklesiisaTvis samyaroze misi gavlenis sakiTxi maSin sxvagvarad
ismeboda, vidre CvenTvis ismeba amJamad. Cven imitom SegviZlia
qristianuli maqsimalizmiT ganvsajoT da gavzomoT warsuli,
rom Cven win iyo saukuneebi, romlis ganmavlobaSi adamianis
cnobiereba nel-nela ivseboda am maqsimalizmiT, romelmac
TandaTanobiTY adamianuri cxovrebis yvela mxare aRavso
absoluturi srulyofis wyurviliT. Cven vsaubrobT saxel-
mwifos, kulturis, sazogadoebis `problemis~ Sesaxeb, magram es
problemebi xom mxolod mas Semdeg iqca problemebad, roca
samyaro ganaTda srulyofili adamianisa da srulyofili
cxovrebis naTliT, roca axleburad `SevicaniT sikeTe da
boroteba~. da Cven xSirad viviwyebT, ra siZneliT, ra
brZolebiT xdeboda es zrda.
amasTanave, pirveli, rasac eklesia Seejaxa, iyo ara
saxelmwifos an sazogadoebis esa Tu is arasrulyofileba da
naklovaneba, aramed warmarToba; amdenad, qristianobisaTvis
warmarTobasTan brZolis mniSvnelobis gagebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia sworad SevafasoT im epoqis miRwevebic. Cven
vfiqrobT warmarTobaze, rogorc primitiul `kerpTayvanis-
mcemlobaze~ da masze eklesiis gamarjvebas miviCnevT erTgvar
martiv da TavisTavad bunebriv gamarjvebad. magram realurad

`kerpTayvanismcemlobis~ miRma imaleba da mas gacilebiT
naklebad `primitiuls~ xdis samyaros metad gansakuTrebuli
da erTiani aRqma, adamianSi Rrmad fesvgamdgari ideebisa da
rwmena-warmodgenebis kompleqsi, romlis mospoba sulac ar
iyo advili (igi dResac – qristianobis warmoSobidan ori aTasi
wlis Semdeg bolomde ar aris ganadgurebuli). yvelaze zogadi
da gamartivebuli formiT es msoflmxedveloba SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT rogorc adamianis daqvemdebareba iracionalur
Zalebze (rasac adamiani bunebaSi aRiqvams), gageba samyarosa da
cxovrebisa, rogorc `bediswerisa,~ rac am iracionalur
Zalebzea damokidebuli. adamians SeuZlia ase Tu ise
`moimadlieros~ es Zalebi, maTgan Tavi gamoisyidos –
msxverpliT, kultiT; gansazRvrul doneze adamiani marTavs
kidec am Zalebs – `magiiT~, magram ar ZaluZs maTi sazrisis Semec-
neba da, miT umetes, maTgan gaTavisufleba. mTeli misi damo-
kidebuleba samyarosadmi ganpirobebulia SiSiTa da idumal
Zalebze damokidebulebis gancdiT, igi `wyevlis~, `Seulocavs~
mas, magram amiT es Zalebi arc Seimecneba da arc keTili xdeba.
amitom qristianoba warmaTobaSi xedavda samyaros Sesaxeb
saSinel sicrues, ramac daimona adamiani, da, Sesabamisad, xedavda
sicrues RmerTze da yvela Rone ixmara mis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad. es iyo brZola adamianis sulisaTvis, mis
gasaTavisuflebad im Sxamisagan, ramac mowamla cnobierebisa da
sicocxlis wyaroebi.
da mxolod am brZolis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba aixsnas is,
rac Cven axla eklesiis `gaamqveyniurebad~ gveCveneba. devnis
epoqaSi qristianebi Seadgendnen `mcire samwysos~, romlis
saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis farglebs
miRma dasatoveblad sakmarisi iyo qristianobis kanongareSed
gamocxadeba. qristianobas ar SeeZlo samyaroSi èmoqmeda~ sxva
raimeTi, garda sityviTa da sisxliT mowmobisa. magram axla
mdgomareoba Zirfesvianad Seicvala. imperatorTan erTad
eklesiaSi mozRvavda masa. ufro metic, imperatoris moqcevis
wyalobiT, eklesiam, warmarTobis oficialurad dagmobamdec

ki, imperiis cxovrebaSi mTavari adgili daikava, e. i. is adgili,
rac konstantinemde oficialur religias ekava.
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi am oficialuri religiis
funqcia iyo is, rom kultiTa da msxverplSewirviT uzrunveleyo
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis keTildReoba, mTeli cxovreba
moeqcia RmerTebis mfarvelobaSi da ganemtkicebina cxovrebis
Sesabamisoba RvTaebriv kanonebTan. da Tu qristianoba, rogorc
bevri fiqrobs amJamad, iqneboda mxolod èsqatologia~ – ese
igi mowmoba soflis uaryofisa, da mTlianad iqneboda mimarTuli
momavali sasufevlisaken, romelic iyo àra ama soflisagan,~ –
maSin am funqciis miReba eklesiis mier marTlac iqneboda
eklesiis `gaqveyniureba~. magram mowameTa mowmoba ukve
aCvenebda, rom qristianebi ar gamohyofen religias
cxovrebisagan, aramed, piriqiT, amtkiceben mTeli adamianis,
mTeli misi cxovrebis srul kuTvnilebas qristes samefosadmi.
qristianuli qadagebis mTeli arsi iyo is, rom RmrTis
sasufeveli qristes movlinebiT `moaxlovda~ da gaxda marcvali
axali cxovrebisa ukve axla, ukve ama soflad. uflis meufebis
pirobebSi ukve araferi SeiZleba iyos absoluturi Rirebuleba,
– arc saxelmwifo, arc kultura, arc ojaxi, araferi, aramed
yvelaferi eqvemdebareba erTian ufals: aseTi iyo arsi
qristianuli uarisa, imperatorisaTvis ewodebinaT ùfali~. da,
ai, axla TviT samyaro iRebda da aRiarebda ufals. imperatori
uflis mfarvelobas avedrebda Tavis xelmwifebasa da mTel
imperias; imperators eklesiisagan surda mieRo nebarTva,
rasac adre RmerTebisagan eloda. SeeZlo Tu ara eklesias, uari
eTqva amaze? ra Tqma unda, ara, Tu TviTon aTanases piriT
amtkicebda, rom `jvari ar aris saziano, jvari mkurnalia
qmnilebisa...~
Sesabamisad, warmarTobis mospoba niSnavda ara ubralod
kerpebisa da kerpTayvanismcemlobis ganadgurebas, aramed im
maradiuli saWiroebis dakmayofilebasac, rac asazrdoebda
mas. es iyo: RmrTaebrivi daxmarebis saWiroeba, adamianuri
cxovrebisa da am cxovrebaSi yovelive udidesisa da umciresis

RmrTaebrivi sanqcia. ufro metic, cxovrebis WeSmariti
sazrisis aRmoCena, mTeli cxovrebis axali naTliT ganaTeba.
zogjer istorikosebi amtkiceben, rom warmarTobasTan
brZolaSi qristianobam TviTon miiRo bevri `warmarTuli~
elementi, Sedegad eklesia aRar iyo saxarebiseuli RmrTis
Tayvaniscema `suliTa da WeSmaritebiTa.~ sataZro keTilmowe-
seoba, kultis ganviTareba da garTuleba, wmindanebisa da maTi
wminda nawilebis Tayvaniscema, rac aseTi siswrafiT ayvavda
meoTxe saukuneSi, ufro da ufro zrdadi interesi `mate-
rialurisadmi~ religiaSi: wminda adgilebis, sagnebis, reliq-
viebisadmi – yvelaferi es uSualod aRiqmeba eklesiaSi
warmarTobis gavlenad da amaSi xedaven eklesiis kompromiss
sofelTan `masobrivi~ gamarjvebis misaRwevad. magram qristian
istorikoss sulac ar moeTxoveba, rom man ubralod uaryos es
braldeba – ese igi uaryos nebismieri ànalogia~ qristianobasa
da warmarTobis religiur `formebs~ Soris. piriqiT, mas SeuZlia
Tamamad miiRos igi imitom, rom am analogiebSi qristiani
istorikosi ver xedavs raime `braleulobas~. qristianobam
miiRo da gaiTavisa warmarTobis bevri religiuri `forma~ ara
mxolod imitom, rom es iyo religiis maradiuli formebi
saerTod, aramed Semdegi mizezis gamoc: qristianobis mTeli
ganzraxva isaa, rom ama soflis yvela forma axliT ki ar
Secvalos, aramed es formebi aRavsos axali da WeSmariti
SinaarsiT. naTloba wyliT, religiuri trapezi, zeTiscxeba –
yvela es fuZemdebluri religiuri aqti eklesias ar gamougonia,
ar Seuqmnia; yvela maTgani ukve arsebobda kacobriobis
religiur yofaSi. da `bunebriv~ religiasTan am kavSirs eklesia
arasodes uaryofda, oRond pirvelive saukuneebidan mas
aZlevda imis sawinaaRmdego azrs, rasac am kavSirebSi dRes
religiis Tanamedrove istorikosebi xedaven. am ukana-
sknelTaTvis yvelaferi aixsneba `sesxebiTa~ da `gavlenebiT~.
eklesia ki tertulianes piriT yovelTvis amtkicebda, rom
adamianis suli `bunebiT~ qristiania, da amitom TviT `bunebrivi~
religia, TviT warmarTobac ki aris mxoloddamxolod dama-

xinjeba raRac bunebiTad WeSmaritisa da keTilisa. nebismieri
`formis~ miRebisas, Tavis SegnebaSi eklesia RmerTs ubrunebda
imas, rac RmerTs Tavisi uflebiT ekuTvnis da amiT yvelgan da
yvelaferSi aRadgenda `dacemul xatebas.~
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sakiTxi unda daisvas ara mxolod
imis Sesaxeb, saidan da ratom miiRo eklesiam esa Tu is `forma~,
aramed imaze, ra SinaarsiTY aRavso es `forma~. am TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa taZarTmSenebloba, rac esoden
mdidruli ferebiT ayvavda konstantinedan moyolebuli. ra
Tqma unda, devnilobis epoqaSi eklesias ar hqonda taZrebi,
ZiriTadad imitom, rom arc SeiZleboda hqonoda. magram
pirveli qristianebi arsebiTadac religiis TavianT gagebas
mkveTrad upirispirebdnen imas, rac, erTi mxriv, ganxorcielda
ierusalimis taZrisadmi iudeur damokidebulebaSi, meore
mxriv ki – taZris warmarTul aRqmaSi. warmarTobisaTvis taZari
aris RmrTis wminda adgilsamyofeli. magram `wminda~ niSnavs
gamoyofas `profanulisagan~, romelic mTlianad siwmindis
sawinaaRmdegoa. taZari imdenadve aerTebs adamianebs RvTae-
basTan, ramdenadac ganacalkevebs maT misgan. taZarSi SeiZleba
miitano msxverpli adamianebisaTvis, keTilganawyo RmerTi,
daubruno mas vali, magram taZris miRma yvelaferi rCeba
`profanuli~ da RmrTisagan usasrulod ganSorebuli.
qristianobis ZiriTadi xareba ki iyo is, rom amieridan RmerTma
Tavis taZrad airCia TviT adamiani, da igi ukve àra xeliT
qmnulTa taZarTa Sina damkvidrebul ars~.95 àra uwyiTa,
rameTu xorcni ege Tquenni taZarni Tquen Soris sulisa
wmidisani arian, romel-ege gaqus RmrTisagan...?96. es niSnavda
TviT dapirispirebulobis – `wmindisa~ da `profanulis~
gadalaxvas, radgan qriste movida, raTa ganwmindos, ese igi
xelaxla gaxados wminda, RmerTTan SeaerTos adamianica da
mTeli misi cxovrebac. uwodes ra TavianT Tavs qristes sxeuli,
95 saqme, 17:24
96 1 korinT. 6:19
qristianebs, ra Tqma unda, ar SeeZloT, es sityvebi ar

daekavSirebinaT TviT qristes sityvebTan ierusalimis taZris
darRvevisa da sam dReSi misi aRdgenis Sesaxeb: `xolo igi ityoda
taZrisaTvis guamisa Tvisisa~97. axali taZari – es isini arian,
qristianebi, es maTi Sekrebaa, eklesiaa. ukve ara `xelTqmnili~
taZriT, rogorc adre, ganiwmindeba adamiani, aramed adamianSi
myofi suliwmindis madliT, TviT es adamiani sxva moZmeebTan
erTobaSi xdeba cocxali taZari. is adgilia wminda, sadac isini
arian Sekrebilni, da am Sekrebis siwmindes yoveli adgili da
mTeli samyaro SeuZlia gaxados wminda da mowodebulia kidec
gaxados wminda.
magram, ai, TviT qristianebi iwyeben TavianTi taZrebis
Senebas, xolo konstantines droidan taZarTmSenebloba xdeba
saeklesio cxovrebis erTi mTavari niSani. niSnavs Tu ara es
raRac gardatexas saeklesio cnobierebaSi, mis dabrunebas
religiis sataZro gagebis gakvalul gzaze? pasuxs Seicavs
TviT faqtebi, rasac, erTi SexedviT, mxolod arqeologiuri
interesi aqvs. meoTxe saukuneSi qristianuli taZris ZiriTadi
tipi bazilikaa. magram bazilika Tavisi warmoSobiT ara
religiuri, aramed swored `profanuli~ nagebobaa, gankuTvnili
xalxmravali SekrebisaTvis – sasamarTlosaTvis, vaWrobisaTvis,
politikisaTvis. es niSnavs, rom taZrebis aSenebisas qristianebi
`prototipis~ saxiT Segnebulad uaryofen ierusalimis taZarsac
(romelic detaluradaa aRwerili bibliaSi) da warmarTulsac. es
ki imitom, rom qristianobis TvalTaxedviT taZari iZens
sruliad gansxvavebul sazriss, rac SeuTavsebelia ZvelTan.
warmarTuli taZari arqiteqturulad eqvemdebareba Tavis
religiur daniSnulebas: iyos RmrTis saxli da amitom taZris
centrSi RmerTis kerpia, an am RmerTis gamosaxulebaa. xolo
qristianuli taZari srulad eqvemdebareba TviT eklesiis,
rogorc qristianuli Sekrebis gagebas, amitom taZris
arqiteqturac eqvemdebareba Sekrebis ideas, xolo mis centrSi
aris is, rac am Sekrebas aqcevs eklesiad, aerTebs ra qristianebs
97 iovane, 2:21
qristes sxeulis cocxal taZrad: magida evqaristiis aRsasruleb-

lad. amgvarad, taZrebis gaCena arsebiTad arafers cvlis
eklesiaSi, aramed, piriqiT, TviT taZari ivseba axali sazrisiT.
magram konstantinedan dawyebuli, qristianuli taZari ukve
Sendeba yvelasaTvis xilul adgilze (taZari ukve aRar aris
naxevrad saidumlo Sekrebebis adgili), raTa TandaTanobiT
gaxdes qalaqis religiuri cxovrebis Sesakrebeli. kons-
tantinopolSi, Tavis axal dedaqalaqSi, romelic sazeimod
`gaixsna~ 331 wels, konstantinem safuZveli daudo qristianuli
qalaqis im gegmas, ramac gansazRvra qristianuli Suasaukuneebis
qalaqTmSeneblobis xasiaTi. esaa qalaqi, romlis mistiuri
centri an guli aris taZari. taZari agvirgvinebs qalaqs Tavisi
gumbaTiT an faravs qalaqs Tavisi wminda CrdiliT. dae, Tundac
es idea nasesxebi iyos warmarTobisagan da istorikosebi dRemde
kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, ram STaagona konstantines Zveli
bizantionis gadakeTeba – qristianuli imperiis wminda
centris xilvam Tu `filosofiuri qalaqis~ Zveli ocnebebis
narCenebma. yvela SemTxvevaSi Semdgomi TaobebisaTvis
konstantinopoli darCa swored imperiis qristianul
centrad. amieridan taZarSi adamianis mTeli cxovreba iRebs
religiur sayrdens. masSi eklesiis Sekreba TandaTanobiT
Tanxvdeba moqalaqeTa Sekrebas. dgindeba axali `fizikuri~
kavSiri eklesiasa da amqveyniurobas Soris. mowame, romelic
evno am qalaqSi, bunebrivia, gamoiyofa yvela mowamis dasisagan,
rogorc sakuTari wmindani, rogorc sulieri `patroni~
qalaqisa; taZarSi aRvlenili locva `yovlisa da yvelasaTvis~
axla aRiqmeba locvad uwinaresad am adgilisaTvis, am
xalxisaTvis; masSi bunebrivad erTveba mlocvelTa yovel-
dRiuri saWiroebani, igi axleburad moicavs adamianis mTel
cxovrebas – akvnidan saflavamde, mis yvela gamovlinebaSi
saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv, sameurneo sferoSi... diax, friad
xSirad qristiani wmindani saxalxo cnobierebaSi iZens im
mniSvnelobas, rac manamde hqonda adgilobriv RmerTs, anu
`geniuss~ da eklesiis RvTismsaxureba kvlav aRiqmeba rogorc
`sajaro kulti~, rogorc religiuri sanqcia adamianis

cxovrebis yvela mxarisaTvis. magram amavdroulad taZari da
kulti axla xdeba qristianobis qadagebis mTavari formac
jer kidev naxevrad warmarTul samyaroSi, xdeba axali
qristianuli sazogadoebis skola. pasuxobda ra ama soflis
yvela saWiroebas, iRebda ra im funqcias, rasac manamde
warmarToba asrulebda, eklesia – da aq aris mTeli arsi am
èvoluciisa~ – Sinaganad yvelas aerTebs xarebasTan, qristes
saxes ayenebs mTeli samyaros centrSi. ramdenic unda isaubron
imaze, rom wmindanTa kultis swrafi ganviTareba (am kultis
maxinji formebiT gadagvarebis CaTvliTac ki) meoTxe saukuneSi
ànacvlebs~ warmarTul moTxovnas `RmerTebze~ – adgilobrivi
interesebis damcvelebze, ueWvelia is, rom TviT saxeba
wmindanisa, misi cxovreba, romelic ikiTxeba eklesiaSi,
yvelaferi masSi ukve metyvelebs cxovrebis axal sazrisze,
yvelaferi mouwodebs imisken, visiTac cxovrobda es wmindani,
visac wmindanma srulad miuZRvna Tavisi Tavi. rogorc ar unda
gadaetanaT adamianebs qristianul taZarze yvelaferi is, rasac
xedavdnen da rasac elodnen warmarTuli taZrisagan, qristianul
taZarSi Sesvlis Semdeg axla esmiT igive maradiuli, ucvleli
sityvebi Cveni codvebisaTvis jvarcmuli macxovris Sesaxeb,
im srulyofili siyvarulis Sesaxeb, riTic Segviyvara RmerTma,
esmiT RmrTis sasufevlis, rogorc yoveli adamianis saboloo
miznis Sesaxeb.
`drois kurTxeva~ – ase gamoxata saeklesio cxovrebis am
evoluciis arsi erTma istorikosma. Tu mis umaRles wertilad
da saboloo Sinaarsad uwindeburad rCeba saidumlo, ese igi
RmrTis sasufevlis mTeli sisavsisa da mTeli sixarulis,
qristes moyvareTa Soris qristes uJamo, maradiuli myofobis
winarexilva, Tu saidumlosken uwindeburad mivyavarT
naTlisRebisas ama soflis TviTkmarobis uaryofis viwro gzas,
saidumlos sxivebi amieridan TviT am samyaros akurTxebs. drois
kurTxeva, bunebis kurTxeva, cxovrebis kurTxeva, myari rwmena
imisa, rom `jvari ar aris saziano, jvari mkurnalia qmnilebisa...~
yvelafris TandaTanobiTi ganaTleba qristes xatebiT: ai,

dadebiTi mniSvneloba imisa, raSic ase xSirad xedaven eklesiis
`gaqveyniurebas.~ ara mxolod dacemebiTa da damaxinjebiT
(samwuxarod, rac sakmaod xSiri iyo) unda gaizomos eklesiis
`gaqveyniureba,~ aramed misi dadebiTi suliskveTebiT; masSi
axleburad vlindeba igive `kaTolike~, ese igi eklesiis
mTliani da yovlismomcveli cnobiereba, rogorc Tesli,
sofelSi STaTesili soflisave saxsnelad.
saxelmwifos zewola, episkoposTa moneba. magram saboloo
jamSi eklesia ganadidebs aTanasesa da basilis, rogorc
`rwmenis kanonebs~, da ara evsebi nikomediels, da saxelmwifoc
maT WeSmaritebas iRebs, maT eqvemdebareba. bednieri
SemTxveviTobaa? ra Tqma unda, ara! pirvelad saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebaze, yvelanair xelisuflebasa da avtoritetze
maRla cxaddeba obieqturi WeSmaritebis principi, romelic
ar aris damokidebuli amqveynad raimeze da Cven axla TiTqmis
ver vamCnevT, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi yvelas mier
aRiarebuli òbieqturi WeSmaritebis~ idea adamianis
cnobierebaSi swored maSin Semovida – sityvebis Sesaxeb
kamaTisas, romelic zogjer wvrilmanad mosCans; swored am
kamaTisas daiwyo Camoyalibeba adamianis Tanamedrove
cnobierebisa, misi rwmenisa gonebisadmi, Tavisuflebisadmi,
imisadmi, rom uSiSrad unda Sexvde realobas iseTs, rogoric
igi aris, radgan aris raRac ufro Zlieri am realobaze:
WeSmariteba.
diax, sofelTan Serigeba, misi kulturis, misi cxovrebis
formebis, enis, azris miReba. basili didi da misi megobari
grigol RvTismetyveli mTeli cxovreba madlierebiT
moigoneben òqros wlebs~, maT mier gatarebuls aTenis
warmarTul universitetSi (iuliane gandgomilTan erTad!).
basili mcire traqtatsac ki dawers ymawvilebisaTvis saero,
anu warmarTuli literaturis Seswavlis sargeblobis Sesaxeb.
grigoli samebis sixaruliT aRvsil saidumlos klasikuri
leqsebiT umRerebs. magram es Serigeba xdeba jvris niSniT.
TviT samyaroSi qristianobas Seaqvs xati absoluturi

srulyofilebisa, amitom Seaqvs msjavri da gaorebac.
yvelaferi ekurTxeba, magram amieridan yvelafers momavali
sasufevlis Crdili ganefineba; samyaro gaxda sasruli, igi
aRiqmeba rogorc gza, rogorc brZola da zrda...
nawili 4.
araferi ise ar warmoaCens imperiasTan eklesiis am Serigebis

Taviseburebas, rogorc imave meoTxe saukuneSi monazvnobis
warmoSoba. eklesiis istoriaSi am faqtis mniSvneloba
aranaklebia, vidre konstantines moqceva.
Cveulebriv, monazvnobis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba Rirsi
antoni didis saxels. misi cxovreba aRwera wm. aTanase
aleqsandrielma da es Zegli samaradJamod darCa monazvnuri
idealis sazomad da man gansazRvra eklesiaSi monazvnobis
mTeli Semdgomi ganviTareba. garegnulad antonis cxovreba
Zalian martiv sqemamde daiyvaneba. igi daibada egvipteSi
daaxloebiT 250 wels qristianul koptur ojaxSi. jer kidev
sruliad axalgazrdam eklesiaSi gaigo saxarebis sityvebi:
ùkueTu gnebavs, ra¡Ta srul iyo, warved da ganyide monagebi
Seni da miec glaxakTa da gaqundes saunje caTa Sina da mived
da Semomideg me~98. am sityvebma antoni SeZra, man mTeli Tavisi
qoneba gasca da daiwyo asketuri moRvaweoba. igi asketur
cxovrebas iwyebs Tavis sofelSi, magram male midis udabnoSi,
sadac srul martobaSi atarebs oc wels. aTanase cxovrebis am
periods aRwers rogorc ganuwyvetel (amasTanave, didwilad,
rogorc savsebiT realur) brZolas eSmakTan. Semdeg iwyeba
meore periodi: antonisken miiswrafvis misi yvela mimdevari
da igi gamodis Tavisi gandegilobidan, raTa gaxdes maTi
maswavlebeli da winamZRvari. antonis asketuri moZRvrebis
98 maTe, 19:21
principebi aTanases gadmocemuli aqvs monazvnebisadmi

antonis mimarTvis formiT. `maSin, – wers aTanase, monastrebi
fuZndeboda mTebSi da udabno dasaxlebuli iyo monazvnebiT,
adamianebiT, romlebmac uaryves keTildReoba da romlebmac
TavianTi saxelebi zeciur qalaqSi Caweres.~
magram monazvnoba Tavis namdvil `formas~ cotaTi
mogvianebiTY – paxomi didis dros iZens. paxomic aseve
egvipteli iyo. man pirvelma Seqmna `saerTo sacxovrebeli~ da
misi ganweseba: paxomis tipikoni safuZvlad daedo yvela
momavali monastris tipikons. paxomis xelmZRvanelobiT
TebaidaSi iqmneba Taviseburi monazvnuri saxelmwifo, romelic
aTasamde kacs aerTianebda. 357-358 wlebSi igi moinaxula basili
didma, romelmac mcire aziaSi (kapadokiaSi) dabrunebis Semdeg
Tavis ZmasTan – grigol noselTan da megobarTan – grigol
RvTismetyvelTan erTad Seqmna monazonTa saerTo sacxov-
rebeli. xolo manamde antonis mowafem ilarionma monazvnoba
siriasa da palestinaSi danerga; swored amave wlebSi monazvnoba
ayvavebas iwyebs dasavleTSic.
magram monazvnoba ara mxolod udabnosa da monasterSi izidavs
ufro da ufro met adamians. imaTTvisac ki, romlebic ar xdebian
monazvnebi, monazvnoba Zalian male gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens. meudabnoeTa cxovrebisa da Rvawlis aRwerebi – àntonis
cxovreba~, `pavle Tebelis cxovreba~ (dawerili netari ieronimes
mier), `lavsaikoni~, `monazonTa istoria~ da sxva, – saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi bizantiuri sazogadoebis sayvareli sakiTxavi xdeba.
monazvnuri RvTis-msaxurebis Taviseburebani aRwevs qalaqis
taZrebSi, raTa sabolood Tavisi elferi mianiWos mTel saeklesio
RvTis-msaxurebas. Cveni saRvTismsaxuro tipikoni dRemde wm. saba
ganwmendilis lavris (ierusalimSi) tipikonia. monastrebi Cndeba
TviT qalaqebSi: meeqvse saukunis SuaxanebSi mxolod
konstantinopolSi 76 monasteri iyo; monazvnebi ufro da ufro
qmediT, ufro warmmarTvel monawileobas iReben saeklesio
cxovrebaSi. monazvnoba daiwyo rogorc `saero~ moZraoba (arc
antons, arc paxoms ar hqonda raime ierarqiuli xarisxi da,
rogorc Cans, isini Tvlidnen, rom monazvnoba SeuTavsebeli

iyo mRvdlobasTan, miT umetes, episkoposobasTan) da Tanda-
TanobiT gadaiqca oficialur da, amasTanave, umaRles saeklesio
msaxurebad. ase rom, gviandel bizantiaSi sabolood myardeba
episkoposebad mxolod monazonTa xeldasxmis praqtika... daiwyo
ra ama soflidan udabnoSi fizikuri `wasvliT~, monazvnoba
mkvidrdeba TviT ama soflis gulSi; swored igi Seadgens im
qristianuli samyaros erT-erT yvelaze `konstruqtiul~ niSans,
romlis istoriac iwyeba konstantines moqceviT. …
magram ras aRniSnavs monazvnobis amgvari swrafi ganviTareba,
es warmateba? ra aris amis mizezi? bevr istorikoss, isev da isev
garegnuli analogiebiT motyuebuls, uciloblad surda es
mizezi `gamoeyvana~ raRac araqristianuli wyaroebidan,
monazvnobaSi daenaxa morigi `metamorfoza~: adreuli eklesiis
`TeTri~ qristianobis gadaqceva Sua saukuneebis `Sav~
qristianobad. aq analogia Cans asketur praqtikaSi, rac ase
detaluradaa SemuSavebuli monazvnebis mier, magram mas Tavis
ZiriTad formebSi namdvilad vxvdebiT qristianobis gareTac.
ganmartoeba, gulissityvebTan brZola, `yuradRebis mokreba~,
vnebaTa daTrgunva da ase Semdeg – es yvelaferi xom
qristianobaSi Sevida im epoqaSi gaZlierebuli asketuri
nakadis wyalobiT, xolo es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv dakavS-
irebulia dualizmTan: materiis borotebad da borotebis
wyarod aRiarebasTan. aseTi logikiT monazvnoba `maniqevelobis~ –
dualisturi seqtis (romelsac udidesi warmateba hqonda meoTxe
saukuneSi) qristianul formad iqceva.
amasTanave, Tuki monazvnobas safuZvelad udevs ama soflis
uaryofa, rogorc misi STamagonebeli sawyisi, maSin SeuZlebelia
ar aRiaro, rom es uaryofa arafriT SeiZleba raRac
absoluturad axali yofiliyo qristianul cnobierebaSi,
SeuZlebelia es uaryofa gamoiyvano maniqevelobisagan, an
neoplatonizmisagan, rogorc amas akeTebdnen garnaki da sxva
istorikosebi. Tu Tavis ganviTarebaSi monazvnobam sxva
asketuri tradiciebisagan bevri ram isesxa, Tu monazvnobaSi
iyo ukiduresi mimdinareobebi, ramac daamaxinja igi, arc es

sesxeba, arc damaxinjebani ar aris monazvnobis warmoSobis
mizezTa arsi, zustad iseve, rogorc qristianuli RvTismetyve-
lebis mizezi ar iyo berZnuli filosofia, Tumca am filosofiis
ena gamoyenebul iqna RvTismetyvelebis gadmosacemad.
realurad ki, da amas kargad warmoaCens monazvnobis pirveli
Zeglebis Sewavlis mizniT bolo aTwleulebSi Catarebuli
safuZvliani kvlevebis Sedegebi, monazvnoba sxva araferia, Tu
ara axal pirobebSi ganxorcieleba im dasabamieri, qristianobis
saxarebiseuli gagebisa, rac gansazRvravs mTeli adreuli
eklesiis cxovrebas. ama soflis dateveba aris qristianobis
piroba: `romeli movals Cemda da ara moiZulos mama¡ Tvisi da
deda¡ Tvisi da coli da Svilni da Zmani da dani da merme kualad
sulica Tvisi, ver xel-ewifebis mowafe yofad Cemda~99. es
dateveba ar aris arc gankiTxva, arc ama soflis uaryofa.
magram qristeSi adamianebs gamoecxada momavali sasufevlis
dideba da am didebis naTelSi `warmaval ars xati amis soflisa¡~100.
amieridan yvelaferi am saboloo miznisken miswrafvis da am
saboloo mizniT izomeba. amasTanave, àma sofelSi~ grZeldeba
borotebis meufeba: igi xels gviSlis sasufevlisaken svlaSi,
gangvaSorebs misgan aTasi cTunebiT, gansacdeliT, iluziiT.
qristianis gza xdeba brZolis viwro gza: gana borotebis Zalaze,
borotebasTan brZolaze, sasufevlis miRwevis mizniT ama
soflis datevebaze ar saubrobs saxareba?
devnis epoqaSi, qristianad yofnis TviT faqti
`ganacalkevebda~ adamians ama soflisa da misi cxovrebisagan.
`sakmarisia warmovidginoT, – wers monazvnobis istorikosi, –
pirveli qristianuli Temebis mdgomareoba warmarTuli
samyaros SigniT, maTi sruli gancalkeveba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebisagan, Teatrisagan, cirkisagan, yvela dResas-
waulisagan, is SezRuduli sivrce, romelSic miedineboda maTi
garegani cxovreba, raTa davrwmundeT adreuli qristianobis
(romelic cxovrobda ama soflad, magram ama soflisagan
99 luka, 14:26
100 1 korinT. 7:31
gancalkevebulad) `monazvnur~ xasiaTSi. magram rac ufro metad

uaxlovdeboda es sofeli eklesias da aRwevda mis Sinagan
cxovrebaSi – gavixsenoT Tundac meore saukunis dasasruls
qristianTa zneobrivi donis daqveiTeba, – miT ufro, TviT
eklesiaSi Zlierdeboda Sinagani gamocalkeveba im pirebisa,
romlebic miiswrafvian, raTa icxovron saxarebiseuli
maqsimaluri sazomiT. asketTa gancalkevebis bevr magaliTs
ukve mesame saukuneSi vxvdebiT da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meoTxe
saukunis dasawyisisaTvis monazvnobis yvela Semadgeneli
elementi ukve arsebobs. da Tuki, wm. aTanase didis sityvebiT,
àntonamde arc erTma monazonma jer kidev ar icoda didi
udabno~, TviT antonisaTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda magaliTi
erTi moRvawisa (mezobeli soflidan), romelic ìRvwoda,
ecxovra gandegilobaSi~. adreuli monazvnobis erT-erTi
axlandeli mkvlevari wers: `qristianuli cxovrebis
zebunebrivi arsi yovelTvis saWiroebda erTgvar absolutur
gamoxatvas, romelic gamoavlenda qristianis Tavisuflebas
am samyaros yvela realobisadmi damokidebulebaSi. mowameoba
iyo garegani pirobebisagan warmoSobili pirveli pasuxi am
moTxovnaze; roca es pirobebi Seicvala da ama sofelma Sewyvita
brZola qristianobasTan, piriqiTac ki, mas SesTavaza kavSiri,
rac SeiZleba gamxdariyo da Zalian male gaxda kidec ufro
saxifaTo sulieri RirebulebebisaTvis, romelTaTvisac
dauSvebelia `naturalizacia~, monazvnoba gaxda erTgvari
mtkiceba qristianTa damoukideblobisa... mas ar Semoutania
raime arsebiTi siaxle pirveli saukuneebis eklesiaSi;
monazvnoba iyo axali garemoebebis gamo axali formiT imis
gamoxatuleba, rasac uwodeben qristianobis èsqatologiur~
xasiaTs: mas mZafrad ganicdidnen pirvelqristianebi da
maTTvis igi mowameobiT xorcieldeboda. aseve Tavidanve
qalwulobis ideali da saerTod ama Tu im, TavisTavad ara
cud siameebze nebayoflobiTi uaris Tqma mowameobis
paralelurad viTardeboda. roca es ukanaskneli gaqra,
monazvnobas ar SeeZlo ar gamxdariyo yvelaferi is, rasac
axorcielebda da gamoxatavda mowameoba...~
magram gana adreuli eklesiis arsi, eklesiis mTeli

cxovrebis wyaro da gamoxatuleba ar iyo erToba, yvelas
erTad Sekreba, rac gvirgvindeboda da xorcieldeboda erTi
puriTa da erTi Tasidan yvelas ziarebis saidumloSi? xom ar
ewinaaRmdegeba gandgomis, rogorc xsnis pirobis,
monazvnobiseuli ideali eklesiis pirvelad gamocdilebas?
magram aq monazvnoba aseve iyo reaqcia ioli `sakramentalizmis~
xifaTze, rac meoTxe saukuneSi gaZlierda. eklesiis krebuli,
rogorc vTqviT, ufro da ufro xdeba moqalaqeTa Sekreba,
xolo misi, rogorc `momavali saukunis saidumlos~ ama
soflisagan gamocalkeveba ki aseve ufro da ufro nominaluri
xdeboda. monazvnoba Segvaxsenebs, rom Tu saidumloSi, madlSi,
rac eZleva mas, aris sawindari da wyaro axali cxovrebisa, igi
miiReba adamianis Tavisufali moRvaweobiT, ase rom qristes
Rvawli srulebiTac ar amcrobs adamianis Tavisuflebas,
adamianis Zalisxmevas... iRvwian ra gandegilobaSi, monazvnebi
uflis dRes erTmaneTs xvdebian evqaristiisaTvis, Sesakrebad.
magram gandegilobaSi moRvaweobiT monazvnebi warmoaCenen im
pasuxismgeblobas, rasac qristians akisrebs misi monawileoba
evqaristiis saidumloSi, aCveneben, ra absoluturi moTxovnebis
winaSe ayenebs es monawileoba imaT sindiss, visac akurTxebs.
brZola eSmakTan, rasac saxareba uwodebs àma soflis
Tavads~, sakuTar TavSi Seqmna axali adamianisa, qristes
xatisaebr, da, rogorc saboloo mizani – `ganRmrToba~, ese igi
RmerTTan urTierToba, misi naTlis Wvreta, daufleba RmrTis
sasufevlisa, rasac ukve pavle mociqulma uwoda `simarTle da
mSvidoba da sixarul suliTa wmidiTa~101 – ai, ideali
monazvnobisa da misi gamocdileba, asaxuli didi moculobis
samonazvno literaturaSi. es gamocdileba aRiwereba sul
ufro zustad, `sulieri cxovrebis xelovneba~ saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi uwvrilmanes detalebamde iqneba damuSavebuli.
da am gamocdilebasTan, adamianSi misi Cawvdomis siRrmesTan,
adamianis Sesaxeb mis codnasTan SedarebiT xSirad wvrilmani da
101 hrom. 14:17

araseriozuli Cans sxva samecniero fsiqologia. pirdapir unda

iTqvas, rom monazvnoba dRemde warmogviCens qristianobis
erTgvarad erTaderT, gamocdilebiT Semowmebul, aTasi
magaliTiT dadasturebul praqtikul `warmatebas.~ es, cxadia,
sulac ar niSnavs, rom Teoriulad igi gamoricxavs sxva
warmatebaTa SesaZleblobas, uaryofs sxva gzebs: magram masSi
udavodaa gamovlenili Tundac erTi gzis warmateba...
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mTeli qristianuli samyaros zemoT
aRmarTuli iyo da anaTebda saxe Rirsi mamisa. am saxeSi, marxviT,
mRviZarebiTa da RvawliT gaTangul saxeSi, sinanulis
cremlebiT ganbanil saxeSi, romelic gasxivosnebuli iyo
`gonebis xedviT~, romelmac TviT sxeuli aqcia sulad,
qristianTa uricxvi Taoba xedavda udavo mtkicebulebas axali
cisa da axali miwis realurobis Sesaxeb, romlis mimarT
monatreba saxarebam samudamod CaRvenTa adamianis sulSi...
magram rogorRa SevaTavsoT swored amgvari monazvnuri
saxis TiTqmis ganuyofeli batonoba im qristianul
samyarosTan, romlis Sobazec, romlis nel Camoyalibebazec
es-esaa vsaubrobdiT? Sinaganad xom ar acarielebs am samyaros
monazvnobis zeoba, xom ar ukargavs mas yovelnair sazriss?
Tuki monazvnoba da udabno aRiarebulia rogorc umaRlesi
norma TviT imaTgan, vinc aSenebs am qristianul samyaros, an
sargeblobs misiT – xom ar iqceva es `Seneba~ moCvenebiTad da
codvian amaoebad? am kiTxvaze pasuxiT Cven vexebiT bolo da,
amasTanave, eklesiis istoriis konstantineseuli periodis
umniSvnelovanes àntinomias~. amis gareSe am periodis
yovelgvari dagmoba an gamarTleba gardauvlad iqneba
zedapiruli da calmxrivi.
diax, garegnulad qristianuli gza gaorebulia da
TiToeuli gza erTmaneTTan TiTqosda Seurigebel winaaRmde-
gobaSia. amieridan Tavisi gumbaTiT taZari faravs da
akurTxebs mTel sofels, mTel mis cxovrebas. magram ama
soflidan garbis, mis miRma eZiebs xsnas aTeulaTasobiT
qristiani. magram Tuki es iqneboda ubralod gayofa, Tuki
TiToeuli es gza ubralod uaryofda meores, rogorc crus,

maSin ar iqneboda antinomia, iqneboda mxolod absurdi. magram
antinomia ewodeba xilul winaaRmdegobas, romlis asaxsnelad
ar aris sakmarisi mxolod logika, aramed saWiroa sulieri
Zalisxmeva, umaRlesi WeSmaritebis `ganWvreta~. amasTan
erTad, `konstantines periodis~ Tavisebureba swored isaa,
rom orive es gza ara racionalurad, aramed cxovrebiseulad
aRiqmeba erTnairad aucileblad da urTierTSemavseblad. da
ori gzis am urTierTSexebaSi – Tundac mxolod WvretaSi,
ganzraxulobaSi – xdeba saxarebiseuli perspeqtivis
mTlianobis gadarCena. es sofeli iRebs qristianul sanqcias,
ikurTxeba eklesiisagan, magram monazvnoba am qveynisaTvis
xdeba is `marili~, romelic sofels ubralod ar aZlevs
qristianobis `daqvemdebarebis~ saSualebas: am mudmivi
Sexsenebis Sesabamisad sofeli Tavis Tavs ukve moiazrebs
rogorc im sofels, romlis xatic warmavalia, rogorc gzas
sxva, saboloo, yovlisdamagvirgvinebeli, magram amavdroulad
yovlisganmsjeli sinamdvilisaken. monazvnebi midian ama
soflidan, magram udabnodan akurTxeben qristianul imperias,
qristianul sofels da ar iRlebian maTTvis locviT;
soflidan TviT am gasvlas monazvnebi aRiqvamen rogorc
soflis msaxurebas soflisave gadasarCenad. miuxedavad imisa,
rom sinamdvileSi es ganzraxva aResruleboda mxolod rogorc
saswauli, rogorc gamonaklisi, miuxedavad imisa, rom axal
qristianul samoselSic ki sofeli rCeboda igive TviTkmar
kerpad, romelic iTxovda msaxurebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom
monazvnoba xSirad iqceoda soflis gmobad da sulier
individualizmad: da mainc istoriaSi qristianuli qmedebis
Sinagani sazomi napovnia da swored igi gvaZlevs saSualebas
`konstantines periodSi~ davinaxoT ara mxolod codvani da
dacemani, iSviaTad Seferili piradi siwmindis magaliTebiT,
aramed qristianuli samyaros namdvili dasawyisic, im
samyarosi, romelSic sikeTisa da borotebis maradiuli
brZola, bolos da bolos, iRebs mTel Tavis sazriss.
nawili 5.
SeiZleba SevajamoT saukunis dasasrulis zogierTi Sedegi.

imperator Teodosi didis (379-395 ww.) gamefebiT sruldeba
pirveli cikli axali saeklesio-saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTo-
bebis ganviTarebaSi. 380 wlis ediqti qristianobas acxadebs
savaldebulo rwmenad, sabolood aqcevs mas `saxelmwifo
religiad.~ milanis ediqtiT gacxadebuli Tavisufleba
damTavrebulia, magram Cven viciT, rom igi Tavidanve iyo
ganwiruli. am Tavisuflebas gamoricxavda antikuri saxelmwifos
buneba, romlis ZiriTadi buneba – Teokratiuli cnobiereba – ara
mxolod ar iyo ganadgurebuli, aramed, piriqiT, konstantines
moqceviT gaZlierda kidec. warmarTebis devna faqtiurad ukve
konstantines dros daiwyo. devna Zlierdeba misi Svilebis
dros: 341 wels kanoniT ikrZaleba `msxverplSewirvis
ugunureba,~ igmoba kerpebis yovelgvari kulti da ixureba
taZrebi. marTalia, praqtikaSi es kanonebi TiTqmis ar
moqmedebda, – warmarToba jer kidev sakmaod Zlieri iyo,
riTic aixsneba iuliane gandgomilis dros misi aRorZinebis
mcdeloba. kultura, skola, mecniereba didxans rCeba
warmarTebis lamis monopoliad. da mainc, imperatoris
moqceva warmarTobas gasaqrobad swiravs, amasTanave, es procesi
Cqardeba imperatorebis eklesiasTan daaxloebis kvaldakval.
pirdapir unda vaRiaroT, rom swored eklesia moiTxovs
imperatorisagan warmarTobasTan brZolas da uaryofs
Semwynareblobis TviT princips. daiviwya ra mdevnelebisadmi
mimarTuli tertulianes sityvebi (`da zogadad samarTali da
bunebiTi kanoni moiTxovs, rom TiToeulma Tayvani sces im
RmerTs, romelic swams mas. ara jer ars erTi religiis Zaladoba
meoris mimarT~), qristiani mwerali firmikus maternusi
konstantines SvilebisaTvis daweril naSromSi – `warmarTuli
religiebis cTomilebaTa Sesaxeb~, TviTonve mouwodebs
Zaladobisaken: `daexmareT am ubedurebs, umjobesia maTi xsna
maTi nebis gareSe, vidre maTi gawirva dasaRupad...~ qristianTa
cnobiereba, romelSic mowameobis gamocdilebiT anTebuli

iyo religiuri Tavisuflebis saxarebiseuli ideali, didi xniT
iqneba dabrmavebuli qristianuli Teokratiis msoflmxed-
velobiT, romelsac adamiani ara mxolod madliT, aramed
kanoniTac mihyavs qristemde. da gaivlis didi dro, sanam
gacnobierebuli iqneba am Teokratiis warmarTuli xasiaTi.
Teodosi dididan eklesia ukve aris ara mxolod kavSiri
adamianebisa, romlebmac irwmunes, aramed imaTi kavSiric,
romlebic valdebulni arian swamdeT. saxelmwifos sanqcia
eklesias mianiWebs arnaxul Zalas da, SesaZloa, marTlac bevrs
miiyvans rwmenamde da axal cxovrebamde. magram, sabolood,
qristianuli samyarosaTvis igi gaxdeba sawyisi misi
amJamindeli daSlisa da rRvevisa, eklesiis winaaRmdeg TviT
samyaros amboxebisa.
Semdeg: konstantinopolis meore msoflio krebiT (381 w.)
mTavrdeba didi saRvTismetyvelo davis sawyisi Tavi. nikeis
marTlmadidebloba zeimobs, magram TviT kreba Tavisi
suliskveTebiT ukve Sorsaa im Zlevamosili-sazeimo ganwyo-
bebisagan, riTic nikeaSi Seikribnen episkoposebi. amJamad
saWiro xdeba xangrZliv ganyofaTa Wrilobebis moSuSeba da
Tavs iCens arianuli SfoTis mTeli simZime. wydeba bevri piradi
sakiTxi – gardauvali msxverpliTa da kompromisebiT. ase
magaliTad, umaRles saeklesio `politikaSi~ gamoucdeli da
gulubryvilo grigol RvTismetyveli, romelic mtkiced
icavda nikeis rwmenas arianul dedaqalaqSi102, ukve zedmeti
xdeba, tovebs krebas da datovebis es simware sococxlis
bolomde gahyveba. eklesia rTulad axerxebs `gadawyobas~
Tavisi axali, oficialuri statusis Sesabamisad – yvelas ar
hyofnis sibrZne, moTmineba, daTmobis unari. dogmaturi
erTianobis miRma Tavs iCens Zveli kaTedrebis – antioqiisa da
aleqsandriis metoqeoba konstantinopolis mimarT, romelic
ufro da ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens eklesiisaTvis. am meore
romis amaRlebiT Soridan SeSfoTebulia petre mociqulis
102 igulisxmeba bizantiis imperiis dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli.

saydaric103. marTlmadidebluri bizantinizmis gazafxuli

mTavrdeba. iwyeba grZeli gzis xorSaki da simZime.
am Tavis dasasruls kidev erTi saxeli unda vaxsenoT – wminda
ioane oqropiris saxeli. mis cxovrebaSi, mis nawerebSi yvelaze
ukeT SeiZleba vigrZnoT im aTwleulebis saeklesio cxovrebis
namdvili garemoebebi, agreTve gavzomoT dawyebuli procesis
mTeli siRrme da siZnele. antioqieli presviteri, saxel-
moxveWili Tavisi samqadageblo niWiT, ioane 398 wels avida
konstantinopolis episkoposis kaTedraze da mTeli gznebiT
daiwyo YTavisi mwyemsmTavruli msaxureba, romelSic
upirvelesi adgili ukavia qadagebas (misi qadagebebis Targmani
rusul enaze Tormet did toms Seadgens). ioanes yuradRebis
centrSia misi samwysos qristianuli cxovreba, cxovreba
samwysos mdgomareobis mTeli mravalferovnebiT, mTeli misi
yoveldRiuri sinamdviliT. ioanes winaSe aris samyaro,
romelmac miiRo qristianoba, magram jer kidev ase axloa
warmarTobasTan, ase Rrmadaa mowamluli codviT, umecrebiT,
da romelic TviT qristianobas ar iRebs friad `seriozulad~.
xalxi avsebs taZrebs, magram taZris kedlebis miRma igive
uzneoba, siZulvili da usamarTlobaa. oqropiri saubrobs
yvelaferze: yvelaferSi Seaqvs qristes swavlebis cecxli,
romelic ulmoblad ganyofs keTilsa da borots. magram ara
mxolod saubrobs: Tavisi magaliTiT igi aCvenebs qristianuli
gulmowyalebis Zalas, igi aSenebs upovarTa saxlebsa da
TavSesafrebs, amxels mdidrebs, Tavs esxmis fufunebas. misi
`socialuri~ paTosi gamomdinareobs uSualod saxarebisagan:
mTeli boroteba, ambobs ioane, warmoiSoba am `civi sityvebidan:
Cemi, Seni...~ yvela adamiani Tanasworia, yvelas aqvs erTnairi
saWiroeba, igive uflebebi: ... `daayeneT ufali Tqveni monebis
adgilze: Tqven maT Tavisuflebas anderZiT uanderZebT...
magram qristec gaaTavisufleT SimSilisagan, sapyrobilisagan,
siSiSvlisagan~... ojaxi, sazogadoeba, religiis gageba –
yvelaferi unda ganaxldes qristianobiT. am ganaxlebas uZRvnis
103 igulisxmeba romis saydari.

ioane Tavis sicocxles. igi ar uSindeba TviT sasaxleSi

gamefebuli uzneobis mxilebas da amiT iwyeba golgoTis gza.
crumoZmeTagan dagmobili, imperatorisagan gandevnili igi
kvdeba gzad – Soreul gadasaxlebaSi mimavali. magram, albaT,
arcerT Tavis wmindans ar Semosavs bizantia iseTi siyvaruliT,
iseTi TayvaniscemiT, iseTi erTgulebiT, rogorc ioanes.
WeSmaritad, oqropiri iqneba bizantiis sindisi, misi xma
arasodes dadumdeba; amaSi dasarwmuneblad sakmarisia
gadaTvalo im xelnawerTa raodenoba, riTic Cvenamde moaRwia
ioanes nawarmoebebma.
da mainc, jer kidev Soria socialuri samarTlianobis,
politikuri Tanasworobis, upovarTaTvis organizebuli
Semweobis, rogorc saerTo movaleobis, Tanamedrove
ideebamde. yvelaferi es sakmaod mogvianebiT mova. magram gana
SeiZleba daiviwyo es ideali mowyalebisa, TanagrZnobisa,
Zmobisa, romelic arasodes fermkrTaldeboda bizantiis
`rkinis~ sazogadoebaSi, gana siRaribis, rogorc TviT
qristes saxis saocar, TiTqmis daviwyebul TayvaniscemaSi ar
aris Soreuli wyaro yoveli socialuri STagonebisa?
oqropiri asrulebs meoTxe saukunes. xolo mis mowameobriv
sikvdils gadavyavarT marTlmadideblobis istoriis momdevno
furcelze.
Tavi 4. msoflio krebebis epoqa 167
Tavi 4. msoflio krebebis epoqa
nawili 1.
meoTxe da merve saukuneebs Soris periods eklesiis

istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, Cveulebisamebr, msoflio
krebebis epoqas uwodeben. da es swored epoqaa, radgan am
krebaTa waruvali mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda, `WeSmaritebis
gonSi~ adamianuri gonebis SeRwevis procesSia. krebaTa
mwvervali qalkedonis meoTxe msoflio kreba (451 w.) da krebaze
qristes RmerTkacobrivi bunebis dogmatis gamocxadebaa. da
SemTxveviTi sulac araa, rom ara mxolod RvTismetyveleba,
aramed garegani, politikuri movlenebic mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli `qristologiur SfoTTan~ (ramac arianuli
SfoTi Secvala) da ase Tu ise qalkedoniTaa ganpirobebuli: es
movlenebi an qalkedonisaken midis, an qalkedonis Sedegebis
gamovlinebaa. Tavisi siRrmiT mTeli es epoqa vlindeba rogorc
Zieba imisa, Tu ra sazrisi aqvs samyarosa da adamianisaTvis ieso
qristes RmerTkacobriv bunebas. qristes Sesaxeb dava xom
yovelTvis aris dava adamianis bunebisa da adamianis
daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. davis am `sasicocxlo~ SinaarsiT aixsneba
is simZafre, riTic es kamaTi mimdinareobda.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, `qristologiur~ perspeqtivaSi iyo
dayenebuli TviT pirveli saRvTismetyvelo Temac – samebis
Sesaxeb sakiTxi, ramac mTeli meoTxe saukune moicva. qristes
RmerTad an `qmnilebad~ aRiarebaze iyo damokidebuli qristes
gankacebisa da miwieri Rvawlis mTeli gageba. namdvilad aerTebs
Tu ara igi adamiansa da RmerTs, Tu RmerTsa da adamians Soris
rCeba igive ufskruli, da adamiani ganwirulia codvis

monobisaTvis, sikvdilisa da ganyofisaTvis? nikeis èrTarsis~
gamarjveba pirveli naTeli pasuxi iyo. qriste RmerTia, RmrTis
ganxorcieleba (gankaceba) – namdvili, RmrTis Zis arafriT
dakninebuli movlineba Cven Soris, masSivea siyvaruli mamisa da
madli suliwmindisa, srulyofili gamocxadeba srulyofili
samerTiani sicocxlisa... arianul SfoTSi Caiwva yvela Zveli
cTomileba im azrebisa, rac ase didxans ver poulobda sityvebs
rwmenisa da gamocdilebis gamosaxatavad. es gamocdileba ki
pirvelive dRidan iyo swored gamocdileba qristeSi RmerTTan
urTierTobisa. magram nikeis gadawyvetileba, rac, bolos da
bolos, ase Znelad miiRo saeklesio cnobierebam, adamianuri
azrovnebis logikiT gardauvlad unda misuliyo Semdeg
kiTxvamde. Tu qristeSi adamians SeuerTda RmerTi, maSin
rogorRaa SesaZlebeli amgvari SeerTeba da ras unda niSnavdes
am erTobaSi adamiani? xom ar ìwveba~ adamiani RmerTTan SexebiT,
isev xom ar daiyvaneba yovelgvari SeerTeba erTgvar iluziamde?
Tu qriste RmerTia, maSin ra aris misi adamianuri Rvawlis
sazrisi? vimeorebT, es kiTxva ar iyo Zieba abstraqtuli
formulisa, rac daakmayofilebda filosofiis moyvarul
berZnul gonebas, ar iyo RmrTaebriv saidumloebebSi `qeqva~,
aramed iyo gansja adamianis Tavisuflebis, adamianis Rvawlis
sazrisis, misi piradi Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb. ukve meoTxe saukunis
bolos, arianul davebTan uSualo kavSirSi, es kiTxva ukve dasva
da warumateblad gadawyvita nikeis simbolosaTvis gamoCenilma
mebrZolma episkoposma apolinari laodikielma. ieso qristeSi
RmrTisa da adamianis SeerTebas apolinari ganmartavda
adamianuri bunebis Taviseburi `damcrobis~104 meSveobiT.
RmrTaebrivma gonebam, logosma, iesoSi Secvala adamianuri
logosi, romelic Seqmnilia, xolo ramdenadac goneba aris
adamianis umaRlesi, umTavresi nawili, adamiani ieso aris
RmerTi, radgan mas aqvs TviT RmrTaebrivi goneba... apolina
rizmi maSinve daigmo, rogorc eresi: SeuZlebelia WeSmariti
104 dedanSia `урезывание~

xsna, Tu namdvili sruli adamiani qristeSi Secvlilia adamia

nis arasruli da damcrobili msgavsebiT. magram kvlav, iseve
rogorc ariozis SemTxvevaSi, dagmoba jer kidev ar iZleoda
pozitiur pasuxs. kamaTis namdvil dasawyiss da mis srul
saRvTismetyvelo gadawyvetas safuZveli daedo mexuTe
saukunis dasawyisSi nestor konstantinopolelisa da kirile
aleqsandrielis SejaxebiT.
nestori da kirile ekuTvnodnen qristianuli azrovnebis
or sxvadasxva mimdinareobasa Tu `skolas,~ TviT qristianobis
or sxvadasxva `fsiqologiur~ aRqmas, rac Camoyalibda
TandaTanobiT da didi xniT adre qristologiuri kamaTis
dawyebamde. es iyo antioqiisa da aleqsandriis skolebi. maT
Soris gansxvavebas sxvadasxva mizeziT xsnian: sxvadasxva
filosofiuri gavlenebi (àntioqielebze~ gavlenas axdenda
aristotele, xolo àleqsandrielebze~ – platoni), semituri
`realizmisa~ da elinisturi ìdealizmis~ dapirispireba,
religiuri Cvevebisa da tradiciebis sxvadasxvaoba. yvela
SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba exeboda swored religiisadmi
midgomas, cnobierebis mocemulobebSi pirvelad intuicias.
es gansxvavebani RvTismetyvelebaSi vlindeboda, umTavresad,
wminda werilis ganmartebis sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT.
antioqielebi ufrTxodnen alegoriebs, simboloebs,
`sulieri Sinaarsis~ mravalferovnebas, yvelafers imas,
rac ase mdidruli ferebiT ayvavda, rogorc vnaxeT, jer
kidev origenesTan. isini, upirvelesad, eZiebdnen pirdapir
mniSvnelobas, teqstis gagebaSi istoriul sizustes da
ukve Semdeg agebdnen TavianT saRvTismetyvelo daskvnebs.
Tanamedrove mkvlevarma am daskvnebs ànTropologiuri
maqsimalizmi~ uwoda. Zlieri nebelobis, gmiruli askezis
qveyanaSi upirveles yuradRebas ipyrobda qristes
adamianuri gmiroba, misi àdamianuroba~: masSi iyo qristes
mimdevarTa Rvawlisa da Zalisxmevis gamarTleba da mowmoba
adamianis Tavisuflebaze. magram am midgomaSi, romelic
swor, saxarebiseul safuZvels eyrdnoboda, Zalian advili
iyo faqizi zRvris gadalaxva: qristes gayofa, qristeSi

adamianuri gmirobis gamoyofa ise, rom es adamianuroba iZenda
damoukidebel mniSvnelobas da marTali Ze kacisas saxeSi
fermkrTaldeboda xareba RmrTis Zis gankacebis Sesaxeb...
siriaSi TandaTanobiT iqmneboda gansazRvruli saRvTis
metyvelo tradicia. misi sulikveTeba ukve mkafiod igrZnoba
diodore tarsuselTan, meore msoflio krebis erT-erT mTavar
monawilesTan. sistematuri saxiT ki es tradicia gamoxatulia
diodores mowafesTan – Teodore mofsuestelTan, romlis
swavlebaSi cxadad warmoCindeba antioqiuri, an, rogorc maSin
ambobdnen, àRmosavluri~ (siriis provincia aRmosavleTis
diocezad iwodeboda) gzis xifaTebi. Teodore qristeSi
ukve mkafiod ganasxvavebs or `subieqts~, da misTvis am ori
subieqtis erToba aris ara erToba pirovnebisa (Tumca Teodore
am gamoTqmas iyenebs, magram sxva mniSvnelobiT), aramed
aris erToba nebisa, aris Tanxmoba, aris ara imdenad erToba,
ramdenadac oris SeTanxmeba... ès erToba – ganviTarebadia,
zrdadia... qriste, rogorc `srulyofili adamiani~, yvela
adamianis msgavsad, izrdeboda – izrdeboda sxeuliTaca da
suliTac. izrdeboda SemecnebaSica da marTladmyofobaSic.
da am zrdis Sesabamisad iRebda axal da axal niWs suliwmindi
sagan. qriste ibrZoda, laxavda vnebebsa da cTunebebsac ki. es
iyo gardauvali, rogorc eCveneboda Teodores, ramdenadac
qriste namdvili adamiani iyo... TeodoresTan mTeli aqcenti
gamaxvilebulia adamianur Rvawlze – RmerTi mxolod
cxebulad qmnils xdis da akurTxebs adamianur Tavisuflebas~
(protopresviteri giorgi florovski).
magram Tavisi saboloo da ukve aSkarad eretikuli forma
am àsketurma humanizmma~ miiRo Teodores mowafesTan,
nestorTan. nestori, brwyinvale mqadagebeli, swavluli,
asketi, 428 wels siriidan konstantinopolis kaTedraze
miiwvia imperatorma Teodosi II-m. man mTeli gznebiT, zogjer
ukiduresi formebiT, daiwyo brZola warmarTebTan da
eretikosebTan, aseve daiwyo dedaqalaqis samRvdeloebis
zneobrivi reforma. misma simZafrem maSinve gauCina mtrebi,

romelTa Soris iyo imperatoris da pulqeriac. nestorma
moindoma konstantinopolis gawmenda imisganac, rac mas
saRvTismetyvelo TvalsazrisiT gaumarTleblad miaCnda.
igi gansakuTrebiT amxedrda qalwuli mariamis wodebis –
RvTismSoblis winaaRmdeg. es iyo termini, romelic ukve
didi xani gamoiyeneboda liturgikaSi. am termins uaryofda
Teodore mofsuestelic: `...ugunurebaa Tqva, rom RmerTi
iSva qalwulisagan, – ambobda igi, – qalwulisagan iSva igi,
romelsac aqvs qalwulis buneba, da ara RmerTi – sityva...
qalwulisagan iSva is, vinc daviTis Teslisganaa~.
am dros ki am sityviT (`RvTismSobeli~) jer kidev yovelgvar
saRvTismetyvelo dazustebamde eklesiam gamoxata Tavisi
rwmena qristeSi RmrTisa da adamianis absoluturi erTobis
Sesaxeb; Sesabamisad, yvelaferi, rac iTqmeboda adamianze,
exeboda RmerTs da piriqiT. am terminiT eklesiam aseve
gamoxata rwmena saxarebiseuli mtkicebis absoluturi
azrisadmi: `da sityua¡ igi xorciel iqmna...~ . magram nestoris
105
racionaluri midgoma logikur sicxades iTxovda. arada,

swored am racionalur midgomaSi iyo antioqiuri mtkicebebis
eretikuli wyluli... episkoposisadmi mtroba maSinve gaZlierda
da konstantinopolisagan Sors gavrcelda. yvelaferi, rac
dedaqalaqSi xdeboda, amieridan gardauvlad iZenda sayovelTao
`rezonanss.~
nestoris winaaRmdeg gailaSqra aleqsandriis arqiepis
koposma kirilem. kirilem, Tavisi CvevebiTa da meTodebiT
àleqsandriuli~ saRvTismetyvelo mimdinareobis warmomad
genelma, memkvidreobiT miiRo agreTve is saRvTismetyvelo
naTelWvretis unari, rac aseTi ZaliT gamoavlina meore didma
aleqsandrielma – aTanasem. es iyo jer kidev egnate antioqie
lisa da irineos lionelisagan momdinare tradicia, romelSic
RvTismetyvelebis Sinagan sazomad, kriteriumad aRiarebulia
qristes mier, anu qristeSi xsnis eklesiuri gamocdileba. amiT
105 iovane, 1:14

yovelgvari saRvTismetyvelo `wyoba~ (gardauvlad abstraq

tuli, radgan igi iyenebs sityvebsa da cnebebs) mowmdeba,
rogorc kamertoniT, Tavisi ègzistenciuri~ mniSvnelobiT:
es saRvTismetyvelo sistema gvicxadebs, Tu raimeTi amcrobs
im xsnas (ara `gnosiss~), rasac gvaxarebs saxareba? kirile iyo
emociuri adamiani, mebrZoli; igi yovelTvis ar dagidevdaT
brZolis saSualebebs, xSirad ver poulobda saWiro sityvebsac:
magram xifaTs yovelTvis sworad grZnobda da WeSmaritebis
dacvas mTlianad swiravda Tavs. nestoris qadagebebSi man maSinve
amoicno yvelaze mTavaris damaxinjeba. qristianobis mTeli
sazrisi, kiriles azriT, xsnis mTeli arsi qristeSi RmrTisa
da adamianis erTobaa, im erTaderT pirovnebaSia, romelSic
yvela adamiani èxeba~ mama RmerTs. da, ai, am faqtis daknineba da
uaryofa dainaxa kirilem sityva `RvTismSoblis~ nestoriseul
uaryofaSi. igi maSinve gamovida am terminis dasacavad
`monazvnebisadmi epistoleSi~, Semdeg ki nestorisadmi pirda
pir mimarTvaSi, romelSic nestors sTxovda, aRekveTa mis mier
gamowveuli `sayovelTao cTuneba~.
konstantinopolSi kiriles protests ukmayofilod Sexvd
nen. iq jer kidev kargad axsovdaT ioane oqropiris samwuxaro
saqme: konstantinopolis episkoposi usamarTlod, misi mosmenis
gareSe dasaja krebam, romlis Tavmjdomare iyo Teofile
aleqsandrieli, kiriles biZa, da am dasjaSi monawileobda
TviT kirilec. es iyo wlebi, roca aleqsandrieli episkoposebi
cdilobdnen, zRvari daedoT konstantinopolis saeklesio
gavlenis SeuCerebeli zrdisaTvis. amdenad, dedaqalaqSi
usafuZvlod ar ufrTxodnen mbrZanebluri xasiaTis mqone,
mkveTr da gavlenian kiriles. saRvTismetyvelo dava kvlav
garTulda saeklesio politikiT.
sanam kirile ganagrZobda nestoris mxilebas, Tavdapirve
lad nestorisadmi werilebSi (misi saxelganTqmuli `dogmaturi
epistoleni~), xolo Semdeg ki – specialur saRvTismetyvelo
SromebSi, nestorma isargebla zogierTi aleqsandrieli
mRvdlis saCivriT Tavisi episkoposis winaaRmdeg (Tavisi
xasiaTiT kirilem bevri mteri gaiCina, egviptesa da impera

toris karze igi ar uyvardaT misi usazRvro avtoritetis gamo)
da saeklesio sasamarTloze kiriles gasamarTleba daapira.
saRvTismetyvelo braldebaze saRvTismetyvelo pasuxis nacv
lad nestori cdilobda, imperatoris – susti nebisyofisa da
gaubedavi Teodosi II-is mxardaWeriT – ubralod `gaesrisa~
mteri. xedavda ra safrTxes, kirilem roms mimarTa. iq ki ukve
adridanve ar uyvardaT nestori calmxrivi, romTan sakiTxis
ganxilvis gareSe pelagielebis – eretikosebis (romlebic
im periodSi SfoTs Tesdnen dasavleTSi) mxardaWeris gamo.
nestoris qadagebebi, romelic nestorma romis paps celestinuss
gaugzavna, mkveTrad dagmo aRmosavleTis sakiTxebSi dasavleTis
èqspertma~ – marselis iRumenma ioane kasianem. amgvarad, kiriles
braldebebsa da saCivrebs romSi noyieri niadagi daxvda da 430
wlis agvistoSi episkoposTa krebam, papis TavmjdomareobiT,
dagmo nestoris swavleba, amasTanave, konstantinopolis epis
koposs Tavisi cTomilebebis uarsayofad mieca aTi dRe romis
gadawyvetilebis Cabarebis momentidan. es gadawyvetileba ki
konstantinopolSi gaigzavna kiriles meSveobiT, romelic
papma Tavisi warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebiT aRWurva.
rodesac romis krebis dadgenilebis Sesaxeb Seityo, kirilem
aleqsandriaSi Sekriba Tavisi episkoposebi, romlebmac, cxadia,
daadastures nestoris swavlebis dagmoba. krebam aseve moiwona
kiriles mier nestorisaTvis Sedgenili uaryofis forma Tormeti
ànaTematizmis~ saxiT. mTeli es masala gaegzavna nestorsa da
aRmosavleTis mTavar eklesiebs – ioane antioqiels, iuvenali
ierusalimelsa da akaki beriels – nestoris megobrebsa da
Teodore mofsuestelis mimdevrebs. amave dros, nestorma, raTa
`moegeriebina~ is, rac mas aleqsandriuli pativmoyvareobis
(ramac romic Tavisken gadaibira) axal Tavdasxmad eCveneboda,
daarwmuna imperatori, davis gadasawyvetad msoflio kreba
moewvia. imperatoris `sakra~, romelic 430 wlis noemberSi
daegzavna episkoposebs, momdevno 431 wlis sulTmofenobas
mRvdelmTavrebs efesoSi iwvevda.
garegnulad mesame msoflio krebis istoria tragikulia.

igi Seikriba urTierTeWvebis, wyenis, vergagebis atmosferoSi.
da kvlav, iseve rogorc arianuli SfoTisas, es iyo ara mxolod
Sejaxeba TeTrisa da Savisa – marTlmadideblobisa da eresisa,
aramed marTlac namdvili urTierTvergageba – azrobriv
niuansebsa da sityvebis gamoyenebaSi sxvadasxvaobis gamo. `sin
Tezamde~ kvlav unda gavliliyo grZeli da mtanjveli ànalizis~
gza, gza sityvebisa da tradiciebis neli SeTanxmebisa.
aRmosavleTis episkoposebi, ioane antioqielis meTaurobiT,
Tumca aRelvebulni da SeSinebulni iyvnen im ukiduresi da
ficxeli daskvnebiT, rac nestors gamohqonda maTTvis Cveuli
wanamZRvrebidan, kiriles winaaRmdeg ilaSqebdnen ara mxolod
nestorTan megobrobis gamo. kiriles ena, misi RvTismetyveleba
aRmosavleTis episkoposebs ufro metad aSinebda da aSkarad
miuReblad eCvenebodaT. kiriles `Tormetma anaTematizmma~
siriaSi protestebisa da dagmobis mTeli qariSxali gamoiwvia.
anaTematizmebis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad gamo
xata Tavisi mosazrebebi Teodorite kvirelma, antioqiis
RvTismetyvelebis mnaTobma. `nestorianelobis kritika,
ganviTarebuli wminda kirile aleqsandrielis mier, – wers
protopresviteri giorgi florovski, – ki ar arwmunebda,
aramed acbunebda àRmosavlelebs~. ara imitom, rom yvela
maTgani nestorianelobis ukiduresobaSi gadavarda, aramed
imitom, rom maT aSinebda sawinaaRmdego ukiduresoba. unda
vaRiaroT, – wminda kiriles ar emarjveboda udavo sityvebis
moZebna, igi ar iZleoda mkafio gansazRvrebebs. es ar niSnavs
imas, rom misi saRvTismetyvelo gamocdileba bundovani da
orazrovani iyo. magram saRvTismetyvelo SorsmWvretelobas
igi ver uTavsebda sityvis im did niWs, riTic ase gamoirCeodnen
didi kapadokielebi.~ gansakuTrebiT saxifaTo iyo kiriles
mier gamoyenebuli formula (rac SemdgomSi uaryves
kidec): `ganxorcielebuli RmerTi sityvis erTiani buneba~,
romelsac kirile aTanase didis citatad miiCnevda, Tumca
igi sinamdvileSi ekuTvnoda eklesiis mier ukve dagmobil
apolonari laodikiels (apolonaris mimdevrebi TavianTi

Sexedulebebis gasavrceleblad mis naSromebs awerdnen ekle
siis udavo avtoritetebis saxelebs – TamaSobdnen piris
avtoritetiT). es formula SeiZleba gagvego rogorc uar
yofa qristeSi adamianuri bunebisa, romelic sruladaa
`STanTqmuli~ RmrTaebrivi bunebiT. am swavlebiT adamiani
ver cxondeba, – ase eCvenebodaT aRmosavlelebs – aramed
Caiwveba masTan RmrTeebis mwveli Sexebisas. amitom gasagebia,
ratomac Seikribnen aRmosavlelebi efesoSi mRelvarebiT:
bolomde ar eTanxmebodnen ra nestors, isini krebaze midiodnen
upirvelesad kiriles èresis~ samxileblad da dasagmobad.
krebisagan aseve nestoric eloda aleqsandrielis sazeimo
dagmobas. imperatoris werili, romliTac episkoposebi moi
wvies efesoSi, Sedgenili iyo kiriles sawinaaRmdego mkveT
ri gamonaTqvamebiT. àrsebiTad, – wers batoni diuSeni, –
kreba kiriles winaaRmdeg moiwvies.~ es unda gvaxsovdes
efesoSi aleqsandrieli arqiepiskoposis saqcielis sworad
Sesafaseblad. es saqcieli ki gakritikebul iqna TviT
marTlmadideblur istoriul mecnierebaSi (romlisTvisac
wminda kirile eklesiis erT-erTi udidesi mama da maswav
lebelia); aRarafers vambobT protestantebTan nestoris
ubralod `reabilitaciis~ mcdelobebze. Tanamedrove lite
raturaSi efesos krebis Sesaxeb nestori xSirad warmoCenilia
mowamed, xolo kirile – mdevnelad, romelmac Tavisi mteri
nestori dagmo dauswreblad, sasamarTlosa da piradi Sex
vedris gareSe. marTlac, garegnulad kiriles qcevas eWve
bis gaCena SeeZlo. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom Tavisi epis
koposebiT efesoSi Casuli kirile Seejaxa nestorisadmi aSkara
mxardaWeras imperatoris im Cinovnikebis mxridan, romelTac
krebis organizeba hqondaT davalebuli. kiriles surda
sakiTxis saRvTismetyvelo gadawyveta, sinamdvileSi ki misi
dagmoba da damxoba mzaddeboda, amasTan, ara saRvTismetyvelo,
aramed wminda `disciplinuri~ mizezebiT, saxelmwifo xelis
uflebis Ria waqezebiT.
aRmosavlelTa lodinSi ori kvira gailia. agvianebdnen

romis legatebic, xolo ganwyoba sul ufro da ufro daZa
buli xdeboda, qalaqSi izrdeboda mRelvareba. da, ai, kirilem
gadawyvita, Seewyvita lodini da 22 ivniss, miuxedavad
imperatoris Cinovnikebisa da nestoris mxardamWeri
episkoposebis protestisa, gaxsna kreba. krebis gaxsna
gaaprotesta samocdarva episkoposma maSin, roca krebis
dawyebas mxari dauWira as ormocdaaTma mRvdelmTavarma.
amgvarad, kreba iyo mxolod kiriles Tanamoazre episkoposebis
kreba. magram mas mxars uWerda qalaqis mosaxleobac efesos
episkopos memnonis meTaurobiT: efeso, pirvelqristianuli
gadmocemiT, iyo deda RvTismSoblisa da mociqul ioanes
qalaqi. nestors gaegzavna sami mowveva. ra Tqma, unda,
nestorma yvela mowvevaze uari Tqva: bralmdeblidan igi
uceb braldebulad gadaiqca... maSin kirile dauswreblad
gasamarTlebas Seudga: episkoposebma moiwones kiriles
nawerebi nestoris winaaRmdeg da konstantinopoleli epis
koposi erTxmad dagmes. imperatoris warmomadgeneli komiti106
kandidiane protests gamoTqvamda, magram Riad gamosvlas ver
bedavda: mTeli qalaqi kiriles uWerda mxars. roca gvian RamiT
nestoris dagmobis Semdeg episkoposebi gamovidnen taZridan,
sadac imarTeboda sxdoma, maT xalxi anTebuli CiraRdnebiT
Sexvda da triumfiT miacila saxlebamde.
oTxi dRis Semdeg, bolos da bolos, efesos moaRwia
aRmosavlelTa qaravanma ioanes meTaurobiT. momxdariT
aRSfoTebulebma dauyovnebliv moiwvies TavianTi kreba,
romelzedac dagmes da daamxes kirile da misi Tanamoazreebi
– eresisa da saeklesio mSvidobis darRvevisaTvis. da Tumca
maT ar daumyarebiaT kavSiri nestorTan, SfoTi aSkara
ganyofaSi gadaizarda. yovelive imiT dagvirgvinda, rom
yvelaze bolos efesoSi Casuli romis legatebi miemxrnen
kiriles da maTi TandaswrebiT damtkicda nestoris dagmoba.
kiriles krebaze kidev ramdenime sxdoma Catarda. am krebam
106 bizantiis imperiis erT-erTi umaRlesi Tanamdeboba.

daamtkica nikeis simbolo, akrZala am simbolosaTvis raimes

damateba (marTlmadidebelTa samomavlo argumenti dasavleTSi
`filiokves~ damatebis sawinaaRmdegod, ise igi sulwmindis
Sesaxeb mrwamsis winadadebaze – `romeli mamisagan gamovals...~
damateba sityvebisa – `da Zisagan~), an axali mrwamsis Sedgena;
krebam aseve gadawyvita ramdenime kanonikuri sakiTxi: sxvaTa
Soris, cno kviprosis eklesiis damoukidebloba antioqiisagan,
romelsac is manamde eqvemdebareboda.
orive mxarem, agreTve kandidianem, momxdaris Sesaxeb
imperators angariSi warudgina. yoveli mxare cdilobda mTeli
saqme misTvis yvelaze xelsayreli kuTxiT warmoeCina. Cven
vnaxeT, rom aqamde imperator Teodosis simpaTiebi nestorisa
da aRmosavlelebis mxares iyo, magram axla konstantinopolSi
ganwyobis Secvla daiwyo. saeklesio xalxis xma ufro da ufro
naTlad ismoda nestoris winaaRmdeg. dedaqalaqSi monazonTa
procesia nestoris dagmobas moiTxovda. nestoris megobrebic
ki, romlebic aRSfoTebulni iyvnen kiriles `procedurebiT,~
dumiliT iRebdnen nestoris dagmobas. amgvarad, miuxedavad
yvelafrisa, nestoris dagmobas mTeli eklesia iRebda, nestoris
dagmoba saeklesio xasiaTisa iyo. magram aRmosavlelebisaTvis
ukve mTavari sakiTxi iyo ara nestoris sakiTxi, aramed is, rac
maT kidev ufro borot eresad eCvenebodaT – TviT kiriles
swavleba. imperatori yoymanobda. misi pirveli reaqcia metad
tipuri iyo: mas surs mSvidobis aRdgena da am mizniT orive
banakidan modave mxareebis, ese igi nestorisa da kiriles
moSoreba. magram saxelmwifo verasodes gaigebs, rom amgvari
meTodebi gardauvlad ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. Semdeg
imperatorma konstantinopolSi orive partiis warmomadgenlebi
miiwvia, magram raime SeTanxmebas verc aq miaRwies. am dros
nestorma TviTonve ganacxada uari kaTedraze da aman warmoSva
SesaZlebloba, nestoris memkvidred yvela mxarisaTvis misaRebi
piri aerCiaT. kirile ki, imperatoris ignorirebiT, ubralod
dabrunda Sin – aleqsandriaSi, sadac igi daculi iyo misi erTguli
xalxis garemoSi da sadac kiriles xelyofis yovel mcdelobas
SeeZlo, saxalxo janyi gamoewvia. uZlur Teodisis sxva araferi

darCenoda garda imisa, rom eRiarebina yvela da Serigeboda
faqtiur ganyofas.
faqtiuri Tavisufleba, rac eklesias mieca, rogorc
yovelTvis, ganmkurnebeli aRmoCnda, Tumca ara maSinve.
urTierTgankveTa, wyena, dagmoba izrdeboda da bevri Tvlida,
rom ukve dro iyo, moZebniliyo gamosavali Seqmnili Cixidan.
aRmoCnda araerTi goneba da guli, romelmac SeZlo pirad
wyenasa da partiul `solidarobaze~ amaRleba. asi wlis moxucma-
episkoposma akaki berielma kiriles epistole gaugzavna da
SesTavaza, rom daeviwyebina am davis polemikuri dokumentebi
da sakiTxi arsebiTad gadaewyvita. saubari exeboda kiriles
RvTismetyvelebis aRmosavlelebisaTvis misaReb ganmartebas.
kvlav daiwyo rwmenis vrclad gadmocema da apologiebi;
orive mxare gulwrfeli iyo, TiToeulis ukan marTlac idga
eresis aCrdili... kiriles ganmartebam bevri daakmayofila:
cnobierebiT xom igi ueWvelad marTlmadidebeli iyo. 432 wlis
bolos antioqiidan aleqsandriaSi gaigzavna pavle emeseli,
romelmac kiriles gadasca aRmosavlelTa rwmenis gadmocema,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, kirilemac miiRo. amieridan SesaZlebeli
iyo mSvidobis aRdgena. kirilem urTierToba daamyara
pavlesTan da es ukanaskneli antioqiaSi gaemgzavra kiriles mier
xelmowerili `tomosiT.~ am tomoss TandaTanobiT aRmosavlelTa
umravlesobam moawera xeli. 433 wels egviptesa da sirias Soris
urTierToba aRdgenil iqna. èrTobis formula~, rasac xeli
moawera kirilem, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, aris efesos krebis
dogmaturi Sedegi da epilogi. es formula Sedgenilia antioqiur
saRvTismetyvelo enaze... magram miT ufro mkafiodaa aq gavle
buli sazRvari marTlmadideblobasa da nestorianelobas Soris~
(protopresviteri giorgi florovski). es iyo marTlmadideb
lobis gamarjveba orive ukiduresobaze: qriste aris `srulyofili
RmerTi da srulyofili kaci... igi RmrTeebiT erTarsia mamisa da
Cveni erTarsia kacobiT, radgan gankacda ori bunebis SeerTebiT.
amitom vaRiarebT erT qristes, erT Zes, erT RmerTs... vaRiarebT
wminda qalwul RvTismSobels, radgan ganxorcielda da gankacda

RmerTi sityva da TviT CasaxvaSi SeierTa taZari, misgan107
miRebuli...~ es iyo antioqiis ena, magram misi miRebiT kirile
arafers Tmobda imisgan, risTvisac ibrZoda: aq mtkiced iyo
gamoxatuli qristeSi erTi pirovnebis aRmsarebloba, daculi iyo
macxovnebeli rwmena RmrTisa da adamianis namdvili SeerTebisa erT
pirSi, erT RmerTkacSi.
aseTia efesos didebuli epilogi. qariSxlebi dacxra,
magram, ra Tqma unda, Znelad. nestori Soreuli libiis
oazisSi itanjeboda, mouSuSebeli wyena kvlavac Tavs iCenda,
Zveli xifaTis adgils ukve axali ikavebda. da mainc, kiriles
piriT, miuxedavad kiriles mgznebare xasiaTisa, mis mier
yvela saSualebis gamoyenebisa, WeSmaritebam izeima. magram
qristologiur davaSi efeso mxolod `Tezisi~ iyo. axla ki
dgeboda àntiTezisis~ dro.
nawili 2.
eklesiam SedarebiTY advilad gaimarjva nestorianelobaze,

rasac mxolod antioqiel RvTismetyvelTa `zedafena~ icavda,
Tanac upiratesad àleqsandrielobis~ ukiduresobebisadmi
SiSis, vidre nestorisadmi realuri TanagrZnobis gamo. rac
Seexeba qristianTa masas, igi ukve didi xania aRiqvamda (da
axlac aRiqvams) qristes RmrTeebas ganuzomlad Zlierad,
vidre mis kacebriv bunebas, da gankacebis saidumlos ganicdis
ufro rogorc RmerTis mosvlasa da movlinebas, vidre
rogorc Tavisufal mTlian, srulyofil, magram amavdroulad
RmerTTan adamianis Seurevnel SeerTebas. amitomac, nestoris
dagmobas SeuZlebelia ar daeCqarebina procesi, rac gamoCnda
qristologiuri davis dasawyisSive da rac dasrulda
masStabebiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani, im epoqis yvela eresTan
107 igulisxmeba: RvTismSoblisagan

SedarebiT Tavisi SedegebiT eklesiisaTvis yvelaze tragikuli

eresis – `monofizitobis~ gaformebiT.
Cven ukve viciT, rom nestorTan davisas kirile iyenebda
qristes saeWvo ganmartebas: `ganxorcielebuli RmerTi-sityvis
erTi buneba...~ TviT kirilesaTvis es ganmarteba ar niSnavda
RmerTisa da adamianis `Serwymas~, aramed aRniSnavda erT pirSi
an pirovnebaSi maTi SeerTebis realurobas. da aman misca
kiriles antioqielTa simarTlis danaxvisa da miRebis saSualeba:
antioqielTa mier qristeSi sruli adamianis arsebobis dacva.
magram kiriles friad bevri mimdevrisaTvis es niSnavda qristes
gvirgvinisgan ganZarcvas, RmerTis dakninebas. qristeSi ori
`bunebis~ yovelgvar gansxvavebas (rac esoden aucilebelia
saxarebis sworad gasagebad) isini aRiqvamdnen rogorc
mTeli qristianobis damxobas, rogorc uaryofas adamianis
im ganRmrTobisa, rac gamoxsnis saboloo mizania: `RmerTi
gankacda, raTa adamiani ganRmrTobiliyo~ (wm. aTanase didi).
gansakuTrebiT ki `bunebis~, adamianuri sisustis, cTomilebis,
codvianobis winaaRmdeg brZolis monazvnur gamocdilebaSi
fsiqologiurad friad advili iyo im zRvris gadalaxva, rac
WeSmariti adamianisaTvis brZolasa da adamianis winaaRmdeg
brZolas Sorisaa, ese igi advili iyo momxdariyo adamianuri
bunebis Zireuli sikeTis martivad uaryofa. ukve eCvenebodaT,
rom ganRmrToba niSnavda Tavis TavSi yovelive adamianuris,
rogorc mdablisa da uRirsis, rogorc swrafwarmavali
simyralis ganadgurebas... magram maSin gaugebari xdeboda
es saRvTismetyvelo aqcenti adamianze qristeSi. imaSi xom
ar aris qristianobis mTeli sixaruli da mTeli gamarTleba
uzomo asketuri Rvawlisa, rom qriste ar aris adamiani, da rom
TiToeul adamians qristeSi xsnili aqvs gza, aseve aRar iyos
adamiani, gadalaxos àdamianuroba?~ aseTia monofizitobis
fsiqologiuri wanamZRvrebi.
da rogorc ki gardaicvala kirile (444 w.), daiwyo aSkara
brZola 433 wlis SeTanxmebis winaaRmdeg èrT bunebasTan~ (`mia
fizis~ – erTi buneba) dabrunebis saxeliT. niSani micemul iqna
konstantinopolidan mTeli aRmosavleTis monazvnobis erT-

erTi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli avtoritetis – arqimandrit
evtiqis mier. igi amtkicebda, rom qristes mier miRebuli
kacobrivi buneba gansxvavebulia Cveni bunebisagan. amitom
qristes Sedareba adamianebTan, Tundac kacobrivi bunebiT,
ar aris RvTivsaTno qmedeba. es iyo mistikuri gamocdilebis
ukiduresoba, rogorc saxarebiseuli qristes `xorcisagan
ganZarcva~ da uaryofa. evtiqis yovelgvari àRmosavluri~
saZulvelad eCveneboda; mas hqonda intensiuri mimowera, hqonda
gavlena sasaxlis karze da yvelgan yovelnairad cdilobda
àntioqiuri eresis,~ gansakuTrebiT ki antioqielobis mTavari
warmomadgenlis – Teodorite kvirelis mxilebas. bunebrivia,
aRmosavleTSi SeSfoTeba izrdeboda. Teodoritem amxila
evtiqi. magram axla sasaxlis kari aSkarad antioqielTa
winaaRmdegi iyo. kvlav daiwyo aRmosavlelTa devna. xolo
kiriles `Tormeti anaTematizmi~, rasac TviT kirilem mduma
red auara gverdi 433 wlis SeTanxmebaSi, imperatoris brZanebiT
`rwmenis kanonad~ gamocxadda. kiriles memkvidre dioskore
sistematurad amzadebda aleqsandriisa da àleqsandrizmis~
gamarjvebas mis ukidures gamovlinebaSi.
magram konstantinopolis saeklesio wreebSi evtiqis
ukiduresobebi bevrs aSinebda. evsebi dorileelis moTxovniT,
romelmac odesRac pirvelma gailaSqra nestoris winaaRmdeg,
episkoposebma (romlebic ama Tu im saqmis gamo dedaqalaqSi
imyofebodnen) flabiane konstantinopolelis meTaurobiT
ganixiles evtiqis swavleba da iZulebuli iyvnen daegmoT igi,
rogorc aramarTlmadidebluri, radgan evtiqim gadaWriT
ganacxada uari qristeSi ori bunebis aRiarebaze. man (Zveli
Cveulebisamebr) romSi iCivla, magram papma grigol didma
flabianes mier gagzavnili sasamarTlos oqmebis gacnobis
Semdeg mTlianad moiwona konstantinopolis gadawyvetileba.
kvlav daiwyo mRelvareba. gansakuTrebiT ar isvenebdnen
kiriles brmad erTguli monazvnebi, romlebic misdevdnen ara
imdenad suliskveTebas, aramed kiriles im gamonaTqvamebis
formas, razedac TviT kirilem Tqva uari. imperatorma (kvlav

igive unebisyofo Teodosim), romelic evtiqisaken ixreboda
da romelmac flabianesTan ver miaRwia evtiqis dagmobis
gadasinjvas, gadawyvita msoflio krebis kidev erTxel mowveva
imave efesoSi. magram amjerad ukve ueWvelad iyo cnobili,
ra surda mas am krebisagan. Teodorite kvirels, antioqiuri
RvTismetyvelebis sayovelTaod aRiarebul meTaurs, krebaSi
monawileobis miReba aekrZala da krebis Tavmjdomared winaswar
dainiSna dioskore aleqsandrieli, romlis monofizituri
simpaTiebi aravisTvis yofila ucnobi. papma leonma krebaSi
monawileobaze uari ganacxada, – am dros atilas urdoebi
roms uaxlovdebodnen, magram ori legati da flabiane
konstantinopolelisadmi mimarTuli dogmaturi epistole
krebaze gagzavna.
is, rac efesoSi 449 wlis 8 agvistos moxda, istoriaSi
àvazakuri krebis~ saxeliT Sevida. yvelaferma namdvili
teroris niSniT Caiara. dioskore mbrZaneblobda, eyrdnoboda
ra fanatikos-monazonTa jgros, romelmac qalaqi waleka. mas
hqonda evtiqis gamarTlebisa da erTi bunebis swavlebisadmi
(romelic ukve Zalian daSoreboda kiriles da ukiduresi forma
mieRo) yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis mospobis TiTqmis formaluri
brZaneba imperatorisagan... cemis muqariT, policiis zewoliT,
yvirilsa da qaosSi yvela saWiro gadawyvetileba miiRes. TiTqmis
veravin gaigo axalgazrda romaeli diakvnis aRSfoTebuli
SeZaxili: `vaprotesteb!~ cemisagan cocxalmkvdarma flabianem
mainc moaswro papisaTvis werilis miwera. flabiane daamxes da
gadaasaxles. sxvebma Zaladobis Sedegad xeli moaweres krebis
gadawyvetilebebs. amgvari sircxvili, amgvari dacema eklesias
jer arasodes ganecada... es sircxvili imperatorma saxelmwifo
sanqciiT ganamtkica da evtiqis yvela mteri gadasaxlebis mware
gzas Seudga. aRmosavleTis eklesiaze kvlav imZlavra Zaladobam da
eresma.
magram borotebas xom mxolod ZaladobiT SeuZlia
moqmedeba da adre Tu gvian igi TviTonve iaSkaravebs Tavs.
yvela winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad romis legatma hilariusma

mainc moaxerxa romSi dabruneba, papisaTvis momxdaris moyola
da flabianes apelaciis gadacema. legats male mihyva evsebi
dorileeli da Teodorite kvirelis wargzavnilebi. papma
leonma dauyovnebliv wargzavna elCebi konstantinopolSi
da Teodosisagan mTeli saqmis gadasinjva moiTxova. magram
am dros Teodosi gardaicvala da igi Secvala misma dam
pulqeriam, romelic RvTismetyvelebaSi damxobili flabianes
zomier mimarTulebas iziarebda. konstantinopolSi viTareba
maSinve Seicvala: fanatikosTa parpaSs bolo moeRo. pulqeria
da misi qmari imperatori markiane mixvdnen, rom dadga dro,
is saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxi, ramac eklesia aseT SfoTSi
Caagdo, seriozulad da srulad gadaewyvetaT da amiT, bolos
da bolos, mtkice mSvidoba daemyarebinaT. msoflio kreba
jer nikeaSi dainiSna, magram Semdeg igi konstantinopolis
mcireaziur gareubanSi – qalkedonSi gadaitanes. kreba 451 wlis
8 oqtombers wm. efTvimes bazilikaSi gaixsna.
garegnulad mTavar rols qalkedonSi – meoTxe msoflio
krebaze – romaeli legatebi asrulebdnen. kvlav ganyofili,
davebiT gawamebuli da dauZlurebuli aRmosavleTi papi
leonis Suamdgomlobas iRebda. jer kidev 449 wlis
krebisaTvis dawerili papis `dogmaturi tomosi~ miiRes
rogorc marTlmadidebluri swavlebis norma. es iyo
zomieri mimarTuleba, romelic axerxebda kiriles azrisa
da antioqielTa enis Serwymas. masSi naTlad da mkafiod iyo
gamoxatuli qristeSi ori bunebis aRmsarebloba. amgvarive
mimarTulebas uWerdnen mxars imperatorebi da maTi
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen debatebs
– amjerad, marTlac, mxolod `formalurad~, – TavianTi
RvTismetyvelebis Tavsmoxvevis gareSe. krebam leonis mimarTva
miiRo `rwmenis kanonad~ da ramdenime mRelvare sxdomaze
ganxilvis Sedegad dagmo efesos 449 wlis àvazakuri~ qmedebani
da misi mTavari damnaSaveni, pirvel rigSi ki dioskore.
episkoposTa nawili Tavis amocanas Sesrulebulad Tvlida,
magram imperatori da legatebi maTgan moiTxovdnen `hoross~,

ese igi yvelasaTvis savaldebulo da naTel sayovelTao rwmenis
aRmsareblobas. TiTqmis krebis nebis sawinaaRmdegod dainiSna
komisia, romelSic, romaeli legatebis garda, warmodgenili
iyo orive saRvTismetyvelo `skola~. swored am komisiam
warudgina krebas qalkedonis saxelganTqmuli dogmati:
àmgvarad, Cven yvelani, RvTaebriv mamaTa mimdevarni,
erTxmad vaswavliT, vaRiaroT erTi da igive Ze, Cveni ufali
ieso qriste, romelic aris srulyofili RmrTeebiT da igive
ieso qriste aris srulyofili kacebiT, WeSmariti RmerTi da
WeSmariti kaci, gonieri sulisa da xorcisagan; mama RmerTis
Tanaarsi RmrTaebriobiT da Cveni Tanaarsi kacebiT; codvis
garda yvelafriT Cveni msgavsi, mama RmrTisagan RmrTeebiT
Sobili saukuneTa uwinares, ukanasknel Jams ki Cveni xsnisaTvis
Sobili kacobrivad mariam qalwul RmrTismSoblisagan. erTi da
igive qriste, RmrTis Ze, ufali, mxolodSobili, Sesacnobi or
bunebaSi, romelic aqvs Seurwymelad, ucvlelad, ganuyoflad,
ganuyrelad. (amave dros) ori bunebis gansxvaveba ar qreba
SeerTebiT, aramed erT pirsa da erT ipostasSi SeerTebuli
TiToeuli bunebis Tavisebureba SenarCunebulia. ara or
pirad gankveTili an ganyofili, aramed erTi da igive Ze da
mxolodSobili, RmerTi sityva, ufali ieso qriste, rogorc
Tavidanve winaswarmetyvelebdnen winaswarmetyvelebi masze
da rogorc gvaswavlis TviT ufali ieso qriste da rogorc
gadmogvca Cveni mamebis simbolom~.
ori buneba `Seurwymel, ucvlel, ganuyofel, ganuyrel~
SeerTebaSi: RvTismetyvelebasa da filosofiaSi gamoucdelic
ki maSinve igrZnobs, rom swored am sityvebSia napovni, bolos da
bolos, is oqros wesi, romelsac esoden daZabuli molodiniT
eloda eklesia. yvela es sityva uaryofiTia: ra unda Tqvas
adamianis enam qristes pirovnebis saidumloze! magram am
uaryofiT gansazRvrebas aqvs amouwuravi religiuri sazrisi:
igi samaradJamod SemozRudavs, aRwers, gamoxatavs imas, rac
Seadgens qristianobis TviT arss, TviT saxarebis sasixarulo
saidumloebas. RmerTi SeuerTda adamians, magram am SeerTebaSi

adamiani SenarCunebulia mTeli Tavisi sisruliT: igi arafriT
araa damcrobili. da amavdroulad masSi sruladaa RmerTi:
erTi pirovneba, erTi cnobiereba, erTi swrafva... qalkedonis
dogmatma kacobriobas axali ganzomileba misca; kacobriobis
WeSmariti sazomi RmerTkacobrivobaa. da is, rac `garedan~
SeiZleba sityvebis ritorikul wonasworobad Candes, realu
rad gamoxatavs eklesiis rwmenas, imedsa da siyvaruls, mTeli
Cveni qristianuli cxovrebis mamoZravebel Zalas. RmerTi
modis adamianTan ara imitom, rom daamcros igi, aramed imitom,
rom RmrTaebrivi pirovneba kacobrivi pirovneba gaxdes.
qalkedonis `horosi~ amTavrebs antioqiisa da aleqsandriis
dialeqtikur gaorebas. `Tezissa~ da àntiTeziss~ mosdevs
`sinTezi~. da am sinTeziT iwyeba ukve axali – bizantiuri Tavi
marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebis istoriaSi. qalkedoni
aris istoriuli marTlmadideblobis saRvTismetyvelo `for
mula~. igi, gamoxatuli isev àntioqiur~ enaze, paradoqsuli
saxiT gvivlens kirile aleqsandrielis mrwamss da kirile
CvenTvis rCeba qalkedonis winamorbedad da ganmmarteblad,
RmrTis gankacebis sazrisis did maswavleblad. qalkedonSi
Caiferfla TiToeuli `skolis~ istoriuli SezRuduloba,
daiZlia sityvebis orazrovneba da arasakmarisoba. qalkedoni
asrulebs Zvels da iwyebs axals. `qalkedonis saswaulisagan~,
rogorc Tavisi wyarosagan, gamomdinareobs mTeli marTl
madidebluri RvTismetyveleba, romelic xsnis da ganmartavs
mas. da ar aqvs, ar unda hqondes sazRvari am ganmartebas.
nawili 3.
magram qalkedonis dogmatis gamocxadebam, iseve rogorc

manamde nikeis dogmatis dadgenam, didi xniT gauswro saeklesio
cnobierebis mier mis realurad miRebas. da Tu nikeam, bolos
da bolos, mTel eklesiaSi imarjva, qalkedonma – istoriuli

kuTxiT – samwuxarod, gamoiwvia kaTolike eklesiisagan mTeli
eklesiebis gamoyofa, rac dRemde grZeldeba.
zemoT Cven vuTiTebdiT monofizitobis fsiqologiur
da religiur fesvebze. Tu dResac ki qristianTa udidesi
umravlesobisaTvis samebisa da qristeSi ori bunebis
dogmati rCeba abstraqtul formulebad, ar `gadaizrdeba~
RvTismosaobad, im momentSi qalkedonis gansazRvreba bevrs
SeiZleba odindeli religiuri gamocdilebisagan namdvil
gandgomad moCveneboda. amas davumatoT isic, rom qalkedonis
gansazRvreba Sedgenili iyo antioqielebis `zomier~ enaze, rom
krebam gaamarTla da erTobaSi miiRo evtiqis mTavari mteri da
nestoris yofili megobari Teodorite kvireli, rom krebam
sazeimod dagmo aleqsandrieli episkoposi dioskore da Cven
gavigebT, istoriulad ratom iyo SeuZlebeli, qalkedons ar
gamoewvia misi sawinaaRmdego reaqcia. krebis gadawyvetilebiT
namdvilad mxolod erTi muWa antioqielebi da romaeli
legatebi xarobdnen. qalkedoni miiRes konstantinopolelma
`zomierebma.~ magram egvipteSi igi didi kiriles anderZis
Ralatad eCvenebodaT. axla egviptelebs sirieli monazvnebic
SeuerTdnen. qalkedoni nestoris reabilitaciaa! am lozungiT
krebis winaaRmdeg monazonTa moZraobam, romelmac saeklesio
masebic aiyolia, maSinve saxifaTo masStabebi miiRo.
magram am reaqciis `rezonansi~ da tragikuli Sedegebi ar
aixsneba mxolod saRvTismetyvelo da religiur-fsiqologiuri
mizezebiT. monofizitur krizisSi unda davinaxoT raRac ufro
meti, vidre ukiduresi aleqsandriuli cTunebebis erTi recidivi.
igi imitomaa aseTi Rrma da imitom aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba
marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi, rom masSi gamovlinda yvela
winaaRmdegoba, pirdapir vityviT, cTunebebi romis imperiasTan
eklesiis im kavSirisa, romelic konstantines dros daido. Tu
sulieri da saRvTismetyvelo TvalsazrisiT qalkedoni marTlac
`saswauli,~ saRvTismetyvelo STagonebis dauSreteli wyaro
iyo, saeklesio-saxelmwifoebrivi kuTxiT qristianuli samyaros
istoriaSi igi mkveTr gardatexas moaswavebs.
drouli iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom dogmaturi davebis para

lelurad, ukve meoTxe saukuneSi daiwyo saeklesio mowyobis
evolucia, rac gardauvali iyo imperiaSi eklesiis axali
mdgomareobis gamo. am evoluciis arsi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT
rogorc eklesiis garegani mowyobis SeTanxmeba imperiis
administraciul struqturasTan. es procesi ar iyo `kritikuli~,
masSi grZeldeboda is ganviTareba, romlis dasawyissac Cven
vxedavT konstantines moqcevamde didi xniT adre: TandaTanobiT
iqmneba ramdenime didi saeklesio olqi, romelTagan TiToeuli
erTiandeba ùfrosi~ eklesiis irgvliv. nikeis krebam es
mdgomareoba meeqvse kanoniT daakanona. krebam aRiara romis
faqtiuri primati dasavleTSi, aleqsandriisa – egvipteSi,
antioqiisa – siriaSi. magram, ramdenadac es `primatebi~ bunebrivad
iqmneboda, TiToeuli maTgani asaxavda adgilobrivi pirobebis
mTel Taviseburebebs, eklesiis zrdas romis imperiis mocemul
nawilSi. ase magaliTad, romi iyo erTaderTi samociqulo
kaTedra dasavleTSi da iq misi mniSvneloba gansakuTrebuli
iyo. magram iyo gansxvaveba italiis axlomdebare eklesiebze
romis kanonikur Tu iurisdiqciul primatsa da mis im moralur
avtoritets Soris, romlis arsebobasac aRiarebdnen italiis
farglebs gareTac: afrikaSi, espaneTsa da galiaSi. afrikul
eklesias odiTganve hqonda Tavisi gansakuTrebuli struqtura
da kanonikuri praqtika: aq umaRlesi avtoriteti iyo misi
episkoposebis regularuli kreba, romelic weliwadSi orjer
ikribeboda. aseve, aRmosavleTSic saeklesio kavSirebis kano
nikuri formebi istoriuli pirobebis sxvadasxvaobis gamo
gansxvavebuli iyo: egvipteSi Tavidanve vxedavT TiTqmis
srul centralizacias – mTeli Zalaufleba Tavmoyrilia
aleqsandrieli episkoposis anu `papis~ xelSi da mis mimarT
episkoposebs aqvT mdgomareoba, rac, Tanamedrove analogiiT,
SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc `vikari episkoposis~108 sta
108 vikariusi (laT.) – moadgile. rusul eklesiaSi me-18 saukunidan eparqiis
mmarTvel episkoposs SeiZleboda hyoloda TanaSemwe (nacvali) – vikari
episkoposi, romelic ierarqiulad emorCileboda eparqiis episkoposs da
romelic asrulebda episkoposis calkeul davalebebs. kaTolicizmi romis
paps ieso qristes vikarad (nacvalad) miiCnevs.
tusi. siriaSi ki, piriqiT, adgilobrivi episkoposi gaci

lebiT metad iyo damoukidebeli Tavis eklesiaSi, Tumca iqac
`Tanxmobis centrad~ dasawyisidanve imperiis mniSvnelobiT meore
qalaqis – antioqiis eklesia iTvleboda. ufro mcire, vidre es
sami samociqulo kaTedra iyo, magram mainc `centrad~ mcire
aziisaTvis efeso iTvleboda. sxva olqebSi aseTi didi centrebi
ar arsebobda da iq eklesiebi Tavs iyrida `mitropoliebis~,
ese igi provinciis dedaqalaqebis irgvliv. magaliTad,
damaxasiaTebelia, rom ierusalimis eklesia, odesRac yvela
qristianis deda, mesame saukunis bolos iyo mxolod ubralo
saepiskoposo palestinis kesariis, palestinis saxelmwifos
centris, `mitropoliis~ orbitaze. da mxolod meoTxe saukunidan,
wminda adgilebisadmi konstantines gansakuTrebuli interesisa
da momlocvelTa mozRvavebis wyalobiT iwyeba ierusalimis
saeklesio mniSvnelobis zrdac...
yvelaferi es aCvenebs, rom Tu Tavidanve saeklesio mowyobis
dauyofeli birTvi iyo adgilobrivi eklesia, ese igi Temi, anu
sakrebulo, romelsac meTaurobdnen mxolod episkoposebi,
mRvdlebi da diakvnebi (radgan es `birTvi~ gamomdinareobs im
bunebisagan, rac aqvs eklesias, rogorc `RmrTis axali xalxis~
xilul ganxorcielebas yovel adgilze), urTierTobis formebi,
anu kanonikuri kavSirebi am eklesiebs Soris gansxvavebuli iyo da
ganpirobebuli iyo TviT qristianobis zrdisa da ganviTarebis
adgilobrivi TaviseburebebiT. erTi ram ueWvelia: TviT es
kavSiri moiazreboda da aRiqmeboda iseTive aucileblad da
pirveladad, rogorc yoveli Temis struqtura. arcerTi eklesia
ar iyo `TviTkmari~ ukve Tundac mxolod imitom, rom am eklesiis
episkoposi xeldasxmas iRebda sxva episkoposebisagan, da amiT
gamoixateboda da xorcieldeboda madlmosil niWTa da mTeli
msoflio eklesiis madlmosili cxovrebis erTianoba. magram am
kavSirTa formebi mainc gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan: Tu
zogierT olqSi umaRlesi kanonikuri instancia iyo `mitropolia~,
ese igi eklesiis jgufTa gaerTianeba provinciis mTavari
eklesiis (romlis episkoposi aRiarebuli iyo `mitropolitad’)
garSemo, sxva mitropoliebSi, Tavis mxriv, erTiandebodnen
ufro Zveli, didi an samociqulo eklesiis garSemo da amiT

qmnidnen saeklesio òlqs~. egvipteSi ki, piriqiT, ar iyo
mitropolia, aramed yvela episkoposs Tavis uSualo primatad
hyavda aleqsandrieli arqiepiskoposi. samitropolito krebebze
wydeboda saerTo saqmeebi, igi iyo `saapelacio~ instancia
adgilobriv episkoposTa moqmedebebis gasasaCivreblad; igi
awesrigebda urTierTobebs episkoposebs Soris, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi cvlida sazRvrebs saepiskoposoebs Soris da a. S.
samitropolitos yoveli episkoposi monawilebda axali
episkoposebis xeldasxmaSi. krebebis dadgenilebebi ki, rac
exeboda saeklesio mowyobas, disciplinas da a. S. iRebda
`kanonebis~ (wesebis) saxelwodebas da meoTxe saukunidan ukve
Cndeba kanonTa krebulebi. ase magaliTad, meoTxe saukuneSi
farTod gavrcelda egreTYwodebuli `mociqulTa oTxmocdaxuTi
kanoni~ (rac dRemde marTlmadidebluri kanonikuri tradiciis
safuZvelia). am krebulebs TandaTanobiT miemata msoflio
krebebis kanonebi, agreTve saerTosaeklesio mniSvnelobis
adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebi, magaliTad, 341
wlis antioqiis krebis kanonebi, razedac wina TavSi vsaubrob
diT. kanonikurma krebulebma TavianTi saboloo formebi bevrad
ufro gvian miiRes. magram kanonebis SeswavliT dasturdeba TviT
am adreul stadiaze saeklesio wyobis TandaTanobiTi
ganviTareba, amasTanave, rogorc aRniSna Tanamedrove kano
nistma, `saeklesio cxovrebis istoriuli formebis mTel
mravalferovnebasTan erTad Cven maTSi vpoulobT erTgvar
mudmiv birTvs. esaa eklesiis Sesaxeb dogmaturi swavleba, sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, TviT eklesia. saeklesio cxovreba ver
miiRebs yvelanair formas, aramed miiRebs mxolod imas, romelic
Seesabameba eklesiis arss da romelsac SeuZlia eklesiis arsis
gamoxatva mocemul istoriul pirobebSi~ (protopresviteri
nikoloz afanasievi).
nikeis kanonma aRniSna da sanqcia misca eklesiis sayovelTao
erTobis im formas, im ùniversalurobas~, rac mesame saukunis
bolos Camoyalibda. magram mas ar SeuCerebia am formis
ganviTareba: meoTxe saukunis ganmavlobaSi Cven vxedavT

saeklesio mowyobis sul ufro met Sesabamisobas saxelmwifo
wyobasTan. imperia daiyo `diocezebad~ da ai, 381 wlis msoflio
krebis meore kanoni adgens Sesabamis dayofas eklesiaSic
Semdeg diocezebad, anu saeklesio olqebad: egvipte (centriT
aleqsandria), aRmosavleTi (antioqia), ponto (kapadokiis
kesaria), azia (efeso) da Trakia (heraklea). aqve aRvniSnavT,
rom meore msoflio krebam yuradReba gaamaxvila mxolod
imperiis aRmosavleT nawilze – am momentidan aRmosavleTisa
da dasavleTis kanonikuri evoluciis gansxvaveba savsebiT
sagrZnobi xdeba. amgvarad adrindeli struqtura erTgvarad
SeuTavsda axals, romlis ganmsazRvrelic gaxda qalaqis
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba. Tavis mxriv, `diocezebi~
iyofoda provinciebad, anu `mitropoliebad~, xolo es
ukanasknelni – èparqiebad~: unda gvaxsovdes, rom yvela es
termini aRebulia romis administraciuli terminologiidan.
mogvianebiT saeklesio wesebiT ukve sabolood iqna
nebadarTuli principi, romlis Sesabamisad, `...saeklesio
saqmeTa ganwesebac unda misdevdes samoqalaqo da saero wess~109
am `SeTanxmebis~ bunebriv procesTan erTad, romelic,
vimeorebT, SeimCneva konstantines moqcevamdec, axla siaxlec
ikveTeba: eklesiis erTgvari imperiuli centris Seqmna, romelic
Tavisi warmoSobiTa da ganviTarebiT mTlianadaa dakavSirebuli
eklesiisa da imperiis Secvlil mdgomareobasTan da saeklesio
saqmeebSi imperatoris xelisuflebis gaurkvevel, magram
savsebiT aSkara `wonasTan~. Cven vnaxeT, rom konstantines irgvliv
TiTqmis misi moqcevisTanave iqmneba Taviseburi saeklesio Stabi,
romelic iswrafvis imperatoris meSveobiT gavlena moaxdinos
eklesiaze da amiT rogorRac es Stabi upirispirdeba eklesiis
`sayovelTaoobis~110 adrindel centrebs. am StabSi Sedian
109 Sdr.: qalkedonis IV msoflio krebis me-17 kanoni: `xolo ukueTu
mefobrivisa xelmwifebisa mier ganaxlda anu kualad ganaxldes romelime
qalaqi, samoqalaqoTa da saeroTa wesTa saeklesionica Seudgen ganwesebani
samremloTani~ (didi sjuliskanoni, Tb. 1975, gv. 273).
110 dedanSia `соборность~
konstantines xandazmuli megobari osia kordobeli, ori evsebi111

da mTeli maTi jgufi. qristianma imperatorma Tavis irgvliv
uneblieT Seqmna mizidulobis axali centri eklesiisaTvis,
magram masSi ar SeiZleba davinaxoT, rogorc xedaven romaul-
kaTolikuri tradiciis istorikosebi, aRmosavleTis episkopatis
mxolod monuri morCileba, Canasaxi im `cezaropapizmisa~, raSic
isini mudmivad deben brals aRmosavleTis eklesias. saWiroa,
Tavidanve igrZno bizantiuri ideis mTeli Tavisebureba da siRrme
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb, romelSic
eklesiasa da saxelmwifos akavSirebs xelisuflebis ara raRac
iuridiuli gamijvna, ara `konkordati~, aramed WeSmariteba, anu
eklesiis rwmena, rasac Tavdapirvelad imperatori, xolo Semdeg
imperatoris saxiT imperia aRiarebs Tavis WeSmaritebad da Tavis
Tavze maRla mdgom WeSmaritebad... xolo Tu es asea, maSin TviT
eklesiisaTvis sulac ar aris sulerTi imperiis TviTSegneba.
imperatori-eretikosi, imperatori-gandgomili... xom ar niS
navs es qristianuli samyaros, mTeli misi mizandasaxulobis
ganadgurebas, WeSmaritebis axal marcxs sicruesTan (romelzec
eklesiam sul axlaxans gaimarjva), qristesagan samyaros axal
gandgomas? ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT, rom Tanamedrove `laikuri~112
saxelmwifo, romelic warmoiqmna qristianuli gamocdilebis
warumateblobisa da rRvevis Sedegad, gaCnda epoqaSi, roca TviT
qristianobisagan ganqarda qristianobis `kosmiuri paTosi~ da
religia didi xniT xdeba TiToeulis `kerZo saqme~, da ufro
metad TiToeulis imqveyniuri xvedris sakiTxi... magram bizan
tiis warmateba Tu warumatebloba, codvebi da miRwevebi
SeiZleba SevafasoT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gvemaxsovreba
im dros TviT qristianobis savsebiT sxvagvari gancda:
upirvelesad, qristianobis gancda rogorc qristes kosmiuri
gamarjveba àma soflis Tavadze~. am gamarjvebaSi, rogorc ukve
vTqviT, konstantines moqceva gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
111 igulisxmeba evsebi kesarieli da evsebi nikomedieli.

112 laikuri (laicisturi) – aq: sekularuli (saxelmwifo, sadac eklesia
gamoyofilia saxelmwifosagan).
iZenda: imperatoris moqceviT qristes winaSe qeds idrekda

saxelmwifo, romelic manamde eklesiis winaaRmdeg eSmakiseuli
RvarZlis mTavari damtevi iyo. amgvari qedismodrekis
momentidan ki saxelmwifo maSinve ibrunebs yvela im dadebiT
mniSvnelobas, rac arasodes uaruyviaT qristianebs, pavle
mociqulidan moyolebuli. amitom marTlmadideblebisaTvisac
da eretikosebisTvisac `neitraluri~ saxelmwifos idea
erTnairad ucxo iyo, iseve rogorc ucxo iyo mogvianebiT
dasavleTSi warmoqmnili `klerikalizmis~ idea, e.i. saxelmwifos
ierarqiuli damorCileba eklesiisaTvis. aRmosavlur aRqmaSi
eklesia itevs mTel samyaros, aris am samyaros Sinagani arsi,
sazomi, aris samyaroSi madlmosil niWTa wyaro, magram eklesia ar
aris Zalaufleba masSi, da arc wyaro Zalauflebisa. Zalaufleba
miniWebuli aqvs mefeebs, mmarTvelebs. maT unda Seafason igi
eklesiis WeSmaritebiT, magram Zalauflebas isini ar iReben
eklesiisagan... mxolod amis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba gavigoT,
rom ara mxolod oportunizmisa da Zalauflebismoyvareobis
gamo cdilobdnen marTlmadideblebica da eretikosebic,
imperatorze zegavlenis moxdenas. TiToeuls gulwrfelad
swamda Tavisi rwmenis WeSmariteba, da surda am WeSmaritebis
qristianuli imperiis normad qceva. da aRmosavleTis drama
isaa, rom sinamdvileSi am ganzraxvis, am xedvis ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda da cxovrebaSi yovelive es metismetad
xSirad borotebad iqceoda. TviT saxelmwifo jer kidev friad
myarad imyofeboda Tavis warmarTul `kategoriebSi,~ Tavis T Y avs
jer kidev miiCnevda TviTmiznad da TviTkmar Rirebulebad, xolo
religias – Tavis iaraRad. da Tu saxelmwifosTvis eklesiis
bedi, gansakuTrebiT ki dogmaturi davebi aseve ar iyo sulerTi,
sxva mizezTa gamo: yovelgvari ganyofa eklesiaSi dauyovnebliv
aisaxeboda saxelmwifos simSvideze...
330 wels axali dedaqalaqis – konstantinopolis daarsebiT, am
ìmperiulma~ centrma moxerxebuli saeklesio gamoxatuleba
miiRo. konstantinopolis kaTedra, romelic Tavdapirvelad
herakleas samitropolitos vikari episkoposis erT-erTi
mokrZalebuli kaTedra iyo, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ganwiruli

iyo dasawinaureblad. konstantinopoli daarsda rogorc meore
romi da, amasTanave, rogorc imperiis qristianuli centri.
TviTon konstantinem mis mier aSenebul Tormeti mociqulis
taZarSi mociqulTa Tormet simbolur saflavs Soris moamzada
mecamete – TavisTvis. xom ar asrulebda imperiis es moqceva
mociqulTa qadagebebs? swored am mecamete saflavidan
warmoiqmna konstantines `mociqulTasworad~ gandideba. meoTxe
saukuneSi – da es metad damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa – Cndeba
eklesiis ori axali `polusi~: ierusalimi da konstantinopoli.
wminda miwisadmi konstantines interesi, misi dedis – elenes mier
jvris Zelebis Zieba, qalaqis damSveneba jerarnaxuli didebuli
taZrebiT – yvelafers amas aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, Tu
miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom konstantinesaTvis meore wminda
qalaqi iyo mis mier dafuZnebuli konstantinopoli. es, SesaZloa,
gamoxsnis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli misiis qvecnobieri gancdac
ki aris. jvris qalaqi da qalaqi, romelic warmoiqmna jvris
gamarjvebiT: konstantines mefoba, romelic agvirgvinebs qristes
gamarjvebas, samyaro ori centriT: iudeveli mefe da masTan
Serigebuli romaelTa mefe... saukuneebis ganmavlobSi kons
tantinopolis, rogorc wminda qalaqis es mistika gafarTovdeba
da gaRrmavdeba. magram am mistikas saTave, ueWvelad, daudo misma
pirvelma imperatorma-mistikosma. da, ra Tqma unda, evsebi
nikomedieli ar cdeboda, roca Tavis Zvel da marTlmadideblur
kaTedras cvlida yvelasaTvis ucnob bizantiis kaTedraze: aq
gadioda istoriuli qristianobis didi gza.
konstantinopolis dafuZnebidan ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg
meore msoflio krebis mamebma gamoacxades, rom konstantino
polis episkoposs aqvs upiratesoba pativisa romis episkoposis
Semdeg, radgan konstantinopoli aris àxali romi, mefisa da
senatis qalaqi~ (me-3 kanoni).113 jerjerobiT es arafers cvlida
113 Sdr.: II msoflio krebis me-3 kanonis qarTuli redaqcia: `konstantinopolisa

episkopossa aqundin warCinebuleba¡ pativisa¡, swori hromisa episkoposisa¡,
vinaiTgan axali hromi ars igi~ (ix. didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 261).
aRmosavleTis eklesiis struqturaSi, romelic imave krebis

mier iyo dadgenili. konstantinopols ar gamoeyo raime olqi
da formalurad misi episkoposi erT-erTi episkoposi iyo
Trakiis diocezisa, romelsac herakleas mitropoliti
meTaurobda. faqtiurad ki meore msoflio krebis mesame kanoni,
aniWebda ra `pativis pirvelobas~, konstantinopols aqcevda
mTeli aRmosavleTis eklesiis Tavisebur centrad, mTel
imperias gansazRvravda rogorc konstantinopolis kaTedris
òlqs~. saeklesio mowyobis ori forma, is, rac ganviTarda
organulad, da is, rasac axla `simbolurad~ gamoxatavda
konstantinopoli, aSkarad ver Tavsdeboda erTmaneTTan da
erT-erTi maTgani, adre Tu gvian, meores unda `daqvem
debareboda~. amiT aixsneba aleqsandriasa da konstantinopols
Soris xangrZlivi konfliqti, romelic im saukuneebSi xan
minavldeboda, xan ki agizgizdeboda. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad
konstantinopolis `pretenziebi~ saeWvo iyo: bevri wlis
ganmavlobaSi dedaqalaqi arianelobis centrs warmoadgenda,
xolo aleqsandria WeSmaritebisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZo
liT eklesiis TvalSi aTanase didma aRamaRla. magram maSinac ki,
roca konstantinopoli marTlmadidebluri gaxda, aleqsand
riis mtroba ar Cacxra: igi gamovlinda wm. grigol
RvTismetyvelis winaaRmdeg viRac maqsime kinikosis114
tragikomikuri mxardaWeris mcdelobiT, mikerZoebuli da
naucbaTevi `muxisqveSa krebiT~ (402 w.)115, romelmac dagmo
114 dedanSia `cinikosi~. Cven vinarCunebT qarTul mTargmnelobiT tradicias
da es zedwodeba (romelic momdinareobs filosofiuri mimdinareobisagan)
vTargmneT rogorc `kinikosi~ (Zveli qarTuli versiaa `kvinikoeli~) (ix. II
msoflio krebis me-4 kanoni, didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 261).
115 muxisqveSa kreba – kreba, mimarTuli ioane oqropiris winaaRmdeg. krebis aqtiuri
monawileebi iyvnen aleqandriis papi Teofile, aleqsandriis sapatriarqos
episkoposebi da ioanes mowinaaRmdege aRmosavleli episkoposebi. kreba
sargeblobda bizantiis imperiis samefo karis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT. krebam
dauswreblad gaasamarTla ioane oqropiri da igi konstantinopolis kaTedridan
gadaayena, rasac mohyva saxalxo protesti da ioanes triumfiT dabruneba
kaTedraze. krebam saxelwodeba miiRo Catarebis adgilis mixedviT; kreba Catarda
konstantinopolis sapirispiro – aRmosavleT mxares `vila rufinianaSi~,
romelsac adgilmdebareobis gamo `muxisqveSa vilasac~ uwodebdnen.
ioane oqropiri, da bolos, nestoris winaaRmdeg kiriles

samarTliani brZoliT, rasac xSirad Tan axlda Zalauflebisa
da pirvelobis sakiTxebSi RvTismetyvelebis aRreva. magram
yvela mcdeloba, SeeCerebinaT konstantinopolis gavlenisa
da mniSvnelobis zrda, uSedego iyo. kaTolike istorikosebi
xSirad warmoaCenen am zrdas rogorc konstantinopolis
pativmoyvare da Zalauflebismoyvare episkoposebis
(romlebic gegmazomierad iqvemdebarebdnen aRmosavleTs)
Segnebuli politikis Sedegs. magram es Zalian zedapiruli
gansjaa. sinamdvileSi im periodis konstantinopolis
episkoposebSi gansakuTrebul Zalauflebismoyvareobas ver
vxedavT: grigol RvTismetyveli, wm. neqtariosi, wm. ioane
oqropiri, TviT nestoric ki da, bolos, flabiane – yvela
maTgani imaSi, rasac `Zalauflebismoyvareoba~ hqvia, verc ki
Seedreba aleqsandriel `papebs~: Teofiles, kiriles,
dioskores. da Tu sadme iyo politika, da Tanac gegmazomieri,
ra Tqma unda, igi iyo aleqsandriaSi da ara konstantinopolSi.
magram kaTolike istorikosebs ar surT dainaxon, rom
konstantinopolis es zrda gardauvali iyo da mainc
moxdeboda, Tundac konstantinopolis yvela episkoposi
yofiliyo grigol RvTismetyvelis msgavsi, romelmac Tavisi
simdablisa da saTnoebis gamo TviT maqsim kinikosSi ver
amoicno bneli avantiuristi. konstantinopolis am zrdis
fesvebi qristianuli èkumenis~ axali xedvis TviT
safuZvlebisken miemarTeboda.
`hegemoniis~ SesanarCuneblad aleqsandriis ukanaskneli
da uimedo cda iyo 449 wlis àvazakuri~ kreba efesoSi. mis
umsgavsobas SeuZlebeli iyo ar gamoewvia ufro mZlavri
reaqcia... antioqia dasustebuli da `gvirgvinaxdili~ iyo
arianelobiT. axla dadga aleqsandriis Jami. qalkedonis
kreba gaxda konstantinopolis zeoba da misi pirveloba
sabolood damtkicda cnobili 28-e kanoniT. krebam daadastura
meore msoflio krebis me-3 kanoni, `vinaidan qalaqs aqvs
pativi imperatorisa da senatis aq yofnisa.~116 amasTan

erTad daadgina raRac axalic: amieridan konstantinopolis
episkoposs miekuTvna pontos, aziisa da Trakiis diocezebi
da `barbarosi~ xalxis episkoposebi, romlebic am diocezebs
eqvemdebarebodnen. amgvarad, formalurad, zemoT miTi
Tebuli ori sistema urTierTSeTanxmebuli xdeboda:
konstantinopoli – antioqiisa da aleqsandriis msgavsad
gansazRvruli olqis, anu, rogorc Semdgom uwodebdnen,
`patriarqatis~ centri gaxda; aseve qalkedonSi dasrulda
ierusalimis dawinaureba. magram konstantinopolma sxva Zveli
kaTedrebis mimarT pativis pirveloba SeinarCuna swored Tavisi
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis gamo. da araferi warmoaCens am
evoluciis suliskveTebas ufro ukeT, vidre es saepiskoposo
`sinodi~, romelic am wlebSi namdvilad TavisTavad gaCnda
konstantinopolis arqiepiskoposis garSemo. dedaqalaqSi
sxvadasxva saqmeze Cadiodnen episkoposebi provinciebidan – da ai,
warmoiSva sxvadasxva saeklesio sakiTxis gadasawyvetad maTi
Sekrebis praqtika. momavali sapatriarqo sinodebis es Canasaxi
pirveli ylortebia olqis pirveli episkoposis xelisuflebis
savsebiT axali `centralizebuli~ gagebisa, rac SemdgomSi
gabatondeba kidec. es iyo eklesiis ìmperiuli~ mowyobis
gamarjveba nikeamdeli formebis ukanasknel narCenebze...
yvelaferi es mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes, raTa gavigoT
aRmosavleTSi qalkedonis sawinaaRmdego reaqciis mniSvneloba.
kreba iyo ara mxolod absoluturi, obieqturi, uJamo
WeSmaritebis zeimi, aramed imperiis rwmenis, konstantinopolis
rwmenis zeobac. da Tu imperia marTlac is iyo – sayovelTao,
zeerovnuli, qristianuli saxelmwifo, – radac acxadebda
sakuTar Tavs, da rac iyo imperia im drois saukeTeso
adamianTa `xedviT,~ maSin ìmperiuli~ marTlmadideblobis,
116 Sdr.: `...ra¡Ta mefobiTa da svinklitikosobiTa pativcemuli qalaqi swori

iyos didebulebiTaca saydrisa¡Taca Zuelisa¡ mis sameufo¡sa¡ hromisa¡
da saeklesioTa saqmeTa Sina gandidnebodis viTarca-igi da meore iyos
Semdgomad missa~ (ix. didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 275).
konstantinopolis es zeoba bolomde gamarTlebuli iqneboda

istoriuladac da eklesiuradac. magram, samwuxarod, aqac
Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris uTanxmoeba sakmaod mZafri
iyo. imperiis kulturuli da fsiqologiuri erTianobis
gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba dauSvebelia. imperiis `TviTSegneba~
Semogvinaxa oficialurma dokumentebma, magram Tu maT ar
mivaqcevT yuradRebas, sul sxva, da pirdapir unda iTqvas,
samwuxaro suraTi ixateba. qalaqebsa da ìnteligenciaSi~
damkvidrebuli elinizmis, elinisturi kulturis sifrifana
safaris qveS kvlav duRda Zveli nacionaluri vnebebi,
arsebobas agrZelebda Zveli tradiciebi. ioane oqropiri
iZulebuli iyo antioqiis gareubanSi siriul enaze eqadaga:
berZnuli iq ar esmodaT. xolo Tanamedrove kvlevebi sul ufro
naTlad warmoaCens, rom siriuli Tu kopturi masa imperiis
xelisuflebas ganicdida da aRiqvamda rogorc saZulvel
uRels. garda amisa, imperiis aRmosavleTSi ukve gaCnda
ylortebi siriuli qristianuli mwerlobisa, ra Tqma unda,
damokidebuli berZnulisagan, magram maniSnebeli damoukidebeli
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis arsebobisa. sakmarisia mivuTiToT
meoTxe saukunis moRvaweze Rirs efrem asurze (+373 w.), rom
vigrZnoT qristianobis am àRmosavluri~ recefciis mTeli
siRrme, mTeli `potencia.~
antiqalkedonuri reaqciisa da monofizitobis mTavari
mkvebavi garemo monazvnoba iyo. magram Tavisi warmomavlobiT
swored monazvnoba iyo yvelaze naklebad dakavSirebuli
elinizmTan, da meoTxe-mexuTe saukuneebSi, siriasa da
egvipteSi, monazvnoba ZiriTadad adgilobrivi – kopturi
da siriuli nacionaluri elementebiT ikvebeboda. SeiZleba,
ukve im mxardaWeraSi, rac saxelmwifosagan devnil aTanases
gauwies monazvnebma, davinaxoT `sxvebis~ sawinaaRmdegod
`Tavisianis~ dacvis anarekli. àvazakur krebaze~ kiriles
dacvisas ki, mRelvare monazvnebi ukve aSkarad icavdnen
`TavianT~ eklesias ucxo ìmperiuli~ centris SemoRwevisagan.
qalkedonis winaaRmdeg brZolam, garda Tavisi saRvTismetyvelo
mniSvnelobisa, amieridan axali – religiur-politikuri

mniSvneloba SeiZina. monofizitobaSi hpoves gamosavali
farulma eTnikurma vnebebma. òri bunebis~ winaaRmdeg brZola
TviT imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolad gadaqcevis muqaras Seicavda.
qalkedonidan dabrunebul episkoposebs bevr adgilze
saxalxo winaaRmdegoba daxvdaT. ierusalimSi, Tavis qalaqSi,
patriarq iuvenalis Sesayvanad jaris Careva gaxda saWiro.
aleqsandriaSi jariskacebi, romlebic damxobili dioskores
nacvlad uSualod konstantinopolis mier daniSnul patriarq
proteriuss icavdnen, gamZvinvarebulma brbom serapeumSi
Caketa da cocxlad dawva. Tavdapirvelad xelisuflebam Zalas
mimarTa da scada qalkedonis `Tavsmoxveva.~ magram roca 457
wels gardaicvala markiane, Teodosi didis dinastiis
ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli, daiwyo monofizitebTan kompro
misebis era da ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi es gaxda mTavari
sakiTxi imperiis politikaSi. aleqsandriaSi 457 wlis martSi
xalxma airCia monofiziti patriarqi timoTe elurosi, xolo
proteriusi mokles. 475 wels monofizitebma antioqiis
kaTedrac daipyres – patriarqad airCies vinme petre fuloni.
xelisufleba mixvda, rom monofizitebis ukan uzarmazari
saxalxo Zalebi idga, rac imperiis politikur erTianobas
emuqreboda. imave 475 wels uzurpatorma basiliskosma
romelmac mcire xniT imperatori zenoni gandevna, gamosca
ènciklika~, romliTac faqtobrivad igmoboda qalkedoni da
episkoposebisagan masze xelmowera moiTxova: da masze xeli
moawera xuTasidan Svidasamde episkoposma! zenoni, romelmac
xelisufleba 476 wels daibruna, Tavdapirvelad mxars uWerda
qalkedonur marTlmadideblobas. magram konstantinopolis
patriarqis – akakis gavleniT, xedavda ra egvipteSi, siriasa da
palestinaSi monofizitobis SeuCerebel zrdas, 482 wels
gamosca `henotikoni~ – dogmaturi dekreti, romelSic
saxeldebis gareSe uaryofda rogorc papi leonis `tomoss~,
aseve qalkedonis dadgenilebasac. aleqsandriisa da antioqiis
monofizitma patriarqebma xeli moaweres am dekrets, magram
xalxma ganacxada, rom ar daemorCileboda dekrets: mxolod

aleqsandriaSi 30000 (!) monazonma patriarqisagan `henotikonis~
uaryofa moiTxova. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom am
qalaqebis monofiziti ierarqebis xelmowerebis miRebiT impe
ratori aRiarebda maT legitimurobas. magram aleqsandriaSi
`qalkedoniti~ patriarqic iyo. axla manac mimarTa saCivriT
roms. papma feliqs III-m akaki konstantinopolelisagan,
kompromisis politikis mTavari sulisCamdgmelisagan, moiTxova
qalkedonis dogmatisa da papi leonis tomosis araorazrovani
da aSkarad aRiareba. es moTxovna uSedego aRmoCnda da papma 484
wels sazemod daamxo da gankveTa akaki: daiwyo romTan pirveli
`sqizma,~ romelic gaiWima mTeli ocdaaTi weli (484–518 ww.). ase,
monofizituri aRmosavleTis SenarCunebis mcdelobaSi
konstantinopoli kargavda marTlmadidebel dasavleTs.
àkakiseuli ganxeTqileba~ im gansxvavebaTa grZeli jaWvis erTi
rgolia, ramac saboloo ganyofa gamoiwvia. imperatori anastasi I
(491–518 wlebi) ukve aSkarad uWerda mxars monofizitebs:
aleqsandriis monofizit patriarqTan urTierTobaze uaris
gamo 496 wels imperatorma daamxo konstantinopolis patriarqi
efTvime. 511 wels igive xvedri gaiziara patriarqma
makedoniusma, amjerad `nestorianelobis~ braldebiT, ese igi
qalkedonis erTgulebis gamo da mis nacvlad patriarqad
dainiSna aSkara monifiziti timoTe. 512 wels antioqiis
kaTedraze anastasim aiyvana monofizitobis mTavari RvTis
metyveli severoz antioqieli, romelmac tvirosis krebaze (518 w.)
sazeimod dagmo qalkedoni. marTlmadideblobasa da mono
fizitebs Soris ganyofa yovelwliurad ufro da ufro Rrma da
Seuqcevadi xdeboda. marTalia, palestinasa da siriaSi
monazonTa nawili wminda saba ganwmendilis meTaurobiT
(romelmac daafuZna saxelganTqmuli palestinis lavra)
marTlmadideblobis erTguli rCeboda da ar cnobda
monofizit ierarqebs, magram sirielTa ZiriTadi masa da
faqtiurad mTeli egvipte eresis myari nadavli gaxda. da iq
arcTu SemTxveviT miiRes marTlmadideblebma metsaxeli
`melqitebi~117 – `mefis xalxi~. qalkedoni aRmoCnda saRvTis

metyvelo, magram ara ìmperiuli~ sinTezi. monifizituri
SfoTi sul ufro da ufro iCenda Tavs, rogorc imperiasTan
eklesiis kavSiris sazRauri, ufro sworad, rogorc eklesiis
sazRauri imperiis codvebisaTvis, rogorc pirveli didi
tragedia axalgazrda qristianuli samyarosaTvis.
nawili 4.
am tragediaSi iustinianes TiTqmis ormocwliani mefoba

(527–565 wlebi) ukanaskneli mcdelobaa romauli `samyaros~
erTianobis SesanarCuneblad, dasruleba da umaRlesi wertilia
im samyarosi, romelSic momakvdavma àntikurobam~ kavSiri
daamyara qristianobasTan. iustiniane Tavidanve moxibluli
iyo romis diadi warsuliT, ris gamoc mTel mis politikas
safuZvlad udevs ara sinamdvilis fxizeli aRqma, aramed
ocneba imperiis warsul didebaze, imperatoris xelisuflebis
sidiadeze, romis misiaze. `Cven vimedovnebT, – wers igi, – rom
RmerTi dagvibrunebs im qveynebs, rasac TiTqmis or okeanes
Soris flobdnen Zveli romaelebi...~ magram es iyo ocneba.
sinamdvileSi romis erTianoba ukve aRar arsebobda. 395
wels sasikvdilo sarecelze imperatorma Teodosi didma
imperia Tavis or vaJs gauyo: honoriusma miiRo dasavleTi,
xolo arkadim – aRmosavleTi. Teoriulad imperia kvlav erTi
saxelmwifo iyo ori imperatoriT, sinamdvileSi ki swored am
momentidan dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis gzebi sabolood
iyreba. aRmosavleTSi, romelic organuli memkvidreobiT
mainc romTanaa dakavSirebuli, ukve izrdeba axali bizantiuri
117 melqitebi – (siriuli Malko - mefe, imperatori). araqalkedonuri eklesiebis

momxreebi ase uwodebdnen qalkedonuri eklesiebis (aleqsandria, antioqia,
ierusalimi, konstantinopoli) wevrebs – marTlmadideblebs, vinaidan
qalkedonuri rwmenis aRmsareblebi iyvnen bizantiis imperatorebic.
samyaro, romauli dasavleTi ki barbarosebis dartymebis

Sedegad ufro da ufro metad iZireba im `bneli saukuneebis~
qaosSi, romlisganac mogvianebiT iSveba romanul-germanuli
evropa.
barbarosul Semosevebs, `xalxTa did gadasaxlebas~, saTave
daedo 355 wels evropis aRmosavleTSi hunebis gamoCeniT. maTi
dawolis Sedegad germanelma tomebma, romlebic aRmosavleT
evropaSi saxlobdnen, daiwyes imperiis sazRvrebis garRveva.
imperiis aRmosavleTi sazRvari Teodosi didma ixsna. maSin
samxreTidan Seviwroebuli germanelebi dasavleTisaken
daiZrnen. pirvelma talRam romamde mexuTe saukunis dasawyisSi
miaRwia, magram igi ukugdebul iqna. barbarosebi mainc
damkvidrdnen imperiaSi. vestgoTebma italiaSi, vandalebma
afrikaSi, frankebma galiaSi `mekavSireTa~ saxiT aRiares romis
xelisufleba. ase rom kataloniis velebze 451 wels hunebze
mopovebuli gamarjveba jer kidev SeiZleba ganxiluliyo romis
gamarjvebad. magram TviT romi ixrwneboda: mkvlelobebi,
Ralati, SeTqmulebebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT cvlida uRono
imperatorebs da 476 wels ukanaskneli maTgani usaxelod
gauCinarda kidec, xolo 493 wels Teodorixis ostgoTebma
CrdiloeT italiaSi TavianTi samefo daaarses. es xalxebi
nominalurad kvlavac aRiarebdnen bizantiis imperatoris
umaRles da wminda xelisuflebas da maTi axladgamomcxvari
Tavadebi konstantinopolisagan siamovnebiT iRebdnen
samefo karis arafrismTqmel titulebs, magram dasavleTi
Seuwyaleblad iZireboda barbarosobasa da sibneleSi.
bizantia, Tavis mxriv, dasavleTs ufro da ufro aSkarad
aqcevda zurgs, misi interesebis centrma aRmosavleTSi
gadainacvla. mexuTe saukunis dasawyisidan mkafiod igrZnoba
imperiis orientalizacia – kulturaSi, fsiqologiaSi,
xelovnebaSi, samefo karis `ritualSi.~ imperiis sazRvrebs
gareT – saqarTveloSi, somxeTSi, sparseTSi Cndeboda axali
qristianuli eklesiebi; bizantiuri `misia~ viTardeboda
aRmosavleTSi. niSandoblivia, magaliTad, rom 484 wels
romTan kavSiris gawyvetas bizantiaSi gansakuTrebiT aravin

auRelvebia. eklesia, samwuxarod, daeqvemdebara istorias,
xolo istoria ufro da ufro aRrmavebda ufskruls odesRac
erTiani `samyaros~ or nawils Soris.
magram iustianiane swored am daSlis istorias ar cnobda.
mis cnobierebaSi, mis cxovrebasa da qmedebebSi yvelaferi
eqvemdebareboda `romis ideas~ mTeli misi universalizmiT.
iustinianem xelisufleba kritikul Jams miiRo: saukunis
dasawyisSi ufro da ufro Zlierdeboda aRorZinebuli spar
seTis dawola bizantiaze, sasicocxlo interesebi, rogorc
kargad gamoaCina momdevno saukunis movlenebma, yvela Zalis
aRmosavleTSi Tavmoyras moiTxovda. magram iustiniane gau
rigda sparselebs da Tavisi armia velizariosis meTaurobiT
dasavleTSi gadaisrola. 534 wels vandalebs waarTves afrika,
momdevno wels bizantielebi ikaveben sicilias da 536 wlis 10
dekembers velizariosi Sedis ostrogoTebis mefisagan mito
vebul romSi... ocneba sinamdviled iqca – 559 wels es ocneba
daagvirgvina espaneTSi romis batonobis aRdgenam. sikvdilis
Jams iustinianes sjeroda, rom imperiis Zveli erToba aRdge
nili iyo.
iustiniane garegani restavraciisagan ar acalkevebda
Sinagan aRdgenas. misi mefobis pirvelive wlebi aRiniSna ro
mis samarTlis kolosaluri sistematizaciiT, rac rasac
didebuleba SesZina ìustinianes kodeqsma~ (529 w.) da
`pandeqtebma~ (533 w.). es dideba ar aris gadaWarbebuli:
iustinianes krebulma Semoinaxa romis samarTlis memkvidreoba,
da igi im axali samyaros saZirkveli gaxada, rac imperiis
daSlis Sedegad daibada; man ganamtkica Cveni istoriuli
memkvidreobiToba. da bolos, iuridiul samuSaos Tan sdevda
Rrma administraciuli da safinanso reforma. imperiam kvlav
SeiZina Tavisi myari saxelmwifoebrivi `forma.~
yovelive es iustinianes xdis ukanasknel did imperatorad.
magram SeuZlebelia gavigoT misi mniSvneloba istoriaSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki eklesiis istoriaSi, Tuki masSi ar davinaxeT
qristianuli imperiis pirveli ìdeologic,~ romelmac Seajama

`konstantineseuli kavSiris~ Sedegebi. iustinianes dros
xdeba qristianuli bizantinizmis pirveli `sinTezi~, xolo
es sinTezi, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs mTeli aRmosavluri
marTlmadideblobis Semdgom gzas.
iustiniane arasdros ganacalkevebda romis saxelmwifoebriv
tradicias qristianobisagan. igi Tavs bolomde da srulad
acnobierebs romael imperatorad da aseve organulad – qristian
imperatorad. mTeli misi Teoriis wyaro aris imperiisa da
qristianuli religiis misTvis TavisTavad cxadi da savsebiT
ganuyofeli erTianoba. magram es wyaroa orazrovnebis mizezica
da, Riad unda vaRiaroT, am `Teoriis~ Sinagani sicruec. erTi
mxriv, ueWvelia, rom qristianobis gavleniT imperiis cnobiereba
Seicvala: iustiniane Tavs yovelTvis aRiqvams RmrTis msaxurad,
RmrTis nebis aRmsruleblad, xolo imperias miiCnevs samyaroSi
RmrTaebrivi gangebis ganxorcielebis iaraRad. imperiam
sabolood miiRo jvris niSani da misi saqme gaxda qristianobis
dacva da gavrceleba. amitom arafriT SeiZleba daviviwyoT, an
davakninoT misionerobisadmi iustinianes interesi, saeklesio
saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobisadmi da eklesiisadmi imperatoris
guluxvi daxmareba; da bolos, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT arc
misi gulwrfeli rwmena, arc misi WeSmariti da ara mxolod
`politikuri~ interesi RvTismetyvelebisadmi. misi kanonTa
krebuli SemTxveviT ar iwyeba qristesa da yovladwminda
samebisadmi `kaTolike sarwmunoebis~ aRmsareblobiT, xolo
imperiis simbolos, gulisa da mfarvelis – wminda sofiis taZris
Zvirfasi trapezi gamSvenebulia sityvebiT: `Senni SenTagan
Senda Semwirvelni iustiniane da Teodora.~ garkveuli azriT
es sityvebi namdvilad gamoxatavs imperatoris TviTSegnebasa
da STagonebas. amieridan imperia srulad ekuTvnis qristianul
RmerTs.
magram istorikosTa umetesoba ver xedavs iustinianes Teo
riis tragikul wyluls, rac, sxvaTa Soris, xsnis imperatoris
religiuri politikis Cavardnebs da Taviseburad àmarTlebs~
kidec maT. bizantiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil istorikosTa

nawili iustinianes Tvlis `cezaropapizmis~, ese igi saxelm
wifosadmi eklesiis daqvemdebarebis Teoretikosad da am
cezaropapizmSi xedavs marTlmadidebluri aRmosavleTis
istoriaSi yvela borotebis wyaros. istorikosTa meore nawili
ki, piriqiT, iustinianeSi xedavs `simfoniis~, ese igi eklesiisa
da saxelmwifos urTierTobis WeSmaritad marTlmadidebluri
Teoriis Semoqmeds, xolo misi mefobis codvebsa da Zaladobebs
xsnis amqveynad wesebis darRvevis gardauvalobiT. am dros ki,
iustinianeseuli Teoriis sabediswero xasiaTi isaa, rom masSi
srulebiT ar aris eklesiis adgili, rom gulwrfelad da
Taviseburad mTeli siRrmiT daudo ra qristianoba safuZvlad
mTel saxelmwifoebriv `qmedebas~, didma imperatorma ver
dainaxa eklesia, da amitom qristianuli samyaros yvelanari
gageba yalbi wanamZRvrebisagan gamoiyvana.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT: sityva èklesia~ iustinianesTan
uamravjer gvxvdeba, keTilmowese mefis misiad igi Tvlis
`qristianuli rwmenis wmindad SenarCunebasa da yovelgvari
SfoTisagan wminda samociqulo da kaTolike eklesiis dacvas.~
magram mTeli saqme isaa, ra realoba dgas am sityvebis miRma?
Cven viciT, rom Tavidanve qristianTa cnobierebaSi eklesia iyo
axali sazogadoeba, RmrTis axali eri, romelic iqmneba `wyliTa
da suliT~ axali saidumlo SobiT. es dabadeba qristianul
cxovrebas aZlevda axal ganzomilebas: mas qristianuli
cxovreba Sehyavda axal sasufevelSi, romelic ar aris ama
soflisagan, mas aziarebda `momaval saukuneTa cxovrebas,~
jer kidev dafaruls ama soflisagan; ase rom rCeba ra ama
soflad, eklesiis meSveobiT qristiani xdeboda sxva samyaros
moqalaqec: `rameTu mohkuediT, da cxoreba¡ Tqueni dafarul
ars qristeTurT RmrTisa Tana~118. amitom ara mxolod devniTa
da uaryofiT iyo gamocalkevebuli eklesia ama soflisagan,
aramed imiTac, rom TviT misi dafaruli arsi ar daiyvaneba
raime miwieramde. jer kidev meoTxe saukunemde eklesiasa da
118 kolas. 3:3

ama sofels Soris sazRvari mkafio iyo: bevri, romelic iRebda

rwmenas, ar inaTleboda, imdenad Zlieri iyo `gardatexis~
gancda, dakavSirebuli naTlisRebasTan. ase magaliTad,
wminda basili didi ukve zrdasruli moinaTla, xolo wminda
ioane oqropiri amxelda maT, vinc ayovnebda monaTvlas da
mas gadadebda xolme `sasiamovno~ cxovrebasTan ganSorebis
momentisaTvis... magram ukve mexuTe saukuneSi garegani sazRvari
ukve iSleba: qristianuli sazogadoeba ufro da ufro metad
emTxveva bizantiur sazogadoebas. da mainc eklesiis swavlebasa
da cnobierebaSi principi uryevi rCeba: eklesia `bunebrivisagan~
gansxvavebiT aris sazogadoeba àra ama soflisagan~ da Tu
arsebiTad CavwvdebiT liturgiis amJamindel teqsts, igi axlac
rCeba `mxolod marTalTa~ `daxurul~ Sekrebad da ara sazogado
msaxurebad, sadac yovel Semsvlels SeuZlia `dadges...~ amitom
marTalTa sakramentuli sazogadoebis damTxveva `bunebrivi~
sazogadoebisaTvis (vinaidan amgvari damTxveva mTeli imperiis
mier qristianobis miRebis gardauvali Sedegia), TavisTavad
raimeTi ar arRvevs eklesiis Zireul swavlebas eklesiis Sesaxeb.
gana igi yvela adamianisaTvis araa mowodebuli? cotaTi
icvleba misi qadagebisa da adamianebze gavlenis meTodebi, misi
RvTismsaxureba viTardeba da ufro sazeimo xdeba, eklesia ufro
farTod moicavs adamianTa cxovrebas, magram arsebiTad eklesia
rCeba igive, rac iyo da rac unda iyos: eklesia aris RmrTis
eris Sekreba; igi mowodebulia daamowmos RmrTis sasufevlis
Sesaxeb. evqaristiuli locva dRemde inarCunebs mTel Tavis
esqatologiur miswrafebas, da yoveli liturgia acxadebs
eklesiis saboloo àraamqveyniurobas~, mis kuTvnilebas
`momavali saukuneebisadmi~.
magram es `damTxveva~ niSnavs, rom imperiis `qristianizaciis~
kvaldakval eklesiasa da ama sofels Soris garegani sazRvari,
rac ubralod qristianebs warmarTebisagan hyofda, ufro
da ufro gadadis SigniT, TviT qristianul cnobierebaSi.
qristiani èkuTvnis~ eklesiasac da ama sofelsac, magram man
unda gaacnobieros ontologiuri gansxvaveba eklesiasa da ama
sofels Soris. rogorc qristianma, romelic qristes swavlebis

naTliT mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis gaciskrovnebas cdilobs, amave
dros, icis, rom misi saboloo Rirebuleba, saboloo saunje,
romelic èrTisa¡ ars saxmar,~119 ara ama soflisaganaa: esaa
RmrTis sasufeveli, saboloo SeerTeba RmerTTan, qristesTan
maradiuli cxovrebis srulyofili sixaruli. da am sixaruls
qristiani `winaswar ganicdis~ eklesiaSi, mis SekrebaSi,
roca igi puris gantexaSi `sikvdilsa uflisasa amcnobs, mis
aRdgomas aRiarebs...~ TiToeuli Tavisi wevris meSveobiT ama
sofelTan SeerTebuli, TviT ama soflis nawili, eklesia,
rogorc mTlianoba, aris RmrTis sasufevlis saidumlo,
momaswavebeli sasufevlis momavali zeobisa da amitom
eklesia bolomde Tavisufali da gansxvavebuli unda iyos ama
soflisagan. da Cven vxedavT, rom meoTxe da mexuTe saukunis
mqadagebelTa da RvTismetyvelTa mTeli Zalisxmeva yvelaze
metad mimarTuli iyo saeklesio sazogadoebaSi qristianuli
cxovrebis òrganzomilebiani~ cnobierebis SesanarCuneblad.
am ZalisxmeviT aixsneba bevri ram liturgikuli ritualis
garTulebaSi (ufro metad sagrZnobi aqcentireba saidumlos,
rogorc ama soflisaTvis absoluturad sxva, zeciuri, masTan
Seudarebeli realobis movlenis, `saSinel~ xasiaTze...); da
bolos, am òrganzomilebianobaze~ mowmobs monazvnoba ama
soflidan Tavisi gasvliT. qadagebiT, RvTismsaxurebiT,
asketizmiT eklesia ebrZvis qristianobis `bunebriv~ religiad
gadaqcevisa da ama sofelTan bolomde Serwymis cTunebas.
magram aq vlindeba eklesiasa da imperias Soris `gaugeb
robaTa~ Soris yvelaze Rrma gaugebroba. romis saxelmwifom
SeZlo SedarebiT advilad mieRo Tavis oficialur
religiur doqtrinad eklesiis swavleba RmrTisa da qristes
Sesaxeb; man SeZlo mZlavri daxmareba gaewia eklesiisaTvis
warmarTobis aRmofxvraSi da qristianobis dasanergad, da
bolos, man SeZlo, ama Tu zomiT, `gaeqristianebina~ Tavisi
kanonebi. magram mas arafriT SeeZlo bolomde eRiarebina
119 luka, 10:41

eklesia misgan gansxvavebul sazogadoebad, ar esmoda ama

soflisagan eklesiis òntologiuri~ damoukidebloba.
amas xels uSlida romis saxelmwifoebriobis TviTSegnebis
religiuri absolutizmi da masSi TviTgancda imperatorisa,
rogorc RmrTis warmomadgenlisa dedamiwaze. mTeli saqme
isaa, rom gaqristianebam ara Tu Seasusta, aramed, piriqiT,
gaZliera es TviTSegneba, `logikur~ dasasrulamde miiyvana
igi. konstantines moqcevaze saubrisas Cven ukve mivuTiTeT,
rom misi Tavisebureba, momavlisaTvis misi mniSvneloba
mdgomareobda swored qristes mier konstantines arCevis
ùSualobaSi~, imaSi, rom `pavles msgavsad man niSani miiRo ara
kacTagan...~ ukve es garemoeba konstantines TvalSi imperias
gamoxsnis wminda istoriaSi gansakuTrebul adgilze aTavsebda,
swored mas xdida dasrulebad da dagvirgvinebad movlenaTa
im ganviTarebisa, romelsac Zveli da axali aRTqmis gziT
mivyavarT ama sofelze qristes saboloo gamarjvebamde. da rac
ufro metad èmTxveoda~ eklesia Tavis sivrciT ganfenilobaSi
imperias, miT ufro SeumCneveli xdeboda garegani sazRvrebi
maT Soris, saxelmwifo fsiqologiaSi ufro Zlierdeboda
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis ukve sruli Serwyma, ra Tqma unda,
RmrTiT dadgenili àvtokratoris~ – TviTmpyrobelis
xelisuflebiT. garegnulad eklesiis struqtura xelSeuxe
beli iyo. warmarTobis ganadgurebiT imperatorebi usityvod
uars ambobdnen im mRvdlebisa Tu qurumebis funqciebze, rac
maT saxelmwifos igive Teokratiuli bunebisagan gamomdinare
hqondaT Zvel romSi. ierarqiis sakramentuli, samoZRvrebo,
mwyemsmTavruli Zalaufleba arafriT iyo SezRuduli,
piriqiT, garemoculi iyo manamde ararsebuli pativiTa
da privilegiebiT. mxolod ierarqia, Teoriulad mainc,
rCeboda saeklesio rwmenis sruluflebian gamomxatvelad
da saxelmwifo aRiarebda Tavis valdebulebas, daecva,
gaevrcelebina da daemtkicebina eklesiis swavleba, dadgenili
krebebis mier. magram swored isaa damaxasiaTebeli (da amas
umeteswilad ver amCneven istorikosebi), rom bizantiaSi TviT
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis problemebi TiTqmis

SeumCnevlad, TiTqmis gaucnobiereblad Seicvala saero
xelisuflebasa da saeklesio ierarqias Soris urTierTobis
problemiT. imperiis cnobierebaSi eklesia Seerwya ama
sofels, magram imis gamo, rom es sofeli qristianulia, ama
sofels aqvs erTgvarad ori, erTmaneTis Semavsebeli wyaro
Tavisi yofierebisa, mowyobisa da keTildReobisa: mefe da
mRvdeli. bizantiur mwerlobaSi TandaTanobiT klasikuri
xdeba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis mimsgavseba
sxeulisa da sulis mimarTebisaTvis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
saxelmwifo moiazreba rogorc sxeuli, romelic cxovrobs am
sxeulSi sulis – eklesiis wyalobiT. magram unda davinaxoT
am sqemis radikaluri gansxvaveba adreuli eklesiis swavlebi
sagan, rac eklesias arasodes uaruyvia, radgan es iqneboda
Tavisive Tavis uaryofa. adreuli eklesia TviTon aRiqvamda
sakuTar Tavs sxeulad, cocxal organizmad, axal erad,
romelic bolomde ver daiyvaneba romelime eramde da romelime
bunebriv sazogadoebamde. da mxolod am organizmis SigniT
da mxolod masTan mimarTebiT aqvs azri ierariis msaxurebas,
romlis mizania am erTobis ganxorcieleba, eklesiis gardaqmna
TviT qristes saxed. Teoriulad yvela adamiani mowodebulia
da SeuZlia gaxdes am sxeulis wevri, magram maSinac ki es sofeli
ver gaxdeba eklesia, radgan eklesiaSi da eklesiis meSveobiT
adamianebi eziarebian sxva samyaros, sxva cxovrebas – imas, rac
`didebiT~ mogvevlineba mxolod samyaros dasasruls.... magram
oficialur bizantiur doqtrinaSi TviT saxelmwifo sxeuls
emsgavseba ara am adreqristianuli mniSvnelobiT, arc imitom,
rom de facto imperiis yvela qveSevdromi gaxda eklesiis wevri.
sinamdvileSi, igi mTlianad eyrdnoba verdaZleul warmarTul
wanamZRvrebs, romelTa Sesabamisad TviT saxelmwifo moiazreba
RmrTisagan dadgenil erTaderT, adamianis mTeli cxovrebis
momcvel erTobad. masSi RmrTis xiluli warmomadgeneli, misi
nebis aRmsrulebeli da RmrTis samflobelos ganmkargulebeli
imperatoria. mas aqvs valdebuleba, erTnairad izrunos Tavisi
qveSevdromebis religiur da materialur keTildReobaze

da misi Zalaufleba ara mxolod RmrTisganaa, aramed
RvTaebrivicaa Tavisi bunebiT. am sqemis erTaderTi gansxvaveba
warmarTuli Teokratiisagan isaa, rom imperiam WeSmariti
RmerTi da WeSmariti religia qristianobaSi hpova. qristem
ki Tavisi Zalaufleba – Seundos, gankurnos, akurTxos,
damoZRvros – mRvdlebs miando. amitom isini saxelmwifoSi
garemoculi unda iyvnen gansakuTrebuli pativiT, radgan
amieridan maTze, maT locvasa da saidumloebebzea
damokidebuli imperiis keTildReoba.
adrebizantiur saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebaSi eklesia –
esaa ierarqia, dogmatebi, RvTismsaxureba, taZari. da yovelive
es, marTlac, `sulia~ ama soflisa, sulia imperiisa. magram
am cnobierebidan amovardnilia eklesia, rogorc sxeuli,
eklesia, rogorc sazogadoeba, eklesiis sxeuli Secvlilia,
an Canacvlebulia saxelmwifoTi. da amis gamo amieridan
aRar arsebobs problema eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris,
arsebobs mxolod ori xelisuflebis – `saero~ da `sasuliero~
xelisuflebis urTierTobis sakiTxi TviT saxelmwifos SigniT.
am kiTxvas pasuxobs iustiniane Tavis kanonmdeblobaSi da Tavis
religiur politikaSi. es ganapirobebs misi mefobis mniSvne
lobas eklesiis istoriaSi.
es pasuxi istoriaSi cnobilia rogorc `simfoniis~ idea,
iustinianes mier yvelaze ukeT gamoxatuli mis saxelganTqmul
meeqvse novelaSi. iustiniane wers: `RmerTma Tavisi
kacTmoyvareobis gamo kacobriobas ori udidesi saCuqari
uZRvna: mRvdloba da mefoba (Sacerdotium et imperium). pirveli
emsaxureba imas, rac RmrTaebrivia, meore marTavs adamianur
saqmeebs da dakavebulia am sferoTi. Tumca orive momdina
reobs erTi da imave wyarosagan da amSvenebs adamianTa cxovrebas.
Sesabamisad, imperatorebs sxva araferi unda aRelvebdeT ufro
metad, vidre mRvdlebis Rirseulad yofna, radgan isini maTi
(imperatorebis) keTildReobisaTvis mudmivad loculoben
RmrTis mimarT. radgan Tu mRvdlebi ukicxvelad myofoben da
mimarTulni arian RmrTisadmi, xolo imperatorebi sazrunavad

maTTvis mindobil saxelmwifos marTaven samarTlianad da
gonivrulad, amiT myardeba sayovelTao harmonia (simfonia) da
kacTa modgmas eZleva yvelaferi, rac misTvis keTili nayofis
momcemia.~ mRvdloba ganagebs saRvTo, zeciur saqmeebs, mefoba
– adamianur, miwier saqmeebs. magram, amave dros, mefoba yovel
mxriv zrunavs saeklesio dogmatebisa da mRvdlobis pativis
dacvaze, xolo mRvdloba mefobasTan erTad mTel sazogado
cxovrebas warmarTavs uflisTvis saTno gziT.
es doqtrina SeiZleboda a. v. kartaSevis kvalad àrsebul
doqtrinaTagan Teoriulad yvelaze ukeTesad~ gveRiarebina,
Tuki is saxelmwifo, romelic am doqtrinaSi iseTive
aucilebel da did sikeTed cxaddeba, rogorc eklesia,
namdvilad gadaafasebda Tavis Tavs ama soflis Sesaxeb
qristianuli swavlebis safuZvelze. qristianoba arasodes
uaryofda arc saxelmwifos sikeTes, arc qristes naTliT
misi ganaTlebis SesaZleblobas. magram swored imaSi iyo
sazrisi ama soflad eklesiis, rogorc erTobis, rogorc
xiluli organizaciis movlinebisa, rom masSi warmoCindeboda
saxelmwifos SezRuduloba, masSi sabolood imxileboda
saxelmwifos absolutizmi, rogoric unda yofiliyo misi
bunebis `sakralizacia~ – swored absolutizmi Seadgenda
antikuri saxelmwifos arss. eklesia ucxadebs ama sofels,
rom arsebobs mxolod ori absoluturi, maradiuli da wminda
Rirebuleba: RmerTi da adamiani, sxva yvelaferi ki, maT Soris,
saxelmwifo, upirvelesad, SezRudulia Tavisive bunebiT,
bolomde mxolod àma soflisadmi~ kuTvnilebiT; meorec,
saxelmwifo aris sikeTe mxolod im zomiT, ra zomiTac
emsaxureba adamianis Sesaxeb RmrTis gangebis aRsrulebas.
amitom saxelmwifos `ganaTleba~, upirvelesad, mdgomareobs
Tavisi SezRudulobis gacnobierebaSi, Tavisi Tavis, rogorc
absoluturi Rirebulebis, uaryofaSi; am ganaTlebisaTvis
ibrZodnen qristianebi devnilobis epoqaSi, roca uaryofdnen
saxelmwifos uflebas, srulad daeqvemdebarebina adamiani.
aqedan gamomdinare, qristianuli samyaros postulatia

ara eklesiis Serwyma saxelmwifosTan, aramd piriqiT, maTi
gansxvaveba: radgan qristianuli saxelmwifo mxolod imdenadaa
qristianuli, ramdenadac igi ar acxadebs pretenzias,
iyos yvelaferi adamianisaTvis, gansazRvros adamianis
mTeli cxovreba, aramed aZlevs mas saSualebas, iyos wevri
saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi sxva, magram ara mtruli erTobisa,
sxva realobisa.
istoriulad ki, da amaSia bizantinizmis mTeli drama, es
`gadafaseba~ ar moxda arc konstantines dros, arc konstantines
Semdeg. iustinianes Teoriis fesvebi warmarTuli imperiis
Teokratiul cnobierebaSia, romlisTvisac saxelmwifo
aris samyaros wminda da absoluturi forma, misi sazrisi da
gamarTleba. da amitomac ar SeiZleba saubari saxelmwifosaTvis
eklesiis daqvemdebarebaze, radgan dasaqvemdebareblad saWi
roa ori gansxvavebuli `subieqti~. amave dros, Teokratiul
doqtrinaSi ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos raime, rac ar
ganekuTvneba saxelmwifos, da religia arsebiTad aris
saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia. ufro metic, es umaRlesi funqciaa,
rac garkveuli azriT saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi imorCilebs
yvela danarCens, magram mxolod imitom, rom TviT saxelmwifo
religiuria Tavisi bunebiT, adamianTa sazogadoebis RvTaebrivi
`formaa.~ saxelmwifo èqvemdebareba~ religias, magram TviT
religias Tavisi `gaformebis~ obieqtad aqvs saxelmwifo da
am azriT eqvemdebareba mas, rogorc im umaRles Rirebulebas,
risTvisac religia arsebobs. èklesiis keTildReoba aris
imperiis cixesimagre~ – iustinianes es sityvebi mTeli misi
Teoriis gasaRebia. igi mTlianad iRebs gansxvavebas samefo da
sasuliero xelisuflebas Soris, sasuliero xelisuflebaSi
igi xedavs im WeSmaritebis damtevs, romelTan Tanxmobac
saxelmwifos pirveli valdebulebaa; mas esmis, rom `mefobasa~
da `mRvdlobas~ aqvT sxvadasxva daniSnuleba, magram yvela
feri es – gansxvavebac, da WeSmaritebac da sxvadasxva daniS
nulebac – yvelaferi Sinaganad arsebobs imisaTvis, rom
imperias, rogorc umaRlessa da absolutur Rirebulebas,

hqondes sikeTe, siZliere da keTildReoba. niSandoblivia,
rom monazvnobisadmi iustinianes siyvarulic ki (man mTel
imperiaSi aTobiT monasteri daafuZna), im monazvnobisadmi,
romelic TiTqosda mxolod Tavisi arsebobis faqtiT uaryofda
imperiis am religiur absolutizms, swored am ukanasknelidan
gamomdinareobs: `Tuki es ubiwo xelebi da es ganwmendili
sulebi iloceben imperiisaTvis, misi armia iqneba ufro Zlieri,
saxelmwifos keTildReoba ukeTesi, puris moyvana da vaWroba
ufro ayvavebuli RmrTis ueWveli nebis wyalobiT.~ isinic ki,
romelTa erTaderTi mizania mowmoba imis Sesaxeb, rom `warmaval
ars xati amis soflisai~120 da ama sofliT sargebloba SeiZleba
ise, `TiTqos ar sargeblob~, isinic ki CarTulni aRmoCndnen
religiis am Zvel ùtilitarul~ gagebaSi, da isini imperatoris
TvalSi xdebian imperiis materialuri (sulierisac ki ara!)
keTildReobis wyaro.
iustinianes `sinTezSi~ eklesia rogorRac iTqvifeba,
saxelmwifoebrivi fsiqologiidan sabolod qreba ama
soflisa da saxelmwifosagan eklesiis Zireuli `sxvagvaroba.~
qristianuli samyaros istoriis pirveli Tavi sruldeba
warmarTuli absolutizmis Zlevamosili dabrunebiT.
nawili 5.
amas yvelaze ukeT warmoaCens TviT eklesiis bedi iustinia

nes dros. Tavisi mefobis pirvelive wlebidan imperatorma
aCvena, rom imperiis religiur erTobas igi moiazrebs
iseTsave TavisTavad cxad da bunebriv movlenad, rogorc
saxelmwifoebriv erTobas. mkacri RonisZiebebi daatyda Tavs
yovelnair eretikul seqtas, Zveli ganyofisa da davebis
narCenebs. kidev ufro mkafiod gadawyvita iustinianem
120 1 korinT. 7:31

angariSis gasworeba warmarTobasTan da mis citadelTan –

aTenis universitetTan, romelic is-is iyo Semosiliyo did
warmarT filosofosTagan ukanasknelis – prokles didebiT.
529 wels universiteti daixura da Seicvala pirveli
qristianuli universitetiT konstantinopolSi. dedaqalaqsa
da mcire aziaSi daiwyo masobrivi gaqristianebis kampania.
darCenili mcirericxovani warmarTebi sabolood unda
wasuliyvnen iataqveSeTSi.
Cven vnaxeT, rom 484 wlidan romis eklesiam gawyvita
urTierToba konstantinopolTan imperator anastasisa da umaR
lesi sasuliero pirebis promonofizituri politikis gamo.
magram xalxi konstantinopolSi qalkedonisa da qalkedonitobs
gamo vnebuli ori patriarqis – efTvimesa da makedoniosis
erTguli rCeboda. iustinianem, jer kidev imperator iustine
I-is `memkvidred~ yofnisas, Tavisi religiuri politika romTan
sazeimo SerigebiT daiwyo, amasTanave, am Serigebis safasuri
iyo patriarqisa da episkoposebis mier Tavisi SinaarsiT
iseT mkveTrad papistur dokumentze (romelic Sedgenili
iyo papi hormizdasis mier) xelmowera, rogoric arasodes
enaxa aRmosavleTis eklesias. marTlmadidebeli patriarqebi
efTvime da makedoniusi (romlebic Tavadve iyvnen msxverplni
monofizitobisa), konstantinopolSi ukve wmindanebad
gandidebulni, unda dagmobiliyvnen TavianTive eklesiis mier
mxolod imitom, rom isini eklesias marTavdnen im wlebSi, roca
romsa da konstantinopols Soris gawyvetili iyo urTierToba!
iustianianes nebismier fasad sWirdeboda mSvidoba romTan. ukve
am dros mis gonebaSi mwifdeboda dasavleTSi Zveli imperiis
aRdgenis gegma. amasTan dakavSirebiT, nu dagvaviwydeba, rom im
qaosSi, rac mefobda iq, erTaderT kavSirad bizantiasa da romis
tradicias Soris papoba rCeboda. papis avtoriteti uryevi iyo
TviT germanel barbarosebSic, miuxedavad maTi arianelobisadmi
kuTvnilebisa (ulfila goTis meSveobiT, romelmac isini
monaTla meoTxe saukuneSi, arianelobis zeobis Jams). ar unda
daviviwyoT, rom rRvevisa da ngrevis am saukuneebSi papoba
imperiis erTguli rCeboda, miuxedavad yvela `wyenisa~. mxolod

bizantiis xatmebrZolobis sibnele merve saukuneSi aTqmevinebs
uars, bolos da bolos, papobas am erTgulebaze, aiZulebs
mas axali damcvelebis Zebnas swored im barbarosebs Soris,
romelTaTvis papoba aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi rCeboda ara
mxolod religiur centrad, aramed didi romauli tradiciis
matarebladac. saboloo jamSi papoba swored barbarosebs
gadascems am tradicias: dasavluri Christianitas-is121 Tesls, didi
qristianuli Suasakuneebisa.
iustiniane papobaze aqcents dasavleTSi Tavisi Zalauflebis
aRsadgenad akeTebda. papoba ki Seuryeveli iyo papi leonisa da
qalkedonis krebisadmi Tavis erTgulebaSi. magram aRmosavleTSi
iustinianes gamefebisas arsebuli mdgomareoba diametralurad
sawinaaRmdego iyo. egvipteSi eklesia mxolod monofizitebs
epyraT, sxva provinciebSi `henotikonis~ momxreebi, ese igi
naxevradmonofizitebi isxdnen. antioqiis eklesias meTaurobda
mTeli monofizituri RvTismetyvelebis `tvini~ severozi.
iustinem da iustinianem dasawyisisaTvis imperiis episkopatis
qalkedonis rwmenaSi iZulebiTi dabruneba scades. magram
axal episkoposebs, konstantinopolSi daniSnulebsa da xel
dasxmulebs, TavianTi kaTedrebi policiis daxmarebiT unda
daekavebinaT. brbo boboqrobda, uxdebodaT mTeli monastrebis
gasaxleba, yvelgan ismoda `sinoditebis~ wyevla. mTlianobaSi
mxolod palestina iyo marTlmadidebeli umniSvnelo umci
resobis gamoklebiT. magram siriaSi, edesaSi, mcire aziis
ganapira mxareebSi qalkedonis ierarqia Zalis gamoyenebiT
inergeboda. egviptis xelis xleba ki saerTod ver gabedes –
swored iq daimalnen severoz antioqieli da sxva monofiziti
beladebi.
magram iustinianem male Tqva uari Zalis politikaze, raTa,
Tavis mxriv, kompromisis politika daewyo. Cveulebriv, am cvli
lebas miaweren misi colis, faruli monofizitis, Teodoras
gavlenas, romelic yovelTvis exmareboda eresis beladebs.
121 Christianitas – qristianoba, qristianuli samyaro

sxva istorikosebi saubroben qmarsa da cols Soris sferoebis

Tavisebur ganawilebaze: iustinianes mier marTlmadideblobis,
xolo Teodoras mier monofizitobis mxardaWera TiTqosda iyo
politikuri manevri, romelic inarCunebda imperiis erTianobas,
da romelic orive mimdinareobas aZlevda samefo xelisuflebaze
dayrdnobis saSualebas. asea Tu ise, SeuZlebelia iustinianes
ar gaeazrebina mTeli Tavisi mniSvnelobiT safrTxe am reli
giuri ganyofisa, romlis miRmac mkafiod ikveTeboda Zvel
nacionalizmTa `separatizmi.~
531 wlidan iustiniane mkveTrad cvlis kurss. gandevnil
monazvnebs TavianT monastrebSi dabrunebis ufleba miecaT.
monazonTa Zalian didi nawili saxldeba TviT imperatoris
sasaxlis mimdebared, sadac, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, isini
warmoadgenen Teodoras garSemo Semokrebili saidumlo
monofizituri intrigebis centrs. magram imperatori jer
kidev imedovnebs, rom miaRwevs saRvTismetyvelo SeTanxmebas.
533 wels igi awyobs samdRian disputs Tormeti RvTismetyvelis
(eqvs-eqvsi TiToeuli mxarisagan) monawileobiT. miuxedavad
kamaTis mSvidobiani tonisa da maRali saRvTismetyvelo donisa,
disputi unayofod sruldeba. male amis Semdeg Teodora axer
xebs konstantinopolis patriarqad vinme anTimozis, TiTqmis
aSkara monofizitis, arCevas. Sexvedra severoz antioqielTan,
romlis egviptidan gamotyueba moaxerxa imperatorma aseve
saRvTismetyvelo disputebisaTvis, asrulebs anTimozis mono
fizitad moqcevas. magram am dros konstantinopolSi Cndeba
TviT romis papi agapetusi. patriarqis eresi mJRavndeba. igi
qreba – sapatriarqo taxtze papma marTlmadidebeli mina
akurTxa. iustiniane kvlav cvlis kurss. 536 wlis ediqtiT
monofizitoba kidev erTxel sazeimod daigmo, severoz
antioqielis wignebi mimoqcevidan amoiRes, eretikosebs
aekrZalaT dedaqalaqSi Sesvla. iustiniane ufro gadamWrel
nabijzec ki midis: amdeni wlis manZilze egvipteSi monofizi
turi ierarqiis TiTqmis oficialurad cnobis Semdeg egvipteSi
igzavneba marTlmadidebeli episkoposi – SeuzRudavi ufleba
mosilebiT. mTel qveyanas kvlav gadauara teroris talRam.
magram swored am momentSi xdeba gamousworebeli ram:

Cndeba paraleluri monofizituri ierarqia, ramac sabolood
da Seuqcevlad gadaaqcia ganyofad is, rac manamde jer kidev
SeiZleboda saRvTismetyvelo gansxvavebad CaTvliliyo. igive
Teodoras daxmarebiT vinme episkoposma ioanem, eresis gamo
gadasaxlebulma, mkurnalobis momizezebiT dedaqalaqSi gada
yvanas miaRwia. aq, dedoflis mfarvelobiT policiisagan malu
lad ioane Tavis saxlSi iwyebs mRvdlebis xeldasxmas. Semdeg
amave mizniT igi axerxebs malulad mTeli mcire aziis Semovlas.
cota mogvianebiT, meore faruli episkoposi iakob baradeosi
(`CamofleTili~) mwiris saxiT moivlis sirias. amjerad ori
egvipteli gadasaxlebuli episkoposis daxmarebiT igi ukve
episkoposebsac ki akurTxebs. es ukanasknelni male TavianT
monofizit patriarqs irCeven. iakobitur (iakob baradeosis
saxelis mixedviT) eklesias safuZveli Caeyara: igi dRemde
arsebobs... koptebma da sirielebma Camoayalibes TavianTi
nacionaluri eklesiebi, eklesiis pirveli ganyofa moxda.
amieridan arc iustiniane, arc misi memkvidreebi qalke
donisagan arasodes miidrikebian: imperia samudamod daukav
Sirebs Tavis beds marTlmadideblobas. magram gana tragikuli
araa is, rom TiTqmis mTeli araberZnuli aRmosavleTis
mier marTlmadideblobis uaryofis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
mizezi imperiisadmi siZulvili gaxda? asi wlis Semdeg
sirielebi da koptebi muslim dampyroblebs Sexvdebian
rogorc ganmaTavisufleblebs – es iyo eklesiis sazRauri
konstantineseuli kavSiris Sinagani orazrovnebisaTvis.
magram Tavisi absolutizmis namdvili masStabi iustinianem
SfoTian da xangrZliv mexuTe msoflio krebaze gamoaCina.
garegani mizezebi, ramac gamoiwvia am krebis mowveva, SeiZleba
SemTxveviTi Candes da advili ar aris gaazreba krebis
marTlmadidebluri dogmis TandaTanobiTi kristalizaciis
Sinagani kanonzomierebisa, im kanonzomierebisa, romelmac,
miuxedavad dasanani istoriuli samoselisa, am krebas saek
lesio cnobierebaSi mainc SeunarCuna msoflio avtoriteti.
saqme daiwyo origenes RvTismetyvelebis Sesaxeb axali

daviT. miuxedavad im udidesi gavlenisa, rac did aleqsan
driel `didaskaloss~122 hqonda, misi swavlebis zogierTi
punqti Zalian adre iwvevda eWvs. ukve mesame saukunis bolos
meTodi olimpieli werda sulTa winarearsebobisa da aRmdgari
sxeulebis bunebis Sesaxeb origenes swavlebis winaaRmdeg.
asi wlis Semdeg, meoTxe saukunis bolos, eresebis cnobili
mamxilebeli epifane kvipreli xedavda origenes swavlebaSi
mama RmerTisadmi Ze RmerTis arianul daqvemdebarebas.
origenes winaaRmdeg aseve werda netari ieronime da, bolos,
400 wels Teofile aleqsandrielis meTaurobiT aleqsandriaSi
Catarebulma krebam sazeimod dagmo origenizmis cTomilebani.
origene, Cven ukve visaubreT amaze, iyo pirveli, vinc scada
qristianobisa da elinizmis sinTezi, magram am sinTezSi
elinizmma sabediswerod `daamaxinja~ qristianoba da amitom
brZola origenes winaaRmdeg iyo erT-erTi aspeqti elinizmis
im kritikuli, rTuli `gaeklesiurebisa,~ raSic, rogorc ukve
aRvniSnavdiT, vlindeba patristikuli epoqis istoriuli
mniSvneloba. eklesia `xarSavda~ origenes, mis swavlebaSi
uaryofda imas, rac SeuTavsebeli iyo eklesiis rwmenasTan,
da xvewda imas, rac faseuli da sasargeblo iyo. magram
sayovelTao masStabiT sakiTxi origenes Sesaxeb ar damdgara
da òrigenizmi~ gadailaxeboda xolme, uwinaresad, TviT
saRvTismetyvelo davebSi – samebis, RmerTkacobis Sesaxeb
– saRvTismetyvelo enis neli Camoqnis gziT da amgvarad
saeklesio gardamocemis naTeli saRvTismetyvelo àTvisebiT~.
swored amitomac ar iyo origenizmis ucabedad mwvave
recidivi mexuTe saukunis bolos da meeqvse saukunis dasawyisSi
SemTxveviTi: masSi gamJRavnda mTeli Zala – TviT saeklesio
cnobierebaSic ki – gadaulaxavi elinisturi motivebisa,
qristianobis `racionalizaciis~ jer kidev dauZleveli
filosofiuri cTuneba. origenizmis aRorZineba amasTan
kavSirSi unda moviazroT. upirvelesad, araa SemTxveviTi,
122 didaskalos (berZn.) – maswavlebeli, moZRvari.

rom origenes Sesaxeb es kamaTi, ramac aseTi simwvave SeiZina

iustinianes dros, organulia TiTqmis mxolod monazvnuri
wrisaTvis. Cven vnaxeT, rom monazvnoba daibada rogorc
saxarebiseuli maqsimalizmis `praqtikuli~ xorcSesxmis gza
an meTodi. magram Zalian adre daiwyo asketuri gamocdilebis
`gaazreba~ da misi gardaqmna garkveul Teoriad. da, ai, am
Teoriis SeqmnaSi origenes gavlena erT-erTi gadamwyveti
faqtori aRmoCnda. da ara mxolod origenes, aramed mTeli
aleqsandriuli tradiciisac, misi interesiT wminda werilis
mistiuri, sulieri ganmartebebisadmi, `gnosisis~, ese igi
Wvretis, rogorc umaRlesi gzisa da `ganRmrTobis~ miseuli
idealiT. amitom dava origenes Sesaxeb monazvnebSi Zalian
adre Cndeba. gadmocemiT, ukve wminda paxomi didi ukrZalavda
Tavis mimdevrebs origenes naSromebis kiTxvas. meore mxriv
ki origenes gavlena igrZnoba wminda aTanase didis mier
Sedgenil àntonis cxovrebaSic~. origeneTi gatacebulia
basili didi da misi megobrebi, berZnul niadagze monazvnobis
Semqmnelebi. da bolos, ukve ueWvelia, rom origenizmze
pirdapiraa damokidebuli evagre pontoelis nawarmoebebi, rac
Zalian farTod gavrcelda aRmosavleTSi da Zlieri gavlena
moaxdina mTel Semdgom asketur mwerlobaze. aleqsandriuli
tradiciisagan bevri sasargeblos aTvisebis kvaldakval ufro
da ufro naTlad igrZnoboda misi saSiSroebac: es xifaTi
gamoixateboda qristianobis `spiritualizaciaSi,~ adamianis
friad daxvewil, friad idumal `ganZarcvaSi xorcisagan;~ es
iyo gadaulaxavi berZnuli idealizmis safrTxe, `xsnis~ Secvlis
survili `mWvretelobiT.~
meeqvse saukunis dasawyisSi es dava da eWvebi origenes
Sesaxeb, rac arc arasodes iyo gamqrali monazonTa Soris,
gadis udabnos farglebs gareT, iqcevs ufro farTo
saeklesio wreebis yuradRebas. 531 wels ukve savsebiT
moxucebuli wminda saba, saxelganTqmuli palestinis
lavris damaarsebeli, miemgzavreba konstantinopolSi,
raTa xelisuflebisagan miiRos daxmareba palestinisaTvis,
romelic aoxrebuli iyo samarielebis janyis Sedegad.

dedaqalaqSi masTan erTad gaemgzavra monazoni leontic,
lavraSi origenes RvTismetyvelebis erT-erTi mTavari
damcveli. sabam monawileoba miiRo monofizitebTan
kamaTSi. leontis origenizmi gamoaSkaravda da sabas mouxda
leontis gamijvnoda. male konstantinopolSi meore mtkice
origenisti – Teodore askida aRmoCnda. igi ise dauaxlovda
iustinianes, rom man Teodore erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
kaTedraze – kapadokiis kesariaSi daniSna. sasaxleSi amgvari
mfarvelis yoliT gulmocemulma origenistebma yvelgan
wamoyves Tavi. magram am dros palestinaSi, sxva saqmeebis
gamo, Cavida konstantinopolis saeklesio delegacia,
romelSic imyofeboda swavluli romaeli diakoni pelagiusi,
papis warmomadgeneli, anu àpokrisiariusi~ aRmosavleTSi.
SeuZlebeli iyo, mas yuradReba ar mieqcia monazonTa Soris
origenes Sesaxeb davisaTvis. dasavleTSi origenes ukve didi
xania eretikosad Tvlidnen da pelagiusma xma aimaRla. misi
daJinebiT antioqiis patriarqma efremma dagmo origenizmi.
mRelvarebam, rac am dagmobam gamoiwvia, bolos da bolos
konstantinopolamde miaRwia. Teodore askidas yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, imperatorma, ganixila ra sakiTxi,
543 wels ediqtis saxiT gamosca vrceli da motivirebuli
dagmoba origenizmisa, ufro sworad, misi im nawilebisa,
romelic aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeboda eklesiis swavlebas. xuTive
patriarqma usityvod moawera xeli am dagmobas da dava mxolod
palestinel monazvnebs Soris gagrZelda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom uCveulo iyo saRvTismetyvelo ganmarteba saxelmwifo
ediqtiT (rogorc Cans, es aravis gauprotestebia!), origenizmi,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis ukidures gamovlinebebSi, saeklesio
cnobierebis mier ukve daZleuli iyo.
magram origenes dagmoba, paradoqsuli saxiT, ufro
mniSvnelovani movlenebis mizezi gaxda. Teodore askidam,
marTalia, xeli moawera ediqts origenes winaaRmdeg,
pelagiuss ar apatia misi Careva am davaSi, rac misi sayvareli
maswavleblis dagmobiT dasrulda. man iustianianes STaagona,

origenes kvaldakval, daegmo nestorianelobasTan ase Tu
ise dakavSirebuli sami mTavari antioqieli RvTismetyveli:
Teodore mofsuesseli, Teodorite kvireli da iva edeseli.
sakiTxis simwvave imaSi mdgomareobda, rom aleqsandrielebis
braldebebisagan samive es maswavlebeli qalkedonis krebis
mier gamarTlebuli iyo da isini eklesiasTan erTobaSi
gardaicvalnen. qalkedonis kreba ki, saRvTismetyvelo
TvalsazrisiT, iyo papi leon didis, xolo misi saxiT, mTeli
dasavleTis gamarjveba. `sam Tavze~ (male ase ewoda sam dagmobil
maswavlebels, roca isini imperatoris mier maT winaaRmdeg
gamocemuli ediqtis sam `TavTan~ gaaigives) TavdasxmiT Teodore
Seuracxyofda dasavleTs; CvenTvis bolomde araa naTeli am
bneli intriganis zraxvebi: ra surda mas – romTan urTier
Tobis gawyveta, raTa mieRwia origenizmis `revanSisaTvis~,
Tu Tavisi mdgomareobis gaZlierebis gzebis Zieba? asea Tu
ise, sasaxlis im saRvTismetyvelo wreSi, romelSic momzadda
ediqti origenes winaaRmdeg, daaxloebiT 544 wels Sedga axali
dokumenti, kvlav imperatoris ediqtis formiT, romliTac
sazeimod daigmo Teodore mofsuesteli da Teodorite
kvirelisa da iva edeselis is naSromebi, romelSic isini kirile
aleqsandriels ekamaTebodnen. imperators es idea moswonda,
radgan monofizitebTan administraciuli brZolis gaZlierebis
momentSi ediqti SeiZleba gamxdariyo marTlmadidebelebis mier
nestoris dagmobis damatebiTi mtkiceba, rasac monofizitebi
SeiZleba marTlmadideblobaSi daebrunebina.
magram Tu origenes dagmobam ar gamoiwvia raime
winaaRmdegoba, 544 wlis ediqtma mTeli qariSxali warmoSva.
papis warmomadgenelma stefanem, romelmac pelagiusi Secvala,
gadaWriT Tqva uari, xeli moewera ediqtze. oTxma aRmosavlelma
patriarqma ediqts xeli moawera mxolod damxobisa da
gadasaxlebis muqaris Sedegad da Tanac daTqmiT: Tuki ediqts
xels ar moawers romis papi, patriarqebi TavianT xelmoweras
gaauqmeben. magram imperatorma gadawyvita Tavisi miznis miRweva.
man icoda, rom dasavleTi, sakuTar Tavs mindobili, ar dagmobs

imaT, vinc aRiara da gaamarTla qalkedonis krebam. da, ai, papi
vigiliusi RvTismsaxurebis dros Seipyres da xomaldiT gzas
gauyenes. sicialiaSi papi Sexvda milanis arqiepiskopos datiossa
da afrikuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebs: yvelani ukiduresad
uaryofiTad iyvnen ganwyobilni ediqtis mimarT, xedavdnen ra
masSi qalkedonis aSkara xelyofas. papma konstantinopolamde
mxolod 547 wels miaRwia. dedaqalaqSi mas jerovani zeimiT
daxvdnen. imperatorma mas plakidiis sasaxle gamouyo. daiwyo
xangrZlivi tragedia, romlisTvisac dumiliT gverdis avla
SeuZlebelia, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki masSi, sabolood,
dadebiTi mniSvneloba warmoCinda. Tavdapirvelad vigiliusma
mkveTri pozicia daikava da uari ganacxada patriarqebTan
da yvela im pirTan urTierTobaze, romlebmac xeli moaweres
ediqts `sami Tavis~ winaaRmdeg. maSin iustinianem daiwyo papis
saRvTismetyvelo damuSaveba. unda iTqvas, rom bizantiel
RvTismetyvelTa argumentebi arsebiTad swori iyo. Teodore
mofsuesteli, Cven ukve visaubreT, iyo `nestorianelobis~
ueWveli mama, ufro metad, vidre misi mowafe nestori. meore
mxriv, Tu eklesiam cno kiriles marTlmadidebloba, kiriles
winaaRmdeg Teodorite kvirelisa da iva edeselis mkveTri da
aSkarad usamarTlo gamoxdomebi dagmobas eqvemdebareboda.
papi uTiTebda imaze, rom qalkedonis krebam isini gaamarTla;
magram paps pasuxobdnen – qalkedonis krebam isini gaamarTla
Teodoritesa da ivas mier nestoris uaryofis safuZvelze
ise, rom krebas ar ganuxilavs maTi saRvTismetyvelo nawerebi.
bolos da bolos, papi danebda da SeuerTda `sami Tavis~ dag
mobas. magram axla qariSxali dasavleTSi amovarda, sadac papSi
qalkedonisagan gandgomili da qalkedonis moRalate dainaxes.
cnobilma afrikelma RvTismetyvelma fakundus hermianelma
dawera wigni `sami Tavis dasacavad~, romelmac sensacia gamoiwvia.
im periodSi Catarebuli krebebi winaaRmdegobas gamoTqvamdnen
`sami Tavis~ dagmobisadmi, xolo afrikaSi iqamdec ki mividnen,
rom Tavad papi gankveTes. iustiniane mixvda, rom am SemTxvevaSi
papis xelmowera arafers wyvetda. SeSinebuli vigiliusi

imperators evedreboda, gadaesinja mTeli saqme da am mizniT
msoflio kreba moewvia. da imperatorma, mas Semdeg rac papisagan
werilobiTi dapireba miiRo, rom igi krebaze mxars dauWerda
`sami Tavis~ dagmobas, krebis momzadeba brZana. yvelaferi, rac
manamde moxda, oficialurad gauqmda.
krebis `momzadeba~ iustinianes Taviseburad esmoda. maga
liTad, afrikaSi, sadac ediqtisadmi winaaRmdegoba gansakuT
rebiT Zlieri iyo, imperatoris brZanebiT daapatimres mTavari
episkoposebi karTagenis episkoposis CaTvliT da maT nacvlad
sxvebi daniSnes. da mainc, ucnobi iyo, ra SedegebiT dasrulde
boda kreba. imperatorma gadawyvita Tavdapirveli gegmis Secvla.
saqmis xelaxla ganxilvis nacvlad (rogorc vigiliuss Sehpirda
igi) ufro martivi iyo Sekrebili episkoposebisagan ukve mza
dokumentze xelmoweris moTxovna. gamoica axali ediqti,
detaluri saRvTismetyvelo argumentaciiT da igi yvela eklesias
daegzavna. aleqsandrieli episkoposi, romelmac uari ganacxada
ediqtis miRebaze, dauyovnebliv gadaasaxles da axliT Secvales.
vigiliusma ar scno es ediqti, romelic arRvevda
imperatoris dapirebas papisadmi. iustiniane mrisxanebam
Seipyro. vigiliusma, igrZno ra safrTxe, datios milanelTan
erTad Tavis dacva xelSeuxebel adgilze – plakidiis sasaxlis
wminda petres taZarSi SefarebiT scada. aq gaTamaSda umsgavso
scena. imperatoris brZanebiT papis dasapatimreblad taZarSi
policia SeiWra. papma policias iseTi winaaRmdegoba gauwia,
rom sakurTxevlis kolonebi Camoingra da papi kinaRam gasrisa.
Sekrebilma brbom mZafrad daiwyo Tavisi ukmayofilebis
gamoxatva da policia iZulebuli gaxda xelcarieli
gabrunebuliyo. kvlav daiwyo muqarebi, ciliswamebebi,
wvrilmani, magram yovelwamieri Seuracxyofebi da damcirebebi.
plakidiis sasaxle TandaTan sapatimrod gadaiqca. ase gavida
ramdenime weliwadi, romlis ganmavlobaSic papis irgvliv
swrafad warmoiqmna sicariele. datius milaneli gardaicvala,
dasavleTis mRvdelmsaxurTa wre gailia. da mainc, papma
TiTqosda Tavisas miaRwia: imperatorma uari Tqva ediqtze da

daeTanxma sakiTxis Tavisufal gadawyvetas. dausrulebeli
peripetiebis Semdeg, bolos da bolos, kreba gaixsna 553 wlis
5 maiss konstantinopolSi. igi daiwyo imiT, rom sazeimod
daigmo origenizmi, romelic jer kidev aRelvebda palestinas.
papma krebas Seatyobina, rom krebas piradad ar daeswreboda,
magram `sami Tavis~ Sesaxeb Tavis mosazrebas krebas werilobiT
gaugzavnida. es grZeli, detalurad motivirebuli dokumenti
iwyeba Teodore mofsuestelis RvTismetyvelebis upirobo
dagmobiT. rac Seexeba Tavad Teodores, papi imowmebda
eklesiis Zvel praqtikas – ar gansajos eklesiasTan erTobaSi
gardacvlilni da es msjavri miandos qristes samsjavros.
Teodoritesa da ivas (romlebic qalkedonis krebam daicva)
dagmobaze ki papma uari ganacxada.
magram papis dokumentma episkoposebamde ver miaRwia. mis
nacvlad iustinianem krebas warudgina vigiliusis mier `sami
Tavis~ werilobiTi dagmoba, romelic papma imperators davis
dawyebisTanave gadasca. winaaRmdegobaSi mxilebuli papi
amoiricxa `diptixidan~, ese igi misi saxeli amoagdes liturgiis
mosaxseneblidan. 2 ivniss krebam ToTxmet anaTematizmze
xelmoweriT daasrula `sami Tavis~ dagmoba. rogorc ukve
vambobdiT, arsebiTad aravin icavda dokumentebs, romelTa
Sesaxeb kreba msjelobda, amitom aRmosavleTis eklesiam
umtkivneulod, rogorc TavisTavad cxadi, miiRo msoflio
krebis dadgenilebebic.
bolos da bolos, xeli moawera vigiliusmac. magram mas ar
ewera romSi dabruneba. igi gardaicvala 555 wels sirakuzaSi.
dasavleTSi krebis dadgenilebebs Znelad iRebdnen. mTavari roli
krebis aRiarebaSi Seasrula vigiliusis memkvidre pelagiusma,
swored iman, vinc mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi `sami Tavis~ dagmobis
erT-erTi mTavari mowinaaRmdege iyo. magram konstantinopolSi
xangrZlivma yofnam mas bevri ram aswavla, SesaZloa, yvelaze metad
is, rogor unda dainaxo ìstoriuli~ garsis miRma saganTa arsi,
rogor unda ganyo `droebiTi~ `maradiulisagan~.
droebiTi – esaa sircxvili Zaladobisa, romelSic vlin

deba, Tu ras moiazrebda iustiniane `simfoniaSi~ da rogor
axorcielebda mas; esaa metismetad bevri episkoposis
maamebloba, rac Zaladobas eklesiis imperatoriseuli mmarT
velobis TiTqmis kanonier formad aqcevs; esaa siadvile
gankveTisa, SeCvenebisa, saeklesio cxovrebis Ria rRvevisa.
maradiuli – esaa is sazrisi, romelic, miuxedavad yovelive
amisa, vlindeba garegnulad TiTqmis SemTxveviT, an sulac
zemodan `Tavsmoxveul~ davebSi. es sazrisi ki isaa, rom TiTqos
ukve gadawyvetil sakiTxebTan dabrunebiT, garegnulad
warsulSi `qeqviT,~ sinamdvileSi krebis mamebma qalkedonis
Sedegebi Seajames, da ufro metic, pirvelad gaaTavisufles
qalkedonis dadgenileba SesaZlo damaxinjebebisagan, da es
dadgenileba WeSmaritad marTlmadideblur saRvTismetyvelo
perspeqtivaSi CarTes. SemTxveviTi ar iyo is, rom krebam
erTdroulad dagmo origeneca da antioqiis skolis ukiduresi
warmomadgenlebi. es iyo eklesiis msjavri ukve ara mxolod
eretikul swavlebaze, aramed Tavis warsulzec. am msjavrSi
bolomde cxaddeboda ukve TviT marTlmadideblobis SigniT
orive mimarTulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SezRuduloba da
imanenturi naklovanebebi. calke aRebulma verc antioqiam,
verc aleqsandriam ver SeZlo, moeca saeklesio rwmenis mTliani,
kaTolike àRwera.~ qalkedoni iyo sinTezis `formula,~ magram
mxolod formula ar aris sakmarisi. saWiro iyo am formulis
ganmarteba Sesabamisi cnebebiT, mis Sesabamisad mTeli azrovnebis
mdinarebisa da mTeli terminologiis gadawyoba. ai, es Sroma
aResrula saeklesio cnobierebis siRrmeSi. iustiniane uxeSad
moqmedebda da bevri ram misi mefobis istoriaSi samudamod
Selaxulia am uxeSobiTa da ZaladobiT. magram TviT davaTa
Temebi, iustinianesa da askidas gadawyvetilebaTa suliskveTeba,
ar iyo maT gonebaSi Sobili, da is gadawyvetilebebi,
romelsac isini `Tavs axvevdnen~ episkoposebs, ar iyo maTi
gadawyvetilebebi. eklesiaSi namdvilad daobdnen aRmosavleTis
mamebze, maTi naSromebi namdvilad mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegobda
qalkedonis gardamocemas. aseve dava origenes Sesaxeb iyo

namdvili da ara cru dava, iustinianes mier eklesiisaTvis
Tavsmoxveuli. arafers da arasodes SeuZlia gaamarTlos
iustinianes meTodebi, da am meTodebSi cxaddeba mTeli siyalbe,
mTeli ukmarisoba iustinianes simfoniis Teoriisa, qristianuli
Teokratiis miseuli gagebisa. magram am siyalbem ar unda
SegviSalos xeli im simarTlis danaxvaSi, – ukve ara iustinianes,
aramed TviT gadawyvetilebaTa simarTlisa da im epoqis
miRwevebisa. eklesia cnobs mxolod am simarTles, rodesac
553 wlis krebas Tavis msoflio krebaTa ricxvs miakuTvnebs.
da marTlmadidebeli RvTismetyvelebis mTelma Semdgomma
ganviTarebam daamtkica es simarTle.
istorikosi uneblieT axdens `sqematizebas.~ magram
TviT sqemaSic ki ar SeiZleba iustinianes mefoba daiyvano
mxolod bizantiuri formis `cezaropapizmis~ zeobamde. es
`cezaropapizmi~ Tavs iCens saeklesio cxovrebis zedapirze;
da movlenaTa duRilisa da xmauris miRma zogjer Znelia
dainaxo siRrmeSi mimdinare mzardi SemoqmedebiTi procesebi.
magaliTad, Cven vxedavT monazvnebs, romlebic mZvinvareben
krebebsa da qalaqebis moednebze, romlebic TavianTi masiT
`zewolas~ axdenen eklesiaze. aqedan Zalian advilia daskvnis
gakeTeba ukulturobis, fanatizmis, Seuwynareblobis Sesaxeb:
bevri istorikosi amaze Sors ar midis da swored ase iqceva.
magram sakmarisia gadavfurcloT am saukuneebis monazonTa
nawerebi, raTa gadaixsnas samyaro `gonebrivi Rvawlisa~,
rogori saocari `daxvewilobaa~ adamianis cnobierebisa,
rogori siRrme xedvisa da siwmindisa, rogori yovlisdamtevi
da Semaryeveli gaazreba Cveni cxovrebis saboloo miznisa!
da gana TviT iustiniane SeiZleba `narCenebis gareSe~ Caatio
missave sqemaSi? mis ocnebebsa da mis `xedvebSi~ raRac sul
sxva raimes arsebobaze xom ar mowmobs dRemde wminda sofia:
taZari, romelic mieZRvna logoss, taZris gumbaTi, romelic
aramiwieri naTliTY avsebs samyaros? erTi ram ueWvelia: swored
am aTwleulebSi iwyebs gamokveTasa da xorcSesxmas qristianuli
kultura. da Tu iustinianes `saeklesio-saxelmwifoebrivi~

sinTezi Zalian male warmoaCens Tavis mankierebas, ganxor
cilebuli logosis es kultura, romlis mwvervalad da
simbolod samudamod darCeba wminda sofia, gamoricxavs
yovelgvar gamartivebas im rTuli drois SefasebebSi.
da bolos, ar egebis kidev erTi garemoebis daviwyeba:
bizantiis istorikosebi, saeklesio-saxelmwifoebriv urTier
Tobebze saubrisas, Cveulebisamebr eklesiisadmi saxelmwifos
damokidebulebas ureven eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi damoki
debulebaSi. amave dros ki, Tu praqtikaSi, ra Tqma unda,
Zalian Znelia maT Soris mkafio gansxvavebis danaxva,
bizantinizmis gasagebad uaRresad mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes
amis Sesaxeb. im saukuneTa Tavisebureba swored isaa, rom maSin
erTmaneTs ejaxeboda, aramyar wonasworobaSi imyofeboda
(aqedan – krizisebi, Cavardnebi, uTanabro ganviTareba) ori
sruliad gansxvavebuli – warmoSobiTac da STagonebiTac –
`logika.~ erT maTganze Cven ukve visaubreT: es aris romis
Teokratiuli absolutizmis suli, SenarCunebuli qristianul
imperiaSic konstantines ìmperiuli~ moqcevis wyalobiT.
meore – esaa saxelmwifosadmi eklesiis damokidebuleba,
rac gamomdinareobs qveynierebis qristianobisaTvis Ziri
Tadi Sefasebidan, rogorc àm soflisa,~ dacemulisa,
SezRudulisa, romelic ganwirulia imisaTvis, rom daZleul
iqnas RmrTis sasufevlis saboloo zeobis dros; da, amave
dros, im soflisa, romelic ise Seiyvara RmerTma, rom misi
xsnisaTvis misca Tavisi Ze; es sofeli aris RmrTis qmnileba,
saxli adamianisa, romelic Tavis TavSi itevs zeciuri gonis
anarekls da romelic ganaTebulia qristes madliT. magram es
ori `logika~ erTmaneTs xvdeba da ejaxeba ara abstraqciaSi,
aramed cocxal sinamdvileSi – mTeli Tavisi sirTuliT, maTSi
moqmed faqtorTa mTeli mravalferovnebiT. ufro metic –
isini ejaxeba erTmaneTs adamianTa cnobierebaSi, aorebs am
cnobierebas, Seaqvs masSi cnobierebisaTvis manamde ucnobi
daZabuloba. radgan, rogorc ukve vTqviT, igive adamianebi
`Seadgenen~ axla sofelsac da eklesiasac: konfliqti da

daZabuloba gadatanilia garedan SigniT, igi xdeba `problema~
adamianis azrovnebisa, gonebisa, sindisisa... da ukve savsebiT
SeuZlebelia yvelaferi daiyvano saxelmwifos gamarjvebamde
da am gamarjvebis eklesiis mier miRebamde. saxelmwifos
gamarjveba gamoCinebulia, sagrZnobia. `monuri morCilebiT
savse~ episkoposebma istoriis zedapirze ufro didi kvali
datoves, ufro meti ixmaures, vidre im qristianebma, romleb
mac namdvilad, Tumca TandaTanobiT da ara erTbaSad,
warmoaCines ama soflisa da saxelmwifos saeklesio Sefasebis
siRrme. magram yuradRebiani mzeris miRma ver darCeba eklesiis
es brZola Tavisi Sinagani TavisuflebisaTvis ukve imperiis
garegnuli triumfis wlebSive. imperators bevri ram SeuZlia,
magram ukve ar SeuZlia yvelaferi: mis absolutizms daedo
Sinagani sazRvari da es sazRvari qristianuli WeSmaritebaa. da
saxelmwifos TviTneboba bevrwilad dakavSirebulia imasTan,
rom TviT eklesiaSi mimdinareobs misi gamocdilebis, misi
swavlebis kristalizacia, rac gardauvlad dakavSirebulia
ganyofasTan, davasTan, konfliqtebTan, magram maT, vinc dRes
TiTqosda gasresilni arian saxelmwifos absolutizmiT,
xval ganadideben rogorc wmindanebs, da TviT imperiam
unda sces pativi maTSi winaaRmdegobis Rvawls, sulis
Seuryeveli Tavisuflebis Rvawls. sakmarisia kidev erTxel
gavixsenoT aTanases, ioane oqropiris, efTvimes, makedoniosis
saxelebi... rac ar unda Zlieri yofiliyo saxelmwifos
zewola, `marTlmadideblobis,~ ese igi eklesiis rwmenisa
da gamocdilebis mTeli siRrmis warmoCineba SeiZleba
Seiswavlo, aRadgino ise, rom daiviwyo es zewola, ar miaqcio
yuradReba mas. nikea da qalkedoni imarjvebs saxelmwifos
(romelmac yvelaferi gaakeTa saeklesio cnobierebidan maT
wasaSlelad) nebis sawinaaRmdegod, imarjvebs mxolod im
WeSmaritebis ZaliT, romelic maTSia Cadebuli. xolo roca
iustinianem, zed sikvdilis win, kidev erTxel gatacebulma
RvTismetyvelebis vnebiT, romelic arasodes tovebda mas, –
ukve ara mxolod `saxelmwifoebrivi~, aramed Rrmad pirovnuli

RvTismetyvelebis vnebiT – scada eklesiisaTvis Tavs moexvia,
da kvlav saxelmwifo ediqtis daxmarebiT, qristes sxeulis
uxrwnelobis dogmati123 (sakiTxi, romelic im dros ganyofda
monofizitebs), episkoposTa udidesma nawilma mtkiced da
gadaWriT ganacxada, rom eresis miRebas gadasaxlebas arCeven.
magram iustianiane mokvda raime zomebis miRebis gareSe...
diax, saeklesio cnobierebaSi ar idga sakiTxi eklesiaSi
imperatoris Zalauflebis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. eklesiam imediTa
da rwmeniT miiRo qristianuli imperiis mklavebis moxveva
da, rogorc a. v. kartaSevi ambobda, aseT faqiz organizms
imperiis mklavebSi `xrWiali~ gahqonda. wminda samefos Sesaxeb
ocneba saukuneebiT gaxda eklesiis ocnebac. am ideis sidiade
ki mudmivad Crdilavda qristianul cnobierebaSi mis xifaTs,
SezRudulobas, orazrovnebas. magram es iyo ara SiSi, ara
maamebloba, aramed rwmena eklesiis kosmiuri mowodebisa,
survili, rom es qveyana namdvilad eqciaT qristes sameufod.
da amitom Tavisi saboloo simarTlisaTvis, im simarTlisaTvis,
risTvisac imperiasTan kavSiri `miiRo~ – eklesias arasdros
uRalatia da erTxelac ar dauTmia igi...
123 qristes sxeulis uxrwnelobis dogmati – igive aftartodoketizmi (berZn. –

àftartos~ niSnavs uxrwnelobas, xolo `dokeo~ – miCnevas), monofizituri
eresis erT-erTi ganStoeba. aftartodoketizmis mamamTavari iyo iuliane,
halikarnasis episkoposi. iulianes azriT, ieso qristem gankacebisas miiRo
iseTi sxeuli da suli, romelic adams hqonda dacemamde. amitom qristes
sxeuls bunebiTad ar axasiaTebda iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa xrwnadoba,
SimSili, wyurvili, daRla da a. S. Tu qriste iRleboda, mas Sioda, swyuroda
da a. S. imitom, rom mas ase surda, magram surda imitom, rom ganekurna
adamianis uZlurebani. iuliane uaryofda ieso qristes Tanaarsobas
kacobriv bunebasTan, agreTve aRdgomamde da aRdgomis Semdeg qristes
sxeulis mdgomareobebs Soris gansxvavebebis arsebobas.
nawili 6
iustinianes ocneba, Tumca xanmokle periodSi aRsrulebuli,

mainc ocneba iyo. Zalisxmeva usazomo aRmoCnda da TiTqmis
iustinianes sikvdilisTanave misi imperiis daSla iwyeba.
568 wels italia lombardielTa Semosevis talRam waleka,
afrikaSi mavrebis zewola Zlierdeba, ar wydeba omi espaneTSi:
bizantiuri `kunZulebi~ kidev didxans gaZlebs dasavleTSi,
magram ukve SeuZlebelia saubari dasavleTis imperiaze... Tavad
bizantiis bedi ki meSvide saukuneSi aRmosavleTSi wydeba
sabolood. 572 wlidan axldeba maradiuli omi sparseTTan,
romlisganac iustinianem TiTqos gamoixsna Tavi, raTa
dasavleTSi gaxsnoda xel-fexi. ociani wlebisaTvis sparseTma
daipyro mcire aziis nawili, siria, palestina, egvipte. 619
wels sparseTis floti konstantinopolTan gamoCnda, mtris
armiam qalkedoni daikava... CrdiloeTidan slavebis Semoseva
iwyeba, rac imperiis erT-erTi mTavari samxedro-politikuri
problema gaxdeba Semdgom saukuneebSi. 626 wels, rodesac
dedaqalaqidan moSorebuli herakliosi sparselebTan sabr
Zolvelad Zalebs ikrebs, avarebi (slavebi maT imperiaSi
Sediodnen) alyaSi aqceven konstantinopols da am alyisgan
Tavis daRwevas bizantielebi saswaulad aRiqvamen. da bolos,
ukanaskneli aRmafrena – sparseTis winaaRmdeg herakliosis
Zlevamosili kampania (626-629 ww.), ris Sedegadac bizantiuri
armia qtesifonamde aRwevs da mTel aRmosavleTs aTavisuflebs.
630 wels herakliosi sazeimod abrunebs sparselebis mier
waRebul qristes jvars ierusalimSi. magram es mxolod sulis
moTqmaa. swored amave wels, Soreul da aqamde yvelasaTvis
uintereso arabeTSi erTiani RmerTis Sesaxeb axali religiis
irgvliv fanatikosebis jgufi aerTianebs dayofil arabul
tomebs da qmnis STagonebis, rwmenisa da religiuri dinamizmis
iseTi wyaros, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qristianobis
mTavari da saSiSi metoqe gaxdeba. muhamedi kvdeba 632 wels,
aTi wlis Semdeg ki misi mimdevrebis imperia ukve moicavs
sparseTs, palestinas, siriasa da egviptes. roca 641 wels kvdeba

herakliosi, jer kidev didi imperiis did imperatorTagan
ukanaskneli, imperias ukve sabolood dakarguli hqonda mTeli
aRmosavleTi.
swored islamis gamoCena avlebs im zRvars, romelic adreul,
CanafiqriTa da TviTSegnebiT universalur jer kidev romaul
bizantias ganasxvavebs gviandelisagan. imperia iqca aRmosavlur
saxelmwifod, sisxliT Tu ara, kulturuli tradiciis
mixedviT mainc, erTgvarovani mosaxleobiT, romelic misTvis
ucxo samyaroTagan ganuwyveteli zewolis qveS cxovrobs.
swored herakliosi iwyebs saxelmwifo reformas, romelic
merve saukuneSi sruldeba da bizantias kidev rva saukune
gaaZlebinebs. es aris saxelmwifos militarizacia, misi
misadageba axal garemoebasTan, yoveli mxridan mtrebiT
garSemortymuli `kunZulis~ mdgomareobasTan.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania am periodSi imperiis
fsiqologiuri da kulturuli evolucia. is gansazRvres
rogorc bizantiis èlinizacia~. ufro swori iqneba, Tu mas
ganmeorebiT elinizacias vuwodebT. meSvide saukunemde
imperiis saxelmwifo tradicia romauli iyo. ramdenadac
TandaTanobiT unda gadanacvlebuliyo misi centri dasav
leTidan aRmosavleTisaken (Cven ki viciT, rom ukve
konstantinopolis Seqmnam daagvirgvina mesame saukuneSi
dawyebuli es procesi), ramdenadac aSkara unda yofiliyo
yovelwliurad dasavleTis dakargva, imperia mainc rCeboda
avgustusis, antoninebis, diokletianes principatebis pirda
pir memkvidred. marTalia, Tavad romi – im epoqaSi, roca igi
Tavis msoflio imperias qmnida, – sakmarisad elinizebuli iyo
da misi kulturuli apogea imavdroulad msoflio istoriis
èlinisturi~ periodis apogeac iyo, magram romis imperiam
erTgvari sinTezi ganaxorciela, igi marTlac `berZnul-
romauli~ samyaro iyo. es kargad Cans Tavad eklesiis istoriis
magaliTze imperiaSi misi ganvrcobis epoqaSi. im istorikosebs,
romlebsac eklesiebis saboloo ganyofa mTlianad gamohyavT
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis dapirispirebidan, eklesiaSi `berZ

nulsa~ da `laTinurs~ Soris raRac pirveladi da absoluturi
dualizmidan, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT maT mier qristianobis
`naturalizebaze~, ubralod aviwydebaT, rom aseT mkveTr
dualizmze saubris saSualebas faqtebi ar gvaZleven. ase,
magaliTad, mesame saukunemde romis eklesiis ena berZnuli
iyo. mTeli `dasavluri~ RvTismetyvelebis mamis, netari
avgustines gageba ubralod SeuZlebelia, Tu daviviwyebT,
rom berZnuli filosofia mas Zval-rbilSi hqonda gamjdari.
da bolos, aRmosavleli mamebis – aTanases, kapadokielebis,
kiriles RvTismetyvelebas dasavleTSi zustad ise aRiqvamen
da iTviseben, rogorc sakuTars, iseve rogorc leon didis
RvTismetyvelebas aRmosavleTSi... ufro farTod, Tuki
laTinuri saero literatura da romauli xelovneba eladis
gavleniT iSva, jer kidev iustinianes kanonTa krebuli
laTinurad iyo dawerili da isev da isev laTinuri iyo
bizantiis kancelariis oficialuri ena. romauli samyaros
erTianoba dairRva ara àRmosavleTsa~ da `dasavleTs~
Soris Sinagani ganyofiT, aramed sagareo katastrofis gamo
– xalxis gadasaxlebiT, romelmac imperiis dasavleTi nawili
waleka da is aRmosavleTs moswyvita. magram am ganxeTqilebam,
romelic Tavidan ufro metad politikuri da ekonomikuri
iyo, marTlac moitana TiToeuli samyaros ukve TvalsaCino,
Tumca ki TandaTanobiTi gankerZoeba, misi gadaqceva èrTi
naxevridan~ Caketil mTlianobad, romelic sakuTar tradicias,
sakuTar ganviTarebas sul ufro metad aRiqvamda Tavdapirveli
romauli universalizmisagan mowyvetilad. swored maSin dadga
bizantiis es ganmeorebiTi èlinizacia,~ im procesis dasawyisi,
romelic procesis dasrulebisas sabolood gadaaqcevs mas
martooden berZnul samyarod. meSvide saukuneSi amis danaxva
SeiZleba oficialuri saxelmwifo terminologiis Secvlis
faqtiT. laTinuri terminologia berZnuliT icvleba, mone
tebze berZnuli warwerebi Cndeba, kanonmdebloba laTi
nuridan berZnulze gadadis. Tu bizantielebi imperiis
dacemamde sakuTar Tavs oficialurad `romaelebs~ (romeebs)

uwodeben, am sityvas axla ukve sruliad sxva mniSvneloba
aqvs. magram Tu dasavleTisgan mowyveta mainc arasdros
iqneba sruli da saboloo, islamis gamarjveba erTxel da
samudamod gansazRvravs bizantizmis aRmosavlur sazRvrebs
– yvelaferi araberZnuli da arasakmarisad gaberZnebuli
amieridan faqtiurad amovardnilia bizantiuri orbitidan da
upirispirdeba mas, rogorc ucxo da mtruli.
marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi bizantiis am evolucias
uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs. es niSnavs, pirvel yovlisa,
marTlmadideblobis (romlis istoriul `CamoyalibebaSi~
mdgomareobs, rogorc vnaxeT, msoflio krebebis epoqis
azri) gadaqcevas politikurad, saxelmwifoebrivad da
kulturulad SezRuduli samyaros erTgvar nacionalur
religiad. bizantiuri qristianobis es `nacionaluri~
xasiaTi jer kidev Sorsaa im religiuri nacionalizmisagan,
romelic gacilebiT gvian warmoiSoba da romelzec SemdgomSi
visaubrebT. es mxolod eklesiis istoriuli horizontis
udavo Seviwrovebas, Tavad marTlmadidebluri TviTSegnebis
daviwroebas niSnavs. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, irineos lio
nelis azrovnebis WeSmaritad sayovelTao gaqaneba, misi
sixaruli msoflioSi eklesiebis erTianobis, yvela eklesiis
sayovelTao urTierTkavSiris Segnebis gamo, romelic ase
mZlavrad mJRavndeba meore da mesame saukuneebis werilobiT
ZeglebSi – kviprianesTan, firmiliane kesarielTan, dionise
aleqsandrielTan. romSi, ra Tqma unda (iq sayovelTao
interesebi, marTalia, axali formiT, magram bolomde arasdros
Caqreba), SeiZleba mivuTiToT meoTxe saukuneSi arsebul
mdgomareobaze. es is droa, rodesac imperiasTan kavSiri TiTqos
saeklesio cnobierebis `stimulirebas~ axdens, romelic masSi
qristianobis namdvili msoflio gamarjvebis dasawyiss xedavs.
sakmarisia gavixsenoT siriuli qristianuli werilobiTi
Zeglebis mdidari ylortebi, davasaxeloT iakob afraatis,
Rirsi efrem asuris, mogvianebiT isaak asuris saxelebi,
mivuTiToT kopturi qristianobis SesaZleblobebze (romelic

monofizitobam sabediswerod mowyvita marTlmadideblobas),
misiebze abisinielebis, goTebis, arabebis mimarT... Tavad
`tendenciebisa~ da `skolebis~ gansxvavebebic ki, antioqiis,
aleqsandriis, edesis fsiqologiuri `saxis~ gansxvavebebi, rac
tragikulad moispo qristologiuri amboxis Sedegad, Seicavda
Semdgomi ganviTarebis, eklesiis sayovelTao tradiciis
erToblivi gamdidrebis SesaZleblobebs. es gansakuTrebiT
naTlad Cans mravali aRmosavluri da egvipturi liturgiuli
wesidan, ramac Cvenamde moaRwia im epoqidan, roca jer kidev
ar iyo damkvidrebuli RvTismsaxurebis sruli ùnifikacia~
bizantiuri wesis Sesabamisad. imperiaze sakuTari gamarjvebis
wyalobiT eklesia namdvilad iwyebda sakuTari Tavis sxvadasxva
kulturul tradiciebSi ganxorcielebas, amiT maTac
aeklesiurebda da Tan Tavis TavSi aerTianebda msoflios. es
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavda, ra Tqma unda, tradiciebis
raime saxis absolutur `pluralizms~: rogorc sirieli, ise
kopti RvTismetyvelebi imave qristianuli elinizmis sazRvrebSi
rCebian, romelic axali aRTqmis safuZvelze Tavad qristianobis
istoriul xorcSesxmad iqca. magram es niSnavda Tavad am
elinizmis gamdidrebis SesaZleblobas, msgavsad imisa, rogoric
mogvianebiT aRmoCnda qristianul elinizmze slavuri stiqiis
damynoba, misi Sezrda rusul marTlmadideblobasa da rusul
kulturasTan.
islamis eqspansiam yvela es gza moWra. magram mniSvnelovania
gvaxsovdes, rom sayovelTaobis fsiqologiuri daSla ukve
manamde daiwyo. da ukve qristologiur SfoTSi aRmosavleTi
mowyda bizantiur marTlmadideblobas, rodesac mono
fizitobisa da nestorianelobis istoriuli da saRvTis
metyvelo Cixi marTlmadidebluri imperiis monobas amjo
bina. am TvalsazrisiT, Tavad islamis gamarjveba unda
davukavSiroT im religiur-politikur kriziss, romelSic,
Cven SevecadeT, qristianuli samyaros pirveli Rrma krizisi,
marTlmadideblobis istoriul gzaze gardatexa gveCvenebina.
amitom, saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri TvalsazrisiT ukanask

neli `saimperatoro~ mcdeloba, aRdgeniliyo imperiis
religiuri erTianoba, anu monofizitebi daebrunebinaT
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi, dagvianebuli da usar
geblo aRmoCnda. es mcdeloba – `monoTelitobaa~, anu kamaTi
qristes nebis Sesaxeb, romelic imperatorma herakliosma
wamoiwyo da romelic axali SfoTis, axali Zaladobis wyaro
gaxda. am kamaTma, bolos da bolos, marTlmadideblobis
axal gamarjvebamde, qristologiuri dialeqtikis damagvir
gvinebel nabijamde migviyvana imitom, rom kamaTi, yofierebaSi
gamoxmobili Tundac politikuri mosazrebebiT, arsobrivad
imave qalkedonuri dogmatis gaazrebas, anu qristes
RmerTkacobas exeboda. ufro metad, vidre odesme, SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, rom maSin sityvebisa da formulebis gamo
daobdnen, magram kidev gvixdeba davrwmundeT, rom sityvebis
miRma vlindeboda sxvadasxvaoba qristes aRqmaSi. bevri
marTlmadidebeli Tvlida, rom gansxvaveba maTsa da zomier
monofizitebs (severoz antioqielis mimdevrebs) Soris mxolod
moCvenebiTia. monofizitebi imitom uaryofdnen qalkedons,
rom, maTi azriT, qalkedonur òr bunebaSi~ xdeba qristes
ganyofa, uaryofilia misi pirovnebis, gmirobis, msxverplis
erTianoba. swored `monoTelitoba~ iyo monofizitebisaTvis
qalkedonis misaRebi formiT ganmartebis mcdeloba: ukve
ara uaryofa qalkedonisa, rogorc uwindel kompromisebSi,
aramed misi axsna da masTan `Segueba~. metafizikuri sferodan
sakiTxi fsiqologiurSi gadadioda. monoTelitebis swavlebiT,
qristeSi ori bunebaa, magram erTi qmedeba, erTi neba, sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, – ègzistenciurad~ ori buneba araferSi
`gamoixateba~ da gadarCenilia is erTianoba, romlis gamoc
arian gandgomilni monofizitebi. monofizitobis gadalaxvis
yvela uwindeli mcdeloba ùkiduresi meqanikurobiT
gamoirCeoda, – wers prof. v. v. bolotovi – isini monofizitebis
marTlmadideblobis wiaRSi Sesatyueblad iyo mimarTuli.
yvela maTgani erTi meTodiT SeTxzes, romelic imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom Tvalsazrisebs Soris sinamdvileSi

arsebuli gansxvaveba~ daemalaT rogorc erTi, ise meore
mxridan. monoTelitobis mniSvneloba ki ìsaa, rom es mcde
loba TiTqos aRar unda yofiliyo meqanikuri. misi momxreebi
marTlmadidebluri swavlebis arss ki ar malavdnen, aramed
surdaT marTlac ganemartaTYigi, eCvenebinaT, rom qalkedonur
swavlebaSi ar aris ori iseTi buneba, romlebic tolfasia ori
`hipostasis~, anu ori pirovnebis arsebobisa.~
savaraudod am swavlebis iniciatori iyo konstantinopolis
patriarqi sergi. swored man ukarnaxa igi imperator
heraklioss, rogorc monofizitebTan religiuri gaerTianebis
SesaZlo baza swored im momentSi, rodesac herakliosma
imperiis mTeli Zalebis mobilizeba moaxdina aRmosavleTis
provinciebis sparselebisgan gasaTavisufleblad. 622 wels
karinSi (erzrumSi) imperatori Sexvda severozis mimdevar
monofizitTa meTaurs pavle calTvalas da aq saRvTismety
velo saubarSi pirvelad gamoiyena gamoTqma èrTi moqmedeba~
(aqedan, kamaTis pirvel stadias Cveulebriv `monoenergizms~
uwodeben). xazs vusvamT, rom saRvTismetyvelo gadawyvetilebis
iniciativa kvlav imperatorma aiRo xelSi: warsulis savalalo
gakveTilebma ver SeZlo romis Teokratiis dasabamieri codvis
gankurneba. `niadagis mosinjvis~ am pirveli mcdelobis Semdeg
movlenebi swrafad ganviTarda da imiT damTavrda, rom 632 wels
xeli moewera ùnias~ cxra ànaTematizmis~ saxiT. es dokumenti
saxelmwifo gankargulebiT ganmtkicda. sinamdvileSi warmateba
moCvenebiTi aRmoCnda: is arc monofizitebma miiRes da arc
marTlmadideblebma. Tumca am uniuri mcdelobis erT-erTi
mTavari monawile kviros aleqsandrieli werda: `zeimobs
aleqsandria da mTeli egvipte~, sinamdvileSi unia mxolod
`zeda fenebma~ miiRes. koptebis umravlesobam ar mibaZa damyol
ierarqebs, igive moxda somxeTSic, romelic or imperias –
bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris misi strategiuli mdgomareobis
gamo herakliosis interesebis mTavari obieqti iyo. magram
vinaidan garegnuli warmateba mainc arsebobda, `gamaerTianebeli
dokumenti~ imperiis oficialur doqtrinad darCa da eklesiaSi

misi danergva patriarqma sergim daiwyo.
magram aq gamoCnda marTlmadidebluri mxaris reaqcia.
ùniis~ Sesaxeb aqti ukiduresad frTxili terminebiT iyo
Sedgenili, da mainc, es aSkara kompromisi iyo. SeTanxmebis
damcvelebi daJinebiT amtkicebdnen, rom isini ar
ewinaaRmdegebian leon didis `gragnils~, rom isini imeoreben
mis rwmenas... `da mainc, èrTi moqmedeba~ gacilebiT mets
niSnavda, vidre mxolod èrTi piri.~ monoTelitebi amas
ver amCnevdnen... cTomileba iyo is, rom `RvTivmoqmedeba~124
(anu qristeSi adamianuri bunebis sruli damorCileba
RmrTaebrivi bunebisadmi, ase rom RmerTi qristes yvela
adamianuri qmedebis wyaroa) monoTelitebs, severozianelebis
kvaldakval, esmodaT rogorc adamianuris pasiuroba.
RmrTaebrivi bunebis moqmedebas qristes adamianurobaSi isini
adamianis sxeulSi sulis moqmedebas adarebdnen. es Cveuli
analogia mocemul SemTxvevaSi saxifaTo xdeboda, radgan igi
ar gamokveTda mTavars – adamianuris Tavisuflebas Tavad
am `RvTivmoqmedebaSi~; maSin, rodesac sxeuli sworedac rom
araTavisufalia sulisadmi mis daqvemdebarebaSi. adamia
nuri maT zedmetad naturalisturad warmoedginaT... ada
mianuri bunebis Tavisebureba ar iyo warmoCenili sakmarisi
ZaliT – swored imitom, rom mas ver SeigrZnobdnen. mono
Telitebi ufrTxodnen qristeSi adamianuris `bunebrivi~
sicocxlisunarianoba eRiarebinaT, radgan mas `damouki
deblobaSi~ urevdnen: àmitomac adamianuri buneba maTTvis
gardauvalad xdeboda pasiuri~ (protopresviteri giorgi
florovski). mokled rom vTqvaT, monoTelitoba – isev, Tumca
ki Zalian daxvewilad – àviwroebda~ qristes adamianurobis
sisrules, adamian qristes arTmevda imas, ris gareSec adamiani
cariel formad rCeba: adamianur qmedebas, adamianur nebas.
gangaSi swavlulma palestinelma berma sofronma atexa.
igi Tavis werilebSi da piradad emudareboda sergis da
124 dedanSia `Богодвижность~

kviross uari eTqvaT gamoTqmaze – èrTi qmedeba~, rogorc

aramarTlmadideblurze. sergim igrZno safrTxe, rodesac 634
wels sofroni ierusalimis patriarqi gaxda. sergim daaswro
sofronis `sazogado epistoles~, anu rwmenis aRsarebas,
romliTac yoveli axladarCeuli patriarqi moZmeebs sakuTari
arCevis Sesaxeb auwyebda. man miswera romSi pap honoriuss da
mis gadmobirebas cdilobda. sergim icoda romis mgrZnobeloba
eklesiaSi sakuTar adgilTan dakavSirebiT, amitom Zalian
warmatebulad gaSala maxeebi da papi honoriusi umal gaexvia
maTSi, anu miiRo monoTelitoba, rogorc qristes Sesaxeb
marTlmadidebluri swavlebis WeSmariti gamoxatuleba.
magram sanam sofroni cocxali iyo, sergisTvis rTuli
iyo romTan morigebis gamoyeneba. 637 wels ierusalimis
patriarqi gardaicvala da ukve momdevno wels imperatorma
herakliosma gamosca Tavisi aSkarad monoTelituri – `rwmenis
gadmocema~ (èkTesisi~) MmTeli eklesiisTvis misaRebad. amis
mere maleve gardaicvalnen patriarqi sergi da papi honoriusi.
konstantinopolSi monoTelitoba didi xniT damkvidrda,
magram dasavleTSi man umal gamoiwvia protestebis qariSxali.
eresTan namdvili brZola ki ukve herakliosis SviliSvilis
konstantines, anu `konstantis~ (kninobiTi saxeli, romliTac
darCa igi istoriaSi) dros daiwyo. marTlmadideblobis mTavar
damcvelad am wlebSi konstantinopolis erT-erTi monastris
iRumeni Rirsi maqsime aRmsarebeli gamodis. 645 wels afrikaSi
yofnisas is sajaro disputis dros konstantinopolis
yofili patriarqis, monoTelit pirosis winaaRmdeg gamo
vida. am davis Canaweri monoTelituri SfoTis Sesaxeb
Cveni monacemebis mTavar wyarod iqca. afrikaSi amis Semdeg
ramdenime krebam dagmo eresi da sul ufro naTlad gamoCnda
eklesiis winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifo aRmsareblobis mimarT.
648 wels axali saRvTismetyvelo ediqti – `tiposi~, romelSic
imperatori eklesiisTvis status quo-s Tavsmoxvevas cdilobs,
saerTod krZalavs yovelgvar kamaTs erTi an ori nebis Sesaxeb.
sapasuxod papma martinem lateranis bazilikaSi 105 episkoposis
SemadgenlobiT didi kreba moiwvia, romelzec sazeimod

daigmo monoTelitoba da es dagmobaMmTelma dasavlurma
eklesiam miiRo. axla sakiTxi kamaTidan isev devnis stadiaSi
gadavida: 653 wlis 17 ivliss papi martine Seipyres da didi
xnis wvalebis Semdeg konstantinopolSi Caiyvanes, sadac mas
xangrZlivi mowameoba eloda. senatSi gamarTuli samarcxvino
procesis Semdeg, sadac paps brali dades absurdul politikur
danaSaulebSi, cema-tyepis, dacinvis, patimrobis Semdeg is
gadaasaxles yirimSi, xersonesSi, sadac 655 wlis 16 seqtembers
gardaicvala. male am saxelovan da samwuxaro gzas wm. maqsime
aRmsarebelic gauyva: igive sasamarTlo senatSi, igive
politikuri braldebebi. maqsime ubralo pasuxebs iZleoda,
magram yoveli maTgani mizanSi xvdeboda. gadmocemiT, am
sasamarTloze, mosamarTleTa mtkicebis sapasuxod, rom romis
samRvdeloebac eziara patriarqTan erTad, maqsimem upasuxa:
`mTeli msoflioc rom eziaros, mxolod me ar veziarebi~...
maqsimes TrakiaSi gadasaxleba miusajes. misi tanjva kidev
Svidi weli gagrZelda. mas iZaxebdnen konstantinopolSi,
cdilobdnen mis dayoliebas, awamebdnen, asaxiCrebdnen. maqsime
bolomde Seudrekeli darCa da kavkasiaSi, Tavis ukanasknel
gadasaxlebaSi gardaicvala 662 wels.
TiTqos yovelgvari winaaRmdegoba gatexili Canda, imperia
dumda. magram es ar niSnavs, rom eklesiam miiRo monoTelitoba.
dasavleTSi mas kvlav uaryofdnen, bizantiis Zalaufleba ki
italiis sazRvrebs iqiT ar vrceldeboda, Tavad romSic ki
is TiTqmis `nominaluri~ Canda... eress imperatori uWerda
mxars. magram rodesac is gardaicvala, axali ganyofis gamo
gatanjulma misma memkvidrem, konstantine pogonatma eklesias
sakiTxis arsobrivad gadawyvetis saSualeba misca da msoflio
kreba moiwvia (rigiT meeqvse – 680 wlis 7 noembridan 681 wlis 16
seqtembramde konstantinopolSi), romelzec monoTelitoba
uaryves da qalkedonuri gansazRvreba qristeSi ori nebis
arsebobis dogmatiT Seivso. àseve vqadagebT, wminda mamaTa
moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, rom masSi aris ori bunebrivi (ese igi
bunebiTi) neba, anu survili, da ori bunebrivi moqmedeba

ganuSoreblad, ganuyoflad, ucvlelad, Seurwymelad. da ori
bunebrivi survili ar aris urTierTsawinaaRmdego, rogorc
ukeTuri eretikosebi ambobdnen – dae, nurc iqneba, – aramed
misi kacobrivi neba ar ewinaaRmdegeba da ar ebrZvis, aramed
mihyveba, an ukeT rom iTqvas, eqvemdebareba mis RmrTeebas da
yovlisSemZle nebas.~ Tanamedrove goneba kvlav cdundeba: ras
niSnavs òri neba~? da rogor SeiZleba amaze dava da raRacis
gadawyveta? amasobaSi, monoTelitobis daZlevisas eklesia,
rodesac qristeSi ara marto RmrTaebrivi, aramed adamianur
nebis arsebobasac amtkicebda, qristianul anTropologias
uyrida safuZvels, adamianis im gagebas, ramac Cveni samyarosa
da Cveni kulturis mTeli humanisturi aRmafrena gansazRvra.
qristianuli humanizmi, erTiani adamianisa da misi, rogorc
absoluturi Rirebulebis rwmena – ai, qristologiuri
davebis ukanaskneli Sedegi da marTlmadideblobis namdvili
gamocxadeba.
krebam anaTemas gadasca eresis meTaurebi: oTxi
konstantinopoleli patriarqi – sergi, pavle, pirosi
da timoTe, kviros aleqsandrieli da papi honoriusi
(marTlmadideblebi yovelTvis miuTiTebdnen msoflio
krebis mier papis dagmobaze, rogorc Zvel eklesiaSi papis
ucdomelobis dogmatis ararsebobis mtkicebulebaze), magram
mdumared auara gverdi mTavar damnaSaveebs – imperatorebs
herakliossa da konstants. amasTan, erTi sityviTac ar
moixsenia WeSmaritebisTvis ori wamebuli: wm. papi martine da
Rirsi maqsime aRmsarebeli – isini xom formalurad `sisxlis
samarTlis~ anu `politikuri~ damnaSaveebi iyvnen! mxolod
mogvianebiT CarTes orive saxeli eklesiis aRmsareblebisa
da maswavlebelebis siaSi. da es dumili qristologiur
kamaTSi marTlmadideblobis saboloo gamarjvebas erTgvar
samwuxaro elfers aniWebs. WeSmariteba kvlav imarjvebda,
xalxi ki, samwuxarod, eCveoda bizantiuri Teokratiis òrmag
buRalterias~.
es istoria isev iq gvabrunebs, saidanac daviwyeT – meSvide

saukunis daxasiaTebasTan. monoTelitobam, miuxedavad imisa,
rom man gamoiwvia marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebis
nayofieri reaqcia, qalkedonuri `horosis~125 Semdgomi
gaRrmaveba, masze dakisrebuli veranairi politikuri
imedi ver gaamarTla. sakiTxi im wlebSi wydeboda, rodesac
rogorc monofizitebi, ise nestorianelebi samudamod
Camocilebuli iyvnen imperiisagan islamis mier da amitom
veRar qmnidnen misi Signidan gayofis safrTxes. rogorc
ukve vTqviT, marTlmadidebloba bolomde gaxda bizantiis
saxelmwifoebrivi da nacionaluri rwmenac ki. magram es
imasac niSnavs, rom Tavad marTlmadidebloba sabolood
Seerwya sakuTar bizantiur samoss, miiRo is, rogorc Tavisi
ìstoriuli~ kanoni.
es, upirvelesad, konstantinopolis kaTedris, rogorc
mTeli aRmosavleTis eklesiis centris saboloo gamarjvebaSi
gamoixata. jer kidev iustinianem Tavis kanonTa krebulSi
uwoda konstantinopolis eklesias `yvela sxva eklesiis
winamZRoli~ da TiTqos pirvelma mianiWa mis patriarqs
`msoflio patriarqis~ tituli. meeqvse saukunis bolos am
titulma pap grigol didis mwvave protesti gamoiwvia, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, herakliosis dros, es tituli `sameufo
qalaqis~ patriarqebis Cveul titulad iqca. Tumca berZnebi
mudam dasZendnen, rom es ar niSnavs konstantinopoleli
patriarqis raime upiratesobas TanamoZmeebis mimarT, xolo
XII saukuneSi erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli bizantieli
kanonisti Teodore balsamoni ver xedavda konstantinopolis
patriarqis `verc erT im upiratesobas, romelic romis paps
amSvenebda.~ marTlac, berZnebs arasdros axasiaTebdaT
`papizmi~, anu isini ar miiCnevdnen, rom dedaqalaqel episkoposs
RmrTis mier dawesebuli upiratesoba aqvs sxva episkoposebis
mimarT. da mainc, saeklesio mowyobis sistema, romlis
SuagulSi konstantinopolis patriarqi aRmoCnda, Zalian
125 horosi (berZn.) - rwmenis gansazRvra

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rasac Cven eklesiisa da

romis imperiis kavSiris dasawyisSi vxvdebodiT. `kanonikurad~
yvelaferi Zveleburad darCa: eklesia sakuTar sayovelTao
mowyobaSi uwindeburad àvtokefaluri~ patriarqebis
kavSiria, didi qalaqebis episkoposebi inarCuneben TavianT
didebul titulebs, `dogmaturad~ yoveli episkoposi
sakuTar eklesiaSi imasve warmoadgens, rac iyo, magaliTad, wm.
kvipriane karTagenelis, wm. ipolite romaelis, ufro adre – wm.
egnate antioqielis swavlebaSi: RmrTis xatebas, samociqulo
gardamocemis sruluflebian mcvels, sakuTari samwysos
madlmosili erTianobis matarebels. magram sinamdvileSi
aseTi adgilobrivi eklesia, romelic adre sakuTar Tavs
SeigrZnobda mocemul adgilas RmrTis eris movlinebad
mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT, sul ufro TvalnaTliv iqceva
èparqiad~ – anu ufro vrceli mTlianobis administraciul
qvedanayofad, xolo misi meTauri – episkoposi, Sesabamisad –
am eparqiaSi rwmunebulad centraluri ùmaRlesi saeklesio
xelisuflebisa,~ romelic konstantinopoleli patriarqisa
da sapatriarqos sinodis xelSia Tavmoyrili. am mxriv Zalian
damaxasiaTebelia cvlileba episkoposis kurTxevis praqtikaSi.
mesame saukunis pirveli naxevris Zeglis – wm. ipolite romaelis
`samociqulo gardamocemis~ Tanaxmad, axladgamorCeul epis
koposs akurTxebdnen im eklesiis krebaze, romlis epis
koposadac gamoirCies igi; amasTanave, kurTxeva xdeboda im
xalxis TandaswrebiTa da maTive locviTi monawileobiT,
romlis sulieri mama, mRvdelmTavari da mwyemsic xdeboda
igi amieridan. es iyo episkoposis qorwineba eklesiasTan,
efeselTa mimarT pavle mociqulis epistoles swavlebis
mixedviT. kurTxevisTanave axladkurTxeuli episkoposi
dauyovnebliv aRasrulebda evqaristias, xolo xeldamsxmeli
episkoposebi monawileobas iRebdnen am evqaristiaSi, ukve
rogorc Tanamsaxurni. da, ra Tqma unda, episkoposi rCeboda
sakuTar eklesiaSi sicocxlis bolomde imgvarad, rom
episkoposis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi eklesia `daqvrivebulad~
iwodeboda. magram drosTan erTad adgilobrivi eklesiis es

mniSvneloba saeklesio cnobierebaSi sul ufro sustdeboda
da gzas uTmobda mis `centralizebul~ gagebas: ukve meoTxe
saukuneSi vxvdebiT episkoposebs, romlebic icvlian TavianT
kaTedrebs. Tavidan es praqtika sayovelTao dagmobas iwvevs,
magram SemdgomSi protesti sustdeba, episkoposis kaTedridan
kaTedraze gadaadgileba Cveulebrivi movlena xdeba, raTa,
gacilebiT gvian, petres ruseTSi, ukve saeklesio cxovrebis
`normad~ iqces. episkoposebi sul ufro aRiqmebian rogorc
damxmareni, warmomadgenlebi, ùmaRlesi xelisuflebis~
nebis aRmsrulebelni. bunebrivad iqmneba axali instituti
– sruliad ucxo adrindeli eklesiisaTvis – patriarqTan
arsebuli saepiskoposo sinodi. adrindeli eklesiisTvis
cnobili iyo saepiskoposo krebebi, magram krebis arsi is iyo, rom
episkoposebis saxiT masSi namdvilad iyvnen warmodgenili da mis
muSaobaSi monawileobdnen adgilobrivi eklesiebi: episkoposi,
romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebda sakuTar samwysos, iyo samwysos
xma, misi rwmenis mowme, samwysosaTvis ki – msoflio eklesiis
xma, warmodgenili krebaze. magram sinodi ukve mmarTvelobis
àdministraciuli organoa~ da masSi episkoposis monawileobis
piroba, rac unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, aris misi faqtiuri
mowyveta sakuTari eklesiisa da samwysosagan. sinodi, sakuTar
Tavs èklesiis bageebad~ ki ar aRiqvams, rogorc kreba aRiqvamda
sakuTar Tavs, aramed Tavs SeigrZnobs erTgvari mudmivi
ZalauflebiT, romelsac epikoposebi adgilebze warmoadgenen.
Cven vnaxeT, rom konstantinopolis sinodi TiTqmis SemTxveviT
Seiqmna: es iyo sxvadasxva saqmis gamo dedaqalaqSi `gavliT myofi~
episkoposebis sinodi, anu erTgvari kreba. magram igi, rogorc
ki gaCnda, Zalian swrafad gardaiqmna mudmiv dawesebulebad,
da gasagebia, ratomac:Leklesiisa da imperiis mowyobis sul
ufro mzardi paralelizmis gamo. gviandel bizantiur
ZeglebSi, romelTa Sesaxeb SemdgomSi visaubrebT, ukve Riadaa
dadasturebuli es paralelizmi. imperators Seesabameba
patriarqi, senats – sinodi. Cven Sors wavediT Zveli eklesiis
mowyobis sakramentul-axalaRTqmiseuli fesvebisagan. xolo

islamis Zalauflebis qveS egviptis, palestinisa da siriis
gadasvlasTan erTad konstantinopoli imperiaSi erTaderT
sapatriarqo kaTedrad iqca; ase rom, es kaTedra bunebrivad
xdeba `msoflio~: imperiasac xom `msoflio~ – ìkumeni~ ewodeba.
SemdgomSi, qristologiuri davis dros, konstantinopols sxva
aRmosavlur centrebTan – aleqsandriasTan, antioqiasTan,
efesosTan metoqeoba mouxda. dedaqalaqi xSirad iyo eresebisa
da eresebTan kompromisebis wyaro, magram manve sakuTar mxrebze
gadaitana qalkedonuri marTlmadideblobisaTvis brZolis
mTeli simZime. antioqia da aleqsandria dasustebuli aRmoCnda,
erTi – nestorianelobis, meore ki monofizitobis aCrdiliT.
iustinianedan moyolebuli, am qalaqebis marTlmadidebeli
`qalkedoneli~ episkoposebi adgilobrivebi ki ara, aramed
konstantinopolis mier daniSnulebi iyvnen. dedaqalaquri
centris amgvari `kontroli~ meSvide saukuneSi Zlierdeba:
monoTelitobis gamo meeqvse msoflio krebis mier damxobili
antioqieli patriarqis makaris adgilze ukve ubralod Tavad
konstantinopolSi iniSneba da ekurTxeba marTlmadidebeli
Teofane. da es aseve Zalian didxans iqneba Cveulebrivi praqtika
aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi. amasTan, amave periodSi, antioqieli da
aleqsandrieli patriarqebi `melqitebis~ mcire jgufebis – anu
monofizitur zRvaSi berZnuli umciresobebis `winamZRolebi~
xdebian, amitomac isini sakuTar Tavsac bunebrivad ganixi
laven garkveuli azriT centris – Zlevamosili msoflio
patriarqis – `warmomadgenlebad~. `konstantinopoleli
patriarqis mniSvneloba, – wers barsovi – sxvadasxva gare
moebebis wyalobiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi imdenad amaRlda,
rom man mTeli aRmosavleTis eklesiis winamZRolis adgili
daikava, iseve rogorc romis papi idga dasavleTis saTaveSi.~
ar aris saWiro am analogiis metismetad gaRrmaveba. romis
papma dasavleTSi daikava ara marto `winamZRolis~ adgili:
imperiis dacema mas aseve saero xelisuflebis matareblad,
Tavad imperiuli da saxelmwifo mSeneblobis `wyarod~ aqcevda.
bizantieli patriarqi ki, piriqiT, imitomac amaRlda sakuTar

mdgomareobamde, rom `simfoniis~ Teoria saxelmwifosa da
eklesiis mSeneblobaSi paralelizms iTxovda. Tuki `mefoba~
xorSesxmulia imperatorSi, `mRvdloba~ aseve erT pirovnebaSi
unda iyos xorcSesxmuli: swored aseTi pirovneba gaxda axali
romis msoflio patriarqi.
saeklesio wyobis evolucias saeklesio cxovrebis sxva
formebis, upirveles yovlisa, RvTismsaxurebis evolucia
mohyveba. aqve aseve Cndeba da sul ufro Zlierdeba swored
bizantiuri, konstantinopoluri tradiciis gamarjveba.
adreuli eklesia mraval adgilobriv liturgiul tradicias
icnobda. Sinaarsis fuZemdeblur erTianobas (jer kidev
mociqulTa saqmeSi evqaristia gansazRvruli iyo, rogorc
`yvelas erTsa da imaveze~, anu erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli
serobis maradiul ganxorcielebaze Sekreba) yoveli eklesia
sakuTari formiT axorcielebda. ai, WeSmariti liturgiuli
Semoqmedebis nayofi. uZvelesi droidan Cvenamde moaRwia
asamde ànaforam~ – anu evqaristiulma locvam, sxvadasxva
saxeliT xelmowerilma, Tumca, arsebiTad TiToeuli maTgani
iyo xangrZlivi liturgiuli gamocdilebis gamoxatuleba,
evqaristiis ZiriTadi da ucvleli azris gacxadeba adamianuri
sityvebiT. ase magaliTad, Tanamedrove liturgikuli
mecniereba ganasxvavebs evqaristiuli locvebis `tipebs~:
ierusalimurs, aleqsandriuls, romauls, siriuls, sparsulsa
da a.S., romelTagan TiToeuli, Tavis mxriv, aerTianebs sakuTari
Taviseburebebis mqone liturgiebis mTel jgufs. masSi,
wminda saRvTismetyvelo literaturaze ufro Zlieradac
ki, TiToeulma qristianulma tradiciam sakuTari suli,
sakuTari èTosi~126, eklesiis kaTolike WeSmaritebis aRqma
asaxa. magram konstantinopolis eklesias, romelic ar iyo
ise Zveli, sworedac rom ar hqonda ise mkafiod gamoxatuli
tradicia, rogorc egviptes an sirias. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
masSi sxvadasxvagvari gavlena ebrZoda erTmaneTs – antioqiuri
126 eTosi (berZn.) – Cveuleba, zne, xasiaTi

(wm. ioane oqropiri, nestori), aleqsandriuli (anatoli,

romelic qalkedonis krebam airCia) da TiToeuli maTgani,
ra Tqma unda, aisaxeboda RvTismsaxurebis ganviTarebaze.
Cven viciT, magaliTad, rom wm. ioane oqropirma bevri ram
daamkvidra konstantinopolSi antioqiis liturgiuli praqti
kidan, da nestoric xom RvTismsaxurebaSi sityva `RvTismSoblis~
gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia
gavlena ar moexdina sasaxlis karTan mudmiv kavSirsac,
RvTismsaxurebaze imperatoris daswrebas, wm. sofiis
taZris ìmperiul~ ideas da a.S. amgvarad, konstantinopolis
tradiciaSi Sevida sasaxlis karis ritualis is elementebic, rac
imperatoris Zalauflebis Teokratiul gagebas asaxavda da
yvelafers, rac imperatorTan iyo dakavSirebuli, `RvTaebrivad~
aqcevda. da, bolos, konstantines wyalobiT liturgiaSi Zalian
SesamCnevi aRmoCnda ierusalimis saRvTismetyvelo Cveulebebis
gavlena. IV saukuneSi ierusalimi sayovelTao interesis centri
gaxda, iq Sendeba didebuli taZrebi, iqiTken miemarTebian
momlocvelebi mTeli msofliodan; iq, wminda miwaze, romelic
garemoculia mogonebebiT macxovris miwieri cxovrebis Sesaxeb,
RvTismsaxureba sul ufro `dramatuli~ xdeba: es kargad
Cans galiis mkvidri momlocveli qalis – eTerias dRiurSi,
romelic wminda miwaze meoTxe saukunis bolos imyofeboda da
ierusalimis saeklesio wes-Cveulebebis dawvrilebiTi aRwera
dagvitova. am `dramatizaciis~ magaliTad davasaxelebT Cveni
Tanamedrove msaxurebis didi paraskevis ciskarze `Tormeti
saxarebis~ msaxurebas, rogorc swored ierusalimis gavlenis
karg nimuSs. ierusalimSi, did paraskevs, qristianebi episkoposis
meTaurobiT, bunebrivia, Semoivlidnen xolme qristes vne
bebis yvela adgils, Tanac TiToeul adgilas ikiTxeboda
Sesabamisi saxareba da sruldeboda Sesabamisi galoba.
amgvarad, konstantinopolSi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebuli
RvTismsaxurebis tipi warmoadgenda sxvadasxva tradiciisa
da gavlenis bunebriv `sinTezs~. da is, Tavisi ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebiT, swored meSvide saukuneSi Camoyalibda,
konstantinopolis kaTedris, rogorc aRmosavleTSi mM Teli

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis centris saboloo amaRlebis
momentSi. xolo Camoyalibebis Semdeg man araTu gavlena moaxdina
sxva àdgilobriv~ tradiciebze, aramed Zalian male mTeli
marTlmadidebeli aRmosavleTis eklesiis RvTismsaxurebis
erTaderT `formad~ iqca. ase gamoaZeva TandaTan bizantiurma
liturgiam Tavisi ormagi (oqropirisa da basili didis) formiT
rogorc uZvelesi aleqsandriuli liturgia (wm. markozis
saxeliT cnobili), ise antioqiuri (wm. iakobis, macxovris
Zmis) liturgia. magram `bizantiuri wesis~ es gamarjveba Seexo
ara marto evqaristias, aramed mTel saRvTismsaxuro wres.
`bizantiuri wes-Cveuleba~, bolos da bolos, marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis erTaderTi wes-Cveuleba gaxda.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas saRvTismetyvelo tradiciazec.
Zalian didxans, konstantinopols arc aq hqonda sakuTari
`saxe~, sakuTari `skola~, rogorc aleqsandrias, an antioqias;
amitom igi an ori erTmaneTTan mebrZoli tendenciidan
erT-erTis gavlenis qveS eqceoda, an arada, sakuTari
ìmperiuli~ mniSvnelobis gamo, iZulebuli iyo kompromisuli
pozicia daekavebina. qalkedoni iyo swored `bizantiuri~
RvTismetyvelebis pirveli nabiji, rogorc ori mTavari
tradiciis ukiduresobaTa daZleva da SemoqmedebiT sinTezSi
maTi Serwyma. am gziT viTardeboda is SemdgomSic. am gzis
mTavari etapebi aRniSnulia mexuTe da meeqvse msoflio
krebebiT, romelTa Tema qalkedonuri dogmatis gaRrmaveba,
dazusteba, àTviseba~ iyo. magram, Tu Tavidan qalkedonuri
marTlmadidebloba garkveulwilad aseve iyo aleqsandriis
antioqiasTan `sinTezi~, am sinTezisagan gamomdinare daskvnebi
ukve bizantiuri marTlmadideblobis specifiur niSans
warmoadgens. warsulisadmi, gardamocemebisadmi miTiTebas
eklesiaSi mudam fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba hqonda. ase
magaliTad, qristiani mwerlebi adre xSirad iyenebdnen
zedsarTavs – `samociqulo~: `samociqulo dadgenileba~, `samo
ciqulo wesebi~, ipolite romaelis `samociqulo gardamocema~.
es ar niSnavs, rom avtori sinamdvileSi cdilobda mkiTxvelis

mociqulTa avtorobaSi darwmunebas, aramed mxolod imas,
rom avtoris TvalSi warmodgenili swavleba mociqulebamde
adis, rogorc ucvleli da maradiuli saeklesio gardamocema.
meoTxe saukunidan aseTive avtoritets iZens miTiTeba `mamebze~
– anu im RvTismetyvelebisa da maswavleblebis moxmoba,
romelTa swavlebas, sabolood, iRebda eklesia, rogorc misi
gamocdilebis, misi gardamocemis gamoxatulebas, riTic es
swavleba Tavad xdeboda normatiuli. ukve 381 wlis msoflio
krebis Semdeg, imperatorma Teodosim, arianuli SfoTis
Semdeg gamefebul qaosSi sicxadis Sesatanad, sagangebo
kanoniT miuTiTa xelqveiTebs im episkoposebze, romelTan
urTierTobac unda gamxdariyo marTlmadideblobis garegnuli
niSani. mexuTe saukuneSi wm. aTanase didisa da kapadokieli
mamebis – wm. basili didis, grigol RvTismetyvelisa da
grigol noselis avtoriteti upirobod iyo aRiarebuli
yvelas mier da argumenti `mamebisagan~ sul ufro did
mniSvnelobas iZens. magram qristologiurma davebma kvlav
kiTxvis qveS daayena mTeli rigi saRvTismetyvelo tradicia:
Cven vnaxeT, rom mexuTe msoflio krebaze dagmes didi xnis win
gardacvlili RvTismetyvelebi, romlebic odesRac TavianT
regionebSi `mamebad~ miiCneodnen. mexuTe kreba garkveulwilad
adgilobrivi gadmocemebis gadaxedva da gadafaseba iyo da
amitom niSandoblivia, rom am krebaze pirvelad Seadgines
`rCeuli mamebis~ – marTlmadidebluri gardamocemis udavo
matareblebis sia. masSi Sevidnen wmindanebi aTanase didi,
hilarius piqtavieli (arianelobis winaaRmdeg dasavleli
mebrZoli), basili didi, grigol RvTismetyveli, grigol
noseli, ambrosi mediolaneli, netari avgustine, ioane
oqropiri, Teofile da kirile aleqsandrielebi, leon didi,
prokle. arcerTi ar aris konstantinopoluri saxeli (prokle
dedaqalaqis patriarqi iyo, magram Tavis RvTismetyvelebaSi
àleqsandriul~ tendencias gamoxatavda). bizantiuri RvTis
metyveleba swored Sejamebis, winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvis,
sityvebisa da cnebebis SeTanxmebis Semdeg iwyeba. amitomac

pirvelad swored bizantiaSi SemoisazRvra gardamocemis
is wre, ganisazRvra is `mamaTa anderZebi~, rac samudamod
darCeba marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebis fundamentad.
aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom am wris gareT darCnen nikeamdeli
mamebi da TiTqmis yvela àRmosavleli~ maswavlebeli. aRvniSnavT
agreTve, rom Sinaarsobrivad bizantiuri RviTismetyveleba
ori TemiT aRmoCnda SemosazRvruli – swavlebiT samebis Sesaxeb
da swavlebiT RmerTkacis Sesaxeb. es iyo IV da V saukuneebis
udidesi dogmaturi davebis Temebi; maT ganmartebasa da
aTvisebaze bizantiuri saeklesio cnobierebis mTeli Zalebi
daixarja.
nawili 7
meSvide saukuneSi SeimCneva zne-Cveulebebis gauxeSeba,

mTeli cxovrebis erTgvari `barbarizacia~. amaod ar Cauvlia
Semosevebis, siRatakis, gamudmebuli saomari daZabulobis
saukuneebs. ukve igrZnoba `Sua saukuneebis~ dadgoma – misi
uaryofiTi mxareebiT (rac sulac ar gamoricxavs dadebiTs) da
bevri ram am gauxeSebas qristianuli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSic
ki asaxavs. qristianebi `mieCvivnen~ TavianT qristianobas,
es Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri movlena gaxda – ai, mTavari
STabeWdileba, romelsac e.w. `mexuTe-meeqvese~, anu 691 wlis
trulis krebis dadgenilebebi iwvevs. es kreba imperatorma
iustiniane II-m moiwvia, raTa sadisciplino dadgenilebebiT
Seevso mexuTe da meeqvse krebebi, romlebic mxolod rjulis
swavla-moZRvrebiTi sakiTxebiT Semoifargla. eklesiis
cxovreba mkafio maregulirebel principebs moiTxovda da
trulis krebam (romelsac ase sasaxlis im svetebiani darbazis
mixedviT ewoda, romelSic sxdomebi mimdinareobda) es 102
kanonis formiT mogvawoda. Ees kanonebi im epoqis yoveldRiur
saeklesio cxovrebaSi bevri ramis danaxvis saSualebas

gvaZlevs. krebis mizani iyo ùZlurebaTa mkurnaloba~ da misi
kanonebi, ra Tqma unda, asaxavs saeklesio cxovrebis mxolod
uaryofiT mxareebs, saeklesio sazogadoebis naklovanebebs.
magram es naklovanebebi imitomacaa saintereso, rom gvaCvenebs
imperiis `qristianizaciis~ xarisxs `konstantineseuli
periodis~ oTxi saukunis Sedegad.
erTi mxriv, qristianobam udavod gaimarjva. Tavad saek
lesio sazogadoebis naklovanebebi gamarjvebisagan, ase vTqvaT,
misi ueWvelobisagan modis. qristianobam imperiiT gaer
Tianebuli kacobriobis `sisxlsa da xorcSi~ SeaRwia da is, ra
Tqma unda, siRrmiseulad gansazRvravs, afasebs da gansjis
cxovrebas, magram amis Sesaxeb – qvemoT. Tavidan imaze
mivaniSnoT, rac Signidan amwvavebs am gamarjvebas da Tavad mas
aqcevs axali sneulebebis, axali safrTxeebis wyarod. safrTxe
ki swored imaSia, rom SeuZlebelia nebismieri gamarjvebis
TavisTavad SenarCuneba, is ganuwyvetel Zalisxmevasa da
daZabvas moiTxovs. da, ai, swored es daZabuloba sustdeba. ase,
magaliTad, warmarTobasTan brZolisas msoflios gmiruli
dapyrobis dros eklesias ar uyoymania, rodesac warmar
TobisTvis Cveuli religiis bevri `bunebrivi~ forma
qristianobis samsaxurSi moaqcia. 25 dekembers warmarTebi
zeimobdnen uZleveli mzis dabadebas, qristianebma am dRes
Seufardes qristeSobis dResaswauli, romelmac aswavla
adamianebs `Tayvani scen simarTlis mzes, Seicnon is
aRmosavleTis simaRlidan;~ warmarTebisaTvis 6 ianvari `RvTis
gamocxadebis~ dResaswaulia, igive ricxvi gaxda qristianuli
RmerTis gamocxadebis TariRi. ùvercxloTa~ saeklesio kults
bevri saerTo aqvs dioskurebis warmarTul kultTan,
qristianuli `cxovrebanis~ formas – warmarTul `gmirTa
Sesxmis~ nimuSebTan, da, bolos, qristianul saidumloTa
ganmartebas kaTakmevelTaTvis – warmarTuli xeldasxmis
`misteriul~ terminologiasTan. magram ukve vTqviT, rom
sinamdvileSi yvela es `mimbaZveloba~ mxolod formaluri iyo:
im droisaTvis Cveul `formas~ eklesia aRavsebda Tavisi

xarebis mTeli siaxliT, qristesa da misi mimdevrebis saxeebiT
ise, rom Tavad `forma~ bolomde gaeklesiurebuli, saxarebis
sinaTlis, sibrZnisa da cxovrebiseuli Zalis gamtari aRmoCnda.
magram mTeli saqmec imaSia, rom aranairi gaeklesiureba
TavisTavad ar aris qristianobis siwmindis garantia, araviTari
`forma,~ arsobrivad da warmoSobiT yvelaze qristianulic ki,
ver ixsnis mas `magiurad~, Tu ar aris aRvsili suliTa da
WeSmaritebiT, romlebic amarTlebs am formas da romelTac
emsaxureba es forma. da unda gvaxsovdes, rom warmarToba aris
ara mxolod religia, romelic qronologiurad win uswrebda
qristianobas da romelic qristianobis warmoSobiT
ganadgurda, aramed igi aris TviT religiis erTgvari ucvleli
da `bunebrivi~ polusi da am gagebiT warmarToba mudmivi
safrTxea yoveli religiisaTvis. qristianoba iTxovs ganu
wyvetel Zalisxmevas, formis uwyvet avsebas SinaarsiT,
TviTSemowmebas, `sulTa gamocdas127~; warmarToba ki Sinaar
sisagan formis mowyvetaa, gamoyofaa formisa, rogorc
TavisTavadi Rirebulebisa da TviTmiznuri faseulobisa. es
aris dabruneba bunebriv religiasTan, formulis, adaT-wesis,
`wmindaTawmindis~ rwmenasTan, misi Sinaarsisa da sulieri azris
miuxedavad. magram maSin TviT qristianuli wes-Cveulebaca da
qristianuli siwmindec advilad SeiZleba iqcnen swored
warmarTuli Tayvaniscemis sagnad da daCrdilon is, risTvisac
Tavad arseboben: WeSmaritebis gamaTavisuflebeli Zala.
swored es tendencia igrZnoba meSvide saukuneSi, rogorc
erTgvari sazRauri qristianobis ukidegano gamarjvebisaTvis.
ukve 530 wels wm. barsanofi amxels `meqanikur~ religiurobas,
romlisTvisac qristianobis mTeli arsi garegnulSia: `wminda
nawilebis gverdiT Cavlisas, muxli moidrikeT erTxel, orjer,
magram es ukve sakmarisia... gadaiwereT pirjvari samjer, Tuki
gsurT, magram meti araa saWiro~.... sxva maswavleblebi amxelen
127 Sdr.: `sayuarelno, nu yovlisa sulisa grwamn, aramed gamoicadeniT sulni,

ukueTu RmrTisagan iyvnen...~ (1 iovane, 4:1)
imaT, vinc Tavis rwmenas mxolod `jvrebisa da xatebis amboriT~

gamoxatavs.~ ra aris maTTvis evqaristia da ziareba? Tu saxareba
Zalian grZelia, xolo locvebi Cveulebrivze metad grZeldeba
– ukve Cndeba mouTmenlobisa da ukmayofilebis niSnebi. mokle
msaxurebis drosac ki qristianebi Tavs iqceven saqmeebze
saubriT da moyvasTa gankiTxviT. sxvebi ubralod quCaSi dganan,
raTa ukanasknel wuTs Seirbinon taZarSi da, Rirsi anastasi
sinelis sityvebiT – `nabijis Seuneleblad eziaron~. magram
isini saukeTeso qristianebi arian: gana ar emTxvivnen isini Cveni
mxsnelis xatebasa da wmindanTa xatebs? wes-Cveulebebis rwmena,
crurwmena, rwmenisadmi zedapiruli damokidebuleba – amgvari
codva bevria bizantiur sazogadoebaSi. magram maT ukan ufro
saSiSi ram ixateba: qristianuli mxilebis miRma kvlav cocxlobs
ukve sruliad aSkara òrrwmenianoba~ da trulis krebis bevri
kanoni eZRvneba qristianobis daufarav damaxinjebas da mis
warmarTul `magiad~ qcevas.
samwuxarod, Tavad samRvdeloeba, romlis mowodebaa iyos
nimuSi morwmuneTaTvis `sityviT, cxovrebiT, suliT, rwmeniT,
siwmindiT~, yovelTvis da yvelaferSi Tavis simaRleze ar
dgas. bevrgan ecema ganaTlebis done. kreba episkoposebs yovel
kviradRe qadagebas avalebs, magram, amasTan, maT sakuTari
varaudebi ki ar unda gamoTqvan, aramed mamebs unda misdion.
bevri kanoni ukrZalavs presviterebs iqonion sastumroebi,
misdevdnen mevaxSeobas, azartul TamaSebs, miiRon sazRauri
qirotoniisaTvis128. isini warmoaCenen udavo dakninebas
monazvnur wreSic: kreba gansakuTrebuli daJinebiT amtkicebs,
rom monazvnoba monaniebis gzaa da ara samxedro samsaxurisagan
Tavis aridebis meTodi an uzrunvelyofili siberis saSualeba.
berebs ekrZalebaT monastrebidan gamosvla, qalTan erTad erT
WerqveS Ramis gaTeva, berad aRkvecis gamo zeimis mowyoba.
128 qirotonia (berZn.) – sasuliero pirad xeldasxma. samive xarisxis sasuliero
piri – episkoposi, mRvdeli da diakvani (diakoni) ekurTxeba saRmrTo liturgiis
dros. episkoposi gamorCeva mRvdlebisagan, mRvdlebi – diakvnebisagan. mF Rvdlisa
da diakvnis xeldasxma SeuZlia erT episkoposs, xolo episkoposad kurTxevas
aRasrulebs aranakleb ori episkoposi (wm. mociqulTa pirveli kanoni).
vimeorebT, yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom bizantiis saek

lesio cxovrebas mxolod naklovanebebi axasiaTebs. kreba
maTze imitom saubrobs, rom maTTan brZola misi mizania.
magram am naklovanebaTa arseboba, Tundac imiT, rom isini
hgavs saeklesio istoriis TiTqmis yvela momdevno epoqis
naklovanebebs, amtkicebs, rom qristianoba aRar aris rCeulTa
xvedri, aramed gaxda masis religia, da Zalian bevrisTvis – ukve
mxolod TavisTavad aSkara `forma~, romlis arsze isini ukve
aRar fiqroben. bevrisTvis igi marTlac `bunebriv~ religiad
iqca da maT ukve aRar esmiT masSi arsebuli mowodeba `bunebis
ganaxlebisaken.~
magram, ra Tqma unda, im drois saeklesio cxovrebaze mxolod
trulis krebis mier miRebuli kanonebiT ar unda vimsjeloT.
Tavad naklovanebebis gamosworebisaken mimarTuli Zalisxmeva,
codvaTa mxileba imaze metyvelebs, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi
bizantiis xelmZRvanelebi qristianobis WeSmarit ideals
SeubRalavad inaxaven. metic, am idealma ukve namdvilad SeaRwia
adamianis cnobierebaSi da Signidan gardaqmna ara marto
calkeuli adamianebis cxovreba, aramed kulturis mTeli suli,
yovelive is, rac yoveli epoqisaTvis mis mTavar Rirebulebas
warmoadgens. arada, swored ganzraxulobiT, saganZuriT,
romliskenac guli miiswrafis, da ara mxolod dacemebiT unda
SeviswavloT warsuli da vimsjeloT masze. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, – SevityoT ara marto is, Tu rogor asxamda xorcs
sazogadoeba sakuTar ideals, aramed isic, raSi mdgomareobda
Tavad es ideali.
am TvalsazrisiT araferi gamoxatavs èpoqis suls~ ise,
rogorc bizantiuri RvTismsaxureba, swored am dros rom
yalibdeba erTgvar `sistemad~, formebisa da saxeebis mwyobr
samyarod, romelic mudam darCeba aRmosavluri marTl
madideblobis miuwvdomel mwvervalad. mis ganviTarebasa da
Camoyalibebaze bevri gansxvavebuli faqtori zemoqmedebda;
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis RvTismsaxurebaSi dRemde ganir
Ceva sxvadasxva epoqis plastebi, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs
sakuTari `saRvTismetyvelo~ gasaRebi. es, pirvel yovlisa, aris

pirvelqristianuli kultis sinagoguri, ZvelaRTqmiseuli
safuZveli, romelic agvirgvinebs da axali sazrisiT avsebs
saidumlos. Semdeg, es aris `sadReRamiso ciklis~ ganviTareba,
romelSic aisaxa `fsalmunTa leqsTsityvaobis~ monazvnuri
Taviseburebebi. amas mohyva wmindanTa kultis swrafi ayvaveba,
dogmaturi davebis gavlena, rac umTavresad saeklesio
dResaswaulebis zrdaSi aisaxa. da bolos, esaa saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebaSi eklesiis axali mdgomareobis Taviseburebebi,
romlis wyalobiTac xdeba adamianuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva
mxaris `gaeklesiureba~. am procesis zogierT wvrilmans Semdeg
TavSi davubrundebiT – RvTismsaxurebis saboloo `sistemas~
ukve gviandeli bizantia mogvcems. magram meSvide saukuneSi
igrZnoba bizantiuri liturgiuli Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi
`toni~. mas safuZvlad, ra Tqma unda, wminda werili udevs.
eklesiis enad iqca da samudamod darCeba bibliuri ena. da ara
marto misi religiuri datvirTulobis, saxeebis simdidris,
mTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiT religiuri grZnobisadmi
saocari Sesabamisobis gamo. Tavad rwmena, saeklesio
gamocdileba ganuyofelia wminda werilisagan, rogorc saku
Tari wyarosagan. yvelaferi, rac eklesias swams da riTic
cxovrobs igi, `wminda werilis~ mixedviT aRsrulda (`rameTu
migec Tqven pirvelad romelca-igi moviRe, rameTu qriste
mokuda codvaTa CuenTaTvis, viTarca weril ars, da rameTu
daefla da rameTu aRdga mesamesa dResa, viTarca weril ars.~ – 1
kor. 15:3-4), magram `wminda werilis~ mixedviT, es
winaswarmetyvelebisa da winaswarTqmulis aRsrulebaze gaci
lebiT mets niSnavs; upirveles yovlisa, es niSnavs qristes mier
aRsrulebulisa da wminda werilis monaTxrobs Soris Sinagan
kavSirs; ase rom, am kavSiris gareSe SeuZlebelia rogorc wminda
werilis, ise qristes saqmeTa arsis gageba. da ai, am kavSiris sul
ufro metad warmoCineba, am kavSiris sul ufro metad
CaRrmavebuli Wvreta Seadgens qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis,
saeklesio poeziis, da Tavad wes-Cveulebis Sinaarss.
aq ar aris SesaZlebloba, vaCvenoT am warmoCinebis procesi

mTeli Tavisi sirTuleebiT, SevCerdebiT erT magaliTze,
romelsac eklesiisaTvis sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSv
neloba aqvs. es aris TandaTanobiTi zrda RvTismSoblis
saRvTismsaxuro Tayvaniscemisa, romelic ase did adgils
daikavebs eklesiis liturgiul cxovrebaSi. es magaliTi
imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom `religiis istorikosebis~
umravlesobisaTvis RvTismSoblis kulti adasturebs
qristianobis udavo `metamorfozas~, masSi uZvelesi, bunebis
dambadebeli Zalebis, dedobis, qaluri sawyisisa da a. S. kultis
SeRwevas. maTi mTavari argumenti isaa, rom pirvel saukuneebSi
eklesiaSi ver vxedavT mariamis raime gansakuTrebul adgils
da, miT umetes, kults, romelic Cndeba ara uadres mexuTe
saukunisa – anu swored qristianobis am sofelTan `Serigebis~
epoqaSi. `formaluri~ skolis istorikosebi ki, Tavis mxriv, im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac adgenen ama Tu im mariologiuri129
dResaswaulis mizezebs, misi warmoSobis dros, teqstebis
avtorebs – ver pasuxoben mTavar SekiTxvas: ras aRniSnavs
RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulebis es ayvaveba,
mariologiuri Temis es gaZliereba saeklesio RvTismsaxurebis
SinaarsSi? da bolos, protestantebi, rogorc cnobilia,
ubralod uaryofen RvTismSoblis Tayvaniscemas, rogorc
`bibliuri safuZvlis~ armqones. Tumca, es Tayvaniscema swored
`bibliuri safuZvlidan~ amoizrdeba da, pirvel yovlisa,
swored masTanaa dakavSirebuli. aseTi bibliuri safuZvelia
axlaxan miTiTebuli axali aRTqmis Wvreta Zveli aRTqmis
Suqze, meore mxriv ki Zveli aRTqmis sul ufro Rrma azris
warmoCena axali aRTqmis Suqze. ai, magaliTi: RvTismSoblis
taZrad miyvanebis dResaswauls, romelic, rogorc Cans,
meSvide saukunis bolos warmoiSva (Semonaxulia am dRisadmi
miZRvnili sagalobeli, dawerili andria kretelis mier), ar
aqvs araviTari `formaluri~ bibliuri safuZveli – amgvari
movlenis Sesaxeb saxareba arafers ambobs. magram sakmarisia am
129 mariologia – eklesiis swavleba mariam RvTismSoblis Sesaxeb.

dResaswaulis saRvTismsaxuro teqstebis wakiTxva (maTi Tavda

pirveli redaqciebiT, radgan isini SemdgomSi mniSvnelovnad
Seicvala), rom davinaxoT gonebis WeSmaritad mistiuri
ganaTeba an Wvreta, romelic mas udevs safuZvlad. wminda
werilis ganuwyveteli locviTi kiTxvisas yuradReba
maxvildeba misi sazrisis ufro da ufro axal siRrmeebze. ase,
magaliTad, ierusalimis taZars didi adgili uWiravs, rogorc
Zvel aRTqmaSi, ise saxarebaSi – Tanac iudevelebis am erTaderT
da wminda centrs, mTeli religiuri cxovrebis Sesakrebels,
qriste sakuTar Tavs upirispirebs: `dahxseniT taZari ese, da
mesamesa dResa aRvadgino ege...~130 is sakuTari sxeulis taZarze
laparakobda. magram ukve aqedan Cans, rom SeuZlebelia
ZvelaRTqmiseul taZarSi qristianebs ar daenaxaT sxva
religiuri Sesakreblis pirvelsaxe, sxva erTaderTi da
yovlismomcveli centri. taZris yvela dadebiTi mniSvneloba
qristeSi `xorcieldeba~ – is ukve axali taZaria da es taZari
aris adamiani, misi sxeuli, misi suli. Cven ukve vambobdiT, Tu
ra mniSvneloba Hhqonda am ori taZris – ierusalimis taZrisa da
eklesiis `xelTuqmneli~ taZris – qristes sxeulis
urTierTdapirispirebas qristianuli
taZarTmSeneblobisaTvis. magram qristianuli `mWvreteloba~
aq ar SeCerebula. im epoqaSi, rodesac eklesia mTeli Tavisi
sulieri Zalebis daZabviT ìzrdeboda~ qristes adamianurobis
aRqmaSi, mas ar SeeZlo xatebis am WvretaSi ar CaerTo is,
visganac qristem Tavisi adamianuroba, Tavisi sxeuli miiRo. Tu
Tavis taZrad RmerTma amieridan adamiani airCia, maSin
gansakuTrebuli da sruliad zedmiwevniTi gagebiT, RmerTis
aseTi taZari qalwuli mariami iyo: `rameTu misgan Sobili
wminda ars~... igi, misi sxeuli, Tavad Zveli aRTqmis mier
agebuli taZaria, mTeli Tavisi siwmindiT, xsnis molodiniT,
RmrTisadmi erTgulebiT – ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada RmerTis
adamianTan SeerTeba da am gagebiT is nayofia ZvelaRTqmiseuli
taZrisa, RmerTTan im kavSirisa, romelic misi meSveobiT
130 iovane, 2:19

ganxorcielda... da Tu asea, maSin `Wvreta~ inacvlebs am cocxal

taZarsa da im taZars Soris mimarTebaze, romlis – rogorc
xsnisa da RmerTTan SeerTebis erTaderTi `centrisa~ da wyaros
– sazrisis àRsasruleblad~ movida qriste Tavisi gankacebiT,
`yovlad wminda taZari macxovrisa... dRes Seiyvanebis taZrad
RmrTisa~...131 da am miyvanebaSi cxaddeba taZris saboloo
mniSvneloba da aResruleba misi daZleva. magram es, amboben,
`miTiT~ dafaruli ìdeis~ gamarjvebaa. es asec aris da arc aris
ase. mis safuZvelSi devs ierusalimis taZarSi qalwuli
mariamis, iseve rogorc yoveli ebraeli gogonas Sesvlis udavo
istoriuli faqti. marTalia, es faqti ar aris aRniSnuli raime
`ZegliT~, magram is eWvgareSea, radgan TavisTavad cxadia: asea
Tu ise, mariami Sevida taZarSi, iyo taZarSi. da Tu saxarebaSi
moTxrobili movlenebis liturgiuli `gaformeba~, ra Tqma
unda, am monaTxrobis mixedviT aResruleba, maSin aq, Tavad
RvTismsaxurebaSi, istoriuli faqti TandaTan ifareba
poeturi da simboluri wvrilmanebiT, romlebic xazs usvams
eklesiis mier masSi danaxul Sinaarss. amis safuZveli ki swored
saxarebis, masSi STanergili yvela azris saRvTismetyvelo
gacxadebaa, qristianobis realurobis Wvretaa... igive
SeiZleba iTqvas RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnili sxva
dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb, romlebic, ioane naTlismcemelis
liturgiuli ciklis paralelur mTel ciklSi gadaizarda. da
es raime metamorfoza ki ara, eklesiis Tavdapirveli
gamocdilebis gacxadebaa: sakmarisia wavikiTxoT RvTismSoblis
RvTismsaxurebis pirvelive teqstebi, raTa davrwmundeT, rom
RvTismSoblis Tayvaniscema ara Tu `Crdilavs~ adreuli
eklesiis qristocentrizms, an Seaqvs qristianobaSi raime saxis
lamis warmarTuli motivi (arada swored amas amtkiceben
mavanni, zogjer qristiani swavlulebic ki!) aramed, piriqiT,
mTlianadaa fesvgadgmuli eklesiis mier macxovris
RmerTkacobrivi saxebis WvretaSi. RvTismSoblis Tayvaniscemam
Zalian swrafad TiTqosda Tavis tonebSi gaaaferada mTeli
131 yovladwminda RvTismSobelis taZrad miyvanebis kondaki.

saeklesio RvTismsaxureba, magram, SesaZlebelia, rom swored

aq vlindeba imdroindeli msoflios `qristianizaciis~ erT-
erTi yvelaze Rrma aspeqti. im saukuneebSi, rodesac
qristianuli Tesli jer kidev Rvivdeboda, rodesac
garegnulad ukeTesobisken winsvla ase mciredi Canda –
zneobaSi, sazogadoebaSi, socialur da saxelmwifo idealSi,
rodesac, piriqiT, igrZnoboda msoflios garkveuli
`barbarizacia~, am qveynierebis Tavze samudamod mefdeba
RvTismSoblis xateba, romelmac jvarcmisas mTeli kacobrioba
iSvila, sruli siwmindis, morCilebis, siyvarulis,
Tavganwirvis xateba... eklesiis mier Tavad RvTismSoblis
`gancda~ Rrmad qristianulia, ufro sworad, qristianulad
adamianuria: masSi dogmaturi wvdoma ganmsWvalulia iseTi
faqizi da piradi TanagrZnobiT, rom masSi upirvelesad
yuradReba maxvildeba piradi gzis mniSvnelobaze, aRwevs
adamianuri xatebis siRrmeebSi, ahyavs is zeciur naTelSi.
RvTismSoblis TayvaniscemaSi, RmerTkacis dogmatSi saeklesio
CaRrmavebis pirvel `nayofSi~, aris mTeli im `sinatifis~ wyaro,
rac qristianobam adamianis cnobierebaSi Seitana. da samyaro,
romelmac aseTi ZaliT SeigrZno am dedobrivi siyvarulis
mfarveloba, romelmac SeZlo am safarvelisaTvis ase emRera,
aseTi silamaziT Seemosa es safarveli, ukve Rrmad
qristianuli samyaroa, miuxedavad yvela codvisa da
arasrulyofilebisa.
am drois damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad unda vaRiaroT
saRvTismetyvelo gamocdilebis TandaTanobiTi `gadadnoba~
liturgiul poeziad, RvTismsaxurebis formad. Tu
RvTismsaxurebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi da `CarCo~ isev
bibliaa – fsalmunebi, ZvelaRTqmiseuli galoba, kiTxva,
maSin am CarCoSi sul ufro metad erTveba saeklesio
galobebis avtorTa qmnilebebi: kondakebi, stiqaronebi,
kanonebi. upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT wm. romanoz
tkbiladmgalobeli, romelic, rogorc Cans, meeqvse
saukunis Sua xanebSi gardaicvala. masTanaa dakavSirebuli
liturgiuli poeziis e.w. `kondakis~ formis aRmoceneba,

romelsac mogvianebiT `kanonis~ forma Caanacvlebs. is, ramac
wm. romanozisagan Cvenamde moaRwia (Sobis kondaki: `qalwuli
dRes arsebad uzesTaessa Sobs CvenTvis~, aRdgomis kondaki:
`daRaTacu nebsiT TvisiT saflavad STaxed, ukudao~ da sxv.)
uzarmazar poetur talantze mianiSnebs, da mis qmnilebebSi
ukve srulad igrZnoba is, rasac bizantiuri liturgiuli
mwerlobis saswauli SeiZleba vuwodoT: plastikuri lite
raturuli formis, WeSmariti poeziis saocari Serwyma Rrma
RvTismetyvelebasTan, `WvretiT~ SinaarsTan. gviandel bizan
tiur nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT, romelSic ase Warbadaa
wyalwyala ritorika, Cveni saRvTismsaxuro wignebis
adreuli `plastebi~ namdvil saganZurs warmogviCens. es
ukve didi qristianuli poeziaa, romelic, ra Tqma unda,
qristianuli kulturis simwifis xarisxze metyvelebs.
imave kulturis sxva saocar Zeglad rCeba àkaTisto~
anu `daujdomeli galoba~, romelsac didxans miawerdnen
patriarq sergis – monoTelits. gadmocemiT, is Sedgenilia
626 wels alyisgan konstantinopolis saswaulebrivi daxsnis
dros. erTgvarad gansxvavebuli forma SemoaqvT asketur
gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebul liturgiul qmnilebebs:
maTgan pirvel adgilzea wm. andria kretelis (gardaicvala
merve saukunis pirvel naxevarSi) `didi kanoni~, romelic
dRemde ikiTxeba didi marxvis pirvel dReebSi. Tu wm.
romanoz tkbiladmgalobelisagan momavali xazis Sinaarsi,
ZiriTadad, eklesiis dogmaturi swavlebis poeturi formiT
warmoCenaa (pirvel yovlisa, samebisa da qristes ori
bunebis Sesaxeb), didi kanoni mTlianad monaniebas eZRvneba.
monazvnoba Tavidanve iyo gza monaniebisaken. magram am
Temis saRvTismsaxuro damuSavebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
TiTqmis hiperboluri TviTmxileba da TviTgankicxva. da
kvlav unda SevigrZnoT am Tvisebis mTeli mniSvneloba: is
kargad warmoaCens saeklesio sazogadoebis im naklovanebebs,
ris Sesaxebac zemoT vsaubrobdiT. eklesia ar egueba
borotebas, ar axdens qristianobis `minimalizebas~. da, rac

mTavaria, Rrma monaniebiT `sulTqmaSi~, romelic amieridan
erTgvari mudmivi leitmotiviviT daudumeblad gaismis
marTlmadideblur RvTismsaxurebaSi, isev da isev vlindeba,
Tu ra Rrmad SeaRwia saeklesio cnobierebaSi adamianis
im xatebam, romelic saxarebaSia gacxadebuli da romlis
`gaTavisebac~ marxviT, locviTa da mRviZarebiT xdeboda
moRvaweTa gamocdilebaSi. fsalmunTa Cveuli saxeebisa da
RmrTis didebulebis am yovlismomcveli grZnobis ukan,
romlis winaSec yvelaferi araraobad gveCveneba, axla aseTi
ZaliT ismis wuxili adamianis `pirvelyofil silamazeze~. es
monanieba mxolod darRveuli mcnebebis, SiSis, RmrTisadmi
Tayvaniscemis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed es aris monanieba
adamianisa, romelmac icis Tavis TavSi èniT gamouTqmeli
didebis xateba~ da amitom SeuZlia Seafasos sakuTari dacemis
mTeli siRrme. es aris namdvili wadili ganRmrTobisa,
sakuTari Tavis ganuwyveteli xedva RmerTkacis Suqze.
bizantiur saeklesio sazogadoebaSi bevria boroteba da
codva. magram erTi ram ar aris masSi – TviTkmayofileba.
adrebizantiuri periodis bolosken TiTqos mTeli eklesia
Savi monazvnuri tansacmliT imoseba da Tavisad aqcevs
monaniebisa da TviTgankiTxvis am gzas. da, rac ufro Zlieria
eklesiis garegnuli gamarjveba, rac ufro sazeimo, mdidruli
da brwyinvalea qristianuli bizantinizmis garegnuli
formebi, miT ufro Zlieria masSi monaniebis es godeba, mudara
Sendobisa: `vscodeT da uSjulo viqmneniT, da sicrue vyavT
winaSe Sensa, da ara davimarxeT da arca vyavT meufeo, viTar
igi momcen Cven~.…132
wm. sofiis Seudarebeli silamaze da brwyinvaleba, wminda,
TiTqosda maradisobis amTvleli liturgiuli misteriis
ritmi, romelic miwaze zecas moavlens, romelic kvlav da kvlav
gardaqmnis samyaros Tavis pirvelad kosmiur silamazed, da
mTeli wuxili, mTeli `realizmi~ codvisa, usazRvro dacemis
132 andria kretelis didi kanoni.

Segneba aris sabolood, ukiduresi siRrme am samyarosi,

eklesiis mier gamoRebuli nayofi masSi.
amgvaradaa `bizantiuri~ wriT garegnulad SemosazRvruli
marTlmadidebloba `konstantineseuli periodis~ pirveli
oTxi aswleulis dasasruls. meSvide saukuneSi es wre
jer kidev mxolod monaxazis saxiTaa. marTlmadidebluri
bizantizmis namdvili dasruleba ukve Semdeg epoqaSi
moxdeba. rogorc yoveli istoriuli forma, `bizantinizmi~,
ra Tqma unda, SemosazRvrulia, arasrulyofilia da bevri
nakli aqvs. magram sabolood, masSi da ara sxva `formebSi~
Hhpovebs gamoxatulebas qristianobis is moucilebeli
ìstorizmi~, romlis Sesaxebac ukve vsaubrobdiT: misi
gadajaWvuloba samyarosa da adamianis bedTan. Tuki
eklesiisa da imperiis am `daqorwinebaSia~ amdeni sisustisa
da codvis wyaro, maSin yvelaferi, rac im epoqaSi uaryofs
am qorwinebas aRmosavleTSi, xdeba Cixi, istoriidan gasvla
da igi ganwirulia unayofo `qviSaSi~ neli gaqrobisaTvis.
marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi ki iwyeba axali periodi,
romelsac moaqvs axali mwuxarebani, magram axali
gamarjvebebic.
Tavi 5. bizantia 261
Tavi 5. bizantia
nawili 1
gviandeli bizantiuri periodis istoria (VIII-dan XV saukunis

CaTvliT) srulad jer kidev ar dawerila. es imas niSnavs, rom
sabolood ar gvaqvs gaazrebuli da Sefasebuli Cveni sakuTari
eklesiuri gzis mravalsaukunovani etapi mTeli Tavisi Sinagani
sirTuliT, Tavisi `wyvetebiT da bmebiT~. ucnauria, rom
marTlmadidebluri cnobiereba yovelTvis naklebad interes
deboda bizantiiT da is saero istorikosebis (rusul
bizantinistikas ekava da samarTlianad ukavia erT-erTi
pirveli adgili), an calkeul sakiTxTa specialistebis sakvlevi
iyo. Tumca, monografiebis simravlis miuxedavad, romliTac
Tamamad SeiZleba iamayos rusulma saeklesio-istoriulma
mecnierebam, ar arsebobs bizantiuri eklesiis istoria am
sityvis sruli gagebiT – rogorc ganvlili gzis aRwerisa da
gaazrebis, erTiani istoriuli perspeqtivis Ziebis mcdeloba.
mTeli saukuneebi rogorRac amovardnilia eklesiuri mex
sierebidan, bizantiuri `Sua saukuneebis~ fonze istorikosebi
yuradRebas mxolod calkeul pirovnebebs, calkeul movlenebs
miapyroben. amis gamo, bizantiis swrafi `mimoxilvis~ nebismieri
mcdeloba usazRvrod rTulia. erTaderTi, rac SesaZlebelia,
esaa bizantiis sakiTxis, Cveni gzis am aTaswlovani etapis
WeSmariti mniSvnelobis SegrZnobis SesaZlebloba.
es mniSvneloba ki, pirvel yovlisa, imaSia, rom bizantia
arafriT SeiZleba CaiTvalos saeklesio istoriis mxolod
warsul, dasrulebul da dromoWmul Tavad. is ara marto
agrZelebs cxovrebas marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi, aramed,

garkveuli azriT, dRemde gansazRvravs Tavad marTlma
dideblobas, qmnis ra mis ìstoriul formas~. rogorc Tana
medrove kaTolikobis kristalizeba moxda Sua saukuneebsa da
kontrreformaciis epoqaSi, aseve, SesaZlebelia ufro metadac,
marTlmadideblobam Tavisi dRevandeli saxe, sakuTari
istoriuli `kanoni~ swored bizantiaSi SeiZina. Cveni saeklesio
cxovrebis romel mxaresac unda SevexoT, ubralo cnobebic ki
gvaCvenebs, rom Tavisi namdvili forma man swored bizantiur
periodSi moipova. bizantiaSi dasrulda marTlmadidebluri
RvTismsaxurebis, anu im wesdebis ganviTareba, romelic mas
dasrulebul saxes aniWebs da qmnis imgvar sistemad, romelic
TiTqmis ar uSvebs ganviTarebasa da cvlilebebs; XIII da XIV
saukuneebis bizantiuri `tipikonebi~133 da èvqologionebi~134
ukve TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba Cveni saRvTismsaxuro wignebisa da
wesdebebisagan. marTlmadidebluri xati bizantiuri kanonis
mixedviT iwereba, Cveni kanonikuri gardamocema, rogorc
Semadgenlobis, ise ganmartebebis TavlsazrisiT, bizantieli
kanonistebis mier aris damkvidrebuli, mamebis kanonTa is
krebuli, romelic dRemde Seadgens marTmadidebluri RvTis
metyvelebis safuZvels, sabolood bizantiaSi Camoyalibda. da,
bolos, amave periodSi ayvavda RvTismosaobis is stili da suli,
romelic rusul enaze kargad gamoixateba sityviT –
èklesiuroba~.135 garkveuli azriT bizantiuri periodi marTl
madideblobis istoriaSi gadamwyvetad, eklesiuri cxovrebis
kristalizaciis epoqad unda iqnas miCneuli. Tanamedrove
133 tipikoni (berZn. – `saxe~, `tipi~) – 1. saRvTismsaxuro wesdeba; 2. saeklesio-

saRvTismsaxuro wigni, romelic Seicavs saRvTismsaxuro wesdebas, Tvens,
moZrav da uZrav saRvTismsaxuro wliur wres, marxvis Sesaxeb wesebs,
monastruli cxovrebis wesebsa da sataZro dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb
miTiTebebs.
134 evqologioni (berZn. – `locva~) – kondakebisa da kurTxevanis SeerTeba;
berZnuli eklesiis erT-erTi uZvelesi saRvTismsaxuro wigni. am saxis
krebulebi cnobilia ukve me-7 saukunidan.
135 dedanSia `церковность~
marTlmadidebeli eklesia – istoriuli TvalTaxedviT –

bizantiuri eklesiaa, romelic bizantiis imperiis damxobidan
xuTasi wlis Semdegac agrZelebs arsebobas.…
nawili 2
yvela bizantinisti erTxmad amtkicebs, rom merve saukunis

dasawyisidan bizantiis istoriaSi axali periodi iwyeba. meSvide
saukune anarqiiTa da imperiis TiTqmis sruli daRupviT
dasrulda. 717 wels arabebs alyaSi hqondaT moqceuli
konstantinopoli, Sinagani rRveva ki mas dampyroblis iol
nadavlad aqcevda. bizantia leon isavrielma gadaarCina,
bizantiuri armiis im mravalricxovan jariskacTagan erT-
erTma, romlebic ukiduresi aRmosavleTidan iyvnen, umaRles
wodebebs miaRwies da romlebsac faqtiurad eyrdnoboda
imperia. leoni imperatorad gamoacxades. man Cauyara safuZveli
axal – isavriul dinastias. Zlevamosili omebiT man (717-745 ww.)
da misma Svilma konstantine kopronimma (745-775 ww.) aRadgines
mdgomareoba, Signidan ki gaaZlieres imperia Rrma samxedro,
administraciuli da ekonomikuri saxelmwifo reformebiT. es
reforma, romelmac daasrula herakliosis dros dawyebuli
evolucia, amTavrebs bizantiis metamorfozas msoflio
imperiidan SedarebiT mcire saxelmwifod, romelSic yvelaferi
emorCileba aRmosavleTidan islamis, CrdiloeTidan slavebisa
da Zalian male dasavleTidanac – normanebis winaaRmdegobis
gawevis aucileblobas. romauli `samyaro~ sabolood yalibdeba
bizantiad.
eklesiisTvis es axali periodi axali areulobiT iwyeba da
mis mexsierebaSi samudamod amoiSanTeba isavriel imperatorTa
saxelebi: es xatmebrZolobaa, romelTanac brZola saukune
naxevari mimdinareobda. xatmebrZolobis mizezebze mecnierebi
bevrs kamaTobdnen. erTni masSi muslimuri aRmosavleTis
gavlenas xedavdnen, mahmadianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

adamianis gamosaxulebis akrZalviT, islamTan erTgvari
kompromisis mcdelobas, sxvebi – imperatorebis mier
STagonebul `sekularuli~ kulturis ideis pirvel amboxs
eklesiis winaaRmdeg, brZolas xelovnebis gasaTavisufleblad
yovelgvari misi CamxSobi `sakralurobisagan~, da bolos,
mesameni imave elinuri `spiritualizmis~ axal afeTqebas,
romlisTvisac xatTa Tayvaniscema religiaSi grZnobiTis,
materialuris gamoxatuleba iyo. meaTe saukunidan moyolebuli
eresis warmoSobisaTvis da misi gavrcelebisaTvis pasuxis
mgeblobas yvela SemTxvevaSi imperatorebs akisrebdnen. magram
axali gamokvlevebi amtkicebs, rom xatebis Sesaxeb kamaTi
Tavdapirvelad Tavad eklesiaSi aRmocenda da saxelmwifo
xelisufleba masSi Zalismierad mxolod Semdeg Caeria. es
gamokvlevebi gvaCvenebs agreTve, rom amgvari kamaTisaTvis
sakmarisi safuZveli arsebobda.
xatTa Tayvaniscemas sakmaod grZeli da rTuli istoria aqvs:
is aseve aris adamianebis mier eklesiuri rwmenis TandaTanobiTi
SeTvisebis nayofi. adreuli eklesia ar icnobda xatebs maTi
Tanamedrove, dogmaturi mniSvnelobiT. qristianuli xelov
nebis dasawyiss – katakombebis ferweras – simboluri, an,
rogorc es profesroma v. v. veidlem gansazRvra – `signitiuri~
xasiaTi aqvs. es aris ara qristes, wmindanebis, wminda istoriis
sxvadasxva movlenis gamosaxva, rogorc es xatebzea, aramed
garkveuli mosazrebebis gamoxatva qristesa da eklesiis
Sesaxeb, Tanac, pirvelyovlisa, naTlobisa da evqaristiis
sakramentuli gamocdilebis gamoxatva, anu im orerTiani136
`misteriisa~, romlisganac rwmenis mimRebs xsna eniWeba.
`signitiuri tipis xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ara misi
Temebis ganmarteba (radgan misi miznebisTvis sulerTia,
rogoraa isini ganmartebuli), aramed Tavad maTi SerCeva da
SeTavseba. is midrekilia ara imdenad Tavad RmrTaebis, aramed
RmrTaebis funqciis aRwerisaken. sarkofagebisa da katakom
136 dedanSia `двуединый~

bebis mwyemsi keTili ara Tu xateba ar aris, aramed simboloc ki

ar aris qristesi; is xilvadi aRniSvnaa im azrisa, rom macxovari
gvixsnis, rom is Cvens saxsnelad movida, rom Cven man
gamogvixsna. lomebis ormoSi Cagdebuli danieli aseve ar aris
`portreti~ (Tundac yvelaze pirobiTi), aramed aris imis niSani,
rom danieli gamoxsnilia da Cvenc gamoxsnilni varT danielis
msgavsad. es xelovneba am sityvis WeSmariti gagebiT saerTod ar
SeiZleba xelovnebad iwodebodes. is ar gamosaxavs da ar
gamoTqvams: is moaswavebs swored im cecxlovan birTvs,
misteriuli rwmenis im cocxal mzes, romlis Sesaxebac mowmoben
im saukuneTa wamebulni da moZRvarni, axlad monaTluli
warmarTebi, maTi monaTvlis wes-Cveuleba da Tavad
qristianuli eklesiis mtrebi~. magram xelovnebisagan raRac
sxva ramis gamo gandgomili katakombebis es ferwera gaxda
realuri mizezi àxali, Suasaukunovani, qristianuli da
religiiT bolomde ganmsWvaluli xelovnebis warmoSobisa,
romelic TandaTan damkvidrda imperiis rogorc aRmosav
leTSi, ise dasavleTSi. mis aRmosaceneblad saWiro iyo, rom
xorciel-sulieri xatebebi da formebi gansulierebuliyo,
naturalisturi xelovneba ki transcendenturi gamxdariyo.
aRdgomisa da aRorZinebisaTvis xelovneba iZulebuli iyo
uareyo sakuTari Tavi da CanTqmuliyo rwmenis wminda stiqiaSi,
rogorc naTlobis embazSi. man miiRo `sinanuli igi
cxorebisa¡~137 da ganibana `baniTa miT meored Sobisa¡Ta~138, raTa
gaxdes àxali dabadebuli~139 (v.v. veidle).
swored xatia xelovnebis am `ganaxlebis~ nayofi da eklesiaSi
misi gaCena dakavSirebulia, ra Tqma unda, eklesiur SegnebaSi
RmerTkacobis Sesaxeb azris, anu qristes sxeulSi damkvid
rebuli RmrTaebis sisrulis gacxadebasTan:. RmerTi aravis
arasdros unaxavs, magram mas srulad warmoaCens adamiani-
qriste. masSi RmerTi xilvadi xdeba. magram es imasac niSnavs,
137 saqme, 11:18

138 tit. 3:5
139 2 korinT. 5:17 da galat. 6:15
rom is aRweradic xdeba. adamiani-qristes xateba RmerTis

xatebaa imitom, rom qriste RmerTkacia. magram Tu suliwmindis
madliT SeiZleba ganiwmindos Tavad qveyniereba da misi materia
da Cvens sxeulTan erTad Cveni sulic asazrdoos, an, ufro
sworad, asazrdoos `sruli~ adamiani, rogorc RmrTis erTiani
Canafiqris mixedviT ganxorcielebuli suli, Tuki naTlobis
wyali codvaTa mitevebas gvaniWebs, Tuki evqaristiis puri da
Rvino gvaziarebs qristes sxeulsa da sisxls, maSin qristes
gamosaxulebac – adamianis xelovnebis nayofi – SeiZleba iyos
madlmosili qristes masTan myofobiTa da misi ZaliT, SeiZleba
iyos ara mxolod `xati~, aramed sulieri realobac. xatSi kidev
erTi mxriT mJRavndeba qalkedonuri dogmatis siRrme, da is
adamianur xelovnebas kidev erT ganzomilebas sZens, vinaidan
qristem Tavad adamians misca axali ganzomileba.
meSvide saukuneSi xatTa Tayvaniscema ukve bevr ZeglSia
damowmebuli da saeklesio cxovrebis mtkiced damkvidrebuli
faqtia. `gamovsaxav da vwer qristes da mis vnebebs eklesiebSi,
saxlebSi da moednebze – wers leonti ierapoleli – xatebze,
tiloze, sakuWnaosa da tansacmelze, yvelgan, raTa maTi naTlad
xilvisas maxsendebodes da ar viviwyebde...… da rogorc kanonTa
wignis Tayvaniscemisas Sen Tayvans scem ara tyavisa da melnis
bunebas, aramed masSi arsebul RmrTis sityvas, aseve mec Tayvans
vcem qristes xatebas. ara xisa da saRebavis bunebas – aramc da
aramc!... aramed Tayvans vcem qristes arasulier xatebas, misi
meSveobiT ki vfiqrob movexvio Tavad qristes da Tayvani vce
mas...……Cven, qristianebi, rodesac xorcielad ambors vuyofT
qristes, mociqulis an wamebulis xats, sulierad ambors
vuyofT Tavad qristes an misTvis mowames~ (vinaidan yoveli
wmindani – qristes mowme, Tavis TavSi rom warmoaCens masTan
SeerTebis mTel Zalas, qristes cocxali xatia). xatis am
`qalkedonuri~ Sinaarsidan ki misi daweris meTodi gamom
dinareobs, romelic trulis krebis 82-e wesiTaa gansazRvruli:
`Tayvans vcemT ra Zvel xatebsa da aCrdilebs, eklesiis mier
gardamocemuls, rogorc WeSmaritebis niSansa da winaswar
gansazRvrulobas, Cven ufro met pativs mivagebT madlsa da

WeSmaritebas, rogorc sjulis aRsrulebas. amitom, raTa
ferweris xelovnebiTac gamoisaxos srulyofili yvelas
TvalTa winaSe, vadgenT, rom amieridan xatebze gamoixatos
qriste RmerTi Cveni – kacobrivi saxiT, raTa am gamoxatulebis
meSveobiT saxedvel iyos RmerTi sityvis simdablis simaRle da
gagvaxsenos misi cxovreba sxeulSi, vneba, gamomxsneli sikvdili
da yovelive amiT mTeli qveynierebis gamoxsna.~140 am teqstSi
ukve mocemulia xatis safuZveli da Sinaarsi, rogorc mowmoba
RmrTis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb – mowmoba am sityvis sruli
mniSvnelobiT: gamosaxuleba, romelsac gamosaxulis Zala
aRavsebs.
magram, rogorc yovelTvis xdeboda eklesiaSi, miReba da
gansazRvra win uswrebda `gaazrebas~, gamocdileba –
debulebebSi gacxadebas. amasTan, xatTa Tayvaniscema, vinaidan
masSi metad faqizia mijna, romelic mis `qalkedonur~ arss
namdvili kerpTayvanismcemlobisagan ganasxvavebs, sul male
bevrgan damaxinjda da araswori formebi miiRo. meSvide
saukune, rogorc ukve aRvniSnavdiT, erTsa da imave dros iyo
Jami rogorc eklesiuri `mWvretelobis~ saocar nayofTa, ise
qristianTa masis udavo gauxeSebisa. masaSi ki xatTa
Tayvaniscema zogjer uxeS da grZnobad crumorwmuneobaSi
gadagvardeboda xolme. `bevri fiqrobs, – werda Rirsi anastasi
sineli – rom naTlobas sakmarisi pativi miegeba, Tu eklesiaSi
140 damowmebuli muxlis ZvelqarTuli redaqcia: àw ukue yovelTave ZuelTa

wesTa da aCrdilTa, viTarca WeSmaritebisa saxeTa da winamoswavebaTa
eklesiisa da moswavebulTa, SeviwynarebT, aramed ufro¡s pativ-vscemT
madlsa da WeSmaritebasa, viTarca aRvsebad sjulisa mimTualvelni misni,
da amisTvis yovliTurT srulad ferTamiersaca gamosaxvasa Sina winaSe
saxedvelebisa yovelTa¡sa gamovsaxavT amxumelsa codvaTa soflisa¡Ta
qristes RmrTisa Cuenisa kacobrivsa msgavsebasa da xatTa Sina gamowerasa
nacvlad Zuelisa mis kravisa. ganvasazRvrebT amieriTgan da amis mier
gulisxmavhyofT gardamatebulsa simdablesa sityvisa RmrTisasa da
xsnebad xorcTamierisa moqalaqobisa da vnebisa misisa da sacxovrebelisa
sikudilisa xelpyrobil viqmnebiT da amaT mier qmnilsa gamoxsnasa
soflisasa keTilad SevemecnebiT~ (ix. didi sjuliskanoni, gv. 399).
Sesuli eamboreba yvela xats da ar miaqcevs yuradRebas

liturgiasa da RvTismsaxurebas...~…gaCnda Cveulebebi: bavSvis
naTliad xatis arCevis, xatidan Camofxekili saRebavis
evqaristiul RvinoSi Serevis, qristes xorcis xatze dadebisa,
raTa is wminda xelidan mieRoT da a.S. àm movlenaTa masaSi,
rasakvirvelia, Tavs iCenda eklesiuri wes-Cveulebebis uxeSi
damaxinjeba, xatTa Tayvaniscema uaxlovdeboda kerpebis
msaxurebas da Tavad xatebis nivTierebisaTvis Tayvaniscemamde
midioda~ (bolotovi). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xatTa
Tayvaniscemas igive emarTeboda, rac adre wmindanTa kults da
wminda nawilebis Tayvaniscemas. swor, anu qristologiur
safuZvelze warmoSobili es Tayvaniscema, rogorc nayofi da
gancxadeba eklesiisa da qristes rwmenisa, Zalian xSirad wydeba
xolme am safuZvels da gadaiqceva raRac TviTkmarad, da,
Sesabamisad, ukan, warmarTobaSi vardeba.
magram mxolod es damaxinjebebi, ra Tqma unda, ar iqneboda
sakmarisi xatmebrZolobis Rrma da xangrZlivi moZraobis
Sesaqmnelad. es iyo Tavad xatis ideis sakmaod natifi,
saRvTismetyvelo TvalsazrisiT gaazrebuli uaryofa, ramac
eklesiisagan kvlav moiTxova gonebis daZabva, SemoqmedebiTi
Zalisxmeva, saRvTismetyvelo `Wvreta~.
xatmebrZolobis ganwyobilebebi merve saukunis dasawyisSi
imperiis ganapira aRmosavleTis episkoposebs Soris warmoiSva.
da Tavidanve ise Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom konstantinopolis
patriarq germanes specialuri weriliT mouxda xatTa
Tayvaniscemis simarTlis dacva. magram dawyebulma duRilma
imperator leonamde miaRwia da aq maSinve SeiZina sakuTari
ìmperiuli~ ganzomileba: leoni Riad dadga xatmebrZolebis
mxares. saRvTismetyvelo kamaTSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis am
axalma Carevam didi xniT da tragikulad gaarTula es dava.
daaxloebiT 730 wels leonma xatebis winaaRmdeg gankarguleba
gamosca. mas ar daemorCila patriarqi germane, romelic
gadaayenes da xatmebrZolebis TanamgrZnobi anastasiT
Secvales. male pirveli sisxlic daiRvara: xalxis brbosa da
jariskacebis SetakebaSi, romlebic xsnidnen qristes saTayvano

xats qalkopratiis karebidan, ramdenime adamiani mokles.
saberZneTSi axali eresisadmi winaaRmdegoba politikur
ajanyebaSi gadaizarda, mTelma dasavleTma kidev erTxel da
erTsulovnad dagmo igi. aman agizgizebul cecxls navTi daasxa.
magram xatTTayvanismcemlebis namdvili devna ukve leonis
Svilma – konstantine kopronimma daiwyo. brwyinvale
mxedarTmTavari da saxelmwifo moRvawe, is gamorCeuli
RvTismetyvelic iyo – misi nawarmoebebidan Semonaxuli
nawyvetebi, mimarTuli xatTa winaaRmdeg, Rrma, gaazrebul
rwmenaze miuTiTebs.
sakuTar xatmebrZolur politikas konstantine siste
maturad atarebda. mas Semdeg, rac ramdenime weliwadSi
episkopatis `wmenda~ Caatara, man 754 wels, konstantinopolSi
msoflio kreba Sekriba, romelzec grZeli da motivirebuli
`horosiT~ dagmes xatebi da xatTa Tayvaniscema. am krebaze,
rogorc yovelTvis, qmediTma umciresobam, anu xatebis mtkice
mowinaaRmdegeebma izeimes. xolo umravlesobam, romelic ar iyo
mzad saRvTismetyvelo dacvisaTvis da arasdros `gauazrebia~
xatTa Tayvaniscema, pasiurad miiRo `generaluri xazi~.
krebisagan Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg konstantinem es
gadawyvetileba cecxliTa da maxviliT ganaxorciela. am
`sisxliani aTwleulidan~ (762-775 ww.) Cvens TvenSi bevri
àxalmowamis~ – rogorc maT eklesiam uwoda – saxeli Sevida.
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom pirveli reaqcia xatmebrZolobaze
eklesiuri masis mxridan sakmaod susti iyo. am periodis
mowameTa Soris TiTqmis ar arian episkoposebi, TeTri
samRvdeloeba da saero pirebi. bevri uars ar ambobda xatebis
saidumlod Senaxvasa da maT Tayvaniscemaze, magram Tavis
rwmenas Riad ar gamoxatavda. ase, wm. tarasi konstan
tinopolelma, meSvide msoflio krebis momavalma gmirma,
romelzec gamocxadda xatTa Tayvaniscemis dogmati, kopro
nimis dros brwyinvale saxelmwifo kariera gaikeTa. xatebis
dasacavad, faqtiurad, mxolod ber-monazvnoba aRsdga. prof.
i. m. andreevis sityvebiT, `SeiZleba ikamaTo – romeli termini

axasiaTebs ufro zustad reformatorul saqmianobas –
ikonomaqia Tu monaxomaqia~. swored ber-monazvnobas daatyda
Tavs devnis mTeli simZime. qvemoT SevecdebiT vaCvenoT, rom
berebTan am brZolaSi sxva ramec gamoCnda – xatmebrZoluri
janyis ukve ara mxolod saRvTismetyvelo mniSvneloba. axla
mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom berebi WeSmaritebis mTavari
aRmsareblebi aRmoCndnen. marTlac `pirvelqristianuli~
suliTaa gabrwyinebuli wm. stefane axlis an wm. andria
kalivitis cxovreba. ber-monazvnobis ganadgurebasTan erTad
mimdinareobda xatebis ganadgurebac, amasTan, maT enacvleboda
`saero xelovneba~: nadirobis scenebiT, ornamentiT da a.S.
aravin icis, riTi da rogor damTavrdeboda es devna, magram 775
wlis 14 seqtembers Rrmad moxucebuli fanatikosi imperatori
gardaicvala. misi Svilis, leon IV xazaris dros (775-780 ww.),
romelic Tumca ki mtkice xatmebrZoli iyo, devna Semcirda.
namdvili reaqcia ki maSin daiwyo, roca leonis sikvdilis
Semdeg Zalaufleba misi Svilis – konstantine IV-is mcire
wlovanobis gamo, misi colis irines (780-802 ww.) xelSi gadavida.
irinem, romelic mudam xatebisa da berebis Tayvanismcemeli iyo,
msoflio krebis mowvevisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo, risTvisac
patriarqad brZeni kaci da zomieri marTlmadidebeli,
saxelmwifo mdivani tarasi gaiyvana. magram xatmebrZolobis
ormocdaaTi weli Rrmad aisaxa bizantiuri sazogadoebis
cxovrebaze: krebis konstantinopolSi mowvevis pirveli
mcdeloba jariskacebma CaSales. isini kopronimis xsovnas
aRmerTebdnen. mxolod 787 w., da ukve dedaqalaqSi ki ara, nikeaSi
patriarq tarasis TavmjdomareobiT Seikriba meSvide
`msoflio~ kreba, romelzec moxda xatTa Tayvaniscemis
dogmatis formulireba da gamocxadeba.
am dogmatis momzadeba gamoiwvia marTlmadidebluri
saRvTismetyvelo azris reaqciam xatmebrZolobaze da, pirvel
yovlisa, wm. ioane damaskelis (gardaicvala, savaraudod, 753
wlis xatmebrZol msoflio krebamde) Semoqmedebam. ioane
siriaSi cxovrobda, arabTa batonobis qveS, Semdeg beri gaxda

wm. sabas lavraSi, palestinaSi. xatebs igi uSualod qristes
ormagi bunebisgan, RmerTkacobidan gamomdinare icavda.
qristes gankacebamde SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod simboloebis,
`Crdilebis~ arseboba. garkveuli azriT mTeli samyaro savsea
RmerTis `bunebrivi xatebebiT~, magram sruliad axali ram maSin
iwyeba, rodesac `sityua¡ igi xorciel iqmna~ (iovane, 1.14) –
`rodesac igi, usxeulo da formis armqone, armqone
raodenobisa da sididisa, Seudarebeli sakuTari bunebis
upiratesobis gamo, RmrTis xatebaSi myofi – rodesac igi
miiRebs monis saxes da damdabldeba masSi, raodenobamde da
sididemde, da sxeulebrivi xatiT Seimoseba, maSin daxate is
dafaze; da daabrZane, raTa Wvrito igi, vinc dauSva, rom misi
xilva SesaZlebeli yofiliyo~... magram radgan RmerTi bolomde
SeuerTda adamians, adamiani-qristes gamosaxuleba imav
droulad RmerTis gamosaxulebacaa: `qristeSi yvelaferi
adamianuri ukve RmrTis cocxali xatebaa~ (protopresviteri
giorgi florovski). am SeerTebaSi ki Tavad `nivTiereba~
axldeba da `didebis Rirsi~ xdeba~: `nivTierebas ki ar
veTayvanebi, aramed am nivTierebis Semoqmeds, romelic nivTieri
Cem gamo gaxda da am nivTieris meSveobiT mixsna me; da kvlavac
mudam mivageb pativs nivTierebas, romlis meSveobiT aRsrulda
Cemi xsna.~ es niSnavs, rom RmrTis ganxorcielebiT qveynierebaze
yvelaferi da Tavad qveynierebac axal Sinaarss iZens,
yvelaferi SeiZleba ikurTxos, Tavad materia axla ukve
suliwmindis madlis matarebeli xdeba, romelic ki ar
gvaSorebs RmrTisagan, aramed gvecxadeba rogorc gza masTan
SesaerTeblad... Cven yvelani `pativs mivagebT~ imitom, rom
qristem ukve yvelafers miago pativi, da yovelgvari pativis
migeba aris yvelaferSi Tavad RmrTisadmi pativis migeba.
xatis da xatTa Tayvaniscemis swored es qristologiuri
gansazRvreba Seadgens meSvide saeklesio krebis mier
gancxadebuli dogmatis Sinaarss da am kuTxiT es kreba
amTavrebs mTel qristologiur davebs – aniWebs ra mas mis
saboloo `kosmiur~ Sinaarss. `...amitom, mivdivarT ra sameufo

gziT da mivdevT ra Cveni wmida mamebis RmrTivmetyvel
moZRvrebasa da kaTolike eklesiis gardamocemas ...
zedmiwevniTi gulmodginebiTa da gamsinjvelobiT vadgenT:
patiosani cxovelmyofeli jvris gamosaxulebis msgavsad, jer
ars RmrTis wmida eklesiebze, wmida WurWelze, samoselze,
kedlebze, dafebze, saxlebsa da gzebze patiosani da wminda
xatebi iyos saRebavebiT daxatuli, mozaikiT gamoxatuli da
sxva amisaTvis gamosadegi nivTierebiT Seqmnili, – xatebi Cveni
ufali ieso qristesi da ... RmrTismSoblisa da yvela wmida da
Rirsi mamisa.~141
am gamosaxulebebisadmi Tayvaniscema gansxvavebulia
`WeSmariti Cveni sarwmunoebis mixedviTYRmrTis im Tayvanis
cemisagan, rogorc Seefereba erTian RmrTaebriv bunebas~ da
msoflio kreba gansazRvravs mas, rogorc `pativis mimgeb
Tayvaniscemas.~ masSi `...pativi, romelic miegeba xats, gadadis
pirvelsaxeze da xatis Tayvanismcemeli Tayvans scems masze
gamosaxulis ipostass142~... amgvarad, xatTa Tayvaniscemis
dogmati asrulebs msoflio saeklesio krebebis epoqis
141 Sdr: `...amiT, rac arsebobs, rogorc sameufo gziT mavalni da Cveni wmida
mamebis RmrTivmetyveli moZRvrebis da kaTolike eklesiis (viciT, rom
es aris masSi damkvidrebuli wminda sulisagan) gadmocemis mimdevarni
sruli WeSmaritebiT da gulmodginebiT ganvsazRvravT: patiosani da
cxovelmyofeli jvris gamosaxulebis msgavsad, wesia, RmrTis wmida
eklesiebze, wmida WurWelze, samoselze, kedlebze, ficrebze, saxlebSi
da gzebze patiosani da wminda xatebi iyos saRebavebiT daxatuli, qvaSi
gamokveTili da sxva amisTvis gamosadegi nivTierebiT Seqmnili, rogorc
Cveni uflisa, RmrTisa da mxsnelisa ieso qristesi, Cveni uxrwneli dedoflis
wmida RmrTismSoblisa, aseve patiosani angelozebis, yvela wmida da Rirsi
mamisa.~ (nikeis VII msoflio krebis dogmati xatTa Tayvaniscemis Sesaxeb,
didi sjuliskanoni, axalqarTuli versia moamzades manana dolaqiZem da
gulnara ninuam, gamomc. `naTlismcemeli~, 2009 w. gv. 9)
142 Sdr: `...pativi, romelsac mivagebT xats, gadadis pirvelsaxeze da xatis
Tayvanismcemeli Tayvans scems masze gamosaxulis arsebas~ (nikeis VII
msoflio krebis dogmati xatTa Tayvaniscemis Sesaxeb, didi sjuliskanoni,
axalqarTuli versia moamzades manana dolaqiZem da gulnara ninuam, gamomc.
`naTlismcemeli~, 2009 w. gv. 9).
dogmatur `dialeqtikas~, romelic koncentrirebulia,

rogorc ukve vTqviT, qristianuli gamocxadebis or
fuZemdeblur Temaze: samebis Sesaxeb swavlebaze da RmerTkacis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebaze. am mxriv `Svidi msoflio saeklesio
krebisa da mamebis rwmena~ marTlmadideblobis mudmivi da
ucilobeli fundamentia. magram dogmaturad damarcxebuli
xatmebrZoloba axali ZaliT aRsdga 802 wels, irines sikvdilis
Semdeg. jer kidev sakmarisad iyvnen eresis momxreebi,
ZiriTadad samTavrobo da samxedro wreebSi, sadac konstantine
kopronimis didebuli mefoba aRtacebul Tayvaniscemas iwvevda.
imperiis yvela ubedureba da warumatebloba, romelic mas Tavs
daatyda mecxre saukunis dasawyisSi – omebi, Semosevebi,
ajanyebebi – ìkonolatrias~143 miewereboda. 815 wels, impe
ratorma leon V somexma patriarq nikifores mosTxova, rom
eklesiaSi xatebi adamianis simaRleze maRla aewiaT, raTa
SeuZlebeli yofiliyo maTi ambori. am momentidan yvela mixvda,
rom devna gardauvali iyo. Tumca, amjerad eklesiisTvis es
moulodneli ar aRmoCnda: msoflio krebis dadgenilebam da
xatebis damcvelTa nawarmoebebma eklesias is iaraRi misca,
romelic mas ase aklda adre. mTeli eklesia aRsdga imperatoris
winaaRmdeg marTlmadideblobis dasacavad. pirvelad patriarqi
nikifore dazaralda, romelmac mainc moaswro, eklesiisaTvis
euwyebina mosalodneli brZolis Sesaxeb da winaaRmdegobisaken
mouwoda mas. nikifore daamxes da gadaasaxles. marTl
madideblobis saTaveSi igi konstantinopolis cnobili
monastris – studiusis iRumenma, Rirsma FTeodore studielma
Secvala. bzobis kvira dRes, 815 wels aTasobiT studielma berma
jvriTa da xatebiT xelSi qalaqSi msvleloba moawyo.
xelisufleba gamowveul iqna brZolaSi da daiwyo sisxliani
devna, romelsac ufro meti msxverpli mohyva, vidre kopronimis
dros: aTobiT gadasaxlebuli episkoposi, beri, Tavwakrul
tomrebSi CamxrCvali da jurRmulebSi nawamebi adamianebi...…
devna, Tumca SedarebiT susti, leonis memkvidreebis – mixeil II-
143 ìkonolatria~ – xatTa Tayvaniscema.

isa (820-829 ww.) da Teofiles (829-842 ww.) drosac grZeldeboda.

834 wlidan ki teroris talRa kvlav gaZlierda. marTlma
dideblobis saboloo gamarjveba kvlav qalisgan movida.
Teofiles meuRlem Teodoram qmris sikvdilis Semdeg
dauyovnebliv Sewyvita devna. 843 wlis martSi patriarqis taxti
xatTa Tayvaniscemis gamo erT-erTma dazaralebulma – meTodem
daikava. 843 wlis 11 marts, didmarxvis pirvel kvira dRes,
wminda sofiis taZarSi xatTayvaniscemis aRdgena gamocxadda da
es dRe darCa eklesiis mexsierebaSi, rogorc `marTlma
dideblobis zeimi~: mas Semdeg, yovel wels, am kviradRes,
eklesia zeimobs gamarjvebas didi eresebidan ukanasknelze da
sazeimod acxadebs WeSmaritebas, gankveTs sakuTari sxeu
lisagan yvelas, vinc ar cnobs am WeSmaritebas. `marTlma
dideblobis zeimi~ msoflio krebebis epoqis epilogia.
nawili 3
Tumca, xatmebrZoli amboxis mniSvneloba ar amoiwureba

xatTa Tayvaniscemis sazrisis Sesaxeb dogmaturi sakiTxiT.
masSi ukidures simwvaves aRwevs eklesiasa da saxelmwifos
Soris urTierTobis mtanjveli problema, irRveva iustinianes
`sinTezi~. TavisTavad eklesiis Setakeba eretikos
imperatorTan axali ar yofila da wm. ioane damaskeli mxolod
imeorebs wm. maqsime aRmsareblis sityvebs, roca amtkicebs, rom
`mefis saqme ar aris rwmenis gansazRvreba~. xolo
xatmebrZolobis mniSvneloba imaSia, rom man bolomde
gamoamJRavna konstantineseuli kavSiris mTeli orazrovneba,
gamoaaSkarava bizantiuri Teokratiis warmarTuli da
antiqristianuli fesvebi misi Tavdapirveli saxiT. amitomac,
xatmebrZolobis daZleva daedo safuZvlad axal `sinTezs~,
eklesiisa da imperiis axal kavSirs, romelic bizantinizmis
Semdgom beds gansazRvravs.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, pirvel yovlisa is, rom VIII saukuneSi

xatebTan brZola ber-monazvnobasTan brZolac aRmoCnda. Cven
ukve visaubreT ber-monazvnobis mniSvnelobaze winamorbed
epoqaSi: `msoflios `qristianizaciis~ momentSi man Tavis TavSi
ganaxorciela qristianobis èsqatologiuri~ aspeqti, rogorc
Tavad samyaros àraamqveyniuri~ meufebis naTliT daZleva,
riTic gadaarCina qristianoba gaamqveyniurebisagan. Cven aseve
aRvniSnavdiT, rom am kuTxiT araferia ufro damaxasiaTebeli
da TvalsaCino eklesiis qristianul samyarosTan urTierTo
bisaTvis, rogorc masSi ber-monazvnobis `gamarjveba~, misi
aRiareba qristianuli gzis normad. ara mxolod eklesiam,
aramed imperiamac daxara Tavi ber-monazvnobis winaSe;
imperatorebi metoqeobas uwevdnen didebulebs monastrebis
SeqmnaSi, ase rom, xatmebrZolobis dasawyisisaTvis bizantiaSi
berebis raodenobam, prof. i. m. andreevis gamoTvlebiT, asi
aTass – mosaxleobis TiTqmis daujerebel procents miaRwia!
ber-monazvnoba eklesiis `wamyvani fena~ gaxda, misi sindisi da
sazomi.
magram Tu imperiam ulaparakod miiRo ber-monazvnobis
gamarjveba, yovelgvari garantiebiTa da privilegiebiT daicva
igi, SeuZlebelia, droTa ganmavlobaSi ber-monazvnoba misTvis
nadvil tvirTad ar qceuliyo. beroba, pirvel yovlisa, mZime
tvirTad daawva saxelmwifos ekonomikur cxovrebas:
aTiaTasobiT adamiani daikarga armiisTvis, berebis uzarmazar
qonebas ar hqonda dakisrebuli gadasaxadi, mosaxleobis didi
nawili saxelmwifos kontrols gareT aRmoCnda. da, ukve
sakmaod adre, bizantiur kanonmdeblobaSi vxedavT am stiqiuri
movlenis rogorRac mowesrigebisa da saerTosaxelmwifoebriv
kalapotSi moqcevis mcdelobebs. meore mxriv, Cven aseve
visaubreT amis Sesaxeb, berobis gamarjveba misTvisve aRmoCnda
saziano: meSvide saukunis dasawyisidan sul ufro TvalsaCino
gaxda udavo dakninebis niSnebi. monastrebi gamdidrda,
yovelgvari saxis privilegia maTSi izidavda ara marto maT,
vinc qristianul maqsimalizms eZiebda; bizantiuri sazo
gadoebis mrCevlebad, xelmZRvanelebad, sulier moZRvrebad

gaxdomis Semdeg berebs Zalian xSirad uCndebodaT am ndobis
borotad gamoyenebis cduneba. trulis msoflio krebis
dadgenilebebi, am mxriv, sakmaod unugeSo suraTs gvixatavs.
magram ai, merve saukuneSi imperiaSi gmirobis sulma dahbera:
imperia iRupeba, mis xsnas isavrieli imperatorebi mTeli
saxelmwifo Zalebis saSineli daZabvis gziT axerxeben, ris
Sedegadac bizantiis axali patriotuli TviTSegneba ibadeba. am
totalur mobilizacias ki (rogorc CvenTan, petre didis dros)
TiTqmis gardauvalad unda daeyenebina berobis sakiTxi da,
amitom, kopronimis politikaSi naTlad igrZnoba, rom berobis
mimarT misi siZulvilis safuZveli ar aris mxolod maT mier
xatebis dacva. ase gamomJRavnda winaaRmdegoba or `logikas~
Soris, Tavidanve rom wamlavda eklesiisa da imperiis
urTierTobas. erTi – eklesiuri logikiT, saxelmwifo
mowodebulia iyos safuZveli da miwieri `samyofeli~ eklesiisa
da amitom saxelmwifo eklesiur Rirebulebebs unda
emorCilebodes, Tundac isini saxelmwifos interesebs
ewinaaRmdegebodes; meoris – Teokratiuli logikis mixedviT,
Tavad qristianoba, saboloo jamSi, aRiqmeba isev igive
saxelmwifo kultad, imperiis religiur sayrdenad. pirvel
midgomaSi monazvnoba aris simbolo eklesiis `sxvagvari
bunebisa~, simbolo yovlismSTanTqmeli saxelmwifo ùtilita
rizmisagan~ qristianobisa da qristianis Sinagani Tavisuf
lebisa; meore midgomaSi – SeuZlebelia, adre Tu gvian,
monazvnoba ar aRmoCndes usargeblo da, amdenad, mavnec
saxelmwifosaTvis. monazvnobis sawinaaRmdego amboxSi
gamoaSkaravda isavrielTa survili, bolomde daemorCilebinaT
saxelmwifosaTvis eklesia, bolomde `sasargeblo~ gaexadaT igi.
am mxriv, isavrielebi im Teokratiuli `logikis~ Tanmim
devruli damasruleblebi aRmoCndnen, romelic arsebiTad
eklesiisa da imperiis urTierTobebSi jer kidev konstantines
moqcevidan dominirebda. saxelmwifos es Teokratiuli,
absoluturi TviTSegneba gamoxata leonma èkloges~ wina
sityvaobaSi – mis mier gamocemul axal kanonTa krebulSi:

ùfalma, imperatorebs mefoba rom mianiWa, amasTan erTad maT
qristes erTguli faris mwyemsva ubrZana, mociqulTa Tavis –
petres msgavsad~. ai, iustinianes `simfoniidan~ gamomdinare
saboloo daskvna.
amitom, xatTa Tayvaniscemis gamarjveba ber-monazvnobis
gamarjveba aRmoCnda. gamarjveba ara mxolod garegnuli,
aramed Sinaganic. devnam aaRorZina da ganaaxla beroba da
mecxre saukunis dasawyisSi Cven winaSea bizantiuri ber-
monazvnobis namdvili ayvaveba, rac, pirvel yovlisa, Rirsi
Teodore studielis saxels ukavSirdeba. sabolood, swored
man moaxdina berobis ideologiis formulireba, eklesiaSi misi
funqciis gansazRvra, ramac ukve samudamod gaamyara misi
gamarjveba. Rirsi Teodores `sistemaSi~ beroba naTlad aris
gansazRvruli, rogorc eklesiis gansakuTrebuli msaxureba (is
xom iwyeboda rogorc `kerZo~, saero da individualuri
moZraoba). berebi – eklesiis `nervebi da sayrdeni~, `miwis
marili da qveynis naTeli~, `sinaTle wyvdiadSi msxdomTaTvis~,
`magaliTi da mtkicebuleba~. da es imitom, rom beris mizani
eriskacisgan raRac gansxvavebuli ki ar aris, aramed igivea, rac
yoveli qristianis saboloo mizani – RmrTis sasufeveli da
sulis cxoneba. sulis cxoneba ki SeuZlebelia soflis
uaryofis gareSe. ìmis kiTxva, Tu saidan gadmogveca soflis
uaryofa (ber-monazvnobis saWiroebis Sesaxeb xatmebrZoli
eWvebis gamoZaxili) da berad Sedgoma, sxva araferia Tu ara
kiTxva – saidan gardamogveca qristianad gaxdoma.~ ar unda
vifiqroT, rom Rirsi Teodore xsnas mxolod monazvnobaSi
xedavs. magram aq mJRavndeba mTeli qristianuli istoriis
centraluri problema. Teodore amtkicebs, rom qristianoba
SeuZlebelia imis gareSe, rasac saxarebaSi ùaryofa~ ewodeba.
Semdeg ki axdens istoriuli faqtis konstatirebas:
sinamdvileSi mxolod ber-monazvnobaSia xorcSesxmuli
saxarebiseuli mowodeba èrTisa¡ ars saxmar~-isaken144-.
144 Lluka 10:41.

arsebiTad yvela qristiani maqsimalizmiskenaa mowodebuli,

magram praqtikulad es maqsimalizmi istoriaSi yovelTvis
`minimalizmad~ – kompromisad, gaamqveyniurebad iqceva. da,
amitom, beroba qristianobis Taviseburi istoriuli Crdilia,
rasac mudmivad mohfens eklesia, vidremde ar àRsruldeba~
eklesia. Rirsi Teodores mixedviT berebi mudam unda iyvnen
eklesiaSi, rogorc misi Sinagani aqtivi, mudmivi Sexseneba
qristianis saboloo mowodebis Sesaxeb, eklesiis `sueti da
simtkice~145. Tavad konstantinopolSi Rirsma Teodorem
aaRorZina studiis monasteri, romelic Zalian male bizantiis
saeklesio cxovrebis erT-erT centrad iqca. ber-monazvnoba
sabolood mefdeba bizantiis gulSi.
magram berobis es gamarjveba xatmebrZolobis meSveobiT
eklesiis damoukideblobis saboloo likvidaciis, sakuTar
Teokratiul perspeqtivaSi sruli moqcevis mcdelobis kraxsac
niSnavs. istorikosebs xSirad ar esmiT am gamarjvebis arsi:
`marTlmadideblobisaTvis brZolaSi – wers harnaki – eklesiam
gaimarjva, TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi ki is damarcxda.~
magram romel Tavisuflebazea laparaki? berebi ibrZodnen ara
èklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamosayofad~, kidev ufro naklebad
cdilobdnen eklesiisaTvis saxelmwifos klerikalur
damorCilebas; isini ibrZodnen Teokratiis imgvari gagebisa
Tvis, ramac konstantines moqcevis dRidan imperiis mklavebi
farTod gaSala eklesiis gulSi Casakravad. da, harnakisa da
yvela im istorikosis sapirispirod, romlebic bizantias
dasavluri kategoriebiT (rac TviT dasavleTSic mogvianebiT
warmoiSva) zomavdnen, unda vamtkicoT, rom am brZolaSi
sworedac eklesiam gaimarjva da ara imperiam. ra Tqma unda,
dedamiwaze, istoriaSi ar arsebobs saboloo gamarjvebebi. da es
gamarjveba, iseve rogorc pirveli, rac konstantinem
warmarTobaze moipova – amas SemdgomSi davinaxavT – Zvirad
daujda eklesias da mas aseve axlda uaryofiTi mxareebi. magram
sanam maTze vilaparakebT, aucilebelad unda vecadoT
145 I tim. 3:15

Teokratiis am axali, gvianbizantiuri Canafiqris raobisa da

Sinaarsis warmoCenas. mxolod es mogvcems saimedo kriteriums
marTlmadidebluri bizantinizmis warmatebaze an warumateb
lobaze samsjelod.
es Canafiqri yvelaze ukeT èpanagogeSi~ – kanonTa krebulis
SesavalSi Cans, romelic mecxre saukunis bolos imperatorma
basili I makedonelma gamosca da romelic imperiis bolomde
eklesiisa da imperiis urTierTobis erTgvar `ZiriTad kanonad~
darCeba. misi Sedareba iustinianes `simfoniasTan~, rogorc es
meeqvse novelaSia formulirebuli, gvaCvenebs saxelmwifos
TviTSegnebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs. èpanagoge~ aseve gamodis
mefisa da patriarqis paralelizmidan – `saxelmwifos udidesi
da umniSvnelovanesi nawilebisgan~ da masSi TiToeulis
movaleobebia gansazRvruli. `mefis movaleobaa saxalxo
Zalebis dacva da uzrunvelyofa keTili mmarTvelobiT,
dazianebuli Zalebis aRdgena mudmivi mzrunvelobiT da axali
Zalebis SeZena sibrZniT da samarTliani gzebiTa da qmedebebiT.
patriarqis mizania – pirvel yovlisa, im adamianebis dacva
RvTismosaobasa da siwmindiT cxovrebaSi, romlebic man
RmerTisgan Caibara; ...…man yvela eretikosi SeZlebisdagvarad
unda moaqcios marTlmadideblobisa da eklesiis erTia
nobisaken...… aseve miiyvanos urwmunoni rwmenis Secvlamde da
gaaocos isini Tavisi msaxurebis brwyinvalebiT, didebulebiTa
da saswaulebriobiT...…mefe unda iyos keTilismyofeli,
amitomac hqvia mas mwyalobeli...…… patriarqis mizania misTvis
mindobili sulebis cxoneba; is unda cxovrobdes qristesTvis
da jvars ecvas qveynierebisaTvis... mefe unda iyos gamorCeuli
marTlmadideblobasa da RvTismosaobaSi...… erkveodes dogma
tebSi wm. samebis Sesaxeb da gansazRvrebebSi ufali ieso qristes
ganxorcielebis meSveobiT cxonebis Sesaxeb... patriarqisTvis ki
damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos maswavlebeloba, is Tanasworad da
SezRudvis gareSe unda moepyras maRalsa da mdabals..., xolo
simarTlisa da dogmatebis dacvis Sesaxeb moridebis gareSe
ilaparakos... mefis winaSe…mxolod patriarqi unda ganmartavdes
Zvelebis wesebs, wminda mamebis gansazRvrebebs da msoflio

krebebis debulebebs...…mefem ki unda ganamtkicos, pirvel
yovlisa, yvelaferi, rac saRmrTo werilSia dawerili, aseve
Svidi msoflio krebis mier dawesebuli yvela dogmati, agreTve
rCeuli romauli kanonebi...~……
prof. vernadskis da bevr sxvas èpanagogedan~ gamoaqvs
daskvna eklesiisa da imperiis erTian èklesiur-saxelm
wifoebriv~ sxeulSi sruli da saboloo Serwymis, anu arsob
rivad iustinianes mier dawyebuli procesis dagvirgvinebis
Sesaxeb. èpanagoges~ teqsti TiTqos amarTlebs amgvar
ganmartebas. magram ganmarteba, Cveulebriv, ar scildeba am
faqtis ubralo konstatirebas maSin, roca sinamdvileSi
èpanagoge~ imdenadve adasturebs eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
Serwymas, ramdenadac iustinianes `simfoniis~ mankierebis
daZlevasac cdilobs. marTlac, garkveuli azriT Serwyma
ganxorcielebulia: eklesiis yvela wevri imperiis
qveSevrdomia, imperiisa da eklesiis sazRvrebi Tanxvdeba
erTmaneTs. magram niSnavs Tu ara es, rom isini erT òrganizms~
Seadgenen, romlis saTaveSia mefisa da patriarqis diarqia?146
pirvel yovlisa, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom èpanagoge~
saxelmwifo kanonia da is saxelmwifoze laparakobs da ara
eklesiaze. es saxelmwifo, imis gamo, rom is qristianulia –
organuladaa dakavSirebuli eklesiasTan da swored es kavSiri
xorcieldeba mefisa da patriarqis diarqiaSi. raSia misi azri?
imaSi, rom garda eklesiaSi kanonebiT gansazRvruli sakuTari
adgilisa, patriarqi axla gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs
saxelmwifo struqturaSic – misi adgili aq mefis adgilis
paraleluria. is TiTqosda eklesiis warmomadgenelia saxelm
wifoSi, misi marTlmadideblobis, qristianobisadmi erTgu
lebis zedamxedveli, imperiis òrTodoqsiis~ garantia,
amitomac mxolod mas aqvs eklesiuri swavlebis da ganmartebis
ufleba da masve akisrebs saxelmwifo marTlmadideblobis
dacvas mefis winaSe. mefisagan ki èpanagoge~ mxolod
146 diarqia – qveyanaSi ori xelisuflebis erTdrouli Tanaarseboba .

marTlmadideblobis (samebasa da qristes Sesaxeb swavlebis)

erTgulebas iTxovs. isev da isev, xazi unda gavusvaT, rom
bizantiuri `xedviT~ eklesia da saxelmwifo dakavSirebulia ara
iuridiuli gansazRvrebiT da moRvaweobis sferoebis
danawilebiT, aramed marTlmadideblobiT: eklesiis rwmeniTa
da doqtriniT, romelsac imperia iRebs rogorc sakuTar
rwmenas. am doqtrinis wyaro ki, misi mcveli da ganmmartebeli,
eklesiaa da ara imperia. magram eklesia ukve aRar aris
gulgrili marTlmadideblobiT ganaTlebuli imperiis mimarT,
romlis gansakuTrebuli, wminda mowodeba im adgiliT
ganisazRvreba, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, imperatori ikavebs
eklesiaSi. amis `simbolizeba~ xdeba mefed kurTxevis wesSi
(`qrisma~147), romelic mecxre saukunidan moyolebuli SeiZleba
bizantiuri Teokratiis erTgvar liturgiul gamoxatulebad
CaiTvalos. aq mniSvnelovania imperatoris mier rwmenis
aRiarebisa da misi srulad dacvis ficis momenti: samefo
xelisufleba aRar aris RmrTis meufebis erTaderTi ànarekli~
qveyanaSi, aramed Tavad eqvemdebareba eklesiis mier dacul
WeSmaritebas. Semdeg – kurTxevis ceremonia aseve, rogorc Cans,
swored IX saukunidan gaxda mefed kurTxevis ZiriTadi da
konstitutiuri momenti. eklesiis mier imperatorisaTvis
imperiis samarTavad am `qarizmis~ (gansakuTrebuli wyalobis)
boZeba moaswavebs ara eklesiis `gasaxelmwifoebriobas~, aramed,
– Tundac `simbolur~ – magram mainc imperiis gaeklesiurebas.
sityvebiT – `saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da suliTa wmidisaTa~
patriarqi Tavdaxril imperators sakuTari xeliT amkobs
gvirgviniT, razedac xalxi pasuxobs `wmida ars, wmida ars, wmida
ars, dideba maRalTa Sina RmerTsa, qveyanasa zeda mSvidoba...~
xSirad saubroben bizantieli imperatoris gansakuTrebul
adgilze saeklesio RvTismsaxurebaSi, romelic TiTqosda
miuTiTebs eklesiaSi mis gansakuTrebul wminda an samRvdelo
adgilzec ki. da amaze miT ufro mets saubroben, rac naklebi
ician. magram, rogorc kargad gvaCvena rusma bizantinologma d.
147 qrisma – mironcxeba.

f. beliaevma, es monawileoba arsebiTad Zalian nakleb

mniSvnelovani da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, raime sakramentul
mniSvnelobas moklebuli iyo. imperatori win miuZRoda didi
gamosvlis procesias (Tanamedrove `sanTliani ymawvilis~
msgavsad), agreTve inarCunebda sakurTxevelSi Sesvlisa da
samsxverploze sakuTari ZRvenis mitanis uflebas (es ufleba
erT dros yvela eriskacs hqonda). trulis msoflio krebis 69-e
wesSi, romelic am uflebis sanqcias iZleva, aRniSnulia am
SemTxvevaSi mefisaTvis gamonaklisis daSvebis Sesaxeb, magram
aqve xazgasmulia misi kuTvnileba saero pirebisadmi.
amgvarad, bizantiuri Teokratia ar unda avurioT arc
`cezaropapizmSi~ (eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi daqvemdebareba)
da arc `papocezarizmSi~ (saxelmwifos daqvemdebareba
eklesiisadmi, risTvisac Sua saukuneebis papebi ibrZodnen) –
Tumca, masSi orive tendencia mJRavndeba da momavalSic Zalian
xSirad gamomJRavndeba, rogorc misi codviTi damaxinjeba. Tuki
imperia rwmenas eklesiisagan iRebs, Tavis mxriv, eklesiac
sakuTari mistikuri da sakramentuli `damoukideblobisadmi~
Ralatis gareSe Sedis am imperiaSi da avalebs mas SemosazRvras,
dacvas, da miwieri aspeqtiT sakuTari Tavis mowyobasac ki. am
azriT, marTalia, rom amieridan eklesia da imperia erT mTlians
Seadgenen (`Seurwymelad da ganuyoflad~). magram es xdeba ara
cnebaTa im aRrevis gamo, romelic xatmebrZolobasTan erTad
daiZlia, aramed, piriqiT, eklesiis `maqsimalizmis~ gamo,
romelic qveynierebisaTvis sakuTar Tavs `qristes xatad~
SeigrZnobda, magram ar iRebda xelSi miwier Zalauflebas,
adamianis cxovrebis miwier organizebas.
araferi amtkicebs iseTi damajereblobiT amJamad imperiis
mier warmarTuli Teokratiis Zveli wylulebis moSuSebas,
rogorc am epoqaSi momxdari gardatexa oficialur ìmperiul~
xelovnebaSi, rac brwyinvaledaa aRwerili prof. grabaris mier
mis wignSi ìmperatori bizantiur xelovnebaSi~. merve
saukunemde imperatoris gamosaxulebaSi Warbobs `Zveli
`saimperatoro kultis~ formebi. es kvlavac is gamarjvebuli
imperatori da meufea, romelmac ar icis sakuTari Zalauf

lebis SezRudva, warmarTuli xatweris msgavsad is
Zlevamosilebis gansaxierebaa. oRond, konstantines Semdeg, am
Zlevamosilobis warmarTuli simboloebi qristianuliT
icvleba. imperia axla jvris niSniT imarjvebs (àmiT sZlev~),
rogorc adre imarjvebda sxva niSnebis qveS, magram Tavis
saxelmwifo `TviTSegnebaSi~ jer kidev ver grZnobs sakuTar
Tavze qristes jvris gamarjvebas da es `triumfaluri~
motivebi Zlierdeba xatmebrZol imperatorTa oficialur
simbolikaSi. magram ai, `marTlmadideblobis zeimTan~ erTad
Cven vxedavT mkveTr gardatexas, TiTqmis naxtoms. àm drois
imperatorTa gamosaxulebebis didi umravlesoba, – wers a.
grabari, – ganekuTvneba tips – ìmperatori qristes winaSe~, es
tipi Zalian iSviaTi iyo da gamonakliss warmoadgenda
xatmebrZolobis periodis dawyebamde. triumfaluri cikli
icvleba cikliT, romelic ganadidebs, pirvel yovlisa,
imperatoris RvTismosaobasa da ara mis gamarjvebebs.~ – es
ukve imperiis SeuzRudavi meufis gamosaxuleba ki ar aris,
aramed bizantiuri Teokratiis xatia.
amgvarad, `marTlmadideblobis zeimi~ – iustinianes
`simfoniisken~ ubralo ukan dabruneba ki ar aris, aramed masSi
momxdari Sinagani gardaqmna. imperia iyo da darCa `wminda~,
magram Tu adre misi siwmindis wyaro iyo saxelmwifos, rogorc
dedamiwaze RvTiuri `wesrigis~ gamoxatulebis ZvelTaZveli da
absoluturi gageba, axla am siwmindis wyaro gaxda saxelmwifos,
rogorc `qristes msaxuris~ SegrZneba. es msaxureba aRwerili da
gamoxatulia RvTismsaxurebaSi dRemde Semonaxuli ìmperiuli~
dResaswaulebis mTels ciklSi (jvris aRmarTva, safarveli,
RvTismSoblis sadidebeli, jvris ZelTa warmoSoba, anu
procesia jvriT xelSi imperatoris sasaxleSi, locvebi ùfalo
Segviwyale~ da `romeli amaRldi nebsiT juarsa zeda~148, wm.
basili didis liturgiis evqaristiuli locvis nawili:
`moixsene ufalo keTilmorwmune da qristesmoyvare impe
148 jvarTamaRlebis kondaki.

ratori, romelic daamtkice mefobad am qveyanasa zeda: ZaliTa

WeSmaritebisa da keTilmosurneobisa akurTxe is, daifare is
brZolis velze, ganamtkice misi Zala, aRamaRle misi marjvena,
daicavi misi mefoba, daumorCile mas omis mosurne urjulo
xalxebi, miec mas Rrma da ganuyofeli mSvidoba, STauTxren
gulTa Sina maTTa keTili da mSvidoba Senisa eklesiisaTvis da
yovlisa erisa Senisa, raTa myudroebasa Sina maTsa dawyna
rebuli cxovreba gvaqundes, marTliTa sarwmunoebiTa da
keTilmsaxurebiTa vscxovrobdeT~..., bizantiuri armiis sulis
kveTebaSi, romelic qristes `sacxovrisis~, anu eklesiis miwieri
sayrdenis damcvel `qristesmoyvare~ mxedrobad iqca, sasaxlis
karis ritualebSi, romelic mTlianad mimarTuli iyo samefos
qristianuli misiis gamoxatvisken. qriste – pantokratori,
yovlismpyrobeli da ufali da mis winaSe – zecisken aRpyrobili
xelebiT da daxrili TaviT muxlebze dacemuli bizantiis mefe –
ai, siaxle imperiis axal saxeSi, misi TviTSegnebis suli misi
istoriis bolo periodSi.
da ar unda vifiqroT, rom es mxolod ìdeologia~, mxolod
oficialuri doqtrinaa. is Taviseburad Zalian Rrmad
airekleba fsiqologiaSi, yoveldRiur yofa-cxovrebaSi, mTel
im marTlac eklesiur atmosferoSi, romliTac cxovrobs,
romelSic sunTqavs bizantiuri sazogadoeba. Tumca, am
`marTlmadideblur yofasTan~ imdeni codvaa dakavSirebuli,
misi safarvelis qveS imdeni sicrue imaleba, rom Tanamedrove
adamiani masSi mxolod pirferobas, mxolod garegnuli
eklesiurobisa da adaTmoweseobis sulSemxuTavi garemos
danaxvisken aris midrekili. magram misi gakicxvisas aviwydebaT
sikeTisa da sinaTlis im nakadis Sesaxeb, romelic am doqtrinis
meSveobiT Sedioda bizantiur cxovrebaSi im epoqaSi, rodesac
saxelmwifosa da socialuri samyarosaTvis mxolod axla
vlindeboda saxarebis `feTqebadi~ Zala. gulmowyalebis,
siglaxakis siyvarulis, qvelmoqmedebis idealebi bizantiur
qronikebSi èfeqtur~ danaSaulebTan SedarebiT ufro naklebad
aisaxa da amitom xdeba maTi ignorireba istorikosebis mier.
arada, SeiZleba visaubroT Tavisebur bizantiur humanizmze,

rac, rasakvirvelia, dakavSirebuli iyo samyaroSi qristes
myofobis mudmiv SegrZnebasTan mis yvela aspeqtSi – mefis,
mxsnelis, maswavleblis, msajulis...…
magram, ra Tqma unda, ar aris saWiro `gamarjvebis~ zomis
gadaWarbebulad Sefaseba. SesaZlebelia, es imitomac ar varga,
rom am Taviseburad didi da lamazi Teoriis fonze, Zalian
umsgavsod moCans misgan yvela uricxvi ukandaxeva da misi
damaxinjeba sinamdvileSi. diax, SemdegSi verc erTi eretikosi
gabedavs eklesiisaTvis eresis `Tavsmoxvevas~, rogorc amas
bizantieli mefeebi akeTebdnen – konstanciusidan Teofilemde
(romTan ùniis~ garda, Tumca am mtkivneul problemaze saubari
win gvaqvs), eklesiis xma adrindelze sul ufro Zlierad
gaismeba. rogorc saxelmwifo eklesiaSi, ise eklesia
saxelmwifoSi axla axal da ufro mniSvnelovan adgils
daikavebs. iseTi patriarqebi – saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, rogorc
fotiosi, nikoloz mistikosi, konstantine liqudi, ioane kaleka
ar ifarglebian mxolod eklesiuri sferoTi da srulfasovnad
monawileoben mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo saqmeebis, dinastiuri
da samxedro sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSic ki. da mainc saeklesio
cxovrebis ukurnebel wylulad rCeba saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis sruli ganukiTxaoba da, rac kidev uaresia,
saeklesio ierarqiis mier am ganukiTxaobis TiTqmis aseTive
sruli miReba. mas Semdeg, rac sakuTari dogmaturi swavleba
TiTqosda xelSeuxebel `wmidaTawmidad~ gamohyo, ficiT
SemosazRvra igi da mas Tavad imperia daumorCila, eklesia ukve
aRar grZnobs aranair sazRvars samefo Zalauflebisa,
TiTqosda, mas Semdeg, rac bolomde `marTlmadidebeli~ gaxda,
mefes SeuZlia akeTos eklesiaSi yvelaferi, rac moesurveba.
amgvari TviTnebobis, kapitulaciis magaliTi am saukuneebSi,
samwuxarod, imdenad bevria, rom ubralo CamoTvlac ki
SeuZlebelia; maTi tragikuli seria TiTqmis uSualod
`marTlmadideblobis zeimis~ Semdeg iwyeba patriarqebis –
fotiosisa da egnates cnobil saqmeSi, romelic SeiZleba yvela
Semdgomi `krizisis~ simbolod miviCnioT. TiToeuli maTgani

orjer adis patriarqis taxtze da orivejer idevneba iqedan
imperatoris ubralo brZanebiT. TiToeuli Taviseburad uwevs
winaaRmdegobas da xelisuflebis TviTnebobas pasiuri
simtkiciT pasuxobs, TiToeuli pirad vaJkacobas amJRavnebs da
sakuTar TavSi cnobil saeklesio simarTles asaxavs. ierarqiac
ar aris mTlianad damorCilebuli, bevrs hyofnis Zala, raTa
danebebas gadasaxleba amjobinos. magram mainc, zogadad am
yvelafers eklesia ise iRebs, rogorc TiTqmis saTanados.
aravin iRebs xmas misi Tavisuflebis arsobrivad dasacavad,
TiTqos veRaravin grZnobs saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi mis im
ùcxobunebas~, romlis gamoc amdeni sisxli daiRvara asi wliT
adre... Cven vsaubrobdiT im sruliad gansakuTrebul mniSv
nelobaze, romelic aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi konstantinopolis
patriarqs uWiravs. da, ai, bizantiuri eklesiis saerTo
ganviTarebaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs Semdegi niSandoblivi faqti:
rac ufro gadis dro, miT ufro mcire kvals tovebs istoriaSi
konstantinopolis patriarqi, TandaTan es kvali mxolod
saxelebis CamoTvlamde dadis. laparakia, ra Tqma unda, zogad
xasiaTze, romelSic gamonaklisebic gvxvdeba. magram mainc,
daxasiaTebis marTebulobaSi dasarwmuneblad sakmarisia
SevadaroT, magaliTad, meaTe saukune – makedoniuri dinastiis
epoqa, meTormetesTan – komnenebis epoqasTan. xatmebrZolobis
epoqis saxelganTqmul patriarqebs – germanes, tarasis,
nikifores, meTodes mohyvebian aranakleb saxelganTqmulni –
egnate, fotiosi, nikoloz mistikosi (romelmac imperator
leon VI brZenze misi meoTxe qorwinebis sakiTxSi gaimarjva),
polievqtosi. jer kidev XI saukuneSi vxvdebiT iseT èklesiis
Tavadebs~, rogoricaa mixeil kerulariosi (romlis drosac
sabolood gawyda romTan bizantiis urTierToba), an
qsifilinosi. ra Tqma unda, am saukuneebSic yvela patriarqi ver
Seedreba CamoTvlil did moRvaweebs. SeiZleba davasaxeloT
anton kavleasis wynari figura da skandaluri patriarqi
stefane (leon VI-is Zma, romelic 19 wlis asakSi akurTxes
patriarqad!), gansakuTrebiT ki – Teofilaqte, imperator

romanoz lekapenosis Svili, 33 wlis ganmavlobaSi rom
arcxvenda umsgavsi saqcieliT bizantiis eklesias. magram 1081
wlis Semdeg, rodesac aleqsi komnenosi gamefda, patriarqebi
TiTqos uCinardebian. bizantiur qronikebSi maT Sesaxeb Zalian
Zunw cnobebs vxvdebiT, romlis mixedviTac SeiZleboda maTi
saxelebis, mTavari `saqmeebis~, intronizaciisa da garda
cvalebis TariRTa aRdgena. SeiZleba davxazoT Taviseburi
mrudi, romelic miuTiTebs patriarqis saxebis TandaTanobiT
gafermkrTalebaze basilevsis mzardi brwyinvalebis gverdiT.
da es faqti SemTxveviTi araa. is imaze mowmobs, rom miuRweveli
`simfoniis~ sasworis pina saimperatoro Zalauflebisaken
gadaixara.
sayuradReboa imis aRniSvna, rom es samwuxaro sisuste sulac
ar aixsneba mxolod saxelmwifos ZaladobiT saeklesio
ierarqiis mimarT, mxolod, ase vTqvaT, fizikuri Zalis
upiratesobiT, rogorc es `konstantineseuli~ kavSiris
dasawyisSi moxda. es Tavad eklesiis warmomadgenlebis
Sinagani, organuli sisustea, maTi is gaorebuli mdgomareoba,
romelic maT ara mxolod msxverplad, aramed sakuTari xvedris
mizezadac aqcevs. bizantiis mier gulSi gamotarebuli
`simfoniis~ ideali, maRali da wmindac ki, wmindaTawminda
Teokratiis wyurvili, qristes naTliT istoriis codvili
qsovilis ganaTlebis survili – esaa yvelaferi, riTic SeiZleba
gamarTldes eklesiis imperiasTan kavSiri. am idealis miRweva ki
moiTxovs eklesiisa da ama soflis erTmaneTisagan Zalian faqiz,
magram Zalian mkafio garCevas. vinaidan eklesia bolomde
mxolod maSin asrulebs samyaros gardaqmnis misias, roca aseve
bolomde SeigrZnobs sakuTar Tavs àra ama soflisagan~ myof
`sameufod~. magram bizantiuri eklesiis tragedia swored isaa,
rom igi gaxda mxolod bizantiuri eklesia, Seerwya imperias ara
imdenad àdministraciulad~, ramdenadac, pirvel yovlisa,
fsiqologiurad – sakuTar TviTaRqmaSi. Tavad misTvis imperia
absolutur da umaRles Rirebulebad iqca – udavo,
xelSeuxebel, TavisTavad Rirebulebad. bizantieli ierarqebi

(rogorc mogvianebiT rusebi) ukve uZlurni arian Tavi
daaRwion wminda samefos am kategoriebs, Seafason igi saxarebis
cxovelmyofeli Tavisuflebisagan gamomdinare. yvelaferi
wminda gaxda da es siwminde yvelafers amarTlebs. codvebsa da
borotebaze Tvali unda davxuWoT – es xom àdamianuri
sisustis~ bralia. magram rCeba sakraluri simboloebis mZime
farCa, romelic mTel cxovrebas mRvdelmoqmedebad aqcevs,
romelic aZinebs, oqroTi feravs Tavad sindiss. Teoriis
maqsimalizms tragikulad mivyavarT zneobis minimalizmamde.
sasikvdilo sarecelze imperatoris yvela codvas monazvnis
Savi mantia dafaravs, sindisis protesti monaniebis ritualur
sityvebSi, uwmindurobis liturgiul aRsarebaSi, Tayvanis
cemebsa da metaniebSi moiklavs wyurvils. yvelafers –
sinanulsac, mxilebasac aqvs Tavisi `wesi~ – da am oqromkediT
dafarul, romeliRac uZrav ceremonialSi gayinul qristianul
samyaroSi ukve aRar rCeba adgili msoflioSi yvelaze ubralo
wignis martivi, SiSveli, mousyidveli da saRi msjavrisaTvis...
`...sadaca arn saunje Tqveni, munca iyos guli Tqveni~.149
bizantiuri eklesiis namdvili tragedia mefeTa TviTnebobebSi,
codvebsa da dacemebSi ki ar aris – is, pirvel yovlisa, imaSia,
rom namdvili `saunje~, romelmac ukideganod aavso eklesiis
guli da romelmac yvelaferi sakuTar Tavs daumorCila – gaxda
Tavad imperia. eklesia Zaladobam ki ar daamarcxa, aramed
`sisxlisa da xorcis~ cdunebam, miwieri ocnebiT, miwieri
siyvaruliT rom monusxa eklesiuri azrovneba.
nawili 4
eklesiis am ara mxolod garegan, aramed Sinagan,

fsiqologiur `gasaxelmwifoebriobasTanaa~ dakavSirebuli am
periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eklesiuri azrovnebis
149 maTe 6:21
erTgvari polarizacia, misi orad gayofa RvTismetyvelebasa da

religiur gamocdilebaSi or ZiriTad mimdinareobad.
pirvel yovlisa, udavoa, rom xatmebrZol amboxze
gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba saeklesio krebebis epoqa, eklesiuri
azris SemoqmedebiTi daZabvis dro. da igrZnoba, rom erTgvari
zusti da saboloo formuliT marTlmadideblobis Signidan
ganmtkicebis survili dakavSirebulia eklesiur-saxelm
wifoebrivi urTierTobis im cvlilebebTan, romlis Sesaxebac
zemoT vsaubrobdiT. sakmarisia gavixsenoT is rezonansi,
romelic saxelmwifos Carevis Sedegad IV-V saukuneebis
saRvTismetyvelo davebs hqonda. es ar niSnavs, rom eklesiaSi
RvTismetyvelebis ganviTareba saxelmwifo iniciativis Sedegi
iyo, magram saxelmwifo cdilobda Tavad eklesiuri azrovnebis
mier wamoweuli sadavo sakiTxebis Tavis sasargeblod
gamoyenebasac. saRvTismetyvelo davebSi Tavidanve igrZnoboda
saxelmwifo motivi – principi, romelic saxelmwifo
mSvidobisaTvis religiur erTsulovnebas moiTxovda. swore
dac aseTi iyo jer kidev TviT konstantines Tvalsazrisi misi
piradi religiurobis miuxedavad. drois gasvlasTan erTad es
motivi sul ufro Zlierdeba. davebisa da eresis cieb-cxeleba
eklesiis sxeulTan erTad saxelmwifos organizmsac aryevs.
sul ufro metad zrunavs xelisufleba, yvela gansxvavebuli
moazrovne erTian azramde miiyvanos, da amas, ara mxolod
WeSmaritebis uangaro siyvarulis gamo akeTebs, aramed
mravaltomovani imperiis erTianobis SenarCunebis surviliT,
romelSic nebismieri religiuri mRelvareba SeiZleba
dauyovnebliv aaldes da yovelgvari eTnikuri Tu politikuri
vnebebisa da separatizmis xanZrad iqces. `rasobrivi~ stiqiis
boboqari zRvis SeCerebis am miswrafebiTaa gamowveuli
monofizitobasTan kompromisis yvela usasrulo mcdeloba,
romelsac saxelmwifo religiur relativizmamde mihyavda:
Zalian xSirad saxelmwifo eZiebda ara WeSmaritebas, aramed
mSvidobasa da erTsulovnebas nebismieri gziT. Cven viciT, rom
swored am mxriv xatmebrZolobaze gamarjveba Semobrunebis
momenti iyo. Tuki adre imperatorTa mTavari sazrunavi imperiis

nairgvarovani nawilebisaTvis misaRebi sarwmunoebrivi minimumis
povna iyo, axla aseTi minimumis Ziebis Tavad saWiroeba gaqra:
imperiis religiuri erTianoba ganxorcielebuli aRmoCnda
yvela sxvagvarad moazrovnis dakargvis, Tavad imperiis
Semcirebis fasad. saxelmwifo xelisuflebac sabolood
òrTodoqsuli~ gaxda. metic, man upirobod miiCnia Tavis
misiad, romelic RmrTisagan hqonda dakisrebuli,
`marTlmadideblobis~ zedmiwevniT dacva mTeli Tavisi
ucvlelobiTa da siwmindiT. adre imperatorebi sakuTar Tavze
iRebdnen rwmenis dazustebis Taosnobas, RvTismetyvelebdnen
saerTo SeTanxmebis misaRwevad, axla es Tanxmoba miRweulia:
protestis gamomTqmeli `masebi~ uklebliv imperiis gareT
aRmoCndnen. axali mdgomareoba axal politikas karnaxobs.
mware gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom nebismieri religiuri
sxvadasxvaoba saxelmwifos ryevasac iwvevs. amitom,
imperatorebis ZiriTadi miswrafeba axla ukve amgvari
religiuri mRelvarebebis ardaSvebis survili, erTgvari status
quo-s SenarCuneba gaxda. orTodoqsuloba daemTxva
konservatizms – rac ukve Tavad gardamocemis formas
ganekuTvneba. ukanasknelad xatmebrZolobaSi gamomJRavnda
naTlad religiuri vnebebis politikur ganxeTqilebebSi
gadasvlis safrTxe. es gadamwyveti gamocdileba aRmoCnda. da,
ra Tqma unda, eklesiam, romelsac mudam swyuroda dogmaturi
erTsulovneba da Tanamoazreoba Tavis `gare episkoposTan~,
sixaruliT miiRo saxelmwifos es konservatoruli xazi. magram
swored aq iyo fesvgadgmuli im pirobebis yvela wanamZRvari,
romelSic warimarTa eklesiis mTeli Semdgomi
saRvTismetyvelo cxovreba.
bizantiis istoriaSi dadga momenti, rodesac rogorc
saxelmwifom, ise eklesiam gaiTvaliswines warsulis
gamocdileba, rodesac es warsuli – Tavisi guSindelobidan
siZveled iqca, sakuTari siZveliT ganaTlda, fsiqologiurad
gaizarda erTgvar maradiul idealad, romelic imdenad
momavali SemoqmedebisaTvis ki ar aRafrTovanebda,

ramdenadac misken mudmiv mibrunebas, dRevandelobis misdami
damorCilebas iTxovda. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos Cumi
TanxmobiT daisva erTgvari fsiqologiuri wertili, Sejamda
Sedegi da saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebTan yoveli axali Sexeba,
yoveli axali sakiTxis wamoWra exla ukve am warsulamde miyvanas
saWiroebda. wminda mamebis gadmocemebi, damowmeba wminda
mamebis avtoritetiT, Tundac garegnulad, miTiTebebisa da
citatebis saxiT, zogjer maTi saerTo konteqstidan
amoglejiTac ki, keTilsaimedoobis garantiad iqca. eklesiis
didi mamebisagan ukanasknelis, wminda ioane damaskelis
SemoqmedebaSi Cans yvelafris warsulamde, mamebamde dayvanisa
Tvis zrunva, erTgvar consensus patrum-ze150 dayrdnoba. `misi
`marTlmadidebluri rwmenis zusti gadmocema~ – wers erT-erTi
istorikosi – berZnuli RvTismetyvelebis `sumad~ darCa,
romelsac momdevno saukuneebma veraferi Semates da romelSic
cota ram Tu Secvales~. gviandelma bizantiam uxmod aRiara,
rom eklesiis kaTolike WeSmariteba sabolooa, erTxel da
samudamod da mTeli sisruliT formulirebulia `Zveli
mamebisa~ da Svidi msoflio krebis mier. amitomac axal
gaugebrobebs, cruswavlebebs an SekiTxvebs imave arsenalidan
unda vupasuxoT, wminda mamaTa qmnilebebis saganZurSi unda
veZeboT maTSive arsebuli pasuxi yvela SekiTxvaze.
swored es moTxovnilebaa bizantiuri RvTismetyvelebis
safuZveli, romelsac SegviZlia òficialuri~ an `saskolo~
vuwodoT. is ukve Tavad sakuTari daniSnulebis Sesabamisad
unda amtkicebdes, rom yvelaferi gadawyvetili da asaxulia
warsulSi da rom mxolod am warsulisken miTiTeba iZleva
marTlmadideblobis garantias. yovlad dauSvebelia am
òficialuri~ RvTismetyvelebis mniSvnelobis an damsaxu
rebebis daknineba: is mowmobs bizantiuri saeklesio kulturis
udavod maRal xarisxze, mudam Cauqrob sulier da gonebriv
interesebze, ganaTlebisaTvis, skolebisTvis, wignebisTvis
150 aq igulisxmeba wm. mamebis erTsulovneba ama Tu im saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxze.

mudmiv zrunvaze, rac Sua saukuneebis bizantiur kulturas

samyaros centrad aqcevda. mas unda vumadlodeT mTeli
antikuri Tu Zvelqristianuli tradiciebis CvenTvis
gadmocemas. bizantiuri RvTismetyvelebis am òficialuri~
xazis dasawyisi SeiZleba aviyvanoT im kulturul aRor
Zinebamde, romelsac mecxre saukunis meore naxevarSi vxvdebiT
da romlis centri konstantinopolSi mdebare magnavris
universiteti iyo. keisar bardas mier Sekrebil mecnierTa da
RvTismetyvelTa wridan gamovida `bizantiuri RvTismet
yvelebis mama~ – patriarqi fotiosi. masSi namdvili saRvTis
metyvelo talanti (misi polemika suliwmindis dasavluri
swavlebis winaaRmdeg) SeTavsebulia misi mimdevrebisaTvis
tipur àkademizmTan~. fotiosis codna universaluri,
legendaruli iyo, man swavlulebisa da RvTismetyvelebis
mTeli pleada Seqmna (misi wridanaa gamosuli wm. konstantine
filosofosi, meTodes Zma – slavTa ganmanaTlebeli), magram
misi àmfiloqia~ ukve RvTismetyvelebis tipobrivi nimuSia,
romelic mTlianad mowmobebsa da citatebzea dafuZnebuli.
meaTe saukuneSi imperatorebis leon brZenisa da
konstantine porfirogenetis dros konstantinopolis sasaxle
daZabuli gonebrivi cxovrebis centria. magram yvelafers wonis
àntikvaruli~, arqeologiuri, sabiblioTeko interesebi. àm
xnis ganmavlobaSi – wers leon brZenis mefobis mkvlevari prof.
popovi – Cven ar viciT arcerTi avtoritetuli saxeli,
arcerTi originaluri Txzuleba.~ vimeorebT, tradiciisa da
kulturis gadacemis TvalsazrisiT am muSaobis Sedegi
uzarmazari iyo, SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT ki susti.
eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mTavari, ra Tqma unda, am
saukuneebSi Sesrulebuli liturgiuli samuSao iyo. aq, pirvel
yovlisa, wm. ioane damaskeli da Rirsi Teodore studieli unda
davasaxeloT. eklesiur gadmocemaSi wm. ioane damaskeli
òqtoixosis~, anu rva xmad, an melodiad gayofili
sagaloblebis krebulis Semoqmedad Sevida. misi saxeli bevr
msaxurebazea warwerili, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvela mas ar
ekuTvnis. rogorc Cans, is unda vaRiaroT Cveni sakvirao

dogmatikebis da kanonebis, saaRdgomo msaxurebis, didi
dResaswaulebis – Sobis, naTlisRebis, fericvalebis da a.S.
kanonebis avtorad. es SinarsiTa da formiT SesaniSnavi
liturgiuli poeziaa, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneba
bizantiuri himnografiisaTvis. amasTan erTad, niSandoblivia,
jer erTi, RvTismsaxurebis garkveul sqemebSi moqcevisadmi
damaskelis miswrafeba, meorec – misi saRvTismetyvelo
motivebis TiTqmis sruli daqvemdebareba wminda mamebis
gardamocemebze. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, bizantiuri
RvTismsaxureba winamorbedi epoqis dogmaturi miRwevebis
liturgiul formaSi gadadnobaa. is TiTqmis mTlianad samebisa
da qristologiur ferebSia Sesrulebuli. dasrulebis,
ganmtkicebis imave paTosiTaa ganmsWvaluli studiis
samonastro centris liturgiuli moRvaweoba Rirsi Teodore
studielis xelmZRvanelobiT. aq Seiqmna `marxvani~ (didi
marxvisa da saaRdgomo ciklis galoba da RvTismsaxurebis wesi);
TandaTanobiT aqve yalibdeba `tipikoni~, anu saRvTismsaxuro
wesdeba, romelic msaxurebis sul ufro meti `fiqsirebisken~
miiswrafis. bizantielTa TiToeul Taobas am sqemaSi yvela
carieli adgilis Sevsebis funqciaRa darCa. bizantiis
liturgiuli memkvidreoba imdenad didia, rom misgan mxolod
ganZis molodini ar egebis. masSi uamravi ritorikuli varjiSi,
gadamRereba da mibaZvaa. mTlianobaSi ki es aris didebuli
Senoba, romelSic bevri ram waruSleli silamazisa da uRrmesi
azris niSniTaa ganmsWvaluli. Tavad `tipikonSi~ (an, ufro
sworad `tipikonebSi~, radgan isini Zalian bevria), misi
`daSifruli~ enis amocnobis SemTxvevaSi, qristianuli
cxovrebis mTeli filosofia, qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis
unatifesi, Rrmad gaazrebuli Canafiqri iSleba. sakmarisia
aRvniSnoT saaRdgomo msaxurebis naTelmosili silamaze,
saRvTismsaxuro ciklebis datvirTuloba – Sobis, didi
marxvis, RvTismSoblobis, òqtoixosisa~ da `marxvanis~
saRvTismetyvelo siRrme. es liturgiuli simdidre marTlma
dideblur samyaroSi codnis, religiuri cxovrebis, religiuri

aRmafrenis mTavari wyaro iqneba, da yvelaze bnel saukuneebSic
ki, rodesac aRixoceba tradiciebi, daknindeba ganaTleba –
eklesiuri adamianebi masSi kvlavac araerTxel aRmoaCenen
marTlmadideblobis oqros epoqis samyaroseul, yovlis
momcvel, usasrulod Rrma suls... …`bizantielis da wminda
ruseTis moqalaqis saRvTismetyvelo nakiTxoba, mTeli sulieri
kultura, romelic amayi evropuli kulturis Svilebs velurad
da pirquSad eCvenebaT, taZarSia miRebuli liturgiuli
RvTismetyvelebiT, rogorc eklesiis cocxali gamocdilebiT.
ar iyo seminariebi, akademiebi da Teologiuri fakultetebi,
RvTismoyvare berebi da RvTismosavi qristianebi ki
stiqaronebSi151, kanonebSi, troparebSi152, prologSi153, `Ceti-
mineiSi~154 ewafebodnen RmrTis Semecnebis155 cocxal wyaros.
maSin qoro156 da ambioni profesoris kaTedras cvlida.
RamisTevis, ciskris, mwuxris locvebis dros grZnobebis
amSleli tkbilxmovani Zlispirebis, uZvelesi znamenuri157 da
berZnuli gabmuli galobisas xdeboda mZlavri, uryevi
RvTismoSiSobis aRzrda... muSavdeboda marTlmadidebluri
151 stiqaroni (berZn.) – marTlmadidebel RvTismsaxurebaSi leqsis formiT

dawerili galoba, romelic, rogorc wesi, fsalmunebsaa misadagebuli.
152 dedanSia `седальны~ – tropari, am SemTxvevaSi sagalobeli, romelic
ikiTxeba, an igalobeba kaTismebis, anu fsalmunebis kiTxvisas, romlis
drosac SeiZleba jdoma.
153 prologi – saeklesio damrigeblobiTi xasiaTis krebuli, wminda mamaTa
cxovrebis Semoklebuli aRweriT, basili didis, ioane oqropirisa da sxvaTa
qadagebebiT. krebuli dalagebulia weliwadis dReebis mixedviT. rusuli
prologebi berZnul svinaqsarTa safuZvelze Seqmnili.
154 `Ceti-minei~ – rusuli saeklesio-istoriuli da sasuliero-saswavlo
literaturis krebulebi, romlebSic Tveebisa da yoveli dRis mixedviT
gadmocemulia marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wminda mamebaTa cxovreba.
arsebuli oTxi krebulidan yvelaze cnobilia mitropoliti makarisa
(me-16 s.) da wm. dimitri rostovelis mier Sedgenili krebulebi (me-17 s.
gamocemulia 13 tomad).
155 dedanSia боговедение
156 qoro - aq: samgaloblo adgili.
157 znamenuri galoba – Zveli slavuri galobis forma.
msoflmxedveloba, romelic xorcs isxamda cxovrebasa da

sinamdvileSi da igi ar rCeboda mxolod filosofiur Teoriad.
eklesiebSi krebdnen am `savedrebel xmebs~ da mowiwebiT
gadaamuSavebdnen ra maT, amis mixedviT agebdnen sakuTar yofasa
da cxovrebis yaidas~ (arqim. kipriane kerni). eWvgareSea, rom
liturgiuli Semoqmedeba – bizantiuri marTlmadideblobis
mwvervali – winamorbedi epoqis dogmaturi aRmoCenebis Rrma
gagebaze, eklesiuri azrovnebis mier mis SeTvisebasa da
cxovrebisa da gadmocemebis Sinagan uwyvetobaze migvaniSnebs.
magram arsebiTad, is mainc mxolod xorcs asxams warsulis
gamocdilebas mSvenier ferebSi, amtkicebs mas saRvTis
metyvelo `sistemaSi~. yvelaferi is ki, rac bizantiur periodSi
am sistemaSi marTlac axali Semodis, Cveulebriv ganuzomlad
sustia, ritorikulia, da, garkveuli azriT, mxolod samkaulia;
aseTia liturgiuli simbolizmis mdidruli ayvaveba, wes-
Cveulebebis garTuleba, adreuli epoqebis locvebisa da
himnebis zogjer umizno gawelva droSi, romlebic
SekumSulobiTa da gamomxatvelobiT klasikuri formisa iyo.
Mutatis mutandis158 Zvelbizantiuri liturgiuli xelovneba
warmogvidgeba rogorc erTgvari `baroko~ wminda bizantinizmis
gamWvirvale ubraloebasTan SedarebiT.
gardamocemis sistematizaciisadmi analogiur miswrafebas
vxedavT wmindanTa cxovrebis kodifikatoris svimeon
metafrastis (X saukune), an cnobili bizantieli egzegetis159 –
ikumeniosis SemoqmedebaSi. aq yvelaferi marTlmadidebluri,
tradiciuli, Zalian xSirad lamazi da Wkvianuria – magram
arafers matebs Zveli avtorebis mier erTxel ukve naTqvams.
kidev ufro tipuria efTvime zigabenosis meTormete saukunis
saxelganTqmuli Zegli komnenebis epoqisa – `panoplia~ –
oficialuri RvTismetyvelebis nimuSi. am droidan amgvar
`panopliebs~ sul ufro xSirad vxvdebiT. es cxovrebis yvela
SemTxvevisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxebisa da argumen
158 Mutatis mutandis (laT.) – Sesabamisi SesworebiT.

159 egzegeti – wminda werilis ganmmartebeli.
tebisagan Semdgari saRvTismetyvelo krebulebia. samefo karze

bevrs kamaToben saRvTismetyvelo Temebze, magram es mxolod
brwyinvale sityvieri disputebia da ara WeSmariti kamaTi
èrTisa¡ ars saxmar~160-is Sesaxeb. `RvTismetyvelebaze saubari
modaSi iyo, samefo kari sasuliero wodebas uwevda metoqeobas,
profesionali RvTismetyvelebi rogorRac axerxebdnen im
Temebis povnas da wminda werilidan im sakiTxebis amokrebas, rac
mowinaaRmdegeebs CixSi Seiyvanda...~ (f. Salandoni). am suliTaa
ganmsWvaluli oficialuri RvTismetyveleba imperiis
aRsasrulamde. mas aqvs ayvavebis periodebi: nikeis samefos (XIII
saukune) an paleologebis (XIV da XV saukuneebi) dro. miRebulia
saubari `paleologebis aRorZinebazec~ ki, romlis Suqi, rogorc
cnobilia dasavlur aRorZinebasac efineba. magram niSandoblivi
isaa, rom kulturis am ayvavebaSi yvelaze sustad qristianuli
motivebi moCans. momakvdavi bizantia dasavleTs marTlma
didebluri SuqiT ki ara, elinuri antikurobiT, platoniTa da
plotiniT anayofierebs! radgan Tavad bizantiaSi, misi arsebobis
bolo saukuneebSi Cven vxedavT wminda wylis elinizmisken, im
filosofiuri sakiTxebisken moulodnel Semobrunebas, rac
TiTqos ukve gadawyvetili iyo patristikul RvTismetyve
lebaSi161. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom swored imperiis dacemis win
bizantiasa da dasavleTs Soris damakavSirebeli rgoli erTiani
qristianuli memkvidreoba ki ar aRmoCnda, aramed florenciaSi
platonis akademiis damaarseblis, mTeli italiisaTvis
elinizmis òberprofesoris~ gemistos pleTonis `neowarmar
Toba~. es aris sazRauri òficialuri RvTismetyvelebisaTvis,
bizantiur marTlmadideblobaSi gamarjvebuli `dacviTi sulis
kveTebisaTvis~162. rodesac saeklesio swavleba saxelmwifo
avtoritetad iqca, rasac iZulebiT unda damorCilebodi,
berZnulma gonebam axali sakvebis Zebna misTvis skolis merxidan
nacnob qristianobamdeli filosofiis samyaroSi daiwyo. da iman,
160 luka 10:42

161 patristikuli RvTismetyveleba – aq wminda mamaTa Sromebi igulisxmeba.
162 dedanSia `охранительный дух~
rac adre skolaSi Seswavlis sagani, gonebis varjiSi iyo, kvlav

SeiZina damoukidebeli interesi, gacocxlda rogorc im
problemebis gadawyvetis wyaro, rac ar SeiZleba dasmuliyo
religiur cxovrebaSi. rwmena rwmenadve darCa, xelSeuxebeli da
eWvgareSe, magram gaqra gonebrivi interesi rwmenisadmi, moiSTo
misi gonebrivi wvdomis moTxovnileba. Tavidan, magram ukve axali
formiT aRorZinda uwindeli gaoreba qristianobasa da elinizms
Soris. adre es iyo konfliqti, saidanac qristianuli azrovneba
SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmevis Sedegad gamarjvebuli gamovida. axla
konfliqti SeuZlebelic ki iyo – arc qristianobis uaryofa
xdeboda da arc misi kritika. bizantiuri filosofiuri
àRorZineba~ qristianobis gverdiT, mis paralelurad
viTardeba, rogorc sruliad avtonomiuri sfero. ai, magaliTad
miqael fselosi – meTerTmete saukunis miwuruls filosofiis
bizantiuri periodis erT-erTi `wamomwyebi~. misi saxe Zalian
niSneulia bizantiaSi gaCenili axali `humanisturi~ sulisaTvis.
RmrTis bunebis Sesaxeb is orfeosis163, zoroastris, amonis,
parmenides, empedokles, platonis mixedviT aswavlis –
RvTismetyvelebasTan ganxeTqileba TiTqosda bolomdea
miyvanili. magram es xels ar uSlis mas saRvTismetyvelo
traqtatebis yvelaze keTilsaimedo da klasikuri sulis
kveTebiT weraSi iseve, rogorc gemisto pleTons mis mier
Seqmnili `neowarmarTuli~ filosofia xels ar uSlida, daecva
marTlmadidebloba florenciis krebaze 1438-39 wlebSi.
bizantiaSi TandaTan yalibdeba Tu Teoria ara, òrmagi
WeSmaritebis~ praqtika mainc da es saRvTismetyvelo krizisis
yvelaze Rrma simptomia. es imas niSnavs, rom qristianoba veRar
akmayofilebs bizantielis yvela moTxovnilebas, rom bizan
tielSi dairRva misi sulieri mTlianoba da rom Tavisi
romeliRac nawiliT – amasTan, SemoqmedebiTi nawiliT – is ukve
sxva, araqristianuli samyarosaken miiswrafvis. amgvar
filosofiur aRorZinebas bizantiuri eklesia araerTxel
163 berZnul miTologiaSi Trakieli momRerali, muza kaliopes Svili. jadosnuri

simRerebiT ajadoebda RmerTebsa da adamianebs, imorCilebda bunebis Zalebs.
pasuxobs akrZalvebiTa da anaTemebiT. magram òficialuri

RvTismetyveleba~ uZluri aRmoCnda Signidan daeZlia igi axali
da SemoqmedebiTi sinTeziT... da rogoric unda iyos am
RvTismetyvelebis damsaxurebebi, igi, ra Tqma unda, ver cvlis im
SemoqmedebiT wvas, romliTac eklesiis istoriaSi `samudamodaa
gacocxlebuli is uZvelesi wignebi~ – wignebi didi mamebisa da
maswavleblebisa, saRvTismetyvelo gazafxulis Zeglebi. codna,
aTviseba ver cvlis gamocdilebas. da es naTlad gamoCndeba
bizantiis eklesiisaTvis rTul wlebSi.
magram yvelaferi, razec Cven aqamde vsaubrobdiT,
bizantiuri eklesiis `zeda~ fenas ganekuTvneba, mis im plasts,
romelic imperiasTan uSualo Sexebisas sakmaod SeboWilia
bizantiaSi `marTlmadideblobis zeimis~ Semdgom sabolood
Camoyalibebuli saeklesio-politikuri ideologiiT. amasTan
erTad, bizantiur eklesiaze msjeloba mxolod am aspeqtis
mixedviT istoriulad iseve mcdari iqneba, rogorc magaliTad,
rusuli eklesiis istoriis sinoduri periodis Sefaseba
mxolod da mxolod wminda sinodis sxdomaTa oqmebis an
laTinuri saxelmZRvaneloebidan gadmowerili seminaruli
saswavlo masalebis mixedviT. rusul seminariebSi xom jer kidev
laTinuri sqolastika iyo gamefebuli. Rirsi serafime
saroveli motovilovTan saubrisas ganmartavda uRrmes
swavlebas suliwmindis moxveWis Sesaxeb164, xolo kievis
bursidan ltolvili paisi veliCkovski Tavisi beruli gmirobiT
amzadebda rusuli ber-monazvnobis aRorZinebas. asea
bizantiaSic: vidre oficialuri RvTismetyveleba oden wminda
mamebis `teqstebis~ sqolastikur komentarad qceula,
monastrebSi sicocxles agrZelebs sxva, WeSmariti, marad
cocxali, mudam SemoqmedebiTi tradicia, romelic, Cveulebriv,
`bizantiur mistikad~ iwodeba, sinamdvileSi ki sxva araferia,
Tu ara saRvTismetyvelo Wvretis im uxsovari xazis gagrZeleba,
rogoricaa cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaSi rwmenis Sinaarsis
gamomJRavneba.
164 dedanSia `Стяжание Св. Духа~

meaTe saukuneSi es aris RvTismetyveleba wminda svimeon

axali RvTismetyvelisa (949-1022 ww.), romlis cxovreba misma
mowafem nikita stiTatosma aRwera. Cvenamde moaRwia svimeonis
himnebma, werilebma, asketurma da saRvTismetyvelo traq
tatebma. es, ra Tqma unda, Zlier specifiuri monazvnuri
RvTismetyvelebaa, romelic mTlianad eZRvneba gonebis
ganaTebas, mistikur Wvretebs, `RmrTaebrivi naTlis ziarebas~,
romelic Tavidanve warmoadgenda monazvnuri askezis mizans.
`gonebis ganaTebisas moRvawe cecxliviT iwvis da suliwmindiT
naTldeba da ukve aqedan – namdvili cxovrebidan winaswar
Wvrets sakuTari ganRmrTobis saidumlos~... – `madli modis
saocrad Cumad da sixaruliT da es naTeli winamorbedia
maradiuli naTlisa, saxe da brwyinvalebaa maradiuli
netarebisa... goneba iZireba masSi, naTdeba, Tavad xdeba
sinaTle da ganuyoflad erwymis Tavad sinaTlis wyaros~...
magram irkveva, rom gandgomisa da RmrTisaken ganmartoebuli
aRmasvlis RvTismetyveleba eklesiuri cxovrebis Tvalsaz
risiTac ki ufro mniSvnelovani da gavleniania, vidre
òficialuri~ RvTismetyveleba. am sulierebiT aRsavse berebSi
moipovebs eklesia samyarosagan Tavisuflebis im poluss,
samyaroSi yvelafris Sefasebis im Tavisuflebas, romelic ase
aklia mas imperiasTan myari qorwinebis gamo. imitom, rom es aris
RvTismetyveleba gamocdilebisagan da ara wignisagan da masSi
qristianoba cocxldeba swored Tavisi `praqtikuli~
mniSvnelobiT, rogorc brZola namdvili adamianisaTvis.
damaxasiaTebelia Rirsi svimeonis Sejaxeba konstantinopolis
patriarqis CinovnikebTan maTi maswavleblisa da moZRvris
Rirsi svimeon RvTismoSiSisaTvis pativis migebasTan
dakavSirebiT: esaa sulieri Tavisuflebis Sejaxeba `konsis
torul~165 sulTan, romelic ver itans verafers, rac
165 konsistoria – ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi eparqiis
mRvdelmTavarTan arsebuli saeklesio-administraciuli mmarTvelobis
organo (sasuliero konsistoria); romis papis gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro
organo; protestantul denominaciebSi saeklesio-administraciuli
mmarTvelobis organo, romelSic Sedian kultis msaxurni da saero pirebi.
oficialuri saeklesio cxovrebis rutinis zRvars scildeba.

ganmartoebuli gandegili aRmoCnda devnili, gadasaxlebuli,
Seviwroebuli. magram sabolood imarjvebs is da ara
`konsistoria~. eklesiuri azrovneba masSi sakuTari rwmenis,
sakuTari sasoebis namdvil mowmes cnobs. Rirsi svimeonis
sikvdilidan as welze naklebi xnis Semdeg mas pativs miagebs
mTeli aRmosavleTis eklesia.
imave meaTe saukunidan bizantiuri ber-monazvnobis mTavar
centrad, aseve marTlmadideblur RvTismetyvelebaSi am
`gonebaWvretiTi~ mimdinareobis centrad `wminda mTa~ – aToni
iqca da aseTad rCeba is dRemde. aTonis gandegilebiT dasaxleba
Zalian adre, SesaZloa meoTxe saukunidan iwyeba. ber-
monazvnobis istoriam aqac gaiara Tavisi ganviTarebis yvela
faza: gandegiloba, Semdeg `lavrebi~, romlebic ganmartoebul
askezas monazonTa erTad cxovrebis wesTan aerTianebda, da,
bolos, monastrebi, romelTa wesdebiT mkacrad iyo
regulirebuli samonastro cxovreba. aTonze amgvari sawesdebo
ber-monazvnobis damaarseblad Rirsi aTanase aToneli iTvleba,
romlis drosac Seiqmna saxelganTqmuli `lavra~ da romelsac
misi saxeli ewoda (960 w.). XII saukuneSi imperator aleqsi
komnenosis dros, aToni ukve saboloodaa `sanqcirebuli~
bizantiuri ber-monazvnobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul centrad.
swored aq iyris Tavs `gonebaWvretiTi~ RvTismetyvelebis
yvela is Zafi, romliTac adreuli `meudabnoe mamebiT~
dawyebuli cxovrobs aRmosavluri ber-monazvnoba. aToni
gvianbizantiur epoqaSi daZabuli saRvTismetyvelo cxovrebis
centri xdeba. da araferi aaSkaravebs ise bizantiaSi
saRvTismetyvelo azrovnebis gaorebas, mTel gansxvavebas
òficialur RvTismetyvelebasa~ da gamocdilebiseul
RvTismetyvelebas Soris, rogorc kamaTi ìsixazmis~ Sesaxeb,
rac aTonze XIV saukuneSi daiwyo da rac dakavSirebulia wm.
grigol palamas saxelTan. garegnulad kamaTi asketuri
qmedebis TiTqmis `teqnikur~ sakiTxebze midioda – e.w.
ìsixiaze~, anu mdumarebis Rvawlze, risi meoxebiTac xdeba
`gonebis mokreba~ da miiRweva RmrTaebrivi naTlis Wvreta.

magram Zalian male aq mTavari kiTxva daisva: ras Wvrets, ras
xedavs, ras eziareba moRvawe? isixazmis mowinaaRmdegeebs
eCvenebodaT, rom `ganRmrTobis~ RvTismetyvelebaSi iSleba
sazRvari qmnilebasa da RmerTs Soris, rom isixastebis
swavleba Taboris naTlis uqmnelobis Sesaxeb (kamaTi
daiyvaneboda swored saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxze fericvalebis
naTlis bunebis Sesaxeb) Tavis ukidures daskvnebSi
`panTeizms~166 esazRvreba. swored isixastebis dasacavad
gamovida wm. grigoli, aToneli beri, mogvianebiT Tesalonikis
episkoposi (1296-1359 ww.) – udavod udidesi bizantieli
RvTismetyveli. kaTolike istorikosebs xSirad surdaT imis
damtkiceba, rom misi swavleba marTlmadidebeli
RvTismetyvelebis istoriaSi gaugonari siaxle iyo da
aRmosavluri mistikis yvela ukiduresobas da ucnaurobas
gamoxatavda. magram rogorc kargad gvaCvena mis Sesaxeb
bolodroindelma gamokvlevebma (mama vasili krivoSeini, mama
kipriane kerni), sinamdvileSi is mxolod amTavrebs,
SemoqmedebiTad ganaaxlebs qristianobis marTlmadidebluri
gagebis uZveles, ZiriTad xazs. es gageba ki imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom RmerTi WeSmaritad imyofeba samyaroSi, rom Cven
SevimecnebT mas, vuerTdebiT mas ara abstraqtuli gonebrivi
daskvnebis saSualebiT, ara `filosofiurad~, aramed
ontologiurad. aq, RmerTTan realuri SeerTebis dacvaSia
palamituri swavlebis azri `RmrTaebrivi energiebis~ Sesaxeb,
romliTac ganmsWvalulia samyaro da romlis meoxebiTac es
samyaro, RmerTTan (Tavisi arsiT Seucnobelis) Serwymis gareSe
SeerTebulia masTan, SeiZleba èziaros~ mas, hqondes is sakuTar
TavSi, usasrulod izrdebodes masTan siaxloviT. ìsixazmis~
gamocdilebaSi, wm. grigol palamas RvTismetyvelebaSi
cocxldeba eklesiis mamebis yvela gardamocema: qristes
RmerTkacobriv xatebaSi da suliwmindis madlSi qristianoba
166 panTeizmi – religiur-filosofiuri swavleba, romelic erTmaneTTan

aigivebs RmerTsa da samyaros.
warmoCindeba rogorc xilva adamianuri arsebis ganRmrTobili

sisrulis, masSi ki – samyaroSi arsebuli yovelives `RmerTTan
ziarebisa~.
wminda svimeon axali RvTismetyvelisa da wm. grigol
palamasaTvis, bizantiuri mistikis mxolod am ori mwvervaliT
rom SemovifargloT, mamebis avtoriteti iseTive maRali iyo,
rogorc konstantinopolis sapatriarqos `didaskalionis~
saskolo RvTismetyvelTaTvis, magram maTTvis ar ismeboda
sakiTxi wminda mamebis gardamocemebisadmi erTgulebis Sesaxeb,
radgan maTTvis gardamocema ar iyo gareSe, Tavsmoxveuli
avtoriteti, romelic brma morCilebas moiTxovda. isini
cxovrobdnen am gardamocemebSi da gardamocemebi maTTvis
Signidan cxaddeboda, rogorc erTianoba rwmenisa, erTianoba
gamocdilebisa. maTTvis, uwindeli mamebis msgavsad,
RvTismetyveleba ganyenebuli codna ki ara, `cxovrebisa da
cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis SemoqmedebiTad gadawyvetis saqme
iyo.~ isini imitomac iyvnen Tavisufalni, rom maTSi, maT
eklesiur gamocdilebaSi iyo dasaZirkvlebuli rwmenaSi
mamebTan da gardamocemebTan maTi erTianobis kriteriumebi. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mistikuri gza aris gansakuTrebuli gza,
RvTismetyvelebis gansakuTrebul sferod miCneuli, mainc
yoveli WeSmariti RvTismetyveleba safuZvelSive mistiuria,
radgan mowmobs, pirvel yovlisa, religiuri gamocdilebis
Sesaxeb. amitomac, mxolod RvawlSi, SemoqmedebaSi, ZalisxmevaSi
cxaddeba gardamocemis Zala, sxvagvarad igi `mkvdar istoriul
dokumentad~ iqceva, romelic gonebas ganyenebuli da
arafrismTqmeli formulebiT boWavs.
Cven vnaxeT, rom swored `teqstebis~ garegani avtoritetiT
oficialuri bizantiuri RvTismetyvelebis SeboWilobam
gamoiwvia, erTi mxriv, `deqristianizebuli~ elinizmis xelaxali
afeTqeba, meore mxriv ki, isixastebTan Sejaxeba. Tumca, prof. f.
i. uspenski cdilobda yvela es konfliqti daeyvana ori
ZiriTadi filosofiuri mocemulobis – aristotelizmisa da
platonizmis brZolamde, rac TiTqos gansazRvravda
bizantiuri azrovnebis istorias. TiTqosda, filosofosebi da

`mistikosebi~ platons eyrdnobodnen maSin, roca ioane
damaskelidan moyolebuli eklesiis oficialuri doqtrina
aristoteles eniT iyo gamoxatuli. magram ukve araerTxel
miuTiTes am sqemis mcdarobis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, palamas
erT-erTi mTavari mteri – nikifore grigora – filosofiaSi
mtkice `platonisti~ iyo. palamas an wm. svimeonis winaSe
namdvilad ver daismeboda kiTxva – vis `mivsdioT~ qristianuli
dogmatikis agebisas – platons Tu aristoteles. maTTvis
pirveladi realoba qristianuli gamocxadeba da is `Teoria~167,
is Wvreta iyo, romlis dafiqsirebasac isini sityvierad
cdilobdnen, magram romlis mimarTac verc platoni da verc
aristotele aSkarad ver iqnebodnen bolomde adekvaturi.
palamas SeeZlo daemowmebina platonica da aristotelec da
SeeZlo orive `gaekicxa~ kidec, radgan isini ki ar
gansazRvravdnen palamas religiur gamocdilebas, aramed
Tavad fasdebodnen am gamocdilebis meSveobiT. qristianuli
RvTismetyveleba, Tavisi arsiT, SeuZlebelia ar iyos
garkveulwilad èkleqturi~ qristianobamdel filosofiasTan
mimarTebaSi, ra maRlac ar unda ayenebdes mas da rac unda
Tamamad ar axdendes sakuTari `gamouTqmeli saidumloebebis~
formulirebas am filosofiis enaze. amitomac `bizantiur
mistikaSi~ bunebrivad cocxldeboda elinizmTan is `sinTezic~,
misi is gaeklesiureba, rac mamaTa SemoqmedebaSi aRsruldeboda.
swored es mimdinareoba aRmoCnda bizantiis sulier
memkvidreobaSi mTavari da yvelaze Rirebuli da swored igi
anayofierebs dRemde marTlmadideblur eklesiur azrovnebas.
amitomac, 1351 wlisa da 1368 wlis konstantinopolis krebebi,
romlebmac eklesiuri rwmenis WeSmarit gamoxatulebad
palamizmi daamkvidra, Tavad palama ki wmindanad Seracxa (misi
xsenebis dRed didmarxvis meore kviradRe dadginda) arsebiTad
bizantiuri marTlmadideblobis sulieri Sedegia.
167 `Teoria~ – aq termini gamoyenebulia platoniseuli SinaarsiT, rac

gonebrivi da grZnobiTi aRqmis erTobliobas gulisxmobs
nawili 5
eklesiis istoriaSi gvianbizantiur periods èklesiaTa

ganyofis epoqasac~ uwodeben da aseTi dasaxeleba, ra Tqma unda,
Seesabameba qristianobis istoriul gzaze momxdari am udidesi
tragediis mTel mniSvnelobas. garkveuli azriT, bizantiis
mTeli cxovreba marTlac am movlenis niSniT mimdinareobs da im
dros Camoyalibebuli ganyofiT gamowveuli `gancdebi~ dRemde
Tavisi tonalobiT aferadebs urTierTobas marTlmadideblur
aRmosavleTsa da roms Soris. eklesiebis gayofis Seswavla or –
istoriul da dogmatur WrilSi SeiZleba. istoriulad es
Zalian rTuli movlenaa, romelSic mxolod arakeTil
sindisieri da tendenciuri midgomis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli
mTeli bralis erTi mxarisaTvis dakisreba da meoris ulaparako
`gamarTleba~. dogmaturad ki mniSvnelovania ara imdenad is, Tu
rogor moxda eklesiebis ganyofa, aramed is, Tu ram gahyo isini
arsebiTad – anu romis eklesiis is mtkicebulebani (jer erTi,
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb – dogmati papis ucodvelobis Sesaxeb,
meorec, eklesiis rwmenis Sesaxeb – swavleba suliwmindis,
RvTismSoblis umanko Casaxvis Sesaxeb), romlebic
marTlmadideblobis TvalsazrisiTYewinaaRmdegeba qristiano
bis ZiriTad WeSmaritebas. magram, radganac Cven axla vcdilobT
eklesiebis gayofis adgilisa da mniSvnelobis garkvevas
aRmosavluri marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi, bunebrivia,
pirvel yovlisa, am movlenis istoriul aspeqts unda CavwvdeT.
ukve visaubreT adreuli eklesiis erTianobaze, agreTve imis
Sesaxeb, rom pirvelqristianul azrovnebaSi es erTianoba
gancdili iyo ara mxolod rogorc `forma~, aramed, uwinaresad,
rogorc Tavad qristianobis Sinaarsi: qriste movida, `ra¡Ta
Svilnica RmrTisani ganbneulni Sekribnes erTad~168, raTa
`bunebrivi~ mizezebis gamo dayofili adamianebi zebunebrivi
erTianobiT daekavSirebina RmrTis axal xalxSi, `sada-igi ara
ars warmarT da huria, winadacueTileba da winadaucueTileba,
168 iovane, 11:52

barbaroz, skviTel, moneba, aznaureba, aramed yovlad yovelsa

Sina qriste~169. es erTianoba xorcieldeboda yoveli
adgilobrivi eklesiis erTianobaSi. adgilobrivi eklesia Tavis
SekrebaSi, romelsac winamZRolobda episkoposi, warmoaCenda
erTiani sxeulis saxes Tavisi meTauriT – qristeTi yvela
eklesiasTan erTobaSi, romelSic yvela eklesia SeerTebulia
erTi rwmeniT, erTi samociqulo memkvidreobiT, erTi
sicocxliT; sixaruli am erTobis gamo, mudmivi gancda madlis
gamarjvebisa nebismier bunebriv ganyofaze, yvelaze
STamagonebeli motivia adreuli eklesiis ZeglebSi; istoriaSi,
Tavisi cxovrebis faqtebSi, eklesia namdvilad warmoaCenda
sakuTar Tavs, rogorc erTians; eklesiisaTvis erTianoba ar iyo
erTi miuRweveli ideali. da amitom, mxolod am erTianobasTan
mimarTebiT SeiZleba eklesiis gayofis mTeli codvisa da
tragediis Sefaseba.
imasac vambobdiT, rom eklesiis ZiriTadi struqtura –
rogorc msoflio kavSiri adgilobrivi eklesiebisa, romlebic
erTmaneTTan SeerTebulni arian samociqulo memkvidreobis
erTianobiT, gardamocemis erTianobiTa da uwyveti `kaTolike~
TanxmobiT – eklesiis Tavdapirveli struqtura iyo. ase rom,
TiToeuli eklesia-Temi imavdroulad warmoadgenda qristesa
da eklesiis erTianobis srul xatebas, anu ganxorcielebas da,
amasTan erTad, aseTive organulobiT aRiqvamda sakuTar Tavs
yvela qristianis, rogorc RmrTis xalxis msoflio erTobis
nawilad. da Tu adgilobrivi eklesiis wyoba da misi kavSiri sxva
eklesiebTan uSualod Tavad qristianobis arsisgan gamom
dinareobda da amitom eklesiis ganuyofel `niSans~ warmoad
genda, eklesiaTa Soris am kavSiris garegnuli formebi
icvleboda, viTardeboda cvladi istoriuli pirobebis Sesa
bamisad. ase magaliTad, mociqulebis epoqaSi yvela eklesiis
erTianobis udavo centri iyo ierusalimis Temi, `deda eklesia~
am sityvis sruli da absoluturi mniSvnelobiT – wyaro da
xateba yvela sxva TemisaTvis. palestinuri iudeo-qristianobis
169 kolas. 3:10

dasasrulTan erTad eklesiaSi ukve mociqulTa avtoritetiT

kurTxeul ramdenime aseT `centrs~ vxedavT, romlebic
`centralurni~ arian agreTve qristianebis raodenobiTa da
qalaqis mniSvnelobiT. Tavidan am centrebTan – antioqiasTan da
efesosTan aRmosavleTSi, romTan dasavleTSi – ar aris
dakavSirebuli raime saxis ìurisdiqciuli~ an `kanonikuri~
uflebebi. magram vinaidan isini warmodgendnen qadagebisa da
qristianobis gavrcelebis wyaros TavianT garSemo, bunebrivia,
rom maT gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT eqcevian da gansa
kuTrebuli avtoriteti aqvT. magaliTad, pirveli saukunis
bolos romis eklesia korinTos eklesias mimarTavs, sadac
ganyofa daiwyo; episkoposi egnate antioqieli, mowameobis
gzaze Semdgari, mcireaziur eklesiebs rwmenaSi moZRvravs. ar
aris saubari ùflebebsa~ an `daqvemdebarebaze,~ magram ufro
Zveli eklesiebi, bunebrivia, ufro Zlierad acnobiereben
qristianebis msoflio erTianobisa da eklesiis `keTildReo
baze~ zrunvis aucileblobas. am centrebs Soris, eWvgareSea,
Tavidanve gansakuTrebuli aRiarebiT sargeblobs romis
eklesia, petre da pavle mociqulebis eklesia, imperiis
dedaqalaqis eklesia. zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, rom Zalian male
Cndeba garkveuli uTanxmoebebic: romaeli episkoposebi midre
kilni arian, TavianTi avtoriteti zogjer raRac gansa
kuTrebul, ukve formalur ùflebebTan~ gaaigivon, `siyva
rulSi meTaurobis~ tradicia ufro metad da metad ganmarton
iuridiulad. magram yovel jerze amgvari pretenziebi mTeli
eklesiis – erTnairad imperiis dasavleTsa Tu aRmosavleTSi,
SeTanxmebul uaryofas awydeboda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, meoTxe
saukunis dasawyisSi, romis pirvel adgils eklesiaSi aravin
uaryofs, meore mxriv, eklesiis msoflio struqturac Ziri
Tadad Camoyalibda: igi, rogorc viciT, sabolood patriar
qatebiT, anu erTi didi centris irgvliv gaerTianebuli
adgilobrivi eklesiebis farTo erTobiT gamoixata.
aseTia mdgomareoba `konstantineseuli periodis~ dasa
wyisSi. magram swored am momentidan Rrmavdeba is Zireuli
`gaugebroba~ eklesiis aRmosavleT da dasavleT nawilebs

Soris, romlis Sedegic saboloo ganyofiT gamovlindeba. erTi
mxriv, romSi sul ufro mkafiod yalibdeba papobis, rogorc
msoflios eklesiebs Soris romis episkoposis gansakuTrebuli
da RmrTiT dawesebuli uflebebis savsebiT gansazRvruli
gageba. papizmis zrda gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba dasavleTis
imperiis ngrevasTan erTad, rodesac Seqmnil qaosSi romauli
eklesia erTaderT lamprad rCeba. pap leon didis nawarmoebebSi
– mexuTe saukuneSi – papizmis Teoria ukve maqsimaluri
sicxadiT aris gamoxatuli. da aseve naTelia isic, rom es
Teoria mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba mTeli aRmosavleTis mier
odiTganve aRiarebuli eklesiuri wyobis gagebas. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mexuTe-meeqvse saukuneebSi eklesiaSi
vxedavT ara marto or gansxvavebul, aramed erTmaneTis
faqtobrivad gamomricxav or èklesiologias~ – or swavlebas
eklesiis Sesaxeb.
ai, swored aq unda mivuTiToT imaze, arsebiTad ra aris
aRmosavleTis brali eklesiebis ganyofaSi, saxeldobr:
aRmosavluri eklesiuri cnobierebis mier am eklesiologiuri
winaaRmdegobis TiTqmis sruli SeugrZnobloba, papizmis zrdis
winaaRmdeg ramdenadme Tanmimdevruli reaqciis ararseboba.
msoflio krebebis epoqaSi romSi Riad iqadageba Teoria mTel
msoflio eklesiaze romaeli mRvdelmTavris `Zalauflebis~
(potestas) Sesaxeb, romelic asea formulirebuli protestanti
kanonistis zomis mier: `romi eklesiis meTauria, mis gareSe
eklesia ar aris eklesia da mxolod romTan gaerTianebiT Sedian
calkeuli Temebi kaTolike eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi.~ magram
aRmosavleTi ver xedavs, ar surs dainaxos es Teoria, misi
winaaRmdegobrioba eklesiis Sesaxeb sakuTari swavlebis mimarT.
romi mudam mkafiod mihyveba Tavis xazs, aRmosavleTi ki,
miuxedavad imisa, rom am xazs arsebiTad arasdros iziarebs, arc
erTxel – IX saukunemde – ase Tu ise naTeli formebiT ar
gamoxatavs mis miuReblobas, ar uaryofs mas, mudam cdilobs mis
miCqmalvas bundovani da orazrovani frazebiT. roca dRes,
kaTolike swavlulebi efesos an qalkedonis krebebis

magaliTiT amtkiceben, rom maSin aRmosavleTi cnobda romis
primats, Semdeg ki uaryo igi, sakmaod Znelia amaze pasuxi
formalur-istoriuli kategoriebis farglebSi, radgan
efesosa da qalkedonis istoriidan marTlac SeiZleba
gamoiyvano berZnuli episkopatis mier romis episkoposis
gansakuTrebuli prerogativebis aRiarebis faqti. rodesac am
movlenebs mTeli aRmosavluri azrovnebis `konteqstSi~
ganvmartavT da mas sxva faqtebs vadarebT, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, rodesac aRmosavlur eklesias erTianobaSi
ganvixilavT, Cven viciT, rom es ase ar aris, magram formalurad
aRmosavleTi arc celestinuss pasuxobs efesoSi da arc leons
qalkedonSi. rodesac papi celestinusis legatma efesoSi
ganacxada, rom `petre, romelsac ufalma ieso qristem
sasufevlis gasaRebi Caabara da aRWurva ganxsnisa da Sekvris
ZalauflebiT da amieridan da ukunisamde myofobs da gansjis
Tavisi memkvidreebis meSveobiT,~ berZenma episkoposebma
dumili arCies. rodesac papma leon didma gaaprotesta
qalkedonis ybadaRebuli 28-e kanoni, romelic axali romis
pativs exeboda, patriarqma anatolim weriliT upasuxa,
romelSic sulmokled ixsnida pasuxismgeblobas am kanonis gamo
da arwmunebda paps, rom papis damtkicebis gareSe msoflio
krebis arc erTi gadawyvetileba ar aris Zalmosili. romTan am
mudam ganusazRvreli kompromisisaTvis kidev ufro
damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavleTis episkoposebis mier 515 wels pap
hormizdasis `formularis~ xelmowera, ramac daasrula romsa
da konstantinopols Soris ocdaaTwliani sqizma170:
SeuZlebelia ufro zustad gadmoices papis moTxovnilebebis
mTeli arsi, vidre es aRmosavleTis episkoposebisaTvis
Tavsmoxveul am dokumentSia mocemuli. diuSenis gamoTvlebiT,
170 sqizma (berZn) – ganyofa, ganxeTqileba. axal aRTqmaSi es termini aRniSnavs

yovelgvar saeklesio ganyofasa da SfoTs; ufro gvian sqizma ewoda eklesiis
wiaRSi momxdar iseT ganxeTqilebas, romelic ar exeboda dogmatebs. amiT
sqizma gansxvavdeba eresisagan.
konstantinedan meSvide msoflio krebamde, aRmosavleTis

eklesia 203 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxeTqilebaSi iyo romTan,
magram aRsaniSnavia, rom ganxeTqilebis mizezi arasdros
yofila aRmosavleTis mier papizmis uaryofa, amis mizezi
yovelTvis dogmaturi sakiTxebi da eresebi iyo...
àRmosavlelni – wers prof. kartaSevi – araTu droulad ar
ewinaaRmdegebodnen papobis dogmatis zrdad mistikas, araTu
uxmod awerdnen xels papis formulebs... aramed Tavadac romis
mimarT sakuTari iuridiulad gaucnobierebeli apelaciebiT an
gulubryvilo romofilobiT amyarebdnen romaelebSi
gulwrfel iluzias, TiTqos berZnebic iziareben papobis
mistikis dasavlur gagebas.~
riT aixsneba es ucnauri movlena? Cveulebriv, kaTolike
mecnierebi amas an aRmosavleTSi eklesiis Sesaxeb mkafio
swavlebis sruli ararsebobiT xsnian, an berZnuli ierarqiis
òportunizmiT~, romelic saWiroebis mixedviT aRiarebda an
uaryofda romaul primats. es, ra Tqma unda, ase ar aris. Tuki
aRmosavleTSi eklesiis iuridiul-kanonikuri aspeqti
dasavleTTan SedarebiT marTlac sustad damuSavebuli da
`gaformebuli~ aRmoCnda, es, pirvel rigSi, aixsneba eklesiisa
da yovelive masSi arsebulis, rogorc sakramentul realobaze
dafuZnebulis, Zalian Rrma gancdiT: eklesiis saidumlo arsis
gancdiT, rogorc qristes sxeulisa. aRmosavluri kanonikuri
gadmocema swored eklesiis madlmosili sisrulis
safarvelidanaa amozrdili. magram es ganmarteba sakmarisi ar
aris. aRmosavleTis mier papizmis `SeugrZnoblobis~ meore
mizezi isev da isev imperiasTan eklesiis kavSirSi imaleba, ris
Sesaxebac adre sakmaod visaubreT. vnaxeT, rom konstantines
moqcevis erT-erTi Sedegi is iyo, rom Tavad eklesiam SeiTvisa
misi Teokratiuli ocneba, rom imperia Tavad eklesiisTvis
gaxda misi miwieri arsebobis TiTqosda aucilebeli kategoria.
didxans, Zalian didxans egonaT, rom qveynierebasa da
istoriasTan qristianobis mimarTebis erTaderT da bunebriv
wertils erTiani qristianuli imperia warmoadgens, is
`samyaro~, romlis wminda da mociqulTaswor damaarseblad

eklesiisTvis konstantine darCa. unda iTqvas, rom es `romauli
idea~ saerTo iyo mTeli eklesiisaTvis – rogorc dasavleTSi,
ise aRmosavleTSi. magram dasavleTSi imperiis
saxelmwifoebrivma ngrevam es idea axali formebiT Semosa da
papizmis zrdis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda. grandiozuli
konfliqti papebsa da germanel imperatorebs Soris arsebiTad
erTi da igive romauli tradiciis gaorebis Sedegi iyo. es iyo
brZola qveynierebis mowyobis or – erTnairad Teokratiul
koncefcias Soris. magram Cven axla aRmosavleTi gvainteresebs.
aq ki, rogorc ukve viciT, am ideam TandaTan gamoiwvia
garkveuli eklesiur-saxelmwifoebrivi ideologiis gamomu
Saveba – eklesiisa da saxelmwifos organuli urTierTkavSiri.
magram swored imaSi iyo am ideologiis saSiSroeba, rom masSi
TiTqmis iSleboda zRvari èklesiologias~ – anu maradiul
swavlebas eklesiis maradiuli arsis Sesaxeb da mocemul
istoriul pirobebTan mimarTebaSi mis `droebiT~ gamoyenebas
Soris, romlis wyalobiTac imperia marTlac warmoadgenda
eklesiis miwier sayrdens. swavleba eklesiis Sesaxeb rogorRac
Seerwya swavlebas imperiasTan misi kavSiris Sesaxeb, saeklesio-
saxelmwifoebriv ideologias. xolo sakiTxi romis
miswrafebebis Sesaxeb ubralod ar eteoda am ideologiaSi da
papizmi am ideologiam bizantiuri saeklesio cnobierebis
winaaRmdegobisagan daicva. warmatebiT Tu warumateblad,
aRmosavleTis eklesiam saxelmwifo struqturebTan
SeTanxmebis gziT gadawyvita sakuTari administraciul-
kanonikuri mowyobis yvela sakiTxi. amitomac, romaul sakiTxze
aRmosavleTi eklesiurad ar reagirebda, radganac igi ara
eklesiur, aramed saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxad miaCnda. xolo
roca aRmosavleTi ukve faqtobrivad mowyda dasavleTs da
masTan mudmivi urTierToba dakarga, aRmosavlelebs ukve
aRarc esmodaT papebis mier TavianT iurisdiqciul
miswrafebebSi Cadebuli dogmaturi azrebi, aramed `daufiq
reblobis gamo egonaT, rom saqme mxolod administraciul
pirvelobasa da Zalauflebis siyvarulSi iyo~ (a. v. kartaSevi).

amasTan erTad, aRmosavluri gagebiT, amgvari administraciuli
sakiTxi ara imdenad saeklesio, aramed eklesiur-
saxelmwifoebriv sferos ganekuTvneboda. amitomac, swored es
saxelmwifoebrivi zRude uSlida bizantiur eklesias, papobis
sakiTxi misi WeSmaritad saRvTismetyvelo an eklesiologiuri
mniSvnelobiT gaeazrebina. imave mizezebis gamo, ris gamoc
konstantinopolis eklesia `ganwiruli~ iyo dawinaurebisaTvis,
marcxisaTvis iyo ganwiruli am dawinaurebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli papebis yvela protestic. meore mxriv, dogmaturi
davebiT mudam aSlili aRmosavleTi mTel Zalisxmevas maT
gadasawyvetad mimarTavda da xSirad uwevda daxmarebis Zebna
naklebad `RvTismetyvel~, samagierod eretikuli daava
debebisadmi naklebad midrekil dasavleTTan. da aseT
SemTxvevebSi aRmosavleli episkoposebi daufiqreblad
adidebdnen paps, rogorc TavianT mamasa da maswavlebels,
radganac icodnen, an, ufro sworad, qvecnobierad grZnobdnen,
rom es verafers Secvlida aRmosavleTis eklesiis imperiul
organizaciaSi. xSirad TviT imperatorebi, dainteresebulni
saxelmwifo amboxSi gadazrdili dogmaturi davebis swrafi
gadawyvetiT, ubiZgebdnen aRmosavlel episkoposebs aseTi
araTanmimdevruli `romofilobisaken.~
ase iyo, magaliTad 515 wels àkakis ganxeTqilebis~171
likvidaciisas, an ufro gvian pap agapetusis mier patriarq minas
xeldasxmisas iustinianes mefobis dasawyisSi172. amasTan,
srulebiTac ar iqneba swori vifiqroT, rom saeklesio mowyobis
sakiTxebi saerTod ucxo iyo TiTqosda mudam metafizikur
simaRleebSi monavarde marTlmadidebluri aRmosavleTisa
171 akakis ganxeTqileba – 35 wliani saeklesio ganxeTqileba aRmosavleTsa da

dasavleTs Soris (484-519 wlebi) imperator zenonis `henotikonisadmi~
gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis gamo. saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba
konstantinopolis patriarq akakis. es qristianobis istoriaSi pirveli
saelesio ganxeTqilebaa.
172 pap agapetusis mcdelobiT konstantinopolis patriarqi anTimozi taxts
Camoaciles da mis nacvlad patriarqis taxtze misi metoqe mina aiyvanes.
Tvis. sakmarisia mivuTiToT bizantiis mTel kanonikur

gardamocemaze, romelic gandidebulia balsamonis, zonaras,
xomatianosisa da sxva mravalis mier. ubralod kanonikuri
cnobiereba aRmosavleTSi iyo sxva, vidre dasavleTSi.
aRmosavleTSi Tvlidnen, rom mas Semdeg, rac saimperatoro
xelisufleba qristianuli gaxda, eklesiis sagareo
organizaciis yvela sakiTxi imperatoris xelisuflebasTan
erTad wydeba da amitom saeklesio kanonebi imperatoris mier
unda iyos sanqcirebuli da saxelmwifo kanonebad unda iqces...
aRmosavleTSi eklesiis gagebasa da gancdaSi romisagan
daSorebis mTeli siRrmis SeugrZnobloba, upirvelesad,
bizantiuri saeklesio cnobierebis `gasaxelmwifoebriobis~
Sedegi iyo.
es daSoreba, ra Tqma unda, adre Tu gvian unda
gamomJRavnebuliyo. magram moxda ise, rom saeklesio
urTierToba, romelsac erTaderTs SeeZlo eklesiis
ganxeTqilebis SeCereba, erTaderTs SeeZlo maTi dabruneba
daavadebaTa urTierTkurnebis, TiToeulis istoriul da
saRvTismetyvelo uZlurebaTa neli gankurnebis gzaze, yovel
momdevno saukuneSi sul ufro metad da metad irRveoda. am
epoqaSi romauli ìkumeni~ iSleba calkeul samyaroebad,
romlebic kargaven erTmaneTTan kavSirs da iwyeben sakuTar
TavSi Caketil cxovrebas. imperiis or naxevars Soris kavSiri,
welSi gawyvetili diokletianes diarqiiT, dedaqalaqis
bosforze gadataniTa da Teodosis gayofiT173, barbarosebis
Semosevebis epoqaSi sul ufro metad da metad irRveva.
bizantiuri politikis ZiriTadi mizani axla mudmivad safrTxis
Semqmneli aziuri aRmosavleTisagan Tavis dacva gaxda.
bizantias aRar esaWiroeba dasavleTi. bizantiuri politikis
swored es aRmosavluri orientacia, imperatorebis mier
sabolood aTvisebuli iustinianes ocnebis kraxis Semdeg, kidev
173 aq igulisxmeba romis imperatori Teodosi I didi, romelic mefobda 379-

395 wlebSi da romelmac sikvdilis win romis erTiani imperia dasavleT da
aRmosavleT imperiebad gauyo Tavis or Svils.
ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi uzrunvelyofs imperiis

saxelmwifoebriv mdgradobasa da Zlierebasac ki. es
àRmosavluri~ periodi grZeldeba manam, sanam bizantias aziis
moZalebis damoukideblad gawonasworeba SeuZlia. mas
ganekuTvneba isavriuli da makedonuri dinastiebis periodebi,
imperiis am aRmosavluri àvtarkiis~174 gzaze ukanasknel
aRmasvlad ki basili bulgarTmmusvrelis (976-1025 ww.) mefoba
unda CaiTvalos, romlis drosac imperia ganvrcobilia
istriidan evfratamde da dravidan kviprosamde. magram,
samagierod, swored am dros ìmperia arcerTi mxridan araa ise
Caketili, rogorc dasavleTidan... imperiis saxe aRmo
savleTiskenaa mibrunebuli~ (neimani).
unda iTqvas, rom eklesia èmorCileba~ istoriis am zewolas
da arafers akeTebs mis dasaZlevad. saxelmwifoebriv da
ekonomikur gancalkevebas eklesiuri gancalkevebac Tan sdevs.
oficialurad eklesia erTiania, kavSirebi ar aris bolomde
gawyvetili, magram misi erToba xom arsebiTad òficialuri~
kavSirebiT ki ara, aramed namdvili da cxovrebiseuli
urTierTobiT, erTmaneTze mudmivi zrunviT, da, rac mTavaria,
`bunebrivi~ gayofis madlmosili erTianobiT gadawonisaken
mimarTuli ganuwyveteli ZalisxmeviT ikvebeba. da ai, sustdeba
es kaTolike cnobiereba, ase rom aRafrTovanebda irineos
lionels an kipriane karTagenels; aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi
ara marto politikurad, aramed eklesiuradac sakuTari
horizontis SigniT iketeba. xatmebrZoli krizisis dros –
bizantieli imperatorebis braliT – imperiasTan papizmis
gamaerTianebeli ukanaskneli kavSirebi wydeba. da unda
vaRiaroT, rom papebis konservatiulma da agreTve aseTive
ìmperiulma~ cnobierebam bevr eWvsa da tanjvaSi gamoiara, sanam
papebi kavSirebis saboloo darRvevas gadawyvetdnen. mxolod
italiisa da romis sasowarkveTilma mdgomareobam da
bizantiisagan daxmarebis miRebis SeuZleblobam ubiZga papebs
174 avtarkia (berZn.) – TviTdakmayofileba, TviTkmarobis SegrZneba, danarCeni

samyarosagan Caketili/daxuruli sistemis Seqmna.
frank mefeebs Caxutebodnen – da es iyo dasavluri samyaros

istoriis axali periodis dasawyisi. magram aRmosavleTis
dasavleTisagan ukiduresi gaucxoebis am epoqas ekuTvnis,
rogorc vnaxeT, bizantiuri marTlmadideblobis saboloo
kristalizaciac. iqmneba ori samyaro, ori tradicia, ori
saeklesio fsiqologia, romlebmac erTmaneTis Sesaxeb cota Tu
icis, da Tu formalurad eklesiis erTianoba jer kidev
darRveuli ar aris, cxovrebaSi igi ukve aRar arsebobs. romis
miswrafebebis Sesaxeb sakiTxi, gadauwyveteli, da wina epoqaSi
arsebiTad dausmelic ki aRmosavleTSi, axla dasavleTTan
fragmentuli da SemTxveviTi urTierTobebis gamo faqtobrivad
ukugdebulia da aRar saWiroebs gadawyvetas. `bneli sauku
neebis~ am areul da boboqar Jams papebs aRmosavleTisaTvis ar
scaliaT, sakuTar siZneleebSi CaZiruli bizantia ki ukve aRar
fiqrobs dasavleTze. aRmosavleTis eklesia, winaT romTan
Tundac dogmaturad `Tanaziari,~175 axla ukve eCveva savsebiT
mis gareSe cxovrebas da sabolood iketeba sakuTar
ìmperiulobaSi~. yvelaferi, rac imperiis miRmaa, bizantiaSi
ganisazRvreba terminiT `barbarosebi~ da am barbarosebisadmi
damokidebuleba sruliad ganusazRvrelia. bizantiuri saek
lesio cnobierebisaTvis aseve arsebiTad gaurkvevelia romis
episkoposis axali mdgomareobac da am gaurkvevlobis gadaWras
`pentarqiis~ (xuTi patriarqatis)176 an `xuTi grZnobis~ TeoriiT
cdiloben, amasTan, Zalianac ar iwuxeben Tavs imaze fiqriT,
aRiarebs Tu ara am Teoriebs Tavad papi.
magram es gaucxoeba iqamde mivida, rom, roca es ori samyaro
kvlav Sexvda erTmaneTs, isini erTmaneTisaTvis namdvilad
ucxoni, arasaWironi, sxvadasxva enaze mosaubreni da, bolos,
mtrulad ganwyobilnic ki aRmoCndnen. eklesiis istoriaSi
Znelad Tu moiZebneba imaze ufro sevdiani furclebi, vidre
isini, romlebic mogviTxroben im usiyvarulobis, eWvianobis,
175 dedanSia - `соборовавшая»

176 igulisxmeba romis, konstantinepolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da
ierusalimis sapatriarqoebi.
mewvrilmaneobis, sulis SemxuTveli siviwrovis Sesaxeb, rac

orive mxarem im saukuneebSi gamoavlina.
amgvari `Sexvedris~ pirvel gamocdilebas mecxre saukunis
bolos patriarqebis – fotiosisa da egnates ybadaRebul
saqmeSi vxedavT: am gamocdilebam aRmosavleTSi friad
samwuxaro mogoneba datova Tavis Tavze. Znelia ufro meti
gaugebrobis, Seuwynareblobis, qedmaRlobis gamoCena, vidre
papma nikolozma da misma memkvidreebma Caidines bizantiuri
eklesiis Sida garTulebebSi Carevisas. axlaxan es romaul-
kaTolikurma mecnierebamac aRiara abat dvornikis piriT,
romelmac uzarmazari Sroma miuZRvna fotiosis
`reabilitacias~. es ukanaskneli kaTolikebs aqamde `ganyofis
mamad~ miaCndaT. magram es drama, pirvel yovlisa, imiTaa
mniSvnelovani, rom patriarqma fotiosma pirvelma miuTiTa
mkafiod da naTlad dasavluri eklesiis mier doqtrinaSi
Setanil im siaxleebze, rac Seadgenda ganyofis namdvil arss:
papizmi da swavleba suliwmindis gamomavlobis Sesaxeb. da
Tumca, bolos da bolos orive sakiTxi dasva, riTic viTarebis
namdvili gageba gamoamJRavna, metic, saRvTismetyvelo
TvalsazrisiT gamoaaSkarava Filioque-s177 Sesaxeb dogmatis
aramarTlmadidebluroba, fotiosmaYTviTonve moxsna es
sakiTxebi `dRis wesrigidan~ imiT, rom ubralod Sewyvita maTze
saubari, mainc swored masTan vxvdebiT WeSmaritad eklesiur
da marTlmadideblur reaqcias dasavlur cTomilebebze.
fotiosis Semdeg kvlav dadga `gaucxoebis~ periodi, da
bizantiis istoriaSi dasavleTTan namdvili Sexvedra XI
saukunis SuaxanebSi Sedga. magram is ukve sruliad aSkarad iyo
ganpirobebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mosazrebebiT. imperator
basili bulgarTmmusrvelis sikvdilis (1025 w.) Semdgomi xana
177 Filioque (laT. `da Zisagan~) – damateba nikea-konstantinopolis `rwmenis

simboloSi~; damateba pirvelad formulirebul iqna toledos (espaneTi)
saeklesio krebaze (589 w.); am damatebiT krebam aRiara suliwmindis
gamomavloba ara mxolod mamisagan, aramed Zisaganac. aRmosavleTis
eklesiam uaryo filiokve, rogorc araswori swavleba. filiokve gaxda
ZiriTadi dogmaturi mizezi didi saeklesio ganxeTqilebisa.
bizantiis didi daqveiTebiT aRiniSneba. komnenebis an

paleologebis politikuri warmatebebi ukve daglejili da
ryevebiT dauZlurebuli imperiuli organizmis mxolod
nawilobrivi `restavraciaa~. da swored am Sinagani krizisis
dros muqariT aRsavse niSnad vlindeba aRmosavleTSi axali
mtris – Turq-seljukebis gamoCena. maT Sesaxeb uwyebebi,
gelceris TqmiT, bizantiisaTvis samgloviaro zarebis rekvad
gaisma. Sinaganad dasustebul imperias ukve aRar SeeZlo martos
Seekavebina aRmosavluri talRa. adre miRweulma ZalTa
wonasworobam rRveva daiwyo. istoriulma mdgomareobam kvlav
miabruna bizantiuri politika dasavleTisaken daxmarebis
saZieblad. amave dros normanebis gamoCenam romis papic aiZula
Tavisi mzera bizantiisTvis miepyro. iwyeboda morigebebisa da
vaWrobis is xangrZlivi da sakmaod usixarulo istoria,
romelic imperiis arsebobis bolo dRemde ukve aRar
Sewyvetila.
aq detalebs veRar SevexebiT, magram ukve naTqvamic
sakmarisia imis saCveneblad, rom is movlena, rasac Cveulebriv
miiCneven eklesiebis ganyofis dasawyisad – 1054 wlis ganyofa –
unda ganimartos mTeli am politikuri viTarebis konteqstSi. es
iyo àucileblobiT gamowveuli~ Sexvedra eklesiebisa.
imperatori konstantine monomaxi cdilobda molaparakeboda
paps normanebisagan italiis erToblivi dacvis Sesaxeb (romlis
samxreTi jerac bizantias ekuTvnoda) da amisTvis pap leon IX-s
Sepirda, rom roms daubrunebda samxreTitaliur eparqiebs,
rac, rogorc imperiis nawili, konstantinopolis patriarqis
iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. am SeTanxmebas umalavdnen patriarq
miqael kerularioss, Tumca man Seityo amis Sesaxeb.
kerulariosi bizantieli patriarqebis grZeli rigidan erT-
erTi mkafio gamonaklisia. mas Semdeg, rac iZulebiT gaxda beri
(kerulariosi monawileobda CaSlil politikur SeTqmulebaSi,
Tanac warmatebis SemTxvevaSi mefis taxts ikavebda), igi mTeli
guliT mieca eklesiis msaxurebas, magram am msaxurebaSi man
sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi, mbrZanebluri temperamenti
Seitana. misi saxiT mcire xniT `simfoniis~ saswori TiTqos

eklesiis mxares gadaixara, rac, sxvaTa Soris, warmoaCens
eklesiis SesaZleblobebs masSi sxva fsiqologiis gabatonebis
pirobebSi. kerulariosmac gadawyvita daemtkicebina susti da
gaubedavi konstantine monomaqisaTvis sruli damoukidebloba
da sakuTari mdgomareobis siZliere. misi davalebiT erT-erTma
gamoCenilma bizantielma ierarqma leon oxridelma dawera
Txzuleba laTinuri wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovania
imis aRniSvna, rom saboloo ganxeTqilebis momentSi kamaTisa da
polemikis sagani iyo ara is sakiTxebi, rac sinamdvileSi hyofda
eklesias – sakiTxebi papizmisa da suliwmindis Sesaxeb, aramed
dasavlur da aRmosavlur eklesiebs Soris arsebuli wes-
CveulebiTi gansxvavebebi: xmiadi178, SabaTis marxva, aliluias
galoba aRdgomis dResaswaulze da a.S. aq gamoCnda eklesiis
msoflio Tvalsawieris daviwroeba: meorexarisxovanma,
garegnulma, wes-CveulebiTma WeSmariteba daCrdila! raoden
paradoqsulad unda JRerdes es, eklesiebi XI saukuneSi gaiyo
ara imis gamo, rac marTlac hyofda da dResac hyofs maT. didi
xania uaryofilia yvela bizantiuri argumenti laTinuri wes-
Cveulebebis winaaRmdeg, darCa mxolod romis WeSmaritad
dogmaturi gandgomileba marTlmadideblobisagan, magram
swored am gandgomilebis Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferi Tqmula im
wlebSi, roca bolo kavSirebi irRveoda! magram, ra Tqma unda, am
wes-CveulebiTi polemikiT kerulariosi farulad icavda
aRmosavleTis eklesias imperatoris mier Tavsmoxveuli
kapitulaciisagan romis winaSe. romSi es asec gaiges. leon IX-m
ukiduresad gamokveTili papizmis aRmsareblobiT upasuxa:
`veravin uaryofs, rom rogorc kari imarTeba kauWis meSveobiT,
ase petreTi da misi memkvidreebiT ganisazRvreba eklesiuri
wesrigi da mowyoba. da rogorc kauWi aRebs da xuravs kars,
Tavad ki uZravi rCeba, ase petres da mis memkvidreebs aqvT
178 xmiadi (dedanSi `опреснок~) – usafuaro (gauRvivebeli) puri; kaTolikeebi

evqaristiisas iyeneben usafuaro purs, marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi ki
gamoiyeneba gaRvivebuli puri.
ufleba, Tavisuflad gansajon yoveli eklesia da amieridan

veravin unda arios an Searyios maTi mdgomareoba, vinaidan
uzenaesi kaTedra veravisgan ganisjeba~.… Tavisi gansakuTrebuli
Zalauflebis dasturad papi miuTiTebda e.w. `konstantines
ZRvenze~ – dokumentze, romlis mixedviTac pirvelma
qristianma imperatorma TiTqosda samudamod aCuqa romi papebs.
am dokumetis siyalbe mtkicebulebebs ar saWiroebs. da bolos,
papi warmoaCenda konstantinopolis eklesias – rogorc
SecTomils, codvils, skandalurs – mas qalebic ki marTavdnen!
– romelsac romis dedaeklesiam meore adgili miakuTvna
sakuTari Tavis Semdeg da es mowyaleba iyo da ara damsaxureba...…
SexedulebaTa amgvari sistema, ra Tqma unda, gamoricxavda
eklesiaTa erTianobas. SeiZleba usayveduro berZnebs
wvrilmanoba, siyvarulis arqona, msoflio Tvalsawieris
dakargva, magram yovelive amas jer kidev ar ZaluZs eklesiebis
arsebiTad ganyofa. papizmi ki Tavad gankveTs sakuTari
Tavisagan yvelas, vinc mis sulier monarqias ar eTanxmeba.
amitomac, rogoric unda yofiliyo maSindel aRmosavlel
ierarqTa codvebi, ra Tqma unda, ara isini, aramed swored
papobaa eklesiaTa ganyofis namdvili mizezi. miuxedavad imisa,
rogor moiqceodnen berZnebi, papebs am droisTvis ukve
mokveTili hqondaT aRmosavleTi...
Semdgomi mimowera momaval movlenebSi verafers Secvlida.
1054 wlis zafxulSi konstantinopolSi Cavidnen papis legatebi
– kardinali humberti, episkoposi petre amalfieli da diakvan-
kardinali fridrix lotaringieli (momavali papi stefane IX) –
yvelani, papobis im reformis moRvaweni, ramac moamzada papobis
ayvaveba grigol VII hildebrandis dros. imperatorma, romelsac
jer kidev hqonda papTan politikuri morigebis imedi, legatebi
sazeimod miiRo da yovelgvar mfarvelobas uwevda maT. ase, maT
saameblad, Rirsi svimeon axali RvTismetyvelis moswavlesa da
biografs nikita stifats imperatoris brZanebiT sajarod unda
daegmo da daewva laTinuri siaxleebis winaaRmdeg miZRvnili
sakuTari nawarmoebebi! magram patriarqma mdumared miiRo
legatebisagan papis werili, sruliad ar miago maT raime pativi

da SemdgomSi saerTod uari Tqva maTTan Sexvedraze. xuTi
kviris ganmavlobaSi legatebi uSedegod cdilobdnen Sexved
ras. ganxeTqileba mwifdeboda. amaod emudareboda werilebSi
miqaelsa da dasavlel ierarqebs swavluli antioqieli
patriarqi (konstantinopolel sasuliero pirTagan) petre,
raTa eklesiis erTianoba wes-Cveulebebze maRla daeyenebinaT.
misi paTosi dagvianebuli iyo: is ver xedavda, rom papobam
arsebiTad ukve ganyo eklesia! bolos, moTmineba rom dakarges,
legatebma gadawyvites patriarqis winaaRmdeg demonstra
ciulad gaelaSqraT: 1054 wlis 16 ivliss, diliT, rodesac xalxi
wm. sofiis taZarSi liturgiisTvis emzadeboda, isini Sevidnen
sakurTxevelSi da trapezze kerulariosisa da misi Tana
mozreebis gankveTis sigeli dades... àmitom Cven, ver avitaneT
ra gaugonari ugulebelyofa da wminda samociqulo pirveli
taxtisadmi miyenebuli wyena da kaTolike rwmenis yovelmxriv
dasacavad, wminda da ganuyofeli samebisa da samociqulo
taxtis ZalauflebiT, romlis uflebamosilebasac aRvasru
lebT... xels vawerT anaTemas... miqaelisa da misi mimdevrebis
mimarT, Tuki ar moinanieben~...
magram legatebma imperatoris SesaZleblobebi zedmetad
Seafases.: maT egonaT, rom am aqtiT mis mtkice mxardaWeras
moipovebdnen kerulariosis winaaRmdeg. maT ar icodnen
patriarqis Zala – dedaqalaqSi saxalxo amboxi mwifdeboda da
imperatori ukve sakuTari Tavis gadarCenaze fiqrobda. igi
danebda. oficialurad gacxadda, rom berZenma mTargmnelebma
daamaxinjes laTinuri sigelis Sinaarsi da igi sazeimod dawves.
20 ivliss krebam, romelsac kerulariosi Tavmjdomareobda da
romelSic monawileobda 2 arqiepiskoposi, 12 mitropoliti da 7
episkoposi, Tavis mxriv sazeimod gankveTa 16 ivlisis
movlenebSi damnaSaveni. xolo patriarqis saolqo epistoleTi
amis Sesaxeb mTeli aRmosavleTis ierarqias euwya. ase aRsrulda
aRmosavleTis eklesiis istoriaSi erT-erTi udidesi drama.
magram 1054 wlis ganxeTqileba eklesiaTa ganyofis mxolod
dasawyisi iyo. Tavidan gancdac imgvari iyo, TiTqos or
kaTedras Soris erT-erTi droebiTi ganxeTqileba Camovarda,

rogoric uwinac bevrjer momxdara. saeklesio kavSirebi
Tavidanve yvelgan ar gawyvetila. realurad es ganxeTqileba
saboloo ganyofaSi, rasobriv-religiur siZulvilSi ukve
Semdeg epoqaSi gadaizarda da aq sabediswero roli
jvarosnulma laSqrobebma iTamaSa. swored am laSqrobebma
gamoamJRavna mTeli Tavisi istoriuli sirTuliT bizantiis is
`dasavluri problema~, romlis Sesaxeb zemoT vsaubrobdiT. XI
saukunis imperatorebs, romlebmac aziis mzardi zewolis gamo
TavianTi mzera dasavleTs miapyres, jer kidev ar hqondaT
gaazrebuli, Tu sadamde unda misuliyo gardauvalad es
procesi. magram bizantiis dasavleTisaken mibrunebis Tavad
mizezebSi Zevs axali urTierTobebis gaorebuli buneba.
dasaxmareblad moxmoba xom sakuTari sisusteebis
dasavleTisaTvis gamoaSkaravebasa da sakuTar siZneleebSi mis
Caxedvas niSnavda. bizantiaSi ki jerovnad ver acnobierebdnen
imas, rom dasavleTi, romelsac isini axla mimarTavdnen, ukve
didi xania gamovida anarqiisa da danawevrebis mdgomareobidan.
bizantias gamoepara axali, sakuTari axalgazrdobiTa da jer
kidev gamouyenebeli energiiT Zlieri samyaros dabadeba. es
energia pirveli SemTxvevisTanave unda gadmoRvriliyo. swored
jvarosnuli laSqrobebi aRmoCnda dasavleTisaTvis dagrovili
Warbi Zalebis gamoyenebis, Suasaukuneebis evropis pirveli
eqspansiis gza. da, ai, dasavleTma, romelsac bizantia
àRmosavleTis~ winaaRmdeg avbediTi droebiT damxmared
moiazrebda, ucbad moipova misi bedis gansazRvraSi
damoukidebeli da ukiduresad avbediTi mniSvneloba.
Zalian kargadaa cnobili, Tu riT damTavrda meoTxe
jvarosnuli laSqroba 1204 wels – konstantinopolis aRebiT,
misi barbarosuli gaZarcviT, marTlmadidebluri siwmindeebis
wabilwviT, samocwliani `laTinuri imperiiT~ aRmosavleTSi!
magram es mxolod `mwvervali~, mxolod yvelaze efeqturi
gamovlinebaa im siZulvilisa, romliTac savsea qristianuli
samyaros ori gayofili nawilis es xangrZlivi Sexvedra. maSin
eklesiebis ganyofa ukve aRar aRmoCnda mxolod ierarqebis

kamaTi da saRvTismetyvelo dava, raTa ukve saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi eklesiuri xalxis sisxlsa da xorcSi gamjdariyo,
eklesiuri cnobierebis mudmiv afeqtad qceuliyo.
aRmosavleTSi `laTinoba,~ dasavleTSi ki `berZnebi~ –
borotebis, eresis, mtrobis sinonimebad, salanZRav sityvebad
iqca. erTmaneTs axla ukve ierarqebi ki ara, xalxis masebi
xvdeboda da ganyofa maT fsiqologiaSi stiqiur siZulvilad
iqceoda, romelSic sakuTari rwmenis erTguleba, sakuTari
siwmindeebis wabilwviT gamowveuli wyena aRreuli iyo yovelive
ucxos elementur miuReblobasTan am ucxoSi kargisa da cudis
garCevis gareSe. eklesiebis ganyofis saSineleba imaSia, rom
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ar gvxvdeba gayofiT gamowveuli
tanjvis TiTqmis arcerTi gamovlineba, erTianobis wadili,
qristianobaSi momxdari am ganxeTqilebis aranormalurobis,
codvianobis, saSinelebis gancda! masSi batonobs ara imis
Segneba, rom SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebas vamjobinoT erTianoba,
rom erTmaneTisagan ganvacalkevoT erTianoba da WeSmariteba
(erTianobis momxre bevri Tanamedrove mqadageblisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli codvaa, fsiqologiurad – sawinaaRmdego
ukiduresoba...), aramed dominirebs gayofiT gamowveuli lamis
kmayofileba, mowinaaRmdege banakSi rac SeiZleba meti bneli
mxaris danaxvis survili. saeklesio sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi
es aris eklesiebis gayofis epoqa ara mxolod maTi faqtobrivi
gayofis TvalsazrisiT, aramed gamyofi Txrilis mudmivi
gaRrmavebisa da gafarToebis azriTac.
da swored es fsiqologia avsebs autaneli sicruiT im
ùniur~ mcdelobebs, wiTel xazad rom gasdevs am periods –
pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobidan, anu meTerTmete saukunis
bolodan moyolebuli, TviT imperiis dacemamde. maTi mudmivi
ganaxlebis mizezebi sakmaod naTelia. dasavleTSi esaa papobis
Teokratiuli miswrafeba (romelmac maqsimalur Zlierebas
grigol VII-s dros miaRwia), ulaparakod daimorCilos mTeli
qristianul samyaro. Tu gnebavT, esaa eklesiis erTianobis
Taviseburi wyurvili, oRond sakmaod Sors wasuli im

erTianobisagan, romelic STaagonebda adreul eklesias. Tu
adreul eklesiaSi erTianoba gaazrebuli iyo, rogorc, pirvel
yovlisa, rwmenis, siyvarulisa da cxovrebis erTianoba, axla
dasavleTisaTvis erTianobis problema erT punqtamde
daiyvaneba – romisadmi damorCileba, misi absoluturi primatis
garegani aRiareba. bizantiis yovel Txovnas daxmarebis Sesaxeb
romi pasuxobs: aRiareT papis Zalaufleba da mTeli dasavluri
samyaro Tqveni mokavSire gaxdeba...…magram swored imitom, rom
romi sabolood gaxda dasavleTis udavo sulieri centri,
yovel jerze, roca bizantia suls Rafavs islamis sul ufro
mWidro marwuxebSi, roms garda mas gza aRar darCenia. da, ai,
iweleba gauTavebeli molaparakebebis, kamaTis, dapirebebis,
sicruis es samarcxvino jaWvi, romelSic aris yvelaferi, garda
mTavaris – erTianobis survilisa, qristes eklesiis WeSmariti
aRsrulebis wadilisa...… am mcdelobebis aq CamoTvla
SeuZlebelia. vityviT mxolod, rom bizantiaSi es TiTqmis
yovelTvis politikuri sakiTxi iyo. da eklesiam, imperatoris
zewolis miuxedavad, yvela es mcdeloba uaryo. ufro metad,
vidre raime sxva sakiTxSi, am ùniis Temam~ dagvanaxa, rom
bizantiaSi imperators yvelaferi ar SeuZlia – mixeil VIII
paleologi, romelmac eklesiis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,
crumagieri pirebis meSveobiT 1274 wels xeli moawera lionis
unias179, gankveTili gardaicvala da ar eRirsa eklesiurad
dakrZalva! SevniSnavT, rom Tavad bizantiaSi, mecamete
saukunidan moyolebuli warmoiSva e.w. `laTinofronebis~, anu
uniis momxreTa da dasavleTis saeklesio moZRvrebis
mimdevarTa mimdinareoba; umaRles wreebSi SeiZleba
179 lionis unia – 1274 wels, lionSi, pap grigor X-is mier mowveulma romaul-
kaTolikuri eklesiis msoflio krebam gaaforma unia marTlmadideblebTan;
uniis mixedviT aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis eklesiebi erTiandeboda romis
primatis usityvo aRiarebiT. uniisadmi berZnuli mosaxleobis umravlesobis
mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo SeTanxmebam mxolod 8 weli
iarseba, isic formalurad. mixeil paleologis gardacvalebis (1282 w.)
Semdeg misma Svilma da taxtis memkvidrem andronikem marTlmadidebelTa
mxare daikava da 1283 wels konstantinepolis eklesiis saeklesio krebaze
daigmo filiokves Sesaxeb swavleba. uniam oficialurad Sewyvita moqmedeba.
`romofilobis~ Taviseburi modis kvalic ki SevamCnioT. magram,

me-19 saukuneSi kaTolikobiT gatacebuli zogi rusi
aristokratis msgavsad, bizantiuri `laTinofronoba~ aris ara
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis Sida moZraoba, aramed, ubralod,
zogi marTlmadideblis kaTolikobaze `moqceva~ da amitom igi
verafers cvlis mTeli marTlmadidebeli aRmosavleTis mier
uniis erTsulovan uaryofasa da Tavad marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis cnobierebaSi.
Tumca, es ùniuri seria~ bizantiuri eklesiisaTvis
mTavrdeba sulieri katastrofiT: 1438-1439 wlebis
florenciis krebiT, romelic berZeni ierarqebis mier romis
winaSe sruli kapitulaciis erTsulovani xelmoweriT
dasrulda. magram unda waikiTxo am ùkurTxebeli~ krebis yvela
aqti, unda ganicado imperiis daRupvis SiSiT gatanjul
berZenTa mier gamovlili wameba, laTinTa mxridan maTze
fuladi zewola (TviT bizantielebs samSobloSi dasabrunebeli
fulic ki ar hqondaT!), imperatoris fsiqologiuri
zemoqmedeba da intrigebi laTinofronebisa, romlebmac uniis
nebismier fasad miRweva ganizraxes, yvelaferi es unda icode,
rom Tu ar gaamarTleb, yovel SemTxvevaSi, adamianurad mainc
gaigo florenciaSi bizantielebis sulmokle dacema. da
axlaxans – 1939 wels kaTolikeTa mier florenciis uniis
ìubilis~ sazeimo aRniSvna mowmobs imas, rom dasavleTs isev
Rrmad ar esmis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis namdvili
saeklesio cnobiereba. es ukeT esmoda pap evgeni IV-s. rodesac
misma episkoposebma berZnebis mier uniis xelmoweris ambavi
axares, papma ikiTxa: markoz efeselma moawera xeli? uaryofiT
pasuxze ki, gadmocemiT, uTqvams: èse igi veraferic ver
gavakeTeT.~ marTlac, yvelam moawera xeli180 erTis garda,
180 unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli delegaciis wevrebs dokumentze xeli ar
mouweriaT; maT kreba damTavrebamde datoves da samSobloSi dabrundnen.
markoz efeselisa da qarTvelebis garda unias xeli ar moaweres aseve
mitropolitma isaia stavropolelma da gemistos pleTonma (ix. magda
mWedliZe, erTi berZnuli wyaros cnobebi ferara-florenciis krebaze
qarTvelTa monawileobis Sesaxeb, krebulSi saerTaSoriso samecniero
konferenciis masalebi, 2009 w. agreTve aleqsandre dvorkini, kaTolike
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriis narkvevebi, 2008 (rus.), gv. 799).
magram swored is erTi – wm. markoz efeseli – gaxda

aRmosavleTis eklesiisTvis misi rwmenis, gamocdilebis,
gadmocemebis gamomxatveli. da rodesac berZnebi bizantiaSi
dabrundnen, maT myisve da SeZrwunebiT uaryves ZaldatanebiTi
unia. imperiis dacemam ki – florenciuli krebidan sul raRac
14 wlis Semdeg – Tavad uniis mizezi tragikulad usargeblo
gaxada. imperiam, romlis gamoc zogi mzad iyo
marTlmadideblobis gasawirad, arseboba Sewyvita.
da, pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom swored am uniurma
mcdelobebma, ufro metad, vidre yvelaferma danarCenma,
ganamtkica ganyofa, radgan Tavad sakiTxi erTianobis Sesaxeb
did xniT Seuzaves sicrues, angariSianobas, moSxames
araeklesiuri da mdabali motivebiT. eklesias swams mxolod
erTianoba da amitom ar cnobs ùnias~. unia, bolos da bolos,
aris erTianobis urwmunoba, madlis im ganmwmendi cecxlis
uaryofa, romelsac SeuZlia yvela `bunebrivi~, yvela
istoriuli wyena, winaRoba, Txrili da gaugebroba
ararsebulad aqcios da erTianobis ZaliT gadalaxos.
marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi bizantiuri periodi iwyeba
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis gaucxoebiT da mTavrdeba sruli
gayofiT – amieridan marTlmadidebeli aRmosavleTi
gadaulaxavi kedliTaa gamoyofili romauli dasavleTisagan.
marTlmadidebloba sabolood xdeba àRmosavluri~.
nawili 6
magram imperiis dacemis momentamde am aRmosavlur

marTlmadideblobaSi ukve didi xnis win Seabija, masSi ukve didi
xnis win gaZlierda da damoukidebeli mniSvneloba SeiZina
axalma slavurma `stiqiam~. da bizantiur safuZvlebze slavuri
qristianobis am swrafi zrdiT marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
istoriaSi axali da uaRresad mniSvnelovani Tavi gadaiSala.
bizantiis cxovrebaSi slavebi adre Cndebian, da Cndebian

xanZris aliT aelvarebulni, rodesac ngrevis gruxuni ismoda.
Tu meeqvese saukunis bolomde imperia yovel jerze axerxebda
maT ukuqcevas dunais iqiT, 580 wels asiaTasamde slavma
gadaTela saberZneTi. meSvide saukuneSi, avarebis imperiisagan
(romlis SemadgenlobaSic slavebi manamde Sediodnen)
gaTavisuflebis Semdeg slavebi TandaTan saxldebian maT mierve
aoxrebul uZveles romaul provinciebSi – iliriaSi, miziaSi,
Trakiasa da makedoniaSi. mTeli saukune gadis am jer kidev
velur urdoebTan brZolaSi. magram TandaTanobiT slavebi ara
marto garegnulad, aramed Sinaganadac eqcevian bizantiur
orbitaze da maTi patar-patara Tavadebi, ise rogorc adre
germanelebi – sixaruliT iReben konstantinopolisagan samefo
karis meorexarisxovan titulebs. iwyeba slavebis pirveli
qristianizacia. meSvide saukunis bolos amjerad Turquli
warmoSobis xalxis – bulgarebis axali Semoseva daiwyo.
bulgarebi ganamtkiceben sakuTar Zalauflebas slavebiT
dasaxlebul provinciebSi da iwyeben mravalwlian brZolas
imperiis winaaRmdeg, amasTan, rogorc es mogvianebiT
aRmosavleTis slavTa variag dampyroblebs mouvidaT –
bulgarelebi TviTon `gaslavdnen~. TiTqmis imperiis
dedaqalaqis piras TandaTan iqmneba mZlavri bulgarul-
slavuri saxelmwifo, romelTan gauTavebeli omebiTaa aRsavse
mTeli merve – `xatmebrZoli~ saukune. da ucnobia, rogor
gadawydeboda bizantiisaTvis es axali da mrisxane `slavuri
problema~, mecxre saukunis meore naxevarSi rom ar momxdariyo
is movlena, rac marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi slavuri Tavis
WeSmariti dasawyisia: qristianobis `gadaTargmna~ slavur enaze
wminda bizantieli Zmebis konstantines (berobisas is miiRebs
saxels – kirile) da meTodes mier.
slavi pirvelmaswavleblebis Sesaxeb uzarmazari
literatura arsebobs. istoriuli kvlevebi maTi moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb `konfesiuri~ mtrobiTac rTuldeba. vis ekuTvnis
slavuri qristianobis pirveli waxalisebis pativi –
konstatinopols Tu roms? vin dauWira mxari Zmebis pirvel

nabijebs? am sakiTxebze kamaToben, magram maTi gadawyveta
naklebad mniSvnelovania im uzarmazar mniSvnelobasTan
SedarebiT, romelic hqonda kirile-meTodeseul memkvidreobas
swored aRmosavleTis eklesiis bed-iRbalSi. amJamad swored es
mniSvnelobaa CvenTvis umTavresi.
kirile da meTode bizantiis im gonebriv elitas
miekuTvnebodnen, romelic mecxre saukunis meore naxevarSi
konstantinopolSi patriarq fotiosis garSemo Seikriba.
konstantine iyo filosofosi, mecnieri, lingvisti, mas
andobdnen sapasuxismgeblo misiebs arabebTan da xazarebTan
(samxreT, dneprispira ruseTSi). warmoSobiT Tesalonikeli
(qalaqi, romlis umravlesobas slavi mosaxleoba Seadgenda)
orive Zma, rogorc Cans, bavSvobidan flobda adgilobriv
slavur kilos. amitom, rodesac 862 wels konstantinopolSi
slavi moravieli Tavadis rostislavis Txovna movida slavuri
qristianobis ganmtkicebaSi dasaxmareblad misionerebis
gagzavnis Sesaxeb, arCevani (rogorc Cans patriarq fotiosis
monawileobiT), bunebrivad SeCerda Zmebze, da 863 wlis Sua
xanebSi isini Cavidnen moraviis dedaqalaqSi – devinSi an
velegradSi.
unda iTqvas, rom, bizantieli misionerebis moxmobisken
rostislavs ara mxolod religiurma, aramed politikuri
xasiaTis motivebmac ubiZga. slavuri qristianobis
ganmtkicebiT is, amasTan erTad, sakuTar erovnul
damoukideblobasac ganamtkicebda im xanebSi Seqmnili axali
istoriuli `kolosis~ – germanizmisagan. swored aq daiwyes
Zmebma, erTdroulad da wminda misioneruli moRvaweobiT,
qristianuli mwerlobis Zeglebis slavurad gadaTargmnis
TavianTi diadi saqme. formalurad isini moqmedebdnen olqSi,
romelic odiTganve romis eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi
imyofeboda. es ki pap nikoloz I-sa da patriarq fotioss Soris
daZabuli brZolis wlebi iyo. sakuTari mdgomareobis
`dasakanoneblad~, anda, iqneb romidan gamoZaxebis gamo, sadac
SesaZlebelia SeSfoTebuli iyvnen dasavlel slavebs Soris

berZnuli gavlenis gaZlierebiT, Zmebi male roms gaemgzavrnen,
sadac nikolozis memkvidrem adrianem maT sazeimo da Tbili
Sexvedra mouwyo. slavuri saxareba, papis kurTxevis niSnad,
wminda mariamis taxtze daabrZanes da slavuri RvTismsaxureba
bevr romaul taZarSi aRsrulda. slavur misias, romelic
ormagi – bizantiisa da romis – kurTxeviT iwyeboda, swrafi
ayvavebisa da warmatebis piri uCanda. magram konstantines
`cxovrebaSi~ SesaZlebelia Tvali gavadevnoT mis mimarT
winaaRmdegobis gaCenasac, risganac Zmebs TavianTi saqmis dacva
uxdebodaT. konstantines aRar ewera moraviaSi dabruneba. igi
869 wels romSi gardaicvala, sikvdilis win berad aRikveca da
Zmisgan dawyebuli saqmis gagrZelebis piroba miiRo.
magram verc meTodem SeZlo Zvel adgilebSi dabruneba. Zmebis
romSi yofnis dros gaZlierda germanuli gavlena moraviaze da
870 wlidan is faqtiurad dasavleT imperiis nawili gaxda.
meTode ufro samxreTiT gaCerda – panoniel Tavad kocelasTan,
romelic iziarebda rostislavis Sexedulebebs germanizmisagan
dasacavad slavuri qristianobis gamtkicebis Sesaxeb. rogorc
Cans, pirvelad aq SemoiRo meTodem slavuri liturgia, es ki mis
cxovrebaSi mravali mwuxarebis mizezi gaxda. jer kidev 794 wels
erT-erTma dasavlurma krebam akrZala liturgiis msaxureba
yvela enaze laTinuris, berZnulisa da ebraulis garda –
formalurad meTode arRvevda am dadgenilebas. meore mxriv,
Tuki moraviaSi laTinoba susti iyo, panonia ukve 75 weli
imyofeboda zalcburgis laTinuri arqiepiskopatis
gamgeblobaSi da aq konfliqti gardauvali Canda. meTode
aSkarad sxvis sazRvrebSi moqmedebda. da zalcburgis
arqiepiskoposma da kocelam roms mimarTes. romma kvlav
meTodes dauWira mxari. panonia gamoyves roms daqvemdebarebul
eparqiad da mis meTaurad meTode daadgines. magram mtrebi ar
cxrebodnen. meTodes brali dasdes saeklesio kanonebis
darRvevaSi, gaasamarTles regensburgSi seimze da ornaxevari
weli cixeSi gatanjes. romisadmi mimarTuli mis yvela saCivars
mowinaaRmdegebi igdebdnen xelT. pap ioane VIII-is dros meTode

droebiT kvlav myarad dadga fexze. esmoda ra slavobis
mniSvneloba, papma is moraviis arqiepiskoposad daniSna da
ganuwyveteli intrigebis miuxedavad mxars uWerda mas. amgvar
Seunelebel brZolaSi, sakuTari uflebebis dacvaSi, mtrebis
mier devnilma, magram xalxis mier mxardaWerilma meTodem 885
wlamde icocxla. am xnis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulda uzarmazari
samuSao, romelic SemdgomSi mTel slavur samyaros
gaanayofierebs. samagierod, dasavleli slavebisaTvis meTodes
sikvdilTan erTad wminda Zmebis saqme daimsxvra. maT ver
gauZles germanul zewolas, papma stefanem ki, romelsac ar
esmoda misi winamorbedebis politika, mTeli slavuri misiis
ubralo `likvidireba~ moaxdina. meTodes mowafeebi (egreT
wodebuli `Svidianelebi~181) gaaZeves moraviidan da mxolod
mecxramete saukuneSi, slavuri aRorZinebis epoqaSi, kirilesa
da meTodes saqme kvlav iqca erovnuli gaTavisuflebisa da
dasavlur-slavuri kulturis droSad. samagierod man umal
moitana nayofi aRmosavleTSi – da, pirvel yovlisa,
bulgareTSi.
bulgareTi – pirveli didi slavuri saxelmwifo, imperiis
Seqmnis pirveli Segnebuli da bizantiuri gamocdilebis
slavobaSi ganmeorebis mcdelobaa. da swored es bulgaruli
prologi gansazRvravs, ase Tu ise, slavuri marTlma
dideblobis mTel momavals. mecxre saukunis Sua xanebamde
mimdinareobs teritoriebis gamagreba, slavuri tomebis
gaerTianeba bulgareli `xakanebis~182 xelisuflebis qveS.
rodesac 852 wels bulgarTa momavali naTlia – borisi gamefda,
es teritoriuli Sekreba damTavrebuli iyo da dRis wesrigSi
naTlobis sakiTxi dgeboda. Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom
slavTa istoriaSi qristianobis miReba dasawyisidanve,
religiuris garda, politikur mniSvnelobasac iZenda. es slavi
181 dedanSia “седьмочисленники» (kirile, meTode da maTi xuTi mowafe – ase

moixsenebs maT bulgareTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia).
182 xakani – suverenis umaRlesi tituli momTabare xalxebis ierarqiaSi.
xalxebis bizantiisadmi damokidebulebiT aixsneba. Tumca

imperia am saukuneebSi dasustebuli, uZlevelobis Sara
vandeddakarguli iyo, yvela `barbarosisTvis~ igi mainc
rCeboda erTgvar oqros ocnebad, kulturisa da saxelmwifo
tradiciis Sesakrebelad, samyaros WeSmarit centrad,
konstantinopoli ki – ganZeuliTa da simdidriT savse zRaprul
dedaqalaqad, Zlierebis, silamazisa da didebis simbolod...…da,
ai, SeiZleba Tvali gavadevnoT paradoqsul gaorebas yvela
`barbarosi~ xalxis SegnebaSi bizantiasTan maT urTierTobaSi.
erTi mxriv, es aris samxedro, dampyrobluri ocneba – imperiis
simdidreebiT xeiris naxva, imperiisaTvis miwebis wagleja, misi
damarcxeba – ai, slavuri `samefoebis~ mudmivi miswrafeba.
meore mxriv ki – bizantiisadmi Rrma, TiTqmis religiuri
pativiscema, yvelaferSi misi mibaZvis survili, im didebul,
mravalsaukunovan tradiciasTan ziareba, romelsac bizantia
ganasaxierebs. magram es tradicia, Tavis mxriv, ganuyofelia
qristianobisagan. mxolod gaqristianebas ZaluZs, kulturas
aziaros `barbarosebi~, Seiyvanos isini kacTa modgmis `did
ojaxebSi~. amitom naTloba xdeba slavobis politikuri,
saxelmwifoebrivi zrdis TiTqosda gardauvali etapi, misi
istoriuli `zrdasrulobis~ niSani.
qristianoba bulgareTSi, ra Tqma unda, borisamdec
arsebobda – es odiTganve `naTelRebuli~ imperiuli miwa iyo.
magram borisma pirvelma Seqmna qristianobisagan saxelm
wifoebrivi zrdis, sakuTari samefos saxelmwifo `krista
lizaciis~ iaraRi, mokled rom vTqvaT, slavur SegnebaSi
gadanerga is qristianuli Teokratia, romliTac bizantia
konstantines moqcevis Semdeg cxovrobda.
borisis qmedebebSi politikuri angariSianoba imaSic Cans,
rom is didxans yoymanobda, Tu visgan mieRo naTloba –
bizantiisa Tu romisagan. mas uxdeboda, angariSi gaewia Tavisi
garemocvisaTvis, im `razmisaTvis~ romelic, bunebrivia,
yvelaze metad iyo dakavSirebuli nacionalur, warmarTul
tradiciasTan. saWiro iyo, am boiarebisaTvis qristianoba
eCvenebinaT ara rogorc mtrebis – bizantielebis rwmena, aramed

piriqiT, rogorc bizantiisagan bulgareTis saxelmwifos
erovnuli damoukideblobis safuZveli. amasTan erTad,
bizantiuri Teokratiuli ideologiis mixedviT, romelmac
urRvevad SeakavSira eklesia da imperia, naTloba sworedac rom
samefoSi Sesvlasac, bizantiur samyaroSi Sebijebas niSnavda,
rac, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qmnida am samyaroSi axalgazrda
bulgaruli saxelmwifos gaTqvefis safrTxes. amitomac
borisisa da misi memkvidreebis eklesiuri politikis ZiriTadi
xazi gaxda sakuTari damoukidebeli anu àvtokefaluri~
eklesiis miRweva nebismier fasad, rac SeiZleba bulgareTSi
gamxdariyo iseTive `religiuri sanqcia~, siwmindisa da, metic,
saxelmwifos absolutizaciis iseTive wyaro, rogoric impe
riaSi konstantinopolis eklesia iyo. es metismetad mniSvne
lovani momentia marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi da mas gansa
kuTrebuli xazgasma sWirdeba. qristianoba slavebSi mkvidr
deba Tavisi bizantiuri, Teokratiuli samoseliT da dauyov
nebliv xdeba masSi imave ocnebis, imave xedvisa da imave Cana
fiqris wyaro, rogoric bizantiaSi. oRond axla es Canafiqri
SeuZlebelia ar daupirispirdes Tavis bizantiur `prototips,~
SeuZlebelia ar Seitanos marTlmadidebel samyaroSi garda
uvali gayofis, brZolis polarizaciis sawamlavi...…
borisi yoymanobda da, rogorc Cans, dasavluri arCevanisken
ixreboda. magram amis ardaSveba bizantiisaTvis sikvdil-
sicocxlis sakiTxi iyo. da, ai, berZnebisaTvis warmatebulma
samxedro kampaniam boriss danebeba aiZula – mSvidobis pirobad
bizantiam naTloba moiTxova. bulgareli `xakani~ dauyovnebliv,
lamis brZolis velze moinaTla (869 w.). naTlia Tavad
imperatori mixeil III gaxda. magram moxda is, risic boriss
eSinoda – `razmi~ ajanyda. axladmonaTlulma Tavadma ajanyeba
sisxlSi CaaxrCo, magram es gakveTili Seimecna. man maSinve
daiwyo bizantiisagan saeklesio avtokefaliis miRebis
mcdeloba. misTvis es samefosken gadadgmul pirvel nabijs
niSnavda, rac yvela im barbarosuli saxelmwifos ocneba iyo,
romlebic `romeebTan~183 brZolaSi samudamod iTvisebdnen

romaul-qristianul ideologias.
Tumca, bizantia sulac ar apirebda bulgareTisaTvis am
avtokefaliis micemas. bulgarelebis monaTvlisas xom imperiis
politikuri Canafiqri ewinaaRmdegeboda borisis Canafiqrs.
borisi naTlobis meSveobiT cdilobda sakuTari damouki
deblobis gaZlierebas, mtkice fundamentis Seqmnas bulgareTis
saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis. bizantia imave gziT iswrafoda,
ramdenadac es SesaZlebeli iyo, Zlieri da saxifaTo
bulgareTis damorCilebas da mis sakuTar `Teokratiul~
sferoSi CarTvas... aq kidev erTxel gamoCnda, Tu ramdenad
monusxuli iyo bizantiuri cnobiereba sakuTari Teokratiuli
TeoriiT, ramdenad uZluri iyo igi, movlenebi Seefasebina
wmindad qristianuli, wmindad eklesiuri kuTxiT. am TeoriaSi
naTloba ara marto qristes samwysoSi moqcevas, madlis
meufebis damkvidrebas niSnavda, aramed – da rarig Zlierad! –
`bizantiuri qveSevrdomobis~ miRebas. Tavad mowamluli,
bizantia am Tavisi mTavari codviT wamlavda, samwuxarod,
imaTac, vinc misgan iRebda qristianul xarebas.
axla ki borisis `variaciebi~ iwyeba. bizantiisgan
àvtokefalia~ rom ver miiRo, man roms mimarTa. bulgarul-
bizantiuri drama rTuldeba am aTwleulebSi eklesiebis
ganyofis gaRrmavebiT. fotiosis mterma, Suasaukunovani
papobis erT-erTma Semqmnelma nikoloz I-ma sixaruliT CasWida
xeli aRmosavleTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis am
SesaZleblobas. man bulgareTSi ori episkoposi (bizantielebi
arqimandrits iqiT ar midiodnen), wignebi, saCuqrebi da
werilebi gagzavna. gaxarebulma borisma bulgareTidan mTeli
berZnuli samRvdeloeba gayara da iq mZlavri laTinizacia
daiwyo. papi ki Tavis werilebSi mTeli ZaliT cdilobda
`berZnuli rwmenis~ diskreditacias.
magram es didxans ar gagrZelebula. boriss patriarqi da
avtokefalia undoda. papoba ki amisken bizantiaze gacilebiT
183 bizantielebi sakuTar Tavs romaelebs, berZnulad `romeebs~ uwodebdnen

naklebad iyo ganwyobili – am dros Tavad dasavleTSi uZvelesi

eklesiebis damoukideblobis ukanaskneli kvali nadgurdeboda.
da, iseve mkveTrad, rogorc bizantiasTan, borisma romTan
urTierToba gawyvita da kvlav konstantinopols mimarTa. mware
gamocdilebis mqone bizantielebi amjerad iZulebuli iyvnen,
daTanxmebuliyvnen naxevradavtonomiur bulgarul arqiepis
kopiaze. is, rom es aucileblobiT, ìkonomiiT~184 moxda, ise, rom
bizantiis saeklesio `monopoliis~ sakuTari gageba sinamd
vileSi aranairad yofila uaryofili, bulgarul-bizantiuri
urTierTobis mTeli Semdgomi tragikuli istoriidan
gamoCndeba. magram pirvel xanebSi borisi aman daamSvida da
sakuTari, axla ukve qristianuli samefos gaZlierebiT
dakavebis… saSualeba misca.
mTelma am politikurma Seferilobam ar unda dafaros
Cvengan borisis saqmeebis dadebiTi mniSvneloba. pirvel
yovlisa, Tavisi SedegebiT uzarmazari mniSvneloba hqonda
bulgareTSi kirile-meTodeseuli memkvidreobis miRebas.
moraviidan gaZevebuli `Svidianelebi~ bulgareTSi mividnen da
borisma isini pativiT miiRo. SeuZlebelia Wkvian `kagans~ ver
gaego slavuri RvTismsaxurebis mniSvneloba sakuTari
ocnebisaTvis – slavuri imperia damoukidebeli eklesiiT,
rogorc misi religiuri safuZvliT. berZnuli ierarqiis
winaaRmdegoba rom Seemcirebina, man `Svidianelebis~
xelmZRvaneli klimenti sakuTari samefos dasavleT nawilSi –
184 ikonomia (berZn. ìkos~ – saxli, `nomos~ –kanoni; Sesabamisad, ikonomia niSnavs
saxlis marTvas) – saeklesio sakiTxebis gadawyvetis principi cxonebis miznis
misaRwevad ise, rom ar aris daculi dadgenili normis garegnuli (formaluri)
mxare, magram daculia normis arsi (suliskveTeba). eklesiaSi moqmedi yvela norma
gamoyenebul unda iqnas samyaros xsnis Sesaxeb RmrTis gangebis (RmrTaebrivi
ikonomiis) suliskveTebis, adamianis cxonebis miznis Sesabamisad. ikonomiis
karg magaliTs iZleva sjuliskanoni, kerZod, basili didis pirveli kanonikuri
epistole amfiloqe ikoniis episkoposis mimarT; basili didi adgens sasjels
mucladmyofi Cvilis mokvlisTvis: `vinc amis winaswari ganzraxviT gakeTebas
gabedavs, mkvlelia, magram misi sinanuli ar unda gagrZeldes sikvdilamde,
aramed misi Sewynareba SeiZleba aTi wlis Semdeg. maTi srulad gankurneba
SeuZlia ara dros, aramed sinanulis saxes~ (miTiTebuli epistoles me-2 kanoni).
oxridis olqSi gagzavna, sadac kirilesa da meTodes saqmem

Tavisi pirveli, nayofieri niadagi hpova. wm. kliment oqrideli
Tavisi naTeli saxebiT abrwyinebs slavuri qristianobis
dasawyiss: is ar izRudeboda mxolod religiuri ganaTlebiT da
sakuTari CamorCenili samwysos cxovrebis ekonomikuri
pirobebis gaumjobesebas cdilobda. aqve Seiqmna slavuri
samRvdeloebis mravalricxovani kadrebi, dagrovda qristia
nuli marTlmadidebluri slavuri damwerlobis Zeglebi:
swored aqaa marTlmadidebluri slavuri kulturis dasawyisi.
TviTon borisis saxe ar amoiwureba misi politikuri
gaTvlebiTa da ocnebebiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi masSi sul ufro
Zlierad icvleboda politikuri interesi wminda religiuriT.
qristianoba namdvilad Rvivdeboda mis sulSi. mas ar
miutovebia Tavisi saqmeebi, ar Seucvlia Tavisi Teoriebi,
magram misi cnobierebis siRrmeebs sul ufro ipyrobda èrTisa¡
ars saxmar~185. dasavleli mematiane ambobs, rom dRisiT xalxis
winaSe is samefo samosiT warsdgeboda, Rameebs ki locvaSi
atarebda. da, ai, 36 wlis mefobis Semdeg, 888 wels igi gadadga
taxtidan da igi gadauloca Tavis Svils, Tavad ki monasterSi
wavida. saxelmwifo uwesrigobebis gamo is kidev erTxel
dabrunda xelisuflebaSi. magram, wesrigis aRdgenisTanave
mefoba SviliSvil svimeons gadasca, Tavad ki sabolood miaSura
locviT cxovrebas...
svimeonis dros (892-927 ww.) bulgareTma Tavis apogeas
miaRwia. Tavad svimeoni bizantiaSi aRizarda, sadac `demosTenes
ritorikasa da aristoteles silogizmebs~ swavlobda. mas
mTeli cxovreba ajadoebda bizantiuri samefo karis silamaze
da didebuleba, romlis mgavsi man Tavis axal dedaqalaqSi – did
preslavSi Seqmna. magram aman ver daaviwya bulgareTi, piriqiT –
paroqsizmamde gaamwvava borisis ocneba: xom ar daudga
bulgareTs mixrwnili imperiis Canacvlebis, qristianuli
Teokratiis memkvidred gaxdomis, bulgarel `kagans~ ki
bizantieli basilevsis wminda diademiT sakuTari Tavis
185 luka 10:41

Semkobis dro? ase aZlevda barbarosebs, maTi `formirebiT,~

bizantiuri Teokratia iaraRs sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg,
karnaxobda maT programas. barbarosTa miznad, maTi ocnebis
mwvervalad iqca wm. sofia, zeca miwaze, qristianuli `samyaros~
erTaderTi guli. svimeonTan erTad iwyeba berZnebis mier
TavgamodebiT da `monopolurad~ daculi marTlmadidebluri
samefos titulis maZiebeli slavi konkurentebis epoqa...
svimeonis TiTqmis mTeli mefoba bizantiasTan omis niSniT
warimarTa – pirveli didi SinaomiT marTlmadideblur samya
roSi. bulgaruli laSqari konstantinopolTan idga, magram
imperiisaTvis jer kidev ar damdgariyo sakuTari pirmSoobis
daTmobis dro. bizantiasTan rom ver gaimarjva, svimeonma
babuis msgavsad roms mimarTa – da iqidan sakuTari TavisTvis
mefis, sakuTari arqiepiskoposisaTvis ki patriarqis tituli
miiRo. marTalia, es wminda wylis `fiqcia~ iyo, radgan
bulgareTSi am dros ar Cans araviTari daqvemdebareba
romisadmi, magram es fiqcia mWevrmetyvelurad migvaniSnebs im
Teokratiuli ocnebis Zalaze, romelic svimeonis cnobierebas
flobda.
svimeoniseuli bulgareTis mTavari mniSvneloba ki imaSia,
rom misi dro – saeklesio-slavuri werilobiTi Zeglebis oqros
saukune, slavur-qristianuli kulturis WeSmariti ayvavebis
xanaa. mis Sesaqmnelad svimeoni arafers iSurebda: aSenebda
skolebs, biblioTekebs, krebda mTargmnelTa mTel armias. mis
dros Seqmnili saeklesio-slavuri werilobiTi Zeglebis maragi
sakmarisi aRmoCnda ara marto bulgareTis saWiroebisaTvis,
aramed, mogvianebiT, serbuli da rusuli eklesiebisaTvisac. ra
Tqma unda, mTeli es kultura ar iyo da verc iqneboda
originaluri. Tavad svimeoni bizantielebis mowafe iyo da
kirilesa da meTodes saqme aseve bizantiuri wyaroebiT
ikvebeboda. da Tavis saxelmwifoebriv ocnebaSic bulgareTi
bizantiur gamocdilebas imeorebda da iTvisebda. erT-erTma
istorikosma sworad uwoda svimeonis droindel kulturul
ayvavebas bulgareTis elinizacia. ase `formdeboda~ slavuri
stiqia elinizmiT, ase ibadeboda slavuri bizantinizmi. am

kulturul saqmianobaSi pirvel adgilze bizantieli mwerlebis
Targmanebi idga: eklesiis mamebis, istorikosebis, himnogra
febisa. Tavad kliment oxridelma bizantiuri nimuSebis
mixedviT dawera wm. meTodes cxovreba da Targmna mravali
saRvTismsaxuro teqsti, mamaTa cxovrebani, mamaTa Sromebi.
bizantiisadmi daqvemdebareba imaSic gamovlinda, rom
`glagolica~ – anu kiriles mier Seqmnili slavuri anbani,
Seicvala `kiriliciT~, romelic ufro waagavda berZnul
damwerlobas. axalgazrda bulgarulma samefom miiRo, ase
vTqvaT, `Tanamedrove bizantiuri kulturis enciklopedia~ da
aman samudamod gansazRvra slavuri qristianobis ganviTareba.
politikurad da eklesiuradac ki bizantiisagan damoukidebeli
svimeonis bulgareTi Rrmad ganimsWvala bizantinizmiT. Tavad
slavuri ena `gaeklesiurebiT~, saeklesio-slavur enad qceviT
TiTqmis berZnulis anarekli gaxda. bulgareTi – èniT slavuri,
suliT bizantiuri – sxva slavebs – serbebs da, gansakuTrebiT,
rusebs Soris bizantinizmis gamtari gaxda~ (f. dvorniki).
svimeonis sikvdilTan erTad iwyeba pirveli bulgaruli
samefos dacemis xana. meaTe saukuneSi kvlav iwyebs aRorZinebas
bizantiis samxedro Zliereba – es `bizantiuri epopeis~, misi
mTeli ZaliTa da didebiT aRdgenis epoqaa. da es aRorZineba
gardauvalad iwvevs brZolas saZulvel bulgarel `konku
rentTan~. 972 wels bulgareTis aRmosavleTi nawili mTlianad
dapyrobilia – da imwamsve Sedis ZalaSi bizantiuri `Teoria~:
patriarqi damiane daamxes, yvela bulgaruli eparqia ki
ubralod konstantinopols dauqvemdebares. bulgareTis
dasavleTma – makedonur-albanurma nawilma, centriT oxridSi,
1018 wlamde gaZlo. masTan erTad gaZlebs avtokefaluri
bulgaruli eklesiac. magram rodesac basili II bulgarT
mmusrvelsa da bulgaruli gadmocemebiT saxelganTqmul mefe
samuels Soris ocdaaTwliani omis Sedegad moispoba
bulgareTis damoukidebloba, mis beds eklesiac gaiziarebs.
sisastikiTa da mrisxanebiT aRsavse am arnaxuli omis Sesaxeb
gadmocemebis kiTxvisas (RvTismosavma bizantielma avto

kratorma brZaneba gasca, 15000 tyvisaTvis Tvalebi daeTxaraT
da Semdeg isini moxuc samuelTan gaegzavnaT), sazarelia imaze
fiqri, rom es marTlmadidebelTa omia, da rom misi
sulisCamdgmelia, misi mkvebavia igive `Teokratia~ – bizantiisa
da mTeli `konstantineseuli periodis~ es saSineli,
mouSorebeli sicrue.
marTalia, gamarjvebisa da mtris ganadgurebis Semdeg basili
didsulovnebas gamoiCens: bulgareli boiarebi bizantiur
titulebs miiReben, oxridis arqiepiskopia ki – moCvenebiT
avtokefalias (magram ukve sxva, bizantiuri gagebiT). sinamd
vileSi bulgareTi ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi Zaladobriv
`gaberZnebas~ daeqvemdebara. xolo berZnebis bulgarelebisadmi
damokidebulebis suli SeiZleba davinaxoT berZen moZRvarTa
nawerebSi TavianTi bulgaruli samwysos Sesaxeb. `mas damplis
suni asdis, rogorc bulgarels cxvris suni~ – wers viRacis
Sesaxeb Teofilaqte bulgareli, XI saukunis saxelganTqmuli
bizantieli ierarqi, RvTismetyveli da homerosis mcodne – da
misTvis bulgaruli natura `yvela borotebis dedaa~.
me-12 saukunis miwurulSi, bizantia kvlav dasustdeba da
bulgaruli samefo isev aRsdgeba axali ZaliT. es egreT
wodebuli tirnovos samefoa, romelic dakavSirebulia
erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli da asenTa
dinastiis damaarsebeli Zmebis, boiarebis – Tevdoresa (petres)
da asenis saxelebTan. misi istoria aseve ukve nacadi `romauli
kartiT~ iwyeba. ar gvcnobs bizantia, gvcnobs romi, mTavaria
mivaRwioT samefos aRdgenas da mis pirobas – avtokefalur
patriarqias! da kaloianma (1197-1207 ww.), asenis umcrosma Zmam
mimarTa pap inokenti III-s, udidess Sua saukuneebis papebs Soris,
romlis drosac papis mier yvela qristiani xalxis
winamZRolobis Teoria apogeas aRwevs. da, im momentSi, rodesac
marTlmadidebeli bizantia jvarosnebis dartymebis Sedegad
daeca (1204 w.), romaelma kardinalma kaloiani `bulgarelebisa
da valaxebis mefed~ akurTxa – magram es xels ar uSlis mas,
ebrZolos konstantinopolis laTinel mpyrobelebs,

daatyvevos imperatori bolduini da, papis Suamdgomlobis
miuxedavad, sikvdilamde miiyvanos igi. `qristiani xalxebis~
erToba sul ufro aSkarad iqceva tragikul parodiad...… Semdeg
ki orientacia kvlav icvleba, ioan asen II (1218-41 ww.) nikeis
imperiis berZen imperatorebTan erTad `marTlmadideblur
koaliciaSi~ Sedis da amisTvis tirnovos avtokefaliis ukve
berZnul aRiarebas iRebs. es kvlav aris aRiareba, gamowveuli
àucileblobiT~, romelsac berZnebi pirvelive
SemTxvevisTanave uaryofen. da ase grZeldeba sul bolomde –
Turqebis mier bulgareTis samefos ganadgurebamde XIV
saukunis bolos. ganxeTqilebebi da urTierTobebis aRdgena,
kavSirebi da omebi. magram ukve aravis ZaluZs davis gadawyveta
Zalis gamoyenebiT: marTlmadidebluri imperiebis dasasruli
axlovdeba, magram misi siaxlovec ver cvlis maT mwvel ocnebas:
`qriste RmerTis erTguli mefe da avtokratori bulgarebisa
da berZnebisa~ – ai, ukanasknel bulgarel mefeTa tituli.
Tundac nominalurad, magram isini Tavs erTiani Teokratiuli
tradiciis matareblad aRiqvamen. es aris am tradiciis bolo
zeobis dro marTlmadideblur cnobierebaSi, dro cxovrebaSi
misi rRvevisa.
da aqac, iseve rogorc bizantiaSi, mxolod monastrul
myudroebaSi, mxolod am samwuxaro Teokratiuli deko
raciebisagan gacilebiT Sors, izrdeba da mwifdeba WeSmariti
qristianuli suli, yvavis naTlobis namdvili nayofi: esaa wm.
ioane rilelis saxeba, esaa `mcire aToni~ sofiaSi, esaa
tirnoveli mowameebi, esaa isixastebis mowafeebi da kamaTi
mopovebisa da upovarebis186 Sesaxeb, da bolos, ra Tqma unda, esaa
186 igulisxmeba kamaTi monastruli cxovrebis or mimdinareobas Soris: erTi

mimdinareoba gulisxmobda monastrul upovarebas – samonastro meurneobis
arqonasa da oden sulieri misiis aRsrulebas, meore mimdinareoba ki
uSvebda didi samonastro meurneobebis arsebobasa da monastrebis mier
farTo socialuri misiis aRsrulebas. kamaTma gansakuTrebuli rezonansi
miiRo ruseTSi 1503 wels gamarTul saeklesio krebaze ioseb volockisa da
nilos sorelis mimdevrebs Soris.
saRvTismetyvelo interesebis Seunelebeli zrda, asaxuli

saeklesio-slavur werilobiT ZeglebSi. bulgaruli samefos
Teokratiuli ocnebac daiRupeba, iseve rogorc bizantiuri
ocneba, magram bulgaruli marTlmadideblobis naTeli da
siRrme Rrma kvals datovebs da moitans ukvdav nayofs
marTlmadidebluri aRmosavleTis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi.
am saukuneebSi serbuli samefos warmoSoba metwilad
bulgarul gamocdilebas imeorebs. istoriuli gza aqac
danawevrebuli tomobrivi yofiT iwyeba, gaivlis bizantiasTan
pirveli Sexebisa da masSi pirveli `qristianizaciis~ gzas.
konstantine porfirogeneti mas meSvide saukunes miakuTvnebs –
herakliosis mefobis dros. mecxre saukuneSi ki mezobeli
panoniidan da bulgareTidan serbebSi SeaRwia kirile-
meTodeseulma memkvidreobamac, romelic samudamod
ganamtkicebs maT aRmosavlur-bizantiur qristianobaSi.
mecxre-meaTe saukuneebSi raSkaSi (Sida serbeTSi) iqmneba
pirveli saxelmwifo centris msgavsi ram, iq mTavroben `didi
Jupanebi~187. bizantiasa da bulgareTs Soris daZabuli brZolis
epoqaSi serbebi xan erTis da xan meoris gavlenis sferoSi
eqcevian. aseve, raSkis saepiskoposo, garemoebebis mixedviT, xan
konstatinopols eqvemdebareba, xan bulgarelebs, xan oxrids.
magram am gardamavali gavlenebis fonze izrdeba da Zlierdeba
serbuli nacionaluri cnobiereba. da izrdeba igi, ra Tqma, unda
serbebis mier bizantiuri ideis SeTvisebis kvalobaze – iqneba es
berZnul Tu bulgarul SesamoselSi...… aq `romauli cdunebac~
iCens Tavs: 1078 wels didma Jupanma mixeilma pap grigol V-sagan
mefis gvirgvini miiRo. XII saukunis SuaxanebSi serbeTs ukve aqvs
saxelmwifoebriobis yvela elementi da misTvis dgeba igive
bizantiuri Teokratiis gansaxierebis, bizantiis SesaZlo
memkvidreTa ricxvSi Sesvlis dro.
swored es aris saxelganTqmuli nemanias saqme. rigi omebiT –
sxva Jupanebis, bizantiis winaaRmdeg brZolebiT nemania
aerTianebs serbeTs, da am `mSeneblobaSi~ umalve Cndeba
187 Jupanebi – samxreT slavebis, xorvatebis, serbebis Tavadebi

Teokratiuli motivic. nemanias Svili, stefane pirvel

kurTxeuli Tavdapirvelad roms ekurkureba – es aris inokenti
III-isa da bizantiis pirveli dacemis epoqa. magram Semdeg
orientacia icvleba, rogorc Cans, stefaneze gavlena iqonia
misma umcrosma Zmam – aTonelma berma sabam, romelmac ukve
mxcovan nemaniasTan erTad (romelic moxucebulebaSi aseve
aRikveca berad aTonze) wminda mTaze saxelganTqmuli serbuli
monasteri xilandari daarsa. male saba nikeas gaemgzavra, sadac
1204 wlis marcxis Semdeg gadainacvla bizantiis imperiis
dedaqalaqma. am dros bizantielebi eZeben mokavSires laTini
dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg da maTTvis metad mniSvnelovania
slavebis laTinur orbitaze moxvedris Tavidan acileba. amitom
isini Tanxmdebian rogorc serbuli eklesiis avtokefalias,
aseve pirvel serb arqiepiskoposad sabas dadginebas. serbeTSi
dabrunebis Semdeg saba JiCis monasterSi axali samefos
saeklesio centrs qmnis. igi qveyanas eparqiebad hyofs, xels
asxams Tavis mowafeebs, xolo Semdeg sazeimod àaxlebs~
qristianobas serbeTSi. JiCSi Sedga mTeli samRvdeloebis kreba,
aRsrulda gansakuTrebuli msaxureba da amis Semdeg
arqiepiskoposi mTeli xalxis saxeliT sazeimod aRiarebs
mrwamss da SeaCvenebs yvela eress. da bolos, ukanaskneli aqti,
aqamde momxdari yvela movlenis logikuri dasasruli: 1221 w.
saba ganmeorebiT akurTxebs mefed sakuTar Zmas – stefane
pirvelgvirgvinosans. 14 wlis saWeTmpyrobelobis Semdeg,
ganamtkica ra eklesiaca da saxelmwifoc, saba arqisaepis
koposos taxts gadascems Tavis mowafe arsens, Tavad ki wm.
adgilebisken miemarTeba. is bulgareTSi gardaicvala 1236 wels
Tavis naTesav mefe ioan asenTan. misi xsovnis dRe – 12 ianvari –
serbeTis nacionalur dResaswaulad darCa, radgan wm. saba mamaa
rogorc serbuli marTlmadideblobisa, aseve serbuli
saxelmwifoebriobisa.
serbuli samefos Semdgomi istoria faqtobrivad mxolod
imeorebs ukve nacnob sqemas: igive urTulesi urTierTobebi
romTan, igive politikuri sakiTxi uniis Sesaxeb, orientaciis
mudmivi cvla – xan berZnebTan, xan maT winaaRmdeg. serbeTis

bolo ayvaveba – stefane duSanis (1331-1355 ww.) mefobis xanas
miekuTvneba, roca serbebi TiTqmis aRweven slavebis
Tavdapirvel ocnebas – slavuri droSis qveS erTiani imperiis
aRdgenas. duSanis politikas erTi mizani aqvs –
konstantinopolis aReba, serbebis, bulgarelebis, berZnebis
sakuTari Zalauflebis qveS gaerTianeba da saerTo ZalisxmeviT
sul ufro mzardi Turquli safrTxis likvidireba. 1346 w. Tavis
dedaqalaq skopieSi stefane `serbebisa da berZnebis
imperatorad~ ikurTxa, manamde ki qalaq peCSi patriarqis rangSi
ahyavs serbeTis arqiepiskoposi. magram stefanec agrZelebs
romTan kurkurs, ris gamoc igi konstantinepolis eklesiam
gankveTa. 1355 wlis Semodgomaze duSani amzadebs bolo
laSqrobas konstantinopolze. albaT, arasdros mdgara
ganxorcielebasTan ase axlos ocneba bizantiis slavuri
`Canacvlebis~ Sesaxeb. imperia duSanis moulodnelma sikvdilma
gadaarCina.
magram ukve axlovdeba yvela imperiis dasasruli – Turquli
uReli da masTan erTad – didi Teokratiuli ocnebebis kraxi.
da, SeiZleba, slavuri qristianobis am pirvel aRmavlobaSi,
pirvel ayvavebaSi yvelaze ukeT Cans marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
gzaze gvianbizantiuri Tavis Sedegebi: misi religiur-
politikuri ideis mTeli Sinagani SezRudulobac, da, amave
dros, TviT bizantiuri marTlmadideblobis sulieri
cxovelmyofeloba. bizantinizmis slavur `paragrafSi~ eklesia
da samefo Sobilni arian erTi ideiT, erTi da imave
msoflmxedvelobiT, romelic imperiisgan momdinareobs, Tumca
ki imperiis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. swored am mtrobaSia
bizantiuri memkvidreobis mTavari codva, romlis aRmofxvrac
dRes cdunebebsa da areulobebSi xdeba. magram niSandoblivia,
rom bizantiisadmi slavuri samefoebis samkvdro-sasicocxlo
mtrobam, romelic ramdenime saukunis manZilze grZeldeboda
da romelmac amdeni marTlmadidebluri sisxli daRvara,
arafriT daarRvia marTlmadideblobis Tavad bizantiuri
stilis erTianoba. slavuri qristianoba iyo da darCa, pirvel

yovlisa, rogorc bizantiuri qristianobis zusti anarekli,
ganmeoreba da ganviTareba. da Tu am slavur marTlmadideb
lobas CamovacilebT mis sagareo, politikur bedisweras, rCeba
erTi saxis mqone, erTi da igive fesvebiT nakvebi, erTi da imave
suliT gajerebuli WeSmaritad erTiani marTlmadidebluri
samyaro. da es erTianoba politikur da nacionalur
ganxeTqilebebze Zlieri aRmoCnda. slavoba warmoCinda,
rogorc bizantiuri saeklesio gardamocemis saukeTeso
nayofTa – ganRmrTobis, gabrwyinebis, rogorc axla amboben,
`naTeli kosmizmis~ SemoqmedebiTad SemTvisebeli. bizanti
nizmma erTdroulad mowamla slavoba sakuTari Teokratiuli
`mesianizmiT~ da samudamod gaanayofiera igi sakuTari
qalkedonuri, RmerTkacobrivi miswrafebis amouwuravi
simdidriT. wmindanebis, Rirsi mamebisa da mowameebis garda amas
utyvad adasturebs balkanuri eklesiebis gansacvifrebeli
religiuri xelovneba, mxolod axla rom Slis msoflios winaSe
sakuTar sulier silamazes. aqaa saukeTeso mowmoba slavuri
`fsiqes~188 Rrma gaeklesiurebis Sesaxeb, qristianuli bizantiis
saukeTeso nayofi.
da Turquli batonobis `bneli saukuneebi~ ver gadaSlis am
marTlmadideblur beWeds garegnulad dayofili, magram
siRrmiseulad erTiani bizantiuri qristianuli samyarodan.
188 fsiqe (berZn.) – berZnul miTologiaSi adamianis sulis gansaxiereba;

gamoixateboda peplis, an gogonas saxiT.
Tavi 6. bneli saukuneebi
nawili 1
1453 wlis 29 maiss ordRiani Setevis Semdeg mehmed II-is

jarebma aiRes konstantinopoli. brZolaSi daiRupa ukanaskneli
imperatori – konstantine XI paleologi. wminda qalaqi
osmaleTis imperiis dedaqalaqad iqca. 1459 wels sabolood
daipyres serbeTi, manamde (1396 wels) daeca bulgareTi, xolo
1459-60 wlebSi evropuli saberZneTi, 1463 wels bosnia da,
bolos, 1517 wels – egvipte. mTeli marTlmadidebeli
aRmosavleTi, ruseTis gamoklebiT, àgarianTa tyveobaSi~
aRmoCnda, romelic oTx saukuneze met xans gagrZeldeba! daiwyo
marTlmadideblobis udidesi dabnelebis epoqa, romelic Rrma
kvals datovebs aRmosavlur saeklesio cnobierebaSi.
Turquli ùRlis~ arsis gansazRvrisas, upirveles yovlisa,
unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar iyo qristianobis devna; rodesac
samdRiani Zarcvis, gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavi Rreobis da yvela
saxis Zaladobis Semdeg mehmedi qalaqSi Sevida, man `kanoni,
mowyaleba da wesrigi~ gamoacxada. igi ar iyo barbarosi –
konstantinopolSi adrec iyo namyofi, icoda berZnuli ena da
bizantiis dapyrobisas misken Taviseburi `berZnofilobiT~
miiswrafoda; istorikosi aRniSnavs, rom mis amalas Seadgendnen
`misTvis Zvirfasi qristianebi mdivnebis saxiT, radgan
agarianebi metad gaunaTlebelni iyvnen.~ igive istorikosi wers,
rom `qristianebi marTavdnen aseve mTel mis samefos.~ es
gadaWarbebaa, magram ara safuZvels moklebuli: mehmed II
udavod ocnebobda sakuTari imperiis berZnuli kulturiT
Tavi 6. bneli saukuneebi 343
ganmtkicebasa da damSvenebaze. meore mxriv, Tuki yuranis

swavlebis mixedviT qristianebi ùrjuloni~ arian, yuranSive
SeiZleba vipovoT qristes winaswarmetyvelad aRiareba da
misdami pativiscema. amitom, gamarjvebis Semdeg sulTnis erT-
erTi pirveli nabiji iyo SeTavazeba berZnebisadmi – aerCiaT
sakuTari patriarqi (berZnebma airCies genadi sqolarosi,
florenciis krebis monawile, romelic markoz efeselma
`laTinofronobidan~ uniis fanatikur mtrad aqcia),
moewesrigebinaT saeklesio cxovreba da dabrunebodnen TavianT
Cveul saqmianobas. SemdgomSi sulTnis umaRlesma sigelma
(`firmanma~) erTxel da samudamod gansazRvra imperiaSi
qristianebis legaluri statusi. am firmanis mixedviT yvela
qristiani valdebuli iyo yovelwliurad saxelmwifo xazinaSi
sayovelTao xarki – `xaraja~ exada. amiT amoiwureboda maTi
valdebulebebi dampyrobTa mimarT. patriarqi srul Tavis
uflebas flobda saeklesio saqmianobaSi da mis mmarTvelobaSi
Carevis ufleba aravis hqonda. aRiarebuli iyo patriarqis,
episkoposebisa da mRvdlebis piradi xelSeuxebloba, yvela
sasulieri piri ki Tavisufldeboda xarkisagan. konstanti
nopolis eklesiebis naxevari meCeTebad iqca, meore naxevari ki
qristianebs SeunarCundaT. yvela im saqmeSi, romelic Sida
saeklesio mmarTvelobas exeboda, kanonebi Tavis Zalmosilebas
inarCunebda, porta189 saeklesio mmarTvelobis damoukideb
lobas araferSi arRvevda. aRiarebuli iyo dResaswaulebisa da
kultis Tavisuflad aRsrulebis ufleba: qorwineba, dakrZalva
da sxva saeklesio wes-Cveulebebi daubrkoleblad da Riad
aResruleboda. da, bolos, nebadarTuli iyo aRdgomis sazeimo
aRniSvna yvela qalaqsa da sofelSi. amgvarad, rogorc
samarTlianad aRniSnavs a. p. lebedevi – eklesias eklesiad,
qristianebs ki qristianebad darCenis neba miecaT.
magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania Turquli batonobis qveS
qristianuli `statusis~ meore fuZemdebluri niSani. Turqe
bisaTvis (romlebic arabebisagan gansxvavebiT ar yofilan
189 porta – aq: otomanuri imperiis mTavroba.

fanatikosebi) qristianoba berZnebis iseTive saxalxo rwmenaa,

rogorc muslimoba TurqebisaTvis. islami, sazogadod,
iudaizmis msgavsad, ar asxvavebs saero da religiur
sazogadoebas. ramdenadac muslimuri sazogadoebis an
saxelmwifos mTel samoqalaqo struqturas – sasamarTlos,
kanonsa da yvela danarCens islami gansazRvravs, igi ar
gamoiyeneba aramuslimebis mimarT. da, ai qristianebma osmalur
imperiaSi moipoves ara mxolod religiuri, aramed erovnuli
umciresobis ùflebebi~, amasTan, orive es cneba erTmaneTTan
Serwymuli aRmoCnda. patriarqi `mileT-baSa~, anu xalxis
meTauri, eTnarqi190 gaxda, saeklesio ierarqiam ki qristianuli
mosaxleobis samoqalaqo marTvis ufleba miiRo. igi qristianebs
berZnuli kanonebis mixedviT asamarTlebda; misi sasamarTlo
aRiara portam da mis gadawyvetilebebs Turqi xelsufalni
aRasrulebdnen. qristianebs hqondaT sakuTari skolebis,
sakuTari `programebisa~ da cenzuris ufleba. Teoriulad
eklesia TiTqos saxelmwifo iyo saxelmwifoSi. SemdgomSi
vnaxavT, Tu raoden mniSvnelovani Sedegebi hqonda amas
uRelqveS myofi marTlmadideblobis bedis gansazRvraSi.
amgvarad, eklesiis formaluri mdgomareoba osmaleTis
imperiaSi SeiZleboda mtkiced da keTilsaimedodac ki
CaTvliliyo. magram es mxolod formaluri mxarea.
sinamdvileSi is saSineli iyo da SeuZlebelia yvela im tanjvis,
damcirebisa da namdvili devnis aRwera, romelic gadaitana
eklesiam am marTlac `bnel~ wlebSi. es imiT aixsneba, rom is
ùflebebi~, romlis Sesaxebac sul axlaxan vsaubrobdiT, sulac
ar iyo ùflebebi~ am cnebis Cveneuli gagebiT, aramed mxolod
sulTnis wyalobas warmoadgenda. Turquli cnobiereba
romaulze metad Tu ara, naklebad Teokratiuli ar iyo. romaul
cnobierebaSi xelisuflebis absolutizmi mainc ganelebuli
iyo Zveli da kargad gaazrebuli iuridiuli tradiciiT. Turqi
sulTani ki yvela uflebis, wyalobisa Tu Serisxvis wyaro iyo da
ar iyo valdebuli vinmesTvis angariSi Caebarebina sakuTari
190 eTnarqi (berZn.) – xalxis, eTnosis xelmZRvaneli, mmarTveli.

moqmedebebis gamo. islamis religiur TeoriaSi qristianebi

warmoadgendnen `raias~191 – damarcxebulTa da urjuloTa jogs da
araviTari uflebebi, araviTari moqalaqeoba maT ar ekuTv
nodaT. yvela sulTani rom mehmed II-is kulturul da
saxelmwifoebriv-politikur doneze mdgariyo, SesaZlebelia
mis `firmans~ emoqmeda kidec. magram samwuxarod, jer erTi, ukve
Tavad mehmedma daarRvia firmani, roca patriarq genadis
Tavisive boZebuli Tormeti mociqulis taZari waarTva, meorec,
Zalian male osmalurma imperiam saxelmwifo `demoralizaciis~
periodSi Seabija da masSi ganukiTxaoba, uprincipoba da
mosyidva gamefda. sulTnebi TavianT faSebs Zarcvavdnen, isini
ki – qristianebs. ganmkiTxveli aravin iyo. mdgomareoba
sagrZnoblad garTulda eklesiis istoriaSi yvelaze unugeSo –
XVII da XVIII saukuneebSi. rogorc prof. kartaSevma SeniSna, am
epoqaSi TurqeTis aRgva pirisagan miwisa SeeZlo nebismier
evropul saxelmwifos, magram ruseTisadmi SiSis gamo evropa
mxars uWerda TurqeTs da Tvals xuWavda qristianTa aRmaSfo
Tebel tanjvaze. zogan saqme qristianTa dedawulianad
amoJletamde midioda. maT mxolod ruseTi eqomageboda, magram
xSirad es mxolod qristianebis mdgomareobis gauaresebas
iwvevda. patriarqis uflebebi TandaTan nulamde davida:
erTaderTi, rac mas darCa, qristianTa qmedebebis gamo
pasuxismgeblobis ùfleba~ iyo: da ai, XVIII saukuneSi 73 wlis
ganmavlobaSi 48 patriarqi Seicvala! zogi maTgani xuTjerac ki
daamxes da mere xelaxla aiyvanes taxtze, bevrs wamebiT mouRes
bolo. ianiCarebis ajanyebebs Tan saSineli sisxlisRvrebi
axlda. ibilweboda taZrebi, nakuwdeboda wminda nawilebi,
xdeboda wminda ZRvenis profanireba. qristianTa darbevebi sul
ufro xSiri movlena xdeboda. mecxramete saukuneSi TurqeTi
ubralod ixrwneboda. is `hgavda avadmyof adamians, romelsac
evropa yovelmxriv uWerda mxars ruseTis winaaRmdeg!~.
marTalia, am saukuneSi aRiniSneboda rigi `reformebisa~,
191 raia (arab.) – `jogi~. ase uwodebdnen Turqebi TavianT qveSevrdom

aramuslimebs, ZiriTadad qristianebs.
romliTac sulTnebi TurqeTis `gaevropelebas~ da amiT qris

tianebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas cdilobdnen, magram
sinamdvileSi mdgomareoba mxolod uaresdeboda, gansakuT
rebiT ki berZnuli erovnuli cnobierebis gaRviZebisa da
Tavisuflebaze ocnebis gamo. 1821 wlis berZnuli ajanyebis
gamo TurqeTsa da konstantinopolSi berZnebma sastiki rbeva
ganicades. es weli patriarq grigol V-is mowameobiT aRiniSna.
igi verc gankveTis sigelma gadaarCina, romelic man sakuTar
erTmorwmune meamboxeTa winaaRmdeg gamosca: magram es
sulmokleoba man sikvdilis win qristes erTgulebiT
gamoisyida. rodesac rwmenis uaryofa SesTavazes, man upasuxa:
àmaod daSvriT, qristiani patriarqi qristianad kvdeba.~ es
aRdgomis dRe iyo, 1821 wlis saSineli aRdgomis dRe. diliT
patriarqma saaRdgomo liturgia aRasrula da yvelas
mouwodebda am brwyinvale dResaswaulis Jams amqveyniuri
mwuxarebebis daviwyebisaken. mas Semdeg, rac TiToeuls
saaRdgomo kvercxebi dauriga, patriarqi daapatimres da imave
dRes sapatriarqos karebze CamoaxrCves. qristianebs ver
Sveloda veranairi kanoni, romelsac Turquli mTavroba
evropis sazogadoebrivi azris dasawynareblad gamoscemda. ase,
magaliTad, sevastopolis omis (romelSic Turqebi inglise
lebisa da frangebis mokavSireni iyvnen) da 1856 wlis parizis
zavis Semdeg sulTanma abdul-mejid I-ma `sakuTar qveSevr
domebis keTildReobaze dauRalavi zrunviT~ gamosca cnobili
`gati-gamaiuni~ (sakuTari xeliT Sedgenili dekreti), romlis
mixedviTac qristianebi uflebebSi muslimebs uTanabrde
bodnen. evropa aRfrTovanebulia! arsebiTad ki es, prof. a. p.
lopuxinis sityvebiT, niSnavda, rom `sulTnis qristian
qveSevrdomebs, rogoric unda yofiliyo maTi Seviwroveba da
damcireba, axla aRar SeeZloT dayrdnobodnen sxvaTa
daxmarebas, isini mxolod sakuTari Zalebis imedad unda
yofiliyvnen... da radgan TurqeTi araorganizebul, primitiul
mdgomareobaSi rCeboda, 1856 wels misi kerpad xeldasxma
evropuli diplomatiis mxridan arasdros mosula aseT mwvave
winaaRmdegobaSi sinamdvilesTan da arasdros uaryofila ase

samarcxvinod movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebiT, rogorc
abdul-mejidis mefobis bolos, roca berZnebi gati-gamaiunis
ZaliT ara marto saSinel socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi
darCnen, aramed maT bevri uwindeli ufleba da upiratesobac
dahkarges.~
amitom, mecxramete saukunis MmTeli meore naxevari
qristianuli ajanyebebisa da Turqebis mxridan sisxliani
angariSsworebebis niSniT warimarTa. daiwyo Ria brZolisa da
jerarnaxuli masStabis xocva-Jletis epoqa. da es yvelaferi
dasavleTSi gulmowyale evropuli liberalizmis gamarjvebis
momentSi xdeboda! 1861 weli ajanyebebiT aRiniSna bosniasa da
hercogovinaSi, serbeTSi, valaxeTSi, moldaveTSi, bulgareTSi;
1866 wels kunZul kretaze, 1875 wels kvlav bosniasa da
hercogovinaSi. am ajanyebebiT mzaddeboda axali Tavi
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis istoriaSi.
nawili 2
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriaSi Turquli batonobis

epoqa, pirvel yovlisa, religiuri nacionalizmis gansakuT
rebuli gamwvavebiT xasiaTdeba. amis fesvebi, rogorc ukve
viciT, `bizantinizmis~ arsisken midis – mis mier `wminda
saxelmwifos~ ideis absolutizebiT. magram es idea Tavidan
romauli universalizmis niSniT ibadeboda da viTardeboda.
romi aRmerTebda saxelmwifos da ara nacias. piriqiT,
mravaltomovan, mravalerovan imperias sakuTari Tavi swored
yvela nacionaluri SezRudvis gadamlaxvelad, erTi kanoniT,
erTi xelisuflebiT, erTi kulturiT, erTi da imave Rire
bulebebisadmi rwmeniT gaerTianebul `samyarod~ warmoedgina,
magram masSi sruliad ar iyo `rasobrivi~ momenti, `xorcisa da
sisxlis~ gandideba. yoveli `barbarosi~, romelic romis
qveSevrdomobas iRebda da èlinizmis~ kulturul Rire

bulebebs eziareboda, ukve aRar iyo barbarosi da xdeboda im
`samyaros~ srulfasovani, adamianTa erTiani sazogadoebis
wevri, romelSic yvelaferi saukeTeso, marTlac sakacobrio,
universaluri RirebulebebiT cocxlobda da misTvis ucxo iyo
raime saxis `rasizmi~. da sworedac es universaluri ganzraxva,
romis es msoflio suli iyo qristianobasTan misi Sexvedrisa da
kavSiris mTavari `wertili~, romelic Tavisive arsiT iyo
sayovelTao da yovlismomcveli, romelSic daZleuli iyo
gansxvaveba èlinsa da iudevels, barbarossa da Tavisufals192~
Soris, raTa yvelaferi axal adamianSi – qristes xatebaSi
SeerTebuliyo. eklesiam imitom miiRo aseTi sixaruliT
imperiasTan kavSiri, sakuTari Tavi imitom dauqvemdebara
imperiis dacvas da gaanaTla igi Tavisi kurTxeviT, rom TviT
imperia Tvlida Tavs msoflio misiis aRsrulebisaTvis
mowodebulad da arafriT zRudavda Tavis WeSmaritad
universalur mowodebas. unda vaRiaroT, rom pirvel xanebSi
imperia marTlac am STagonebiT cxovrobda. konstantine,
magaliTad, Tvlida, rom pasuxismgebelia sparseTSi
qristianobis gavrcelebaze. adreuli bizantiidan warigzavna
misia somxebTan, qarTvelebTan, goTebTan, hunebTan – da bolos,
Tavad slavebTanac. Tavad qristianobis mimRebi barbarosi
xalxebis imperiaSi CarTva mxolod politikuri ìmperia
lizmiT~ ki ar iyo nakarnaxevi, aramed imis rwmeniTac, rom
imperia qristianuli msoflios normaluri `formaa~, romelic
erTiania imitom, rom qristianulia.
am universalizmSi pirveli bzari imperiis gayofa iyo, rac
imperiisagan dasavluri nawilis CamocilebiT dasrulda.
Tumca, imperiis Zalauflebas, Tundac nominalurs, Tavad
dasavleTSi damkvidrebuli `barbarosebi~ aRiarebdnen, ase rom
bizantiuri Teoria uryevi darCa. magram, rogorc vnaxeT,
192 Sead.: kolas. 3:11: `sada igi ara ars warmarT da huria, winadacueTileba Dda
winadaucueTileba, barbaroz, skviTel, moneba, aznaureba, aramed yovlad
yovelsa Sina qriste.~
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis epoqaSi swored am dasavleTTan

Sejaxebam ukve tragikuli Sedegebi moitana. bizantiuri
patriotizmi, romelic aqamde imperiuli universaluri
ocnebiT ikvebeboda, TandaTan nacionalizmad iqca, anu
dadebiTi grZnobidan uaryofiTi efeqti miviReT – yvelaferi
ucxos uaryofa, `sakuTaris~ avadmyofurad da mZafrad gancda.
gansakuTrebiT Zlierad es gadagvareba igrZnoba nikeis samefos
epoqaSi (XIII saukune), rodesac laTinebi imperiis wminda
dedaqalaqSi batonobdnen. Tavad marTlmadidebloba, romelic
mamebis epoqaSi mudam iyo gancdili sayovelTao WeSmaritebad,
romelsac yvela xalxis damorCileba SeeZlo, ukve SeigrZ
noboda, rogorc berZnuli rwmena `laTinuris~, dasavluris
sapirispirod. èlinizmma~, romelic imave mamebis cnobierebaSi
warmarTobis sinonimi iyo, gviandel bizantiaSi axali mniSv
neloba SeiZina – masSi erovnuli tradiciis wyaro dainaxes, ris
Sedegadac paleologebSi elinizmis aRorZineba ukve sakmaod
Zlieradaa Seferili sworedac nacionaluri grZnobebiT.
amgvarad, Tu bizantiis oficialuri ìdeologia~, imperiis
yvela istoriuli marcxis miuxedavad, ucvlelad universaluri
rCeboda, sinamdvileSi es damarcxebebi, es usasrulo
geografiuli Semcireba da `ganleva~ sul ufro avsebda
bizantiis ideologias nacionalur-berZnuli paTosiT,
romelSic umaRlesi Rirebuleba ukve qristianuli imperia ki
ara, swored elinizmi iyo. amitom, vinaidan bizantia sakuTari
ùniversalobis~ gamo uaryofda erTiani imperiis dayofas
damoukidebel samefoebad da avtokefaliebad, is praqtikulad
Tavs axvevda slavebs `gaberZnebas~ sayofacxovrebo
TvalsazrisiTac: dapyrobil bulgareTSi berZeni ierarqebis
Zalaufleba, zizRnarevi damokidebuleba yovelive TviTmyo
fadis mimarT, enisadmic ki –… swored es moaswavebda
marTlmadidebeli samyaros daSlis gardauvalobas, aiZulebda
slavebs, rogorc adre sirielebsa da somxebs, siZulvili
gaCenodaT berZnebisadmi. da Tu Turquli dapyrobis
momentisaTvis bizantiuri qristianuli universalizmis daSla
ukve Semdgari faqti iyo, Turqulma batonobam paradoqsulad

aRadgina igi! Turqebi, romlebic, rogorc adre vTqviT, ar
asxvavebdnen religias erovnebisagan, qristianebsac, pirvel
yovlisa, xalxad ganixilavdnen, rogorc erT mTlianobas,
romelsac èTnarqis~ saxiT meTaurobs konstantinopolis
patriarqi (arsebiTad qristianebi swored xalxi unda
yofiliyo, Tuki maT emaxsovrebodaT adrindeli qristianuli
gancda eklesiisa, rogorc àxali xalxisa~ da qristianis
gansazRvreba, rogorc laikosisa, romelic momdinareobs
berZnuli sityvisagan `laos~, rac niSnavs `xalxs, e. i. laiki aris
xalxis wevri).
amave dros, gasaocaria, rom imperiis ngrevas, romelsac
aseTi veberTela, aseTi centraluri adgili ekava bizantiur
cnobierebaSi, bizantielebi SedarebiT gulgrilad Sexvdnen.
imdroindeli Zeglebidan ar Cans, rom isini aRiqvamdnen amas,
rogorc kriziss, rogorc sakuTari yvelaze sanukvari ocnebis
kraxs. es ki imitom moxda, rom meTxuTmete saukunis
bizantielebis cnobierebaSi ukve Sedga es Sinagani Canacvleba
imperiulisa èlinuriT~, elinizmi ki ara Tu ar ganadgurebula
Turquli batonobisas, aramed piriqiT, msoflio patriarqis
saxiT man jerarnaxuli Zalaufleba moipova! Turquli monobis
qveS TiTqos Tavad mefis Zalaufleba gadadis patriarqTan.
bizantiur cnobierebaSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos sazRvrebi
ukve did xania erTmaneTs Seerwya, axla erTmaneTs am orive
xelisuflebis mqoneni erwymian. es ki imitomaa SesaZlebeli, rom
rogorc eklesia, ise saxelmwifo miemarTeba ase vTqvaT, erT
subieqts – berZen xalxs, romelic elinizmis maradiuli
Rirebulebis matarebelia, Rirebulebisa, romelic berZne
bisaTvis sul ufro metad xdeboda damoukidebeli
`TavisTavadi faseuloba~. samefo SesaZlebelia `raiamde~
daviwrovdes, magram maSin misi meTauri patriarqis amocanaa
momaval aRorZinebamde rwmenisa da elinizmis SenarCuneba (erTi
meoris gareSe warmoudgenelia). `patriarqi taxtze dabrZanda...…
mRvdelmTavrebma ki Tayvani sces mas, rogorc TavianT
mbrZanebels, rogorc mefesa da patriarqs.~ berZeni isto

rikosis am sityvebis citirebisas prof. lebedevi wers: àm dros
maTi pirveli azri isaa, rom arCeuli hyavT axali mefe, Semdeg ki
iazreben, rom maT misi saxiT kanonieri patriarqi miiRes. da
mainc, imitom ki ar aris is maTTvis patriarqi, rom amave dros
mefecaa, piriqiT, imitomac aris mefe, rom is patriarqia. axali
romis patriarqi TiTqos monobaSi tanjuli bizantiis
imperatoria, romelsac Tavisufleba waerTva da ara
Zalaufleba. patriarqis Tavi bizantiuri orTaviani arwivis
gamosaxulebiani gvirgvinis formis mitriTaa Semkobili, xelSi
ki amaod uWiravs patriarqis kverTxi~.
da, ai, rodesac ara marto saeklesio, aramed `saxalxo~
Zalauflebac moipoves, romlis msgavsi maT imperiis bolo
saukuneebSi ar hqoniaT, bizantielma patriarqebma yvelaferi
gaakeTes, raTa ukve sabolood ganemtkicebinaT berZnebis
gamarjveba yvela slavur àvtokefaliaze~, romelTa aRiareba
maT adre uneburad uwevdaT. Turquli saukuneebi aRiniSna
samarcxvino SinabrZolebiT Tavad marTlmadidebel `raiaSi~ –
risi saxeliT? imave stiqiuri, mgznebare nacionalizmis
saxeliT, romelic yovel momdevno saukunesTan erTad axrCobda
qristes eklesiis erTianobis grZnobas! samwuxarod, religiis
Turquli gageba ukve didi xania qristianul gagebadac iqca. ase
magaliTad, qristianebma umtkivneulod, uxerxulobis gareSe
miiRes mahmadianebis qristianebad moqcevis akrZalva, riTac
uari Tqves eklesiis msoflio mowodebaze, samagierod –
mahmadianebis daxmarebiT – ramdeni Zal-Rone daxarjes rwmeniT
TavianTi qristesmieri Zmebis damcirebaze, dapyrobasa da
damorCilebaze. Tavad araerTxel damcirebulni, devnilni,
sasikvdilod ganwirulni, xSirad ubralo `paikebi~ mdidari
`fanariotebis~ (Turqebis samsaxurSi gamdidrebuli berZnebis)
xelSi, konstantinopoleli patriarqebi sistematurad cdilo
ben, ara marto daiqvemdebaron yvela, aqamde avtokefaluri
slavuri eklesia, aramed cdiloben maT `gaberZnebas~ da maTi
slavuri warsulis Sesaxeb xsovnis ganadgurebasac ki. tirnovos
sapatriarqo moispo TurqeTis mier bulgareTis dapyrobis

Tanave. ukve 1394 wels konstantinopolidan iq berZeni
mitropoliti gagzavnes da sapatriarqo kostantinopolis
patriarqatis rigiT eparqiad gadaiqca. sxva bulgarulma
àvtokefaliam~ – oxridisam, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT,
berZnebis mier pirveli bulgaruli samefos ganadgurebisas
daarsda 1018 wels, iarseba 1776 wlamde, anu cnobil
konstantinopolel patriarq samuel I-mde, romelmac daasrula
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis es `gaerTianeba~. erTi wliT adre
manve SeZlo peCis sapatriarqos `likvidireba~ serbeTSi,
rodesac misi valebi Turqul xazinas gadauxada. yvelgan
idevneboda warmoSobiT bulgareli da serbi yofili ierarqebi,
maT adgils ki yvelgan berZnebi ikavebdnen. kanonikuri
TviTnebobiT mkvidrdeboda Zaladobrivi `gaberZnebac~,
gansakuTrebiT bulgareTSi, rac mogvianebiT e.w. `bulgaruli
sakiTxis~ dawyebis sababi gaxdeba.
aseTive samwuxaro suraTia aRmosavleTSic – ierusalimis,
antioqiisa da aleqsandriis patriarqatebSi, sadac amgvari
Zaladobrivi `gaerTianebis~ msxverplni arabebi xdebian. yvela
es dagrovili da gulSi dafaruli wyena, angariSianoba da
intriga Tavs iCens, rodesac Sesustebas daiwyebs Turquli
batonoba da slavi xalxebis nacionaluri aRmavlobis saaTi
dadgeba.
am `nacionalizmebiT~ Sinaganad gaTiSuli, Tavisi msoflio
misiis SegrZnebadakarguli marTlmadidebeli eklesia axal
periodSi patara samyaroebad danawevrebuli Seabijebs, rom
lebic erTmaneTs eWviTa da mtrobiT ekidebian, ar grZnoben
erTurTis saWiroebas da romlebic, soloviovis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, àdgilobriv gadmocemaTa provincializms~ daeqvemde
barnen. mas Semdeg, rac Tavidan gaxda àRmosavluri~, marTl
madidebloba axla ukve bolomde `nacionaluric~ gaxdeba...
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom borotebis saTave araa Tavad
`nacionalurSi~, rogorc aseTSi. universaluri imperia didi
xania fiqciad iqca, da ara eklesiis dauxmareblad mas cvlida es
nacionaluri `fsiqeebi~, romlebic Tavad qristianobaSi

poulobdnen TavianTi zrdis, Camoyalibebis, qristianuli
WeSmaritebisadmi `nacionaluri msaxurebis~ mkvebav wyaros.
nacia, xalxi iseTive `bunebrivi~ faqtia, rogorc sazogadoeba,
amitomac eklesiaSi SesaZlebeli iyo da unda gamovleniliyo
misi qristianobis dadebiTi saxe. is gamovlinda kidec,
Taviseburad, rodesac Turquli batonobis epoqaSi xalxi
bolomde Seerwya eklesias da eklesia gaxda saukeTeso
nacionaluri idealebis matarebeli. magram im periodis
tragedia imaSia, rom man aseve mowamla marTlmadidebeli
xalxebis nacionaluri cnobiereba sxva marTlmadidebeli
xalxebisadmi mtrobiT, am mtrobaSi ki ganqarda, ganwirul iqna
eklesiis cocxali erToba da igi `Teoriuli~ erTobiT
Seicvala. metic, Tavad eklesia ukve ara marto naTlismomfeni
qristianuli idealis matarebeli gaxda, aramed iqca
nacionaluri brZolis simbolod, religiuri nacionalizmis
wyarod, rac dRemde wamlavs marTlmadidebel aRmosavleTs.
eklesia, romelic mowodebulia, suliTa da WeSmaritebiT
YgaanaTlos yovelive qveynierebaze, sabolood Tavad daemor
Cila `xorcsa da sisxls~. qristianuli patriotizmi warmarTul
nacionalizms aReria.
nawili 3
aranakleb tragikulad unda miviCnioT saeklesio ganaTlebis

dacemac, rac Turquli uRlis periodSi Cans. marTalia,
ganaTlebas imperiis dacemamdec umal àristokratiuli~
xasiaTi hqonda da igi ar iyo farTo saeklesio masebis xvedri.
rogorc vambobdiT, marTlmadidebeli adamiani Zalian bevrs
iRebda RvTismsaxurebisagan; Tavad Cveni liturgikuli
teqstebi metyveleben eklesiuri xalxis codnis maRal doneze.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Turqul periodSi ganaTleba saerTod
gaqra, magram misi done metismetad daqveiTda da, rac mTavaria,

sakuTari suli Seicvala: misi mizani gaxda elinizmis
SenarCuneba, Tanac misi ukiduresi nacionalisturi sulis
kveTebiT. erTi rusi mogzauri, romelmac XIX saukunis Sua
xanebSi imogzaura TurqeTSi, wers: `skolaSi elinizmis
siyvaruli misi Tanmimdevruli Seswavlis gareSe da nawyvetebiT
dakmayofileba SezRudul, calmxriv ganaTlebas badebs, rac
axlosaa uvicobasTan. Aamis Sedegia pedantizmi, maRalfar
dovneba (rac gamowveulia ubralo saubarSi Zveli elinuri
frazebis CarTvis sasacilo surviliT) da, bolos, Cveulebrivi,
magram sasargeblo codnisadmi zizRi. maswavleblebs ukeTesi
hgoniaT qveynis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb 2000 wlis winandeli
raRac ambis saCvenebeli dazepireba, vidre qveynis Tanamedrove
mdgomareobis gacnoba. bizantiuri qedmaRloba ki, romelic
adamianis Rirsebas mxolod berZenSi aRiarebs, agrZelebs
qristianebs Soris yvelaze arahumanuri Tvisebebis Tesvas.~
saskolo ganaTleba, ama Tu im formiT, ar Semwydara:
konstantinopolSi Turquli uRlis mTel periodSi iarseba
sapatriarqos akademiam, naTeli xsovna darCa patmosis skolaze,
romelSic 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi uSfoTvelad aswavlida misi
damaarsebeli, mRvdel-monazoni193 makari, da ianinis skolaze,
romelsac arqim. antonin kapustini `Cvens dReebSi aRorZi
nebuli elinizmis akvans~ uwodebs. xanmokle, magram brwyinvale
istoria hqonda XVIII saukuneSi evgeni bulgarisis aTonis
akademias, romelic bolos da bolos berebma dawves. `me
meubnebodnen – werda ep. porfiri uspenski, aRmosavleTis rusi
mcodne, rom berebma akademia Segnebulad dawves, radgan
fiqrobdnen, rom imqveynad swavluloba saWiro ar aris~.…
da mainc ganaTlebis saerTo done Zalian dabali iyo. XVI
saukuneSi Tesalonikis mitropoliti ambobs, rom èparqiaSi
arcerTma berma ar icis ZvelberZnuli ena da ar esmis saeklesio
locvebi~, xolo berZeni swavluli konstantine ikonomosi XIX
saukunis dasawyisSive wers: `saRvTismsaxuro wignebis xSirad
193 mRvdel-monazoni – marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi beri, romelsac mRvdlis
xarisxi aqvs
sakmaod aradamakmayofilebeli, ubralo kiTxvis unari, Tuki mas

Tan axlda melodiuri xma, ukve iZleoda mRvdlisa da diakvnis
xarisxis miRebis uflebas.~ mxolod XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi
gaacnobieres specialuri saRvTismetyvelo ganaTlebis auci
lebloba da 1844 wels kunZul qalkize pirveli saRvTis
metyvelo skola gaixsna.
zemoTqmulidan cxadia, rom Tavad saRvTismetyvelo
tradicia ver SeinarCunebda im simaRles, rasac igi, yvela
Sinagani ùZlurebis~ miuxedavad, bizantiis arsebobis bolomde
inarCunebda. aq saWiroa gansakuTrebulad gamovyoT erTi Tema,
romelic ucvlelad gasdevs mTel Turqul periods: esaa
polemika aramarTlmadideblebTan, pirvel yovlisa, laTi
nebTan, Semdeg ki protestantebTanac. Turqebis mier berZnebis
damoneba papobisaTvis axal perspeqtivebs Slida da, samwuxarod,
papobam ar daayovna amis gamoyeneba. mTeli es epoqa aRmosavleTSi
mudmivad mzardi laTinuri propagandiT aRiniSneba, romelic
sakmaod xSirad iqceva namdvil `sulTa syidvad,~ amas ki kidev
axali Sxami, axali gamwvaveba Seaqvs ganyofil qristianul
samyaroSi. aRmosavleTisaken daiZra specialur skolebSi
momzadebuli gawafuli propagandistebis mTeli armia (maTgan
yvelaze saxelganTqmuli iyo wm. aTanases kolegia romSi, rome
lic 1577 wels gaxsna papma grigol XIII-m). romauli episko
patebis qselma mTeli marTlmadidebeli aRmosavleTi dafara.
unda vaRiaroT, rom am kargad momzadebul Setevas berZenma
polemistebma ver gasces ramdenadme arsebiTi pasuxi. umravles
SemTxvevaSi isini mxolod imeorebdnen Zvel bizantiur
argumentebs, romlebmac didi xania dakarges TavianTi simwvave.
a. p. lebedevi wers: `marTlmadideblebi TiTqmis sruliad ar
swavlobdnen laTinur eklesias, mis zne-Cveulebebs,
miswrafebebsa da idealebs da laTinebis Sesaxeb warRvnamdeli
warmodgenebis doneze rCebodnen, TiTqos isini erT-erTi
egvipturi sasjeli yofiliyvnen.194 laTinebma sakuTar
saeklesio ganviTarebaSi win gadadges nabiji, berZnebi ki,
194 egviptelebs RmerTma aTi sasjeli miuvlina imis gamo, rom faraoni moses
xalxis gaSvebaze uars ambobda (gamosv. 7 - 12).
rodesac maTTan brZola uwevdaT, romeliRac mojadoebul

wreSi erT adgils tkepnidnen.~ rac unda Zneli iyos amis Tqma,
marTlmadideblobis SenarCunebas, pirvel yovlisa,
laTinebisadmi fesvgadgmuli, Zveli, mosisxle siZulvili
uwyobda xels, ramac berZnebi kaTolikeTa xelaxal
monaTvlamdec ki miiyvana! nikodimos mTawmindeli werda Tavis
`winamZRvarSi~: ùkve is, rom Cven amdeni saukunea laTinebisadmi
siZulvilsa da zizRs ganvicdiT, gvaCvenebs, rom Cven
moviZagebT maT, rogorc eretikosebs – arianelebs, sabelia
nelebs da a.S.~…meore mxriv, marTlmadidebelebs icavdnen Tavad
Turqebi, romlebsac ar uyvardaT laTinebi, rogorc ùcxo
qveynis agentebi~ da èvropuli imperializmis warmomad
genlebi~ da eSinodaT maTi. roca XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi
siriaSi marTlmadideblebma portasTan iCivles kaTolikuri
propagandis gamo, gamoica Semdegi `firmani~: `zogi eSmaki frang
berTa rigebidan, cudi miznebiTa da umarTebulo zraxvebiT
dadis qveyanaSi da berZnul raias TavianT amao frangul
swavlebas STaagonebs; ugunuri metyvelebiT isini xels
aRebineben raias TavianT Zvel rwmenaze da frangul rwmenas
nergaven; aseT frang berebs arsad aqvT yofnis ufleba, garda im
adgilebisa, sadac imyofebian maTi konsulebi, maT ar aqvT
mogzaurobisa da misionerobis ufleba.~ am teqsts komentari ar
sWirdeba: ai eklesiaTa ganyofis Sedegebi XVIII saukuneSi!
umca, pirvel yovlisa, mniSvnelovani isaa, rom qristianuli
dasavleTis saeklesio gzis yvelaze kritikul momentSi –
dasavleTis yvela tradiciuli Rirebulebis reformaciisa da
gadaxedvis, gadafasebis momentSi – marTlmadidebeli eklesia
mdumarebda, amis gamo ki dasavluri kamaTi calmxrivi, WeSmarit
sayovelTao perspeqtivas moklebuli aRmoCnda. aRmosavleTs
mxolod gamijvna, Tavdacva, SenarCuneba SeeZlo – mas ar
aRmoaCnda Zala, rom sakuTari gamocdileba, sakuTari uwyveti
tradicia eCvenebina, rogorc gamosavali dasavluri Cixidan.
pirveli reformatorebi, romlebsac swamdaT, rom papizmTan da
Suasaukunoebriv kaTolicizmTan brZoliT isini samociqulo
qristianobas ubrundebodnen, cdilobdnen miemarTaT aRmo

savluri eklesiisaTvis, rogorc romTan maTi davis
àrbitrisaTvis~. protestantebTan molaparakebebi gansakuT
rebiT gamococxlda patriarq ieremia II-is (1572-95 ww.) dros,
romelmac dawvrilebiT ganixila misTvis gamogzavnili
augsburgis aRsareba195 da gamoaaSkarava misi aSkara ereti
kuloba marTlmadidebluri TvalsazrisiT. `Tqven arasdros
dagveTanxmebiT Cven, an ukeT rom vTqvaT, WeSmaritebas, – werda
ieremia, – da gTxovT, metad nuRar SegvawuxebT, nurc werils
mogvwerT, nurc vinmes gamogvigzavniT, roca eklesiis
mnaTobebsa da RvTismetyvelebs sxvagvarad ganmartavT da
sityviT pativs miagebT, saqmiT ki uaryofT... … amrigad,
agvacileT es garja, Tqvens gzas mihyeviT da momavalSi
dogmatebis Sesaxeb nuRar mogvwerT.~
samwuxarod, marTlmadidebelma eklesiam SeZlo protes
tantobis uaryofa da misi dagmoba, iseve rogorc kaTolikuri
Setevisagan Tavis dacva, magram ver Seasrula Tavisi vali
marTlmadideblobis mowmobisa, ver warmoaCina misi cxov
rebiseuli da SemoqmedebiTi mniSvneloba. metic, swored am
droidan iwyeba dasavleTis kaTolikuri da protestantuli
gavlenebis TandaTanobiTi SeRweva Tavad marTlmadideblur
RvTismetyvelebaSi, romelic didi xniT SesZens mas erTgvar
arasrulfasovnebis kompleqss yovelive dasavluris mimarT,
didi xniT mowyvets mas sakuTari cocxali, SemoqmedebiTi
memkvidreobisagan. es gavlena vrceldeboda axalgazrda
adamianebis meSveobiT, romlebsac saswavleblad dasavleTSi
agzavnidnen – inglisSi, SveciaSi, daniaSi – da romlebic,
sakuTari mtkice rwmenis arqonis gamo, advilad avaddebodnen
dasavleTis ukanaskneli saRvTismetyvelo modebiT, isru
tavdnen mTel dasavlur saRvTismetyvelo da sulier
195 augsburgis aRsareba – luTeranebis saRvTismetyvelo normebis amsaxveli
oficialuri dokumenti. SeimuSava melanxTonma, moiwona martin luTerma.
waredgina karlos V-s augsburgis raixstagze 1530 wels. kK aTolikeebma sapasuxod
daweres papis uaryofa (Confutatio Pontificio), marTlmadideblebis saxeliT ki
augsburgis aRsarebas konstantinopolis patriarqma ieremia II-m upasuxa.
atmosferos, Semdeg ki marTlmadidebeli samRvdeloebis

maswavleblebad da damrigeblebad gvevlinebodnen. am procesis
TvalsaCino magaliTia kirile lukarisis saxelganTqmuli saqme,
romelmac konstantinopolis patriarqobisas 1629 wels
JenevaSi gamosca Tavisi SinaarsiTa da STagonebiT aSkarad
protestantuli `marTlmadidebluri rwmenis aRsareba~. magram
es magaliTi sulac ar aris erTaderTi. TandaTan sul ufro
aSkara xdeba, rom Tu marTlmadidebelma eklesiam SeinarCuna
sakuTari damoukidebloba kaTolikeebisa da protestan
tebisagan, marTlmadidebelma RvTismetyvelebam es damouki
debloba dakarga da gadaiqca an saeWvo argumentebiT
dasavleTis SiSvel da usafuZvlo uarmyofelad, an garkveuli
saxis kompromisad kaTolikur da protestantul ukidure
sobebs Soris. es ki, pirvel yovlisa, dakavSirebulia
Semoqmedebis, marTlmadideblobis gamocdilebaSi Semoqmede
biTi wvdomisa da misi mowmobis SeCerebasTan.
`moxda ise, – wers protopresviteri giorgi florovski, –
rom bizantiis dacemis Semdeg RvTismetyvelebda mxolod
dasavleTi. RvTismetyveleba arsebiTad sayovelTao amocanaa,
magram es amocana mxolod ganxeTqilebis dros sruldeboda. es
qristianuli kulturis istoriis ZiriTadi paradoqsia.
dasavleTi RvTismetyvelebs, rodesac aRmosavleTi dums – an,
rac yvelaze uaresia, gauazreblad da dagvianebiT imeorebs
dasavleTis mier gadaReWils. marTlmadidebeli RvTismetyveli
sakuTar aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobaSi dRemde sakmaodaa
damokidebuli dasavlur mxardaWeraze. Tavis pirvelwyaroebs
igi swored dasavleTisgan iRebs, mamebsa da msoflio krebebis
aqtebs dasavlur, xSirad sanimuSo gamocemebSi kiTxulobs da
dasavlur skolebSi swavlobs Sekrebil masalasTan damoki
debulebis meTodebsa da teqnikas. da Cveni eklesiis warsuli
yvelaze metad dasavleli mkvlevarebis da swavlulebis
araerTi Taobis gmirobis fasad viciT. es exeba faqtebis
Sekrebasac da maT ganmartebasac...…dasavluri azri yovelTvis
cocxlobs am warsulSic, istoriuli mogonebebis iseTi
daZabulobiT, TiTqos sakuTari mistiuri xsovnis avadmyofur
nakls anazRaurebdes. am samyaroSi marTlmadidebelma RvTis

metyvelebmac unda moitanon mowmoba, mowmoba eklesiis Sinagani
xsovnidan. eklesiis mxolod es Sinagani xsovna acocxlebs
teqstebis mdumare mowmobas~.…
sayovelTaobis cnobierebis minavleba, erovnuli mtroba,
ganaTlebis dacema, RvTismetyvelebis gaqvaveba, aramarTl
madideblur cdunebaTa Sxami – ai, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
istoriaSi im epoqis uaryofiTi, tragikuli mxareebi. swored
maSin xorcieldeba marTlmadideblobis is istoriuli
daknineba, rac mxolod garegani da arasasurveli pirobebis
brali araa. am yvela uZlurebisagan marTlmadidebloba dRemde
ar gankurnebula. magram isev da isev unda SevikavoT Tavi
calmxrivi Sefasebebisagan da unda SegveZlos, davinaxoT sxva,
naklebad SesamCnevi, magram, SesaZloa, ufro mniSvnelovani ram
sxva istoriaSi – sulier istoriaSi, romelic ver izomeba
adamianuri instrumentebiT. am unugeSo garegnobis miRma cotam
Tu dainaxa dauSreteli ganZic, yvelaze naklebad ki,
samwuxarod, dainaxes rusebma, ase adre rom SeiTvises
didmpyrobeluri zizRi mTeli aRmosavluri marTlmadideb
lobis mimarT. magram viRaceebma dainaxes. da gana niSandoblivi
ar aris, rom is rusi cocxali sulebi, romlebsac rusuli
eklesiis yvelaze didi garegnuli ayvavebis Jams hqondaT Sexeba
aRmosavleTis eklesiebTan – Sinaganad `moiqceodnen~ xolme
saeklesio cnobierebis romeliRac sxva ganzomilebaSi da maT
ukve veRar akmayofilebda Cveni sinoduri marTlmadideblobis
mTeli oficialuri brwyinvaleba. radganac uvicobasTan,
SovinizmTan, vercxlismoyvareobasTan da sxva codvebTan
erTad aRmosavleTSi kvlav cocxlobda WeSmariti marTl
madidebluri èklesiurobac~, romelic ufro metad anaTebda
Tavisi xalasi Sinagani silamaziT axla, rodesac mas imperiis
bolo saukuneebis ùbadruki fufuneba~ Camoscilda. ai, ras
werda wina saukunis Sua xanebSi196 qristianuli aRmosavleTis
erT-erTi gamWriaxi damkvirvebeli arqimandriti antonin
kapustini, visTvisac konstantinopolSi, aTenSi, ierusalimSi
196 igulisxmeba XIX saukune.
elCad msaxuroba eklesiis sayovelTaobis gacnobierebis gzad

iqca – im wlebSi, roca amis Sesaxeb TiTqos aRaravis axsovda:
`sakmarisia dainaxoT berZeni aTenis tevrebSi, arabi libanis
miwurebSi, kopti libiis qviSebSi da abisinieli... raTa
darwmundeT, rom aq sulieri geografiis sxva zoli gadis da
masze sxva mcenareebi aRmocendeba, romelTac ar sWirdebaT arc
Cveni xelovnuri da Zaladobrivi ganayofiereba, arc morwyva,
arc damynoba, arc qoTnebi da arc saTburebi. da RmerTma qnas,
rom Cveni sasaTbure RvTismosaoba maTsas gautoldes. Tavadve
vwuxvar, rom Cems sasargeblod ar vlaparakob, magram ra vqna?
suecis ubadruk eklesiaSi dgomisas, CemTvis cnobili amdeni
SesaniSnavi wminda adgilis xsovniT Sepyrobili, me ver
SevZlebdi sulier amaRlebas misi Camozneqili saxuravis maxinj
da ukve naxevraddampal nivnivebsa da ficrebze maRla.
adgilobrivi mcxovrebi ki ueWvelad loculobs aq sruli
qristianuli locviT sulisSemZvreli mSobliuri galobis
TanxlebiT. taZris ubadrukoba ar mianiSnebs mas RmrTis
ubadrukobaze. da madli mas.~
mitropolit filaretisadmi werilSi ki antonini wers:
`berZnebis religiuri cxovrebis wvrilmanebze dakvirvebisas
masSi imdeni ram vipove, rasac Ceti-minei da prologi
gvaswavlis, rom uars vityodi marTlmadidebeli mRvdlisa da
beris saxelze, sakuTari eklesiis winaSe amis Sesaxeb rom
gavCumebuliyavi.~ iq, Ratak aRmosavleTSi, man uecrad igrZno
wadili marTlmadideblobis erTianobisa, misi istoriis axali
periodisa, igrZno mowodeba `qristes sxeulis qveynebis,
xalxebis, enebis, vnebebis, saWiroebebis, samTavrobo sistemebis,
skolebis mixedviT danawevrebisaken ki ara, aramed erTobliv
cxovrebaSi sayovelTao siyvarulis suliT, mSvidobiT,
suliwmindis gamo sixaruliT yvelas SeerTebisaken~... èrTiani,
organulad cocxali, Zlieri, sameufo, qristes marTlma
didebeli eklesiis~ aRorZinebisaken.
dacemebiT, codvebiT, sisusteebiT aRsavse oficialuri
istoriis miRma kvlav gamokrTis sxva cxovrebac da, ra Tqma,
unda, masSi kvlav Zgers WeSmariti marTlmadideblobis guli. am
saukuneebSi mTavrdeba `saTnoebaTmoyvareba~197, – aRmosavleTis

gonebaWvretiTi gamocdilebis `suma~, romelic maSinve iwyebs
sakuTari siRrmiT TviT aramarTlmadideblebis gancvifrebasa
da datyvevebas. arasdros wydeba Zafebi, romelic erT modgmad
aerTianebs dasabamieri tradiciis – ganRmrTobis wyurvilis,
`RmrTismsgavsi~ srulyofili cxovrebis wadilis yvela am
matarebels. ar kvdeba sulis udidesi kultura, romlis
sinatifesac ver Seedreba mecxramete saukunis veranairi
evropuli daxvewiloba. mxolod axlaxan, roca daiwyo im epoqis
ara mxolod oficialuri dokumentebis, aramed saberZneTis,
serbeTis, bulgareTis xalxuri gadmocemebis Sekreba da
Seswavla, – daiwyo warmoCena imisa, Tu ramdenad Rrmad SeaRwia
xalxur sulSi raRac yvelaze mniSvnelovanma, yvelaze
mouxelTebelma marTlmadideblobaSi, magram romlis gareSe
masSi yvelaferi danarCeni azrs kargavs.
nawili 4
mecxramete saukunesTan erTad marTlmadidebel aRmosav

leTSi damoukideblobis mzem daiwyo amonaTeba. 1804 da 1815
wlebis serbul ajanyebebs, 1821 wlis berZnul ajanyebas, 1877
wels ruseTis ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas TurqeTTan
damoukidebeli marTlmadidebeli saxelmwifoebis aRorZineba
mohyva. magram Tu erovnuli gaTavisufleba am saxelmwifoebis
eklesiebsac aTavisuflebs Turquli batonobisagan, is,
samwuxarod, ver aTavisuflebs maT am batonobis savalalo
memkvidreobisagan – erovnuli SuRlisa da mediduri TviT
197 saTnoebaTmoyvareba (berZnulad `filokalia~, rac mSvenierebis,

amaRlebulis, sikeTisadmi siyvaruls niSnavs) – IV-XV saukuneebis eklesiis
mamaTa Sromebis krebuli. Seadgines nikodimos mTawmindelma da makarios
korinTelma. pirvelad gamoqveynda berZnul enaze 1782 wels. qarTul enaze
gamocemulia pirveli wignis pirveli nawili (saTnoebaTmoyvareoba, Tb. 2006
w. mTargmneli ediSer WeliZe).
damkvidrebisagan, marTlmadideblobisaTvis ucxo TeoriebiT

mowamvlisagan, eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi damorCilebisa da
masTan sruli Serwymisagan. aRmosavlurma `nacionalizmma~,
romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, bizantiuri Teokratiuli
cnobierebis daSlidan iSva, axla ukve dasavlur nacio
nalizmTan Serwyma daiwyo, romlis sulma evropaSi 1789 wlis
franguli revoluciis Semdeg dahbera. bizantiuri epoqis
berZeni, bulgareli da serbi mefeebi sayovelTao marTl
madidebel imperiaze ocnebobdnen; axla cnobierebis sazomi
xalxTa TviTgamorkveva, `nacionaluri~ kultura da
sazRvrispira provinciebis Sesaxeb kamaTi gaxda. svimeonis
bulgareTs an duSanis serbeTs SeeZloT konstantinopolis
dapyrobaze ocneba, magram isini sunTqavdnen da cxovrobdnen
erTiani qristianul-elinuri kulturiT, mamebisa da krebebis
eklesiis sayovelTao gardamocemiT. axla `sakuTari~ – Tundac
nawilobrivi, arasruli, arasrulfasovani, TandaTan faravs
mTel azrobriv horizonts, iqceva kerpad, romlis gamoc
SeiZleba diadi saerTo warsulis daviwyeba. da, Tuki arsebobs
kerpi, romelic am erovnul kerps gauwevs konkurencias,
amieridan aseTi kerpi xdeba `dasavleTi~, romelic raRac
miTiuri SaravandediT imoseba. ai, roca Tavad `dasavleTi~
bolos da bolos aRiarebs bizantiuri xatis Rirebulebas,
mamaTa qmnilebebis siRrmes, aRmosavluri galobis silamazes,
maSin Tavad marTlmadideblebic daiwyeben maT mimarT garkveul
interesis gamovlenas. manamde marTlmadidebeli aRmosav
leTisaTvis namdvili avtoriteti – politikuri, sulieri,
saRvTismetyveloc ki – dasavleT evropa gaxda. `tradiciuli
marTlmadidebloba~ rCeba soflebis, socialuri qvedafenebis
xvedri – zedafenebi TavianT rwmenas, sakuTar gardamocemebs
ukve oqsfordiTa da tiubingeniT zomaven.
niSandoblivia, rom, roca 1821 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg
fuZndeba saberZneTis samefo, Tavad berZeni ierarqebi mzad
arian konstantinopolTan ocwliani ganxeTqilebisaTvis,
oRond sakuTari avtokefaluri eklesia hqondeT, amasTan,
TiTqmis ver amCneven, rom sinamdvileSi, am eklesiis

konstitucia luTeranuli konstituciebidanaa gadmowerili
da igi saerTod ar scnobs sazRvars eklesiasa da saxelmwifos
Soris. swored am, ukve wminda wylis nacionalisturi, da
sruliad araeklesiuri motivebiT ikvebeboda bulgarul-
berZnuli sqizmac, samoci wlis ganmavlobaSi rom RrRnida
eklesias; am nacionalisturma da araeklesiurma motivebma
gansazRvra swored axla ukve mTeli simZlavriT gamovlenili
slavuri saxelmwifoebis erTmaneTs Soris dayofac. da am
aTwleulebSi yvelgan rogori simsubuqiT ewireba msxverplad
saukunovani tradicia, WeSmariti da ara `folkloruli~
tradicia, dasavleTisadmi sacodav mibaZvebs! dasavluri
`meSCanobiT~ am gatacebas borotad da xSirad usamarTlod
dascinoda da amxelda k. leontievi, ruseTSi gamefebuli
slavianofiluri gatacebebis sapirispirod, magram mis
mrisxanebaSi Zalian xSirad ismis marTlmadideblobis
sayovelTaobis namdvili aRsareba (da esoden iSviaTi im
dReebSic ki), romelsac arRvevs adgilobrivi nacionalizmebis
es xmauriani ayvaveba. `mxolod bizantinizmis tradiciebisa da
gardamocemebis mimarT erTgulebaSi xedavs igi seriozul
winaaRmdegobas gaxrwnisa da gauxamsebis msoflio
procesisadmi, romelSic yvela balkaneli xalxi monawileobs~
(n. berdiaevi). mere ra, rom Tavad `bizantinizms~ leontievi
Zalian xSirad esTetiurad, swored dasavluri romantizmis
suliskveTebiT aRiqvamda, obieqturad is marTali iyo:
mecxramete da meoce saukuneebSi Tavisufal, marTlmadidebel
saxelmwifoebSi eklesiis xma TiTqmis aRar ismoda, mTelma maTma
saxelmwifo da politikurma mSeneblobam, mTelma maTma
kulturam rogorRac moaxerxa marTlmadideblobisTvis
gverdis aqceva, yovel SemTxvevaSi, STagonebas misgan ar
iRebdnen da eklesia mTeli Tavisi demokratiuli garantiebiT,
TavisuflebiT, sajaroobiT sapatio saxelmwifo tyveobaSi
aRmoCnda da, amasTan, es verc igrZno...…bermonazvnobis minav
leba, samRvdeloebis saxelmwifo Cinovnikebad gadaqceva,
RvTismetyvelebisa ki moZRvrebisaTvis gankuTvnil profesiul

da gamoyenebiT mecnierebad, an viwro specialobad qceva,
dacema RvTismsaxurebisa, romelic iqca an `saaRlumo~
msaxurebad, an gaugebari wignebis mixedviT `msaxurebis
Sesrulebad~. da bolos, eklesiuri cnobierebis sruli
gasaxelmwifoebrioba – ai, am nacionaluri aRorZinebebis
damaxasiaTebeli Sedegebi, romelSic, sxvaTa Soris, eklesiam
amxela sulieri Zalebi Caaqsova. Tu ukanasknel aTwleulebSi
marTlmadidebel samyaroSi xSirdeba sulieri gamoRviZebis
niSnebi, es im mizezebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic scdeba am
wignis farglebs: axali katastrofebis elvarebasTan, Zveli
msoflios morig da yvelaze saSinel ngrevasTan.
Tavi 7. rusuli marTlmadidebloba 365
Tavi 7. rusuli marTlmadidebloba
nawili 1
marTlmadideblobis istoriul gzaze `rusuli Tavis~

gansakuTrebuli gamoyofa saWiroa ara marto imitom, rom mas
CvenTvis, rusebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs,
aramed, uwinares yovlisa, imitom, rom es, ubralod, istoriuli
simarTlea. rusul marTlmadideblobas sakmaod xSirad
upirispirebdnen romelime `sxva~ – berZnul, an aRmosavlur
marTlmadideblobas, rusuli `mesianizmi~ zogjer, ubralod,
aTanabrebda erTmaneTTan marTlmadideblobasa da ruseTs da
aviwydeboda misi bizantiuri wyaroebisa da `mZinare aRmo
savleTis~ Sesaxeb (am erovnul TviTSeyvarebas sul axlaxan
gardacvlilma s. l. frankma `rusuli cnobierebis qronikuli
daavadeba~ uwoda). magram gonivruli ar iqneboda am ukidu
resobebis, daleqili ideologiuri davebis gamo sxva
ukiduresobaSi Cavardna da marTlmadideblobis istoriul
gzaze, mis miwier mogzaurobasa da `CamoyalibebaSi~ ruseTis
gansakuTrebuli, Seudarebeli mniSvnelobis ubralo uaryofa.
Cven, ra Tqma unda, aq am mniSvnelobis mxolod mokled aRniSvna,
im ZiriTadi niSnulebis CamoTvla SegviZlia, romelsac,
miuxedavad am sityvaTSexamebis mTeli orazrovnebisa, swored
rusuli marTlmadidebloba unda vuwodoT.
magram amgvari mcdelobac ki TiTqmis gadaulaxav winaaR
mdegobebs awydeba. ruseTis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sefaseba
odiTganve gadauWreli davis sagani iyo da axlac aseTad rCeba.
ise moxda, rom swored istoriosofia gaxda rusuli azrovnebis
mTavari Tema. rusuli dialeqtikis istoriis sami ZiriTadi

etapidan nebismierze – kievze, moskovze, peterburgze – sul
cota, ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego, urTierTgamomricxavi
Sefaseba arsebobs, romelic, amasTan, samecniero, istoriuli
analizidan gamohyavT. amasTan erTad, SeuZlebelia ruseTis
eklesiis istoriis gamoyofa ruseTis istoriisagan, iseve
rogorc SeuZlebelia misi daSoreba misi bizantiuri wyaro
sagan. rogorc marTlmadidebloba aris erT-erTi umTavresi
faqtori ruseTis istoriaSi, aseve ruseTis bed-iRbali
gansazRvravs rusuli marTmadideblobis xvedrs. amitom
ruseTis saeklesio gzis nebismieri Sefaseba an ubralo aRwera
sakuTar TavSi uneblied Seicavs ruseTis warsulisadmi
garkveul damokidebulebas. imasac davamatebT, rom rusuli
religiurobis sruli istoria aqamde ar arsebobs, ise rogorc
jerac ar dawerila rusuli eklesiis namdvili istoria. Zalian
bevri ram jerjerobiT, ubralod, ucnobi da Seuswavlelia.
zogierTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi sul axlaxans, emigraciaSi daisva.
da, bolos, mtanjveli kiTxva dRevandel ruseTSi eklesiis
Sesaxeb, TviT ruseTis mniSvneloba msoflios bed-iRblis
gansazRvraSi – yovelive es rusul Temas uzomod arTulebs.
erTi ram ueWvelia: ruseTSi bolSevizmis gamefebiT mTavrdeba
ara marto rusuli saeklesio istoriis erTi periodi, aramed
sruldeba mTeli epoqa Tavad marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi.
`rusuli Tavis~ Seswavla axla gardauvalad iZens sayovelTao
Sinaarss.
nawili 2
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis oficialuri istoria ruseTSi

wminda vladimeriT iwyeba. es ar niSnavs, rom ruseTSi manamde ar
iyo qristianoba: sakmarisia gavixsenoT rusul qristianul
mexsierebaSi wminda olgas mniSvneloba, mematianis sityvebiT,
`dilis ciskrisa, romelic aswrebs mzes~. piriqiT, ruseTis

naTlobamde qristianoba aq imdenad myarad damkvidrda, imdenad
mtkice iyo kavSirebi bizantiasa da `bizantinizebul~ bul
gareTTan (SeadareT mecxre saukunis Teoria `ruseTis pirveli
naTlobis Sesaxeb~ patriarq fotiosis dros, romelsac rusul
mecnierebaSi sakmao damcvelebi hyavs), rom mxolod am faqtebis
gaTvaliswinebiT aris SesaZlebeli wminda vladimeris saqmis
namdvili Sefasebac. arsebiTad, es sakmaod xangrZlivi procesis
ara mxolod dasawyisi, aramed dasasrulic, saxelmwifoebriv-
erovnul cnobierebaSi garkveuli tendenciis gamarjveba iyo.
rogoric unda yofiliyo vladimeris piradi erTguleba
warmarTobis mimarT (razedac mematiane wers), igive mematianis
monaTxrobi axali religiis SerCevisas Tavadis xangrZlivi
WoWmanis, sxvadasxva qveynebSi elCebis dagzavnis, sabolood
berZnuli qristianobis arCevis Sesaxeb mowmobs, rom ruseTis
naTloba, rogorc manamde bulgareTisa, TviTon Tavadis
cnobierebaSi saxelmwifo saqme iyo, gvaCvenebs, rom ruseTis
Tvisac dadga misi istoriuli `srulwlovaneba~, rac kultu
ruli msoflios qristianul tradiciaSi mis CarTvas iTxovda.
ruseTs, bulgareTis msgavsad, arCevani Zvel da axal roms
Soris unda gaekeTebina (axla adrindelze gacilebiT meti
viciT vladimeramde da mis Semdeg ruseTis romTan
urTierTobis Sesaxeb) da man bizantiuri marTlmadidebloba
airCia. bulgareTis msgavsad qristianoba ruseTSi `zemodan~,
Tavad saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier inergeboda, da, bolos,
bulgareTis msgavsad es bizantiuri marTlmadidebloba rusebs
Soris kirile-meTodeseuli, slavuri samoseliT damkvidrda.
yovelive aman samudamod gansazRvra ruseTisa da rusuli
eklesiis ganviTareba. Cven SegviZlia gverdze gadavdoT arc ise
didi xnis win rusul istoriul mecnierebaSi wamoWrili
sakiTxebi: romeli gavlena iyo ruseTSi pirveli da
fuZemdebluri – berZnuli Tu bulgaruli, romlis –
konstantinopolis Tu bulgareTis ìurisdiqciaSi~ Sedioda
rusuli eklesia Tavisi arsebobis pirvel wlebSi, ramdenad
aisaxa, zogadad, pirveli bulgaruli samefos tragikuli bedi

meaTe saukunis bolos da meTerTmete saukunis dasawyisSi
ruseTSi qristianobis Tavdapirvel ganviTarebaze. am kiTxvebze
esa Tu is pasuxi ar cvlis ZiriTad faqts rusuli
marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi, kerZod – jer erTi, mis
organul kavSirs bizantinizmTan, meorec – organul kavSirs
bizantinizmTan mis slavur `TargmanSi~. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
iaroslav brZenidan moyolebuli konstantinopolisagan
rusuli eklesiis kanonikuri damokidebuleba araviTar eWvs ar
iwvevs. es damokidebuleba sakmaod adre (SesaZlebelia,
Tavidanve) daawva tvirTad rusul saeklesio-saxelmwifoebriv
cnobierebas. amas mowmobs rusi mitropolitebis dasmis
mcdelobebi (ilarioni iaroslavis dros 1051 w.,198 efremi
iziaslavis dros), agreTve 1147 wels kliment smoliatiCis199
dadgenasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxze kamaTic.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi kievis es periodi iTvleboda mxolod
mosamzadebel, Sesaval Tavad rusuli eklesiis `namdvili~
ayvavebis istoriaSi, rac rusul cnobierebaSi moskovis
samefosTanaa dakavSirebuli. masSi raime saxis sulier an kul
turul miRwevebsac uaryofdnen, elementaruli `saeklesio-
zneobrivi kazuistikisa~ da bizantiuri anbanuri WeSmari
tebebis samowafeo ganmeorebis garda. magram ukanasknel wlebSi
sul ufro metad vlindeba am Zveli Sefasebebis usafuZvloba.
piriqiT, kievis periods sul ufro metad miiCneven rusuli
religiurobis, SesaZlebelia, yvelaze sufTa, yvelaze
mravalwaxnagovan periodad. `kievis ruseTi, – wers prof. g. p.
fedotovi, – bavSvobis oqros dReebis msgavsad, arasdros
gaxunebula rusi xalxis xsovnaSi. yvelas, visac surs, SeuZlia
sakuTari sulieri wyurvilis mokvla misi werilobiTi Zeglebis
198 1051 wels iaroslav brZenma kievSi episkoposebi Sekriba da mitropolitad

ilarioni daadgina. oTxi wlis Semdeg iaroslavi gardaicvala da misi
memkvidre iZulebuli iyo damorCileboda bizantiis nebas da ilarioni
berZeni mitropolitiT Seecvala.
199 1147 wels kievis Tavadma iziaslav mstislaviCma kievis mitropolitad dasva
kliment smoliatiCi, ramac berZeni RvTismsaxurebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia.
ankara wyaroSi; mis mwerlebSi mas SeuZlia Tanamedrove

msoflios siZneleebSi gzamkvlevi ipovos. rusuli religiuri
cnobierebisaTvis kievis qristianobas iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs,
rogoric puSkins rusuli mxatvruli cnobierebisaTvis –
nimuSis, oqros sazomis, sameufo gzis mniSvneloba.~
marTlac, SeuZlebelia ruseTSi qristianobis danergvis
Tanave misi udavo `warmatebis~ uaryofa, rogoric unda iyos am
warmatebis gardauvali sazRvrebi. es cxaddeba, pirvel
yovlisa, am periodis wmindanebSi, romlebic amJRavneben, Tu
ramdenad Rrmad da wmindad miiRo ruseTma saxarebiseuli
ideali da SeiTvisa marTlmadidebluri wmindanobis mTeli
umdidresi gamocdileba. mowame Tavadebi borisi da glebi, wm.
Teodosi peCoreli da misi moswavleebi, romelTa cxovrebis
aRwera Semonaxulia peCoris `paterikSi~, Rirsi abraam
smolenskeli, wm. kirile turoveli; warmarTobasTan mebrZoli,
sakuTari samwysos zneobrivi gardaqmnisaTvis damaSvrali
wminda episkoposebi – mxolod es magaliTebic mowmobs, rom
saxarebiseuli Tesli male gaRvivda. isini agreTve mowmoben –
da es kargad warmoaCina prof. g. p. fedotovma – adrindeli
rusuli siwmindis mravalwaxnagovnebis, masSi klasikuri
bizantiuri tradiciis Taviseburi gardatexis Sesaxeb. es
ZiriTadad, ra Tqma unda, igive aRmosavlur-qristianuli gzaa
zeciuri samSoblosken, xolo siwminde, upirveles yovlisa –
monazvnuri. misi wyaroebi bizantiur literaturaSi –
`cxovrebanSia,~ romelic nawilobriv jer kidev bulgareTSi
iTargmna (`Ceti-minei~), nawilobriv ki ukve kievSi (`prologi~, an
kidev `paterikebi~, saidanac erT-erTi TviT slavebis
mociqulma – konstantine-kirilem Targmna), agreTve aris did
moRvaweTa xatebebSi, wm. Teodore studielis wesdebaSi da a.S.
magram masSi axali niSnebic aris – nebayoflobiTi tanjvis
Tayvaniscema wm. borisisa da wm. glebis xatebebSi, naTeli,
Taviseburad ama soflisadmi mimarTuli askeza Rirsi Teodosi
didisa, romelmac yvelaze metad qristes `damdableba~
Seiyvara, is ganwyoba an swrafva, romelsac prof. g. p.
fedotovma, SesaZlebelia, gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT, rusuli

`kenotizmi~200 uwoda. ukve pirveli aswleulis ganmavlobaSi
kievSi iqmneba sasuliero centri, romelmac Tavisi Rrma kvali
daamCnia ara marto kievur, aramed rusuli religiurobis yvela
Semdgom periodsac. es iyo 1051 wels Rirsi antonis mier
daarsebuli kiev-peCoris monasteri, romlis namdvili organi
zeba mTeli rusuli ber-monazvnobis WeSmaritma mamamTavarma
Rirsma Teodosim moaxdina. peCoris monasteri Tanabrad gaxda
rogorc qristianuli maqsimalizmis sazomi, sufTa, SeumRvre
veli qristianobis polusi, aseve axalgazrda qristianuli
sazogadoebis sindisi. wm. Teodosis cxovrebaSi vxedavT mis
mudmiv monawileobas – qadagebiT, mxilebiT, SexsenebiT – saxel
mwifos cxovrebaSi im dros, roca qveyanas ukve wamlavda
Tavadaznauruli Sinaomebi. saxelganTqmulma lavram eklesias
50-mde episkoposi misca, romlebic yvelgan avrcelebdnen mis
suls, mis gardamocemasa da wesdebebs. lavra qvelmoqmedebis,
`socialuri~ moRvaweobis didi centric iyo. amgvarad, monas
teri Tavidanve iqca ruseTSi mTeli cxovrebis `sazomad~, da, ra
Tqma unda, RirsTa krebulis mimarT, romlebmac mTeli rusuli
miwa zeciur samSobloze sakuTari damowmebebiT aavses, upirve
les yovlisa, gansazRvreba – `wminda ruseTi~ unda gamoviyenoT.
qristianobis warmatebis sxva mtkicebuleba, SeuZlebelia ar
davinaxoT qristianuli saxelmwifoebriobis WeSmarit, ara
mxolod nominalur ylortebSi, romlis gansaxierebad rusi
xalxis xsovnaSi TviT ruseTis naTlia – wminda vladimeri darCa.
mematiane mkafio sazRvars avlebs Tavadis damokidebulebaze
sakuTari Zalauflebis mimarT qristianobis miRebamde da mis
Semdeg; igi vladimers alersian Tavadad, umweoTa da upovarTa
mfarvelad, saaavadmyofoebisa da davrdomilTa TavSesafrebis
200 kenotizmi (berZn. kenosis –`warmocarieleba~) – saRvTismetyvelo

cneba, romelic aRniSnavs RmrTis gardamosvlas adamianebTan, RmrTis
TviTSezRudvas, TviTdamcrobas, TviTdamdablebas. yovladwminda samebis
meore piri – Ze RmrTisa moevlina qveynierebas, ganxorcielda (gankacda),
ivno, jvars ecva da miiRo sikvdili adamianTa mimarT siyvarulisa da
adamianTa gamoxsnisaTvis.
mowyobaze, samarTlianobaze, ganaTlebaze, saxelmwifos keTil

mowyobaze mzrunvel adamianad gvixatavs. qristiani Tavadis
sxva saocari saxeba daxata vladimer monomaxma mis `swavle
banSi~. marTalia, es nawarmoebi `wignieri~ da bizantiuri nimu
Sebis mixedviTaa dawerili, magram is piradi rwmeniT sunTqavs,
asaxavs pirad da ara mxolod wignier gamocdilebas. `vladi
meris religiuri eTika, – wers prof. g. p. fedotovi – Zvel da
axal aRTqmaTa sazRvarze trialebs. magram igi yovelTvis
saxarebidan wamosuli ramdenime sxiviTaa ganaTebuli, xolo
iSviaT, amaRlebul wuTebSi ki gabedulad Wvrets qristes,
mdabal ufals, pirispir.~… unda davixsomoT sindisis es aRmafrena,
simdable, lmobiereba da samarTlianoba rusuli saxelmwifoeb
riobis ganTiadze.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi aseve vxedavT
marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi TiTqmis arnaxul harmonias,
Tanac kievis periodis dasawyisSi bizantiuri simfonia TiTqmis
aSkarad moqmedebs eklesiis da ara saxelmwifos gavlenis
niSniT. ukve wminda vladimeris `saeklesio wesdeba~ bizan
tiurTan SedarebiT gacilebiT afarToebs saeklesio sasamar
Tlos farglebs – masTan gadadis, magaliTad, yvela saojaxo
saqme, raTa eklesiam ufro meti warmatebiT imoqmedos
sazogadoebis gardaqmnisaTvis. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania
Tavadebis mier eklesiisagan rCevebis, miTiTebebis, darigebebis
mudmivad miReba, eklesiaSi sindisis avtoritetis aRiareba.
`qristianuli eklesiisa da qristianuli saxelmwifos
urTierTobis dramatul da, SeiZleba iTqvas, tragikul
istoriaSi – agrZelebs fedotovi – kievuri gamocdileba, xan
mokleobisa da simyifis miuxedavad, SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc erT-erTi saukeTeso qristianuli miRweva.~ marTlma
didebeli ruseTis istoria qristianuli maqsimalizmiT iwyeba,
namdvili `RirebulebaTa gadafasebiT~ saxarebiseuli WeSmari
tebis Suqze.
da bolos, aseve udavoa kievis ruseTSi namdvili kulturis
arseboba – masTan SedarebiT moskovuri saukuneebi SeiZleba
dacemadac ki ganvixiloT. iniciativa aqac zemodan modis –

Tavadisgan, ierarqiisgan. vladimeri, Tavad wera-kiTxvis
armcodne, skolebs aSenebs, misi Svilebi ukve ganaTlebuli
adamianebi da sxvebisTvis samagaliToni arian, gansakuTrebiT
iaroslav brZeni, romlis drosac kievi msoflios erT-erT
centrad iqca. masTan muSaobs mTargmnelTa mTeli arteli, is
arCevs bavSvebs skolebisaTvis, Tavad ki, gadmocemis mixedviT,
dRedaRam kiTxulobs. mis Svils, sviatoslav Cernigovels
`wignebis mTeli dasta~ hqonda, xolo misi SviliSvilis
vladimer monomaxis nawerebi mowmobs, rom avtori udavod da
safuZvlianad icnobs bizantiur literaturas. kievSi igrZnoba
gacnobirebuli tendencia – Seqmnan kultura, daeuflon
qristianobasa da elinur memkvidreobas. ZiriTadad, ra Tqma
unda, es aris nasesxebi, naTargmni kultura, magram, jer erTi,
originaluri Semoqmedeba am dros bizantiaSic ileva, meorec –
amgvari `mowafuri~ periodi gardauvalia nebismieri kulturis
istoriisTvis. mniSvnelovani isaa, rom rusebi kargi mos
wavleebi aRmoCndnen. rusul siZveleTa didma mgmobelma
golubinskim mitropolit ilarion kievels Tavadve uwoda àra
berZnuli oratorobis yvelaze cudi drois ritori, aramed
misi ayvavebis periodis namdvili oratori~. kirile turovelis
qadagebebi dRemde inarCunebs ara mxolod istoriul, aramed
literaturul Rirebulebasac. adrindeli matianeebi
gajerebulia ara marto faqtebiT, aramed samyaros WvretiT,
ìdeologiiT.~ maTi avtorebi `sruliad garkveuli da
gamaxvilebuli msoflaRqmis adamianebi iyvnen da araviTar
SemTxvevaSi – miamiti alalmarTlebi. rusuli JamTaaRmwer
lobis ganviTarebaSi yovelTvis vgrZnobT garkveul religiur-
istoriul tendencias an ideas~ (protopresviteri giorgi
florovski). da bolos, epoqas, romelSic iSva `sityva igoris
polkis Sesaxeb~, Znelad Tu uwodeb, golubinskis kvaldakval,
`ha da ha wera-kiTxvis mcodnes...~
CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is, rac maSin gadaaqvT ruseTSi da is,
rom ruseTi iTvisebs marTlmadidebluri bizantinizmis
erTgvar `kvintesencias~, rusuli cnobiereba erTveba am

tradiciaSi da igi gaxdeba rusuli kulturis fuZemdebluri
wyaro. da am tradiciis aTviseba xdeba ara marto `pasiurad~,
aramed SemoqmedebiTadac. masTanaa dakavSirebuli rusuli,
ukve erovnuli TviTSegnebis is pirveli aRmafrena, romliTac
aRniSnulia ilarionis `sityvac~ da nestoris matianec.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom RmrTisadmi axladmoqceuli xalxis
locva, romliTac amTavrebs ilarioni Tavis `Cveni xakanis –
vladimeris qebas,~ eklesiaSic ki iyo miRebuli gamosayeneblad.
Tavis sityvaSi `moses saSualebiT mocemul kanonze da ieso
qristes mier movlenil madlsa da WeSmaritebaze~ ilarioni
wers, `rogor daixia kanonma ukan, xolo madlma da WeSmaritebam
aRavso mTeli dedamiwa da rwmena yvela xalxSi gavrcelda da igi
Cvens rus xalxsac moefina; da qeba-dideba Cvens xakans
vladimers, romlisganac movinaTleT da amis gamo RmrTis
mimarT locvas aRavlens mTeli Cveni miwa-wyali~ (Sedgenilia
1030 da 1050 wlebs Soris, anu iaroslavl brZenis dros). es
sityvebi gamoxatavs axladmonaTluli ruseTis erTgvar
saeklesio-erovnul aRsarebas. prof. d. i. CiJevskis sityvebiT
(Tavis `Zveli rusuli literaturis istoriaSi~), es aRsareba,
iseve rogorc mTeli adreul-kievuri werilobiTi Zeglebi
`didmpyrobeluri~ suliT da `qristianuli optimizmiTaa~
aRniSnuli. didmpyrobeloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kieveli
ìdeologebi~ aRfrTovanebuli arian ruseTis erTianobis
gacnobierebiT, romelic misi saxelmwifoebrobis saxelovani
zrdiT iwyeba. magram es aRfrTovaneba Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli
naTlobis gamocdilebaSi, ruseTis mier `madlisa da
WeSmaritebis~ miRebaSi. xareba rusebTan `meaTerTmete Jams~201
movida, magram, TavianTi xakanis – vladimeris saxiT, isini ar
Camouvardebian sxva qristian xalxebs. amgvar qristianul
sasoebaSi, RmrTisagan mowodebulobis cnobierebaSi ibadeba
201 `meaTerTmete Jami~ – igulisxmeba maTes saxarebaSi aRwerili igavi (20:1-16)

ojaxis patronis mier dRis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva droiT daqiravebuli
muSebis Sesaxeb, romelTagan `meaTerTmete Jams~ daqiravebulebma iseTive
gasamrjelo miiRes, rogorc maT, vinc dilidan muSaobda.
rusuli erovnuli TviTSegneba da saukeTeso wuTebSi amiT

Seafaseben da gansjian sakuTar Tavs momavalSi.
ra Tqma unda, gadaWarbebulad ar unda SevafasoT kievuri
qristianobis arc es `warmateba~, arc Tavad `qristianizaciis~
siRrme. qristianoba elitis, axladSobili saeklesio da
saxelmwifo intelegenciis mcirericxovani fenis xvedrad
rCeba. magram aqac ki, zogierTi Zegli, magaliTad `kirikis
kiTxvani~202 qristianobis arsis ukiduresad elementarul
gagebas warmoaCens. Tavidanve aRvniSnavT, rom ruseTi iRebs
`gamzadebul~ marTlmadideblobas da, amasTanave, im epoqaSi,
rodesac Tavad bizantiaSi sul ufro Zlierad vlindeba
`dacviTi~ ganwyobebi, yvelafris warsulamde, dasrulebul
nimuSamde dayvanis survili, Zvel `gadmocemebSi~ raimes
darRvevis SiSi. amgvari adaTmoweseobiT, viwroliturgiuli
RvTismosaobis erTgvari hipertrofirebuli xasiaTiT rusuli
fsiqologia Tavidanve gamoirCeva. magram gacilebiT mniSvne
lovania aRvniSnoT qristianul safarqveS SenarCunebuli
warmarToba, jer kidev arasakmarisad Seswavlili is
orrwmenianoba, romelic udavod warmoadgens rusuli
religiuri fsiqologiis erT-erT `gasaRebs~. slavur warmar
Tobas ar gauwevia fanatikuri winaaRmdegoba qristiano
bisaTvis, is ar yofila organizebuli, ar hqonda arc
damwerloba, arc SemuSavebuli kulti, magram am yvelaferma is
ufro metad sicocxlisunariani da saxifaTo gaxada. es
warmarToba `rbilia~, bunebismieria, Rrmadaa dakavSirebuli
`Cveulebriv~ cxovrebasTan. qristianoba ki didxans iyo
ucxouri religia, ormagad ucxouric ki: berZnulic da
Tavaduric – anu iseTi, romelic dasayrdens poulobs variagul
razmSi, rac ruseTis saxelmwifoebriv birTvs Seadgenda.
qristianobis miReba iTxovda ganaTlebas, is Tavisi bunebiT
wignieri iyo. is, rac masSi garegnuli iyo – RvTismsaxureba, wes-
Cveuleba – advilad aRiqmeboda, ajadoebda da ipyrobda. magram
202 kirik novgorodeli (1110-1156 ww.) – novgorodis antonis monastris
diakvani da domestikosi, avtori naSromisa `swavleba ricxvebis Sesaxeb~,
maTematikosi, saeklesio mwerali, mematiane da musikosi.
iqmneboda safrTxe am garegnulis miRma ver daenaxaT da arc ki

ecadaT sazrisis danaxva, im `logosis~ danaxva, romlis gareSe
Tavad qristianuli wesi warmarTulad iqceva, radgan TviT
mizani xdeba... suli ki kvlav Zveli `bunebismieri~ religiuri
gancdebiT da saxeebiT ikvebeboda. `warmarToba umalve ar
momkvdara da dauZlurebula, – wers protopresviteri giorgi
florovski. – xalxuri bundovani qvecnobierebis siRrmeebSi,
rogorc romeliRac istoriuli iatakqveSeTSi, grZeldeboda
sakuTari, ukve dafaruli cxovreba, axla orazrovani da
orrwmenovani... nasesxebi bizantiur-qristianuli kultura
Tavidanve ar gamxdara `saerTo-saxalxo~, aramed didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi wignieri an kulturuli umciresobis monapovari
da monagari iyo... Tumca, unda gvaxsovdes, rom qristianuli
kulturis es xiluli istoria, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar amowuravs
ruseTis sulieri xvedris sisavses... da Zvelrusuli ganvi
Tarebis avadmyofoba, pirvel yovlisa, SeiZleba imaSi davi
naxoT, rom `Ramiseuli~ warmosaxvebi Zalian didxans da Zalian
mtkiced imaleba da sxlteba `gonieri~ gamocdis, Semowmebisa da
ganwmendisagan.~ mogvianebiT, `grZnobas~, `warmosaxvas~, `guli
Tadobas~ gamoacxadeben `rusuli qristianobis~ ZiriTad maxa
siaTeblebel niSnebad, riTic igi gansxvavdeboda berZnulisagan
– gansjiTi da `civi~ qristianobisagan. magram gacilebiT swori
iqneba, logosisadmi `rusuli sulis~ jiut winaaRmdegobaSi
davinaxoT rusul istoriul gzaze bevri sabediswero
`Cavardnisa~ da krizisis erT-erTi yvelaze Rrma mizezi.
nawili 3
TaTrebis mier ruseTis ganadgurebiT (1237-40 ww.) mTavrdeba

misi istoriis kievuri periodi. magram es ar iyo mxolod
saxelmwifoebrivi katastrofa. monRolur uRelqveS iwyeba
axali periodi rusuli eklesiis istoriaSic. es aris rTuli
periodi, romelic yvelaze naklebad eqvemdebareba erT

formulas, erT daxasiaTebas.
pirvel yovlisa, TandaTanobiT icvleba eklesiisa da
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis urTierTobebi. ukve samflobe
loebis danawevrebiT daiwyo im `simfoniis~ Cabneleba, romelic
kievuri `gamocdilebis~ dasawyisSi aseT imedebs iZleoda. 1157
wels andrei bogolubskim rostovidan episkoposi nestori
gaaZeva, sviatoslav Cernigovelma – episkoposi anton berZeni.
monomaxis Zmam, rostislavma mxilebis gamo mokla monazoni
grigoli, xolo didma Tavadma sviatopolkma aseve mxile
bisaTvis awama peCoreli iRumeni ioane. Tumca, Tavadebs Soris
Sinaomebis dros eklesiis xma mainc ismoda da misi gavlena
keTilismyofeli iyo. TaTruli uRlis gamo saxelmwifo
cxovrebis centri CrdiloeTSi, suzdalis mxareSi gadavida.
masTan erTad, bunebrivia, mitropoliis centric gadaadgilda.
mecamete saukune vladimirisa da suzdalis ayvavebis saukunea.
Tumca saxelmwifoebriv urTierTobebSi es gardamavali
periodia. XIV saukunidan iwyeba `rusuli miwebis Sekreba~
moskovis garSemo, da am SekrebaSi erT-erTi gadamwyveti
faqtori aRmoCnda moskovTan eklesiis, e.i. swored eklesiis
ierarqiuli centris kavSiri. TavisTavad samitropolito
kaTedris gadaadgileba (didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mitropo
litisaTvis `kievelis~ titulis SenarCunebiT) bunebrivi iyo:
eklesiis meTauri ver daiwyebda TiTqmis moxetiale cxovrebas,
TaTruli periodis mitropolitebis kirilesa da maqsimes
(gardaicvala 1305 wels) msgavsad; mitropolit petresa da misi
memkvidreebis moskovSi dasaxleba gamowveuli iyo bunebrivi
surviliT, mxari daeWiraT saadgilmamulo qaosSi daSlili
ruseTis erTianobisaTvis, saeklesio centri SeeerTebinaT im
saxelmwifoebriv xazTan, romelic miiswrafoda Semokrebisa da
erTianobisaken. magram Tavisi bedis am xazTan dakavSirebiT,
misi yovelmxrivi mxardaWeriT, eklesia SeumCnevlad aRmoCnda
am xazis tyveobaSi da sakuTari Tavis mis samsaxurSi CayenebiT
eklesiam Sewyvita saxelmwifos `sindisad~ yofna, raTa TandaTan
moskovuri ìmperializmis~ sayrdenad da lamis instrumentad

gadaqceuliyo. Cven viciT, rogori saeWvo xerxebiT aRwevda
moskovi sakuTar erTmpyrobelobas ruseTSi. sisxli mixeil
tverelisa, romelsac 1319 wels urdoSi iuri moskovelis
ciliswamebis gamo wamebiT amoxades suli, TiTqmis imave dros
daiRvara, roca wm. petre moskoveli akurTxebs moskovis
istoriuli amaRlebis dawyebas... meores mxriv, mitropolitis
CrdiloeTSi gadasvla, igive politikuri uTanxmoebebis gamo,
samxreT-dasavleT ruseTSi ukmayofilebas iwvevs, moskovTan
mis aSkara kavSirs ki Tan mohyveba mTeli rigi ganyofa, kamaTi,
konstantinopolis mosyidva, mitropolitebis konkurencia, da
es TandaTanobiT Seasustebs pirvelmRvdelmTavris zneobriv
avtoritets, kievSi aseTi maRali rom iyo. Tuki wm. petre,
Teognosti, wm. aleqsi jer kidev inarCuneben am avtoritets, maT
Semdeg Cven vxedavT mitropolitis Zalauflebis gaqrobas didi
mTavaris ZalauflebasTan SedarebiT. dimitri doneli ukve,
ubralod, misTvis sasurvel pirebs niSnavs: niSandoblivia
epizodi, romelic dakavSirebulia arqimandrit mitiaisTan,
romlis mxardasaWerad dimitri apatimrebs episkopos dionises,
romelmac uari Tqva episkoposad kurTxeva jer kidev
episkoposad xeldausxmeli mRvdlisagan mieRo. rodesac
konstantinopolis patriarqis (romelsac ruseTSi saeklesio
erTianobis aRdgena surda) davalebis Sesasruleblad kievidan
moskovSi mitropoliti kipriane Cadis, dimitri mas aZevebs da
pimensac miayolebs, romelmac mosyidviT miaRwia xeldasxmas
konstantinopolSi. am TvalsazrisiT, rusebis xelSi mitro
poliis saboloo gadasvla 1448 wels, roca rus episkoposTa
krebam mitropolitad wm. iona airCia, saberZneTSi ki gagzavna
sigeli rusuli eklesiis konstantinopolis patriarqisgan
faqtiuri damoukideblobis Sesaxeb, Tuki istoriulad
`gamarTlebuli iyo~ kidec – isidores RalatiT203 da bizantiis
203 igulisxmeba isidore kieveli, kievisa da sruliad ruseTis mitropoliti 1437-

42 wlebSi, romelmac monawileoba miiRo florenciis krebaSi, mxari dauWira
ùnias~, mogvianebiT ki am `damsaxurebisaTvis~ romis kardinalis tituli miiRo.
oficialuri uniiT romTan, Zalian male ki Turquli uReliT –

sinamdvileSi saxelmwifosadmi da misi politikur-nacionaluri
gaTvlebisadmi eklesiis saboloo damorCilebis wyarod iqca.
kievur periodsa da `Crdilo-rusuli~ periodis dasawyisSi
eklesia damoukidebeli iyo saxelmwifosagan. àmitom eklesias
SeeZlo Tavadebisagan zogierTi idealuri principisadmi
damorCileba moeTxova ara marto pirad, aramed politikur
cxovrebaSic – xelSekrulebebis erTguleba, mSvidobismoyva
reoba, samarTlianoba. Rirsi Teodosi uSiSrad amxelda uzur
pator Tavads204, mitropolit nikifores ki SeeZlo ganecxa
debina TavadebisaTvis: `RmerTma Cven imisTvis dagvadgina, raTa
Tqven sisxlisRvrisgan SegaCeroT.~ eklesiis es Tavisufleba
SesaZlebeli iyo, pirvel yovlisa, imitom, rom rusuli eklesia
jer kidev ar iyo nacionaluri, àvtokefaluri~ da sakuTari
Tavi berZnuli eklesiis nawilad miaCnda. misi umaRlesi ierarqi
konstantinopolSi cxovrobda da miuwvdomeli iyo adgilob
rivi Tavadebis Tavdasxmebisagan. msoflio patriarqs andrei
bogolubskic emorCileboda~ (g. p. fedotovi).
saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebSi mTeli Tavisi monawileobis,
mTeli Tavisi patriotuli msaxurebis miuxedavad, ierarqias
kvlav sxva, umaRlesi `mTelis~ – sayovelTao eklesiis
warmomadgenlad miaCnda sakuTari Tavi da am cnobierebiT
avlenda Tavis patriotul msaxurebas ufro mkveTrad, ufro
damoukideblad. amgvar cnobierebas Cven jer kidev pirvel rus
mRvdelmTavrebSi – petresTan, aleqsisTan, ionasTan vxvdebiT.
magram rac ufro Zlierdeba moskovisa da moskoveli mTavris
Zalaufleba, miT ufro mcirdeba moskoveli mitropolitis
avtoriteti. 1459 wlis saeklesio krebaze mitropolitebma
daifices, rom ar uRalateben moskovis wminda eklesias:
mxolod da mxolod saxelmwifo-politikuri niSnis mixedviT
rusuli eklesiis gayofa205 aRsrulebul faqtad iqca.
204 igulisxmeba Tavadi sviatoslav iaroslaviCi, iaroslav brZenis mesame
Svili, romelmac 1073 wels, Tavis ZmasTan vsevolod pereiaslavelTan
erTad daamxo ufrosi Zma iziaslavi da kievis didi mTavari gaxda.
205 igulisxmeba rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gayofa or – moskovis da
kievis mitropoliebad
ueWvelia, rom rusuli eklesiis `nacionalizacia~, misi

TandaTanobiTi gaTavisufleba konstantinopolisagan garda
uvali iyo. Tavad es kavSiri XV saukuneSi ukve kargavda Tavis
Rirebulebas: gaRatakebis, daRupvis gzaze damdgar bizantiaSi
mosyidvebi da sicrue metismetad xSirad kanonikur da msoflio
cnobierebaze Zlieri iyo. magram mainc unda aRvniSnoT rusuli
eklesiis Tvalsawieris es daviwroveba, misi TandaTanobiTi –
Sinagani – daqvemdebareba saxelmwifo `gonze~, misi gadaqceva
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erT àspeqtad~. gansa
kuTrebiT Zlierad es moskovis samefoSi gamoCndeba.
saeklesio-saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobebis cvlileba
dakavSirebulia im saSinel zneobriv dacemasTanac, romelic
monRolurma uRelma moitana. SeuZlebelia, monobis am
gamocdilebas nayofi ar gamoeRo. Rrmad gauxeSda rusuli
xasiaTi, moxda misi `TaTrobiT~ mowamvla. `TviT Tavadebi
valdebuli iyvnen Casuliyvnen urdoSi da monuri morCileba
gamoecxadebinaT, Tan mudmivad unda ecaxcaxaT urdoeli
despotis Zalis, jaSuSebis mravalricxovani dasmenebis winaSe
(maT Soris, TavianTi moZme Tavadebisganac...). xalxisTvis
monobis es skola ufro mZime iyo; saWiro iyo yvela gamvleli
baskakis206 Tayvaniscema, misi yvela survilis asruleba,
sicruiT da TayvaniscemiT Tavis daRweva... orpiroba, cbiereba,
mliqvneloba, TviTgadarCenis instiqtebis mdabali gamov
linebebi drois saTnoebebad iqca. amasve qadagebs matianeTa
moralic~ (p. znamenski).
samwuxarod, TaTrobiT, uprincipobiT, ZlierTa winaSe
mliqvnelobisa da yovelive sustis daTrgunvis sazizRari
SerwymiT aRiniSneba moskovisa da moskovuri cnobierebis zrda
Tavidanve; da gaugebaria, religiuri nacionalizmis romeli
saSineli aberaciis wyalobiT moajadova didi xniT rusuli
èklesiis msaxurTa~ cnobiereba swored moskovurma periodma,
romelic am msaxurTaTvis `wminda ruseTis~ sazomad iqca.
206 baskaki – monRoleTis xanis warmomadgeneli dapyrobil teritoriebze.

ruseTSi TiToeul samTavros Tavisi baskaki hyavda.
magram Tu TaTruli batonobis epoqis `zneobrivi

mdgomareobis~ saerTo suraTi, udavod, Savbnelia, Tanac es
wyvdiadi wlebTan erTad sul ufro Zlierdeba, am fonze
gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad brwyinavs rusuli mosagreobis,
rusuli siwmindis aseTive udavo ayvaveba; TaTarTa Semosevas ar
gauwyvetia saeklesio tradicia, ar SeuCerebia adre dawyebuli
procesebi. da es erTnairad exeba saRvTismetyvelo da sulier
tradiciebs. ar Sewyvetila ruseTis urTierToba aRmosav
leTTan, aTonTan, sadac swored XIV saukuneSi, ìsixastebis~
moZraobaSi SeiniSneba sulieri cxovrebis gamococxleba da
aRorZineba. mtkice palamiti207 iyo, magaliTad, warmoSobiT
serbi, aToneli beri mitropoliti kipriane, romelsac bevri
umuSakia ruseTSi liturgiul reformaze. aTonze Cndeba rusi
berebis mTeli dasaxlebebi, romlebic agrZeleben rusul enaze
saRvTismetyvelo wignebis Targmnas. maTi meSveobiT Semodis
ruseTSi `gonebaWvretiTi~ werilobiTi Zeglebi – basili didis,
isaak asuris, maqsime aRmsareblis, svimeon axali RvTis
metyvelis qmnilebebi. ruseTi jer kidev ar aris mokveTili
msoflio marTlmadideblobis sisxlis mimoqcevisgan. magram
sulieri tradiciis es uwyvetoba yvelaze metad rusul ber-
monazvnobaSia gamoxatuli, romlis istoriaSi XIV saukune mudam
ayvavebis oqros xanad darCeba. es aris Rirsi sergi
radoneJelisa da masTan dakavSirebuli mTeli im Crdilo
rusuli Tebaidis208 saukune, romelic samudamod darCeba
rusuli marTlmadideblobis WeSmarit gulad.
207 palamitebi – wm. grigol palamas swavlebis (romelic aRiarebulia
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis swavlebad) mimdevrebi, romlebic
upirispirdebodnen varlaam kalabrielis mimdevrebs sxvadasxva
saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxze (RmrTis Secnobis SesaZlebloba, adamianis
ganRmrTobis SesaZlebloba, Taboris naTlis buneba, madlis buneba...).
208 CrdiloeT ruseTis Tebaida – es termini pirvelad rusma religiurma
mweralma A andrei muraviovma ixmara egvipturi udabnos analogiiT, sadac
odesRac saxldebodnen qristianuli gandegilobis damaarseblebi –
meudabnoe mamebi. es poeturi Sedareba mianiSnebs yofili novgorodis
guberniis belozeris mxareSi monastrebis mravalricxovnebaze, romlis
kedlebSi intensiuri sulieri cxovreba duRda... qarTul Tebaidas garejis
udabnos uwodebdnen monastrebisa da monazvnebis simravlis gamo.
Rirsi sergis (1320-1392 ww.) xatebaSi marTlmadidebluri

siwminde mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT, mTeli Tavisi sinaTliT
aRdgeba. dawyebuli udabnoSi wasvliT, fizikuri askeziT,
TviTjvarcmiT, morCilebiT, vinem Taboris naTliT saboloo
gaciskrovnebamde, caTa sasufevlis `gemosxilvamde,~ Rirsi
sergi imeorebs marTlmadideblobis yvela did mowmeTa gzas
pirveli saukuneebidan moyolebuli. eklesiisadmi `nacio
nalur-utilitarulma~ midgomam wm. sergis cxovrebaSi yvelaze
metad kulikovos brZolis win mis mier dimitri donelis, da,
masTan erTad, ori beris – peresvetisa da osliabis kurTxeva
daixsoma. `sociologebi~ da èkonomistebi~ xazs usvamen
monastrebis uzarmazari qselis kolonizatorul da
saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobas, romlebic wm. sergis mowa
feebisa da misi saqmis gamgrZeleblebis mier iyo daarsebuli.
magram, ra Tqma unda, es ki ar aris mTavari masSi, aramed
qristianobis is àbsolutizmi~, suliwmindis mier adamianis
sruli fericvalebis is xateba, swrafva uzenaesisaken,
umaRlesisaken, `sicocxle RmerTSi~. aman aqcia Rirsi sergi
rusuli marTlmadideblobis centrad misi istoriis bnel
wlebSi, gakvala amdeni gza sergis wm. samebis lavrisken.
yvelaferi, rac imdroindel rusul eklesiaSi namdvili da
cocxali iyo, ase Tu ise Rirs sergis ukavSirdeba. Tavad mas
araferi dauweria. magram araferi mowmobs iseTi
damajereblobiTa da ZaliT misi gavlenis, mis mier
xorcSesxmuli swavlebis Sinaarsze, rogorc saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi daviwyebis Semdeg arcTu ise didi xnis winaT
aRmoCenili Rirsi andria rubliovis xatebi. rubliovis `sameba~
religiuri xelovnebis yvelaze srulyofili nawarmoebia,
Tavad trubeckois TqmiT – WeSmariti `gonebaWvreta ferebSi~.
saerTod, im saukuneebSi taZarTmSeneblobaSi, xatebSi rusuli
saeklesio gamocdileba ufro metad gamoxatavs da xorcs asxams
sakuTar Tavs, vidre sityvier, saRvTismetyvelo SemoqmedebaSi. da
taZarTmSeneblobac, xatebic mowmobs `raRacnairi nivTieri
udavooboT Zvelrusuli sulieri gamocdilebis sirTulisa da
siRrmis, misi WeSmariti moxdenilobis, rusuli sulis Semoq

medebiTi Zlierebis Sesaxeb~ (protopresviteri giorgi
florovski).
Rirsi sergis savane Zalian male xdeba ber-monazvnobis
gavrcelebis centri mTel CrdiloeT ruseTSi. saukunenaxevris
ganmavlobaSi masSi 180-mde savane Seiqmna, ruseTs moevlina
uamravi wmindani. monasteri – sibnelisa da barbarosobis
epoqaSi – xdeba mTel sazogadoebaze sulieri gavlenis centri,
xalxuri cxovrebis is polusi, romelSic xalxis cnobiereba
hpovebs nugeSs, damoZRvras, meoxebas, da, rac mTavaria,
rwmundeba absoluturi Rirebulebebis arsebobaSi, mieaxleba
siwmindeebs.
imdroindeli religiuri cxovrebis Seswavlisas, pirvel
rigSi, xedav swored polarizaciasa da fsiqologiur
dapirispirebas codvil qveyanasa da monasters Soris. xedav
TviT religiuri cxovrebis polarizaciasac: erTi mxriv, uxeSi
adaTmoweseoba, uwignuri an naxevrad wignieri TeTri
samRvdeloeba, ierarqiis mier gaZarcvuli (1435 w. fskovSi
samRvdeloebam xalxTan erTad sakmaod Zlierad mityepa
Zalauflebis mqoneni), crumorwmuneoba, loToba, garyvnileba:
mitropoliti iona, magaliTad, viatiCebisadmi mimarTvaSi
amxels mosaxleobas imaSi, rom zogierTi maTgani xuTjer,
Svidjer an aTjerac ki qorwindeboda, mRvdlebi ki maT
akurTxebdnen, xolo iuri smolenskeli 1406 w. mxecurad klavs
viazemskis kneinas – iulianas imisaTvis, rom iulianas ar surda
misi vnebis dakmayofileba. meore mxriv, am dacemasa da
wyvdiadSi – monastris sufTa haeri, monaniebis, ganaxlebis,
ganwmendis ueWveli SesaZleblobis mowmoba. monasteri
qristianuli samyaros gvirgvini ki ar aris, aramed misi Sinagani
msjavri da mxilebaa, sinaTlea, wyvdiadSi manaTobeli. `rusuli
sulis~ genealogiisaTvis amis gageba metad mniSvnelovania.
dacemisas is am miRmuri da naTeli zRvrisaken miiltvis, masSi
Semodis tragikuli uTanxmoeba sulieri silamazisa da
siwmindis xedvas (romelic ganxorcielda `ber-monazvnobaSi~)
da cxovrebis uimedod codvianobis SegrZnebas Soris. da Rrmad

cdeba is, vinc am saukuneebSi rusuli religiuri cnobierebis
`mTlianobas~ xedavs; swored am dros, TaTruli gardatexis
epoqaSi iwyeba is gaoreba, romliTac aRniSnulia misi Semdgomi gza.
nawili 4
`me-15 saukunis Sua xanebSi mTelma rusulma miwebma ori didi

saxelmwifoebrivi jgufi Seadgina: aRmosavleTisa – moskovel
TviTmpyrobelTa mmarTvelobiT da dasavleTisa – litvur-
polonuri xelisuflebiT. rusuli eklesia aseve gaiyo or –
moskovur da kievur mitropoliad. moskovuri mitropolia,
romelsac saxelmwifo mfarvelobda, warmatebiT izrdeboda
Tavis sazRvrebSi, mSvenierdeboda garegnuli brwyinvalebiT da
sagareo da Sinagani ubedurebebisagan damSvidebul saxelm
wifosTan erTad daiwyo dasavluri civilizaciis nayofis
SesaTviseblad swrafva, amasTanave, eklesiam sakuTar TavSi
SesaniSnavi saganmanaTleblo moZraoba aRmoaCina. me-16 saukunis
bolos is damoukidebeli patriarqatis donemde amaRlda.~ ase
iwereboda me-19 saukunis dasasruls `warmatebuli~ istoria (p.
v. znamenski, rusuli saeklesio istoriis saxelmZRvanelo,
yazani, 1888, gv. 99-100). magram yvelaze sakvirveli is aris, rom
es Sesavali mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba Semdgom Txrobas, saidanac
yvelaze metad is Cans, rom `RvTismosauri garegnobis miRma
xasiaTis aziuri uxeSoba ikveTeba~. sinamdvileSi rusuli
eklesiis `moskovuri periodi~ Rrma sulieri ryevebiT
xasiaTdeba da Sorsaa im òrganulobisagan~, romlis povnac ase
xSirad surdaT masSi.
moskovis politikuri zeoba droSi rusuli eklesiis
cnobierebaSi momxdar pirvel did kriziss emTxveva – da es
krizisi siRrmiseulad aisaxa masze. esaa florenciuli uniis
cduneba da konstantinopolis dacema 1453 wels. rusulma
cnobierebam orive movlena aRiqva rogorc apokalifsuri

niSani, rogorc saSineli rRveva marTlmadideblobis
istoriaSi. maswavleblebi da moZRvrebi marTlmadideblobis
moRalateni aRmoCndnen da amitom àgarianul tyveobaSi~
Cavardnen. istoriosofiuli Temisadmi dasawyisidanve mgrZno
biare rusuli cnobiereba, SeuZlebelia, ar dafiqrebuliyo am
niSanze ise, rom axali daskvnebi ar gamoetana. Tumca es
daskvnebi winaswar iyo Semzadebuli. ukve XIV saukuneSi iwyeba
dava moskovsa da konstantinopols Soris, moskovis
TandaTanobiTi ganTavisufleba erTiani samefos bizantiuri
Teoriisagan. es Teoria, romelsac berZeni mitropolitebi
rusuli qristianobis pirvelive dReebidanve axorcielebdnen
ruseTSi, da romelic rusebma arsebiTad ulaparakod miiRes,
Tavad berZnebma aqcies saWoWmanod – maTi `macdunebeli,
ukanono da momsyidveli qmedebebiT rusuli mitropoliiis
mimarT wm. mitropolit aleqsis dros, rodesac mis adgilze
kipriane dasves. gansakuTrebiT ki, misi sikvdilis Semdeg,
iRumen pimenis TviTneburi xeldasxmiT, ramac rusul eklesiaSi
aTwliani SfoTi Semoitana~ (a. v. kartaSevi). dasustebuli da
sakuTari sisustiT garyvnamde misuli bizantiisgan
damokidebuleba sul ufro naklebad iyo gamarTlebuli
faqtebiT da sul ufro damamZimebeli xdeboda. magram jer
kidev XV saukunis dasawyisSi moskovis did mTavars bizantiuri
Teokratiuli Teoriis gakveTilebis mosmena uxdeboda, ris
magaliTsac konstantinopoleli patriarqis antonis mier didi
mTavris vasili dimitris Zisadmi gagzavnil werilSi vxvdebiT:
`wminda mefes eklesiaSi maRali adgili uWiravs; igi ar aris
iseTive, rogorc sxva adgilobrivi Tavadebi da mmarTvelebi.
mefeebma Tavidanve ganamtkices da gaaZlieres RvTismosaoba
mTel msoflioSi; mefeebi iwvevdnen msoflio krebebs; maTve
daadgines TavianTi kanonebiT imis dacva, rasac saRmrTo da
wminda kanonebi awesebdnen WeSmariti dogmatebisa da
qristianuli cxovrebis keTilmowyobis Sesaxeb; maT bevri
iRvawes eresTa winaaRmdegac. da Tu RmrTis daSvebiT mefe da
misi samflobelo warmarTebis garemocvaSi aRmoCnda, mefe

dRevandel dRemde mainc igive xeldasxmas iRebs sasu
fevlisagan, igive wesiTa da igive locvebiT ecxeba didi mironi
da ekurTxeba romaelTa, ese igi yovelTa qristianTa mefed da
TviTmpyrobelad. yvelgan, sadac ki qristianebi arian, mefis
saxels moixseniebs yvela patriarqi, mitropoliti da
episkoposi da es upiratesoba ar aqvs arcerT Tavadsa da
adgilobriv xelisufals... SeuZlebelia, qristianebs hqondeT
eklesia, magram ar hyavdeT mefe. radgan samefo da eklesia
mWidro kavSirSi arian da maTi erTmaneTisgan ganyofa
SeuZlebelia.~
Cven ukve viciT, ra Rrmad aisaxa es Teoria Teokratiuli
cnebebiT pirdapir monusxuli samxreTslavuri ìmperiebis~
istoriaSi. kanonmorCili ruseTi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
usityvod iRebda mas, Tumca ki zogjer konstantinopolisagan
sakuTari saeklesio damokidebulebis Semcirebas cdilobda.
imasac Tu davamatebT, rom mZime sinamdvilis, monRoluri
monobis, zogadi ngrevis gavleniT XIV saukunis bolosTvis
ruseTSi saerTod Zlierdeboda esqatologiuri ganwyobebi da
qveynierebis dasasrulis molodini (ase magaliTad, wm. stefane
permelis Sesaxeb, romelic Targmnida qristianuli
damwerlobis Zeglebs zirianul enaze, moskovSi ambobdnen:
àdre permSi wera-kiTxva ar icodnen, risTvisaa saWiro misi
swavleba 7000 wlis Semdeg, aRsasrulamde 120 wliT adre?~),
cxadi xdeba, rom imperiis dacemam, berZnebis Ralatma da,
gansakuTrebiT, am movlenebSi moskovis adgilma axali
mniSvneloba SeiZina. aqamde `marTlmadideblobis sazomi~
bizantia iyo: rusebs SeeZloT mSvidad eSenebinaT eklesiebi da
monastrebi, elocaT RmrTis winaSe, ganeviTarebinaT sakuTari
saxelmwifo, da yovelive amis ukan mudam idga msoflio
bizantiuri marTlmadideblobis garantia, misi avtoritetis
ueWveloba. magram axla swored sazomi gaqra, daimsxvra
avtoriteti: `wminda, anu konstantines qalaqis kaTolike da
samociqulo eklesiis adgilze aw ukve sisaZagle da gapartaxeba
sufevs.~ da ai, ueWveli gaxda, rom bizantiis wminda misia axla

moskovis xelSi gadavida, aRmosavleTis Teokratiulma ocnebam
axali xorcSesxma hpova. ukve suzdaleli mRvdel-monazoni
svimeoni, berZnebis florenciuli dacemis TviTmxilveli,
werda: `ruseTSi didi marTlmadidebluri qristianoba yvelaze
metadaa gamoxatuli~, xolo moskovis Tavads `marTlmorwmune,
qristesmoyvare da RvTismosav, WeSmaritad marTlmadidebel
did mTavars, sruliad ruseTis TeTr mefes~ uwodebda. unda
vaRiaroT, da amis Sesaxeb kargad wers prof. a. v. kartaSevi
(`wminda ruseTis xvedri~), rom rusuli Teokratiis am dabadebam
`tanjvis xangrZliv qurasa da saeklesio sindisis brZolaSi
gamoiara. rTuli iyo berZnebis istoriuli avtoritetis
uaryofa, ganuzomlad rTuli ki – deda-eklesiis kanonikuri
avtoritetis gadalaxva...…rusuli kanonikuri sindisis skru
pulozuri tanjvis istoria mitropolit ionas damoukideblad
xeldasxmis sakiTxSi (1448 w.), rac avtokefaliis dasawyisis
tolfasi iyo, rusuli kanonikuri keTilsindisierebis erT-erT
RirSesaniSnavi movlenaa. aseve keTilsindisierad, mtkivneulad
iqna gancdili didi mTavaris – vasili vasilis Zis mier mis winaSe
moulodnelad damdgari amocana – daecva marTlmadidebloba,
romelic Seirya Tavad mis wminda samefo qalaqSi, da, amgvarad,
SesaZloa, mTels msoflioSi gamqraliyo~.… rusuli religiuri
`mesianizmi~ namdvilad ibadeboda esqatologiur daZabu
lobaSi, meryeobasa da mRelvarebaSi. magram movlenebi
àmarTlebda~ mas. 1453 wels daeca konstantinopoli. 1472 wels
ioane III daqorwinda ukanaskneli bizantieli imperatoris
biZaSvilze da imperiis orTaviani arwivi kanonierad afrialda
moskovis Tavze. da bolos, 1480 weli TaTrebisagan saboloo
gaTavisuflebiT aRiniSna. kidev erTxel dasturdeboda
bizantieli istorikosebis sqema moxetiale samefos Sesaxeb.
jer xom Zveli romi Seirya marTlmadideblobaSi da mefoba axal
romSi gadavida. xom ar dadga moskovisaken misi axali
gadaadgilebis dro? ase iSva moskovi – mesame romis Teoria,
romlis mTavari ìdeologi~ fskovis eliazaris monastris
swavluli beri – filoTei iyo. did mTavar vasili III-sTan da

ioane IV-sTan misi werilebis mixedviT, marTlmadidebeli
eklesia, rogorc apokalifsuri dedakaci209, jer Zveli romidan
axalSi gaiqca – `...magram verc iq hpova simSvide merve krebaze
laTinebTan gaerTianebis gamo. da amis gamo konstantinopolis
eklesia dairRva da xelyofil iqna...~ xolo samefom ki…
`gadainacvla mesame romSi, ese igi axal did ruseTSi... mTelma
qristianulma samefom Sens erTobaSi moiyara Tavi, radgan ori
romi daingra, xolo mesame dgas, meoTxe ki ar iqneba, Seni
qristianuli samefo sxvas ar darCeba... Sen erTaderTi
qristiani mefe xar mTel cisqveSeTSi.~
magram sinamdvileSi – da aq Cven rusuli eklesiis WeSmarit
tragedias vexebiT – Teokratiuli ocnebis es gamarjveba,
nacionalur-religiuri cnobierebis es aRmafrena, rusuli
TviTmpyrobelobis gamarjvebad iqca, da masSi ara marto
bizantiuri, aramed aziuri, TaTruli niSnebic iyo.
`TaTruli stiqia ara garedan, aramed Signidan ipyrobda
rusul suls, aRwevda mis xorcsa da sisxlSi. es sulieri
monRoluri dapyroba urdos politikuri dacemis para
lelurad mimdinareobda. XV saukuneSi aTasobiT monaTluli da
mounaTlavi TaTari moskovis mTavris samsaxurSi dgeboda,
erwymoda mosamsaxureebis, momavali Tavadaznaurobis rigebs da
mas aRmosavluri warmodgenebiTa da stepebis yofiT
asneulebda...… orsaukunovani TaTruli batonoba jer kidev ar
iyo rusuli Tavisuflebis dasasruli. Tavisufleba mxolod
TaTrebisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg daiRupa~……(g. p. fedotovi).
da, ai, Tavisuflebis daRupvas Cven, pirvel yovlisa, eklesiaSi
vxedavT. Teokratiuli samefosaTvis mxolod erTi ganu
sazRvreli Zalauflebaa cnobili – mefis Zalaufleba. mis
gverdiT fermkrTaldeba mitropolitis an patriarqis xateba,
sul ufro sustdeba eklesiis xma. 1552 wels vasili III-is
brZanebiT gadaayenes da monasterSi gamoamwyvdies mitro
209 Sdr.: `da dedakaci igi ivltoda udabnod, sada igi aqus mun adgili
ganmzadebuli RmrTisa mier, ra¡Ta mun gamozardon igi aTas oras da sameoc
dRe~ (gamocx. 12:6).
politi varlaami. misi memkvidris – danielis Sesaxeb Serisxuli

boiari beklemiSevi ambobs: `misgan ar ismis damrigebluri
sityva (didi mTavarisadmi) da araferze wuxs, adrindeli
RvTismsaxurebi ki isxdnen TavianT adgilebze mantiebiT
Semosilni da emudarebodnen mefes yvela adamianis Sesaxeb.~
eklesiis sisuste gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda didi mTavrisa da misi
uSvilo meuRlis solomonias gayris saqmeSi. am ukanono gayris
winaaRmdegi iyvnen maqsim berZeni da aRmosavleli ierarqebi,
romlebmac TavianTi xma miawvdines. magram, danieli mTavars
daemorCila da solomonia iZulebiT aRkveca monazvnad, didi
mTavari ki elene glinskaiasTan, ivane mrisxanes dedasTan
daaqorwina.
ivane mrisxanes dros moskovuri marTlmadideblobis
tragedia WeSmaritad jerarnaxul masStabs aRwevs. misi mefoba
asrulebs rusuli Teokratiis ganviTarebas. 1547 wels is mefed
ekurTxa, rogorc TviTon ambobda, berZeni mefeebisa da misi
didi babuis – vladimer monomaxis magaliTis mixedviT da
warmoadgenda pirvel `WeSmarit~ da `RvTivkurTxeul~ mefes. am
xarisxis dasturi man 1557 w. aRmosavleli ierarqebisagan miiRo.
misi mefoba Rirsaxsovari, didad imedismomcemi `SesavliT~
daiwyo, romelSic TiTqos isev gaisma eklesiis xma: xma sindisisa,
mowodeba qristianuli àRmSeneblobisaken.~ es aris mitro
polit makarisa da asTaviani krebis dro – `rusuli
marTlmadideblobis~ dasrulebis dro misi swored rom
nacionaluri TviTdamkvidrebisas, silvestrisa da `domost
rois~210 dro... imis Sesaxeb, rom es garegnuli `keTildReoba~
sworedac rom ufro metad garegnuli iyo, Cven qvemoT
visaubrebT. magram isic ki dairRva, roca samocian wlebSi
saSineli reaqcia damkvidrda, ramac mTeli saxelmwifo
210 `domostroi~ (rus. Домострой) - XVI saukunis rusuli literaturuli Zegli,

gulmodgined damuSavebuli wesebis krebuli sazogadoebrivi, religiuri
da, gansakuTrebiT, saojaxo-yofiTi qcevis Sesaxeb. savaraudod, Seiqmna
XV saukuneSi boiarebisa da vaWrebis wreSi da warmoadgenda maT zneobriv
kodeqss. XV-s Sua xanebSi ki gadamuSavda ivane IV vasilis ZesTan daaxloebuli
protopresviter silvestris mier.
opriCninis211 avismauwyebeli CrdiliT dafara. TviTmpyro

belobis gamarjveba mitropolit filipes mowamebrivi sisxliT
moirwya (1569 w.). misgan ivane mrisxanes mxileba iyo eklesiis
mier samefos ukanaskneli saerTosaxalxo sajaro mxileba:
`mosuli var amqveynad da mzad var vevno WeSmaritebisaTvis, sad
iqneba Cemi rwmena, Tu gavCumdebi?~… magram mis Semdeg eklesia
sworedac rom didi xniT dadumda. misi memkvidreebi – kirile da
antoni ivane mrisxanis saqmeebis oden utyvi mowmeebi iyvnen: `sad
aris winaswarmetyvelTa xatebebi, romlebic mefeTa umarT
lobas amxeldnen? sad aris Teodosis momTvinierebeli
ambrosi? sad aris ioane oqropiri, oqrosmoyvare dedoflis
mamxilebeli? vin daicavs Seuracxyofil saZmos?~ kurbskis am
kiTxvebze rusuli eklesia TandaTan aRar pasuxobda...… susti
FTevdore ioanes Zis dros daatyveves mitropoliti dionise,
romelmac gabeda (marTalia, amjerad ara marto èklesiurad~,
aramed SuiskisTan politikur kavSirSi) Zlevamosili
godunovis mxileba. magram rodesac 1589 wlis 26 ianvars
konstantinopolis patriarqma ieremiam sazeimod aiyvana
mitropoliti iobi patriarqis xarisxSi, xolo ori wlis Semdeg
moskovSi movida sigeli ruseTSi patriarqatis daarsebis
Sesaxeb, rusuli eklesia saxelmwifos tyvec ki aRar iyo – igi
masTan erTad sakralur yofaSi gamomwyvdeul erT samyaros
Seadgenda.
garegnulad, rogorc ukve iTqva, moskovis samefosTan erTad
sruldeba `rusuli marTlmadideblobac~, misi samefo TviT
damkvidreba. es, pirvel yovlisa, gamoixateba ara marto
saeklesio cxovrebis, aramed Tavad rusuli eklesiis
gadmocemebis `centralizaciaSic~. moskovis mier miwebis
dapyrobas Seesabameboda moskovis saeklesio centris mier
yvela adgilobrivi sulieri tradiciis Taviseburi dapyrobac.
rusuli siwmindis centri moskovi unda gamxdariyo: da ai, iq,
211 opriCnina – ruseTis mefis ivane IV mrisxanes mier 1565-1572 wlebSi saSinao
politikaSi gamoyenebuli gansakuTrebul RonisZiebaTa sistema, romlis
mizani iyo boiaruli opoziciis ganadgureba da rusuli centralizebuli
saxelmwifos ganmtkiceba. sistemas umkacresi saxelmwifo terori axasiaTebda.
xSirad ZaladobiT, saxelovani da uZvelesi qalaqebidan

siwmindeebi miaqvT. miZinebis taZarSi novgorodidan CamoaqvT
macxovris xati, ustiugidan – xarebis, fskovidan – fskov-
peCoris, vladimiridan – odigitria, Cernigovidan – Tavad
mixeilis da misi boiaris – Tevdores wminda nawilebi. amasTan,
xSirad vlindeba adgilobrivi nacionalizmis gansacvifrebeli
wvrilmanoba: novgorodis pirvel moskovel mRvdelmTavars
sergis ar surda pativi miego misi novgorodeli winamorbedis
wm. moses wminda nawilebisaTvis, ioane III-m xutinis monastris
monaxulebisas daamcira Rirsi varlaamis wminda nawilebi
moskovuri wminda nawilebis winaSe da gons sazareli miwisqveSa
cecxlis gamoCenis Semdeg movida. am `centralizaciis~ mTavari
sulisCmadgmeli da Semsrulebeli mitropoliti makari iyo. mis
`Ceti-mineebSi~ Tavmoyrili iyo `yvela wigni, romelic rusul
miwaze moipoveboda~ – wmindanTa cxovreba maTi xsenebis
dReebis mixedviT, maT dResaswaulebze warmoTqmuli sityvebi,
maTi bevri qmnileba, bevri wigni wminda werilisa da maTi
ganmartebebi. wignebis am saganZuris Segroveba `bevri mamulisa
da bevri gadamweris~ mier daaxloebiT 20 weli grZeldeboda.
makars ki miaweren sagvareulo wignis212 – rusuli istoriis
monacemTa farTo krebulis Sedgenas.…am epoqis sxva Zegli,
romelic rusuli marTlmadideblobis daskvniT stadias
gamoxatavs, aris makaris Tanamedrovisa da TanamSromlis
mRvdel silvestris `domostroi~. ès aris didaqtikuri da ara
aRwerilobiTi wigni, da masSi gamoxatulia Teoriuli ideali da
ara yoveldRiuri sinamdvile~ (protopresviteri giorgi
florovski). miT ufro mniSvnelovania misi Canafiqris xazgasma:
survili imisa, rom yvelaferi, ojaxuri cxovrebis
wvrilmanebis CaTvliT, saboloo sistemaSi moaqcios, mTeli
cxovreba wes-Cveulebad gadaaqcios. am wes-CveulebaSi udavod
qristianul ganwyobebTan da asketizmTan erTad amoxeTqavs
212 sagvareulo wigni (dedanSia termini `Степенная книга~) – samefo Zalauflebis
sadideblad XVI saukuneSi Sedgenili sagvareulo wigni, matianeTa krebuli,
romelSic ambebi dalagebulia didi Tavadebis genealogiuri Tanmimdevrobis
mixedviT. avtorebad iTvlebian mitropoliti kipriane da makari.
namdvili aziuri uxeSoba: cema-tyepa, magaliTad, xdeba

qristianuli yofis garegnuli brwyinvalebis SenarCunebis
mTavari saSualeba, agreTve aRzrdis saSualebac. `rusi
adamianis msoflmxedveloba ukiduresad gamartivda, – wers
prof. g. p. fedotovi am epoqis Sesaxeb – Sua saukuneebTan
SedarebiTac ki – moskoveli primitiulia. is ar msjelobs, is
iRebs ramdenime dogmatis rwmenas, romelzedac dgas misi
zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba. magram religiaSic ki
aris misTvis dogmatTan SedarebiT raRac gacilebiT
mniSvnelovani. adaTi, zogierTi Jestis, Tayvaniscemis,
sityvieri formulis perioduli ganmeorebadoba kravs cocxal
cxovrebas, ar aZlevs mas qaosSi daSlis saSualebas, sZens mas
gaformebuli yofis silamazesac ki. radgan moskoveli kaci,
rogorc rusi kaci Tavis yvela gardasaxvaSi, ar aris moklebuli
esTetikas. oRond axla es esTetika mZimdeba. silamaze iqca
garegnul brwyinvalebad, Casuqebuloba ki qaluri mSvenierebis
idealad. volgisiqiTa mistikuri mimdinareobebis aRmofxv
rasTan erTad qristianoba sul ufro iqceva wminda materiis
religiad. es ritualizmia, magram saSinlad momTxovni da
moralurad efeqturi ritualizmi. TviTSewirviTi gmirobis
sayrdens moskoveli Tavis CveulebebSi poulobs, iseve rogorc
ebraeli kanonSi~...
magram swored imitom, rom `domostroi~ aRwera ki ara,
ideologiaa, mis warmoSobaSi SeiZleba SevamCnioT im Rrma
sulieri arasasikeTo mdgomareobis, namdvili krizisis erT-
erTi niSani, romelic moskovuri saeklesio cxovrebis
garegnuli `brwyinvalebisa~ da mowesrigebulobis miRma
imaleba. rom araferi vTqvaT Tavad saeklesio sazogadoebis –
samRvdeloebis, berebis, saero pirebis mravalricxovan naklze
– romlis Sesaxebac mowmobs asTaviani kreba (ivane mrisxanes
mier Cafiqrebuli, rogorc gamomasworebeli, anu, proto
presviteri giorgi florovskis sityvebiT, `reformaciulic~
ki), ganaTlebis daqveiTebaze, adaTmadideblobaze, warmarTobis
narCenebze da a.S. ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT gonebis aqeT-iqiT
xeTqeba, azris uTanabro ganviTareba, Tavad saeklesio

cnobierebis areuloba. amgvari areuloba ukve XIV saukuneSi
igrZnoba `strigolnikebis~213 novgorodul eresSi, raciona
listur da antiierarqiul moZraobaSi. kidev ufro `simp
tomaturia~ XV saukunis ùriebis mimdevarTa~214 eresi: masSi
Taviseburi Tavisufali azrovneba ucnauradaa Serwymuli bnel
astrologiur interesebTan. Semdeg iwyeba ìosebelebis~ anu
ioseb volockis mimdevrebis cnobili dava `volgis
iqiTelebTan~ – volgisiqiTa savaneebis berebTan, romelTa
mTavari ideologi da maswavlebeli Rirsi nil soreli iyo.
garegnulad es iyo dava samonastro samflobeloebis Sesaxeb,
berebis uflebaze mflobelobaSi hqonodaT `soflebi~, anu
yofiliyvnen mqonebelTa klasi saxelmwifoSi, da kidev,
eretikosebis dasjis Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi, ra Tqma unda,
erTmaneTs ejaxeba Tavad qristianuli idealis gansxvavebuli
gageba. Tavis wignSi – `rusuli RvTismetyvelebis gzebi~ –
protopresviteri giorgi florovski amasTan dakavSirebiT
saubrobs òri simarTlis~ Sejaxebis Sesaxeb, Tanac ioseb
volockis simarTles gansazRvravs rogorc `socialuri
msaxurebis simarTles~. `Tavad iosebs, – wers igi – yvelaze
naklebad SeiZleba wamqezebeli vuwodoT. igi arafriTaa
gulgrilobaSi an moyvasisadmi uyuradRebobaSi damnaSave. is
didi qvelmoqmedi iyo, ùZluri TanamgrZnobeli~ da
samonastro `soflebs~ swored am filantropiuli da
socialuri ganzraxviT icavda. Tavad mefes iosebi imave ùflis
gamwevi Zalis~ sistemaSi moiazrebs – mefec kanons
eqvemdebareba da mxolod RmrTaebrivi kanonisa da mcnebebis
sazRvrebSi flobs Tavis Zalauflebas. xolo uwminduri an
213 `strigolnikoba~ – XIV saukuneSi novgorodSi warmoSobili eretikuli

moZraoba, romlis mimdevrebi ar cnobdnen saeklesio ierarqiasa da
monazvnobas, uaryofdnen saeklesio saidumloebebs.
214 ùriebis mimdevrebi~ (dedanSia `жидовствующие~) – XV saukuneSi ruseTis
marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi racionalisturi seqtis mimdevrebi, romelTa
swavlebaSi rwmenis Sesaxeb aris zogierTi wvrilmani, raSic iudaizmis
gavlenas xedavdnen.
Wirveuli mefisadmi morCileba sulac ar egebis~... magram,

rogoric unda yofiliyo iosebis Sinagani simarTle, misi
sistema Zalian kargad eTanadeboda moskovuri saxelmwifos
`gamwevi Zalis~ xasiaTs, Zalian kargad Seesabameboda mis
utilitarul fsiqologias da misi gamarjveba iyo ukve ara
simarTlis gamarjveba, aramed gamarjveba masSi arsebuli
Sinagani safrTxisa – qristianobis fsiqologiuri damor
Cilebisa amqveyniurobisa da misi saWiroebebisadmi. am Tval
sazrisiT, volgisiqiTa moZraobis ganadgureba, miuxedavad
yvela am davis politikuri motivebiT garTulebisa, iyo
eklesiis sulieri Tavisuflebis ganadgurebac, mxolod
saxelmwifo an socialur msaxurebamde eklesiis dayvanis
SeuZleblobis ideis ganadgurebac. volgisiqeTelebi
marTlmadideblobis odindeli sulieri tradiciebiT cxov
robdnen – `qristianuli pirovnebis sulieri da zneobrivi
Camoyalibebis procesiT.~ da kvlav, WeSmariti sulieri
Tavisuflebis am gamocdilebaSi iRviZebda sworedac rom
socialuri sindisi, protesti religiuri Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg, moskovuri yovlismSTanmTqmeli `gamwevi Zalis~
winaaRmdeg, `mSeneblobisadmi~ adamianis pirovnebis srulad
damorCilebis winaaRmdeg.~
magram yvelaze metad am davebisa da Seferxebebis ukan
igrZnoba òficialuri~ rusuli marTlmadideblobis Tanda
TanobiTi mowyveta sakuTari msoflio warsulis SemoqmedebiTi
tradiciebisagan. berZnuli kanonikuri damokidebulebisagan
gaTavisufleba TandaTanobiT yovelive berZnulisadmi urwmu
nobaSi, sakuTari – `rusuli~ – marTlmadideblobis, sakuTari –
rusuli – ZvelTaZvelobis `berZnuli~ marTlmadideblobisadmi
dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. amaSia ivane mrisxanis mier
Sekrebili, magram yvelaze metad makarisa da silvestris
ganwyobebis gamomxatveli 1551 wlis àsTaviani krebis~ arsi.
krebas unda ganekurna saeklesio sazogadoebis aRmaSfoTebeli
naklovanebebi: ivane mrisxanis Canafiqri, rogorc Cans, Rrma da
yovelmxrivi reforma iyo. magram niSandoblivia, rom arc ivane
mrisxanes da arc krebis monawileebs ar warmoedginaT es

gamosworeba, rogorc sakuTari Tavis gansja eklesiis
sayovelTao gardamocemebis sando kriteriumebis mixedviT,
rogorc maTi SemoqmedebiTi ganaxleba axal pirobebSi. ivane
mrisxanes ar uyvarda `berZnuli rwmena~ da dasavleTiT iyo
STagonebuli. magram mis `liberalur~ SekiTxvebs krebam Zvelis
damtkicebiT upasuxa: sworedac rom Zvelis – imis, rac
winaprebis dros iyo da ara WeSmaritebis damtkicebiT. ase
magaliTad, saRvTismetyvelo wignebis gasworebis srul
warumateblobaSi, sakiTxSi, romelic jer kidev maSin momwifda,
gamoCnda rusuli marTlmadideblobis `ganmamtkiceblebis~
gonebaSi yovelgvari namdvili perspeqtivis ararseboba – maT
mier damtkicebul naxevraduwignur, gaumarTlebel Targma
nebSi, kriteriumebis gansazRvrisas gamoCenil umweobaSi ukve
Cadebuli iyo ganxeTqilebis Tesli. aq gamoixata pirvelad ase
Zlierad da mkafiod azrisa da Semoqmedebisadmi urwmunoeba:
gadarCenas xedavdnen mxolod siZvelis ganuxrel dacvaSi, da am
umweo konservatizmSi iSleba mTeli tragizmi, mTeli siRrme
cocxali marTlmadidebluri kulturisagan moskovis mowyve
tisa. xsnad miiCneoda wesdebis dacva, adaTis aRsruleba. magram
Cveuleba, xalxis mier misi vergagebis gamo, TviTmiznad iqca, ase
rom teqstSi arsebuli aSkara Secdomebi, siZveliT nakurTxi,
xelSeuxebeli xdeboda, xolo maTi gasworeba – sulisTvis
saziano. dabolos, wignisa da codnis mimarT ubralod SiSi
ganviTarda. Tavad maswavlebelebi, kurbskis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, àcdendnen Sromismoyvare ymawvilebs, wminda werilis
Seswavlis msurvelT da eubnebodnen: ar ikiTxoT bevri wigni da
uTiTebdnen, vin gadavida Wkuidan, radgan zogi wignebSi
Caeflo, zogi ki eresSi Cavarda~. moskovis tipografia daixura
da pirveli rusi tipografebi ivane fiodorovi da petre
timofeevi eresSi daadanaSaules da `bevri xelisuflis,
mRvdelmTavrisa da moZRvris gaborotebisagan TavdasaRwevad~
samxreT ruseTSi gadaixvewnen. bolos Tavad mefe gamoeqomaga
wignebis beWdvas da 1568 w. isev gaxsna tipografia.
mxolod SemoqmedebiTi saRvTismetyvelo tradiciis am

wyvetis Suqze SeiZleba gaviazroT `dasavleTTan im pirveli
Sexvedris~ sabediswero mniSvneloba, romelic ruseTSi mos
kovuri samefos gamarjvebis Tanadroulad xdeba. sabediwero
masSi is iyo, rom es ar iyo Tavisufali Sexvedra, Tavisufali
kamaTi, aramed es iyo an bizantinizmis Secvla dasavleTis
gavleniT an kidev yovelive dasavluris, rogorc Savi Wiris
ganusjeli uaryofa. ruseTis nacionaluri TviTdamkvidreba
bizantiis winaaRmdeg xdeboda, magram masTan erTad xdeboda
msoflio marTlmadidebluri memkvidreobis uaryofac. ivane III-
dan moyolebuli sasaxlis karis wreebSi dasavleTiT namdvili
gataceba iwyeba. ivane III-is qorwineba sofia paleologTan, rac
oficialurad aqcevda moskovs bizantiis memkvidred,
sinamdvileSi italiur aRorZinebas, rTul da winaaRmdegobriv
dasavlur gavlenebs uRebda kars. prodasavleli iyo vasili
III-c, misi eqimi nikoloz nemCini ki mimoweras awarmoebda
eklesiebis SeerTebis Sesaxeb. niSandoblivia, rom rodesac
novgorodSi ganaTlebul mitropolit genadis dros daiwyes
bibliis xelaxali Targmna slavur enaze, gadamwyveti aRmoCnda
ara berZnuli teqstis gavlena (romelsac saerTod ar
adarebdnen Targmans) aramed laTinuri vulgatasi215. saerTod,
`genadis dros novgorodSi laTinuri stilis mTeli moZraoba
SeimCneva.~ aseve cxadia, rom diakon viskovatis cnobil saqmeSi
saqme exeboda xatweraSi dasavluri siaxleebis Semotanas.
viskovati ar cnobda moskovuri xatebis axal stils216, arada
swored maTSi iwyeboda dasavluri nimuSebis gavlenis,
gansakuTrebiT graviurebis SegrZnoba, àlegorizmebisa~ da
`Txrobis~ upiratesoba bizantiuri da Zvelrusuli `kanonis~
215 vulgata (laT. – `sayovelTaoT miRebuli Targmani~) – wminda werilis (Zveli
da axali aRTqmis) laTinuri Targmanis saxelwodeba. wminda werili Targmna
(daaxl. 383-405 ww.) netarma ieronime stridonelma. Targmani gamoiyeneboda
dasavleT evropaSi; me-16 saukuneSi tridentis krebaze kaTolikurma eklesiam
miiRo normatiuli avtoritetis mqone wminda werilis erTaderT teqstad.
216 xatweraSi dasavluri stilis Semotanisadmi mwvave kritikuli
damokidebulebis gamo 1554 saeklesio krebam ber viskovatis samwliani,
sakmaod mZime epitimia dauwesa.
simboluri ieratizmis217 mimarT. da bolos, gansakuTrebiT

tragikulad mosCans Rirsi maqsime berZenis dagmoba 1521 wels.
maqsimem didi xani gaatara dasavleTSi da rTuli sulieri gza
gaiara. magram ruseTSi is swored mamebis tradiciis,
qristianuli aRmosavleTis SemoqmedebiTi gadmocemebis
damcveli aRmoCnda. vimeorebT, sabediswero evropasTan
Sexvedra ki ara, am Sexvedris araTavisufali xasiaTi iyo. da Tu
moskovi Tavisi siZveliT emijneboda bizantias, sabolood,
cnobierebis igive èfeqti~ daupirispira dasavleTsac. `maRali
wreebis~ dasavleTiT gatacebas eklesiam anaTemebiT upasuxa,
magram ara dasavlur eresebs, aramed Tavad dasavleTs, imitom,
rom is dasavleTia. `mniSvnelovanis da umniSvnelos aRrevisas
wes-CveulebiTi religiuri Sexedulebebi, Cveulebriv, sayofa
cxovrebo sagnebsa da wesebzec vrceldeboda: yvelaferi
sakuTari, rusuli – marTlmadideblurad miiCneoda, yvelaferi
ucxo – eretikulad da muslimurad. rusebi wvers atarebdnen da
wveri marTlmadideblobisadmi, wveris gaparsva ki laTinuri
eresisadmi kuTvnilebis mniSvnelovani niSani gaxda. asTaviani
krebis ganCinebiT aikrZala wvergaparsulis mimarT wesis ageba
da ormoci dRis ganmavlobaSi locvebis aRsruleba, agreTve mis
saxelze eklesiaSi sefiskveris an sanTlis mitana – ùrjuloebs
moekiTxebaT~ (p. v znamenski)... aseTi fsiqologiis arsebobisas
Tavisufali Sexvedra, Tavisufali kamaTi SeuZlebeli xdeboda.
SiSi an brma morCileba – dasavleTisadmi rusuli damoki
debulebis es ori polusi didxans SenarCundeba. rodesac
godunovis dros dasavleTSi mecnierebis Sesaswavlad
ramdenime axalgazrda gagzavnes, isini ukan aRar dabrunebulan,
dasavleTSi darCnen da uRalates marTlmadideblobas.
bolo saukuneebis gaxevebuli bizantiis msgavsad, moskovis
samefoSi siwminde, sulis qrola, romelic qris iq, sadac surs,
217 ieratiuli – sakulto, kurTxeuli. termini ieratizmi Cveulebriv Zveli
msofliosa da Suasaukuneebis xelovnebis mimarT gamoiyeneba. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia religiur-kanonikuri moTxovnebiT ganpirobebuli
gamosaxulebis ganyenebuloba da sazeimo garindeba, adamianis figurebis
ganlageba mkacrad frontalur pozebSi, umoZrao mzeriT...
TandaTan tyis, ganapira mxareebis, `periferiisken~ inacvlebs.

es Crdiloel moRvaweTa epoqaa, velur da umowyalo bunebasTan
brZolaSi rom moipovebdnen Sinagan Tavisuflebas – wm.
aleqsandre svireli, kornili komelskeli, makari kaliazineli,
savati, zosime, da germane soloveckelebi, antoni sieli, nilos
stolobneli. am siis gagrZeleba SeiZleba. siwminde ar iklebs,
`wminda ruseTi~ agrZelebs zrdas rusuli `didmpyrobelobis~
paralelurad, magram ar egebis maTi aRreva. ar kvdeba siwmindis
namdvili wyurvilic. SeiZleba swored maSin, gauxeSebis, zneobis
daqveiTebis, garegnuli RvTismosaobisa da brwyinvalebis
zneobrivi da RvTismetyveluri STagonebisagan maTi mowyvetis
epoqaSi, mTeli sazogadoebis erTaderTi xelSesaxebi ideali
mxolod absoluturi siwminde xdeba. qveyanaze SeiZleba xeli
SevuwyoT, davicvaT, davafiqsiroT qristianuli `Sesamoseli~,
magram imdenad cxadia, rom `yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda
dgas~218, rom Tavad misi qristianuli `garegnobac~, yofa-
cxovrebis, wes-Cveulebebis, formis mTeli es garegnuli
brwyinvaleba sabolood erT mowodebas Seicavs: ama soflidan
sruli gasvlisaken, raRac zRvarsiqiTa Tavisuflebisaken,
axali zecisa da axali miwis Ziebisaken, romelSic cocxlobs
simarTle. maSin, am saxelmwifo gamwevi `Zalis~, fiqsirebuli
yofis, statiurobisa da mZime `sakralurobis~ epoqaSi mwifdeba
ruseTSi mwirobis, mawanwalis, sulisa da simarTlis mudmivi
maZieblis tipi, adamianisa, romelic Tavisufalia sruli
gandgomis TavisuflebiT, romelic, amasTan, am gandgomaSi
hpovebs adamianebTan da bunebasTan erTianobas. paraduli,
TviTkmayofili, yofiTi ruseTis ukan ibadeba axali –
arayofiTi, `msubuqi~, gansxvavebuli idealuri samyaros xilviT
gasxivosnebuli – mosiyvarule, samarTliani, sixaruliT
aRsavse. es sulieri maqsimalizmi ar janydeba eklesiis
winaaRmdeg, arafers uaryofs masSi, piriqiT, cocxlobs misgan
miRebuli madliT, Tumca yalibdeba saxifaTo Cveva – eklesiaSi
òbieqturis~, anu Tavad madlis misi matareblebisagan, Tavad
218 1 iovane 5:19

saeklesio sazogadoebisagan gamoyofisa. rus adamians swams

mRvdlis, rogorc saidumloebebis aRmsruleblis aucileb
loba, magram misgan mets ukve aRarafers elis: Segonebas,
xelmZRvanelobas, zneobriv magaliTs. an ki ra molodini unda
hqonodaT samRvdeloebisagan skolis sruli ararsebobis,
samwysosagan mzardi damokidebulebis, siRaribis, dabeCavebu
lobisa da gauxeSebis pirobebSi. sakmarisia wavikiTxoT
asTaviani krebis wesebi TeTri samRvdeloebis Sesaxeb, raTa
davrwmundeT moskovis epoqaSi mis dakninebaze. `mRvdeli~ ukve
aRar aris Temis meTauri, mama, mwyemsi, raTa iyos
`wesTaRmsrulebeli.~ amitomac cocxali sulebi oficialur
ierarqiaSi ki ar eZeben sakuTari sulieri wyurvilis mokvlas,
sulier winamZRolobas, aramed berebSi, wmindanebsa da
gandegilebSi. eklesia-Temi amovardnilia Tavad saeklesio
cnobierebidan. rCeba codvili samyaro da masSi madlis
wyaroebi, calkeuli `centrebi~, romelTan Sexebac sanukvar
ocnebad rCeba. sulieri cxovreba sul ufro siRrmeSi, erTgvar
ìatakqveSeTSi~ midis, iqceva idumal miwisqveSa mdinared,
romelic arasdros daSreba ruseTSi, magram sul ufro
naklebad axdens gavlenas saxelmwifos, sazogadoebisa da,
sabolood, Tavad eklesiis cxovrebaze.
rusuli marTlmadideblobis istoriaSi – moskovuri
periodi mowmobs ara òrganuli~ epoqis, aramed Rrma
gardatexis, krizisisa da ganyofis arsebobaze.
nawili 5
am krizisis Suqze unda ganvmartoT meCvidmete saukunec,

petremdeli ruseTis ukanaskneli saukune. igi iwyeba amboxiT da
mTavrdeba petres mosvliT. mas xSirad upirispirebdnen Semdgom
epoqas, rogorc `didi gardaqmnebis bnel fons, damdgarsa da
gayinul saukunes.~ amgvar daxasiaTebaSi simarTle Zalian
cotaa. diax, jer kidev bevri cxovrobs am epoqaSi Zveleburad
da adaTis mixedviT. bevrSi igrZnoba mTeli cxovrebis erTgvar

sazeimo wes-CveulebaSi moqcevis mwvave moTxovna, Tu wmindaSi
ara, nakurTxSi mainc. magram mamebiseuli zneobrivi safuZv
lebis da gadmocemebis urRveobis Sesaxeb msjeloba da SfoTva
Cveulebriv iwyeba maSin, roca iwyeba yofis rRveva. da ai, XVII
saukunis yofiT paTosSi ufro yofiTi rRvevis winaaRmdeg
dawyebuli es dagvianebuli Tavdacva igrZnoba, dacemis
epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `gaqceva wes-CveulebaSi, yofis
uSualo simrTelisa da simtkicis nacvlad~ (protopresviteri
giorgi florovski). XVII saukuneSi gamoaSkaravda da gaSiSvlda
moskovuri marTlmadideblobis krizisi, moskovis gza Cixuri
aRmoCnda. Cixi ki gardauvalad iwvevs petreseul msxvrevas.
ori mTavari Tema gansazRvravs rusuli eklesiis cxovrebas
XVII saukuneSi. esaa, erTi mxriv, dasavleTTan Sexvedra `kievuri~
marTlmadideblobis meSveobiT da, meore mxriv, staroverebis
ganxeTqileba. orives uzarmazari istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs.
pirveli Tema im kievur mitropoliasTan gvabrunebs,
romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, moskovuri marTlmadideblobis
miRma darCa XIV saukuneSi, moskovis garSemo dawyebuli rusuli
miwebis Semokrebis dros. rusuli eklesiis or mitropoliad
gayofa, pirvel rigSi, politikuri mizeziT aixsneba: moskovsa
da litvas Soris arsebuli metoqeobiT saxelmwifoebriv
`SemokrebaSi~ centraluri adgilisaTvis. XIV saukuneSi litva,
faqtiurad, rusuli miwa iyo da moskovze aranakleb SeeZlo
pretenzia hqonoda samflobeloebis Semokrebaze. aqedan
gamomdinareobs litveli Tavadebis miswrafeba, hyolodaT
Tavisi, moskovisagan damoukidebeli mitropoliti; es
miswrafeba warmatebiT dagvirgvinda kidec XV saukunis bolos.
magram ufro adre, iadviga polonelTan219 iagelos220 qorwinebis
(1386 w.) wyalobiT, litvis samTavro jer poloneTTan `pirad
uniaSi~, Semdeg ki, vitovtis221 dros (1398 w.), litvuri
219 iadviga – poloneTis dedofali 1384-1386 wlebSi.

220 iagelo – litvis didi Tavadi 1377 – 1386 wlebSi, poloneTis mefe (vladislav
II-is saxeliT) 1386-1434 wlebSi.
221 vitovt didi (1350-1430w.w.) – litvis didi Tavadi 1392 wlidan.
damoukideblobis bolo ayvavebis Semdeg – masTan saboloo

saxelmwifoebriv erTobaSi aRmoCnda. es ki niSnavs, rom XV
saukunis Sua xanebidan samxreT-dasavleTi mitropolia
romaul-kaTolike xelmwifeTa Zalauflebis qveS moeqca,
uSualo kontaqtSi jer kaTolicizmTan, mogvianebiT protes
tantizmTan, ganuwyveteli da uZlieresi sxvaaRmsarebluri
zewolis qveS. am tragikuli brZolis istoriis aRwera aq
SeuZlebelia: Zneli warmosadgenia raime ufro dacilebuli
eklesiis WeSmariti erTianobisagan, vidre is, rac maSin
`cecxliTa da maxviliT~ tardeboda, sicruiTa da ZaladobiT
xorcieldeboda, ramac saukuneebiT gatexa xalxis suliereba,
Sxamavda qristianobas stiqiuri siZulviliT da ùniad~, an
gaerTianebad iwodeboda! 1596 wlis brest-litvuri unia, ris
Semdegac iwyeba marTlmadideblobis sisxliani devnis periodi
galiciaSi, litvasa da volinSi (iosafat konceviCis avbediTi
saxe!222), bizantiuri ùniebis~ Rirseuli dasrulebaa, im
gansxvavebiT, rom es ukanasknelni, Turquli uRlis `wyalobiT~
efemeruli aRmoCnda, brest-litvurma ki ramdenime saukuniT
mowamla samxreT-dasavleTis slavoba siZulviliT, ganyofiTa
da ganxeTqilebebiT: marTlmadideblobis namdvili devna aq me-
20 saukuneSic ki ifeTqebda xolme! magram es istoria sxva
ramiTac aris aRsaniSnavi: rodesac XVI saukunis bolosTvis
mTeli marTlmadidebeli ierarqia uniiT cdunebuli aRmoCnda
(ufro sworad poloneli kaTolike episkoposebis uflebebiTa
da maTi mamulebiT), marTlmadideblobis dacva sakuTar Tavze
aiRo, erTi mxriv, marTlmadidebelma ìnteligenciam~, meore
mxriv ki – Tavad eklesiurma xalxma. gavleniani Tavadis
ostroJskis223 garemocvaSi Seiqmna pirveli kulturuli centri,
222 iosafat konceviCi – polockis arqiepiskoposi. sastiki Zaladobrivi
meTodebiT nergavda unias da auqmebda marTlmadideblur taZrebs, ramac mis
mimarT mosaxleobis siZulvili gamoiwvia. 1623 wels vitebskis mosaxleoba
ukrainel kazakebTan erTad ajanyda, iosafati mokles, misi gvami ki mdinare
dvinaSi Caagdes. 1867 wels romis papma urban VIII-m iosafati wmindanad Seracxa.
223 konstantine konstantines Ze ostroJski (1526-1608 ww.) – kievis voevoda.
avrcelebda ganaTlebas, gamoscemda wignebs, mfarvelobda mecnierebs,
icavda marTlmadideblobas brestis uniis moqmedebis dros.
daarsda umaRlesi skola. marTlmadideblobas kalmiTa da

wigniT icavdnen. aq gamoiqcnen moskovidan Tavadi kurbski da
pirveli rusi tipografi ivane fiodorovi, aq daibeWda
saxelganTqmuli ostroJskis biblia (1580-1581 ww.). marTalia, aq
ufro metad poloneTsa da litvaSi momZlavrebul protes
tantizmTan davobdnen, magram mniSvnelovania Tavad es Cana
fiqri marTlmadideblobaSi kulturuli moRvaweobisa,
`slavur-berZnuli~ tradiciis es pirveli kera. magram mainc,
iezuitebis saSineli zewolis pirobebSi, romelic XVI saukunis
oTxmocian wlebSi daiwyo (isini gaagzavnes poloneTSi
protestantebTan sabrZolvelad) gadamwyveti aRmoCnda xalxis
winaaRmdegoba, romelmac Tavisi asaxva saZmoebSi hpova.
patriarqma ioakim antioqielma, romelic gavliT iyo ruseTSi,
1586 w. sigeli misca lvovis uZveles saZmos: mas SeeZlo
emxilebina qristes mcnebebis mowinaaRmdegeni, SeeZlo maTi
eklesiidan gankveTac ki, SeeZlo emxilebina Tavad episkoposebi.
lvovs mohyva saZmoebis Seqmna vilnoSi, mogiliovSi, polockSi
da sxva qalaqebSi. `brestis krebis Semdeg swored saZmoebi xdeba
literaturuli polemikisa da saRvTismetyvelo muSaobis sayr
deni wertilebi... saZmoebi xsnian skolebs, tipografiebs, gamos
cemen wignebs~... 1615 wels Cndeba saxelganTqmuli kievis saZmo
da, kazakebis xelSewyobiT, ixsneba bratskis skola: aqve Seiqmna
samxreT-dasavleTis marTlmadideblobis mTavri centri.
Tavdapirvelad aq bizantiuri tradiciis gavlena iyo, magram
Zalian male gaZlierda dasavluri gavlenac. laTinurobis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, `saWiroebisamebr dasavlur wignebs
mimarTavdnen. axali Taoba ukve savsebiT dasavlur skolas
gadioda. mimzidveli iyo dasavluri, laTinuri magaliTic~
(protopresviteri giorgi florovski). marTlmadideblobis
istoriaSi am kievuri Tavis mTeli sazrisi, mTeli mniSvneloba
imaSia, rom swored maSin marTladidebluri RvTismetyveleba,
agresiuli uniisagan Tavis dacvis saxeliT, TandaTanobiT
Tavad SeiaraRda dasavluri iaraRiT da man marTlmadidebluri
tradicia TandaTanobiT laTinur, sqolastikur kategoriebSi
`gadaitana.~ gadamwyveti aRmoCnda saxelganTqmuli kieveli

mitropolitis – petre mogilas (1633 – 1647 ww.) gavlena. ès iyo
mtkice dasavleli, gemovnebiTa da CvevebiT.~ kievSi, bratskis
slavur-berZnuli skolis sapirispirod, man daaarsa ukve
savsebiT laTinur-polonuri saswavlebeli, romelmac male
STanTqa bratskis skola. àm skolis programa iezuituri
skolebidan aiRes~, aq aswavlidnen maswavleblebi, romlebic
polonur iezuitur kolegiebSi iyvnen ganswavlulni. marTl
madideblobisa da kaTolikobis Sesaxeb sakiTxi aq mxolod da
mxolod ìurisdiqciis~ sakiTxad iqca: rwmenaSi sxvaobas
dasavleTis es mimdevarni veRar grZnobdnen, ufro sworad,
sakuTriv maTi gonebrivi wyoba ukve sruliad laTinuri iyo. da
am moZraobis mTavari saRvTismetyvelo Zegli `marTl
madidebluri aRmsarebloba~ (Cveulebriv mogilas saxeliT
xelmowerili) arsobrivad laTinuri aRmsarebloba iyo da
laTinuradac iyo dawerili. marTalia, is uaryofda papis
primats, magram mTeli misi suli kaTolikuri iyo. mogilaTi ki
iwyeba laTinuri formulebisa da Teoriebis SeRweva
marTlmadideblur RvTismsaxurebaSic.
da, ai, rusuli marTlmadideblobisaTvis araCveulebrivad
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda ùkrainuli barokos~ masTan Sereva,
riTic jer kidev petre didamde da mis èvropis fanjaramde~
mTeli rusuli RvTismetyveleba, mTeli rusuli sulieri skola
dasavleTze damokidebuli gaxda. `dasavlel-rusi beri,
ganswavluli laTinur an rusul skolaSi, romelic mowyobili
iyo laTinuri nimuSis mixedviT, moskovSi miwveuli – iyo
swored dasavluri mecnierebis pirveli gamtarebeli~ (v. o.
kluCevski). axali rusuli saskolo RvTismetyvelebis mamebi –
ori aSkara `laTineli~ – simeon polocki da paisi ligaridi
iyvnen. Tavad moskovSi gamoCndnen iezuitebi da dava `wminda
ZRvenis gardaqmnis drois Sesaxeb~, romelic moskovSi
samocdaaTian wlebSi warmoiSva, Tavad Temis mixedviT tipuri
dasavluri dava iyo. pirveli skolebi moskovSi kievuris
mixedviT ixsneba – da roca daiwyeba petreseuli reforma,
rusuli saRvTismetyvelo mecniereba ukve `dasavluri~ iqneba!

eklesiam veraferi daupirispira am gavlenebs. kidev erTxel
gavimeoreb: es ar iyo marTlmadidebluri tradiciis
Tavisufali Sexvedra dasavleTTan, es iyo SeuiaraRebeli
marTlmadideblobis dapyroba `laTinizmis~ mier.
wminda gardamocemis amave krizisze metyvelebs
ganxeTqilebis tragikuli istoria. misi mTavari mizezi iyo
saeklesio wignebis gasworebis sakiTxi, magram amis ukan
saeklesio cnobierebaSi ufro Rrma sakiTxebi da eWvebi idga.
SfoTian drosTan erTad dasrulda moskovis samefos
ìzolacia~, is gzajvaredinze an gzagasayarzec ki aRmoCnda.
ucxoelebTan Sexvedrebi, kievTan, aRmosavleTTan, aseve
dasavleTTan gaxSirebuli da ganmtkicebuli kavSirebi
daJinebiT iTxovda sakuTari saeklesio meurneobis `mowes
rigebas~, aRviZebda azrebs, aaSkaravebda moskovuri garda
mocemebis calmxrivobas, arasakmarobas, daucvelobas. wignebis
beWdvasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT mwvaved idga sakiTxi
saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Sesaxeb. xelnawerebSi Zalian bevri
gansxvaveba iyo. romeli versiebi unda dabeWdiliyo? `litvuri~
wignebi marTlmadideblobaSi eWvs iwvevda, rusuli wignebi ki
damaxinjebuli da winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda. mixeil Tevdores
Zis dros dava mwvave ganxeTqilebamde da dagmobamde mivida:
aseTi iyo 1618 wels troickis arqimandrit dionises dagmoba
kurTxevanis224 gasworebis gamo. TviT am procesis simwvaveSi
igrZnoba saeklesio cnobierebis arasasikeTo mdgomareoba da
SeSfoTeba. aleqsi mixeilis Zis gamefebasTan erTad mefis karze
Zlierdeba `reformatoruli~ ganwyoba. es aris moskovSi kievis
gavlenis, ruseTSi dasavleli xalxis mozRvavebis dro. magram
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos marTlmadidebel aRmosav
leTTan mWidro kavSirebis aRdgena. aleqsi mixeilis Zis dros
moskovSi ramdenimejer vxedavT aRmosavlel patriarqebs, isini
monawileoben nikonis saqmeSic da `staroverobis~ dagmobaSic,
224 kurTxevani – saRvTismsaxuro wigni, romelic Seicavs saeklesio
saidumloebebisa da kurTxevaTa Sesrulebis wesebsa da locvebs. arsebobs
didi da mcire kurTxevani.
maTTan mimdinareobs saqmiani mimowera, rusebi Tavad

miemgzavrebian aRmosavleTSi. da ai, rac unda saocari iyos,
berZnebTan swored es axali kavSiri gaxda ganxeTqilebisa da
SfoTis erT-erTi wyaro. bolos da bolos, wignebis gasworeba
berZnuli nimuSebis mixedviT gadawyda. es `berZnuli~ motivi
mefisgan da misi axlobeli `moSurneebisagan~ modis. magram
mTeli tragedia imaSia, rom `berZnulis~ miRebisas moskovSi
ukve veRar erkveodnen am `berZnulis~ xarisxSi (xSirad
rusulze aranaklebad wamxdarisa), rom mTeli `sworeba~
xorcieldeboda kulturuli da saRvTismetyvelo perspeqtivis
sruli ararsebobis fonze. da Zalian xSirad avtoritetebad
warmoCindebodnen aRmosavluri warmomavlobis gadamTielebi,
romlebic moskovSi mowyalebasa da gamorCenas eZebdnen da
SemTxveviT aRmoCndebodnen xolme maswavleblebis adgilas.
wignebis gasworeba STagonebuli iyo ara imdenad `sulisa da
WeSmaritebis~ marTlmadideblur TayvaniscemasTan dabru
nebiT, ramdenadac erTgvarovnebisken swrafviT da, xSirad,
gauazrebeli berZnofilobiT. gansakuTrebiT sabediswero
aRmoCnda patriarq nikonis roli. mas `hqonda yvelafris
berZnulad gadakeTebisa da gadmotanis TiTqmis avadmyofuri
midrekileba, iseve rogorc SemdgomSi petres hqonda vneba
yvela da yvelaferi germanulad an holandiurad gadaekeTebina.
maT aseve anaTesavebs warsulTan kavSiris gawyvetis es saocari
simsubuqe, es moulodneli mowyveta yofierebisagan, winaswar
ganzraxuloba da arabunebrivoba moqmedebaSi~ (protop
resviteri giorgi florovski). metismetad bevri dawyevles da
SeaCvenes maSinve, metismetad bevri ram xorcieldeboda
brZanebiTa da gankargulebiT... da, rac kidev uaresia, veneciaSi
gamocemuli berZnuli wignebi xSirad saeWvo, `laTinurad
ganbrZnobilni~ aRmoCndeboda xolme, iseve rogorc petre
mogilas225 kievuri gamocemebi. es ar niSnavs, rom marTlebi
iyvnen `Zveli rwmenis~ moSurneni: avakumi da msgavsni misni;
225 petre mogila (1596-1647 ww.) – ukrainis politikuri, saeklesio da

kulturuli moRvawe, kievis mitropoliti 1632-1647 wlebSi.
magram maT acbunebdaT es `ganurCeveli uaryofa Zvelrusuli

wesisa da Cveulebisa,~ es sworeba saeWvo kievelebsa da
aranakleb saeWvo berZnebze, romelTagan bevri marTlac
swavlobda romSi da amisaTvis droebiT laTinur rwmenasac ki
iRebda. swored aq iZens ganxeTqileba Tavis tragikul siRrmes,
rogorc dava istoriaze, da, gansakuTrebiT istoriaSi rusuli
marTlmadideblobis mniSvnelobaze, qristianuli samefos
bedze. ganxeTqilebis CamomgdebTa gangaSi martivi formiT
SeiZleba ase gamoixatos: Tuki yvelaferi es – kurTxeuli da
wminda moskovuri warsuli, mesame romi – marTlmadideblobis
ukanaskneli sayrdeni da imedi damnaSave aRmoCnda, rogorc
`novatorebi~ amtkiceben, amden Secdomasa da damaxinjebaSi,
WeSmaritebisagan TiTqmis gandgomaSi (magaliTad, ori TiTis
SekavSirebiT pirjvris gadawera 1656 wlis krebam dagmo,
rogorc `nestorianuli~!), xom ar niSnavs es, rom istoria
mTavrdeba da antiqriste axlosaa. `sulac `wes-Cveuleba~ ki ara,
àntiqristea~ rusuli ganxeTqilebis Tema da saidumlo...
pirveli `raskolnikuri~ winaaRmdegobis mTeli azri da paTosi
calkeul CveulebiT an yofiT wvrilmanebze `brma~ mijaWvuloba
ki ara, aramed swored es ZiriTadi apokalifsuri varaudia~
(protopresviteri giorgi florovski). ganxeTqileba sxva
araferia, Tu ara sazRauri moskovuri ocnebisaTvis wminda
yofaze, istoriaSi, miwaze, ukanaskneli samefos srulad
ganxorcielebaze. da kidev ufro Rrmad – sazRauri bizantiuri
Teokratiis Zireuli antiistorizmis gamo, romelmac uaryo
qristianoba, rogorc gza da Semoqmedeba, moindoma istoriis
gaCereba erTi yovlismomcveli misteriis `maradiul
ganmeorebaSi~. aq gamoaSkaravda am Teoriis maqsimalizmica da
misi SezRudulobac: mTeli marTlmadidebloba xom
garegnuliT, ritualiT da sityvebiT izomeboda, dava arasdros
gasula am sulisSemxuTveli wes-CveulebiTi kazuistikis gareT.
garkveuli azriT, ganxeTqilebam marTlac moswyvita eklesias
saukeTeso Zalebi – isini visTvisac cxovrebis yaida da yofa
TviTkmari Rirebulebebi ki ar iyo, aramed Sinagani
maqsimalizmis gamovlena qristianobis gagebasa da istoriaSi

misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis gaazrebaSi. es adamianebi
qristianuli samyaros Sesaxeb erTiani ideiT cocxlobdnen.
maTi brali ar aris, rom Tavad es idea gviandel bizantiaSica da
gansakuTrebiT moskovSi mowyvetili aRmoCnda cocxali
wyaroebisagan, adreuli eklesiis SemoqmedebiTi STagone
bisagan, da igi tipikonamde da `domostroimde~ davida. magram
arc maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi kvebavdnen sakuTar reformas
gardamocemiTa da WeSmaritebiT: axali wignebi Zvelze ukeTesi,
gamarTuli, gaazrebuli aRmoCnda. magram ierarqia, romelmac
ase advilad, eklesiis rwmenisa da swavlebis wyaroebSi
CauRrmaveblad miiRo es reforma, sxva reformebsac sakmaod
advilad miiRebs. sakmarisia, rom reforma xelisuflebisgan
modiodes, keTdebodes ùmaRlesi neba-surviliT~... sqizmatebi
ewinaaRmdegebodnen ara imdenad eklesias, ramdenadac samefos –
magram samefos im Teoriis saxeliT, romelic rogoradac ar
unda dawvrilmanebuliyo da daviwrovebuliyo, xedavda, undoda
daenaxa masSi is samefo, romelic qristes emsaxureboda. maTi
mowinaaRmdegeni ki ukve TiTqmis veRar grZnobdnen qristianuli
Teokratiis absolutizmSi metamorfozis moaxloebas.
amrigad, eklesiisa da samefos urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi
kvlav mwvavdeba XVII saukuneSi: SfoTian periodSi sergis wm.
samebis lavraSi patriarq germogenis patriotuli msaxu
rebidan, patriarq filaretis Taviseburi `papocezarizmidan~
nikonamde da ganxeTqilebamde. da sul ufro Zlierad igrZnoba,
rom daiwyo saxelmwifos gardaqmna, daiwyo misi cnobierebis
Secvla. TviT uwynaresi226 mefe aleqsei mixeilis Zec ki, romelic
samefos saxeliT inaniebda wm. filipes wminda nawilebis winaSe,
sinamdvileSi, Tavisi fsiqologiiT ukve Sorsaa bizantiuri da
Zvelrusuli Teokratiuli TviTSegnebisagan. moskovSi sul
ufro aSkarad aRwevs dasavluri absolutizmis atmosfero.
nikonis ganxeTqileba mefesTan, garkveuli azriT, samefosa da
samRvdeloebas Soris dasavlur davas ruseTSi imeorebs: esaa,
uwinares yovlisa, dava `Zalauflebis~ Sesaxeb. magram
226 dedanSia `Тишайший~
SesaZlebelia, rom swored ganxeTqilebam aqcia gardauvalobad

absolutizmis gamarjveba petre didis dros.
nawili 6
dava petres reformis mniSvnelobisa da Sefasebis Sesaxeb,

SeiZleba iTqvas, mTavari rusuli davaa. es aseve mtkivneuli da
mwvave Temaa rusuli saeklesio cnobierebisaTvis. Tumca, axla
ukve aRaravin daicavs petres saeklesio reformis suls,
rusuli eklesiis sinodur wyobas, oberprokurors da
`marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis uwyebas.~ magram rCeba
Rrma, xSirad sxva Temebs amofarebuli sakiTxi marTl
madideblobis istoriaSi sinoduri periodis zogadi mniSv
nelobis Sesaxeb. am wignis farglebSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
SevZlebT masze pasuxis gacemas, Tuki SevecdebiT pasuxi
gardauvalad gamartivebul sqemamde daviyvanoT. mecnieruli
pasuxisaTvis dro jer ar damdgara, cxovrebiseul pasuxs ki
mxolod momavali gascems.
albaT aravin ikamaTebs imaze, rom petres reforma, upir
veles yovlisa, `Teokratiuli~ tradiciis mkveTri gawyveta,
dasavlur mowyobaze cnobierebis Segnebuli da sayovelTao
gadasvla iyo. es iyo ruseTSi dasavluri absolutizmis
gamefeba. Cveulebriv, petresa da mis memkvidreebs, mTel
`peterburgul periods~ brals sdeben eklesiisaTvis
Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis warTmevaSi. magram eklesia
Tavisufali, am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT, ar yofila
konstantine didis droidan – arc moskovSi da arc bizantiaSi.
da mainc, miuxedavad imisa rom Tavisufali ar iyo, eklesia
gansxvavdeboda saxelmwifosagan, ar iyo masze `Camokidebuli~
Tavad sakuTar yofaSi, mowyobaSi, cxovrebaSi. ra Sorsac unda
wasuliyo `simfoniis~ darRvevebi, isini swored darRvevebad
rCeboda da adre Tu gvian amis aRiarebac xdeboda: magaliTad, am
darRvevebis msxverplTa gandideba TviT saxelmwifos mier. es ki
imitom xdeboda, rom saxelmwifo aRiarebda masze maRla mdgom

umaRles kanons – qristianul WeSmaritebas, romlis mcveli
eklesia iyo. eklesiasTan brZolaSi Sobili dasavluri abso
lutizmi sworedac rom uaryofs eklesiis yovelgvar uflebas,
iyos saxelmwifos `sindisi~, zRudavs mas `sulieri moTxov
nilebebis momsaxurebis~ mWidro CarCoebiT, Tanac Tavad
gansazRvravs am moTxovnilebebs da misi momsaxurebis for
mebsac. `Tavisi mzrunvelobiTi STagonebiT `policiuri saxelm
wifo~ gardauvalad iwyebs eklesiis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas.
saxelmwifo ara mxolod meurveobs masze. is iRebs eklesiisagan,
CamoarTmevs TavisTvis da sakuTar Tavze iRebs eklesiis
amocanebs, Tavis Tavze iRebs xalxis religiur da sulier
keTildReobaze zrunvis ganuyofel amocanas. da Tu SemdgomSi
am zrunvas kvlav sasuliero wodebas miandobs an avalebs, es
xdeba ukve mxolod saxelmwifo delegirebis wesiTa da
uflebiT; da mxolod am delegirebisa da davalebis farglebSi
mieCineba eklesias saxalxo-saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis siste
maSi Tavisi adgili. magram mxolod saxelmwifo sargeblobisa da
saWiroebis zomiTa da motiviT~ (protopresviteri giorgi
florovski).
aRmosavleTis patriarqebma kanonikurad cnes sinodi da
eklesiis sakramentul-ierarqiuli struqtura ar Seryvnila.
amitom, reformis simwvave mis kanonikur mxareSi ki ar aris,
aramed im fsiqologiaSi, romlisganac is amoizarda. sinodis
daarsebiT eklesia erT-erTi saxelmwifo departamenti gaxda da
1901 wlamde misi wevrebi ficis dadebisas imperators àm
sulieri kolegiis saboloo msajulad~ moixseniebdnen da yvela
misi gadawyvetileba miiReboda `sakuTari samefo udidebu
lesobisagan mocemuli ZalauflebiT~, `misi saimperatoro
udidebulesobis gankargulebiT~... es fsiqologia yvelaze
kargad aris gamoxatuli saxelganTqmuli Teofane proko
poviCis227 `sulier reglamentSi~: man ruseTSi gadmoitana
227 Teofane prokopoviCi, igive arqiepiskoposi Teofane (1681-1736 ww.) – ruseTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis episkoposi, petre pirvelis TanamoRvawe,
publicisti da poeti.
protestantizmis yvela ZiriTadi principi, eklesiisa da

saxelmwifos urTierTobis miseuli gageba, romelSic eklesia,
xiluli anu miwieri, im epoqaSi moiazreba rogorc swored Tavad
saxelmwifos religiuri `proeqcia~. petreseuli reformis es
Zireuli, fuZemdebluri sicrue rusulma xelisuflebam ver
gaiazra da ar uaryo faqtobrivad 1917 wlis revoluciamdec ki.
masSia eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis ZiriTadi
orazrovneba, romelmac erTnairad mowamla rogorc saxel
mwifo, ise saeklesio cnobiereba. radganac, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom rusulma eklesiam petreseuli reforma arsebiTad,
sindisiT ar miiRo. misTvis imperatori darCa RmrTisagan
cxebulad, Tavad am kurTxevas ki is kvlav aRiqvamda bizantiuri
an moskovuri Teokratiis kategoriebiT. amitom samefo
xelisuflebas saxelmwifo da eklesia sxvadasxvagvarad
aRiqvamdnen, misdami damokidebulebaSi isini TiTqmis urTierT
sawinaaRmdego wanamZRvrebidan gamodiodnen. mefobaze bizan
tiuri kurTxeviT, anu qristiani meufis228 msaxurad miwieri
xelmwifis xeldasxmiT (am TvalsazrisiT ki bizantiuri
mironcxeba Teoriulad saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SezRudvaa da
ara absolutizacia) rusuli eklesia axla ukve dasavlur
absolutizms akurTxebda! da erTi dRiT, gvardiis brwyinvale
oficeri, sisxlis da memkvidreobis `RvTiuri~ uflebiT
milionobiT adamianis SeuzRudavi patroni, marTlac
gvevlineboda bizantiel basilevsad an moskovel mefed:
sakralur SesamoselSi, Tavze jvriT, kvlavac viTarca xati
kurTxeuli qristianuli samefosi. eklesia da xalxi masSi mudam
am xats xedavda, magram petredan dawyebuli am xats Tavad
saxelmwifo ver SeigrZnobda, piriqiT: igi mTlianad iyo
agebuli dasavluri absolutizmis principebze. da ai, es sxvaoba
eklesiisadmi saxelmwifos damokidebulebasa (`marTlmadi
debluri aRmsareblobis uwyeba~) da saxelmwifosadmi eklesiis
damokidebulebas Soris (`RmrTisgan cxebuli~) Seadgens
sinoduri periodis mTavar sicrues.
228 igulisxmeba ieso qriste.

bizantiasa da moskovSi eklesia da saxelmwifo erT enaze

laparakobdnen, `cnobierebis erTnair ganzomilebebSi~ cxov
robdnen. amitom, miuxedavad saxelmwifosadmi eklesiis sruli
daqvemdebarebisa, eklesiam uzarmazari avtoriteti SeinarCuna
saxelmwifos cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi. axla, ènaTa~ sxva
dasxvaobis, msoflSegrZnebaTa gansxvavebulobis dauZleve
lobis gamo, eklesia iZens raRacnairi anaqronizmis, `siZvelis~
naSTis elfers, ara mxolod garegnuls, aramed sworedac rom
Sinagans, fsiqologiurs. Tavisi Teokratiuli ideologia xels
uSlis mas – sakmaod didxans – ubralod SeigrZnos sakuTari
tyveoba misTvis ucxo garemoSi, gaacnobieros Zirfesvianad
aramarTlmadidebluri imperiisadmi Tavisi daqvemdebarebis
mTeli sicrue, moindomos Tavisufleba, aRiareba samefosagan
eklesiis gamoyofis ukve ganxorcielebuli faqtisa. da maSin
rCeba mdumare SiSi, kanonmorCileba. `petres epoqidan
moyolebuli rusuli samRvdeloeba `daSinebul wodebad~
yalibdeba. garkveulwilad igi eSveba socialur qvedafenebSi
an mas aqeTken aviwroeben. zeda fenebSi ki orazrovanma dumilma
daisadgura. saukeTesoni sakuTar TavSi iketebian, `gulis
Sinagan udabnoSi~ midian. `sasuliero wodebis~ es damfrTxali
SeboWilobaa petreseuli reformis erT-erTi yvelaze myari
Sedegi. rusuli saeklesio cnobiereba SemdgomSic am ormagi
muxruWis – administraciuli brZanebisa da Sinagani SiSis
gavleniT viTardeba~... (protopresviteri giorgi florovski).
magram saeklesio cxovreba ar qvavdeba bolomde
gaucxoebuli am saxelmwifo wnexis qveSac ki, da `sinoduri
periodi~, sakmaod gavrcelebuli mtkicebis miuxedavad,
SeuZlebelia CaiTvalos dacemis, sulieri Zalebis daSretis
xanad, garkveul gadagvarebad. Zalian xSirad iviwyeben, jer
erTi, im did da Rrma kulturas, romelic am saukuneebSi
TandaTanobiT iqmneba eklesiaSi moskovuri epoqisagan
gansxvavebiT. Tumca, es kultura dasavluri zemoqmedebisa da
tradiciebis Zlieri gavlenis Sedegad ibadeba. Tavad petre
Tavis saeklesio gardaqmnebSi kievelebs eyrdnoboda da maTiT
Caanacvla velikorusi ierarqebi. amitomac rusuli sasuliero

skola (1750 wlamde 26 seminaria gaixsna) laTinuri skola
aRmoCnda rogorc enobrivad, aseve swavlebis suliskveTebiT.
da eWvgareSea, rom `laTinuri skolis rusul niadagze es
gadatana saeklesio cnobierebis gaxleCas niSnavda, gaxleCas
saRvTismetyvelo `swavlulobasa~ da saeklesio gamocdilebas
Soris... jer-jerobiT xom slavurad loculobdnen, Tumca
laTinurad RvTismetyvelebdnen~... rusuli eklesiis saek
lesio-saRvTismetyvelo gamocdilebaSi am saRvTismetyvelo
`medasavleTeobam~, ra Tqma unda, sabediswero roli Seasrula.
ar SeiZleba misi mniSvnelobis damcroba. magram mainc,
moskovuri sibnelis saukuneebis, yvela saskolo-kulturuli
tradiciis Sewyvetis Semdeg, am skoliT eklesiaSi pirvelad
brundeboda inteleqtualuri disciplina, brundeboda ganaT
leba, SemoqmedebiTi STagoneba. rusuli RvTismetyvelebis
ganviTarebas mTeli gamokvleva miuZRvna protopresviterma
giorgi florovskim (`rusuli marTlmadideblobis gzebi~). aq
ar aris Tundac saxelebis CamoTvlis adgili. erTi ramaa
mniSvnelovani – dae, Tundac dasavleTis, laTinuri an
germanuli wignebis meSveobiT, magram mainc isev cocxldeboda
marTlmadideblobaSi azris diadi daviwyebuli tradicia,
tradicia WeSmaritebis uangaro Ziebisa, misi asketuri
msaxurebisa. `kulturul~ wreebSi Cvens sasuliero skolas
hqonda da aqvs cudi reputacia: mis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen
pomialovskis `bursis narkvevebis~229, barnaba prepotelis230 an
rakitinis231 mixedviT. `seminarSCina~ odiozuri sityva gaxda.
magram yoveli mxridan moaxlovebuli obskurantizmis, yvela
donis daqveiTebis, tradiciebis gauxeSebis pirobebSi es
229 `bursis narkvevebi~ – rusi mwerlis da prozaikosis nikoloz pomialovskis

(1835-1863 ww.) nawarmoebi. bursa sasuliero seminariis mosamzadebeli
klasebis saxelwodebaa
230 barnaba prepoteli – nikoloz leskovis nawarmoebis – `Соборяне~ erT-erTi
personaJi.
231 rakitini – igulisxmeba uRmerTo seminaristi rakitini, dostoevskis
romanis – `Zmebi karamazovebis~ erT-erTi personaJi.
daviwyebuli da Raribi, gankicxuli da xSirad uZluri

sasuliero skola cocxldeba, rogorc rusuli kulturis erT-
erTi saxelovani kera. udidesia misi damsaxurebebi marTl
madideblobis istoriaSi. rusuli sasuliero akademiebis,
mitropolit anton xrapovickis TqmiT – `wminda akademiebis~ –
profesorebis mecnieruli done da samecniero Tavisufleba
arafriT Camouvardeboda dasavleTevropuli da rusuli saero
mecnierebis dones, Zalian xSirad ki aWarbebda mas. es
RvTismetyveleba `saskolod~ rCeboda – misi damsaxurebebi
ufro metia istoriaSi, filosofiaSi da, saerTod, WeSmariti
saRvTismetyvelo aRorZinebis momzadebaSi, Tumca manve mogvca
mitropoliti filareti da nesmelovi. meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi rusuli RvTismetyveleba namdvili SemoqmedebiTi
ayvavebis, marTlmadideblobis kaTolike tradiciis mTeli
ZlevamosilebiT aRorZinebis piras idga. magram movida
revolucia...
sinoduri periodi aseve aRiniSneba ruseTSi ber-monazvnobis
udavo aRorZinebiTa da siwmindis axali, dauviwyari ayvavebiT.
meTvramete saukune gabrwyinebulia wminda tixon zadonelis
(1724 – 1782 ww.) saxebiT, mecxrametis dasawyisi – Rirsi serafime
sarovelis saocari naTeliT, optinis udabnos mamebiTa da kidev
sulieri cxovrebis ramdeni centriT; aq ukve sruliad mkafiod
aRorZinda marTlmadideblobis Zveli, magram mudam axal
gazrda tradiciebi; gacxadda `zecisa Cinebisa RmrTisasa~-ken232
ganuwyveteli xmobis mTeli Zala. peterburgis ruseTis
oficialuri, rTuli, tragikuli istoriis miRma isev da isev
vxedavT sxva istorias: sulis neli Sekrebis, `madlis moxveWis~,
dabnelebuli adamianuri xatebis pirvelxatis gamouTqmeli
didebiT gasxivosnebis marad uwyvet istorias. daiyvano
ruseTis istoria misi kulturis istoriamde, politikur brZo
lamde, sazogadoebriv moZraobamde, ekonomikur ganviTarebamde
da daiviwyo siwmindis is `polusi~, romelic amden adamians
izidavda – da ara mxolod ùbralo adamianTagan~, daiviwyo
232 filip. 3:14

sakuTari `saxazino~ bedisagan marTlmadideblobis Tanda

TanobiTi, magram aseTi STamagonebeli Sinagani gaTavisufleba,
niSnavs ver dainaxo raRac yvelaze arsebiTi ruseTisa da mTeli
marTlmadideblobis sulier svlaSi `sabediswero~ XIX
saukuneSi, roca ukve iweoda farda meoce saukunis mier
àRsasrulebul saqmeTa~ Tavze.
marTlac, SeuZlebelia ver vxedavdeT, rom ruseTis istoria
tragedia iyo da swored es tragizmi aqcevs mas ase mniSv
nelovnad marTlmadideblobis istoriul gzaze. roca Cven
vfiqrobT rusul kulturaze, uwinaresad rusul litera
turaze, SeuZlebelia ar vaRiaroT, rom dasavleTisaken
petreseuli miqceva ara marto gardauvali, aramed auci
lebelic iyo. msofliosTan mxolod aseTi Tavisufali
Sexvedrisas SeigrZno ruseTma Tavisi Tavi, amaRlda da ipova
sakuTari mowodeba. es aris mowodeba àRmosavleTsa~ da
`dasavleTs~ Soris arsebuli im saSineli ufskrulis
gadalaxvisa, romelic Sua saukuneebidan iRebs saTaves da
romelic qristianuli samyaros mTavari codvaa. ruseTSi bevrs
kamaTobdnen aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTze. magram sinamdvileSi
ruseTi Tavad warmoaCenda im, evropuli cnobierebidan didi
xnis win amovardnil WeSmaritebas, rom TviT es dapirispireba
sicruea, ufro metic – codviTi dapirispirebaa, radgan es aris
sicrue qristianuli samyaros Tavdapirveli erTianobis
mimarT, romlis sulieri istoria sulTmofenobis saswaulamde
adis. yovelive saukeTeso, rac ruseTma Seqmna, iyo Sedegi
àRmosavleTisa~ da `dasavleTis~, anu yovelive WeSmaritisa da
ukvdavis Sinagani Serigebisa, rac ruseTSi bizantiuri
Teslidan amoiwvera, magram gazrdas mxolod maSin SeZlebda,
Tuki isev CaerTveboda qristianuli kacobriobis saerTo
istoriaSi.
èvropa Cveni dedaa, iseve rogorc ruseTi, Cveni meore deda;
Cven bevri SeviZineT misgan da kidev SeviZenT da ar movindomebT,
viyoT umadurebi mis mimarT.~ es prodasavlels ar uTqvams; amas,
prodasavlurobis, iseve rogorc slavofilobis miRma, sibrZnis
mwvervalze, sikvdilis zRvarze myofi dostoevski wers... misi

ukanaskneli sasoeba mesianizmia, magram Tavisi arsiT evropuli
mesianizmi, ruseTis, rogorc erTgvari ukeTesi evropis
SegrZnebidan gamomdinare, mesianizmi, romelic mowodebulia
gadaarCinos da ganaaxlos evropa. ra vuyoT, rom es sasoeba
gaumarTlebeli iyo, magram amgvari rwmenis dammarxveli
adamianebi ar dgebodnen `piriT aRmosavleTisaken~, isini
evropisaken miiqceodnen, radgan swamdaT, rom evropaSi
gabrwyindeba àRmosavluri~, anu rusuli, anu ganaxlebul-
evropuli naTeli. oRond maT jer kidev ar icodnen, rom
TavianTi winaswarmetyveleba, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo,
Tavadve aRasrules~... (v. v. veidle). rusuli literatura
`dasavleTze damynobis~ Sedegad iSva, dasavleTis `mibaZviT~
daiwyo. magram did msoflio literaturad, da ufro metadac
ki, vidre mxolod literaturaa Tanamedrove qristianuli
cnobierebisaTvis, is mxolod mas Semdeg iqca, rac igi aRar iyo
arc àRmosavluri~ da arc `dasavluri~. da miT ufro naTlad
ikveTeboda misi qristianuli fesvi, rac ufro metad xdeboda
igi ubralod rusuli; aq, raRac idumali, jerac bolomde
Seuswavleli gzebiT, ruseTis Tavdapirveli qristianuli,
marTlmadidebluri STagoneba aRmoCnda am Tavadaznauruli,
prodasavluri kulturis suli, sindisi, siRrme. ufro metic,
is, rac mxolod àRmosavlurma~ marTlmadideblobam aRmoaCina,
SeigrZno, ganWvrita samyaroSi, adamianSi, cxovrebaSi, rusul
literaturaSi axali siRrmeebisa da axali aRmoCenebis wyaro
gaxda. adamiani, romlis Sesaxebac es literatura saubrobs,
romliskenac is aris mimarTuli, aris qristiani adamiani, ara
misi zneobrivi srulyofilebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed im
siRrmisa, im gaSuqebisa, romliTac is mas `SeigrZnobs~ da
àRwers~. ase magaliTad, gamWvirvale, klasikur puSkinis
`kapitnis qaliSvils~ g. p. fedotovi literaturul nawarmoeb
Tagan yvelaze qristianuls uwodebda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
XIX saukuneSi Tavad rusebisaTvis literatura TandaTanobiT
ufro meti gaxda, vidre `mxolod literatura~ da arc erT
qveyanaSi mwerali ar zRavs ase xSirad sakuTari xelovne

bisaTvis sisxliT, sakuTari sicocxliT, rogorc swored
ruseTSi.
rusuli azri aseve dasavluris gavleniT ibadeba. ukve didi
xania cnobilia, rom ruseTSi ara marto prodasavluroba,
aramed slavianofilobac233 nayofia germanuli idealizmisa –
hegelisa da Selingisa; magram is aqac raRac gacilebiT didad
iqceva, vidre mibaZviTi filosofia, imad, rac marTl
madidebluri mexsierebis siRrmeebidan modis, da dasavluri
sqemebi uecrad ivseba axali SinaarsiT, axali ZaliT...
xomiakovidan234 moyolebuli, romelsac samarinma èklesiis
maswavlebeli~ uwoda, XX saukunis rus filosofosebamde da
RvTismetyvelebamde, rusuli azrovnebis Tema sul ufro
aSkarad xdeba marTlmadideblobis sayovelTao WeSmariteba –
WeSmariteba ara `bizantinizmisa~, ara àRmosavleTisa~, aramed
swored yovlismomcveli, ukanaskneli qristianuli `sinTezisa~.
da es ar aris mowinave sqemebi, maT ukan, rogorc ukve vTqviT,
sul ufro Zlierad inTeba sulieri aRorZinebis naTeli Tavad
eklesiaSi, Zlierdeba Tavad saeklesio cnobierebis swrafva
sakuTari rwmenis cocxali da maradiuli wyaroebisaken.
diax, ruseTSi iwyeboda marTlmadideblobis gamosvla
sakuTari àRmosavluri~ ganmartoebidan, iwyeboda masSi im
sayovelTao sulis aRorZineba, romlis gareSec igi aris ara
marTlmadidebloba, aramed `marTlmadidebluri yofa,~ ara
maradiuli pasuxi amqveyniur sevdaze, imedsa da miswrafebebze,
aramed aris amqveynisagan gandgoma da myudro sulier CixebSi
gadanacvleba.
233 slavianofiloba – rusuli sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris

nacionalisturi mimarTuleba, romelic 1830-1850 wlebSi Camoyalibda.
slavianofilebi gamodiodnen slavi xalxebis politikuri da kulturuli
gaerTianebis ideiT marTlmadideblobis droSis qveS da ruseTis
xelmZRvanelobiT.
234 aleqsandre xomiakovi (1804-1860 ww.) – rusi poeti, publicisti,
RvTismetyveli, filosofosi. slavianofilobis erT-erTi ideologi.
peterburgis samecniero akademiis wevri (1856 w.).
magram tragedia isaa, rom ruseTis es gza ar aris misi

erTaderTi gza, rom sinamdvileSi yovel saukunesTan, yovel
welTan erTad masSi matulobda is saSineli gaoreba, rac
bolSevizmis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. da isev bevrs kamaTobdnen
borotebis `dasavlur~ da àRmosavlur~ wyaroebze. vfiqrob,
rom aq nebismieri gamartiveba uadgiloa. TiTqosda ise
arasdros gacxadebula istoriaSi yvelafris urTierTgada
jaWvuloba, mizezobriobisa da Tavisuflebis, sikeTisa da
borotebis erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTva, rogorc rusuli
katastrofis zrdaSi, da aseve is, rom sabolood yvelafris
fesvebi swored im siRrmeSia, sadac aRsruldeba sulieri
arCevani. ruseTSi sinaTlis matebasTan erTad wyvdiadic
matulobda. da es saSineli gafrTxileba, msjavri da Sexsenebaa
imisa, rom wyvdiadi ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda.
amJamad marTlmadideblobis istoriul gzaze `rusuli
Tavi,~ ra Tqma unda, damasrulebelia, boloa. aq marTlma
didebloba kvlav iqca istoriad, gacnobierda rogorc gza da
amocana, rogorc cxovrebis SemoqmedebiTi STagoneba. gza
Sewyvetili aRmoCnda. da ukve mowameTa sisxlian devnaSi iwyeba
axali Tavi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriaSi. warsulic am
mowameebiT unda gaizomos: isini mowmoben imaze, rom
dauZleveli, marad cocxali, marad gamarjvebuli `borotsa
zeda mdgom yovel sofelze~235 mxolod isaa, rac dasa
Zirkvlebulia qristes ganuyofel erTgulebaSi.
235 Sed.: I iovane, 5:19 –`yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~

bolosityvaoba
marTlmadideblobis istoriuli gzis mokle mimoxilvis

dasrulebisas Cven ar vapirebT `Sedegebis Sejamebas~. gza ar
dasrulebula, istoria grZeldeba. da sanam is grZeldeba,
qristianisTvis ar arsebobs saboloo `Sedegi~. mxolod erTis
damateba gvsurs: Zalian bevrisTvis eklesiis istoria cdunebaa, da
mas gaurbian ìmedgacruebis~ SiSiT. vSiSob, rom isini am wignSic
ipovnian cdunebasac da imedgacruebasac. marTlmadideblobis
istoriaSi, iseve rogorc qristianobis istoriaSi zogadad,
bevri dacema da adamianuri codvaa. me ar msurda maTi dafarva,
radgan mjera, rom marTlmadideblobis mTeli Zala
simarTleSia, da kidev imitomac rom warsulSi `gankiTxva¡
sulTa¡~236 awmyoSi yoveli WeSmariti saeklesio qmedebis
aucilebel pirobad mimaCnia.
Tanamedrove saeklesio cnobierebaSi warsuli xSirad ufro
metad gamZimebs da gboWavs, vidre xdeba misi SemoqmedebiTi
gadaqceva WeSmariti gardamocemis erTgulebad. mJRavndeba
uunaroba, Seafaso warsuli, ganasxvavo masSi WeSmariteba
`mxolod~ warsulisagan. wminda gardamocemas SeumCnevlad
ureven yovelgvar `gadmocemebs~, romlebic jer Tavadve
saWiroeben Sefasebas eklesiis maradiuli simarTlis
TvasazrisiT. nawilobrivs, calmxrivs, ukuRmarTsac ki zogjer
marTlmadideblobis àrsad~ asaReben. arsebobs warsulis
àbsolutizaciis~ codva, romelsac uciloblad mivyavarT
sawinaaRmdego ukiduresobamde – `modernizmamde~, anu,
arsobrivad warsulis srul uaryofamde, erTaderT sazomad
`Tanamedroveobis~, `mecnierebis~, `mimdinare momentis saWi
roebebis~ miRebamde. magram rogorc mxolod `marTlma
236 1 korinT. 12:10

didebluri~ garegnobis dacva ver aris SemZle dafaros

Tanamedrove marTlmadidebluri eklesiis krizisi, aseve verc
`modernizmi~ Secvlis mas. erTaderTi gamosavali yovelTvis
eklesiuri WeSmaritebisadmi mimarTva da am gziT warsulis
dauflebaa. masSi vpoulobT Cven rogorc eklesiis maradiul
gardamocemebs, aseve misdami uricxv Ralats. marTlma
didebluri cnobiereba mudam ìstoriulia~, mudam Seicavs
sakuTar TavSi warsuls, magram arasdros èmoneba~ mas. ìesu
qriste guSin da dRes da igi Tavadi ars ukunisamde~237 da
eklesiis Zala warsulSi, awmyosa Tu momavalSi ki ar aris,
aramed qristeSia, romelic masTan iqneba saukuneTa
aRsasrulamde, raTa TiToeulma Cvenganma masSi da masTan
hpovos cxovrebis sazrisi.
237 ebr. 13:8.

geografiul da istoriul saxelTa leqsikoni 419
geografiul da istoriul saxelTa leqsikoni
a
abisinia – eTiopiis Zveli saxelwodeba, uZvelesi qristianuli
qveyana aRmosavleT afrikaSi.
agarianebi – ase uwodebdnen arabebs, rogorc bibliuri abraamisa
da misi xarWis agaris (hagaris) STamomavlebs.
avarebi – centraluri aziis momTabare tomebis gaerTianeba,
romlebmac VI saukuneSi dasavleTisaken moZraoba daiwyes da
Tanamedrove ungreTis, slovakeTis, rumineTis da serbeTis
teritoriaze sakuTari saxelmwifo – avarTa saxakano daaarses.
am saxelmwifom IX saukunemde iarseba.
aTeni – saberZneTis dedaqalaqi, msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi
qalaqi, mZlavri kulturuli, ekonomikuri da administraciuli
centri.
aTonis wm. mTa – marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wminda mTa, romelic
mdebareobs saberZneTSi, qalkidikis naxevarkunZulze qalaq
salonikis maxloblad. Ees mTa (zRvis donidan 2033 m.) warmoadgens
monazvnuri dasaxlebis adgils, romelTagan pirveli IX saukunis
bolos daarsda petre aTonelis mier. sul aTonis mTaze 20
monasteria. saberZneTi aRiarebs aTonis mTis Teokratiuli
respublikis statuss, romelic imarTeba oTxwevriani sabWosa
da e. w. sinaqsisis mier (20 monastris warmomadgenlebisagan
Sedgenili kreba).
albaneTi – saxelmwifo balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT
nawilSi, adriatikis da ioniis zRvebis sanapiroze.
aleqsandria – uZvelesi qalaqi egvipteSi, nilosis deltaSi,

dRes mTavari sazRvao porti da sididiT meore qalaqi egvipteSi.
Ddaaarsa aleqsandre makedonelma Cv.w.aRr-mde 332 wels.
Eptolemeuri egviptis dedaqalaqi. elinisturi samyaros erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani centri.
alpebi – umaRlesi mTaTa sistema dasavleT evropaSi.
amalfi – feodaluri saxelmwifo samxreT italiaSi X-XII
saukuneebSi. dRes amalfis 50 kilometriani sanapiro zoli mis
piras ganlagebuli qalaqebiT uamrav turists izidavs.
anatolia – ix. mcire azia.
ankira (ankvira) – Tanamedrove ankaris Zveli dasaxeleba. 314
wels aq Sedga mcire azieli da sirieli 18 episkoposisagan
Semdgari kreba. masze miiRes 25 wesi, romelic marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis saeklesio samarTlis nawili gaxda.
antioqia – qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis akvani. Tanamedrove
Turquli qalaqi antaqia siriis sazRvarTan. antioqiaSi
mdebareobda oTxi uZvelesi avtokefaluri eklesiidan erT-erTis
centri. VI-VII saukuneebSi Sedioda bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi.
Aantioqiis marTlmadidebeli eklesia dRemde arsebobs, magram
misi centri jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi gadaitanes damaskoSi,
aqvea antioqiis patriarqis rezidenciac.
arabeTi (arabuli samyaro) – pirobiTad uwodeben Crdilo
afrikisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs, romlebic laparakoben
arabul enaze. arabul samyaroSi 20 qveyana moiazreba,
romelTa mosaxleoba 340 milionamdea. es erT-erTi udidesi
geolingvisturi erTeulia msoflioSi.
arabeTis naxevarkunZuli – mdebareobs samxreT-dasavleT
aziaSi. naxevarkunZulze da mimdebare kunZulebze mdebareobs
saxelmwifoebi: saudis arabeTi, iemeni, omani, arabeTis
gaerTianebuli emiratebi, bahreini, katari da kuveiti.
arli – qalaqi samxreT-aRmosavleT safrangeTSi.
asureTi – uZvelesi saxelmwifo Crdilo SuamdinareTSi,

Tanamedrove erayis teritoriaze. Camoyalibda Cv.w.aRr-mde III
aTaswleulSi da iarseba Cv.w.aRr-mde VII saukunis bolomde.
augsburgi – erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi germaniaSi (bavariaSi).
afrika – sididiT meore kontinenti evraziis Semdeg.
b
babiloni – uZvelesi da erT-erTi udidesi qalaqi Zvel
msoflioSi, samefo babiloneTis dedaqalaqi, romelmac 1500 weli
iarseba (II aTaswleulis dasawyisidan Cv.w.aRr-mde 539 wlamde).
qalaqi mdebareobda tigrossa da evfrats Soris dRevandeli
erayis teritoriaze baRdadidan 90 km-iT samxreTiT.
balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli – mdebareobs evropis samxreT
aRmosavleT nawilSi. mas gars artyia xmelTaSua, adriatikis,
ioniis, marmarilos, egeosis da Savi zRvebi.
bizantia (bizantiis imperia) – saxelmwifo, romelic warmoiSva
IV saukunis bolos (395 w.) romis imperiis daSlis Semdeg mis
aRmosavleT nawilSi. imperiis dedaqalaqi – konstantinepoli
1453 wels daeca Turq-osmalebis Sturmis Sedegad, ris Semdegac
bizantiam sabolood Sewyvita arseboba da misi teritoria
osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.
biTinia (biTvinia) – uZvelesi samefo, romelic anatoliis
CrdiloeTSi mdebareobda Cv.w. aRricxvamde V saukunidan Cv.w.
aRricxvamde 74 wlamde, ris Semdeg romis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
Sevida.
bosnia da hercegovina – saxelmwifo balkaneTis naxevar
kunZulis centralur nawilSi. Sedgeba avtonomiuri
administraciuli erTeulebisagan – bosniis da hercogovinis
federacia, serbska da brCkos olqi.
bratski – qalaqi ruseTSi, irkutskis olqSi.
bresti – qalaqi belorusiaSi.

bulgarelebi – samxreTslavuri xalxi, romelic warmoiSva adreSua
saukuneebSi protobulgarelebisa da balkaneli slavebis, agreTve
Trakielebis nawilis Sewymis Sedegad. ZiriTadad cxovroben
bulgareTSi, mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 12 mln. l
L aparakoben
bulgarul enaze. morwmuneTa ZiriTadi nawili marTlmadidebelia.
g
galatelebi – kelturi tomebis kavSiri, romelic mcire
aziaSi SeiWra Cv.w. aRricxvamde 278-277 wlebSi. cnobilia pavle
mociqulis epistole galatelTa mimarT.
galia – evropis istoriuli nawilis romauli dasaxeleba, romelic
SemosazRvruli iyo mdinare rubikonis kalapotiT, apeninebiT,
mdinare magras kalapotiT, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroTi,
pireneebiT, atlantikis okeaniT, mdinare reinis kalapotiT
da alpebiT. dasaxlebuli iyo kelturi warmoSobis tomebiT,
romlebsac romaelebi galebs uwodebdnen.
galilea – istoriuli olqi CrdiloeT israelSi, libanis
sazRvarTan, ieso qristes da mociqulTa samSoblo.
galicia – istoriuli olqi centralur evropaSi, romelic
sxvadasxva dros Sedioda kievis ruseTis, litvis didi samTavros,
poloneTis, avstria-ungreTis, ukrainis SemadgenlobaSi. amJamad
gayofilia poloneTsa da ukrainas Soris. mniSvnelovani qalaqebia
lvovi, krakovi, ternopoli.
germanelebi – xalxi, germaniis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili,
salaparako ena germanuli. mTel msoflioSi germanelebis
raodenoba 100 milions aRwevs.
germiani – adgili Crdilo afrikaSi, dRevandeli tunisi teritoriaze.
goTebi (guTebi) – ase uwodebdnen SesaZloa skandinaviuri
warmoSobis gaerTianebul germanul tomebs II-IX saukuneebSi.
d
damasko – siriis dedaqalaqi, msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi
qalaqi.
dania – saxelmwifo Crdilo evropaSi.
devini – dRevandeli bratislavis erT-erTi ubani mdinareebis
dunaisa da moravas SeerTebis adgilas. aq aris cnobili devinis
cixesimagris nangrevebi.
dioskuria – istoriuli kolxeTis msxvili savaWro da
kulturuli centri, dRevandeli soxumis maxloblad.
dnepri – mdinare evropaSi, romelic miedineba ruseTis,
ukrainisa da belorusiis teritoriebze.
doni – mdinare ruseTis evropul nawilSi.
dorilia – qalaqi istoriul frigiaSi.
drava – mdinare evropaSi, dunais Senakadi.
dunai – erT-erTi udidesi mdinare evropaSi.
e
ebraelebi – xalxi, romlis fesvebi uZvelesi israelisa da iudeis
samefoTa mosaxleobaSia. saerTo raodenoba mTel msoflioSi
12-dan 14 mln-mde. 1948 wlidan arsebobs ebrauli saxelmwifo
israeli. saxelmwifo ena – ivriTi.
egvipte – saxelmwifo romelic mdebareobs or kontinentze,
Crdilo aRmosavleT afrikasa da sinais naxevarkunZulze aziaSi.
edesa – Zveli qalaqi Crdilo mesopotamiaSi, Tanamedrove erayis
teritoriaze. aq mdebareobda cnobili saRvTismetyvelo skola.
evfrati – mdinare TurqeTSi, siriasa da eraySi. yvelaze didi
mdinare dasavleT aziaSi (3065km).
eTiopia – ix. abisinia.

elada – saberZneTis uZvelesi saxelwodeba, amJamad sityva
elada aris saberZneTis oficialuri TviTsaxelwodeba. sityvebi
– saberZneTi, berZeni mxolod ucxoelebTan urTierTobisas
gamoiyeneba.
emesa – siriis dRevandeli qalaqis – xomsis Zveli, romis imperiis
droindeli dasaxeleba.
espaneTi – saxelmwifo evropis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi,
pireneis naxevarkunZulze.
efeso – uZvelesi qalaqi mcire aziis dasavleT sanapiroze,
Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritoriaze, mdinare kaistris xeobaSi
(Tanamedrove mcire menderesi), smirnis (dRevandeli qalaqi
izmiri) samxreTiT. Ddaarsda Cv.w.aRr-mde XII saukunis bolos
ionielebis mier.
v
valaxeTi (vlaxeTi) – samxreT rumineTSi karpatebsa da mdinare
dunais Soris arsebuli teritoriis istoriuli saxelwodeba.
vandalebi – germanuli jgufis Zveli xalxi.
variagebi – sxvadasxva warmoSobis daqiravebuli meomrebis
zogadi saxelwodeba. Zvel ruseTSi skandinaviis mcxovreblebs
uwodebdnen.
velegradi – sofeli CexeTSi, moraviis olqSi. gadmocemiT aq
gardaicvala wm. meTode.
viatiCebi – aRmosavleTslavuri tomebis kavSiri, romelic
VIII-XII saukuneebSi zemo da Sua okis okis auzis teritoriaze
saxlobda.
vilno (vilna) – litvis dedaqalaq vilniusis rusuli da
polonuri dasaxeleba.
vladimiri – ruseTis erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi mdinare

kliazmaze.
volgispireTi – mdinare volgis marjvena sanapiros teritoria
qalaq yazanidan qalaq volgogradamde.
volini – 1. kunZuli baltiis zRvaSi (ekuTvnis poloneTs); 2.
qalaqi poloneTSi, kunZul volinze.
z
zalcburgi – qalaqi dasavleT avstriaSi, federaluri miwis –
zalcburgis dedaqalaqi.
zirianelebi – komis teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxis Zvelrusuli
dasaxeleba.
T
Tabori – mTa israelSi, galileaSi, nazareTidan 9 km-is
daSorebiT. simaRle 588 metri. uflis feriscvalebis adgili.
Tebaida – udabno samxreT egvipteSi, sadac Tavs afarebdnen
pirveli qristianebi – gandegilobis damaarsebeli meudabnoe
mamebi.
Tebe – qalaqi Zvel egvipteSi, nilosis aRmosavleT napirze.
Zveli welTaRricxvis XVI saukunidan, mas Semdeg rac egvipteSi
e. w. àxali samefo’’ warmoiSva qalaqi Tebe misi dedaqalaqi gaxda.
mdebareobda dRevandeli qalaq luqsoris adgilas.
Tesalonike – saberZneTis sididiT meore qalaqis salonikis
(800 000 mcx.) Zveli saxelwodeba. rusebi mas soluns uwodeben.
warmoadgenda bizantiis imperiis meore qristianul centrs
konstanitinepolis Semdeg. adgilobrivi mkvidrebi iyvnen
mociqulTaswori wmindanebi kirile da meTode – slavebis
ganmanaTleblebi.
Trakia – istoriuli olqi balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis

aRmosavleT nawilSi, romis imperiis erT-erTi provincia,
romelsac eWira Tanamedrove bulgareTis serbeTis, saberZneTis
da TurqeTis teritoriebi.
i
iaroslavli – Sua saukuneebSi daarsebuli Zveli qalaqi
ruseTSi.
ierapoli (hierapoli) – antikuri qalaqi, misi nangrevebi
TurqeTis qalaq denizlis maxloblad mdebareobs.
ierusalimi – uZvelesi axloaRmosavluri qalaqi xmelTaSua da
mkvdari zRvebis wyalgamyofze. msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi
qalaqi. misi asaki 3500 welze metia.
iliria – Zveli romis erT-erTi provincia, romelic
dasaxlebuli iyo iliriuli tomebiT.
inglisi – didi britaneTis administraciul-politikuri
nawili, misi istoriuli birTvi.
indoeTi – saxelmwifo samxreT aziaSi.
iordane – mdinare axlo aRmosavleTSi. masze gadis sazRvari
israelsa da iordanias Soris. axali aRTqmis mixedviT, ioane
naTlismcemelma aq monaTla ieso qriste.
iraklia (heraklea) – qalaqi TrakiaSi.
israeli – saxelmwifo samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi, xmelTaSua
zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. Seiqmna 1948 wels gaeros
rezoluciis safuzvelze.
istria (istra) – naxevarkunZuli adriatikis zRvaSi, xorvatiis
Crdilo nawilSi. naxevarkunZulis mcire nawili slovenias
ekuTvnis.
italia – saxelmwifo samxreT evropaSi.
iudea – vrceli istoriuli olqi, romelic mdebareobs samariis

samxreTiT nawilobriv israelis teritoriaze, nawilobriv
ki iordanes dasavleT napirze, romlis statusi jerjerobiT
gansazRvruli ar aris.
iudevelebi – iudas Stos warmomadgenlebi, romelTagan
gamovida daviT mefe, samefo dinastiis damaarsebeli (amave
Stodanaa yovladwminda RvTismSoblis meuRle iosebi). iudas
saxelidan modis rogorc iudeis samefos, aseve ebraeli xalxis
dasaxelebac ivriTze da sxva enebze.
k
kavkasia – teritoria evropisa da aziis sazRvarze, Sav, kaspiis da
azovis zRvebs Soris. Sedgeba kavkasionis mTebisagan (ZiriTadad
kavkasionis mTavari qedisagan) da mimdebare Crdilo da samxreT
kavkasiis teritoriebisagan.
kaliazini – qalaqi ruseTSi, tveris olqis erT-erTi
administraciuli centri.
kapadokia – istoriuli olqi mcire aziis aRmosavleTSi,
Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritoriaze. xasiaTdeba vulkanuri
warmoSobis saintereso landSaftiT, miwisqveSa qalaqebiT,
gamoqvabulis tipis vrceli monastrebiT, romlebic saTaves
adre qristianul epoqaSi iReben.
karTageni – uZvelesi qalaqi da saxelmwifo (Tanamedrove
tunisis maxloblad), romelic arsebobda Cv.w. aRr-mde VII-II
saukuneebSi dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi.
karini – TurqeTis qalaq erzurumis Zveli dasaxeleba. Zveli
qarTuli saxelwodebaa karnu-qalaqi.
katalonia – istoriuli regioni espaneTSi.
kesaria (kapadokiis) – dRes TurqeTis qalaqi kaiseri,
kapadokiel mefeTa rezidencia, qristianobis gavrcelebis
centri. M8 wels iqca romis provinciad. IV saukuneSi adgilobriv

kaTedras xelmZRvanelobda basili didi. 1080 wels daipyres
Turqma selCukebma, SeuerTda osmaleTis imperias 1515 wels.
kesaria (palestinis) – israelis uZvelesi zRvispira qalaqi, xaifas
samxreTiT. III saukunidan qristianuli da iudeuri saganmanaTleblo
da mecnieruli centri. gansakuTrebiT aRorZinda bizantiur
periodSi. kesaria iyo bizantiuri palestinis ukanaskneli qalaqi,
romelic arabebma daipyres 640 wels. 1101 wels is jvarosnebma
daipyres. 1265 wels ki gaanadgures egviptis mamluqebma. aq
aRmoCenilia uZvelesi warwera – pirveli epigrafikuli mowmoba
pilate pontoelis Sesaxeb.
kviprosi – saxelmwifo, romelic mdebareobs xmelTaSua zRvis
aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare Tanamosaxele kunZulze. 1974
wlidan Crdilo kviprosi okupirebulia TurqeTis mier.
kvirosi (kirosi) – mcire qalaqi antioqiis maxloblad.
kievi – ukrainis dedaqalaqi, kievis ruseTis dedaqalaqi IX-XI
saukuneebSi.
kiev-peCoris lavra – ruseTis erT-erTi pirveli monasteri
kievis samxreT nawilSi, mdinare dnepris marjvena napirze.
daarsebulia 1051 wels iaroslav brZenis dros monazon antonis
mier. monasteri iqca kievis ruseTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis
da damkvidrebis centrad. XII saukuneSi miiRo lavris – mTavari
didi monastris statusi.
kilikia – qveyana mcire aziis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi Cv.w. aRr-
mde I aTaswleulSi.
kolosi – qalaqi mcire aziaSi, frigiaSi, romis erT-erT provinciaSi.
cnobilia pavle mociqulis epistole kolaselTa mimarT.
konstantinopoli – romis imperiis dedaqalaqi 330-395 wlebSi,
bizantiis, anu aRmosavleT romis imperiis dedaqalaqi 395-
1204 da 1261-1453 wlebSi, nikeis imperiisa 1204-1261 wlebSi
da osmaleTis imperiisa 1453-1922 wlebSi. 1453 wlis 29 maiss
orTviani alyis Semdeg qalaqi SturmiT aiRes Turq-osmalebma.

maT konstantinepoli osmaleTis imperiis dedaqalaqad aqcies
da mas stambuli uwodes. bizantiuri konstantinepoli, romelic
evropisa da aziis sazRvarze mdebareobda qristianuli
imperiis dedaqalaqi iyo, Zveli romisa da Zveli saberZneTis
memkvidre. Sua saukuneebSi konstantinepoli iyo yvelaze didi
da yvelaze mdidari qalaqi evropaSi. aq iyo da dResac rCeba
konstantinepolis patriarqis taxti.
koptebi – ase uwodebdnen egviptelebs Zvelad. dRes koptebad
iwodebian. egvipteli qristianebi, qristianobis erT-
erTi uZvelesi Stos warmomadgenlebi, romlebic egviptis
mosaxleobis 8-9%-s Seadgenen, daaxloebiT 7 mln adamiani. maTi
umravlesoba monofizitia.
kordova – qalaqi samxreT espaneTSi, andaluziaSi.
korinTi – ZvelberZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifo (polisi) da
Tanamedrove qalaqi saberZneTSi, aTenidan 80 kilometrSi.
kreta – yvelaze didi berZnuli kunZuli xmelTaSua zRvaSi.
kulikovos brZola – brZola ruseTis samTavroebsa da
oqros urdos Soris 1380 wlis 8 seqtembers kulikovos velze
(dRevandeli tulis olqis teritoriaze), romelic rusebis
gamarjvebiT.
l
lateranis bazilika – wm. ioane naTlismcemlis taZari
romSi, romelic romis sakaTedro taZari da amasTanave, romis
episkoposis, aseve papis taxtis adgilsamyofelia. kaTolikur
ierarqiaSi es taZari yvela sxva taZarze (wm. petres taZris
CaTvliT) maRla dgas.
laodikea – antikuri qalaqi TurqeTSi, romelic Cv.w. aRr-mde III
saukuneSi aSenda selevkidebis mefe antioqos II-is mier. qristianobis
Tavdapirveli gavrcelebisas aq daarsda anatoliis Svid taZarTagan

erT-erTi. amJamad mxolod nangrevebia SemorCenili.
libani – saxelmwifo axlo aRmosavleTSi, xmelTaSua zRvis
aRmosavleT sanapiroze.
libia – saxelmwifo Crdilo afrikaSi, xmelTaSua zRvis
sanapiroze.
lvovi – qalaqi dasavleT ukrainaSi.
lioni – qalaqi centralur safrangeTSi.
litva – saxelmwifo evropaSi baltiis zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze.
lombardia – italiis administraciuli regioni, romelic
Crdilo italiaSi alpebsa da mdinare pos vels Soris mdebareobs.
lotaringia (loreni) – istoriuli olqi safrangeTSi.
m
madavra – qalaqi Crdilo afrikaSi.
makedonia (provincia) – romis respublikis, SemdgomSi ki romis
imperiis provincia.
marseli – qalaqi safrangeTSi, umsxvilesi porti mTels
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi.
mediolani – italiis qalaq milanis Zveli dasaxeleba.
meqa – qalaqi saudis arabeTSi. muslimTa wminda qalaqi.
mizia – romis imperiis erT-erTi provincia.
milani – mTavari qalaqi CrdiloeT italiaSi, lombardiis olqis
administraciuli centri.
milviis (mulviis) brZola – brZola milviis xidTan (xidi
romidan 3 km-is CrdiloeTiT, romelic gaiyvanes I saukuneSi
da akavSirebda roms ariminumTan (dRevandel riminTan) 312
wlis 28 oqtombers, ris Sedegadac konstantinem daamarcxa

xelisuflebis uzurpatori maqsenci da romis erTpirovnuli
imperatori gaxda.
mogiliovi – qalaqi belorusSi.
moldaveTi – saxelmwifo samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi.
monRoleTi – saxelmwifo centraluri aziis aRmosavleTSi,
warmoiSva 1206 wels Cingis-yaenis mier monRoluri tomebis
gaerTianebis Sedegad. gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas miaRwia 1206-
1227 wlebSi, rodesac is moicavda CineTis, Sua aziis, iranisa da
ruseTis teritoriebs.
mopsuestia – adgili kilikiaSi.
moravia – CexeTis respublikis istoriuli regioni, istoriul
olq Cexiis aRmosavleTiT.
moskovi – qalaqi ruseTis evropul nawilSi, mdinare moskovis
napirze, ruseTis federaciis dedaqalaqi. matianeSi pirvelad
moixseneba 1147 wels, 1460 wlidan moskovis samTavros
dedaqalaqi, ruseTis dedaqalaqi 1918 wlidan.
mcire azia (anatolia) – Tanamedrove TurqeTis aziuri nawili.
n
nikea – uZvelesi qalaqi mcire aziaSi romelic mdebareobda
Tanamedrove Turquli qalaqis izniqis adgilas. romis imperator
konstantines mmarTvelobis dros 325 wels nikeaSi gaimarTa
qristianobis istoriaSi pirveli msoflio saeklesio kreba.
Kkrebaze miiRes rwmenis simbolo, romelmac daamtkica samebis
dogmati da safuZvlad daedo orTodoqsul qristianobas.
nikeis imperia – saxelmwifo, romelic warmoiqmna Crdilo-
dasavleT anatoliis teritoriaze jvarosnebis mier
konstantinepolis aRebis Semdeg 1204 wels da iarseba 1261
wlamde. nikeis imperatorebs sakuTari Tavi bizantiis namdvil

mmarTvelebad miaCndaT.
nikomedia – uZvelesi qalaqi mcire aziaSi, marmarilos zRvis
sanapiroze, konstantinepolis misadgomebTan, dRevandeli
TurqeTis teritoriaze.
nisi (nisa) – patara qalaqi kapadokiaSi.
normanebi – 1. skandinaviis mkvidrTa, gansakuTrebiT
norvegielTa Tavdapirveli dasaxeleba (igive vikingebi). 2.
xalxi, romelic warmoiSva Crdilo safrangeTis aborigenuli
mosaxleobis da vikingebis Serevis Sedegad.
novgorodi – qalaqi ruseTis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi.
o
olimpo – umaRlesi mTis masivi saberZneTSi.
optis udabno – rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis cnobili
monasteri. Mmdebareobs kalugis olqSi, qalaq kozelskis
Soriaxlos. daarsebulia XV saukuneSi. 1821 wels aq moawyves
savane, sadac dasaxldnen adamianebi, visac mravali weli srul
martoobaSi gaetarebina, ris Semdeg monastrisken daiZrnen
momlocvelebi da optis monasteri ruseTis erT-erTi sulieri
centri gaxda. monasteri 1917 wels oqtombris gadatrialebis
Semdeg daxures, 1987 wels ki aRadgines.
osmaleTi (osmaleTis imperia) – arsebobda 1299-1923 wlebSi.
evropaSi xSirad uwodebdnen otomanur imperias. ayvavebis
periodSi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi masSi Sedioda anatolia, Crdilo
afrika, balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli da CrdiloeTidan masTan
mimdebare evropuli miwebi.
oqsfordi – qalaqi did britaneTSi, temzis napiras. cnobilia
evropaSi erT-erTi uZvelesi umaRlesi saswavlebliT –
oqsfordis universitetiT.
oxridi (ohridi) – qalaqi makedoniaSi, oxridis tbis aRmosavleT

napirze. gansakuTrebul ayvavebas miaRwia IX saukuneSi, rodesac
bulgareTma SeierTa makedonia da qristianoba gaxda oxridis
kulturis ganviTarebis Zlieri impulsi. Amas Semdeg, rac
slavebis ganmanaTleblebma kirilem da meTodem TavSesafari
bulgareli mefis borisis karze ipoves, aq daiwyo qristianuli
taZrebis mSenebloba. oxridis maxloblad 886 wels daarsda
oxridis ganaTlebisa da literaturis skola. misi maswavlebeli
iyo kirilesa da meTodes saqmis gamgrZelebeli cnobili slavi
ganmanaTlebeli klimenti oxrideli (gardaicvala 916 wels). Mmis
saxels ukavSireben slavuri alfabetis – kirilicis Seqmnas.
p
palestina – istoriuli olqi axlo aRmosavleTSi.
panonia – romis imperiis provincia, romelic Tanamedrove
dasavleT ungreTis, aRmosavleT avstriis da nawilobriv
slovakeTis teritoriebs moicavda.
parizi – safrangeTis dedaqalaqi.
patmosi – mcire berZnuli kunZuli egeosis zRvis samxreT
aRmosavleT nawilSi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, aq gadaasaxles ioane
mociquli, sadac erT-erT gamoqvabulSi hqonda xilva, romelic
mis apokalipsiss daedo safuZvlad.
permi – qalaqi ruseTis evropuli nawilis aRmosavleTSi, uralis
mTebis maxloblad.
peterburgi – igive sankt-peterburgi, moskovis Semdeg
mniSvnelobiT meore qalaqi ruseTSi.
peCi – qalaqi kosovoSi, aq mdebareobda serbeTis sapatriarqo.
peCoris lavra – ix. kiev-peCoris lavra.
piktavia – safrangeTis qalaq puaties Zveli dasaxeleba.
poloneTi – saxelmwifo evropaSi.

polocki – Zveli qalaqi belorusiis CrdiloeTSi, vitebskis
ilqSi.
ponto – elinisturi saxelmwifo mcire aziis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT nawilSi. arsebobda Cv. w.aR-mde 302-63 wlebSi. Tavisi
Zlierebis mwvervals miaRwia miTridate VI evpatoris (Cv. w.aR-
mde 111-63 ww.) mmarTvelobis periodSi.
preslavi – qalaqi bulgareTSi, Sumenis olqSi. Apirveli
bulgaruli samefos amave dasaxelebis dedaqalaqi (893-972 w.w.).
Tanamedrove qalaqidan 3 km-Si mdebarobda.
J
Jeneva – sididiT meore qalaqi SveicariaSi, Jenevis kantonis
dedaqalaqi.
JiCis monasteri – mdebareobs serbeTis SuagulSi, istoriuli
olqis raSkas SemogarenSi. XIII saukuneSi daaarsa wm. stefane
pirvelkurTxeulma, xolo aago wm. sabam (orive didi serbi wminda
mefis stefane nemaniis – Rirsi svimon mironmdinaris Svilebi iyvnen).
r
radoneJi – sofeli moskovis olqSi, wminda mamam sergei
radoneJelma aq 1337 wels wminda samebis cnobili lavra daaarsa.
raini – msxvili mdinare dasavleT evropaSi.
raSka – serbeTis istoriuli olqi.
regensburgi – qalaqi germaniaSi (bavariaSi), dunais napiras.
daarsda VIII saukuneSi kelturi dasaxlebis adgilas.
rili – qalaqi bulgareTSi, romlis maxloblad mdebareobs
bulgareTSi umsxvilesi mamaTa monasteri – rilis monasteri.
romi – italiis dedaqalaqi, msoflioSi erT-erTi uZvelesi

qalaqi mdinare tibris napirze, romis imperiis dedaqalaqi.
xSirad maradiul qalaqs uwodeben. gadmocemiT daaarses
romulma da remma Cv.w. aRr-mde 754/753 wels.
romis imperia – Zveli romis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi
periodi, Cv. w.aRricxvamde 30/27 wlebidan 395 wlamde, rodesac
man gansakuTrebul ayvavebas miaRwia. 395 wels gaiyo dasavleT da
aRmosavleT romis (bizantiis) imperiebad.
rostovi – qalaqi ruseTSi.
s
saberZneTi – saxelmwifo evropis samxreTSi, balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze. dasavluri civilizaciis aRiarebuli akvani.
istoriaSi pirveli demokratiuli saxelmwifo.
saloniki – ix. Tesalonike, soluni.
samaria – israelis geografiuli olqi, regionis - ìudea da
samaria” nawili md. iordanes dasavleT sanapiroze.
samaritelebi – religiur-eTnikuri jgufi israelSi, amJamad
cxovroben israelis qalaqebSi – xolonsa da SxemSi (sul
daaxloebiT 800 adamiani). laparakoben ivriTze da Zvelebraul
enebze. samarielebi sakuTar Tavs israelis samefos, ufro
zustad ki iosebis Stos warmomadgenlebad miiCneven. babilonis
tyveobidan ebraelTa dabrunebis Semdeg ebraelebi da
samarielebi sabolood gaiyvnen da mtrad moekidnen erTmaneTs.
bibliuri gamoTqma – `keTili samarieli” axali aRTqmis epoqaSi
borot xumrobad aRiqmeboda.
safrangeTi – saxelmwifo dasavleT evropaSi.
saqarTvelo – saxelmwifo samxreT kavkasiaSi.
sahara – msoflioSi udidesi udabno CrdiloeT afrikaSi.
sevastopoli – qalaqi ukrainaSi yirimis naxevarkunZulis Savi

zRvis sanapiroze.
serbebi – samxreTslavuri xalxi, romlis warmomadgenlebi
cxovroben serbeTSi, CernogoriaSi, bosnia-hercogovinaSi,
xorvatiaSi da sxva qveynebSi. saerTo raodenoba 10,5 milionia.
Llaparakoben serbul enaze.
serdika – sofiis Zveli romauli dasaxeleba, I-IV saukuneebSi
romis provinciis – Trakiis dedaqalaqi.
sviri – mdinare Crdilo-dasavleT ruseTSi.
sia – mdinare ruseTSi, dvinis Senakadi.
sinas mTa – wminda mTa sinas naxevarkunZulze egvipteSi. Aaq
gamoecxada ufali moses da mas aTi mcneba misca.
sinopi – Zvelad erT-erTi mTavari berZnuli kolonia Savi zRvis
samxreT sanapiroze. dRes qalaqi TurqeTis Crdilo nawilSi.
sirakuzi – qalaqi italiaSi, siciliis regionSi.
siria – saxelmwifo axlo aRmosavleTSi, sadac civilizacia
Cv.w.aR-mde IV aTaswleulSi iSva. Fdedaqalaqi damasko, erT-erT-
uZvelesi qalaqi msoflioSi. sirielebis naxevarze meti sunitebi
arian, Tumca aq cxovroben Siitebi, ismailitebi, qristianebi da
druzebi.
sirmiumi – uZvelesi qalaqi dunaize, amJamindeli qalaqi sremska-
mitrovica serbeTSi.
sicilia – yvelaze didi kunZuli xmelTaSua zRvaSi, italiis
administraciuli regioni.
skopie – makedoniis respublikis dedaqalaqi mdinare vardaris
napirebze.
slavebi – indoevropuli warmoSobis umsxvilesi eTno-enobrivi
erToba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi slavebi gansaxlebuli arian vrcel
teritoriaze – centralur, samxreT da aRmosavleT evropaSi,
agreTve mis aRmosavleTiT. saerTo raodenoba 300-350 mln-ia,

romelTagan daaxloebiT naxevari rusia (137 mln). erTmaneTisagan
asxvaveben dasavleT slavebs (polonelebi, Cexebi, slovakebi da sxv.),
samxreT slavebs (bulgarelebi, serbebi, xorvatebi, bosnielebi da
sxv.) da aRmosavleT slavebs (rusebi, belorusebi, ukrainelebi).
smirna – xmelTaSua zRvis auzis erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi, erT-
erTi versiiT homerosis samSoblo. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
mcire aziis mniSvnelovani qristianuli centri. dRevandeli
TurqeTis sididiT mesame qalaqi izmiri.
smolenski – adreSuasaukuneebSi daarsebuli qalaqi ruseTSi.
soluni – ix. saloniki, Tesalonike.
soloveckis kunZulebi (solovkebi) – arqipelagi TeTr zRvaSi.
somxeTi – saxelmwifo samxreT kavkasiaSi.
sofia – bulgareTis dedaqalaqi.
sparseTi – iranis saxelwodeba 1935 wlamde, roca am saxelmwifos
oficialurad ewoda irani.
stolobni – kunZuli ruseTSi, tveris olqSi, seligeris tbaSi.
sueci – qalaqi da msxvili porti egvipteSi, romelic wiTeli
zRvis suecis yuris CrdiloeT napiras mdebareobs, suecis arxis
samxreT SesasvlelTan.
suzdali – ruseTis erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi mdinare kamenkaze,
qalaqi nakrZali.
t
tarsusi (tarsosi) – qalaqi TurqeTSi. u U Zveles droSi
kilikiis mTavari qalaqi. gansakuTrebiT ayvavda selevkidebis
mmarTvelobis dros, rodesac aq berZnebi dasaxldnen. maT
daaarses filosofiis da gramatikis cnobili umaRlesi skola.
tarsusi pavle mociqulis samSobloa.
tveri – volgispira qalaqi ruseTSi, Sua saukuneebSi tveris

samTavros centri.
tiana – qalaqi istoriul kapadokiaSi.
tirnovo (tirnovos samefo) – 1186-1393 wlebSi meore
bulgaruli samefos dedaqalaqi. bulgarel mefeTa kurTxevis da
arqiepiskoposis rezidenciis adgili, 1235 wlidan ki bulgareli
patriarqebis rezidenciis adgili.
tiubingeni – Zveli qalaqi germaniaSi, baden-viurtenbergis
miwaze.
triri – `CrdiloeT romad” wodebuli uZvelesi qalaqi
germaniaSi, cnobilia triris sakaTedro taZari, romlis
mSeneblobas IV saukunis I naxevarSi elene dedofalma da
konstantine didma Cauyares safuZveli.
turovi – qalaqi kievis ruseTSi, dRes belorusiaSi, mogiliovis
olqis teritoriazea.
u
ustiugi – erT-erTi Zveli rusuli qalaqi vologdis olqSi.
f
filipelebi – makedonuri qalaqis filipis Temi (Tanamedrove
berZnuli qalaqis – kavalas maxloblad). pirveli qristianuli
Temi evropaSi. daaarses mociqulebma pavlem da silam pavle
mociqulis meore misioneruli mogzaurobis dros (49-52 ww.).
cnobilia pavle mociqulis epistole filipelTa mimarT.
finikia – uZvelesi qveyana xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapiroze. 1200-800 wlebSi Cv.w. aR.-mde finikielebma mZlavri
civilizacia Semqnes mdidari kulturiT, sazvao vaWrobiT da
ganviTarebuli xelosnobiT.
florencia – qalaqi italiaSi, toskanis regionSi, mdinare arnos

napiras. qalaqi-muzeumi, erT-erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli
da uZvelesi kulturuli centri evropaSi, xSirad italiuri
renesansis samSoblos uwodeben.
frigia – istoriuli olqi mcire aziis dasavleT nawilSi.
frankebi – dasavleTgermanuli tomebis kavSiri, pirvelad
moixsenieba III saukuneSi.
fskovi – ruseTis erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi mdinare velikaias
napirze.
q
qalkedoni – qalaqi bosforze, konstantinepolis mopirdapire
mxares. Cv. w. aR-mde 675 wels daaarses megarelebma. Ggaanadgures
osmalebma. qalkedonSi ASedga IV msoflio saeklesio kreba,
romelic 451 wels imperatorma markianem moiwvia. aq miiRes
qalkedonis rwmenis simbolo, romelmac dagmo nestorianeloba
da monofizitoba.
qalkopratia – xelosnebis raioni konstantinopolSi, romelic
cnobilia RvTismSoblis taZriT.
qalki – kunZuli konstantinopolis maxloblad marmarilos
zRvaSi, sadac moqmedebda saRvTismetyvelo skola.
qarTvelebi – qarTveluri jgufis xalxi, romelic ZiriTadad
cxovrobs centralur da dasavleT kavkasiaSi kavkasionis
da TrialeTis mTis sistemebis qedebs Soris. salaparako ena
qarTuli. qarTvelebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian.
saerTo raodenoba 7 milionamde.
qtesifoni – uZvelesi qalaqi tigrosis aRmosavleT sanapiroze,
sasaniduri iranis dedaqalaqi.
y
yazani – qalaqi ruseTSi, TaTreTis avtonomiuri respublikis
dedaqalaqi.
yirimi – naxevarkunZuli Savi zRvis CrdiloeT nawilSi.
S
SvedeTi – saxelmwifo CrdiloeT evropaSi, skandinaviis
naxevarkunZulze.
C
Cernigovi – Zveli slavuri qalaqi ukrainaSi.
x
xazarebi – Turqulenovani momTabare xalxi. warmoiSva
sami eTnikuri komponentis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad –
adgilobrivi iranulenovani mosaxleoba, aseve uiguruli da
Turquli tomebi. VII saukuneSi daaarses sakuTari saxelmwifo
– xazareTis saxakano, romelic daeca X saukuneSi, ris Semdegac
moxda xazarebis asimilacia Turqulenovan momTabare tomebTan.
xersonesi – Zveli berZnebis daarsebuli qalaqi yirimis samxreT-
dasavleT sanapiroze. dRes sevastopolis erT-erTi raionis
teritoriazea.
xilandari – serbuli warmoSobis cnobili monasteri aTonis mTaze.
xmelTaSua zRva – kontinentTaSorisi zRva, romelic uerTdeba
atlantis okeanes gibraltaris srutiT.
xutini – adgili novgorodis olqSi, sadac mdebareobda cnobili
dedaTa monasteri.
h
hunebi – aziuri warmoSobis momTabare xalxi, romlebic
aRmosavleT evropaSi II saukuneSi gamoCndnen. IV saukunis
70-ian wlebSi maT dasavleTisken aiRes gezi da xalxTa didi
gadasaxleba gamoiwvies. hunebma aaoxres teritoriebi
CdiloSavizRvispireTsa da azovispireTSi, daimorCiles
germanuli tomebi da tomTa mZlavri gaerTianeba Seqmnes.
gansakuTrebul Zlierebas atilas dros miaRwies. atilas
sikvdilis Semdeg (453 w.) hunebis tomobrivi gaerTianeba daiSala.
mcire biografiuli leqsikoni
a
avgustine (netari avgustine) (354-430 ww.)
avgustine avreliusi, RvTismetyveli, dasavleTis eklesiis
erT-erTi udidesi avtoriteti. daibada afrikaSi, zrdida deda,
keTilmorwmune qristiani monika, ganaTleba miiRo karTagenSi,
ritorikas aswavlida mediolanSi (amJamindeli milani) wm.
ambrosi mediolanelis xelmZRvanelobiT avgustinem Seiswavla
wminda werili da 35 wlis asakSi qristianulad moinaTla,
Tavisi qoneba dauriga Ratakebs da berad aRikveca. 391 wels
hiponiis (CrdiloeT afrika) episkoposma akurTxa mRvdlad,
xolo 395 wels – hiponiis episkoposis vikariusad; episkopos
valerianis gardacvalebis Semdeg gaxda hiponiis episkoposi.
werda sxvadasxva eresis (donatizmi, maniqeizmi, pelagianeloba)
winaaRmdeg. mTavari Sromebia: àRsareba~, `RmrTis qalaqis
Sesaxeb,~ `samebis Sesaxeb~, `Tavisufali nebis Sesaxeb~, `WeSmariti
religiis Sesaxeb.~ avgustinizmma didi gavlena moaxdina rogorc
kaTolikuri, ise protestantuli swavlebis Camoyalibebaze.
avgustines wmindanad aRiarebs rogorc marTlmadidebeli, ise
kaTolikuri eklesia.
aTanase aToneli (mTawmindeli) (daaxl. 920/930-1000 ww.)

aTonis mTaze didi monastris (SemdgomSi aTanases lavrad
wodebuli) damaarsebeli; berad aRkvecamde – abraami, warCinebuli
ojaxis (trapizonidan) Svili, mama – antioqieli berZeni iyo, xolo
deda – kolxeTidan. mSoblebi adre gardaecvala da izrdeboda
dedis naTesavebTan. 945 wels Cavida konstantinepolSi da
mcire biografiuli leqsikoni 443
daemowafa cnobil ritors – aTanases. 953 wels kiminis monasterSi

(biTvinia) berad aRikveca da miiRo aTanases saxeli. 958 wels
gadavida aTonis mTaze, sadac imperator nikifore fokas (963-
969 w.) xelSewyobiTa da SewirulobiT daafuZna monasteri
(ekurTxa 963 wels). aTanases mcdelobas, daemyarebina wesrigi
aTonis mTis monastrebSi, sxva berebisagan bevri winaaRmdegoba
Sexvda. ramdenime xnis Semdeg aTanasem datova naxevarkunZuli
da gadavida kviprosze. gamocxadebis Semdeg dauyovnebliv
dabrunda wminda mTaze (971 w.) da Seqmna samonastro tipikoni
(basili didisa da Teodore studielis tipikonebis safuZvelze).
aTanases lavraSi damkvidrdnen da moRvaweobdnen qarTveli
berebi (ioane mTawmindeli – efTvime mTawmindelis mama da sxvebi.
aTanases lavris moSorebiT aTanases rCeviT qarTvelma berebma
aages ioane maxareblis eklesia da senakebi, romelTa safuZvelze
SemdgomSi aTonis iverTa monasteri dafuZnda. kanonizebulia
eklesiis mier.
aTanase didi (daaxloebiT 298-373 ww.)

aleqsandriis eklesiis patriarqi, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis didi
mama da RvTismetyveli (aleqsandriuli skolis warmomadgeneli).
aleqsandriis patriarqis – aleqsandres mdivani, SemdgomSi
memkvidre sapatriarqo taxtze, arianuli eresis winaaRmdeg
Seupovari mebrZolo da marTlmadideblobis Tavdadebuli
damcveli. varaudoben, rom iyo berZnuli da ara kopturi
warmomavlobis ojaxidan. monawileobda nikeis 325 wlis msoflio
krebaze, sadac igi Tan axlda aleqsandriis patriarqs aleqsandres
patriarqis mdivnis (diakvnis sasuliero xarisxiT) rangSi.
aqtiurad monawileobda krebaze gamarTul kamaTSi da icavda mama
RmerTTan qristes erTarsobas (Tanaarsobas). SemdgomSi mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi icavda nikeis krebis simbolos. aleqsandre
aleqsandrielis gardacvalebis Semdeg 328 wels, arianelTa
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, airCies aleqsandriis patriarqad.
335-366 wlebSi arianelTa ZalisxmeviT (rasac Tan axlda bizantiis
imperatorTa mxardaWera) aTanase xuTjer gaaZeves aleqsandriis
kaTedridan. aTanases mimowera hqonda basili didTan. aTanases

epistole `rufinianes mimarT episkoposisa~ da epistole àmonis
mimarT monazonisa~, agreTve `sadResaswaulobiTi~ 39-e epistoles
nawili (romelic gansazRvravs wminda werilis wignTa Semadgenlobas)
Setanilia `did sjuliskanonSi~, rogorc kanonikuri epistoleebi.
kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
aleqsandre makedoneli (aleqsandre didi) (356-323 ww. Cvens w.-aR.-mde)

erT-erTi udidesi mxedarTmTavari, makedoniis mefe 336 wlidan,
filipe II-is vaJi. misi aRmzrdeli iyo aristotele. daimorCila
aqemenidebis sparsuli samefo, 329 wels SeiWra Sua aziaSi da
daipyro teritoriebi md. indamde, ris Sedegad Seqmna udidesi
imperia, romelic misi gardacvalebisTanave daiSala.
ambrosi mediolaneli (ambrosi avreliusi) (daaxloebiT 340-397 ww.)

mediolanis (amJamindeli q. milani) erT-erTi didi mama eklesiis
dasavlel mamaTagan. daibada romaeli didmoxelis ojaxSi, misi
axlo naTesavi iyo wm. mowame sotiria (ewama diokletianes dros);
ambrosis ufrosi da monazoni iyo. mamis sikvdilis Semdeg 352 wels
sacxovreblad gadavida romSi, sadac miiRo brwyinvale saero
ganaTleba (gramatika, iurisprudencia, ritorika). 373 wels
gaxda mediolanis prefeqti. 374 wels gardaicvala mediolanis
episkoposi avqsenti I, arianelebis momxre; xalxma episkoposad
ambrosis arCeva moiTxova. ambrosi am dros monaTlulic ki ar
iyo. imperatoris Carevis Sedegad ambrosi moinaTla, rva dReSi
miiRo yvela sasuliero xarisxi da bolos episkoposad akurTxes.
ambrosim daiwyo wminda werilisa da RvTismetyvelebis Seswavla
(origene, basili didi, ipolite romaeli, didimosi) da mxolod
amis Semdeg daiwyo aqtiuri saepiskoposo moRvaweoba. Zalian
male igi gaxda dasavleTSi erT-erTi saukeTeso egzegeti
da mqadagebeli, arianelebisa da warmarTebisagan eklesiis
damcveli. ambrosis daJinebuli moTxovniT imperatoris
titulidan amoiRes umaRlesi qurumis (pontifex maximus)
warmarTuli tituli, qurumebi da warmarTul taZrebs SeuwydaT
saxelmwifo dafinanseba. ZiriTadi saRvTismetyvelo Sromebia:

rwmenis Sesaxeb (5 wigni), suliwmindis Sesaxeb (3 wigni), RmrTis
gankacebis Sesaxeb, sinanulis Sesaxeb (2 wigni), saeklesio
saidumloebaTa Sesaxeb. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
anastasi sineli (daaxloebiT 640 –701 ww.)

sinas mTis wm. didmowame ekaterines monastris iRumeni,
RvTismetyveli da saeklesio moRvawe. daibada kunZul kviprosze,
savaraudod aqve aRikveca monazvnad. Semdeg gaemgzavra
ierusalimSi, saidanac gadavida sinas mTaze, sadac damkvidrda
wm. ekaterines monasterSi. am dros monastris winamZRvari iyo
ioane kibisaRmwereli (klemaqsi). ioanes gardacvalebis Semdeg
monastris winamZRvari gaxda ioanes Zma giorgi, xolo giorgis
gardacvalebis Semdeg monastris winamZRvari gaxda anastasi.
igi aqtiurad ibrZola sxvadasxva eresis (monofizitoba,
aftardoketizmi, monoTelitoba) winaaRmdeg, ris gamoc sinas
mTidan Cadioda aleqsandriaSi, palestinasa da siriaSi. misi
Sromebis ZiriTadi nawili eresebis mxilebis winaaRmdegaa
mimarTuli. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
andrei bogolubski (daaxloebiT 1100-1174 ww.)

vladimiris didi mTavari (1157 w.-dan), mTavar iuri dolgorukis
Svili. mamas exmareboda kievisTvis brZolaSi (1149 w.). q. vladimiri
aqcia rostov-suzdalis miwebis dedaqalaqad, vladimirSi
miZinebis taZris (1158-60 ww.) aSenebis, oqros karibWisa (1158-64
ww.), xolo bogoliubovoSi cixis aSenebis iniciatori. bizantiaSi
gandevna Tavisi Zmebi da sxva naTesavebi. moawyo laSqrobebi
samxreT ruseTSi da daipyro kievi (1169 w.). kanonizebulia
ruseTis eklesiis mier.
andria kreteli (daaxloebiTY 660-740 ww.)

kretis mTavarepiskoposi, ritori da himnografi. daibada
damaskoSi (siria), qristianul ojaxSi. 7 wlamde munji iyo da
wminda ziarebis miRebis Semdeg alaparakda. dawyebiTi ganaTleba
(gramatika, ritorika da filosofia) ojaxSi miiRo; 15 wlis

asakSi saba ganwmendilis lavraSi monazvnad aRikveca da wignis
mkiTxvelad akurTxes. SemdgomSi igi ierusalimis patriarqis
notariusi da ekonomosi gaxda. VI msoflio krebis Semdeg andria
konstantinopolSi wm. sofiis taZris mTavardiakvnad akurTxes,
xolo iustiniane II-is (685-695 ww.) mefobis dros kunZul kretaze
qalaq martonis episkoposad (kretis mTavarepiskoposis
tituliT) daadgines. wm. Teofane aRmsareblis cnobiT andria
monawileobda imperator filipikosis mier monoTelitobis
aRdgenis mizniT 712 wels mowveuli krebis muSaobaSi da xeli
moawera me-6 msoflio krebis (romelmac dagmo monoTelituri
mwvalebloba) anaTemas. SemdgomSi andriam moinania Tavisi
qmedeba; tradicia am sinanuls ukavSirebs andrias mier sinanulis
didi kanonis Sedgenas. kretisken mimavali avad gaxda da kunZul
lesbosze gardaicvala. Semonaxulia wm. andrias qadagebebi
(daaxloebiT 60). sinanulis didi kanonis garda mas ekuTvnis
kanonebi, romlebic dRemde sruldeba RvTismsaxurebisas
(qristeSobis, naTlisRebis, xarebis, bzobis, feriscvalebis,
RvTismSoblis Sobisa da sxva). kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
anton didi, egvipteli (daaxl. 251-356 ww.)

marTlmadidebluri monazvnobis fuZemdebeli. daibada
egvipteSi, Tebaidis udabnos axlos, qristiani koptis ojaxSi.
mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg 18 Tu 20 wlis asakSi antonma
eklesiaSi saxarebiseuli mowodebis mosmenis Semdeg mSoblebisgan
memkvidreobiT miRebuli qonebis didi nawili gayida da fuli
Raribebs dauriga, qonebis mcire nawili dautova Tavis das,
xolo TviTon soflis axlos Raribul qoxSi dadga da monazvnuri
cxovreba daiwyo. 35 wlis asakSi wavida Tebaidis udabnoSi da
gandegilobaSi 20 weli gaatara. Semdeg antonis meTaurobiT misma
mowafeebma pirveli monasteri daafuZnes. aResrula 105 wlis
asakSi. antonis cxovreba aRwera aTanase didma (aleqsandrielma).
SemorCenilia anton egviptelis qadagebebi, epistoleebi
sxvadasxva monastrisadmi. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
antoni peCoreli (983-1073 ww.)

monazvnobis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. daibada da cxovrobda
q. lubeCeSi. monazvnad aRikveca aTonze. Tavisi sulieri mamis
moTxovniT 1028 wels dabrunda kievis ruseTSi ber-monazvnobis
gasavrceleblad. daafuZna kievis peCoris lavra (1051 w.). 1069
wels iziaslav iaroslavis Zes gaerida CernigovSi, sadac daaarsa
monasteri. kanonizebulia ruseTis eklesiis mier.
antonin kapustini (eriskacobaSi – andrei ivanes Ze kapustini)

(1817-1894 ww.)
saeklesio moRvawe, areologi, arqeografi, qristianuli
aRmosavleTis istoriis Sesaxeb Sromebis avtori, palestinis
rusuli sazogadoebisa (1882 w.) da ierusalimSi qristianul
siZveleTa muzeumis damaarsebeli
apolinari laodikieli (umcrosi) (daaxloebiT 310 - 390 ww.)

daibada siriis q. laodikiaSi presviter apolinaris (ufrosi)
ojaxSi, amave qalaqis episkoposi daaxloebiT 346-354 wlebidan,
arianelobisagan marTlmadideblobis dacveli, SemdgomSi
eretikuli swavlebis – apolinarizmis Semqmneli. bavSvobidanve
miiRo fundamenturi ganaTleba. hyavda bevri mowafe, maT
Soris, netari ieronime (bibliis laTinur enaze mTargmneli).
eweoda mkacr asketur cxovrebas, urTierToba hqonda nikeis
sarwmunoebis simbolos damcvel mamebTan (iyo aTanase
aleqsandrielis mowafe, mimowera hqonda basili didTan).
laodikiis arianelma episkoposma apolinari aTanase didTan
urTierTobis gamo eklesiidan gankveTa. eklesiis istorikosi
sozomene apolinars uwodebs nikeis simbolos damcvels da mas
moixseniebs basili didTan da grigol RvTismetyvelTan erTad.
apolinaris aramarTlmadidebloba gamovlinda qristologiis
sakiTxze (igi werda, rom Tu qristem miiRo sruli adamianuri
buneba, mas adamianuri gulisTqmebic eqneboda, adamianuri
gulisTqmebi ki ar arsebobs codvis gareSe). apolinarizmi dagmo
aleqsandriis 362 wlis krebam, romis 376, 377 da 382 wlebis
krebebma, II msoflio krebam (381 w.). apolinarizmi miiCneva

monofizitobis winamorbed eresad. SemorCenilia misi Sromebis
fragmentebi.
ariozi (256 w. – 336 w.)

warmoSobiT libiidan, aleqsandriis presviteri, arianelobis
eresis fuZemdebeli, antioqieli RvTismetyvelis – lukianes
mowafe. diakvnad xeli daasxa aleqsandriis patriarqma petrem,
Tumca male gankveTa meletianelobis eresis mxardaWerisaTvis.
SemdgomSi moinana da xeli daasxes presviterad. uaryofda
ieso qristes Tanaarsobas mama RmerTTan. igi Tvlida, rom ieso
qriste Seqmnilia mama RmerTis mier, Tumca samyaros Seqmnamde.
Sesabamisad, qriste ar aris mamis swori da Tanaarsi. es swavleba
dagmo aleqsandriis 320/321 wlebis krebam, ris Semdeg ariozi
Cavida konstantinopolSi, sadac igi Tbilad miiRes imperator
konstantine didis karis gavlenianma episkoposebma evsebi niko
medielma da evsebi kesarielma. ariozis swavlebas bevri momxre
hyavda rogorc aziaSi, ise aleqsandriaSi. davis gadasawyvetad
imperatorma konstantine didma moiwvia pirveli msoflio
kreba (nikeis pirveli kreba), krebam dagmo ariozis swavleba,
xolo ariozi gadaasaxles TrakiaSi. Semdeg arianeli evsebi
kesarielis SuamdgomlobiTa da imperatoris dis – konstancias
daxmarebiT ariozi daabrunes konstantinepolSi da gaamweses
konstantinopolis erT-erT eklesiaSi, magram igi moulodnelad
gardaicvala. SemorCenilia misi Sromebis fragmentebi.
aristinosi (aleqsi aristinosi) (? - 1166 w.-is Semdgom)

bizantieli kanonisti, konstantinopolis eklesiis didi
ekonomosi, daaxloebiT 1130 wels imperator ioane II komnenosis
davalebiT Seadgina kanonikuri sinofsisis komentarebi.
aristotele (384-322 ww. Cv.w.-aR.-mde)

Zveli berZeni filosofosi, platonis mowafe, aleqsandre
makedonelis aRmzrdeli. 335 wels daafuZna liceumi. aris
toteles Sromebi moicavs maSindeli codnis yvela dargs.

formaluri logikis fuZemdebeli, sologistikis Seqmneli. misi
`metafizika~ Seicavs swavlebas yofierebis ZiriTadi principebis
Sesaxeb. metafizikis garda misi ZiriTadi Sromebia `fizika,~
`cxovelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb~, `sulis Sesaxeb~, `politika,~
`ritorika,~ `poetika.~
b
balsamoni (Teodore IV balsamoni) (daaxloebiT 1140-1195 ww.)
bizantieli saeklesio moRvawe da kanonisti 1185-1191 ww.
iyo antioqiis patriarqi. misi mTavari naSromia fotiosis
nomokanonis komentari, romelic gaxda marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis kanonikuri samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti.
konstantinopolis II msoflio krebis (381 w.) meore
kanonis ganmartebisas igi exeba iberiis (iveriis) eklesiis
avtokefalurobis dadgenis sakiTxs.
barnaba mociquli (? - 57 w.)

erTi samocdaaT mociqulTagani; iTvleba kviprosis
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis damaarseblad da mis pirvel
mTavarepiskoposad; q. mediolanis (amJamindeli milanis) pirveli
episkoposi. daibada kunZul kviprosze mdidari ebraelis ojaxSi.
Tavdapirvelad iosebi (iosia) erqva. barnaba (anu `Ze nugeSisa~)
mociqulebma uwodes. swavlobda ierusalimSi Tavis megobar
savlesTan (pavle mociquli) erTad saRvTo sjulis ganTqmul
maswavlebelTan – gamalielTan. qristes moZRvrebis gacnobis
Semdeg gaqristianda. qristes amaRlebis Semdeg barnabam gayida
ierusalimis axlos mdebare sakuTari miwa da fuli mTlianad
mociqulebs gadasca. barnabam iqadaga kviprossa da sxva
kunZulebze, aleqsandriaSi, romSi, mediolanSi. q. mediolanSi
saepiskoposo kaTedris daarsebis Semdeg dabrunda kviprosze,
sadac iudevelebis waqezebiT warmarTebma qvebiT Caqoles.
barsonofi didi (? – VI s.-is Suaxanebi)

Rirsi mama, Razis udabnos moRvawe, warmoSobiT egvipteli,
axalgazrdobaSi gaemgzavra wminda miwis mosalocad. wminda
miwaze aRikveca berad. SemdgomSi damkvidrda Razis samxreTiT
mdebare monasterSi. Tavdapirvelad cxovrobda monastris
erT-erT keliaSi, xolo Semdeg gandegilad cxovrobda 18 wlis
ganmavlobaSi da aravis iRebda. misi cxovrebis laTinuri versiis
Tanaxmad barsonofi didma erTaderTxel datova Tavisi kelia
da gaemgzavra konstantinepolSi, iustiniane didTan (527-565
ww.) saSuamdgomlod, raTa imperators ar daesaja Razis udabnos
berebi imis gamo, rom isini ar iziarebdnen origenes swavlebas.
barsonofi didi Tavis TanamoRvawe da megobar ioanesTan erTad
avtoria cnobili asketuri Txzulebisa – `kiTxva-pasuxebi~.
basili didi (kesarieli) (330-379 ww.)

qristianuli eklesiis erT-erTi udidesi moRvawe, RvTismetyveli,
mama da maswavlebeli eklesiisa. igi daibada kapadokiis kesariaSi.
basilis mama advokati da ritorikis cnobili maswavlebeli iyo.
ojaxSi aTi (zogierTi cnobiT cxra) DSvili izrdeboda. xuTi
maTgani SemdgomSi eklesiis wmindanTa dasSi Cairicxa: TviT
basili didi (xseneba pirveli ianvari da ocdaaTi ianvari), makrine
(umcrosi) (xseneba 19 ivlisi), romelmac Tavisi samagaliTo
asketuri moRvaweobiT didi gavlena moaxdina basilis
cxovrebaze da misi xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze, grigoli, SemdgomSi
noseli episkoposi, eklesiis udides mamaTagani da mistikosi
RvTismetyveli (xseneba 10 ianvari), petre, sevastiis episkoposi
(xsneba 9 ianvari) da Teozva (Teosebia) dedaTdiakoni (xseneba 10
ianvari). pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis kesariaSi miRebis Semdeg
swavlobda konstantinopolSi. konstantinopolSi, xolo Semdeg
aTenSi, sadac man fundamenturi codna miiRo sxvadasxva sferoSi.
daaxloebiT 357 wels dabrunda kesariaSi da cota xans ritorikas
aswavlida, Semdeg ki asketuri cxovreba daiwyo. igi xeldasxmul
iqna wignismkiTxvelad. basilim imogzaura egvipteSi, siriasa da
palestinaSi saxelganTqmul monazonTa cxovrebis gasacnobad.

kapadokiaSi dabrunebulma mTeli YTavisi qoneba Raribebs
dauriga, TviTon ki damkvidrda Tavisi dedis – emiliasa da
ufrosi dis – makrines mier daarsebul dedaTa monastris axlos
(md. irises napirze), sadac mamaTa monasteri daarsa. aqve moiwvia
Tavisi megobari grigol RvTismetyveli, Semoikriba sxva berebi
da daiwyo mkacri monazvnuri cxovreba. arianuli mwvaleblobis
farTod gavrcelebis gamo basili da grigoli iZulebuli
gaxdnen, daetovebinaT monasteri da daewyoT aqtiuri brZola
marTlmadideblobis dasacavad. basili dabrunda kesariaSi da
362 wels xeldasxmul iqna diakvnad, xolo 364 wels – xucesad.
episkopos evsebi kesarielTan uTanxmoebis gamo basili male isev
monasters daubrunda, magram arianelTa mZlavrobam valenti
imperatoris (364-378 ww.) dros evsebi aiZula, basili saCqarod
kesariaSi daebrunebina. daiwyo basilis dauRalavi da Seupovari
brZola mwvaleblobasTan. am periodSi Seqmna Tavisi ZiriTadi
saRvTismetyvelo Sromebi. 370 wels basili kapadokiis kesariis
mTavarepiskoposi gaxda, romelsac TerTmeti provinciis 50
episkoposi emorCileboda. amfiloqe ikonielis TxovniT basilim
arianelTa swavlebis samxileblad dawera wigni `suliwmindis
Sesaxeb~ (Setanilia did sjuliskanonSi rogorc kanonikuri
epistole). gardaicvala 379 wlis pirvel ianvars 49 wlisa.
berdiaevi nikolai (1874-1948 ww.)

religiuri filosofosi, 1922 wels gaaZeves ssrk-dan, 1925
wlidan cxovrobda safrangeTSi, parizSi gamoscemda religiur-
filosofiur Jurnals `gza~ (1925-1940 ww.). marqsizmis
mimdevrobidan iqca religiuri egzistencializmisa da
personalizmis mimdevrad. ZiriTadi Sromebi: `Semoqmedebis
sazrisi~ (1916 w.), ìstoriis sazrisi~ (1923 w.), `dostoevskis
msoflmxedveloba~ (1923 w.), `Tavisufali gonis filosofia~ (t.
1-2, 1927-28 ww.), `rusuli idea~ (1946 w.), `TviTSemecneba~ (1949 w.).
bolotovi vasili vasilis Ze (1853-1900 ww.)

eklesiis istorikosi, RvTismetyveli, filologi da
aRmosavleTmcodne. sikvdilis Semdeg gamoica misi leqciebi
Zveli eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb (t. 1-4.)
g
gamalieli (marTali) (? – daaxloebiT 50 w.)
fariseveli, pavle mociqulis maswavlebeli. erTaderTi
qristiani wmindani, romelic moxseniebulia axal aRTqmaSi
da romelsac aseve aqvs avtoriteti iudaizmSi. rabinistuli
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gamalieli iyo simonis Svili da
fariseveli maswavleblis – gilelias SviliSvili. mas hyavda
vaJi abibi (romelic romis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis erT-erTi
meTauri iyo) da qaliSvili (romelic miaTxova mRvdel simon ben
naTaniels). Talmudis erT-erTi Zveli gadmocema gamalielis
Rvawls ase afasebs: `roca gamalieli gardaicvala, maSin
masTan erTad gaqra pativiscema Torisadmi, da aRar arsebobda
siwminde da TavSekaveba.» bevri sakanonmdeblo debulebis
avtori. gamalieli iyo sinedrionis wevri, Tumca saxarebisa da
antikuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad sinedrionSi sadukevelebisa da
mRvdelmTavrebis wamyvani rolis gamo igi ar monawileobda ieso
qristes gasamarTlebaSi. saeklesio gardamocemiT sicocxlis
bolos gamalieli Tavis vaJTan erTad moinaTla. xsenebis dRed
dadgenilia 2 agvisto.
germane I (? – daaxloebiT 754 ww.)

konstantinopolis patriarqi (715-730 ww.). misi mama – patrikiosi
iustiniane monawileobda konstantine IVis winaaRmdeg
SeTqmulebaSi, ris gamoc igi sikvdiliT dasajes, xolo germane
daasaWurises. SemdgomSi germane gaxda konstantinopolis wm.
sofiis taZris mRvdelmsaxuri, xolo 705/06 wels akurTxes
kizikis mitropolitad. 715 wels xdeba konstantinopolis
patriarqi. xatmebrZolobis dawyebis Semdeg leon mesamem
germanesagan moiTxova xatebis Tayvaniscemis uaryofa; germanem

moTxovna uaryo da taxtidan gadadga. gadadgomis Semdeg igi
dasaxlda sagvareulo mamulSi, sadac gardaicvala 754 wlamde
(xatmebrZolobis cru krebamde, romelmac germane SeaCvena).
germane dakrZales konstantinopolSi, xoras monasterSi,
saidanac jvarosanTa mier konstantinopolis dapyrobis Semdeg
germanes nawilebi gadaasvenes safrangeTSi. safrangeTis
revoluciis dros misi wminda nawilebi sajarod Seuracxyves da
nawilobriv gaanadgures. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
grigol I didi (dialoRoni) (daaxloebiT 540-604 ww.)

romaeli senatoris gordianes Ze. romis senatori da prefeqti
(572-574 ww.), monazoni, romis papis legati konstantinepolSi,
590 wlidan romis papi (590-604 ww.). man safuZveli Cauyara papebis
saero xelisuflebas da ganamtkica papobis primati dasavleT
evropis qveynebze. qristianobis gasavrceleblad 594 wels
britaneTSi gagzavna misioneri avgustine. moaxdina liturgiisa
da saeklesio galobis reforma, ris Sedegad damkvidrda e. w.
romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis saeklesio galoba. grigoli bevri
Txzulebis avtoria. misi cnobili Txzulebaa `dialoRoni~,
romelic grigolis zedwodeba gaxda. grigolisaTvis epistole
miuweria qarTlis kaTalikoss kirions. Semonaxulia sapasuxo
epistole daaxloebiT 598 wlisa. mimowera exeba nestorianul
mwvaleblobas. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
grigol V (970-999 ww.) romis papi, germanuli warmomavlobis pirveli

papi, germaniis imperator oton I-is pirdapiri STamomavali.
grigol noseli (daaxloebiT 331/335-394 ww.)

eklesiis udides mamaTagani, RvTismetyveli, Teologiuri
mistikis fuZemdebeli, basili didis umcrosi Zma, grigol
RvTismetyvelis (nazianzelis) megobari. 370 wlidan q. nisis
(igive nisa) (kapadokia) episkoposi. 376 wels arianelTa gavleniT
cru braldebiT (saeklesio qonebis araswori gamoyeneba)
episkoposobidan gadaayenes da gadaasaxles ankiraSi (axlandeli

ankara); momdevno wels arianel episkoposTa krebam kvlav
gaasamarTla grigoli, romelic kaTedris gareSe ganagrZobda
brZolas eresis winaaRmdeg. 378 wels arianelebis mxardamWeri
imperatoris – valentis gardacvalebis Semdeg kvlav daikava
nisis saepiskoposo kaTedra. 379 wels monawileoba miiRo
antioqiis krebaSi, romelic mimarTuli iyo ramdenime eresis
winaaRmdeg. 381 wels monawileobda konstantinopolis II
msoflio krebaSi. am krebaze grigolis ZalisxmeviT sarwmunoebis
simbolo (romelic miRebuli iyo nikeis I msoflio krebaze)
Seivso suliwmindis DSesaxeb formuliT da ase Camoyalibda nikea-
konstantinopolis simbolo. grigols didi Rvawli miuZRvis
wminda samebis dogmatis Camoyalibebasa da marTlmadideblobis
ganmtkicebaSi. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
grigol palama (1296 -1357 ww.)

bizantieli RvTismetyveli da saeklesio moRvawe, mama da
maswavlebeli eklesiisa. Tesalonikis mTavarepiskoposi,
isixazmis sistematizatori.
grigol palama iyo senator konstantine palamas pirveli Svili.
ojaxi miekuTvneboda aristokratiul sagvareulos, romelic
mcire aziidan konstantinopolSi gadasaxlda. konstantine
palama iyo momavali imperatoris – andronike III paleologis
gamzrdeli. grigol palamam klasikuri ganaTleba saimperatoro
universitetSi miiRo, sadac Seiswavla gramatika, fizika,
ritorika da logika. istoriuli wyaroebi mowmobs, rom man Rrmad
Seiswavla aristotele. palamam uari Tqva politikur karieraze
da daaxloebiT 1316 wels aTonze gamgzavreba gadawyvita. misi
rCeviT ojaxis yvela wevri – deda, debi, agreTve misi ojaxis
zogierTi msaxuri monazvnad aRikveca, xolo grigoli Tavis or
ZmasTan erTad aTonze gaemgzavra. orwliani morCilebis Semdeg
grigoli berad aRikveca. varlaam kalabrielTan da kalabrielis
mimdevrebTan (grigori akindinosi, nikifore grigora da
sxvebi) polemikisas Camoayaliba swavleba RmrTis miuwvdomeli,
Seucnobeli arsisa da RmrTis gamovlenadi energiebis (romelic
ganmsWvalavs samyaros da Secnobadia adamianisaTvis) gansxvavebis

Sesaxeb. grigol palamas swavleba 1351 wels eklesiam oficialur
swavlebad aRiara. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
grigol RvTismetyveli (nazianzeli) (daaxloebiT 325/330-

389/390 ww.)
eklesiis udides mamaTagani, RvTismetyveli, mwerali, poeti.
misi mama – grigoli (ufrosi) nazianzis episkoposi iyo,
xolo deda – nona eklesiam wmindanad Seracxa. grigolma
brwyinvale ritorikuli da filosofiuri ganaTleba miiRo jer
aleqsandriaSi, xolo Semdeg aTenis warmarTul akademiaSi, sadac
daumegobrda basili dids. aqve gaicno momavali imperatori
iuliane gandgomili. moinaTla 26 wlis asakSi. 372 wels basili
didma arianelobasTan brZolis farglebSi igi q. sasimas
episkoposad akurTxa, Tumca grigols sasimaSi ar umsaxuria da
exmareboda mamas – ufros grigols nazianzis samwysos marTvaSi.
379 wels igi konstantinopolis patriarqad akurTxes. 381 wels
Tavmjdomareobda konstantinopolis meore msoflio saeklesio
krebas, magram krebis msvlelobaSive gadadga patriarqobidan,
radgan misi patriarqobis kanoniereba zogierTma saeklesio
moRvawem arakanonikurad miiCnia da grigolma aRar isurva es
sakiTxi eklesiaSi uTanxmoebis sagani gamxdariyo. igi dabrunda
sofel arianzSi (q. nazianzis maxloblad) da darCenili cxovreba
mkacr asketur cxovrebaSi gaatara. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
d
danielu Jan (1905-1974 ww.)
frangi kaTolike RvTismetyveli, àxali Teologiis~
warmomadgeneli, iezuitTa ordenis wevri, 1938 wlidan
kaTolikuri eklesiis mRvdeli; monawileobda vatikanis II
krebaSi eqspert-Teologad, 1969 wels gaxda kardinal-diakvani.
1972 wels airCies safrangeTis akademiis wevrad. 1940 wels anri
de lubakTan (kaTolike RvTismetyveli) daafuZna `qristianuli
wyaroebi,~ romelSic ibeWdeboda eklesiis mamaTa Sromebi.
igi ikvlevda origenes, grigol nosels, ioane oqropirs.

danielus mniSvnelovani Sromebia: `platonizmi da mistikuri
RvTismetyveleba,~ èsse wm. grigol noselis sulieri swavlebis
Sesaxeb,~ `mociqulTa eklesia,~ `risTvisaa saWiro eklesia?~
diodore tarsuseli (daaxloebiT 305/310-394 ww.)

qristiani RvTismetyveli, tarsusis episkoposi, antioqiis
saRvTismetyvelo skolis warmomadgeneli, maswavlebeli
Teodore mofsuestelisa da ioane oqropirisa. hqonda mimowera
basili didTan. awarmoebda polemikas apolonari laodikielTan.
asabuTebda qristeSi adamianuri bunebis sisrules da pirvelad
qristologiaSi amtkicebda, rom kacobriobis xsnisaTvis
aucilebeli iyo RmerTs srulad mieRo adamianis buneba
(adamianis gonebis CaTvliT).
dionise areopageli (aTeneli) (daaxl. +96 w.)

RvTismetyveli, I saukunis moRvawe, aTenis areopagis (umaRlesi
sasamarTlos) wevri. gaqristianda pavle mociqulis qadagebiT
(ix. saqme, 17:34). evsebi kesarielis cnobiT, dionise mogvianebiT
aTenis pirveli episkoposi gaxda. saeklesio gardamocemiT,
aResrula mowameobrivad. igi aris àreopagituli korpusis~
saxelwodebiT cnobili Teologiuri Txzulebebis (`mistikuri
RvTismetyveleba~, `saRmrTo saxelTaTvis~, `zeciuri ierarqia,~
`saeklesio ierarqia~, epistoleebi) avtori. me-7 saukuneSi wm.
maqsime aRmsarebelma komentarebi daurTo dionises Sromebs.
dionise didi aleqsandrieli (II s.-is bolo – +265 w.)

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mama, aleqsandriis eklesiis
patriarqi. igi mdidari warmarTebis Svili iyo. miiRo kargi
ritorikuli ganaTleba, magram male origenes mowafe gaxda
da xucesad ekurTxa. daaxloebiT 232 wels saTaveSi Caudga
aleqsandriis sakatexizmo skolas. 247 wels airCies aleqsandriis
episkoposad. aTanase aleqsandrieli mas `samyaros~ moZRvars
uwodebda. dionise aleqsandrielis erTi epistole Setanilia

`did sjuliskanonSi.~ kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
dioskore aleqsandrieli (+454 w.)

aleqsandriis eklesiis patriarqiY 444-451 ww. kirile aleqsandrielis
axlo naTesavi da memkvidre aleqsandriis kaTedraze, evtiqianelTa
monofizituri eresis damcveli. efesos krebam 449 wels, romelsac
dioskore Tavmjdomareobda, gaamarTla evtiqi da misi eresis
mimdevrebi, xolo qalkedonis 451 wlis msoflio saeklesio krebam
efesos 449 wlis krebas àvazakTa kreba~ uwoda da dagmo evtiqianuri
eresi, misi mimdevrebi ki gankveTa. maT Soris iyo dioskorec, romelic
gadaasaxles paflagoniis gangraSi, sadac 454 wels gardaicvala.
monofizituri kopturi eklesia miiCnevs wmindanad.
donatusi (daaxl. 255-355 ww.)

numidieli episkoposi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi saeklesio
ganxeTqilebis (IV saukunis pirveli naxevari) mamamTavari.
347 wels konstantine didis wargzavnilebTan uSedego
molaparakebis Semdeg (donatusim uari Tqva xelisuflebasTan
TanamSromlobaze – `ra esaqmeba imperators eklesiasTan?~)
donatusi daapatimres da gadaasaxles (savaraudod galiaSi).
e
egnate antioqieli, RmerTSemosili (daaxloebiT 35-107 ww.)
antioqiis rigiT meore episkoposi, episkopos evodis (erT-erTi
70 mociqulTagani) memkvidre antioqiis kaTedraze, warmoSobiT
siriidan, ioane maxareblis mowafe da polikarpe smirnelis
megobari. 107 wels traiane imperatorma (98-117 ww.) laSqrobis
dros antioqiaSi yofnisas Seipyro egnate antioqieli, romelmac
uari Tqva kerpebisadmi msxverplis Sewirvaze. egnate romSi
Caiyvanes da awames. egnate antioqiels miewereba eklesiaSi
antofonuri galobis dakanoneba. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
egnate (konstantinopoleli) (? – 873 w)

erobaSi – nikita, imperator mixeil rangaves Ze, 14 wlisa berad
aRikveca, 846 wlidan konstantinopolis patriarqi, 858 wels
gadaasaxles, xolo 867 wels imperatorma kvlav daabruna
sapatriaqo taxtze. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
evsebi kesarieli (pamfilieli) (258/265-339/340 ww.)

bizantieli saeklesio mwerali, istoriografi, palestinis
kesariis episkoposi daaxloebiT 313 wlidan. origenes mimdevari,
mfarveli ariozisa da faruli arianeli. ibrZoda aTanase didisa
da sxva marTlmadidebeli moRvaweebis winaaRmdeg. gardaicvala
konstantine didis gardacvalebis Semdeg. misi ZiriTadi Sromebia
`saeklesio istoria,~ `qronikebi~, panegirikuli Txzuleba
`cxovreba konstantine didisa.~
evsebi nikomedieli (? – 341/342 w.)

nikomediis episkoposi (xeldasxma 323 w.-mde), konstantinopolis
mTavarepiskoposi (338 wlidan), ariozis momxre, mowafe wminda
mowame lukiane samosatelisa. ebrZoda aTanase dids. didi
gavlena hqonda imperator konstantine didze. swored man da
ariozis momxre ramdenime episkoposma monaTles konstantine
sikvdilis win (337 wlis 22 maiss).
evstaTi antioqieli (? – 337/346 w.)

antioqiis mTavarepiskoposi daaxloebiT 323-331 wlebSi. daibada
pamfiliis qalaq sidSi, 320 wels gaxda q. beris episkoposi, xolo
323 wels samwysos TxovniT aiyvanes antioqiis kaTedraze. evstaTi
iyo ganaTlebuli RvTismetyveli. Tavi gamoiCina arianelTa
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. igi iyo nikeis I msoflio krebis Tavmjdomare.
krebis Semdeg arianelTa intrigebis Sedegad evstaTi gadaayenes
mTavarepiskoposobidan da gadaasaxles TrakiaSi. gardaicvala q.
filipiaSi. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
evtiqi (evtixi) (daaxl. 378-454 ww.)

monofizituri eresis mamamTavari. axalgazrdobaSi aRikveca
berad. sargeblobda aleqsandriis patriarqis dioskoresa
da bizantiis imperator Teodosi II-is mxardaWeriT. efesoSi
mowveulma egreTwodebulma àvazakurma krebam~ 449 wels gankveTa
marTlmadideblobis damceli flabiane konstantinepoleli,
xolo evtiqi gaamarTla. Teodosis gardacvalebis (450 w.)
Semdeg Catarebulma qalkedonis IV msoflio krebam (451 w.) dagmo
monofizituri eresi da evtiqi eklesiidan gankveTa.
efTvime zigabenosi (? – 1118 w.)

swavluli beri, mis kalams ekuTvnis dogmaturi RvTismetyvelebis
saxelmZRvanelo, kompiliatoruli xasiaTis naSromi – yvela eresis
istoria; ganmartebuli aqvs fsalmunebi, oTxTavi, `qebaTa qeba~.
efrem asuri (daaxl. 306-373/379 ww.)

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mama, asketur-mistikuri Txzulebebis
avtori. daibada q. nisibinSi (mesopotamia), warmarTTa ojaxSi.
gaqristianda WabukobaSi. 363 wels datova mSobliuri qalaqi
(sparselebis dapyrobis Semdeg) da 365 wels dasaxlda q. edesaSi,
sadac gardacvalebamde cxovrobda. avtori cnobili sinanulis
locvisa, romelic sruldeba didmarxvaSi (efrem asuris locva).
v
vasili krivoSeini (erobaSi – vselovod krivoSeini) (1900 – 1985 w.)
briuselisa da belgiis arqiepiskoposi (1960 wlidan), RvTismetyveli,
patrologi. berad aRikveca aTonis mTaze (1927 w.). misi ZiriTadi
Sromebi eZRvneba grigol palamas, svimeon axal RvTismetyvels.
verxovski sergei sergeis Ze (1907 – 1986 ww.)

rusi RvTismetyveli. 1920 wlidan emigraciaSia. swavlobda
bratislavis universitetsa da sorbonaSi, 1932-36 wlebSi ki –
parizis saRvTismetyvelo institutSi. 1952 wels gadavida aSS-

Si wminda vladimeris saxelobis seminariis (niu-iorki) miwveviT.
avtori Sromebisa `RmerTi da admiani~ (niu-iorki, 1956 w.) da
`naTeli soflisa~ (krestvudi, 1982 w.)
vladimer I (?–1015 w.)

novgorodis mTavari (1069 w.), kievis didi mTavari (980 w.-dan),
sviatoslavis umcrosi Ze, daimorCila viatiCebi, radimiCebi da
iatviagebi, ebrZoda paWanikebs, volgis bulgarebs, bizantiasa da
poloneTs. 988-989 wlebSi qristianoba gamoacxada saxelmwifo
religiad. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
z
zonara (ioane zonara)
bizantiis samefo karis maRali rangis moxele (XII s.), istorikosi
da RvTismetyveli; col-Svilis gardacvalebis Semdeg aRikveca
berad da cxovrobda wm. glikerias monasterSi (marmarilos zRvis
kunZulze). erT-erTi avtoritetuli komentatori kanonikuri
wignebisa. komentarebSi ganxilulia jer msoflio krebebis
kanonebi, Semdeg adgilobrivi krebebis dadgenilebebi da bolos
– wminda mamaTa mier SemuSavebuli wesebi. masalis aseTi ganlageba
miRebuli iyo patriarq fotis (IX s.) dromde. Tavis komentarebSi
zonara sakmarod dawvrilebiT istoriul cnobebs gvawvdis
saeklesio krebebisa da saeklesio cxovrebis wesebis Sesaxeb.
T
Teodore balsamoni
(ix. balsamoni)
Teodore mofsuetseli (daaxl. 350 – 428 ww.)

RvTismetyveli, episkoposi (392 wlidan), ioane oqropiris
megobari, avtori polemikuri Sromebisa arianelebisa da
apolinariusis winaaRmdeg. nestorianelebi cdilobdnen

TavianTi swavlebis dafuZnebas Teodores avtoritetze. 553
wlis konstantinopolis msoflio krebaze daigmo Teodores
aramarTlmadidebluri Sexedulebebi.
Teodore studieli (759 – 826 ww.)

bizantieli monazoni da RvTismetyveli. daibada konstantinopolSi.
moRvaweobda konstantinopolis studionis monasterSi, romelic
man energiuli moRvaweobisa da organizatoruli niWis wyalobiT
mniSvnelovan religiur da kulturul kerad aqcia. 808-815 wlebSi igi
gandevnes xatmebrZolebma. marTlmadideblobis gamarjvebis Semdeg
Teodore wmindanad Seracxes.
Teodorite kvireli (393 – 457/58 ww.)

bizantieli saeklesio mwerali da ierarqi. daibada antioqiaSi.
423 wels ekurTxa kviprosis episkoposad.
Teodosi didi (imperatori) (346-395 ww.)

romis imperatori 379 wlidan. ganamtkica qristianoba, devnida
arianelebsa da warmarTebs. misi imperatorobisas aikrZala
olimpiuri TamaSebi (rogorc warmarTuli), daiwva aleqsandriis
biblioTeka da bevri warmarTuli taZari.
Teofane prokopoviCi (1681-1736 ww.)

saxelmwifo da saeklesio moRvawe, mwerali, 1718 wlidan fskovis
episkoposi, 1724 wlidan novgorodis mTavarepiskoposi, petre
I-is Tanamoazre, kievis sasuliero akademiis reqtori (1711-
16 ww.), Seadgina `sulieri reglamenti~, romlis safuZvelzec
Seiqmna sinodi. Teofane sinodis vice-prezidentad dainiSna.
Teofilaqte bulgareli
XI saukunis bizantieli mwerali da ierarqi; daibada saberZneTSi,
kunZul evbeaze. swavla-ganaTleba miiRo konstantinopolSi,
sadac Semdeg patriarqis diakoni gaxda. imperatorma miqael
dukam (1071-1078 ww.) mas taxtis memkvidris – konstantines aRzrda

miando. 1075-1081 wlebSi Teofilaqte iyo oxridis (bulgareTi)
mTavarepiskoposi. mis TxzulebaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania
axali aRTqmis ganmarteba. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
i
iakob mociquli (zebedes Ze)
mociquli, qristes 12 mociqulTagani, ioane RvTismetyvelis
Zma, Taboris mTaze ieso qristes feriscvalebis TviTmxilveli.
espaneTis eklesiis gadmocemiT, iakobi qadagebda espaneTsa da sxva
qveynebSi. ierusalimSi sajarod qadagebda qristes moZRvrebas.
herode agripam (40-44 ww.) Seipyro igi da sikvdiliT dasaja.
iakob mociquli
ioseb damwindvelis ufrosi vaJi pirveli meuRlisagan. amitom
mas saxareba uflis Zmas uwodebs. qristes zecad amaRlebis
Semdeg iakobi iyo ierusalimis pirveli episkoposi da didi
pativiscemiT sargeblobda ara mxolod qristianTa, aramed
iudevelTa Sorisac. 51 wels Tavmjdomareobda mociqulTa
krebas ierusalimSi (ix. saqme, 15) iakobi mowamebrivad aResrula
– igi ierusalimis erT-erTi taZridan gadmoagdes imis gamo, rom
sajarod qadagebda qristes RmerTkacobas. iakobis kaTolike
epistole miekuTvneba axali aRTqmis kanonikur wignebs.
saeklesio gardamocemiT, iakobma Seadgina RvTismsaxurebis
uZvelesi wesi (e.w. ìakobis liturgia~).
iaroslav brZeni (daaxl. 978 -1054 ww.)

kievis mTavari (1019 wlidan), vladimer I-is Ze, daamarcxa
sviatopolk I da gandevna kievidan. ebrZoda Tavis Zmas mstislavs,
romelTanac gaiyo samefo (1026 w.), xolo 1036 wels samefo
isev gaaerTiana. dinastiuri kavSirebi daamyara bevr evropul
qveyanasTan. misi mefobisas Seadgines samarTlis krebuli
`ruskaia pravda.~
ieronime stridoneli (daax. 342-420 ww.)

RvTismetyveli, dasavleTis qristianobis erT-erTi didi mama,
papi damasusis (382-384 ww.) megobari da mdivani. papi damasusis
sikvdilis Semdeg gaemgzavra aRmosavleTSi da 386 wlidan
cxovrobda beTlemSi. mas ekuTvnis bibliis Targmani laTinur
enaze (e. w. ~vulgata~, dogmatur-polemikuri xasiaTis Sromebi.
ivane mrisxane (ivane IV) (1530-84 ww.)

moskovisa da `sruliad ruseTis~ didi mTavari 1533 wlidan,
pirveli rusi mefe (1547 wlidan) riurikoviCebis dinastiidan,
vasili III-isa da e. i. glinskaias Svili. Caatara mniSvnelovani
mmarTvelobiTi reformebi, SemoiRo usastikesi teroris reJimi
(e.w. òpriCnina~), gaanadgura novgorodis miwebi, daipyro yazanis
saxano (1552 w.) da astraxanis saxano (1556 w.), volgispireTi
da urali, damarcxda livoniis omSi baltiispireTis
dapyrobisaTvis. daiwyo cimbiris dapyroba.
inokenti III (1160/1161-1216 ww.)

romis papi 1198 wlidan. ibrZoda saero xelisuflebaze papebis
Zalauflebis primatisaTvis. meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis
iniciatori.
ioane damaskeli (daaxl. 675-753 ww.)

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gamoCenili mama da RvTismetyveli.
daibada damaskoSi, xalifas didmoxele qristianis ojaxSi. abd-
al-maliqi antiqristianuli politikis gamo datova damasko
da wminda saba ganwmendilis lavraSi (palestinaSi) damkvidrda.
xatmebrZolobis dros ioane icavda xatTayvaniscemas da
ramdenime Txzuleba miuZRvna xatTayvaniscemis saRvTismetyvelo
dasabuTebas. ioane damaskelis avtoriteti misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg kidev ufro gaizarda. 787 wlis msoflio krebam,
romelmac aRadgina xatTayvaniscema, igi wmindanad Seracxa.
ioane damaskelis ZiriTadi naSromebia: `marTlmadidebeli
sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gardamocema,~ `sami sityva wminda

xatebis dasacavad.~ ioane damaskeli cnobilia, agreTve,
rogorc gamoCenili himnografi. igi avtoria bevri saeklesio
sagaloblisa da himnografiuli kanonebisa.
ioane maxarebeli (mociquli)

RvTismetyvelad wodebuli, ieso qristes sayvareli mowafe
da mociquli, meoTxe saxarebis avtori, galileveli meTevze
zebedesa da salomeas vaJi. ioane maxarebeli ioane naTlismcemlis
gamoCenisTanave daemowafa mas, Semdeg ki ieso qristes mimdevari
gaxda. TviTmxilveli iairosis asulis gacocxlebisa, Taboris
mTaze uflis feriscvalebisa, geTsimaniis baRSi uflis locvisa.
macxovris ukanasknel dReebSi ioane xSirad ixsenieba petresTan
erTad. ioane iyo erTaderTi mociquli, romelic idga gologoTaze
jvarTan. qristes aRdgomis Semdeg ioane sxva mociqulebTan erTad
darCa ierusalimSi. tradiciis mixedviT, RvTismSoblis miZinebamde
ioane palestinaSi cxovrobda, xolo Semdeg mcire aziaSi
gadavida da efesoSi damkvidrda. igi qadagebda efesoSi, smirnaSi,
filadelfiaSi, laodikeaSi. imperator domicianes dros (81-96 ww.)
igi kunZul patmosze gadaasaxles sadac man Tavis mowafes proxores
ukarnaxa `gamocxadeba~ (apokalifsi). domicianes sikvdilis Semdeg
dabrunda efesoSi. saxarebisa da gamocxadebis garda ioanes sami
kaTolike epistole Sedis axal aRTqmaSi. erTaderTi mociquli,
romelic bunebrivi sikvdiliT aResrula (daaxloebiT 105 wlis
asakSi, imperator traianes dros).
ioane oqropiri (344/354 - 407 ww.)

konstantinopolis patriarqi, eklesiis did mamaTagani.
daibada antioqiaSi (344-354 wlebs Soris), SeZlebuli qristiani
mxedarTmTavris ojaxSi. 367 wels monaTla antioqiis patriarqma
meletim (kanonizebulia eklesiis mier). sami wlis Semdeg ioane
daadgines wignis mkiTxvelad. 372 wels patriarqi meleti impera
torma gadaasaxla, ris Semdeg ioane daemowafa Teodores (SemdgomSi
– mofsuestelis episkoposi); dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg ioane
berad aRikveca. male ioanes saepiskoposo kaTedra SesTavazes, magram

ioanem uari ganacxada da gandegilobaSi daiwyo cxovreba. 381 wels
akurTxes diakvnad, xolo 386 wels – mRvdlad. brwyinvale qadagebebis
gamo uwodes òqropiri~. ioanem ganmarta bibliis Semdegi wignebi:
dabadeba, fsalmunni, maTesa da ioanes saxarebebi, pavles epistoleni.
397 wels konstantinopolis patriarqad akurTxes. orjer gadaayenes
kaTedridan. pirveli gadayenebis Semdeg male aRadgines kaTedraze.
Tumca imperatorma arkadim 404 wels xelaxla gandevna da jer
somxeTSi, xolo Semdeg biWvinTaSi gadaasaxla. dauZlurebulma ioanem
iqamde ver miaRwia da gzad, afxazeTSi, sof. komanaSi gardaicvala (407
w.). 438 wels misi neSti konstantinopolSi didi pativiT gadaabrZanes.
iona mitropoliti (?–1461 w.)

moskovis mitropoliti 1448 wlidan. mitropolitis taxti
daikava didi mTavris vasili II-is nebiT konstantinopolis
patriarqis kurTxevis gareSe. 1451 wlidan SeierTa litvis
samitropolio. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
ipolite romaeli (daaxloebiT 170-236 ww.)

romis papi, RvTismetyveli. varaudoben, rom iyo irineos lionelis
mowafe. misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: `qriste da antiqriste,~ `12
mociqulis Sesaxeb,~ `gankacebis RvTismetyveleba,~ `Svidi saidumlos
Sesaxeb~. aResrula mowameobrivad. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
irineos lioneli (130-200 w.)

RvTismetyveli, lionis episkoposi, polikarpe smirnelis
mowafe. varaudoben, rom irineosic smirnadan iyo. ganaTleba
miiRo smirnaSi, Semdeg swavlobda romSi. mogvianebiT lionis
presviteri gaxda. lionSi misi aryofnisas daiwyo qristianTa
sastiki devna. lionis episkopos potinusis wamebis (177 w.) Semdeg
– 178 wels irineosi dabrunda lionSi da daikava episkoposis
kaTedra. ebrZoda gnosticizmis eress, iRwvoda eklesiis
erTianobisaTvis. irineosis umTavresi Txzuleba – èresebis
winaaRmdeg~ – amxelda gnosticizms, xolo misi meore naSromi

– `mociqulTa moZRvrebis damtkicebisaTvis~ apolegeturi
xasiaTisaa. sikvdiliT dasajes imperator severusis (193-211 ww.)
mmarTvelobis dros. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
isaak asuri (isaak ninevieli) (?–me-7 saukunis bolo)

gandegili beri, 661 wlidan nineviis episkoposi, Semdeg rabban
Saboris monasterSi ganmartovda. avtori asketuri Sromebisa
(siriul enaze). kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
iustine filosofosi (igive iustine mowame) (daaxl. 100 - 166 ww.)

erT-erTi pirveli qristiani mwerali-apologeti da eklesiis
mama, daibada siqemSi, Zveli samariis qalaqSi, berZeni warmarTis
ojaxSi. kargad icnobda stoicizms, platonisa da aristoteles
moZRvrebas. iustinem romSi daafuZna skola, sadac aswavlida
qristianul filosofias. ebrZoda gnosticizms. avtori
Sromebisa: `qristianTa dasacavad» (150 w. da 161 w.) da `saubari
trifon iudevelTan.» 166 wels iustine gaasamarTles da
sikvdiliT dasajes. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
iustiniane I (482/483-565 ww.)

bizantiis imperatori (527-565 ww.), didad wodebuli; daipyro
CrdiloeT afrika, sicilia, italia, espaneTis nawili. Caatara
romis samarTlis kodifikacia, misi mefobisas aSenda wminda
sofiis taZari konstantinopolSi, kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
k
kelsusi
II saukunis meore naxevris romaeli, an berZeni filosofosi-
platoniki, qristianobis kritikosi. misi saxeli cnobilia
mxolod origenes Sromidan (`kelsusis winaaRmdeg~). origenes
Sromidan Cans, rom kelsusi Rrmad ganaTlebuli moazrovne iyo
da misi gavleniT zogierTma qristianma Tavisi rwmena uaryo.
kipriane karTageneli (?–258 w.)

RvTismetyveli, karTagenis episkoposi, sikvdiliT dasajes romis
imperatoris valerianes mmarTvelobisas. umTavresi naSromia
`kaTolikuri eklesiis erTianobis Sesaxeb (251 w.). kanonizebulia
eklesiis mier.
kirile aleqsandrieli (?-444 ww.)

eklesiis did mamaTagani, aleqsandriis patriarqi, RvTismetyveli,
egzegetikosi, aleqsandriuli saRvTismetyvelo skolis
warmomadgeneli. warmoSobiT warCinebuli qristianuli ojaxidan
iyo. Wabukobis wlebi gaatara nitriis mTebSi, monasterSi wm.
makarisTan (6 weli). aleqsandrielma patriarqma Teofilem
igi diakvnad akurTxa. TeofilesTan erTad monawileobda
konstantinepolis krebaSi (403 w.), romelmac sapatriarqo
taxtidan gadaayena ioane oqropiri. Teofiles gardacvalebis
Semdeg 412 w. airCies aleqsandriis patriarqad. 419 wlidan ibrZoda
konstantinopolis patriarqis – nestoris eresis winaaRmdeg.
am brZolaSi Camoayaliba marTlmadidebluri qristologiis
mTavari principebi (swavleba RmrTis gankacebis, rogorc qristes
pirovnebaSi ori bunebis – RmrTaebrivi da kacobrivi bunebis
realuri SeerTebis Sesaxeb). polemikuri Txzulebebis garda wm.
kiriles erT-erTi mTavari Sromaa ioanes saxarebis ganmarteba.
kirile (daaxloebiT 827-869 ww.) da meTode (daaxloebiT 815-885 ww.)

berZeni Zmebi Tesalonikidan, slavebis ganmanaTlebelni,
slavuri anbanis (kirilica) Semqmnelebi. kirilem (869 wels berad
aRkvecamde – konstantine, konstantine filosofosi) ganaTleba
konstantinepolSi, imperator miqael III-is karze miiRo. misi
erT-erTi maswavlebeli fotiosi iyo. kirilem icoda slavuri,
berZnuli, ebrauli da arabuli enebi. meTode jer samxedro
samsaxurSi iyo, xolo Semdeg berad aRikveca da poliqronis
monastris iRumeni gaxda. bizantiis imperatorma Zmebi moraviaSi
gagzavna qristianobis saqadageblad. moraviaSi gamgzavrebamde
kirilem Seqmna slavuri anbani da meTodes daxmarebiT slavurad
Targmna ramdenime saRvTismsaxuro wigni. kirilesa da meTodes

qadagebam safuZveli Cauyara moraviis eklesias. 866-867
wlebSi romis papis moTxovniT orive romSi gaemgzavra. kirile
iqve gardaicvala, xolo meTode gaxda moraviisa da panoniis
episkoposi. 882-884 wlebSi meTode bizantiaSi cxovrobda. 884
wels dabrunda moraviaSi da daiwyo bibliis slavurad Targmna.
kanonizebulni arian eklesiis mier.
konstantine didi (daaxl. 272/285-337 ww.)

imperator konstancius qlorusis Ze. mamis sikvdilis Semdeg
legionerebma igi dauswreblad gamoacxades imperatorad (306
wlidan). misi imperatorobis dros miRebul iqna e. w. `milanis ediqti,~
romliTac Sewyda qristianobis devna da damkvidrda religiuri
kultebis Tavisufleba; konstantines iniciativiT mowveul iqna
nikeis pirveli msoflio kreba, romelmac dagmo arianelobis
eresi da miiRo nikeis sarwmunoebis simbolo. qristianulad
moinaTla sikvdilis win arianuli tendenciis episkoposis mier.
q. bizantiis adgilze daafuZna romis imperiis axali dedaqalaqi
konstantinopoli (324-330 ww.). kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
l
leon I, didi (390 – 461 w.)
warmomavlobiT etrurieli, wm. celestine romaelis mowafe,
miiRo kargi ganaTleba. iyo wm. papi siqstus III-is arqidiakoni. papis
gardacvalebis Semdeg 440 wlis agvistoSi dauswreblad airCies romis
papad. xeli daasxes imave wlis seqtemberSi. ebrZoda maniqevelobasa
da warmarTobis gadmonaSTebs. pirveli papi, romelic dakrZalulia
wm. petres bazilikaSi (vatikani). kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
kaTolikur eklesiaSi leoni wmindanad 1754 wels Seracxes.
luka
wm. mociquli (samocdaaTTagani) da maxarebeli siriis antioqiidan,
saxarebis mesame wignisa (lukas saxareba, romelic TariRdeba
daaxloebiT pirveli saukunis samociani wlebiT) da `saqme

mociqulTas~ avtori, eqimi, pavle mociqulis Tanamgzavri meore
samociqulo mogzaurobaSi. romSi petresa da pavles mowameobrivi
sikvdilis Semdeg lukam datova romi da qadagebiT moiara aqaia,
libia, egvipte da Tebaida. sicocxle mowameobrivad daasrula
qalaq TebaidaSi.
lukiane antioqieli (?–312 w.).

RvTismetyveli, mRvdelmowame, antioqiis saRvTismetyvelo
skolis fuZemdebeli, warmoSobiT antioqiidan. q. edesaSi
Seiswavla saRmrTo werili da RvTismetyveleba. mRvdlad
kurTxevis Semdeg lukianem antioqiaSi daafuZna qristianuli
skola. aq igi samecniero-saRvTismetyvelo muSaobasac eweoda,
asworebda saRvTo werilis teqstebs. lukianes ekuTvnis
berZnuli bibliis erT-erTi uZvelesi redaqcia. lukiane
ewama imperator diokletianes (284-305 ww.) mmarTvelobisas.
m
maTe
wm. mociquli (TormetTagani) da maxarebeli. saxarebis pirveli
wignis (maTes saxarebis) avtori, Ze alfesi, erqva agreTve levi.
ieso qristes mier mociqulad gamorCevamde iyo mezvere (mebaJe).
ieso qristes amaRlebis Semdeg 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi saxarebas
qadagebda palestinaSi ebraelTa Soris. gadmocemiT, igi
qadagebda eTiopiasa da sparseTSi, agreTve indoeTSi.
mariami
yovladwminda RvTismSobeli, deda macxovrisa Cvenisa ieso
qristesi, ioakimesa da anas asuli. gadmocemiT, oTxi wlis asakSi
mariami ierusalimis taZarSi miabares. 14 wlis asakSi igi dawindes
moxucze – marTal iosebze, ris Semdeg mariamma datova ierusalimi
da gadasaxlda nazareTSi, iosebis saxlSi. aq, ioane naTlismcemlis
mucladRebidan (Casaxvidan) 6 Tvis Semdeg mas gamoecxada

mTavarangelozi gabrieli da axara macxovris ganxorcieleba;
xarebis Semdeg mariami sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda Tavis
naTesavTan – elisabedTan, ioane naTlismcemlis dedasTan. iesos
Sobis Semdeg mariami marTal iosebTan da yrma iesosTan erTad
gaiqca egvipteSi da iqedan mxolod herodes gardacvalebis Semdeg
dabrunda nazareTSi. macxovris amaRlebis Semdeg wm. mariami
cxovrobda ioane mociqulTan. gadmocemiT, miiZina 48 wels.
markozi
wm. mociquli (samocdaaTTagani) da maxarebeli, saxarebis meore
wignis (markozis saxarebis) avtori. romauli saxelis – markusis
garda ebrauli saxelic hqonia – ioane. warmoSobiT ierusalimeli,
tomiT ebraeli iyo, biZaSvili (`mamis Zmiswuli~) mociqul barnabasi.
dedamisi mariami mdidari qali iyo. mas ierusalimSi saxli edga
geTsimaniis baRTan. am saxlSi cxovrobda wm. petre mociquli
saswaulebrivi gaTavisuflebis Semdeg. aqve ikribebodnen wm.
mociqulebi salocavad. markozi qristes sarwmuneobaze wm. petre
mociqulma moaqcia, ris gamoc petre markozs Tavis Zed moixseniebs.
macxovris amaRlebis Semdeg markozma daiwyo samociqulo
mogzauroba pavlesTan da barnabasTan erTad. markozi, rogorc
umcrosi, morCilad emsaxureboda pavles. 62-67 ww. petres TxovniT
markozma dawera saxareba, romelSic ZiriTadad petres naambobia
gadmocemuli. varaudoben, rom es saxareba daiwera maTes saxarebis
Semdeg, daaxloebiT 70 wlamde, lukas saxarebis daweramde. wm.
sofron ierusalimelis Tanaxmad, petre mociqulma waikiTxa
markozis saxareba, daamtkica misi WeSmariteba da daugzavna yvela
eklesias. markozi iTvleba aleqsandriis eklesiis damaarseblad.
mowameobrivad aResrula aleqsandriaSi.
markoz efeseli (?- 1450 w.)

markoz evgenikosi, efesos mitropoliti, marTlmadideblobis
damcveli feraro-florenciis krebaze; werda kaTolicizmis
winaaRmdeg. misi Sromebia: `mimarTva florenciis krebisadmi,~
`msjelobani ZRvnis kurTxevaze,~ sikvdilis win dawera `rwmenis

aRmsarebloba.~ kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
markioni
erT-erTi didi gnostikosTagani, warmomavlobiT pontoeli;
iyo mdidari gemTmflobeli. daaxloebiT 140 wels Cavida romSi
da gaxda qristianuli Temis wevri. male moisurva eklesiis
reformireba, rac marcxiT dasrulda, ris Semdeg daaxloebiT
144 wels Seqmna gansakuTrebuli Temi.
martine (aRmsarebeli) (? – 655 w.)

romis papi. devnidnen monoTelitebi, romlebmac mas daswames
saxelmwifos Ralati, urwmunoeba, RmrTis gmoba da am cru
braldebebiT igi jer ukacriel kunZulze gadaasaxles, Semdeg ki
ukve Rrmad moxuci konstantinopolSi Caiyvanes da gaasamarTles.
mis winaaRmdeg gamoiyvanes cru mowmeni da sikvdili miusajes.
konstantinopolis monoTolitma patriarqma imperators Txova,
SeewyvitaT misi wameba da sasikvdilo ganaCeni gadasaxlebiT
SeecvalaT. gardaicvala gadasaxlebaSi, 655 wels. VI msoflio
krebam, romelmac dagmo monoTelitebis mwvalebloba, martine
wmindanad Seracxa.
mataTa (mataTia) (? – daaxl. 63 w.)

wm. mociquli (TormetTagani), daibada beTlemSi, warmoSobiT
iudas toms ekuTvnoda. mataTa ieso qristem airCia 70
mociqulis krebulSi, xolo uflis amaRlebis Semdeg mataTa
wilisyriT airCies 12 mociqulTa Soris iuda iskariotelis
nacvlad. suliwmindis gardamosvlis Semdeg mataTa saxarebas
qadagebda ierusalimsa da mTel iudeaSi sxva mociqulebTan
erTad. petre da andria mociqulebTan erTad imogzaura siriis
antioqiaSi, kapadokiis tiansa da sinopSi, sadac igi daapatimres.
sapyrobiledan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg man imogzaura amasiaSi,
pontos sanapiro qalaqSi. bolos igi iudeaSi dabrunda da
agrZelebda qristianobis qadagebas, ris gamoc sinedrionma mas
sikvdili miusaja. mociquli mataTa qvebiT Caqoles, xolo Semdeg

danaSaulis misaCqmalad Tavi mohkveTes, TiTqosda keisris
mowinaaRmdege iyo. sxva wyaros mixedviT, mataTa jvars acves.
maqsime aRmsarebeli (582 - 662 w.)

eklesiis did mamaTagani, RvTismetyveli, areopagituli
wignebis komentatori, `mistagogiis~ avtori. axalgazrdobaSi
saxelmwifo moRvawe, 613-14 wlebidan – monazoni. 645 wels
karTagenSi gaimarjva monoTelitebTan (romlebsac saxelmwifo
mfarvelobda) disputSi. ganaviTara swavleba ieso qristeSi
Serwymis gareSe ori nebis erTobis Sesaxeb. 653 wels Seipyres.
662 wels saxelmwifo Ralati daswames da mohkveTes ena da
marjvena xeli. masve daabrales mwvalebloba (TiTqos igi
mariams RvTismSoblad ar Tvlida). gardaicvala gadasaxlebaSi
saqarTveloSi. gadmocemiT, dasaflavebuli unda iyos leCxumSi.
meTode (da kirile) – ix. kirile da meTode.
meTode I konstantinepoleli (? – 847 w.)

konstantinopolis patriarqi (843-847 ww.)
miqael fselosi (? – daaxl. +1078/1096 w.)

bizantieli filosofosi, konstantinopolis umaRlesi
filosofiuri skolis (daarsda 1044-1047 ww.) pirveli
xelmZRvaneli. cdilobda qristianobisa da platonizmis sinTezs,
logikuri (racionaluri) gziT qristianuli dogmebis ganmartebas.
miqael fselosis swavleba ganaviTara misma mowafem ioane
italosma. konstantinopolis 1076 w. adgilobrivma saeklesio
krebam anaTemas gadasca ioane italosis mier SemoRebuli elinuri
da aramarTlmadidebluri dogmatebi da swavleba (maT Soris,
sulTa gadasaxlebis Teoria, materiis maradiulobis, ideebisa da
yofierebis dausabamobis, materiis TviTarsebisa da ideebis mier
materiis gaformebis Sesaxeb da sxva).
muhamedi/mahmadi ( daaxl. 570 – 632 ww.)

islamis damaarsebeli, religiuri mqadagebeli da politikuri
moRvawe, gaRaribebuli arabuli banuhaSimis gvaridan (yuraiSebis
tomi), muslimuri tradiciisa da yuranis mixedviT – alahis
ukanaskneli mociquli da winaswarmetyveli. pirveli islamuri
Teokratiuli saxelmwifos meTauri.
n
nestori
konstantinopolis patriarqi (428-431 ww.) nestorianobis
mwvaleblobis mamamTavari, moRvaweobda antioqiis erT-
erT monasterSi. mRvdlad kurTxevis Semdeg Tavi gamoiCina
rogorc kargma mqadagebelma. patriarqobis pirvel wlebSi
ebrZoda arianelebs. Semdeg TviTonve Cavarda mwvaleblobaSi.
nestorianelobis dagmobis Semdeg nestorianelebma Tavi
Seafares irans. 499 wels selevkiis krebaze maT Seqmnes TavianTi
eklesia, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga aRmosavleTis kaTalikosi.
iranidan nestorianeloba gavrcelda Sua aziaSi, indoeTsa da
CineTSi. nestorianelebi dRemde cxovroben eraySi.
nikifore I (? – 828 w.)

konstantinopolis patriarqi (809-815 ww), mamamisi – Teodore,
marTlmadidebeli aRmsarebeli, romelsac devnidnen
xatmebrZoli imperatoris – konstantine kopronimis (740-775 ww.)
dros, gadasaxlebaSi gardaicvala. deda, evdokia gadasaxlebidan
dabrunebis Semdeg monazvnad aRikveca. nikifore imperator
leon VI-is (775-780 ww.) mrCevlad dainiSna. leonis gardacvalebis
Semdeg imperatorma konstantine VI-m (780-797 ww.) da dedamisma wm.
irinam moiwvies saeklesio kreba (787 w), romelzedac nikiforem
imperatoris saxeliT warmoTqva sityva xatTayvaniscemis
dasacavad. krebis Semdeg nikifore kidev ramdenime weli
msaxurobda imperatoris karze, Semdeg ki bosforis midamoebSi
ganmartovda, daafuZna monasteri da Seudga mkacr asketur
cxovrebas. patriarq tarasis gardacvalebis Semdeg (806 w.)

igi jer mRvdlad akurTxes, xolo 809 wels patriarqis taxtze
aiyvanes. xatmebrZoli imperatoris, leon somexis (813-820 ww.)
dros isev daiwyo xatTayvanismcemelTa devna. imperatorma
xatmebrZolebi gadasaxlebidan daabruna da moiwvia saeklesio
kreba diskusiisaTvis. nikiforem uari ganacxada diskusiaze,
radgan msoflio saeklesio krebis mier es sakiTxi ukve
gadawyvetili iyo. mwvalebelTa krebam nikifore gankveTa da
gadaasaxla. gardaicvala 828 wels. 843 wlis saeklesio krebam
aRadgina xatTayvaniscema. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
nikoni (1605-1681 ww.)

ruseTis saeklesio-politikuri moRvawe, ruseTis patriarqi,
19 wlisa mRvdlad akurTxes, xolo 35 wlisa monazvnad
aRikveca. 1648 w. gaxda novgorodis mitropoliti, xolo 1652
w. – patriarqi. 1653 wels daiwyo saeklesio reforma, romelic
miznad isaxavda eklesiis centralizacias, wesebis unifikacias
berZnuli nimuSebis mixedviT. reformas ganxeTqileba mohyva.
nikoni aqtiurad ereoda politikur cxovrebaSi, ris gamoc
daupirispirda mefes. 1658 w. man miatova sapatriarqo da
dafuZnda mis mier daarsebul novo-ierusalimis monasterSi.
1666-1667 ww. saeklesio krebam igi gadaayena. nikoni belozerskis
monasterSi gadaasaxles. gardaicvala 1681 w.
nilos soreli (nikolai maikovi) (daaxloebiT 1433-1508 ww.) –
saeklesio moRvawe, beri, isixazmis mimdevari, upovarTa
(àramomxveWelTa») mimdinareobis meTauri; berad aRikveca
Rirsi kirile belozerskis monasterSi. imogzaura palestinasa
da aTonis mTaze, Seiswavla iqauri ber-monazvnuri cxovreba.
ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg daeyuda mdinare soris (vologdis
mxare) napirze. male aq monasterSi dafuZnda. nilosi ber-
monazvnebisgan moiTxovda piradi SromiT Tavis rCenas da
ewinaaRmdegeboda saeklesio-samonastro miwaTmflobelobas.
monawileobda ruseTis eklesiis 1490 da 1503 wlebis krebebSi.
o
origene (daaxl. 185-253/54 ww.)
qristiani Teologi da folosofosi, adreuli patristikis
warmomadgeneli, qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis pirveli
(nikeamdeli) dogmaturi sistemis Semqmneli, mecnieruli
qristianuli teqstologiis fuZemdebeli, mravali saRvTismety
velo, bibliologiuri, egzegeturi Sromis avtori. mexuTe
saeklesio krebam eresad gamoacxada origenes swavleba wm.
samebis pirTa Zalebis gansxvavebis, Sesaqmis maradiulobisa da
sayovelTao cxonebis mtkicebis gamo.
osia kordubeli (256-359 ww.)

kordubis (igive – kordoba, espaneTi) episkoposi, aRmsarebeli
maqsimianes dros; fiqroben, rom imperatori konstantine
swored misi gavleniT moinaTla. imperator konstantines
erT-erTi mrCeveli, imperatoris wargzavnili aleqsandriaSi
arianul eresTan dakavSirebiT. misi idea iyo pirveli msoflio
krebis mowveva. pirveli msoflio krebis erT-erTi aqtiuri
monawile da krebis Tavmjdomare, nikeis sarwmunoebis simbolos
Tanaavtori; gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT termin èrTarsis~
(`Tanaarsis~) krebisaTvis SeTavazeba konstantines swored osiam
(wm. aTanase didTan SeTanxmebiT) STaagona. osia mTeli cxovreba
wm. aTanase didis gulmxurvale damcveli iyo, maT Soris,
aTanases mdevneli imperatoris winaSe. sirmiumSi yofnisas
arianelebisagan momdinare sikvdilis muqaris Sedegad osiam
dauSva, rom mama RmerTi metia Ze RmerTze, magram Tavis eparqiaSi
dabrunebisTanave uaryo es azri da erTaderT WeSmarit rwmenad
nikeis simbolo aRiara. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
p
pavle mociquli (? – 67 w.)
qristes erT-erTi udidesi mociquli da ganmanaTlebeli. petre
mociqulTan erTad iwodeba `mociqulTa Tavad.~ pavle daibada
kilikiis tarsusSi, warCinebuli ebraelis ojaxSi. moqcevamde

ewodeboda savle. ekuTvnoda farisevelTa sarwmuneobriv
mimdinareobas. saRvTismetyvelo ganaTleba miiRo ierusalimSi
farisevelgamalielisskolaSi.aqtiuradmonawileobdaqristianTa
devnaSi. Semdeg damaskoSi gzad mimavals gamoecxada qriste da
igi damaskoSi misvlis Semdeg mociqulma (samocdaaTgan) ananiam
monaTla. qristianobis saqadageblad ramdenjerme imogzaura
xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebSi, daaarsa uamravi eklesia, 51 wels
monawileoba miiRo mociqulTa krebaSi ierusalimSi. mowameobrivad
aResrula romSi 67 w., imperator neronis dros. misi 14 epistole
(ZvelqarTulad `pavleni~) Sedis axal aRTqmaSi.
paisi veliCkovski (1722-1794 ww.)

marTlmadidebeli beri, erT-erTi monastris (moldovaSi)
arqimandriti. isaak asuris, Teodore studielis, grigol palamas,
maqsime aRmsareblis Sromebis mTargmneli. kanonizebulia rusuli
eklesiis mier (1988 w.).
parmenide
Zveli berZeni filosofosi, eleelTa skolis (ayvavebis xana –
504-501 ww. Cvens welTaRricxvamde) fuZemdebeli.
paxomi didi (daaxl. 290-346 ww.)

qristiani beri. daibada warCinebuli warmarTis ojaxSi. anton
didTan, makari egviptelTan da efTvime didTan erTad iyo
egviptis monazvnobis fuZemdebeli da burji. moRvaweobda
Tebes udabnoSi. pirvelad daaarsa saerTo sacxovreblis mqone
monasteri da Seqmna mkacri samonastro wesdeba (tipikoni).
pelagiosi
IV-V ss. britaneli monazoni, eresiarqi, romelmac saTave daudo
mwvaleblobas – pelagianobas. italiaSi Cavida mexuTe saukunis
dasawyisSi. pelagiosi uaryofda saRmrTo madls. 411 wlidan
samoRvaweod gadavida afrikasa da palestinaSi. karTagenis

saeklesio krebam igi mwvaleblobaSi amxila da eklesiidan
gankveTa. erTxans pelagiosma moaxerxa Tavis gamarTleba, magram
imperator honoriusis brZanebiT misi moZRvreba uaryves (418 wels)
da damtkicda misi gankveTa eklesiidan. pelagiosi aRmosavleTSi
darCa da male gardaicvala. mis moZRvrebas ki mtkiced icavda
ramdenime italieli episkoposi. efesos mesame msoflio krebaze
(431 w.) pelagianoba dagmes da mwvaleblobad gamoacxades.
petre mociquli
qristes mociqulTa Tavi pavle mociqulTan erTad, macxovris
uaxloesi mowafe, andria mociqulis Zma, warmoSobiT galileveli,
meTevze ionas Svili beTsaididan (meTevzeTa qalaqi genesareTis
tbis napirze). macxovris amaRlebidan daaxloebiT aTi wlis
manZilze qadagebda ierusalimsa da palestinaSi, iudeasa
da galileaSi. ierusalimis sapyrobiledan saswaulebrivad
gaTavisuflebis Semdeg gaemgzavra romSi. 49 wels igi kvlav
ierusalimSi dabrunda da 51 wels daeswro mociqulTa krebas.
Semdeg gaemgzavra antioqiaSi da iq damkvidrda. petre iTvleba
antioqiis eklesiis damfuZneblad da pirvel episkoposad. 67
wels imperator neronis mmarTvelobisas petre romSi Seipyres
da awames. petre iTvleba romis pirvel episkoposad. petres ori
kaTolike epistole Sedis axal aRTqmaSi.
platoni (Zv. w. 428/427-348/347 ww.)

berZeni filosofosi, obieqturi idealizmis klasikosi,
sokrates mowafe, aristoteles maswavlebeli, filosofiuri
skolis – akademiis (platonis akademiis) damaarsebeli (akademia
daixura 529 wels iustiniane I-is ediqtiT). umTavresi Sromebi:
`sokrates apologia,~ `fedoni,~ `nadimi,~ `fedra,~ `saxelmwifo,~
`Teeteti,~ `timeosi,~ `parmenide,~ `sofisti.~
pleToni (giorgi gemistos pleToni) (daaxl. 1355 -1452 ww.)

bizantieli filosofosi-platonikosi, swavluli da saxelmwifo
moRvawe. SeimuSava bizantiis imperiis politikuri reformis

proeqti, romelsac, misi azriT, krizisidan unda gamoeyvana
imperia. avtori universaluri religiuri sistemisa, romelic
upirispirdeboda qristianobas da Tanxvdeboda berZnul-
romaul warmarTobas. florenciis uniaturi krebis monawile.
florenciaSi daafuZna platonis akademia.
plotini (daaxl. 204/205 - 269/270 ww.)

Zveli berZeni folosofosi, neoplatonizmis fuZemdebeli.
plotinis Sromebi (èneadebad~ wodebuli) gamosca misma
mowafem porfiriusma. plotinma udidesi gavlena moaxdina Sua
saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqis filosofiaze, germanul
klasikur idealizmze.
polikarpe smirneli (daaxl. 80-167 ww.)

wm. mRvdelmowame, smirnis episkoposi, wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis
(mociqulis) mowafe. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
prokle (410-485 ww.)

warmarTi filosofosi, antikuri neoplatonizmis ukanaskneli didi
warmomadgeneli, aTenis neoplatonuri skolis meTauri sirianes
Semdeg. uaryofda RmerTis Tavisufal nebas, aRiarebda samyaros
maradiulobas. ioane petriwma Targmna prokles umTavresi naSromi
`kavSirni RvTismetyvelebiTni~ da komentarebi daurTo mas.
r
romanoz tkbiladmgalobeli (melodosi) (me-5 saukunis
bolo – daaxl. 560 w.)
warmoSobiT sirieli ebraeli, saeklesio himnografi, beri,
bizantiuri ritmuli sasuliero poeziis saukeTeso warmomad
geneli. romanozis sagaloblebi dakavSirebulia Zveli da
axali aRTqmis wignebTan, sauflo dResaswaulTa da wmindanTa
mosaxseneblebTan. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
s
saba ganwmendili (? – 532 w.)
didi palestineli monazoni, ierusalimis sabawmindis lavris
damaarsebeli da winamZRvari. daibada V s.-is II naxevarSi
kapadokiaSi, qristiani mSoblebis ojaxSi. 17 wlis asakSi monazvnad
aRikveca. 473 wlidan damkvidrda gerasime iordanelis (+575 w.)
lavris axlos. masTan Tavi moiyara bevrma monazonma. ase Caeyara
safuZveli lavras. daarsebis dRidanve sabawmindis lavraSi
qarTveli berebic moRvaweobdnen. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
saba serbeli (rastko, rostislav) (1169-1237 ww.)

serbeTis pirveli mTavarepiskoposi (1219 wlidan). 18 wlis asakSi
aTonis mTaze berad aRikveca, ganaaxla xilendaris monasteri,
romelic Sua saukuneebSi serbuli kulturis centri gaxda.
1208 wlidan serbeTSi moRvaweobda, rogorc studenicis
monastris arqimandriti, 1219 wels miaRwia serbeTis eklesiis
damoukideblobas (avtokefalurobas) da gaxda misi pirveli
mTavarepiskoposi; kanonizebulia me-13 saukunis Sua wlebSi.
iTvleba serbeTis mfarvel wmindanad.
serafime saroveli (proxore moSnini) (1754/1759-1833 ww.)

sarovis udabnos (tambovis gubernia) morCili, Semdeg monazoni,
1793 wlidan mRvdelmonazoni, 1794-1810 wlebSi gandegili. 1810
wlidan daeyuda monasterSi, saidanac gamovida 1820 wels da
daiwyo morwmuneTa miReba. monawileobda serafimo-diveevos
monastris mSeneblobaSi. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
sergi
konstantinopolis patriarqi 610-638 ww. imperator
herakliosTan daaxloebuli piri. imperatoris aryofnisas
marTavda imperias. eretikos-monoTeliti. monofizitebis
Semorigebis mizniT Camoayaliba swavleba ieso qristes
ori bunebisa da erTi nebis Sesaxeb, rac safuZvlad daedo
monoTelitobis eress. SeaCvena VI msoflio krebam.
sergi radoneJeli (barTlome kiriloviCi) (1314-1392 ww.)

saeklesio da saxelmwifo moRvawe, damaarsebeli da iRumeni
wminda samebis lavrisa (sergis wminda samebis lavra, sadac
daiwera Rirsi andria rubliovis wminda samebis xati), romelSic
SemoiRo ber-monazonTa saerTo sacxovreblis tipikoni.
dimitri donelis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli politikis
sulisCamdgmeli. kanonizebulia ruseTis eklesiis mier.
svimeon axali RvTismetyveli (949-1022 ww.)

daibada paflagoniaSi, ganaTleba miiRo konstantinopolis
saimperatoro karze da daaxloebuli iyo imperatorebTan –
basilTan da konstantinesTan. oci wlis asakSi datova samefo kari da
studionis monasterSi damkvidrda, sadac daiwyo mkacri asketuri
cxovreba svimeon moSiSis xelmZRvanelobiT. Semdeg gadavida wminda
mamantis saxelobis monasterSi. svimeon moSiSis gardacvalebis
Semdeg mas Tayvans scemda rogorc wmindans, ris gamoc idevneboda.
svimeoni dasaxlda Tavisi erT-erTi mowafis mamulSi, sadac moawyo
savane. aq igi moRvaweobda 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi da aResrula 1022
wels. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
sofron ierusalimeli
ierusalimis patriarqi 634-644 ww., saeklesio mwerali da
himnografi. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
stefane
bizantiis imperator leon VI-is Zma, romelic 19 wlis asakSi
akurTxes konstantinopolis patriarqad.
stefane diakvani (pirvelmowame)

samocdaaT mociqulTagani, mociqulebis mier xeldasxmul Svidi
diakvnidan erT-erTi, ierusalimis eklesiis arqidiakoni da
pirveli qristiani mowame pirvel saukuneSi.
t
tarasi konstantinepoleli (? – 806 w.)
konstantinopolis patriarqi 784-806 ww., warmoSobiT didgvarovani,
patriarqobamde iyo senatori imperator konstantine
porfirogenetis (780-797 ww.) mefobisas. patriarqis taxtidan
gadamdgari pavles rCeviT imperatorisa da misi dedis, dedofal
irines TxovniT tarasi monazvnad aRikveca da yvela saeklesio
ierarqiuli safexuris gavlis Semdeg patriarqad ekurTxa. misi
TavmjdomareobiT Catarda meSvide msoflio saeklesio kreba,
romelmac aRadgina xatTTayvaniscema. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
tertuliane (daaxl. 160 – 220 ww.)

II-III saukunis RvTismetyveli; axalgazrdobaSi miiRo iuridiuli
ganaTleba. 195 wels gaqristianda da karTagenSi mRvdlad
akurTxes. daaxloebiT 202 wels ganudga eklesias da miemxro
montanizms, romlis erTguli darCa bolomde. tertulianem
SemoiRo bevri saRvTismetyvelo termini.
u
ulfila goTi (311 - 383 ww.)
arianeli episkoposi, goTebis ganmanaTlebeli, goTuri
alfavitis Semqmneli, wminda werilis goTurad mTargmneli.
uspenski Teodore (1845 – 1928 ww.)

rusi istorikos-bizantinisti, avtori fundamenturi monografiisa –
`bizantiis imperiis istoria~ (xuT tomad).
f
filareti (vasil drozdovi) (1782-1867 ww)
RvTismetyveli, 1826 wlidan moskovisa da kolomenskis
mitropoliti, 1812 wlidan peterburgis sasuliero akademiis
reqtori, avtori katexizmosi, bibliuri teqstebis mTargmneli
da ganmmartebeli, mqadagebeli, imperator aleqsandre II-

is TxovniT batonymobis gauqmebis manifestis (19.02.1961 w.)
Semdgeneli. kanonizebulia ruseTis eklesiis mier.
filipe mociquli
Tormet mociqulTagan erT-erTi, galileis beTsaididan. qristes
amaRlebis Semdeg qadagebda galileaSi, saberZneTSi, parTiaSi,
siriaSi, mcire aziaSi, frigiaSi. jvars acves frigiis qalaq
ierapolSi.
filoni (Zv. w. 25 w. – ax. w. 50 w.)

aleqsandrieli filosofosi, iudeveli Teologi. iudaizms
akavSirebda berZnul filosofiasTan. Zveli aRTqmis ganmartebisas
filoni mimarTavda alegoriul meTods, romelmac didi gavlena
iqonia klimenti aleqsandrielis, origenesa da sxva RvTismetyvelTa
Sromebze, aseve Sua saukuneebis kulturaze.
florovski giorgi vasilis Ze (1893-1979 w.)

marTlmadidebeli RvTismetyveli da istorikosi, mRvdeli (1932
wlidan).1920wlidanemigraciaSia,parizSirusulimarTlmadidebeli
saRvTismetyvelo institutis profesori (1926 wlidan), 1948-1955
ww.-Si – niu-iorkSi wminda vladimeris marTlmadidebeli seimariis
profesori (1951 wlidan – dekani), harvardis universitetis
profesori (1956 wlidan), prinstonis universitetis profesori
(1964 wlidan). avtori Sromebisa patristikasa da bizantiur
RvTismetyvelebaSi (èklesiis aRmosavleli mamebi~ da sxva), agreTve
Sromisa `gzani rusuli RvTismetyvelebisa~ (1937 w.).
fotiosi (daaxloebiT 810 - 890 ww.)

konstantinopolis patriarqi 858-867 ww. da meored 878-886 ww.
gamoCenili mRvdelmTavari da saeklesio mwerali, avtori bevri
originaluri da kompilaciuri saRvTismetyvelo Sromebisa.
mamamisi wm. tarasis (konstantinopolis patriarqi, +806 w.) naTesavi
iyo. misi xelmZRvanelobiT konstantinopolis 879-880 w. krebam
(romelic zogierT bizntiur wyaroSi merve msoflio krebad

iwodeba) dagmo 869 w. krebis (wm. egnates patriarqobis dros) mier
romis eklesiis iZulebiT miRebuli suliwmindis gamomavlobis
kaTolikuri formula (suliwmindis gamomavloba Zisaganac) da
romis papis primatoba. garda amisa, krebam sabolood gadawyvita
bulgareTis eklesiis konstantinopolis kaTedrisadmi
daqvemdebarebis sakiTxi. kanonizebulia eklesiis mier.
h
harnaki adolf (1854-1930 ww.)
germaneli Teologi. avtori Sromebisa – `dogmebis istoria~ (sam
tomad), Zveli qristianuli literaturis istoria evsebiosamde~ (sam
tomad), `qristianobis arsi~, `monazvnoba, misi idealebi da istoria.~
hilarios piktavieli (?–367 w.)
saeklesio moRvawe da RvTismetyveli, q. piktaviis (amJamindeli q.
puatie, safrangeTi) episkoposi (353 w.-dan), dasavleTis eklesiis
maswavlebeli. aTanase didTan erTad ebrZoda arianelobas
(risTvisac ewoda dasavleTis aTanase). didi wvlili Seitana
laTinuri saRvTismetyvelo terminologiis CamoyalibebaSi.

შმემანი - მართლმადიდებლობის ისტორიული გზა 2011 (Zoidze-Sakvarelidze) PDF

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ПРОТОИЕРЕЙ

© Smemani aleqsandre, protopresviteri

Протопресвитер Александр Шмеман

© Шмеман Александр, Протоиерей

me-20 saukunis didi saeklesio moRvawisa da marTlmadidebeli

1 v. soloviovis leqsidan `Бедный друг, истомил тебя путь…~

ZiriTad teqstSi moxseniebuli yvela geografiuli (mag. optis

mkiTxvels vTxovT Sendobas uneblie SecdomebisaTvis.

aleqsandre dimitris Ze Smemani

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis didi moRvawe da RvTismetyveli,

qadagebda radio `Tavisuflebis~ rusul redaqciaSi (sami

Tavi 1. eklesiis dasawyisi

Tavi 2. devnili eklesia

Tavi 3. qristianobis gamarjveba

Tavi 4. msoflio krebebis epoqa

Tavi 6. bneli saukuneebi

Tavi 7. rusuli marTlmadidebloba

geografiul da istoriul saxelTa leqsikoni

mcire biografiuli leqsikoni

Tavi 1. eklesiis dasawyisi

eklesiis istoriis pirvel wlebze, sawyis movlenebze

ramac SemdegSi axali aRTqmis wigni Seadgina. axali aRTqmis yvela

arsebul civilizaciaTa Soris udidesi, ram gardaqmna samyaro

iyo misi Zalaufleba da Zalmosileba, romliTac igi utevebda

Tavis Zalauflebasa da Zalmosilebas, romelSic misi cxovreba

iudevelobis SigniT pawia seqta – zedapirulad ase SeiZleba

mesiasTan TavianTi sisxlismieri Zmebis miyvanaSi isini xedavdnen

mogviTxrobs, rom adgilobrivi ierusalimuri tradiciis

istorikosebs eCvenebodaT, rom mxolod mogvianebiT berZnul-

berZnuladaa Sedgenili, mas uwodebs `ekklesia~-s – eklesias.

qristianis wyalSi liturgiuli STaflva, rac aResruleba

yvelasaTvis. pirvelqristianobis gamocdilebaSi eklesia aris

bunebriv dRed, aucilebel Sesvenebad samuSao kviriakeSi. magram

am Tems, rogorc erTgvar aramkacrad organizebul,

– da es iyo `suli sicocxlisa¡~24, xSirad upirispirebdnen

erTaderTi, Seudarebeli avtoritetis sawyisi. maTi meSveobiT

uxsnis sulTmofenobis arss, pasuxobs iudevel mmarTvelebs

28 ix. saqme, 5:1-11.

mociqulebi gansazRvraven arCevis pirobebs; saWiroa, rom

wavlen, xolo adgilobrivi ierarqia darCeba yovel adgilze,

axla davsvaT kiTxva: rogoriRa iyo am TemisaTvis cxovrebis

miiCnevs. siyvaruli, romliTac RmerTma ise Seiyvara es sofeli,

eklesiaSi, mocemulia am qveynisadmi axali damokidebulebac,

ai, eklesiis saxe, romelic Semogvinaxa eklesiis yvelaze

iudeur religiur xelisuflebasTan konfliqti mociqulTa

ipovneT~39. mociqulTa saqmis avtori yovelTvis atarebs misTvis

`iyo mas dResa Sina devnuleba¡ didi eklesiaTa maT zeda,

Tavisi arsiT swored ze-iudevelobis42, eklesiis sayovelTao

42 igulisxmeba iudevelobis farglebs gareT gasvla.

mociqulTagan aravisze mouRwevia Cvenamde imden cnobas,

mkvlelobas. vxedavT SemdegSi, `ganrisxebuls~, `savses gulis

qristianobis Sesakrebels da Tavis epistoleebSi mudmivad

qalaqebis ebraul koloniebSi isini afuZnebdnen Temebs. magram

Jamsaa dawerili), mogvianebiT ufro `akademiurad~ romaelTa

SeerTebiT, adamianma miiRo qristes sicocxle, daZlia

`pirveli-igi warxda, aha esera iqmna yoveli axali~ (2 korinT.

gadawyvetas. es gadawyvetileba axla ukve `oficialurad~

adamianisaTvis, romelTac ase mimarTavs: `Svilno Cemno,

sazrunavi – yvelaferi arsebobs mxolod imisaTvis, rom Cven

Tavi 2. devnili eklesia

qriste iSva maSin, roca `avgustusi erTmTavrobda qveyanaze~:

es sityvebi garkveulwilad xom ar miemarTeba im samyarosac,

visac surda kulturasTan ziareba, berZnul enaze wers mociquli