I

H.

C.-EETEPEYPrTB.
Tnnorpa(|)iH M. M. CTACIOJIBBHHA, Bac. Corp., 5 JIHH., 28.

1900
 SAMfc^EHHHS IIOrPlilllHOCTH.

7 ctp., 13 cipOKa cHH3y, nponymeno: SJECB BT> 493 r. OHH ocHoeanH CBOG
KOpOJieBCTBO.
137 cip., 7 cipoKa CHH3y, BM. X H XI, HyatHo XI H XII.
13 cip., 4 cipoKa CBepxy, BM. 1353, nyKHO 1357.
'

140 cip., 4 cipOKa CHHsy H 179 cip., 5 cxpOKa csepxy, BM. XIII, nyatHO XI.
 OrJIABJIEHIE.

A.

CTPAH.
.' Ill V
I. Pacnafleme PHMCKOS HMnepiH H BuctynjieHie repMancKHxii Hapo-
.HOBI 1
II. BucTynjieHie apadosi H o6pa30Baeie MycyjBMaHCKaro Mipa .... 33
III. Moaapxia Kapaa BejHKaro . 47
IV. $eoAaaH3Mi, 55
V. PasjvBJieHie nepKBefi H BHcrynjieHie MaBflBCKHXi) Hapo^ost. ... 73
VI. KpecTOBtie noxo^H 95
VII. Hepexofli ort cpe^eaxt siKOBt K-B HOBOMy speiieHH 137
'

VIIL Cpe^BeBtKOBaa Kyjitxypa 178

ia (ct OT^JIBHHM'I, orjaBieHieMi BI odmem aaroiOBK'fe 3Tiix'b

205

B.

OTHomeHia cpe^HHx-& BiKOB-B, rap. 110, 39 41, 4751,

7378, 95107, 137141, (157159), 180183.
H,epKOBHHa OTBOinema cpe.nnHX'B BiKOB-Bt a) do paadnjiemn iteptteeu, cip.
10 20, 41 45, 5455, 7880; b) nocjvn> pasdnAenin v/epneeii, crp. 8085,
107117, 141152.
06m,ia iepTH iiciopiw aanaAao-eBponegcKiix-B napOAOB'B, cip. 2023, 5254,
55-68, 117122, 152155, 190204.
06tn,ia qepiti iiCTOpin cjaBflHCKiixi BapOAOB-B, cip. 8789,9091,135136,
170171, 186-187.
MycyjiBMaHCKiii Mipi, cip. 3341, 7778, 138141, 187190.
AHoia, cip. 26, 124131, Ibl 165.
Bojrapia, cip. 8990 H 171.
 - VIII

Bearpia, cip. 94-95, 171172.

,
cip.2732, 4546, 8687, 169170, 183186.
(CT> 843 r.), cip. 70-72, 131134, 165169.

Hia-iia, cip. 79, 45, 48-49, 6970, 72, 96-97, 113114, 115116, 153,
180182.
noJiBina, cip. 9194, 173177.
$pamua, cip. 2325, 5254, 6869, 122124, 155161.
^lexia, cip. 91, 136, 191, 144146, 148149, 172-173.

K A P T LI.

Ta6inua
 TJIABA I.

Pacnaflenie PHMCKOH HMnepin H BticTynjieHie repnan-

CKHXT,

I. MejKAyHapcwiHH OTHOinenia ( 1 14).

II. IJepKOBHHa OTHOinema ( 15 27).
III. BnyxpeHHaa ncxopia BapsapcKHxi rocyjapciBt. 06maa xapaKxepncxHica.
28 31). $paHKCKaa Mcmapxia ( 32 33) H anrjio-caKCOHCKoe rocy^apcTBO
34-37).
IV. BH/ipeHHaa HCTOpia BHsaHiiH ( 37 44).

1* iKHBIUHX-B PiiMCKaa HM-

/I,peBHflfl HCTOplfl HapOAOB-B, BOKpyrt CpeAH36M-
naro Mopfl, saseprnHJiacb o6j>edunenieMb UXK at oduo ipomadnoe 10-
]

cydapcmeo PuMcnyw umnepm

), KOiopaa cnycia
CTO ji-feTi nocjii
P. X. saHHMajia npocxpaHCTBO npn6jiH3HTejibHO Mea:j;y 10 H 60
BOCTOIHOH .HOJirOTH H MeZK^Y 30 H 50 C-feBepHOH IHHpOTH. El> CO-
cxaBi, 9xoro rocyAapciBa BXO^HJIH caMHfl cxapBia KyjiBiypHBifl cipaHti,
KaKOBti ErHnex-B, $HHHKia, IlajiecTHHa H
T. n., H SCMJIH, npio6-
in,HBiniaca KI> HCiopHHecKOH SIHSHH, .nunt 6,iaroAapa PHMCKHMI. sa-
BoeBaHiaMTj. HepBEia cocTaBjra.TH eocmonnyio nojioeuuy UMnepiu,
BiopBia sanaduyw. Co BpeneHTb MaKe,a;oHCKaro saBoeBania cxapne
BOCToqHLie Hapo^u no^HHHJiHCb cHJibHOMy BjiaHiio rpe^ecKOH o6pa-
SOBaHHOCTH (d.MUHUSMt), -
1TO BLIpaSHJOCB MCH^y npO^HMl H Bt
pacnpocxpaneHiH rpeiecKaro aatiKa cpe^a 3THxi> Hapo^OBi), i-or^a
B-L sana^HOH HOJIOBHH'B HMnepin BOCTOpatecTBOBajo PHMCKOC
(pOMauu3ait,ifi), H ^.aate npOHcxo^HJio BBiT'ECHenie M-BCT-
Hapiqifi npOCTOHapOAHLIM & JiaTHHCKHMl) aSBIKOM'B, HS'B KOTO-
r
HBIXl,

paro noiOMt H oSpasoBajracb HOBtie pOMancme asiiKH. TaKHMi,

o6pa30Mi> nojiumuuecKu edunan PnMCKaa HMnepia C'B caMaro Ha-
Ky.nmypnoMi omnoweniu Ha
l
ia.ia pa:5;vkia.iacB <?a

') CM. Kapiy I.

(TE,IHfl HCTOPM.
 HBIH BOCTOK/B H pOMaHHSHpOBaHHHH 3ana^t, H 9TO OOVfOaieJIBCTBO
BecbMa BaiKHoe sHaienie ^IH scero flaaLfrBfiniaro xo^a Bce-
HCTOpiH. FpaHHua Meat^y OS-EHMH no.iOBHHaMH HMnepin
npH()JiH3HTeJiBHO no 37 BOCTOIHOH AOJiroTBi, Meat^y O^OHMH
u,eHTpajiBHBiMH nojiyocipOBaMH CpejjHseMHaro Mopa, Fpeuieft H I'h-a-

KOTOpBix'B H BBiiMO o6 Be,n;HHeHie

f

lieH, HST, .upeBHaro Mipa rpeqe-

CKOIO odpasoBaHHOCibK) H PHMCKOH) rocyAapciBeHHOCT&io.
2*. BTB cociaBi) PHMCKOH HMnepin BOUIJIH Hapo^H, HST. KOTO-
CHaiajia CBOK) oco6yio pejiHriio, HO
OOT,eAHHeHlC v
PHMCKOH HM- HOCTOflHBarO KyJIbTypHarO BSaHMOATBHCTBlfl Me^K^y p6JIHri03HBIMH BTB-
poBaeflMH pasHtixx HapOAOB-L npoHCxoAHJio c-iHateme H ^ae ea-
CM-Biiieme (cuHKpemttsm) STHX^ B-fepoBaHitt BI H^KOiopoe no-
o6meH pejinriH rpeKO-pnMCKoe flsuqecTBO, CMJILHO npOHHK-
meecfl npe^ciaBJieHiflMH BOCTOIHHXI, KyjiBTOB-L. Maao-no-Majy, o^naKO,
cxapLie asBiqecKie Ky.iLTBi SHJIH ebimncueuu noeoto pejiuiiew xpu-
cmiancmeoMv, BOSHHKIHHM^ B-B O^HOM-B HS'B oi^a.ieHHHX'B yroJKOB^

HMnepin. B'L nepBBie Tpn B'fiKa csoero cymeciBOBania

pejinria, UMnewafi y&ce ue ucmiouaMmiu, a yuueepcaMmiu
noABepra^acB jRecTOKHM'B roHeHiaMi> co ciopOHBi Bjra-
CTeii H asBiqecKaro oSmecxBa, HO B-B IV B. ona BOCTOpateciBOBaja

Ha#i fl3BiiectBOMi, H xpUcmioucmdO cdrbJiajioc'b locydapcmeenuou pe-

miieu PUMCKOU uMnepiu. Em,e BI caMOMi* Haia.ii OTAfeBHBia ofimHHLi
HOBaro pejiHriosHaro ygenia cxajiH cKjaABisaTBca BI
pacnpocTpanHBrnyioca no BC-BMI> o6jia-
ciaMi> HMnepin H nojryiHBniyio HassaHie eceMHCKOu weptmt. Bx IV B.

cym;ecTBOBaHie STOH opraHHsanin ^HJIO npHsnano PHMCKHM-B rocy-

^apCTBOMi,. 6.iaroAapa qeaiy nojiHTHiecKoe
Mipa, coBepuiOHHoe PHMOMX, ^OHOJIKHJIOCB
r

HBIM-B, C03Ji;aHHBIM B XpHCTiaHCKOK) !J,epKOBBK). JQBHBfflHCB, KaKT>

oo'meiejiOB'EqecKaa,xpHCTianciBO nponoBijtoBajiocB, o^naKO,
HBIMX napo^aMi na HX% HSBiKaxx, HO xaKi KaKi ET> CMBIC.I'B pac-
npocTpaneHHOCTH HH O^HHX asBiKi) He MOFI. conepHHiaxB ci rpe-
leCKHM-B H .laTHHCKHMI), TO Ha nepBHX-B Y^te nOpaXI, H 67> Ca.Mfi.Ml,
xpucmiaHCmerb ofipasoecuioc'b mwomopoe pas^unie Mewdy ipene-
CKUMZ BocmoKOMt u puMCKUMT) 3anadoMz.
3. OCHOBHOH (JjaKT-B Ky.iBTypnaro pacna^eHia HMnepin Ha rpe-
1';: M'AHneme H qHCTO-DHMCKyK) HOJIOBHHBI BBlpaSHJICH H BX TOM1>,
^eCKYK)
J J
BocTosa M 3a- .

CT> xeqenieMi) BpeMenn npOHsonuio pasorb^eme CHma.m

UMnepiu a nomoMr, u ece.ieHCKOu i^epneu HO, eocmouHyw u sanad-
,

uyw. IlepBoe oinocHTca K^ KOHn,y IV B. no P. X. (395), Biopoe

TOJIBKO K-B cepe^HH-B IX B. Cy^Bda o6'BHxi nojOBHH-B HMnepm
6HJia pasnaa. 3ana,a;Haa PnMCKaa HMnepia najia yace BO Biopofl no.io-
mini; V H. (476). BocioqHaa ate )iepe.Hcu.?a ee nonmu ua mucmy
.ut.nro no^i. HOBLIMT. HasBameMTE, HMnepin BusanmiucKOu. Bi, espo-
neHCKHX-b npOBHHuiax'b sana^HOH IIO.IOBHHBI HMnepin o6pa30Ba.iHCb
Hoeun locydapcmea, ocHoeanmiH pasmiMU lepMducKUMU
paBHO Haiti, H HiiKOTOpBia GBponeHCKm oftiacTH BnsaHTiHCKOH
fiw.TH saHHTH uapoddMu cAdemcKdio npoucxowcdemH, Koxoptie mate

ycipoii.iH 3A^cb CBOH rocy^apcTBa. Kairb ^epMaH^LI, Tanx H cja-

BflHe npHHHJH XpHCTiaHCTBO, HO Bl TO BpCMH, KaK-L nepBHC npH-
HKAia.iH ero HS'B PuMa, BiopEie 6o.ibmeK) yacTBK) HS'B BHsaHTin.
!
Bcero 9ioro BI EBponi oSpasoBaJiocb B'L cpe^nie B'BKa )
Mipa: ipeno-CJiaeHHCKiu npaeoc-iaenuu BocmoK<>
H poMdHO-iepMaucKiu mmojiuuecKiu Sanadz.
Hanaro ofipasoeaniH leprndHcnuxi locyddpcme* omnocumcH KO
I'd.. c.iaemcKifi we locyddpcmea opiauuaywmcH WIOMKO ez cmo- IX
.mmiu. (Bt npOMeatyTK^ neatly BTHMH .nsyMfl 9noxaMH, BI> VII B.,

coBepmH.iocb saBoeBanie 6o.iBnieii qacra asiaiCKHxi. H

KancKuxi, npOBHHi^iii HMnepin apa^ann, yxBep^HBniHMH
pejinriio HCJiaM't).
re P M a H "
4. CT. repMani^aMH, KOTOPHMI> cyat^HO 6ujio paspyniHib 3a-
iiMnepiro, pHMJiaHe nosHaKOMHJHCb BnepBbie em,e
PHMCKyio
Bl KOHIJ'E^0 P. X. (ct KHMBpaMH H TCBTOHaMH) H BT, 9HOXy
II B.

^aBoeBania FaoiH IJesapeMTb (co CBeBaMn). IlepBbifl ciuiKHOBenifl

Pujia C'brepManuaMH CHJIH nucmo eoennufi, HO Kor^a HMnepaiopLi
p'BnjeHia rpaHHi^t HMnepiH nociponjiH na Penni H
r

pa^i. ropOji,OB b, TO Majio-no-Majy repMannbi, atHBmie

K-L BOCTOKy H C'BBCpy OT'L BTHX'b p-BKI), CTaJH HO^qKHflTbCfl H Kl)M-
eMHuiw PnMa. Hacejreme 6:iHaiaHmHX'b K^ HMnepin qacieft
noABeprjiocb ^aate H-BKOTOPOH pOManH3an;iH. FepMaHnH BCTy-
na.iH HHor^a B-B cotOBHHiecKifl OTHOmema KI, HMnepin H ,a;aa;e ne-

nepecejiHJiHCb norpaHHMutifl o6jraciH HMnepiH H pasM^ma-

BI,

eaz^y piiMjanaMH ci oSasaHHOcibio 3ain,Hin,aTb HXI OTT> BTOp-

CBOHXI. ate conjreMeHHHKOB'b. FjiaBUbiMH sanaxiaMH repManrjeBi
()LI.1H CKOTOBO^CTBO H OXOia, HO OHH (5LLTH 3HaKOMH VatC H C'B SCMJie^'B-

Koxopoe no.p. PHMCKHMI, B-iianieM-B ciaao y nnx'b Ma.io-no-Ma.iy

.lieMi,,

pacmnpaTbca H yjiyimaibca. PnM.iaHe c.n'BJiajrHCb xaKate HX-B y^H-

Te.iaMH H B-b ^pyrax^ HCKycciBaxi, HanpHMtp-b, ET> HCKycciB-B npn-

roTOBjenia opyatia. Mem^y MCJIKHMH njieMenaMH, Ha Koxoptia pas-

^BJia.iHCb repManmi, npoucxodu.m nocmoHHuuH eoiiuu, HOTOMV ITO,
Hiu,a .ij
quiHxi. M^CTI,, 9TH njiCMena B^IHO Hanajta^n ^pyr^ na

') CpeflHHMH nt,KaMH npiiHHTO HasHBari. THCfltre-iiTie, OT^iijaioinee na^enie ->aua;i-

irOI! I'lIMCI.'Ofi OT'b
HMIIOJliH (47(i) OTKptlTifl AMepIIKlI (1492).

1*
 PHMV Toate CTOH.IO Henajuxi xaonorb c,a;epatHBaTB repMaHn,eB-B BT>

HX-BHpe/rfc-iaxx. Bcji^CTBie axoro OKOJIO naxn CTOjrfeTifi nuia

o6oHMH napojiaMH 6opb6a, BO Bpesia Koiopofi Mejimn lepMamKi
Mena cma.m ecmynami MCMdy co6ow vz cowsu u CMieambcn ez 6o.me
npynuue napodu no^i. Haia.iBCTBOM'B repn.oroB'B H Kopojeft. FjiaBHHMH
!
repMaHCKHMH napoji;aMH BI anoxy pas^jrenm HMnepiH 6HJiH ): na
HnaiHeMi PenH'B (fipauKu, na HeKKapi 6ypiyndu, Ha BepXHeMi,
Pefini H Ha BepxHeMTb J^yHai adMManu, a ^BjAe no ,3,yHaio
6a&apUj eaudaau, Jiamo6apdu H ^omu. IIocjiivUHie, pas
na BOCTOHHBixi) H 3ana^HHXi> (ocmiomoez H eecmiomoei),
cxpann OTt HH30Bift ^ynaa ,a,o ^H-fenpa. 3a nasBaHHUMH
E% r.iy6nH'B (fipusu Meat^y PeftHOM-b H BesepoMt,
FepMaHin awuiH
cancu Meat^iy Beseponi, H 9jn>6oio H amMi. HaKonen.!., repMancKoe ate
Hace.ieHie HM^JII. H Cmndunaecmu noJiyocipos'L. O^HH HS-B BTHX-L

Hapo^OBx nocxeneHHO BI> IV VI BB. nepecejiH.iHCi) BI npe^kra

HMnepin, Apyrie ociajracb na po,a;HHi. H
'

PHMCKOH T^, H Apyrie

^OJiro ocTaBa^HCL flanqBHEaMH, HO yate VL cepe^HH^ IV B. K-L rep-
MaHii,aMi> cmaM npouunam^ xpucmiancmeo (cnaqa.ia BI BH^i apian-
CTBa). Panie scero npHHajin HOByro peJiHriro TOTBI, y KOTOpHX-L
ein,e AO HXI, nepecejienia B'B HMnepiro en. VMffium nepeBe-ii.
Ha Hapo^HHH HSBiK'B. Ilosaie Bctxi) flpyrnxt repMancKHXi,

5. Bo BTOpofi nojiOBHH'B IV B. npOHsouMO co6iiTie, KOTOpoe no-

-
B<3eK<IO 3a co6oio naqajio eejiumio nepecejienin uapodo&b. H3i> epejii-
Karo nepece- . .*
Hapo- HGH AsiH, qepes'B BejiHKifl Bopoia napOAOBi, neatly ypajrBCKHM'B xpeo-
TOMI> H KacniacKHM-L Mopeni,, flBHHyjica BI Espony napofli. xypancKaro

lyunu. 3xo 6ujiu flume KoieBHHEH, jinxie Hais^HHEU, rpa-

,

H paspymaBniie BCC Ha CBOCMI* nyiH. Hxi opflu nanajH

npeat^e scero Ha cjiaBani*, atHBinHxi, KI BOCTOKy oit repMaHn.eB'L, a
noTOM-B H Ha repMann.eBi), npnqeM-B HepiflKO caMH noSiatAeHHBie yse-
jraiHBajiH TOJinH rynnoB-B. OCTFOTBI BLinyatfleHBi 6ujin
HO eecmiomu cz pasprbmenm eocmonuaio UMnepamopa
nepewau uepest flyuau u nojiynum SCMJIU eo Spawn, CT>
CTBOMI> 3anj,Hm,aTB HMnepiro (375). SA^CB, o^naKo, OHH cKopo BOS-
CTajiH npOTHBi, pHMCKaro npaBHiejiBCTBa, H caMi, HMnepaiop-B
B-B OflHOH 6HTB !
1

CT> HHMH. 9lO B03Myffl,eHie BCCTrOTOB'B 6BIJIO

BJCHO OeodocieMt BesimuMZ, B-B noc-i^mn pa3i> coeflHHHBmHM-B

OflHHMi. CKHneipOMX 06^ no.iOBHHBi HMnepiH, HO Kor^a OH-B
(395), H HMnepaxopCKaa BJiaciB pas^THjacB Meat^y ero

Cp. uapry II, Ha Koxopofi, BiiponeMi), npeACTaBieHO paaceaenie repMaHiieBi

80.
(ApicadieMb BOCTOIHOH nojOBHHi H FouopieMo B'B sanaflHOH), Beci-
B'B

roxH CHOBa noflHHJiH Boscxame no^t Haia.iBCXBOM'B cBoero K0po.ifl A.m-

pn.ni. 3x0 HOBoe BOSMymenie sapBapOBi, 6tLio noflaBjeno oneKynoM-B
H nojiKOBoweMi) aanaAHaro Hunepaxopa, Cmu.mxoHOMz, KOxopBifi,
OflHaito, caM-B npOHCxoflHJi'B H3t repiiaHCKaro JKC mreiaeHH Ban^ajiOBt H
OXOTHO npHHHMa./i'B repJiaHn.eB'B B'B HMnepaxopcicoe BOHCKO. Upn
CA'fc.iajH Biopatenie B-B H onycxomaii
rajwiio H PlxaJiiio, rpadfl
H ApyrHxi> BapsapOBx, HO H
r

cipaHH, nojqHma Ban^aJiOB-L, 6ypryH^OB &

OHH OLI.IH OTpaJK6HH BOttCKaMH CTHJIHXOHa. BCKOp'B HOC.TB BTOFO OHt
6a.Tb \6uTi no npOHCKaMi> npH^BOpHBix-L HMnepaiopa,
ero B^ HaM'ipemH sosjioatHTL na ce6a HMnepaiopCKyio Kopony, H
A^iapHxi) pifflHJicfl nanacTL ea
caMiift PHMI>. Cmommi umnepiu
r,ua esHma eecmiomajuu H no^BeprjiacB pasrpadjeHiro (410). Hsi
PHMR A.iapHx-L HanpaBHJicfl HO SA^CL yMepi..
B'B roatnyro HxajiiK),
Ero npeeMHHKi Amay.nfl?, aaimioHHJi'B C-L HMnepaxopOMi, MHp-L,
no KOxopOMy ^,jia CBOHXO> BecxroxoBi, no-nym/ii. npaso nocejHxtca
BX loaiHoft H HcnaHin, r^-fe .naBHO yate CEnpincxBOBaJiH
FajLiiH
noji^nma Ban^ajOBi. H 5ypryHAOBi. B^ HasBaHHHX'B o6jiacxflxi. H
odpasoBajocb nepeoe eapeapcnoe wpojieecAneo BecmiomcKoe (412).
OKO.IO xoro ate 6ypiyndu yxBepji,HJiHCi> H o6pasoBaJH
BpeMenn
CBoe KOpojieBCXBO H COH^. Becxroxn ne cpasy sa-
no POH'B
HHJIH HcnaHiro: Hfeoxopoe Bpewa Ha IOPE nojiyocTposa ^epaia-
eanda.iu (^asmie HMH AHAa^ysin), noKa qepesx H-ECKOJILKO
He nepecejiH.iHCi) Bt fmBinyio KapearencKyio o6.iacxb BI
xaKate odpasoBajiH CBOC KOPOJICBCXBO (430).
f mei
6. Mea^y x'BMt ryHHH, noflB-ieme Koxopuxi. BI> Espon-B BHSBajio
jf
Be.iHKoe nepecejienie Hapo,a;oB'&, ocHOBajiHCb BT> OaHHomH (HLI-
H'BinHaa Benrpia), r^i npoflOJiataJiH ainxi, OX^IBHUMH op,a,aMH. BI.
nepBoft no.iOBHH-B V-ro B-BKa y HHXT> flBHJca 9HeprHiHHH H aiecxo-
Kift Boatflb B-L .IHI;^ Ammu.iu, KOxoptiH HCxpe6HJi'B flpyrnx'B Boatflea
H coeflHHHjn, BC'BX'B ryHHOBi) noflx. CBoero BJiacxBio. Bo MaB-B CBoero
uapo^a H coc'B^HHX'B repMancKHXi) H cjiaBflHCKHxi) njeMCH-B, 6BiBuiHxi

noflHHHHTBca ryHHaMi,, OHI, npednpuuHM saooeea-

noxodu
ci> 0,4,1610 rpa6eata HJIH no-iyiema BtiKyna. Cfia-

ryHHH Hanajin Ha BocxoqHyio HMnepiro; Axxnjia oxcxynHJTB oxi>

ea CXOJIHULI XOJBKO xor^a, Kor^a eMy 6ujn> npHCJiaH'B 6oraxtra BtiKyni).
B'B 451 r. OH-B Hauajn> Ha rajuriio,
no^i CBOHMT. HM-fca

nojyMHJiJiioHHoe BOHCKO HBI rynnoB-B H flpyrnxi, na-

Ha RamamyHCKOU paenunrb (OKOJIO llIajiOHa na Mapni)
C-B no.mmnaMH AXXHJBI BCXP'BXHJHCB (nofli) na^ajiBCXBOMi. Aau,in)

pHMjan-B H repManrteB-B, noce,iHBnraxca HesaflO.iro nepe^

BT> npefl-kiaxi, sana^HOH HMnepin. Axxn.ia noxepn'Bj'B nopa-
 6 -

atenie H BBmyat^ent dbu-b BOSBpaxnxbca BT> DaHHOniK). Bi> 453 r.

OFL noBxopHJTb CBoe HanieciBie Ha SanaflHyio HMnepiio, Ha axox b r

pasi. flBHHyBHincb vaie ea caMLin PHM-L. OH-B He

#0 3xoro ropOAa, noxony gxo ET> ero BOHCK'B HaiajiH
Baxb noBa.ibHbia 60JTE3HH. OHT, onaxb B03BpaxHJica B-L
H CKOpo xoro ynepx. Co CMepxbio AXXHJLI OKOHmio csoe
noejrfc

cymecxBOBanie H ocHOBannoe HMT> i;apcxBO, cuoea pacnaeweecn na

opdu. FyHHCKoe nauiecxBie nponsBejio cnjibHoe Bneqa-
na coBpeMeHHHKOBT> H ocxaBHJio no ceSi nanaxb BI> no-
BX BHA'fc pasHBix^ JieTBERL (cnaceme Hapnata ce. /Keue-
sacxynnniecxBO sa PHMTB nann Jlwa I H x. n.)-
7. HaniecxBia BecxroxoBi,, dypryn^OB-L, BaH^ajiOBi, H rymiOB-L
oa-
p ani HO ocAafiu.iu
CT r Sanadnyw UMnepiw.f Eine B-B Haqaji'B V'-ro B l>Ka r

PMM- .
*

CKOH HMnepi0.,pfl 3am,HXLi HMnepiH oxi, sapBapOBi OEIJIH oxossaHH MSI, hpHxa-
H!H cxoflBiiiie xamt pHMCKie jierioHLi, H BCKOp'E B-L 9xy ocxaB.ieH-

Hyio npOBiran,nocxajin nepecejiaxLca HSX ciBepHoft FepMamH

anuu H caKCu (449), Koxopiie xoa^e oOpasosajiH s^icb CBOH KO-
pojieBcxBa. E^sa Hsdirmaa rynncKaro HaniecxBia Hxajiia BCKOpt
nocjri CMepxH AXXHJIH no^Beprjiacb HanaAeHiio co cxopOHbi BaH,n,a-

jOBi, Koxopbie daoice estuiu PUMK

(455), yqHHHBi> BT, H6Mi> cxpain-
Hoe paspymeHie naMaxHHKOBi, HCKyccxsa ( w BanAajiH3Mi").
BnponeMi,, orpaHHiHjracb Jinmb npocxbiMi) na6 BroM'b H
r

BI A(|)pHKy, HO HOCJTB 9xoro BT. caMOMi, PHM^ pacnopaaiajiHCb

BO^HxejiH HaeMHHXT. repnaHCKHXi. ApyiKHHi. OAHHI. HS'b HHXI,
repyjFb ) Odoanpz, ET> 476 r. CBepri, ci> npecxpja HecnocooHaro
l

HMnepaxopa PoMyjia-Aeiycmyjia, oxnpaBHBi snaKH HMnepaxopCKaro

^ocxoHHCXBa BI KoHCxaHXHHonojb. 3xo co6i.ixie H nojiyqHjo HasBanie
nadeuifi 3anaduou PUMCKOU umnepiu.
O^oaKpi, cxa.ii. npaBHXb
Hxajiieii Ka^ecxBi
BT> oco6aro Kopojra (rex), HO BT> caMOMi, EOHEC&
V B^Ka Hxajiia 6biJia yate aanaxa ocxroxaMH.
8. Bi, ro.n'b naflema Sana^HOH PHMCKOH HMnepiH Bci ea o6jiacxn r
2
KpOMi O^HOH, 6ujiu ywce &b
pymxt> eapeapcuuxi Kopoaeu ): BT>
aHTJio-caKCbi; Fajwia na rori, QTL .lyapbi
BpHxanin yxBep^HJiHCb
.
H Hcnania SLIJIH sanaxbi BecxroxaMn; loro-Bocxo^HOio nacxbio

A(})pHK B
r
BT>
6ypryHAti; Hxajiiefi ynpaBJiajiH repyjiu;
BaH,najibi. Ocxasajiacb BI. ynpaBJiemH pnMCKaro BoeHaqa.!ib-
Jinnib nowca SBMJIU ?& FaAMu Mewdy Jlyapoii u CQMMOU,
HO H ona nepes^ ^ecaxb .1^x1 6biJia sanaxa repMancKHMi> aie Ha-

(ppauKaMU. 3xox-b napOA'b, pasAi-iflBmiHca na

(j)paHKOBi>
H pnnyapCKHX'b, yase ^aBHO naqaai. jBHiKeme BI npe-
x
) fepyjn MCJKoe repmaHCKoe
2
) CM. Kap'ry II.
,Tfc.u.i PHMCKOH
HMnepin H B-B 3HOxy ea na^eHia yaie 3aHHMa.ii>
cxpany no HHjKHCMy xeqemK) Penna. Macxb cajmqecKHX'b (JtpaHKOB'L
np/iMo oij.ia npHHHxa ET> c'BBepo-Bocxo^HUH yrojii, Fa.uiH BT> Ka-
iecxBi> 3am,HTHHKOBi, HMnepin. ,11,0 KOHn,a \'-ro B^Ka y (|>paHKOBi>
He 6ti;io o6m,aro K0po.ua, HO Kanx-pasi, BT> anoxy na^enia HMnepin
3TOxi> Hapo.a.'L 6mn> o^e^HHenx O^HHATB HST> CBOHXT) i^apbKOBi,, XA<><I-

po^a Mepoeumoffi. XJIO^BHFI. pimnjica oiaaTL pHMCKyio

'B

ra.uiiH y ea npaBHiejia (Ciarpia) H Hana.iT> Ha Cyaccouo, KOTO-

PBIH H AOJUKeni 6Lun> npHsnaib ero BJiaciB (486), nocJi'B qero 6uja
:?aHHTa H sea cxpana Ha ciBep'L OTT, .lyapn. OEO.IO xoro aie Bpe-
M6HH BI raj.iiro BTOpr.iHCfc-6u.io aJUieMaHH, HO Xjio^BHri. oxpa-
siut 9xo HaoiecTBie B^ 6HTB-B npn ToAitfiamb (UrojiLnnxi.), H BCJI^A^
3a 9THM i> npHHfljn Bi, PeHMci Epeii^enie (496). OH-B 6mn> xeeaTi na
r

dyprvH^cKOH npwHE.ecc'B, HcnoB'B^OBaBuieH xpHCTiancKyio B-fepy H

na csoero Mytaa dojitmoe BJiianie. Bo BpeMa cpaaienia ci> a.i-
H.\ii>BnieH

jiejiaHaMH XjiOABHrx KpecxHTbca, ecjrn no6^AHT B Henpia-

Aa,TJ> od-BT-B
r

Te.ia, H Hcno-iKHJii. 310 ofrBmanie BM BCT B ct CBOHMH (|>paHKaMH.

P I

Oco6eHHO Baatno TO, qio (ppauKU npuusiMi xpucmiaHcmeo no

6&iJio

npaeocAaenoMy yuenm, KOTOpoe HcnoBij^OBajocL H PHMCEHMX nacejie-

meMi> T&juiiu: 3x0 CHHCKajro XjioflBHry pacno.ioaveHie ra.uio-pHM.iaHT,
H oojeryajio npejjnpHHaToe HMI, saBoeBanie loatHOH FajJiiH (AKBH-
TaniH), Haxo^HBuieHca no,n,i> BJiacxbio apiaH-L-BecxroxoBt. nociiAHie
OLI.TH Biix-BcneHLi Xjioji,BHroMi> H3T>
FajJim, H noqxH sea 3xa pnMCKaa
npoBHHn,ia Bonuia BI, cocxaBi> fipanKCKmo Kopo.wecmea. OAHHI HS'L
Xjo^BHra npHcoe,HHHHjn> K-L 9TOMy KOpOJieBCXBy H Byp-
MaJio-no-Ma,iy OHO pacuiHpnjo CBOH npe^JH H na npa-
BOMI, depery Penna.
9. B-L xo caMoe speMa, KaK'L Xjio^BHr-B OBja^Ba.!!. FajJiieK, Bt
.. .

JlmaMw no SOBV Bocxoinaro HMnepaxopa npnin.iH ocnnomu no,HT.

npeji;BO^HxejiLCXBOMi> Kopo.ia csoero, Teodopum (490). 3xoxi> na-

aBHJica do^a BI, Ka^ecxBii BOGHHOH CHJH, cocxoaBnieft na
nepiH. Hacejienie IIxajiiH 6H.io HeAOBOJibHO npHinejibn,aMH,
KoxopiiMT, ^ojiatHO6fciJio
ycxynnxb xpexb SCMJIH H Koxopue 6HJH
CBepxi, xoro apianaMH. IIosxoMy wb Hacaiemn Hxa.iiH cymecxBO-
Ba.io nocxoaHHoe mmomrbuie KT> eoscmameAemw HenocpedcmeenHon
v.tdcniu Busaniniu.
10. Pas^ienie PHMCKOH HMnepin Bt 395 r. H npeKpamenie HMne-
w r> Y 'v

paxopcKOH B.iacxH na .JanaA'B B-L 476 r. aa-ieno ne fouiu pacnaoe-

tiMnepiu ua dea coeepiaeuHO omdn>MHUH locydapcmea u noa-
ucuwnoeeniew ua 3anadn> caMOfi uden n .\inepiu. B-L cosna-
H!H coBpeMeHHHKOBi, HMnepia npOAOjma.ia coxpanaxb CBOG
H npaBHxe.iLCXBeHHLia pacnopaajenia Hs^aBaiHCb oxi, HM6HH
 HMnepaxopOBx. Korjja O^oaicpx HH3.ioaiHJix PoMyjia-ABrycxy-ia, npasa
noc-TEAHaro BX cym,HOCXH nepeiiuH KX BOCxoqnOMy HMnepaxopy.
CaMH oapeapcnie nopoau npuzHaeajiu uadi co6ow UMnepamopci;fin>
ejiacmb. OHH CMOXP'BJIH na ce(5a, Jinnib KaKx Ha npaBBxejieft oxjjxMbHbixx
ofijiacxefi HAinepin H HaqajibHHKOBx ea BOOpyateHHiixx CHJIX. CaMoe BO-

ABOpeme HXX BX pasnbixx npOBHHHJaxx coBepmajiocb Cojibmeio qacxbro

ex corjiacia, xoxa 6u H BbiHyat^eflHaro, HMnepaxopoBx. Mem^y npo-
qnaix, atejiaa ysaKOHHXb CBOK> B.iacxb na^x M-BCXHHMX Hacejieniejix,
OHH ^,o6HBajiHCb oxx HMnepaxopoBx AapOBaflia HMX pasHbixx PHMCKHXX
Hanp., Becxroxcme KOpoJH 6tuiH ^MarncxpaMH MHJIH^H",
a
nojiyqajix HSX KoHCxaHXHHonojia XHxyjix n KOHcyjia
*
H x. n.
T(* *

KopeHHoe Hacejrenie PHMCKHXX npOBHHn;iH, sanaxbixx BapBapaiiH,

xojKe uyecmdoeajio ceow censb cz UMnepieu, ocoSenno BX BH^y xoro,
qxo BapBapu ^ojiroe BpeMa 6biJiH epexHRaMH-apiaeaMH. HOCJI'B 470 r.
OHO secbMa ecxecxBCHHO upHsnaBajro CBOHMX HMnepaxopowx xoro, KXO
uapcxBOBa.ix BX KoncxaHXHHonoJii. Ho BX nepBbia naxb^ecaxx
nocjii naflema 3ana^,HOH HMnepin BX BnsaHxiH ne 6mio
Hbixx npaBHxejieH, Koxopne MOIMH 6u BOSCxaHOBHXb na Sana^i ne-
nocpeACXBeHHyro Bjiacxb HMnepin.
11. Bx 527 r. Bcxynnjix na HMnepaxopCKiii npecxo^x JOcmu-
iionHTKa B03-
^w wg j (527 565), npocjiaBHBHiiH CBoe njapcxBOBame MHorHMH ^,'B-
HMnepiu JiaMHBHyxpeHHaro ynpaBJienia H nojiyqHBffliH HasBame BeJiHKaro.
IGcTHHiaHOMi.Qg^ npOHCXOAH.lX H3X CJiaBaHCKOH CCMbH, aiHBHieH B
H Aaate HM^JIX cjraBaHCKoe HMa YnpaB^a, HO yate ero
CBOK)
Kapbepy coji^axcKOH cjryat6oH, 6biJix HMnepaxopojix.
*aBx oxx Hero npecxojix, JOcxHniaHx BceH,x\io nponuKCH
u mpaduiifiaMU I-UMCKOU umnepiu. OHX nocxaBHJix csoeio sa^aqeiO'
BOscxanoBHXb HMnepaxopCKyio BJiacxb na 3anaji;4, omumz y lep-
:opOAeu saxeaneuuuH UMU npoeuHu/iu. 9xa sa^aqa o6,ier-
X^MX, qxo repMaHn,Li cocxasjiajiH Bce-xaKH MenbinaHcxBO BX
HacejemH ocHOBanHbixx HMH KOpoJiescxEX, H qxo 6ojibniHHCXBO 9xoro
Hacejema npo^ojiJKajio CMOxp'BXb Ha nnnepaxopa, KaKx na csoero sa-
KOHHaro rocyjjapa. BcKOpi no BCxyn^eHin na npecxojix IGcxHHiaHx
noc.iaJix BX A(J)pnKy BOHCKO no^x naqajibCXBOMx .lyqmaro CBoero mxi-
KOBO^n,a Bejiusapin, KOxopuH H omuHM Afipuny y eandajiofft (534).

3a Ban^aJibCKHMX KOPOJICBCXBOMX nacxynnjia oqepeji,b H KOpo.ieBCXBa

OcxroxcKaro BX HxaJiiH. K)cxHHiaHX BOcnoJibsoBajica pas^opanH BX
noxoMCXB'B Teo^opHxa H oxnpaBHJix BX Hxajiiro xoro ate Bejiusapifi,
Koxoparo Bnocji^cxBin saMx-HHJix Hapsecz. Ocxroxbi OKasaJH cn.ib-
Hoe conpoxHEJieme, H BOHHa saxaHyjacb Ha ^BaAH,axb jixx. OKOH-
qnjiacb H ona, o^HaKO, nod'Bioii HMnepin (555). Hxa.iia, oxnaxaa

y ocxroxoBx, cocxaBHJia OCOOHH dnsapxamz (HaMicxflnqecxBo),

H
 9K3apxa
HaKOHei^B, lOcxHuiaHy .yja.iocB OXHUXB H y BecxroxoB-B Ht-
KOTOpue npHMOpcme ropoja H iipo.iHBT,, pTAfcunonpfi A^PHKV OTT>
Bci> 9XH npio6pn>inewifi fOcmtimarta fibuiu, odnano, ne-
H nocjrE Hero Bnaanxia cxa.ia nxi> .inmaxBca ojHoro sa

12. BHsanxiH onasajiocB B0o6me ne no CH.?aMi

3ana.ua. Yaie nepest xpn roji,a nowfe CMepiH
H)cTHniana IfmctMn nodeepwacb nawecmem flamotiapdott,
mnxt 3,0 i-oro BpeneHH Ha cpeAneMi* Teqenin ^ynaa (568).
CKoe BOHCKO, BtimeAniee KI, HHAiTb Ha Bcxp-Bqy, 6u.io pasdnxo, H
BCH ctBepHaa Hxajia c^'kiajact ^6u^ev) jaHroSap^OB-L ( n .loM-
oap^ifl"), npn ieMi> cxo.iHu.eio HOBaro rocy^apcxBa cxajia Haein. Ox-
cio^a jiaHro6ap,pi npe^npHnajH saBoeBanie H ^pyrHx-L lacxefi
r^'feMa.io-no-Ma:iy H yxsepAH^H CBOK) Bjracxt. IIpaB^a,
ropo^a CT Hxt OKpyraMH (BeH.en,m, PasenHa, PHMT,, Heanojt)
BHsauxia Bce-xaKH y^ajoct y^epataxB 3a co6oio, HO OHH ne co-
cxaB.iMH CMOfflHOH xeppHxopin, ^;a H CHoniemfl Hxi) ci. KoHCxan-
xHHonojeMi cj^JiSiJincb KpaiiHe 3axpy^HHxe.ibHHMH. TaKHM-L o6pa-
30Mi> HmaJifi 6* cymuocmu 6ujia nomepxna djin Bmanmiu.
IIe P B oe n -
13*. BejiHKoe repMancKoe ^BH^eHie JTHHII, cjrerKa KOCHy.iocB
J
.

^B.ieHie c.ia-
BOCXOIHOH PHMCKOH HMnepin HO saxo y nea HBHJIHCB ^pyne onac-
r

Hue Bparn: BI> Eeponi 9x0 6miH cdaeane, Bt Asin nepcu. Tlocji
xoro, KaKi. repMancKie Hapo^Bi jjBirayjiHCb Bt npe^jrn HMnepin, na
ocxaBjeHHBia HMH M^cxa naqajH nepece.THXBca cjraBSHCKia njieMena.
Ta e ^yHattcKaa rpaHHna, qepesi* Koxopyio npOHHKJH ET> HMnepiro

BecxroxBi, cxajra no^BepraxBca onacnocxH H co cxopOHBi HBHBuiHXCfl

cio^a c.iaBflH'B, KI> KOXOPBIMI, s^CB ci caMaro aie naqajia npncoeji;HHH-

.IHCB, KpOArfe xoro, 6odiapbi, Hapo^ xiopKCKaro npOHCxoat^enia,

paHBme na cpe^neM-B xeiemH BOJIH. (Bi VII B. Ha
^yHai noflBHJHCB em;e aeapu xypancKaro npOHCxom^eHifl).
xin GBLIO HG Ma.io xjionox'B c'B HOBBIMH ^yHaiicKHMH COC^AHMH. IIpo-
XHBI> CJiaBflH'B CXPOH.IHCB KpinocxH; HHor^a HXI. pasdHBajH H Hcxpe-
6;m.iH, HHor^a ox^ HHXT, oxKynajHCB, Hnor^a ate MaccaMH nocejflJiH na
nojiyocxpofii H ^aate B'B Majion Asin. OcodeHHO MHOFO
nocejiajocB na BajKaHCKOMx nojyocxpOB-B BI IX B., Kor.ua,
no BBipa/KCHiio nunepaxopa KoHcxanxHHa BarpaHOpo^Haro, ,,oc.ia-
"
sea cxpana BHJOXB ji;o loatnott rpen,m. Boo6me XOJIBKO
yda.wcb nrbKomopuMo c.meHHCKHMr, i/.teMemMo ocnoeann,.
ceou locydapcmea, KOxopBia, o^naKO, ne

CM. uapiy III.

 10

az <-<ua,ro 6bi.ni oo.iadtbmi, ecrbMu eeponeucKHMti

UMnepiu.
EH-
BparoMi) BHsaHxw oLua Ilepciff ). CoBpeiien-
l

-
14: IpvrHMi.
L J
.

HHKOMI, lOcTHHiaHa Ha nepCHflCKOM'B npecxoJi'B oti.i'L yMHHH H npe^-

npiHM4HBBJH Xospou I, KOxopBift Hana^ajn> na asiaxcma HPOBHHHJH

HMnepin Cnpin H co cxopOHBi KaBitaaa. lOcxHHiaHy npHxoiHjiocb

BI>

H s^ics oxpaHSTL n.'EJiocTb HMnepin H ^eHbraMH, H CHJOK) opy/Kia.

Fepoft BaH^ajibCKOH H BecxroTCKOH BOHHI., BejiHsapift, ci> ycn'BXOM'b
BO^HJH) BHSaHliHCKifl BOHCKa H IIpOTHBTb nepCH^CKHXT, nOJlWW,T>. IIpH
npeeMHHKaxt H)cTHHiaHa kia ci> nepcaMH nouuiH xyaie. Bi nep-
r
,a,

BOH noJOBHH^ VII B. Xospou II OQAadrbM Cupieu ct lepycajiu-

MOMZ u Majioii Asieu (614) H yrpojKa.i'b canoft CTOJIHIJ'E HMnepin, na
KOTOpyio CA^ajiH HanaAeme H asapbi. 3io onacnoe HaiuecxBie Ha
BHsaHiiio 6biJio, EnpoqeM^, oipa/KeHo HMnepaTOpOM'B
(610 641), HaHecniHM'L nepcaMi> pfl^i- nopaatemfi. Ein,e He
OHH oxi 8TOro onpaBHTbcs, KaKi, na HCxopHqecKyio
HOBtie saBoeBaxejiH apafiu, Koiopue o^HOBpeMenno noKOpHJiH nep-
ciWKoe i^apciBO H OTHH.IH y BnsaHTiH MeconoiaMiio, CHpiro H
ErHnexi,.

II.
\

15 :::
. Bo BpeMH BeciroTCKHX'b nepece,ieHifi H pas^'Liemfl PHM-
CKO g HMnepin Bi Heii OKOHHameMHO ymaepdu.wcb xpucmiancmoo.
H06 TOp3K6CTBO .
/O<O\
.MHjraHCKiH QRUKTi, KoHciaHTHHa BejiHKaro (ol^j AapOBaji'B xpHcua-
HaMi> TOJibKO CBo6oAy B'fepOHcnoB'B^aHifl, HO asBiqecTBO eme ^epa;a.iocb
B-B HMnepia, H BI cepeAHHi IV B. c^JiaHa 6biJia ^a/Ke nonBiTKa ero
BOScxaHOBjenia (npn HMnepaxopi lOjiian-B). JI,o rpan,iaHa (375
383) Ha Sanaa's pHMCKie HMnepaxopii BCC eme npo^ojiata.iH HMC-
HOBaxLca BepxoBHHMH nepBOCBflHi,eHHHKaMH (pontifex maximus), H
BX pHMCKOMi> cenaxt cxofl.ia cxaxya 6orHHH IIoS^AH. To.ibKO npn
Oeodociu Be^unoMz (379 395) rocyAapcxBeHHHH 3aKOHi> sanpe-
mu.iz udoMCAyoKeme, npHpaBBflBi, ero KI> HanCojiie xaaiKHMi) yro-
.lOBHBiMi, npecxynjieHiflMt. Bi V
asbiiHHKOBi, HOCXOHHHO B. IHCJO
ysieHbHiajocb, HO em,e ^o VI B. BX AeHHax-L cymecxBOBa.ia HSBI-
^ecKaa niKOJia, B-B Koxopoft npeno^aBajiacb HeonjaxoHOBCKaa (|>HJIO-
co({ifl. 3xa uiKO.ia 6bi.ia sanpuma .mwb no npUKasanm
lOcmu-
(529). 3an;HXHHKH flSBiqecxsa B-B IV H V BB. o6i.flCHOH
HMnepin TH-BBOM!) 6oroB'b na npeKpamenie npHHOCHBHiHXca

) CM. Kapiy I.
 11

H.MT. Hit'pnrt, H xpHCxianaMi) npHui.iocb Bospaacaxb npoTHBi xaicoro

16. lit 3xy anoxy oKOHiaxejbHaro xopatecxBa xpHcxiaucxBa

fl3Bi4ecTBOM-LcauoMi xpHCiiancTB'B npOHCxo^HJH BHyxpeH-
Bi>

pacnpn, BBistiBaBniiaca HeoAHeaKOBUMi noHHMameMi, flomaxoB'b

.
Eme B* nepBtie B'BKa B-L ijepKBH noaBimicb
epecu, x.-e.
OT-L npHHHTHX'B en) y ieHift H.1H npaBHJibHaro noHHMani;!
i

paiHriH (npaoocMieiR). BT> IV B. oco6eHHO aa/KHoe ana-

no.iyqH.ia epeci> Apia, ajeKcaH/tpincKaro cBflmennHKa, 6iiB-
maro coBpeMenHHEOM-b KoHCxaHXHHa Be^HKaro. Apift OTpH^a.Il
e^HHOcymie Cnna Boaim C-B BoroMi Omoni H yxBepaj/WLTB, qxo
CHHTB Bo/Kin nepsoe H coBepuieHH-BHiijee xsopeme
ecxb xo.ibKO

Boazie, HO ne Bor'b. Ero

nauuio xojKOBaHie
H pasAOpu Meat^y npasocjiaBHtiMH H
n,epKOBb o^eHb ^ojroe BpeMH. Xoxa epecb Apia H 6n.ia
Ha nepeoMo ece.ieucKOMr. co6opn>, co6paHHOMi. HMnepa-
xopOMi> KoHCxanxHHOM^ &b Huneib ei 325 i., H cocTaBHBineMT> CHJI-

BO.TB B^pLI, HO BO BXOpOH HOIOBHH'B I.\' B. 3a aplaHCXBO CXOHJIH

caiiH HMnepaTopu (KoHcxanuift H Ba.ieHxi.), Koxopae jtaaie cxpe-

eny xopatecxBO B^ HMuepin. 9xo nopoji,HJO HO-

CMyxH BI ^epKBH. Ci> Apyrpfi cxopOHH, ofipameuie lepManyeez
60 xpucmicLHCmeo Hcma.iocb Co npummia UMU apicmcnwa. Becx-
roxBi, y Koxoptixi. yate BI nepBOH noJOBHH'B IV B. 6ti.TB CBOH
enncKon-b (Yjb(J)HJia), ncnoB'B^OBajiH apiancxBo; apianaMH ate 611.111
H .lanroSapABi. H x-fe,
H /tpyrie ocxaBa.incb apianaMH H noc.rB sa-
HMH Fa.iJiiH, !IcnamH H Hxa.iiH.
17. B-B IV VI BB. BOSHHKaJH BX I^epRBH H ^pyrifl epeCH, BceJieiicnie

sacxaBJHJio costiBaxb HOBBie BcejencKie co-

C 6 PU -

HMnepaxopOBi
'

6opu. 9xH epecH noRejin.mc'b u

pacnpocnipauHMiCb IAVM-HUM*
ofipa.ioM'b en* ipenecKOii noAoeuntb umnepiu, r^t 6w,ia
6(Xn>maa na-
K.10HHOCXb KT, HOCXaHOBK'B H paSp-EmemK) OXEJeyeHHEIXTb
B^PH. Ho BT> BocxoqHOH aie HMnepin injia H 6oMbe
paspadomtca npaeocMenaio yyewH. 3^cb coonpajHCb H
CKie coCopu. Bxopofi coOopi. SLMT, cosBanx Geo^ocieM-L BCJH-
KHMT> BI KoHcxaHXHHonojrB (381) no noBO^y

doatecxBeHHyio npnpoAy CB. Ayxa. Tpexifi

B-L (431) npH Beo^ociH II; OHX ocyAH-it epecb
Eijiecib

Hecniopia, HasHBaBinaro Incyca Xpncxa HG Boro^eJOB^KOMi, a

BoroHOcneM-L, a CB. ^sy XpHCxopOAHueio, a He BoropOAHn,eio.
OnpOBepraa 3x0 yienie, O^HH-B KOHCxaHXHHono.ibCKiH
i, yxBepai^axb, HXO Bilncyci Xpacxi HyatHO
cxa.ii>

SoaiecKoe ecxecxBO, a He ABa (6oatecKoe H

 12

3xa epecb no.iygH.ia Hassame M> Hocfiusumcmeaiiotieub CH.IBHO pacnpo-

cxpaHHJiacL. Ea saiipXHHKH ^a/Ke CK.IOHH.IH Ha CBOFO cxopony HMnepa-

Topa GeoAotia II, HO HOBBIH HMnepaxopi, (MapKian-B) cosBaj'L HPOXHB-B
nea qexBepxBiii Bcejencmfi co6opi> BT, Xa^nedonvb (451). Cnopm H pas-
Aopw, BBisBaHHBie noflBjemeM'b necxopiancxBa H Mono(|)H3HxcxBa, npo-
ern,e H B-B HaqajrE VI B., qxo saciaEHJo lOcTHniana Be-
cosBaiB B'L KoucmaumuHonojiifb naTHH BcejieHCKifi co6opi,
(533). O^naKO, H 9TOMy co6opy ne y^ajrocb BOscxanoBHTB Mnpi> BX
n;epKBH. Bi> nepBOH nojroBHH'B VII B. nfeoxopBie .enncKonH noco-
B^xoBajiH HMnepaxopy HpaKJiiro CKJOHHXB npaBOCJtaBHLixt H MOHO-
(|)H3HXOB'B KI> npHMHpeHiio Ha cpe^HeM'B ygemH, no Koxopoiiy BX
cjii^OBajro 6u upasHaBaxt ^Ba ecxecxBa, HO o^ny
Xpncxi
Ho
9xo yienie, nojiy^HBinee HasBanie epecn Mouooejiumo&z,
ne XOJILKO ne npHBejio K-B npHMBpeniro, HO BHCCJIO B^ qepuoBB
CMyxBi. B*B 680 r.
noaxony BI, fioHCmaHmuHono.m 661,11
uiecxoii coSopi, KOxopLift H ocy,nH.irB MOHoeejiBxcKyio epecb.
18*. 3noxa BcejieHCKHXi, coSopOB-B 6BMa 6oiama saMrbnameM-
HUMU iwpKOGHUMU nucamejiMMU, H3Tb KOxopBixi, Mnorie npocjiaBH-

I\%-V BB. JIHCBH CBflXOCXBH) 3KH3HH. (H-BKOXOpBIC K3T> HHXI, HOJTyqHJIH HaSBame
BejiHKHX &). KaKi BOCxoqHLie, xaKi H saiia^HBie OXD;BI n;epKBH SLIJIH
r

ci> dojiBrnHM^ (|)HJIOCO^)CKHM'B H jHixepaxypHtiMi, o6pasoBa-

Koxopoe OHH npio6p BxajrH,
r

yqacB BI, flSH^e

H caMocxoflxe.iLHO Hsy^aa aHXHqHyro Jinxepaxypy. D^JTHMH HXI,
xeji&HOcxH CBIJIH HcxojtKOBame CB. nncama H n,epKOBH&ixi,
H 6op&6a KaKi, ci, ocxaxKaMH asBiiecxBa, xaK'B H c
HBIMH epecflMH 3HOXH. Bi, IV B. BI KaqecxBi 6op^a npoxHETE, api-
ancxBa oco6eHHo npocjiaBHJCfl CB. Aeauaciu AMKcandpi&OKiu,
oaBHLiH npoxHBHHKi, Apia Ha nepBOMi, BcejieHCKOM-B co6op-B, ne-
Ma.io noxepniBiniii OX-B apian-B H cOiyBCXBOBaBHinxi, HM^ HMnepa-
Bi> IV aie BiKi /KHJIH BI, BOCXO^HOH HMnepiH BacuMu

, Ppmopiu Eoiocjioe* H loanm 3.4,amoycmb. IlepBBie

CBIJIH cBHsaHLi Mem^y co6oro X'BCHOIO Apy^^oro, HaqaBmeroca
B-B ro^Bi HX-B yqenia B-B AeHnax &. OHHr

6opOJiHCB ex apiaHcxBOM-B
B'B XO BpCMH, K0r.ua OHO HOJIBSOBaJIOCB
HOAAepatKOK) npaBHXe.TBCXBa,
H sa 9x0 noABeprajiHCB roHeHiaMi,. loaHH'B 3-iaxoycxi,, 3aHHMaBiuiH:
OAHO speMfl, KaKi H FpHropiH BorocjiOB-B, Kaee^py KoncxaHXHHO-
noJiBCKaro apxienncKona, npocJiaBH.TCfl CBOHMI, KpacHOp^qieM^ (ox-
Ky,na H
no.iy^HJii, CBOC nasBame Sjaxoycxa). CBOHMH odjiaqeHmMH
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paxpnn,y EedoKciw (iKeny ApKaAia): ona Ao6H.iacb

loaena H oxnpaBKH ero BT, oxAajeHHyro ccBiJKy, BI Koxopofi
H cKonqajca. Bo MHOFHX'B cjEyiaaxi, Handojie BLiAaiomiieca n,ep-
 13

KOBHue ;vJ>flTe.iif upoHv.ix.m OoMmyw npaecmneH-

axoft 9IIOXH B0o6m.e

nt/H> cn.ni, Koiopaa He Mona ocxasaxbca 6e3i> Bjiama Ha o6in,ecxBO.

Korfla, HanpMM., Oeo^ocift BejHKifi no^Beprb cxpaumoMy H36ieHiio BOS-
cxaBiuHx-b npOTHB-L Hero jKHxejreft OeccajiOHHK'L, apxienHCKon-b AM-

epociu MediojiancKiu (x.-e. MH-iaHCKiJi) He .nonycxHj-b ero

BOHTH BI>
xpajvrb, Kairb qejiOBiKa, npo-OBinaro
MHOFO KPOBH, H Ha.ioxH.ii Ha
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HasBaHie ByjbraTH (Vulgata versio), ciajra yn
BxopOH OKa3a.ii> B0o6ni,e Bjianie Ha
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19. BJ. ABrycTHHi,, CHHX xpHC'riaHKH H asHiHHKa,

Bt IOHOCTH CB^TCKoe o6pa30Bame H npeji,aBa.ica Becejon atH3HH, H te Dei"
B-L Aynii ero sojiro iiponcxoAH.ia 6opb6a, noKa OH-B ne ycnoKOHJica

Ha B^pi B-L HCTHHHOcib xpHciiaHCTBa. (OKI, ocxaBHJiT.

Hcnoetbdb, ET> Koxopon onHcajrB CBOIO aiH3Hb).
AMBpocia Me^iojiaHCKaro, OH-L ciaji. Becxn
H3i pyKi>
cxporin o6pa3TE> JKHSHH H CA^ajica Bnocji'B^cxBiH enncKonoM'b ro-
pofla HHHOHLI (BI. Cfe. A^PHK-B), r.a.'B H ocxaBajca AO caMoii CBOCH
CMepxH. B'B ero BpeMa sanaAHyro i;epKOBb Bo.iHOBajo y^enie 6pn-
xann,a JleAaiix, Koxopun HaxoAHj-B, qxo nejiOB'BK'b cnacaexca rjiaB-

HLIMl) o6pa30Ml> COScXBeHHHMH CBOHMH saCJiyraMH. ABryCXHHl B03-

cxaJTb npoxHEi 3xoro yqenifl, yMajiaBuiaro SHaienie BoaiieH 6.iaro-

^,axH B-b cnacenia, H, atejiaa, Hao6opoxi>, no^naxb SHaqenie

fl'BJiij

6;iaro^;axH, pasBBJii yueuie o npedonpednMuiu, no KOxopOMy Bori.

coBepnieHHO nenocxHatHMO O^HHXTJ nponsBO-ibno npe^i>H36paji b, a
f

Kpyraxi na npOHSBOjn. caMHMi> cedt. IlejiariaHCKafl epecb

ocxaBHJi'B
6biJia ocyajAGHa Ha noM'tcxHOM'b codop'fe Bt Kapeareni, HO u,epKOBb

HC npHHa.ia H yiema ABrycxHna, ynajiaBuiaro snaqeHie ,no6pbix'b

3arpo6Haro cnacenia. ABrycxHH'b, Kpont xoro, 6opo.ica H ct
3am,H[H,aa xpncxiaHCXBO oxi. axi) nana^OK'b H ^OKasHBaa ero
npeBocxoACXBO. Ont nanHcajri. ci> 3x010 i^^JibK) CBOH
xpaKxaxi De civitate Dei (o rocyAapcxB^ HJIH rpa^i
BI>KOXOPOMX pasBBJi^ yqcnie o ,pyxi> i^apcxaaxi. iiapcxBi Bora
H qapcxB-B ,zn>aBO.ia. C^ BXOH xoqKH sp-BHia on-b pascMOxp'B.i-L BCK>
ncTopiio npHnieji K-L xoMy BbiBO.a.y, qxo u,epKoei>,
qeJOB-feqecxBa H

yqpeat^eflie doatecxBCHHaro npOHCXOHWHia H roxoBamee qe-

K-b u,apcxBy Boatiio, neusMnpuMO eume locydapcmea, OCHO-

Bnocj-B^cxBin axa xeopia nojiyqnja na

pasBHxie H w&e npaKXHqecKoe
 14

20 :c
. B-L IV VI BB. B0o6m,e ycTaHaB.iHBa.THCL BT> PHMCKOH HM-
5ciaiK.ii.ii-
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Hie OTHOIIieHlIl
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mjia oopLoa, HO ci> IV B. HaciyiiH.iH IJOBLIH speMena, Kor,u,a npo-
U30WAO co cmnpomi locydapcmsa npusname nepmu. Yme HMnepa-
TOpT> KoHCTailTHHl, BeJHKiR ^apOBaJl. XpHCliaHCKOMV ^VXOBeHCTBV
npasa H npenMymeciBa: ocBo6oji;H.n ero OT'B o6fl3aHHOCTH )

pa^^aHCKia ^O.TKHOCTH, a u,epKOBHHa seM.in OTT. im.io-

no3Bo.7rHJTB i^epKBH nojiyiait HMyni,ecTBa no ^yxoBHHMi. sa-

iflirL H T. n. OKa,3HBaa noKpOBHTe.ibCTBO xpHCiiaHCTBy, pnn-
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H nod'iunumb i^epKOenyto Mciiam ceoeMy ownum, H yate
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r

Flpn HeM-B H noc.i'B nero BcejiencKie co6opLi coonpaiHCB no no-

HMnepaxopCKOH BJiacTH. Korfla na npecTO-ii BpeMeHno naxo-
npe^ciaBHTejiH OHH cipeMHJHCL CHJOIO .nocia-
apiaHCTBa,
BHTI> xopatecTBO CBoeMy HcnoB^aHiio. Beo^ocift BejHKift H ero
npeeMHHKH c^jajiH xpncTiaHCTBO rocyAapCTBGHHOH pejHriefi PHM-
CKOH HMnepin. OcoCenno CTpeMHJca K-B rocno^ciBy rocyji;apCTBeH-
HOH B./raciH B'L o6.iacTH n,epKOBHOft atHSHH K)CTHinan'L BejHKiH, no-
jroatHBt TtMi) caMHM'L Haia.io onpeA'B.ieHHBiM'B OTHomeHiaMi, MemAy
^epKOBLIO H rocy.napCTBOM'L Bt BnsaHTiH. B'L sana^HOH qacin HMne-
pin, r^-fe HMnepaiopa nepenwa Kt BapBapCKHMi> KopojmM-L,
BJiaciL
9mu oniHOwenin e.iowuMiC'b undue, noiony HTO y repMaiiCKHX'L ro-
cy^apeft ne 6HJio TOFO aBTOpHieia, KaKHM'B nojLSOBajiHCb pHMCKie
HMnepaxopu. SA'BCB
ijepKBH npunuiocb 3a,n;aqy BOC- B3HTb na ce6a
BapsapOBt, H Ma.io-no-Ma.iy BBipaSoiajacb meopin o uaeen-
n/epneu nadz lOcydapcmeoMz. Yqenie o npeBOCxo^CTB'B ^y-
XOBHOH BJiaCTH Hafl'b CB'BTCKOK) Cyffl,eCTBOBaJO H Ha BOCTOICE, HO
OHO nOHHMa.IOCb JTHHTb B'L HpaBCTB6HHOM'L CMBIC-li; HOJIHTH-

BBIBO^H c^'Ejaeu 6miH HSX 9ioro Bsrjra^a .innib Ha 3ana^'B.

21. 3noxa ycHJieniioH paspa^OTKH nepKOBearo yqema H ycia-
Ha 43.10 MOHa- HOBtieH i
U16CTBH-.
fl oTHOiHemH MeaiAV u,epKOBbio H rocy^apCTBOM-L 6bi,ia
. ,

BpeMeneM'L pacnpocmpaHemx n ynopnooHeniH MOHawecmea.

B'L nepBHa speMena xpHCiiaHCTBa cpe,a;H B^pyiouiiHX'L ciajiH

JIIO^H, CTpeMHBiniecfl K-L BBicuieMy ^yxoBHOMy coBepuieiiCTBy,

BOs^epataHia H
o6'BTbi ^'B^HOCTH H nposo^a atHSHb BI, MO-
H j^pyrnx'L no^Burax'b 6jaronecTia. Tame nojtBHatHHKH, HJH
acnemu, OTKasHBaBinieca OT-L pa^ocien '/KHSHH H y^pyiaBniie CBOIO
mioib, cnaqajia He yAa.miHCb HS'L Mipa, HO B'L KOHI^E III B. cwa.io
pa3Gueami>CH omme.>n>Hunecmeo,
 15 -
iianMciuiiJxi, ArbcrB BT> H
nycTUBH (aHOXOpembL, epe-
ropBi
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pairfce

Knurrfe, rAt nepBBifi upHM-Ep'B oxiireJiBHHyecxBa 611-11 noAae-B npemuofi-

juj.M'h Annu>n'n'Mn Jir.tHKtiM;, (Y.M. in, #:>(> r.). AirroHift Hameju. MHoro-

'iH<YieHHHXT> nocJi'EAOBaxe;ieH, xaKi ixo K-B ROHUJ ero SHSHH BO-

Bt KOxopoK OH'L cxa-in CGJIHTLCH H Apyrie
Kpyri nemepw, JKHJH>,
arcb o6pa30BajiacL nepsaH o6m,HHa OTmejiBHHBOB'b,
Apyi ^, HO noAyHHflBraHXCfl OAHOMV
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OTA'B.ibHO Apyri, OTT.

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afiGamt). H'fecKo.ibKO nosAHie o6pa30Ba.iHCL oCn^Hiiu,
a:H3HB H
patfoxa BGJiHCB coo6m,a; xamfl o6m,nHBi
nasBanie KiiHoeiu UAU Monacmupeu. IlepEBiMi. ocHOBa-
co6cTB6HHO MonacTwpeH cqHTaexca npen. HaxoMiu, yMepinifi
BI> IV B. (Toate B-B Ernnx-B). OHI ycxpOHjn, H-BCKOJIBKO xaKHX-B 06-
IUHHI, AaB"B HMI. H o6a.3axejBHBiH npaBHJia, KacaBiiiiaca BC'fexi. cxo-

pOHi. atHSHH (nanpHM., OAejRAH, nHtu,H, pa6oxBi, noABHroB-B djiaro-

.

yeciia H x. n.). Hsi. Eranxa MOnaraecxBO pacnpocxpaHHJOCB B-B

Apyria npejKAe Bcero B-B IlajiecxHHii H CapiH. Me/s,Ay

cxpaHBi,
npoiHMi pacnpocxpaHeniio ero na BOCXOK-B neMajio cnoco6cxBOBaji &
r

JBaciuiiu BeauKiu, ^asmift eMy secBMa cxporin ycxas-B, Koxopuii

BnoM'BACXBiH Bomejii. na BOCXOK-B BO Bceo6in.ee ynoxpedjieeie. Ha
sanadih Mouawecmeo neu.ioc^ lopasdo noswce H ciia^ajra 6BiJio Bcxp-fe-

leno Hace-iemeM'B BpaaiAe6HO. PoAoeana.iBHHKOM'B sanaAHBix-B Mona-

cxBipeft OBIJT> fieneduKmz Hypciucuiu, KoxopBiH BT, nepBoft noJio-
BHH-E \'I B. ocHOBaji'B nepBHH Hacxoamin MonacxBipB B-B Monme
OHI, AaJi*B CBOHMI, MOHaxan^ ycxaBi), BBOAHBinift BT> MO-
JKH3HB 60^6 A'feaxejiBHoe HanpaBjieme cpaBHHxejiBHO
C-B qncxo cosepu.axe.iBHBiM'B nanpaBJieHieM'B, rocnoACXBOBaBiiiHMT. na
Meat^y npo^HMi,, OeneAHKTHHCKie Monaxn C-B oco6uMT>
saHHJiHCBnepenncKOio KHnrii. Ci> xeiemeMT, BpeMCHH
Mouacmupu no.iyuaMi ece 6oMwee u 6oMmee znaueuie ET> JKHSHH
o6in,ecxBa. Cnaqajia HHOKH HS'B CMnpema BOSAepatHBa^HCB npHHH-
Maxi, CBam,eHcxBo, HO HOXOM-B HS-B HHXT. cxajiH ocodenno OXOXHO
upaxB AajKe H Ha BHcniia ii,epKOBHHa AOJiatflocxH. Bo BpeMa dopB6Bi
ci> epecaMH MHorie HS'B MonaxoB-B npocjaBHJiHCB samnxoro npaBoaiaBia.

a HHBie CMJBHO coAMcxBOBa,iH H

pacnpocxpaHemio xpncxiancxBa
CBoeio nponoB-BABio eBanrejia cpeAH astiqHHKOB'B. Hsi. MonacxwpeH me
nua xapaKxepusyiomaa set cpeAnie B^Ka nponoendk acKemiuM.
x.-e. npesp'BHia K-B HJIOXH H Mipy BO HMa BBicmaro HpaBCXBennaro

coBepmeHcxBa. KpOM-B xoro, Monaxn mnpoKO saHHMajiHCB 6.iaroxBo-

Bjiaroiecxie B-BpyiomHX'B BBipaaiajiocB ne XOJ&KO B-B
MonamecxBa, HO H BTJ MHoroqHc.ieHHBixi. oxKasax-B OXB
 16

COOCTBCHHOCTH Bfc no.iBsy MOHacTLipefi, KOiopBie no3TOMy nocie-

nenHO npeepamu.tucb ez Kpynmixz seM.ievMidtwbibeeo.

22*. Bt nepBBie BOCCMB B'EKOB'B 'nepnoeb ocmaea.'iacb edunow.

san- HSt BH'EHiHHx B
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THHCKOK) nep- H
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Memdy ipenecKUMK u PUMCKUMZ xpucmiaucmeoMt. Ha BOCTOK^,
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ciBie nero s^ics Han^oji'Ee o^pasoM^ H
A'BflTejiLHLiMt

paspadoTKOK) omejienennoii cmoponu xpHCxiaHCKaro E'Epoyienifl. Ha

BOCTOK-B B03HHKJIH H paCnpOCTpaHHJIHCB H MaBHHfl epeCH, H SfliCb ate
co6Hpa-inci> BceJiencKie co6opti, BI KOTOpHX'B yqaciBOBajo npeHMy-
BOCToqnoe ate ^yxoBeecTBO. 3ana^, HaoSoporB, HHiepeco-
6ojibnie npanmuuecKOio cmoponow i^epKOBHOH SRHSHH, H He ,na-
HMCHHO Ha Sana^t HBHJIOCL nepsoe i^ijiBHoe yqeeie o6i> OTHOine-
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yxoMt BOCTO^naro MOHameciBa H
HanpaBJiemeM'B MOHameciBa sanaAnaro. Ho oco6eHHO CHJIB-
Hoe BJiiaHie na o6pa30BaHie pasjinqia Meac^y BOCTOHHOIO H sana^HOio
nojiOBHnaMH BcejiencKOH n,epKBH oKasano CBMO pas^JiemeMi) HMnepin
H BOSHHKHOBCHieM'B BapBapcKHxi. rocyAapCTBi. BI> sana^HOH ea no-
JIOBHH'B.

23. Kor^a PfiMCKaa HMnepia npH3Haja xpncTiaHCTBO, i^epKOBB

y^-g
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ceumepOGz u diaKOHoez. UofCL ynpaBJieHieMij enacKOHOBTb
enapxiu, coeji,HHaBHiiaca BI> CBOIO oqepe^B B-B oco6Bia

ynpaBjemeMi, nepBeHCTByioni,Hxx enHCKonoBi, HJIH

enHCKOHBi OAHOH H TOH ate odiacTH co6npa.iHCB na co6opBi.
noie-roMi. H BjrianieM'B nojiB30Ba-iHCB B^ n,epKBH enHCKOHBi
BI, KOTOPHX'B xpnciiaHCTBO 6BMO nacaatAeHO caMHMH anociojaMH H.IH

cymecTBOBajiH BBicmia xpHCTiancma yqnjiHma. Bx IV B. nepBLifi

codopx sanajica H yempoucmeoMz eceu iepapxiu, T.-e.
BX PHMCKOH HMnepin.
CTapuiHH- OHX npH3najx
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na qeiBepTOMTb Bce-iencKOM-B co6op B, KOTOP&IH

 17

aa HHMH H nampiapxwo. Ilpaea 3x11x1 naxH iepapxoBi

xHxy.i'L
6u.iH pasHbia,HO nepBCHCTBO npH3Haao sa enHCKonoM-B PHMCKHM-L.
')xo nepeeucmeo He 6buo, odnaKO, iMeeHCnwo.m, noTOMy qxo Bep-
xoBHaa Bjacxb B-L n,epKBH npHHa^eatajia codopaM-b. T'EM'b HC Meeie
B.iacTb pHMCKaro enncKona Ha 3ana^ B Majio-no-Majiy Bbipocjia B-L
f

Hacxoain.ee oaBencxBO, H xaM-b Bnocji^CTBiH pHMCKifi enncKoni

c^iajca KaKi dw njepKOBHtiMi) MOHapxoMt.
24. PnMCKie enncKonu Becbsia pano cia^iH HasuBaTbca npe- n P HTO H B03
-

BHineHia nan-
HMymecTBenHO nanajuu, THxyjit, ooosHaiaBiniH n OTeqi> H HOCHB- CTB a.
niifica npeat^e MHOFHMH enHCKonaMH. Oco6oMy Eu^jieEm pHMCKaro
enncKona HSI. ociajibHOH iepapxm cnoco6ciBOBajiH BecbMa Mnoria 06-

cioaxejibCTBa. PHMI AO naqajia IV B. 6mii CTOJiHi^eio BceMipnofl MO-

Hapxin, H O^HO 3x0 npa^aBajio oco6oe SHaqenie enacKony aioro
ropo^a. Kor^a HMnepaiopu noKHiiyjiH PHMI., nepeumu
H6M7> cdn>AO,MtCbnanu. CTOJFHii,a Mipa npo^ojatajr
Ha npOBHHnja.iOB'b H BapBapOBT,, TIO oxpa^ajiocb H Ha nx'b OXHO-
memH KL nani. 3a nanoio nepKOBb npH3Ha.ia xHxyji, naxpiapxa, HO
xaKHxi, naxpiapxoBi) na BocxoKi <5mro lexupe, xor^a KaKi na 3anadrb
odum. Ha^eHie Sana^Hoft HMnepin C03,a,ajro irani coBepmeHHO
HCKJiFOHHxejibHoe HOJOJKeHie. KaKi H BCHKin ^pyrofi enncKoni,.
nana saBHC'ki'B QTL HMnepaxopa, KOxopOMy B0o6m,e npHna^JieaiaJio
npaso yxBep^eHia Hs^npaBHiaxca KJIHPOM-L H Hapo^oivrb enHCKonoBi>.
HO Kor^,a Sana^Haa MMnepia najia, H BOCXO^HBIH HMnepaxopi He Bcer.ua
HM^.Tb BOSMoaKHOcxb npoasjiaxb CBOIO B.iacxb Ha^i. PHMOMI>, 3a-
eucuMOcmi, nanu omz umnepamopa cmaMi yMeubwamwH. JlaHro-

6apACKoe BaBoeBanie coBcijM'b oxp-fesajio PHMI> H ero o6./iacxb oxi.

CHonieHin C-L BHsaHxiefi H nocxaBHJio nany B-b Heodxo^HMocxb
B^ CBOH pyKH u cen>mcKoe ynpaeMnie etbWbiMZ lOpodoMK. H B'b
xoBHOM b oxHOuieHin pHMCKie enHCKonii npio6pijiH ocodoe
r

OHH CMOxp-EJiH na ce6a, KaK'b Ha npeemnuKoez anocmosia Ilempa,

"
n KHasa anocxojiOBi, H m> CHJiy 9xoro oneHb pano (c-b KOHn,a
,

II B.) yaae saaBjiajiH npnxasaHia na npaso 6bixb BHCOHMH 6jriocxH-

^HCXOXH B-Epbi H nopa^Ka n,epKOBHOH HIHSHH. MHorie CHH-
jt^HCXBHxejibHO, sa paspimeHieMi,
o6para;aJiHCb KT. KHMI,
CBOHXT> HefloyirBHiH. B'b 3noxy noaBJiema epeceii Ha BocxoKij, Kor^a
ox'b npaBOCJiaBia oxna,na.iH Mnorie iepapxn H caMH HMnepaxopu, nanw

BbicxynaJiH ez Kanecmerb samunmuKOffz npaeocjiaein. HaKOHeu,!., Ha

npecmTE Hep-B^KO noaBJiajiHCb H saM^qaxejibBHa CBOHMI.
H 3Heprieft jinqnocxH.
25. CaMHMH BH^aromHMHca nanaMH V H VI BB. 6ujin JIeer>

Bejimiu H Fpuiopiu Be.imiu. IlepBbiH HSI. HHXX ^HJII. nanoro BX

V B. H oKasajrb ocodiia ycjiyrn PHMy, oxnpaBHBHiHCb ET> Jia-

HCTOPia. 2
 18

repB ATTHJIH H y6^HBi> Bnocji-BflCTBiH Ban^ajiLCKaro Kopoja, nanaBinaro

na PHM-B, HC ydHBaiB awie-ieft ropo^a. JleBi BejiHKiK yase TOBO-
PHJI'L o ce6-B, OKI. o maB-fe n,epKBH, nociaBjeHHOM-B .pa xoro,
qTo6Bi nacTH cia^o XPHCTOBO. Ero rojoct HM'Li & 6o.iBmoe sna-
r

qenie H B* 6opt6'B npasocjiaBia ct epecaam V B.

Ho oco(5eHHO BaatHoe sHaneme B-B nciopiH BOSBBimemfl nan-
ciBa npHHa^jieffiHTi) FpHropiio BejHKOMy BI KOHU;'B VI B. Ilpo-
Hcxo,a,a H3^ snaiHaro po^a, o6.ia,a;afl 6ojiBmHM B cocTOHHieM'B H AO-
r

atHOCTH ropo^CKoro npe^eKia, OH-B nomeji> B-B

see CBoe HMymeciBO na nocTpoenie B-B PHM-B
n;epKBeH. KaK-B 3Haioin,ift H onHTHBitt qeJiOB'BK'B, OHT. cKopo
,
npe^CTaBHTejieM-B PHMCKOH ijepKBH npn BHsaHTiftcKOMi.
a saTEMT, pHMJtflHe BBi6pajH ero nanBi. rpnropiio npHin.iocB
B-B

pnMCKyio Kaee^py KaK^-pasi. B-B TO Bpeaia, Kor^a .lanro-

saBoeBBiBajH HiajiiK) H T-BCHHJIH caMBin PHM^. 3aBHca OTB
H ea HxajrBHHCKaro HaMiciEHKa (ansapxa), rpnropiH ne no-
jiyqajr&,o^naKO, OTI, HHXI> HHKaKoft noMOin,H, H Taitoe nojiomeHie Bemefi
sacmaeujio eio cdrb-iam^ca HacmoHiyuM'b ncmaMHUKOMz Pu.ua u eio
ofijiacmu. OH^ satfoTELica o samHii ropo^a OTI> jaHrotfap.noB'B H
o CHa6ateniH ero atHTe.ieH C^CTHBIMH npanacaMH, co6fipa,jn> Hajrorn
H HcnpaBJiajrB pHMCKin BO^onpOBO,!!.!,. Ho seaieme FpHropia H ^JH
II,epKBH 6BL30 OH6HB B6JIHKO. OEJ> HaHHCaJI'B H^CKOJIBKO COqHH6HiH,
nocBameHHBix-B Bonpocainh npaBCTBeHHOH atHSHH Ha seMJii H sa-
rpo6fiaro cymeciBOBama flyniH, a xaKJKe BneeB HSB-BCTHBIH nopa-
BI Soroc-iyateme. (3a AiajiorHqecKyio <|)OpMy CBOHXI COIH-
OHI, 6sun> HasBani, fleoecjioeoMz). HaKone^, eny
o6paimmi'b e?>
npaeoc.taeie oecmiomoez (cz uxz KOPOMMZ
u nojiowcum'b nauajio o6pam,enm et xpucmiaHcmeo nsuuuu-
amjio-caKCoez. Bjraro^apa 9THMi> ^ByM-B coo'imaMi., BJiaciB PHM-
CKaro nanBi nojryqnjia HOBoe pacmnpeme.
26. 06-iacTbH) pHMCKaro enncKona, r^t y Hero 6BL1H ocodna
PacinapeHie n p aBa nepBLift BcejieHCKifi co6opi. cflfatajLT* cpe^HioK) H roaKHyro Hxa-
flyxOBHOHBJia-
CTH nanu.
;

J1K)
..-.
GL OCTpOBaMH Cap^HHieH, CH^JIieH H liOpCHKOH. llpHH,HTie npa-
TT

BOC.iaBia BeciroxaMH nocmaeujio u Hcnaniw ez 6ojirbe mvbcwjw

C6H3b C5 PUMOMZ. Eme B'B SoJi'Be T-BCHyio CBasb ci PHMOM-B cia-ia

AHWW, Ky^a nana FpHropin Be.iHKin

oinpasHJi MHCcioHepoM-B
AeiycmuHd, nepBBiMi, enncKonoMi KeHTep6epin-
(HOTOM'B OH-B 6HJi
CKHMI>). 06pamenie anrjio-caKCOB-B, npeAnpHHaioe no HHHnjaTHB'B
nanBi H PHMCKHMH MHCcionepaMH, cos^ajro HOBVIO qepKOBB, KOTO-
paa C'B canaro naqa^ia cxajia B-B nofliimeHHoe nojioatenie KI PHMV.
06a coSBiiia xaKHM-B o6pa30M'b HM^-IH sna^eHie pacnrapema
HOH BJiaciH nanti sa
 19

27*. B-B nepBLie etna xpHCxiancxBa wKOMnoe ofipasoeanie tfaynaaoin, o6pa-

PUMCKOU UMnepiu ocmaea.wcb conniCKUMt H asBiiecKHM'B, H

OXH.BI n,epKBH IV H V BB. no.iymiH oopasoBanie BX
CKHXI, HiKO.iax'B. BBicuiia xpncxiaHCKia ymnnma cymeciBOBajiH JIHIHB
BT> HeMHornxi. M'ECTax'B (BT> AjeKcaH^piH H BI> AnxioxiH). Bx VI B.
flpeBHaa ofipasoBaHHOCXB nauajia npuxodwm ei ynadoKt, ocoftenHO
ea 3ana^. Ci OAHOH ciopOHH, Hay^DHMi, H jrHTepaiypHUMi sa-
HHTiflMi, CH.IBHO KOTOpuMi, noflBeprajracB <?B
nospe^HJiH 6'BACTBifl,
IV B. PMCKaa
HMnepia, namecTBia BapBapOBi, Cesnopa^KH, HMH
BusHBaBinieca. Bt BTOM^ OTHomeHin BHsatma 6mia cqaciJiHB'Be
3anaji;a H jyime Mor.ia coxpauumb yMcmeenuoe Hacjin>dcmeo dpee-
HHIO Mlpa. Ct APyrOfi CTOpOHH, BTb 9TO Bp6Ma HOCJI'B.aiOBaJIO 3d-
h'pbimie cenmcKUOM WKOM, npenojiaBaHie B-B KOTOpHX'B CEIJIO CJIHIH-
KOM-B npOHHKHyTO npeJKHHM-B AyXOMX, KaR-B 3TO, HO KpaHHGH M-Bp^,
MHorHMi> KasajiocL; H-BKOTOpne ji;a3te ji;yMajra, HTO sanHMaTBca CB-BT-
CKOIO nayKOK) H jrHTepaxypoio, oSasaHHBiMH CBOHMX npOHCxoatAeHieMi,

aaBiinHKaM-B, dojiBraoii rp-BXTb. Ha xaKyio xo^Ky sp-BHia cxaHOBH-

.IHCB qacio H MonaxH, B0o6in,e ocyaiAaBniie BcaKift HHTepeci> K-B

9TOMy rpixoBHOMy Mipy. O^HOBpeneHHO ex T-BMI, KaK'B na 3ana,a;i

o6mecTBO see rjiyfiate H rjy6ate norpyatajiocB B-L MpaKi. neBi^e-
CTsa, H Ha BocioK'E sea o6pa30BaHHOCTB naiajra npHHHMaiB coBep-
inenHO HOBBIH xapaKiepi). YMCTBeHHEie HHiepecii ne TOJBKO yieHBixi)
IUH ^yxoBeHCTBa, HO H Bcero o6in,ecTBa cma^iu cocpedomonueambCfi
npeuMyw,ecmeeuHO na 6oiocjioecmxr> cnopaxz. CB^TCKaa jiHTepaiypa
noiOMy qio jry^mia syxoBHBia CH.IBI o6m,ecTBa nanpaeu-
6% cmopouy pe.imiu. KpacHOptiie, Bcerji;a 6BiBmee BI noiei"E y

rpeKOBi, HaniJO HOBoe npHirfmenie B-B n;epKOBHOH nponoB-B^H, co-

BB 9iy anoxy saMiqaiejiBHEie o6pa3n,Bi (loaHH-B S.iaToycTi).
ci> iio3THiecKHMi xajiaHTOMT) cocTaB.iaJiH cBam,eHHBia nicHO-

KOTOptiMH ciajio yKpaniaiBca 6orocjiyaieHie (PoMan-B Ojra.a;KO-

BI> VI B.). Bnij BTHXI o6jiacTeft BcaKoe jjyxoBHoe TBOp-
HscaiLio H saMnuuAOCb npocmuMV KOMnu.mmopcmeoMz. IIpo-
^peBHHx-B npespaTHJiHCB B-B HenscaKaeMLiH
pasnaro po^a BLinncoKi, coKpain,emH, TOJiKOBanift, 6ojrBineio
BcaKOft opHrHHajbHOCTH. BiHiTB HanpaBjrenieM'B
oco6eHHO ounqajiacB yienaa H jHiepaxypHaa
HO H 310 Bce-xaKH 6Bi;io Jiynme xoro, HXO nponcxo-
JJHJIO na SanaA^, r^ ^;aa:e pasynujiucb npaeuMuo nucamb no-m-
a ipeuecKiu nsuKb majio-no-MCUiy u coecrbMZ nosadujiu. Ha 3a-

JBo&yiu, KasHeHHLifi sa rocy^apcxBeHHyio HSM-BHV

ocxroxcKHMi, (525). OHB B-B cymnocxn sanHMaJica cocxaBJieHieM-B
2*
 20

HSJioatemH H miKOBaniH rpe^ecKOH ifwjoco^iH, H

ero yqefmHEH flojroe BpeMa GUJIH oasHHMT) HCTOHHHKOMI,, HSX KO-
Toparo na Sanaa's noiepnajiH BCK> CB-BTCKyiq My^pociB.
"
nie Boauifl ff
06% yximeHiH B$ (Jmoco^in CAijaJOCB O^HOH)
HaH{5o.TEe nonyjrapHBiX'L KHnri, xoro

III.

28*. Hoc-iTE pacnaflema 3ana,nHOH PHMCKOH HMnepin na H r

-

HOBHX'B TOCyAapCTBt
CT> BapBapCKHMH KOpOJflMH BO

enympennee ycmpoucmeo emuxz iocydapcm&b ym-e ue MOIAO ocma-

npewHUMt, H noiOMy BHyipeHHafl HCTOpia oCmjeciBa H ro-
y sana.HHO-eBponencKHX'B Hapo^OBTb now.<ia no unoMy
nymu, un>Mb ei Busaumiu, r,n'B jiyirae MOOH coxpanHibca cxapue
H saKOHH. Offl^JibRun npOBHHiuH oana^a
nacejremeM'B npespaTHJiHCB BT> caMOCTOfliejiBHEifl

ciBa, VL KOTOpuxi. KI> pOMaHCKOMy Hacejemio npHM^majiocB H

repnaHCKoe, a HMnepaiopCKaa BJiacit nepenuia BI pyKH Bapsap-
Kopojrefi. H TO, H Apyroe ^ojiatno 6ujio HSM^HHTL ^tiit sa-
npOBHenitt, TaK-B KaifB lepManitu npuuecjiu cz cofiow uo-
eue eaiJittdu, uo&bie upaeu u o6wau, uoeun ynpeotcdemfi, a ci> Apyroft

CTOpOHH, H nOHfllifl H HOpfl^KH CaMHX'B TepMaHI^eB'B, CI. KOTO-

PBIMH OHH npnmjiH B'B HMnepiro, xo^e do.ioKHu GUJIU nodeepinymwH
IIo9TOMy BHyxpeHHafl acTOpia BapBapCKHxi Kopo-
&b 6opb6n u esauMHOMZ npucnocofijieniu PUM-
CKUXZ u lepMaucKuocz HOMOM o6iu,ecm6eHHOu u locydapcmeeHHOfi
OKU3UU.
29. PnMCKaa HMnepia 6tura a6cojiK)THOK) MOHapxien, ynpa-
HS^ n,eHTpa
BjisBineiocfl 6esycJiOBHO saBHC'BBinHM'B OTI, npaBHie.iB-
PHMCKOH HM- -r^
- CTBa iHHOBHHqecTBOATB. JojiacTB HMnepaiopa OLijra HeoipauuneHHOfi:
^ qT5 g.jaroyro.nHO HMnepaxopy, CHJiy saKona" (quod
TO HM^eT-B
principi placuit, legis habet vigorem), roBopmrn pHMCKie IOPHCTH.
OKOJIO 300 r. HMnepaTOpi. JI.ioKJieTiaH'B pas^'BJHJi'B HMnepiio Ha
diowsu, BO rjiaB-B
KOTOPBIXI eumpiu (nMnepa-
^BIJIH nocTasjieHBi

TOpCKie naM-BCTHHKH), H KOTOpne 6miH noflpasA&reHH Ha npoeuu-

ci> oco6biMH Ha^ajiBHHKaMH BO MaB^ (^ioniesoB-B 6u.io 12,
ifi
101). Hace-ieme PHMCKOH HMnepin ^JHJTOCB na ceo6od-
H HO pa6cTBO Majio-no-Majy CTajio ycxynaTB M-BCTO
paftoffb,

oco6oMy cocToaniio, Koxopoe HSB^CTHO HOA'B HMeneMi Ko^ouama.

KO.IOHBI 6HJIH KpecTBane, ciHTaBmieca JIH^HO CBo6o^HBiM, HO 6HB-
mie npHKp'EnjieHHBiMH KI, seMJii, Ha KOTOpoft atHJH H EOTOpyio
 21

o6pa6aTBiBa.iH. B'B 9x0 nojo^enie nona^ajH, ci OAHOH cxopOHti,

pa6ti, H AJH KHXI 3x0 6ujio yjiyquieHieiTB (faxa, c^ Apyroii
HBie patfoiie, H Mejraie codciBeHUHKH, caflHBinieca na q
HJIH xepasinie CBOIO. Booduje KOAonamz GUM nepexodoM* omz an-
muHuato padcmea KZ cpedneeiwioeoMy KprbnocmuuHecmey Pafei pa- .

ooxajiH npflMO na CBoero rocno^HHa H Bt ero me XOSHHCTB-B, y

KpinOCTEHXl. JKC ^HJIO CB06 XOSflftCTBO, a rOCnOflHHy OHH TOJLKO

o6pOKi,.Bojitinaa nacis HM^nift, B-B KOTOPHXI> cymeciBO-

KOJiOHaii, npe^CTaBJifljia Comoro Kpynnyw coGcmeeHHOcmb (.tamu-
(pyudiu). TaKHMi o6pa30Mi> pnMCKoe o6m;ecTBO yae BI nocjikumn
pesHeft HMnepin rjraBHHMi> odpasoM'L COCTOSJIO, TaKx cna-
noMmyuKoez (nocceccopoffb) u Kprbnocmnuxb

OH.IO eme cocpedomoneme HaceMmn ez lopodaxt.

30. ^epMaH^H BI 3noxy CBoero nepecejrema BI BHTI re P MaH '
npe^-BJiH
PHMCKOH HMnepin ^HJIH coBC'BM & BT> ^pyrnx-B 4>opMaxT> 6Hia.
r

panda WSE^CTIH. o HHX^ MLI HM-Bent y pHMCKaro ncxopHKa Ta-

,
atHBmaro B-B 1 no P. X., HO aa TpHCTa-ieTBipecia JI^TB,
B.

OTI, 3xoro BpeMCHH ,a;o ocnoBania BapBapasiH CBOHXI

KopojieBCTBi, B'B HMHepin, 6z caMOu JTepManiu npousowjiu GoAbwia
nepeMiwu. Bi HaiajTE 9Toro nepio^a repMaHn;Bi ^-BJIHJHCB na MHO-
wecmeo u&6oAMK&3ft nMMenz, cocToaBnrax & r
HSI. OT^'BJI&HBIX'B po-

AOBT,, npnieM-B Kaat^oe HSI HHXI. HM^JIO CBoe Hapo^noe co6paHie, HJH
eme, B'B KOiopOM-B MorjiH npHHHMaiB yqaciie BCE BspocjiLie
MHHH. Ha B-BTB p-BmajiHCB Bci BaatHBia ^jia, a
BejHCB podoeuMU cmapmunaMU (principes), Ha BOHH-B
TeJBCTBOBaJIH OC06H6 BBl6opHEie BOGBOABI, HJIH lepU/OlU (duC6S), KO-
TOPHMT> npuHajpeaiajia ropas^o 66jiBniaa BJiaciB, ^wb POAOEHM-B
Podoeou 6umt> BHyxpn OT II;'BJIBHHX'& njieMen'B yate na-
i
I

pasjoaieniH; oaBHHM-B ero npoaBjeHieMi, SBIJIO JIHHIB TO,

ITO B'B cjyia'B y6incTBa Koro-JiH6o HSI HJieHOBi po.ua BC'B ocxa.iB-
HBie MCXHJIH yo'iHn.'B HJIH 6pa,iH C-B Hero eupy, x.-e. BBiKyni,. MexAy

repMani^aMH Boodme ne 6iuiQ OICHB P'BSKHX'B COC.IOBHHX'B pa3.iaqiH.

Pa6oBi, 6Bi.io Ma.io, a xaKate 6BiJio HCMHOFO H snamnuxt podoet, HM-BB-
mnxi npaso XOJIBKO Ha nojiyHenie 6ojiBnieH BHPBI cpaBHHxejBHO C-B npo-
CXBIMH CBOSO^HBIMH. Pa()BJ p'B^KO atH.lH B'B ^OM^ CBOHXI* I'OCHO^, HO-
xony ^xo odBiKHOBeHHO HMI> ^aBajiHCB B'B nojiBsOBanie yqacxKH SCMJIH,
Koxopne OHH H o6pa6axBiBajiH sa ofipOKt. OcodenHocxBio panHaro rep-
MaHCKaio 6fcixa 6ujo em;e xo, HXO semjin cnuma.iaci>
Koxopoe pacnpe^tjajo H nepepacnpeA'E.iajio
u,n>.iaio ri.ieMenu,

OXA'B.lBHBIMH CCMeHCXBaMH. SaHHMaaCB OXOXOK), CKOXOBO^CXBOM'B H

donaraecxBOii-B, repMani^Ei em,e ne u.Mtb.tu lopodoez: OHH aiH.iH HJIH
 22

xyxopaxt, Hjm oyeuL He6o.ibniHMH nocejKanH. Haxo,a,acB

BI> nocxoflHHOH BpaatA'k neatly co6oio, OAHH n-ieMena Hana^ajiH Ha
.npyria H CM^nraBajiHCB O^HH ci .npyrHMH, ITO TOJIBKO cnoco&CTBOBa;io
pasjiostemio po^OBLixt COIOSOBI, HO E% TO ate Bpeiaa Bijqnaa Bonna
nopoatflawia Apyroe mieme dpyotcunnuu 6umz. OKOJIO BoeHHtixi>
Boatmen HJIH Boo6m;e jno^efi, OTJiHqaBinHxcfl npe^npiHMqHBOCTBro H
xpa6pocTbio, codnpajiHCB OTpa^H 6o.iBmero qacxtro HSI MOJIO^HX-L
KOiopLie ,a,o6pOBO.i&HO nociynajiH HOA'B HX^ Haqaj&CTBO,
noy^HTLca BoeHHOMy ^"fejiy no^ii HXI> pyKOBO^CTBOMi), H.IH
^oCnqn H cjraBLi. 3io H 6HJH dpyofcuubt, KOiopLia npnHH-
noTOMi) yqaciie H ET> paspyniemH PHMCKOH HMnepin. Eme npH
TaUHT-B y H^KOTOpHX^, HO TOJIbKO 6111,6 y HeMHOrHX-B repMaHCKHXI) Ha-
pO.meB'B 6BIJIH H KOpOAU (KOHyUlu). C.IHHIKOM'B HaCTBIfl H npOJi;O.I2KH-
T6JIBHBIflBOHHBI .O.'BJiajrH H606XOAHMBIM'B CymeCTBOBaHie HOCTOflHHOH
BJiaciH, BM^CTO BpeMeHHOH BjacTH repaoroBi., H KOi^a Memifi njie-
M6HO, ez III e. cmam cdueamwfi ez ftojivwie comu, TO nojym.ia
H KOpojeBCKaa BJiacTB. Ona, oflHaito, ne 6Bija HH na-
HH HeorpaHH^eHHOK). Kouymu 6bt6upajiuci> nowcus-
o6BiKHOB6HHO HS^ o^Horo H Toro ate pOj],a (nanp., y
EOB-B H3Tb pO^a MepOBHHrOBT,), H BJiaCTB HX'B ^BTJi

mneMt, KOTOpoe npo,a;ojiatajio cym,ecTBOBaTB H HOCJTE

KHXI> njreMCH'B B^ dojiie KpynnBie Hapo^HBie COIOSBI.
31. OCHOBHBaflCB pHMCKHXl. npOBHHnjflXTj, repMaHI],BI C6JIH-
B'B
CMimeHiere P-jiHCB
cpe,n,H posiaHCKaro nacejieHia, Koioposiy ycmynajiu ceoeto uu-
CMHuocmtw u nume, nomopaio cmonjiu u &z KyMmypmMt omnowe-
Majio-no-Majy npHniejiBnBi npHBBiKajra TOBOPHTB na HSBIK^ T\ -
T

npOBHHIl,lH. .

seMHaro Hacejrema H no,a; raHa.iHC& Boooin;e ero KyjiBTypt.

i
v rt s
oo- m
m;eMi, lepMCtHCKoe uamecmeie ue GUJIO saeoeeanieMt, sa KOTOPBIM'B
cjii^OBajio 6Bi o6pani,eHie no^'Bat.neHHBixi. BI> pa6cTBO H OToSpanie

y HHX'B Bcixi) seneJiB. repMaHn;Bi CC^HJIHCB B'B HMnepin 6ojBineio

nacTBio B^ KaiecTB-B ea samnTHHKOBi,, a HXI Kopo^n CMOTP^JIH Ha
ce6a, KaK'B Ha npaBHTejieH pOMancKaro HacejeHia no ^no^HOMoqiio,
OTT& HMnepaTOpa. IIoseMeMuaa coficmeeuHOcmb ocmaea-

3d en npeotcuuMU e.iadrbMitiaMU, KOTOpue ^ojiatHBi 6HJIH ycTy-

naTB npnuiejiBn.aM'B TOJIBKO HSBicTHyio ea iaciB. CBo6oAHoe na-
cejieHie npOBHHH,iH coxpaunjio ceoio Jiunnyw ceofiody, HiKOTOpBie
BapBapcme Kopojin (BI oco6eHHOCTH Teo^opHxi. ocTroTCKili) ,u;aate

cosnaTejiBHO CTpeMHJiHCB KTE, TOMy, qToSu coxpamimb npejfcnie nopndKit

BT> aji,MHHHCTpai],iH cy^, ^HHaHcaxi, HO STO HM-L B0o6m,e njioxo
?

ydaeajiocK HamecTBie conpOBoatAajiocB CTpauiHBiMi.

Bcero pnaicKaro 6HTa, npiiTOMi, y HOBBIXI rocnoA'B H He xsaiajo
ma ero no^^P^tHBaTB. Ho H BT> T^xi) cayqaaxx, Kor^a repAiaHH,n
 23

310 #kiajH HMCHHO .laHrodapAii) napoiHo paapymajiH npeai-

nie nopfl^RH, HMT> TOate ne ydaecuocb coeepmenHO uxz ynunmo-

axoMy HPOXHBHJIHCB caMH Hpasti, o6w iaH H npn-

i
xau-B KaifB
nace.ieHia. Bx HOBBIXI. ycJTOBiax'B nojoatenie repMancKHxt
c/i, BJiajocB
r
deoucmeenubiMZ. IIo oxHOineniio KI repMan-
OHH ocmaea.iucbnonpewcneMy napodnbtMU oowcdHMu GO
eecbMa oipaHuuennow emcmbw, HO no OTHomemio KI cxapOMy nacejie-
Hiio npOBHHii,iH OHH diijiH npeeMHumMU a6co.itomnou eaacmu
wn.ri uMnepamopo&b. Bia jiiBOHCTBeHHOCTB no^epatHBajiacB em,e
HTO AOJroe Bpesia npeatnee nacejieHie cyduaocb no PUMCKUMI sa-
KOHaMt, a BapsapH, KaK^ caMH ce6fl HastiBajiH repMaHH,H, no
CBOHM-B. y nnxi ji;aa:e flBHJHCb aanncH BTHXT, saKOHOBi, HSB-BCT-
no^i. nasBanieMi) eapeapcnux* npaedi (leges barbarorum), HSTB
caMOio ^peBHCio oLLia ca.iHiecKaa npas^a. Ho BTOH
(|>paHKCKOMi rocyAapCTBi Bnpa sa y6nxaro (})paHKa
BI,

BABOC 6ojiLnie BHpn sa ydniaro pHM.iHHHHa, H 910 npaBHJio

pacnpocTpanfljiocb na KOpojreBCKHxt jtpyaiHHHHKOBi, H npHABOpKHXTb,
3a KOTOpHX'B nJiaTHJIH BTpOe 60JIBUie, q^MI> 3a o6BIKHOBeHHHXI>
r

(J)paHKOB bH PHMJTHHI.. IIonaTHO, 'ITO HMMenuoe erbue ne MOIJIO

ydepotcambCH &b npewcueMb eudrb C"B odpasoBanieMx o6uiHpHBixi>
KOpOJCBCTB-B Bl npOBHHEUflX'B PflMCKOH HMneplH. Ho CI> flpyFOH
cxopOHBi, H aHTH^HBiH iopodcKOu 6umv cmaM npuxodumb <?s ynadoKo
npn HOBBIXT> ycJiOBiaxi. o6m,ecTBeHHOH .JKHSHH. YKasaHHoe CMmueme u
pUMCnuxb u lepMancmxz naqaji. OCOOCHHO OTJIH-
Hcxopiio (fpauKCKOu Monapxiu. Hao^opoix, y
rori, EpHiamH, BOCxopatecTBOBajii nucmo
OKI pHMCKia naqajia CLI.IH oqeHB c.nao'Li BI> BTOH
HMnepin.
" 1
32. $paHKCKoe KOPOJICBCXBO, ocnoBaHHoe ca.inqecKHMH <j>paH-
^^
no^i. npeABO.a.HxejiBCXBOM'B HX-B Kopojia Xsiodema HS-B (j>aMH.iiH cnaro

~
Mepoeumoez. sanajio BCIO TajuiiH). HORJ> BJiacxBio Kopo.ieii axofi

jj;HnacxiH naxo^HJiHCB, ci.O^HOH cxopOHBi, rajuo-pHMjane, CT. ^pyrofi,

KpoirE (|)paHKOBi> (caJiHqecKHXi. H pHnyapcKHX-B), H .npyriji repaiaH-
CKia njieiieHa, noKOpenHtia <j>paHKaMH npn Xjo^BHr-B H ero npeeM-
HHEaxi. (ajijieMaHLi, 6ypryH^Bi, 6aBapu H xiopHnrH). nocji CMepxn
(511) y nero ocxajocB qexBipe CBina, Koxopwe, ne
xaKTb CKaaaxB, OXJTH^HXB rocy^apcxsa OXTB npocxoro HM^-
nia, pa3dib.mjiu Hacjindcmeo ceoeio omu/a na nemupe ydrbJia. Xoxa
M.iaiuieMy HSI, X.io^BHra (Kioxapy I) u y^a.iocB cnosa
CBiHOBen
coe.a.HHHXB Bee KOPOJCBCXBO noA'B CBoeio iuacxBK>, HO nooii nero
OHO onaxB pacnajiocb. Yate
npn CBIHOBBHX'B X.io^BHra Me/K^;y ox-
H MepOBHHraMH npOHCXOflHJH ccopbt u MeMdoycofiiti, OXJH-
 24 -

1
qaBiniaca KpaflHeio pasnys^aHHOCTtH) H /KecxoKOCXbio npaBOB-b ).
Oxfl-kiBBbia qacxn KopojieBCxsa xoaze ne jra#HJiH Meat^y co6oro. GE-
Bepo-BOCTOHHyio qacx& MOHapxin (Aecmpasiw) nace.iajiH pnnyap-
cme $paHKH H Apyria repMancKia iLieMena, Koxoptia JIHUIB oqenb
CJia6o noAHHHjuiHCb PHMCKHMI* naqajiaMTb, xor^a KaK-B c-BBepo-sa-
na/j'B (Heucmpifi), roro-sana^'B (AKeumanifi) H wro-BOCTOKi) (Eyp-
6BMH, HaofiOpOTB, CHJIBHO
pOMaHHSHpOBaHLI. MepOBHHrCKle
CTpeMHJHCB EO^IHEHTb CBOCH BJiaCTH ({jpaHKOBl. HapaBITE CI>
MJiflHaMH, yaie npHBWKniHMH KI adcojiioTHOH Bjiacxn HMne-
Topa, HO <J>paHKH ne ocofienHO dpywcejiw6HO CMomptbm uaycuMnie
KopoaeecKou emcmu. Bi> 6ojrBraefi lacxn rocyjiapcxBa, o^naKo, (fipam-
CKIH uauajia 6uma npuxodu.m #z ynadom. Hdpoduoe enue, HM-BB-
mee rjaBHoe snaqenie Bt 6Bixy repMaHn;eBi. na HXI. po^HH'B, ywe
cdn>jiajioci> ueeosMOwcmiMo nocji'B xoro, KaKi
(|>paHKH pascejuLincB
no Been TajuiiH. Micxo B'fcieBHXi. co6paHiii sanajiH npa MepOBHH-
raxi> xaKTE,nasHBaeMLifl Mapmoecnifi HOAH, na Koxopbia Kopojin eate-
cosHBajiH CBoe BOHCKO, cocxoaBmee HS-B ^paHKOBi, H rajuio-
HO 9xo 6min cKopie eoeuuue CMompw, xoxa Ha HHX^ npo-
,

xaKJKe yxBep^eHie HOBLIXI* saKOHOBi, HJIH pasHBixi Kopo-

pacnopaffltemH. Bo rjras'B ox^'BJibHBix'B o6jiacxeH cxoa.iH

ipacfibi (comites), HasnaiaBinieca KOpojieMi H nojibsoBaBinieca 6o.ib-

HioH) BJiacxbK), HO pa/^OMTb ci HHMH nun 6oJi^e BaatHbixi. p$jn> npo-
M'BcxHHa B'Bia. TaKHMT. odpasoMi Kopojin ynpa-
RQjiwi&jiH cyra,ecxBOBaxb
BjrajH rocy,napcxBOMi) HO-PHMCKH ipe3i> HasHaiaBnmxca HMH HHHOB-
HHKOBI,; o^naKO, 3xa cacxeMa OKasajiacb neocymecxBUMOH no xorAaui-
HCMy cocxoaHiro o6m;ecxBa. rocydapc meeHuo& xosaucmeo ujunepiu
i

npu cfipaHmxz npHnuo B-B FajuiH ez pascmpoucmeo. 06m,ecxBo He xo-

xijio njiaxHXB najioroB-L, npaBHxejibcxBO He ynijio HXI. BSHCKHBaxb.
He HMia BI pacnopaaiemH rocyAapcxBeHHLix'b AOXO^OB^, (j)paHKCKie
KopOwiH naqajiH B03Harpa/K,a,axB CBOHX'B cjiyri, KOxopbiM-B nopy^a.iH
xi EJIR Apyria ji;ojraKHOCXH, nocucajioeauifiMU usz ceoux* uwiwiu.
B-B FajiJiiH B'B anoxy HMnepin 6biJio MHOFO noMicxiii,
HMnepaxopCKOMy <|)HCKy (Kasn'B); BXH noM-scxba
KOpOJaM-B, KOXOpblC CXa.IH CMOXp'BXB Ha KHXt, KaKl, Ha
CBOIO coocxBenHOcxB, H Haiajra me^po HX^ pas^asaxB sa

c,iyat6y, ne ^ijaa npRXOMi 6ojiBnioro pas^niia Heathy qncxo npH^BOp-

HHMM H rocy^apcxBeHHBiMH ,noj[^HOCxaMH. IIoKa xaKHXi. seaiejib ocxaBa-
JiocbMHoro, y MepOBHHroBi ^LI.IO q^M-B narpaat^axB CBOHXI, cjiyrx,
xo HOXOMI. OHH ofindnrMU u a> dmuMo nomepnm ceoe npemnee suaue-

') Bt 3TO BpeMa oco6eHHO cii.TbKa 6u.ia

EpynerH-ibju.
Hie. 3aio Bij otfmeciBij 6oMnww cujiy sa6pa^a snami. Ona cocia-
BHJiacb H3i> KpynHHX'b scM.ieB.ia.zrBJibijeB'b eme PHMCKOK anoxn H H3i>

npHO'jIHJKeHHblX'L H.1H CJiyn. KOpO.Tfl, o6oraTHBIIIHXCfl OTl

CKHXI, noffiaJTOBaHifi. snaTH oco6eHHO BH^BHHyjiHC&
HST* BTOH
nasLiBaeMiie mauopdoMU (major domus) HJH najraiHbie Mepbi (ma-
jor palatii), CTonBinie BO rjias-B Bcero Asop^Baro ynpaBJienifl; OHH
KOpOJeBCKHMII nOiTBCTtflMH H HX"L paS^aieK) H 6LLTH
ci> x BMT> HaiajibHHKaMH Kopo.ieBCKoft .npyffiHHH. Ocjaojeme
r

B.iacTH noBjeKJio sa co6oio ycHJienie snaTH. Bo-

raiBie H MorymeciBenHLie .IIO^H naqajin npumtbcufimb npocmou
uapodo: CHJIBBHC oiHHMajiH y cjia^HXi SGMJH, a HXI, caMHX-B
EHJH CBoett BJiaciH, npH^eMt MHorie 6 feAHflKH H CO,MU r

^,a6H iiafiTH ce6-B 3ain,HTy H noKpOBHTaibCTBO y

naro H 6oraiaro le-iOB-Bita.

33. Bi VII B. oaBHoe sHaqenie -BI ibpanKCKOM^

Aecmpaw*, r^TB cajbHTBe OH.IH cxapHe (ppanKCKie no-
H otitraaii. Bt BTOH
rocy^apciBa ^paHKOBi, BOSBH-
Hacin
CHJCH ManopAOMt Jlenunz FepucmaMCKiu, o6;iaAaBiniH oieH& MHO-
FHMH nOM^CTLflMH H OTJHqHBiniHCfl BI> 6opt6'B Ct CaKCaMH. ^OJTiK-
HOCTS Maftop^OMa c^-BJiajracB Hac-i^ciBeHHOio BI ero $aMHJiiH, H
caM-B OHX ^aate cxajFE HasHBaTbca repn,oroM-L aBCTpasificKHXi (f>pan-
KOB-L. CHHI ero Kap.tz, nposBanHHH MOJTOTKOM'B (MapmeM), no-
6'B^HJl'B H HeHCTpifiCKHX'L (f)paHKOB-B H SaCiaBHJIl HX1> nOfllH-
HHTLCH CBoefi BJiaciH; OHi> Haneci. TaKJKe y^apt ajjieManaMi, 6a-
H TiopHHraMi,, KOTOpne XOT^JIH BOSBpaiHTb ce6 fe caMOCTOfl- r

TaKHM-L oSpasoM'b Kapjit Mapiej'b co6pa^ eoeduno

cuooa oce tcopojeocmeo. MepOBHHrcKie KOPOJIH npn aBcipasiHCKHxi,
Mafiop^OMax'b 6ujiw. KopojiaMH jrainb no HMGHH; npecio-iOM-L pacnopa-
jKa.incb ManopflOMH. KpOM't BOHHI. ci> COC-EAHMH ABCTpasin, Kapjry Map-
iejy npHinJiocb em,e ompasumt nawecmeie ua Pa^nw apa6oez (732),
Toro saBoeBaBinnx'B Hcnaniio H BTOprmnxcfl B-b AKBH-
H 3ia noO-B^a Toate no^eajia ero aBTOpHTeT-B. Meai^y T-BM'B Ma-
cpe^CTB-L y nero 6bijio cjrHmKOMi) Ma^io, noiOMy qxo
KOpOJCBCKifl HM^Hifl nO^TH BCi 6BIJIH p03^aHH. Tor^a p BmHTeJIbHHH
r

cxaji'b nojbsoBaibca RJIH vAOBjeTBOpenm rocy^apcTBen-

noxpeSHOCTeft mn>MU UMywecmeaMU, nomopun
dyxoeeucmey u MOHacmupfiM?., qxo, KOHeqno, BH3Bajio
ciBie npe^CTaBHTejieft n;epKBH. CHHI, Kap.ia Mapieaa, Ilunum Ko-

pommii, yaie ne saxoT^i-b ocxaBaTbca Maftop^OMOMx H

na CBoro ro.iOBy KOpoJieBCKyio Kopony (752), ocHOsaBT.
l
Kapo.mmoe-b ).

') IIo HMCHH ero cuna Kap.ia Bc.iHi;aro; iioapo<)nf.e CM.

 26

34 Anrjo-caKCH, gaiuiBinie BI V B. BpHxamio, Hain.iH

eiu,e oneMt c.ia6o poManusttpoeanHoe Ke.iBTCKoe Hacejeme.
BI> BpHxamH 6biJio cpaBHHxejibno Majro, H Kor^a ^la 3ain,HTH HM-

nepin H3i uea yAajeHBi 6ujin cxoaBmie xani, .lerioHti, TO pUMCmu

GZ cmpa/urb u coecn>Mv uwesz. Anrjo-caKCLi HcxpeonjiH HJIH
xHJiH SHainiejibHyK) lacxs KejiBTCKaro Hacejienm, a ^pyryio
sacxaBHJiH y^aJtHTbca B'B x-fe M-fecia ocxpOBa, r^fe H pHM.ia-
He y^aBaJiocb yciaHOBHib csoero Bja^biqecTBa. Bjiaro^apa 9TOMy,
oienb citopo lepMaHusupooamci,, H ea BHyxpeHHaa ncxopia
ne npeji.cxaBJiaex'L co6oio xoro BsaHMO^ficxBia Meat^y PHMCKHMH H
repMaHCKHMH naiajiaMH, Koxopoe HaSjno^aexca ncxopin $PEIHK- B'L

CKOH MOHapxin. IIo9xoMy BT> HOBLixt M-fecxaxx auoo-caKCii Jiyqme

cmapue lepMancnie nopadKU. (KejibXH y^epaiaJiHCb B'b
BI, yajbC-B ci. KopHy9JiBCOMi, H B'B EpjaH^iH).
35. AHiMO-caKCBi He odpasosajiH cpasy e^Hnaro rocy,a;apcxBa.
BpeMa B'B BpHxamn cymecxBosajio nncKOMKO MC^KUXZ KHH-
Koxopbia BoeBa,iH O^HO ci .npyrHMi H TOJBKO nocxeneHHO
CJIHBaJIHCB Me^AY C060H) B'b KOpOJieBCXBa. TaKHXi KOpOJICBCXB-B 6BMO
CHaiajra ceMt, saxiafB mpti, H JHIHB BI. Haqajri IX B. BecceKCKift

(x.-e. sanajtHO-caKCOHCKifi) Kopoib (9K6epm?>) oS-Be^HHHJH, HX-B B'B

Anrjiiio (827). Ho H Bnocji'B.ncxBiH rpaHHn,bi cxapBix-B KHaatecxB'L
BI, ^JiemH cxpaHBi na wdupu (shires, rpa<|)cxBa).
cxpofl GUJIT, qncxo-repMaHCKiii. Y aHMO-caKCOB-B co-
xpanajiHCB ^peBHie emeeue nopadnu BI, BH^ CCJIBCKHXI, CXO^OBX
B'B OXfl'BJIBHBIX'B ^epCBHaXI, H 'ICMOmOfft (B^HI.) KHaateCXBI,. CT>

npeBpamenieMi, BXHX-B KnaatecxB-B BT, o.a.Hy Anrjiiio

H o6m.ee co^paHie KOpOJieBCXBa, eumeHawMomt
(COB^X-B
Ky,na (|)aKXHHecKH MOMH aBJiaxBca, o^naKO, JHHIB Cojiie 6oraxne H
snaxHBie. Ho H B-feqa OXA^BEHXI, KHa/KecxBi, ne HC^CSJIH, npeBpa-
XHBIHHCB B'B BxopocxeneHHBia co6pania ox.n.'BJibHbixi, inafipOBi,. Ha-
KOHCI;!,, H cocjiOBHtifl cxpoft AnrjiiH 6mi'B HHCxo-repMaHCKift: Bee
na CBo6oAHBix B H pa6oBi,.
r
Hacejienie .H'BJIHJIOCB snaxHBix'B,
36*. C-B saBoeBanieMx BpnxaHiH aHr.io-caitcaMH HC^CSJO B'B

He g H xpncxiaHCXBO, HaqaBfflee SA^CB pacnpocxpanaxBca BO spe-

-

Mena pHMCKaro BJia^HqecxBa. Anr.io-caKCH npuwau cwoa HSUHHU-

KCLMU H ,a;ojiro HMH ocxasajiHCb. 06pam,eaie HXI, BI, xpncxiaHCXBO
naiajiocB cpaeuumeMHo nosdno, KOH^B VI B., x.-e. Jitxi, qepea'B
BI,

nojiiopacxa HOCJI-B HXI nepsaro noaB.iema na ocipOBi. IlepBUM-B KO-

npHHaBniHMi, HOByio Bipy, 6H.ii, Renim. Hpn no-
xpncxiaHcxBa H B-B AHr.iiio cxa.ia npOHHKaxB pOMancKaa
Kyjbxypa. AnrjiftcKiH MHCcionepi, Aeiycmum noAiHHH.ii, HOByro
n,epKOBb pHMCKOMy enHCKony.
 27

37. BocioiHaa PHMCKan lumepia, otl><i>Hu,ia,iBHO HasuBaBinaacn

BX cpe,HHie Etna iiMitepieu POMJUCKOU, yHac.Tfe30Ba.ia OTB nepas- HMnei>in.

fl-BJiBHaro pHMCKaro rocyaapciBa npeatHaro BpeMCHH

ero yypeai^e-

nia, HO TEM-B He MCE-BC H en BHyTpeHiiiH 6tiT'B ciajii nocieneHHO

HSM-EHaTBCa HO,HT> BJliHHieM'B HOBB1XT, yC-IOBlH 3CH3HH, BCJ-EACTBle HCPO
ct TegenieMi, BpeMCHH xoate no.iymTB CBoeo6pa3HHH xapaKiept.
9io cpe^HeB-BKOBoe npOAO.iaienie PHMCKOH HMnepin npHHflio
BusanmiuCKOU umnepieu, a coBOKynHOCTs ea
eu3aHmuHU3MOM?>. Bx V B. rocy^apCTBeHHUMi,
BOCTO^HOH HMnepin 6tiJii. em,e jiamuHCiciu, HO yaie BX VI B.
saMfbna eio ipenecmMt, ycH-iBBmaaca BI VII GTOfl&np H
BI VIII. O^HaKO, H rpenecKiH ajieMeHii ne coxpaHMJica BI.
HMnepin BO Been CBOCH qncTOT-B. 3HaHHTe.iBHaa iacxB Hacejiema H
cocxoaja H3t ^uuHusupoeaHnuxz uuopodu,e&b, a BI> VI B.
no^iyocTpoB-B Ha^ajn -Bee 6oj4e H 6ojiie
KaK-B na 3anaA^ OTBOAH.IHCB Micia ^J
TaKi> na BocTOidj 910 ^JiaJiocB no OTHOineniio EI.
,

ero,e He cociaBjflJH CKOJiBKO-HH^y^B Kpyn-

Kor^a OHH
HBIXI njieMCHi.HMnepaTOpBi yate CT> VI B. namm' KOJOHHSHPO-
saxB HMH OKpanHHBia oo.iaciH, npe^ocxaBjaa HM-B SCMJH ^JH o6pa-
60TKH, HO He BM EIHHBaaC& BO BHyTpCHHia OTHOmCHia HXl 061H.HHI..
f

Bfl-BApaacB nocTeneHHO BI> KOpenHoe HaceJieHie BajKaHCKaro no.iy-

ocipOBa, cjiaBane ex HHMI cjiHEajiHCB, HHor.ua od^aa O^CHB snaqHTejiB-
HBIMH o6m,HHaMH, COXpaHaBfflHMH CBOH OOBIiaH, HJH ^aate BBTTECHafl
H3X BHyipeHHHXl HaCTCH CTpaHBI CaMHXI> rpCKOBl, KOTOpBie BCJI-B^-
CTBie axoro CKyiHBajHCB no deperani. 3iH cjaBaHCKie KOJIOHHCTBI.
6tiBmie HJIH BOHHaMH, HJIH seMJie^iBi^aMH, vs> VII H VIII BB. HHOr^a
nepenpaBjajiHCB npaBHiejiBCTBOM'B H BI Majiyio Asiio. IlHcarejiH VI
H CJi'E/i,yK)in,Hx & B-BKOBX ^aste JKajOBajiHCB, HTO cjasaue ynopCTByjoTt
r

BX CBOHXI. j;ypHLixi> o6Bi^aax B, Kor^a CCTB ropasjjo .ly^mie pOM9ft-

r

CKie saKOHBi. B-B X B. HMnepaxop'B .KoHcmanmum Eaip

"
,
HTO n Bca cipaHa oc.iaBaHHJiacB .
IIpaBAa, cann
9JIJIHHH3HpOBaJIHCB, HO OHH CHJIBHO USMVbHU.lU 9MHO-
cocmaez uace.ieHm ei eeponeucKuxt nacmnoco UMnepiit
u omaa^u 6oMwoe eMunie na en ofiuiecmeenmiu
38. FjiaBHLia qepiii oSmecTBCHHaro cxpoa BHsaHiin 6ujivL it me, 06mecT B eH- HHH (
*
T \} O H
ITO H EX SanaAHofi HMnepin. SA'BCB 6Bi.io
Kpynnoe
HOLE'S KpeCTBaHCTBOMl,, KOTOpOC HaXO^H- HMiiepin.
C*B npHKp'Bn.ieHHLIM'B Kl)
JIOCB B-B nOAIHHCHiH y CBOHXI) HOM'EIU,HKOB'!.. Pa3.IHqle SaKJUOiaJOCL
B'B TOMI,, ITO na Sanaa's ceMCKoe nace.ienie ece 6o.me u 6ojin>e sa-

KpibnoutaAocb, xor^a KaKi. B'B BHsaHiin CT> TeqeHieni. BpeneHH, na-

ooopoii,, npOHsouLTO HesaM^THLiMi) oopasoMi) paCKpiwoiyeuie upe-

 28

Maccu, ixo HI BpeMa o6 BacHaiox'B

f

HacTOflni.ee
HMCHHO cjaBancKHxi. o^BmaeBi. H nopflji,KOB^. Ho
CKaa 3Hax& H BI> BHsanxiH HArLia <5ojrbinoe snaqeeie H
jiacb ciabHLiM'B BjiameM-B Ha o6miH XOA'B p$jn>. B'B IHCJTE Kpyn-
HLIXl SeMeJI&HLIX'B CO(5CTBeHHHKOBT>, KaifB H Ha SaWE, 6EL/1H H SAliCB
H,epKBH H MOHaCXBIpH.
39. BnsaHTiHCKiH HMnepaTOp-B, HJIH it/apt, (pc/.ads6c) npeeM-
CTBe HHO noji&soBajica TOR) ueoipanuuenHOw e.iacmtw, KOTOpan CJIQ-
BJIRCTB y -^

BX npeameMi. pnMCKOM^ rocy.napCTB'B. iiiin;e HMnepa-

yate
Topi ^ioKJieiiaHi) B^ EOHD.'B III H HaqaJi'B IV B. ciapajrca npn-
CBoeii BjacTH TOTI> CBam,eHHHH xapaKxepi), KOTOpuft ona HM-BJia
decnomittxz dpeeumo Bocmona, H BHsaHTiiicKie ero npeeMHHKH
ocymecTBHJiH 9iy ero H^eio. B'B cosHamH
o6in,ecTBa H cani*, H .IHIHOCTB rocy^apfl c^jajiH
noiiH pejinriosHaro no^HiaHia. BH'Bmme aiTpHSyTti BJiacTH
HHMI o6pa30Mi> nypnypnaa Manxia, HJH nopcfiupa) H
dmunemz, B'B oco6eHHOCTH s&e TOpaiecTBeHHHa it,epeMOuiu, conpoBO-
aG,n,aBfflia pasHLie CJiyiaH noflBJieHia HMnepaxopa nepe^ no^an-
HHMH, Toaie iHMynLiH oco6oe snaieHie H pasBHiie B-L BHsaHTiftcKOH
aiHSHH. HMnepaiopCKiH ,a,Bopi B-L KoHCTaHTHHonoji^ OTJiHgajrca HHHI-
HOCTBK) H BeJ!HK<M BIlieM'&, HO 3aiO
I
BTb HCMI> rOCHO^CTBOBaJIH paSHHe
noponu H BCJIHCB HOCToaHHiia unmpmu. Mnorie BHsaHTiflcme HMne-
OTJH^a.lHCB HSH^^eHHOCTBK) H CJiadOBOJlieM-B H .lerKO HOA-
Bjiamio iKeHmnH-L, ^aBOpHTOB^ H jiBCiei^oB-B. BHsaHTittcKaa
HCiopia HanojiHena no3TOMy saioeopaMU, BTB KOiopux-L
pasnLie HHxpHraHH H iecTOJiK)6n,Bi, B'B OCO^CHHOCTH JBOB-
,
iacTO caMH CTpeMHBmieca KI. BJiacin. Ceepmeuie cz npe-
Toate aBjemeMTb ^OBOJIBHO O^BI^HBIM-B B'B HCiopin
CKHXI HMnepaxopoB-B. Hnor^a ^,BOpn,OBHe nepeBOpoxBi
JTHCBpasHHMH otcecmoKocmHMU B'B po^ BHKajiHBaHia
noca HJIH ymen. C.iy^ajiocB .HOBOJIBHO iacio, ^TO npe-
OBJiajj/BBajiH nyxeni. nponcKOB-B H nacHJiia npocine juoj(E sap-

BapCKaro nponcxo;K,a,eHia H 663^ BcaKaro oSpasoBaHia. llpounuu nopn-

dom npecmojionac.mdifi nani-mo ne MOIZ ycmauoeumbCH ET>
B^;o6aBOK'B c'B 6opB6on sa BJiaciL paaHtix-B no.iHTnqecKHXx H
HMX^ napxifi coejuuHnxKCb peAuiiosnue pasdopu. KaatAaa peJiHriosnaa
napxia x.ionoxajia o XOJTB, qxo6n HM^XB Ha CBoen cxoponi HMnepaxop-
AaH caMH HMnepaxopti Hep-B^KO CXPCMHJHCB noeedrboamb
CKyioB.iacxB,
fftdiMaxtenpu. Bo BHyxpenHHX'B CMyxax'B npHHHiiajo 6ojjbmoe yqacxie
H Hacejeme rpOMa^noft CXO.IHH;BI. Bneqaxjnxeji&Hoe H no^BHaiHoe. ^is
ycnoKoema ero npaBnxe.iBCXBO npn6'Bra.io K-B pasdcmn* x.m6a H ycmpoA-
cmey sprbJim^ HO HMCHHO cxeqenie 6ojiBniHXx napo^HEixi. Macci> na
 29

HpaBHBiuiaca BHsaHiiHu.aM'B KOHCKia pHciama lacio BJCKJO sa coooio

caMofi
cepbesHBie tfesnopaAKH, KOTopwe OKasiiRaJHCb onacHtiMH RJIK
ijapCTByiomaro HMnepaiopa. IIo3TOMy rocyAapH AOJJKHH
ce6a wapflieu, cocToaBiueii 6o.ifcnieio qacibio H3i
Ho H fit cymecTBOBaniH xaKoii rBap;uH 6mia
Toate CBoa onacHOCib, 'laira Kaira cobalt! H HX-L BoatAH HHor.ua

passirpHBajiH pojit ^peBne-pHMCKHXi. npemopiamteGt.

40 Bl TO BpeMfl, KaKl, B-B 3anaAHHXI> npOBHHI^iflXX pHMCKie
saKOHLi H nopa^OKi ynpaBJieHia ci npnxoAOM'B BapsapOBt ciajiH CTBO H ynpa .
saM^HflTbca repMaHCKHMH, BnsaHTia coxpannjia H saitOHOAaTejbCTBO, B.ieme.

H a^MHHHCTpaTHBHoe ycipOHCTBO npeAHAymeft anoxn. Ha SanaA'fe

PHMCKOG npaso ciajio BHT^CHHTbCfl repMaiiCKHMH ooHiaaMH, BT BH-

saHiiH H saKOHodameMnan dn>Hme.tmocnib locydap-
npoji;ojiatajiacb

cmea, XOTH, KoneqHO, H na nen CKa3HBa.iocb B.iiaHie HOBHXI. yc.io-

Bin JKH3HH. B-L BHsaHTiH y^ep^ajibcb H ynpae.ieuie cmpauow no-

cpedcmeoM* uuHoemmecmea,, nasHa^aBmaroca D,eHTpajbHOio Bja-

CTbK) H BHOJIH^ 6H nOA1HH6HHarO. ^HHOBIlHqeCTBO 6bIJIO paSfl'E.ieHO
na KJiaccbi CTb pasHiiMH THiyjiaMH, H sea CHCieMa ynpaBJienia OTJIH-
qa^iacb 6ojibnioio cjoaiHOCTbio. He y^epaiajiacb io.ibKO

/I,ioKJieTiaHa, KOTOPLIH BI npoBHHi^iax'B oi^'BJiHJi'b

ynpaBJienie OTI> BoenHaro. Ci leqenieMi. BpeMenn-

HMnepaiopH B03BpaTH.iHCb PHMCKOH CHCTeMi coeduwmx ez
K-L CTapoil
odwbxi pynaxb u eoeunou, u ipawdaucKOu eaacmu, T.-e. BI. KajK^oft
o6,iacTH rpaaj^aHCKie qHHOBHHKH 6ujivL noA^HHeHH TOMV ate caMOMy

Koxopoe EJ> 3TOH o6jracTH CToajio BO rjaBi pacno.TOJKeH-

jHii,y,
naro BX HCH BOHCKa (nosAH'Ee OH-L HastiBajica cmpammoMv}.
41. IlepBbiM'b saM-BqaTejibHbiMi rocy^apeMi. BHsaHTiHCKOH HM-
nepin H poAOHa^aJibHHKOMi, BHyipeHHHxt ea nopa^KOBi 6ujn> TOcmu- H
'HUM* Bejiuniu (527 565), KOTOPHH npocjraBHJi'b CBoe n,apCTBO-
Bame y^a^HtiMH BOHnaMH H saBoeBaHiaiiH Ha 3ana#E H ^ocxa-
BH.i'b OKOHqaTejibHoe TOpaiecxBO xpncxiaHCTBy B-B CBOGMX rocy/jap-
CTB-B. IIpeeMHHKH Oeo^ocia BejiHKaro Ha Bocioidj sa HCMHornMH
HCKviroqeHiaMH 6tLiH jitoflfi Ma.iocnoco6HHe. HunepaTOpCKiH npe-
CTO.TB jtocxajica lOcTHHiany HOCJI'B ero B-B
PJIXH. tOciHHa, KOTOPBIH
IOHOCTH npHmejrB Bi CTO.lHIjy npOCTLIMl, .HepeBCHCKHMTj MaJIblHROM-B
H nocTynHji-B BI BoeHHyio cjyat6y, ^ocjiyataiica Ha HCH %o caMHX!>
a HOTOM^ CA&iaJICfl HMHepaTOpOMl.. K)CTHHX SblJ-B
BLICHJHXTb qKHOB-B,

rpy6biH H Heo6pa30BaHHHH, HO 6epeazjiHBBiH H 9neprHi-

qeJiOB'BK'b

HHH, xaK-B ITO nepeAa.ii> CBoeMy njeMaHHHKy HMnepiro BI cpaBHH-

Te.ibHO xopomeMi cocToamn. HpOHCxo^a caM-B H3i> npocioro ssama
(H aaate HS-B cJiaBancKon K)cTHHiaH b atennjica na ^o^epH
CCMBH),
r

SB'fepaMH B^ H,HpK B, Seodoptb, KO-

r

CMOTpHTCJa HaA"B AHKHMH

 30

ropaa npeayje fouia TaHH,OBm,HneH H eejia JierKOMBicjieHHBiH o6pa3-B

5KH3HH. Ona OKasBiBajia Bnocjii^CTBiH 6ojiBmoe BJiiarne Ha CBoero
Myata, oumiaacB BLiAaromHAica yatOM-B, HO BM^CT-B ct TB-MB H nena-
CaM-B tOcTHHiani. Tojue 6bun> le-iOB-BEt
u dnepiunnuu, cjiasy H pocKonn,, cipe-
JnoftHJTB

MHJICa K'B rpaH.niOSHBIM'B n.'B.IHM'B. 06a OHH OTJIHiaJIHCB 60JIBinHM'B

BH-BiniiHMi, 6jiaroiecTieM^, HO lOcTHHiant CKJionajicff H^CKO.IBKO KI,

MOHO(})H3HTCTBy. IIpH HHXI) npH^BOpnaH EBiniHOCTB flOCTHOa

BHcmaro pasBHik; Geo^opa, KoponoBaHHaa HMnepaxpHneH H
conpaBHiejiBHHi^eH CBoero Myata, Tpe6oBaja, RTOOBI B'B

cjiy^aflx-L BBicuiiH HMnepin

ji;o.iffiHOCTHBia jrHn,a

ry6aMH KI ea HOFB. K)cTHHiaHi> yKpacnj^ EOH-

CTaHTHHOnOJIB MHOFHMH B6JHKOJI BnHBIMH HOCTpOHKaMH, H31 KOTO-
T

PBIXT> rpoMKyro HSB^CTHOCTB noJiyqHJii> xpam^ Ce. Co$iu C-L ne-

6BiBajiBiMi, flOTOJi'E no rpOMa^HOCTH CBoeft KynoJOMi) H saM^qa-
T6JIBHBIMH M03aH1HBIMH H306paK6HiflMH. (B'B 1453 T. TypKH o6pa-
THMH BTOTTj XpaMi B'B Me^GTB). Bo BHyTpeHH6H HOJHTHK'B lOdH-
ftepasajicfl TOFO Bsoa^a, ITO BI, HMnepin ^ojatna 6nTB
odna eivpa, odum sanom. Hyat^aacB B'B 6ojibwnxT>
,

HBIXI. cpe^CTBax'B ,a;jifl CBOHXI> BOHH'B, nocipoeKi) H

pocKOfflH, OH'B eeeM Muowecmoo pasubixz cnocofioGZ
yeemHeniH locy-
doxodoez, Hanp., KaseiiHBia MOHono.iiH,
cos.naBaj'B
Hajrora na atHSHeHHBie npHnacti, ycTpaHBa^i npn-
sattMBi H OXOTHO HMy-
npn6'Braji'B
KOH(|)HCKai],iH KI,

(oco6eHHO y epeiBKOBi,). Bee 910 nciomajio CHJIBI HMnepin

H no.npLiBa.io MaiepiajBHoe 6jarococToaHie ea Hacejrenia.
42. lOciHHiaH'B He cpasy yiBepji;H.ica Ha npecTOJTE. B'B na-
H se- qaji !
1

n;apCTBOBaHia emy npHHijrocB Aaaze BBi^epHiaTB ceptesnoe uapod-

noe eoscmanie eo caMOii cmojiuwb. Hacejieme KoHCTaHTHHono.ia /i;aBHO
yate yBJieKajiocB KOHCKHMH 64raMH, KaKi, npeat^e pHMJiane Ma^ia-
TOpcKHMH nrpaMH. B'B CTOJiHqHBiH unnodpOMZ CTeKaJHCB ^.ecaxKH TH-
caqi. spHiejieii IIOCHOTP'ETB Ha cocxasaHia unQjiecERu^, H nep^KO
MHoroTBicaiHaa TOJina nojiBSOBajracB npncyTCTBieMi, HMnepaxopa B'B

Hacioamia no.iHTHqecKia ^eMOHCTpan,in B'B

HJIH TpeSoBaniH, KOiopna Tyi'B ate H

HMnepaiopy. HanSoJi'fce nonyjrapnBie Kyqepa na KOHCKHX'B
H,npKa HM^JIH CBOHXI. noK.iOHHHKOB'B, pacna^aBinHxca na napiin,
KOTOpna pasjinqajiHCB MejE^y codoro EtB^TaMH onesRRbi CBOHX-B ,iio6HM-
n.eB'B. ^ByMa oaBHBiMH napTiaMH nnno^pOMa cunie H seJienue, GBIJIH

KOiopBie Bpaat,a,OBajiH He TOJBKO ns'B-sa KyqepoB'B, HO H im-sa no-

.mmmecKuxT> eonpocoei. DcTHHiaHT, H oco6enHO Geo^opa noKpOBH-
T6JIBCTBOBa.TH CHHHMI) KOF^a-TO aHBHIC SeJCHBie OTKa3a.IH 6H B'B
 31

npocB(5'Eox^aTb M^CTO ea oxija npn innpidj irropOMy Myaiy ea Maiepn,

H c^iuiaBniHCB HMiiepaTpHijeK), ona Mciiuia sa 8io sejeHinra. PasHBia
aojjKHociH KaKi. BBicmia, TaifB H HHsuiia pas^aBajiHCB TOJBKO CHHHMT,;
CHHie BcaqecKH Harpam^ajiHCs; HM-L see CXO^HJIO C*B pyira, ITO 6u OHH
HH CA'LiajiH. OAHaa^Bi nnnoApOM'B KT, IGciH-
3e,ieHBie o(5paTHJiHCB B-L

Hiany C-B oqeni, HaciOHiHBLiMH npe^CTaBJieHmMH, H Kor^a HMnepaiopt

OTKa3ajn>, TO nodunjiu &b wpodrb nacmoHiu^ee eoscmanie, nojyiHBiuee
^HnKa" on. 6oeBoro KpHKa (vtxa, T.-e. nod'BmAaHj, ci
BOscxaBinie npOHSBOiH.iH Hanafleme Ha npHBepateHii,eBx npa-
JEJiaH nojiOBHHa ropo^a crop'B.ia BO Bpeata axoro B03My-
H KI KOTOPBIMI. npnMKHyjia xaKate nacTb cHHHXTb,
BOSCxaBiiiie,
npOBOsoacHJH HOBaro HMnepaTOpa. tOcTHHiani. co6npajiCH cna-
6'fcrcTBOM'L, HO 6mii ocTaHOBJieHt Oeo^opott, npoflBHBineio
66jiLmyio TBep^ociL ^yxa. Ona nocoB'BTOBajia Myaty dopoiBca H

nopyiHTB ycMiipenie BOscTaBiunx-B 'Bejinaapiio. Ci> roiaMH H repy-

naxo^HBiDHMHCfl no^t ero Ha^ajiBCTBOMi., snaMeHHTBift HOJIKO*
nana.!!. na BOSCTaBinHxi,, Kor^a OHH co6pajiHCB BI> HHHO-
H H3py6HJT'B HXTb OKOJIO TpH^I^aTH TBIGflll ieJIOB'EK B. r

3a BTHM-B npaBHT6.IBCTBO VTBep^HJIO CB06 HOJIOateHi

HHMH KaSHflMH, CCBMKaMH H KOH(J)HCKan,iaMH.
(-' or
P us uris
43. BHyxpeHHaro npaB.ieHifl R)cTHHiana 6ujo
-

F.iaBHBiM'B A'B-iOM'B .i

cofipawe eoeduHO eceio PUMCKCMO npa&a, T.-e. BC'BX'B saKOHOBi, npn-

M^HflBmHXCfl CV^BflMH, H BC'BX'B TCOpW, HSJraraBHIHXCa
(juris prudentes) sa BC-B BpeMena PHMCKOH HCTOpiH. BTO
6mro coBepmeHO I^-BJIOH KOMMHCcieK IOPHCTOB-B, BO oaBi KO-
6tui> nocTaB,iem> Tpufiomawb. Yate panBiue ^ijajiHCB no-
DLITKH no^o6Haro po^a, HO TOJIBKO Corpus juris IGcTHHiana, co-
CTaB.iaBiniftca H^CKOJIBKO jiiTi,, aBHJica ,3,'BHCTBHTejiBHHM'B

pUMCwaio npaea, BBipa6aTBiBaBinaroca U.'BJCBIMH noKOJi'BHiaMH

CKaro naposa. Bx Corpus juris BOHMH: 1) CHCTeMaiHSHpOBanHBie
no cojjepjKamK) nod'anoBJieHia npeatHHX^ HMnepaTOpOBi ( n K)cTH-
KOABKCI."), 2) pyKOBo^CTBO B/B Hsyqeniio npasa ( W HHCTH-
H 3) CHcreMaTHiecKH me HSJioateHHBia MH j(mia aBTOpHTCT- r

HBIXl, JOpHCTOB-B, HSBJieqeHHBia H3-B HX% COIKHeHifi ( j^HreCTBl" H.1H

u
n IIaH^;eKTH ). K'B BTHM'B TpeMi qacTaMi. HOTOMI. npH6aBHjca
a
4) c6opHHK &
r
HOBBIXX nocTaHOBJiemH IDcTHHiaHa ( n HoBejiJiBi ), yme
6o.iBnieio qacTBio na rpeqecKOMi. asBiK'B, HO C-B jaTHHCKHM-B nepe-
BOAOMX. 9Ta pa6oTa, KOTOporo saeepwu./ocb erbKoooe paseumie
cmio npaea, HMieT-L ucmopunecKoe sncmeme nepBOCTenenHOH
CTH. Bo-nepEHX-B, IGcTHHiaHOBOnpaso noc.iyjRHJio OCHOBOK),
pasBH.iocL Bee eusanmiucKoe saKOHodameMcmeo, OKasaemee csoe
nie H na npaeo napodoez, Komopue 3auMcmeoea.m urn Bmanmiu na-
 32

HCUIO ceoeu ipamdaucmeenHocmu. Casio PHMCKOG npaso cxajio H3Mi>-

HHXBCa BT> BnsaHxin HO^T, BJiianieMX HOBHXI> ycJOBin JKHSHH,
061. 9XOM1, CBHfl'Bxe.iiBCXByex'B 6o.iLHioe KOJHqecxBO HOBHXI>
caMHMi, IGcTHHianoM-L H H3,a,aBaBniHxcfl ero npeeMHH-
OB jjpyroH ciopOHii, 9x0 HSMinenHoe PHMCKOB npaso naqajo
CJiaBfliiaMH, Koxoptie npHHHMajiH oxi, rpeKOBi, xpn-
cxiancxBO. Bo-BxopHxx, BpeMeimoe o6jia^aHie Hxajiiea HOOTE na-
BX H6H OCXFOXCKarO BJiaAHHeCXBa ^aJO BOSMOatHOCTt K)CXH-
yxBep,a;HTb H B^-BCL CBoe saKOHOAaxejiLCXBO. OHO X^MX jrerqe
3,a,'BCB npHBHx&cfl, HXO ^LiJio, xaK^ CKaaaxb, XOJILKO nepene-
ceno na po^eyio noisy, na Koxopoii caMo nepBOHaiajiBHO BOSHHK.IO.
ua 3anadn> puMCKoe upaBO B'L XOMI> BH^'B, KaKoft OHO
npn fOcxHHian'B, cmcuio usynambCH ez eucwuocz
u npoeodum'bCH e* MUSH?), HXO H S^CL noBJieKJio a co6oio
pa3H006pa3HHXl, CJlt^CXBiH.
44*. H)cxHHiaHi>
npH^ajT, cBoeny n;apcxBOBaHiH) 6o.ii.nioH
H0 n P HnpeeMHHKaxi> CHOBa naqajHCB enympeHHiH
ero
pacnpu (oco6eHHO n;epKOBHBie pas^opn) H BH'EiHHia HamecxBm. B-B
YII B. ocoOoro atecxoKocxB^) npoaiaBHjrca HMnepaxopi.
npecxo^ri, nocpe^cxBOMi, Maxeaia H HaqaBmi
csoero npeflinecxBeHHHKa (MaBpHKia) H Bcero ero
ceMencxBa. HocJi'B KpaxKOBpeMGHHaro npaBJieHia OHI caarB
a&e yqacxn, Kor^a npoxHBi> nero npOHsonuro Boscxanie

HpaKJiia, Koxoparo npOBOsrjracHJiH HMnepaxopoii'B BOS-

MyxHBHiieca coj^aiH. 9xo GBMO epeMeueMt ynadna u npaeumeM-
cmeeuuou drbtmiejiwocmu B-B BHsanxin. TOJIBKO (liecxflme o^apeH-
HHH H 9HeprHqHHH HpaKjifi (610 641) H-BKOTOPHMH peJ)OpMaMH BI,
ynpaBjemn H BOHCK'B na spewa H-BCKOJBKO y.iyqniHj'B BHyxpeHnee no-
jroateme rocy^apcxBa, xoxa H ne BC^ ero npeAnpiaxia OKasBiBa-
JIHCB y^a^HLiMH (nanp., ero nonBixKa HOMHPHXB npaBOCJiaBHHX'B H
MOHO^HSHXOBI, Ha MOHoeejiHxcxB'B). HoB&iH nepio^TB BI Hcxopm BH-
sanxin Haiajica JTHHIB C'B BcxymiemeMi, na npecxo.i-B
VIII B. MCMoasiamCKOii UAU ucaepiucKOil dunacmiu.
 33

TJIABA II.

BuCTynjieHie apaoos-b H oopasosame MycyjiLMancKaro Mi pa.

I. Apatfu H MaroMeTi. ( 4554).

II. MeawyHapoAHHa oTHomeaifl ( 55 59).
III. CocroflHie Bce-ieHCKOH n,epKBH ( 6065).
IT. BesaHTia npH HKOHoSop^ecKHxt HMnepaiopaxi> ( 66).

I.

45*. Co BpeMeH-L ycHJiema rpeiecKoii miOHHsanJH na cieTt

(j^HHHKiHCKOH, oftpasoBama Bfc Asifc nepCH^CKOH MOHapxiH (BI V B.
B0fi HCT P 1H -

#o P. X.) H noC'BAH Paiia Ha,p> AO P. X.)

KapearenoMi (WL III B.

npeo6jia^aioin,afl pojit BO BceMipHofi HCTOpin nepewjia omz ceMU-

pacu KZ apiucKou, H B'L KOHU.'B ^peBHefi Hciopin MHoria
cipaHu Haxo^HJiHct BI cocTaB'fc PHMCKOH HMnepin.
HHXt, Iy,a,ea, c^-BJiajiacb ttojtvfatw xpucmiancmea, HO
Hace.iflBfflie ee eepeu BI Macci ociaJiHCL B-BPHHMH Bipi CBOHXI,
npeji.KOB'B, 6^aro^apa ^eny, ^aate pasc'EHBrnncb no pasHUM-L o6jia-
CTHMI> PHMCKOH HMnepin, He CM-BrnHBajHCt ci. xyseamaMH H coxpa-
HIMU C6ow HautioHdMHyw uudueudyaMHOcmi). BTB cpe^nie B^Ka
na cn,6Hy Hciopm BHCTynHjn) Apyrofi ceMHTHqecmft Hapoflt, POA-
CTBeHHHH espeaMi, apafiu, KOiopBie xoate dcuiu dpyium napo-
daws Hoeyw pejimiw UCMIMV. KaifB xpnciiaHCTBO, TaKi> H Hc.iaMi>,
B03HHKIHH Cpe,HH .HByXI. CeMHTH^ieCKHX'L HapO^OBl, paCHpOCXpaHH-
JIHCB ,n,aJieKO sa npe^jraMH ceMHTHiecKoft pacti. XpacxiaHCTBO cjcb-
no npenjaymecxBy pejiHrieii eBponeftcKHxi. apifii;eBi), ncjaM-L
napoAOB'b asiaxcKHx-L H a$pHKaHCKHx B.
r

46*. PO^HHOH HCJiana Ctura Apasia. 3xy cxpany Hs^aBHa nace- paB1

ceMBXH^ecKia njieMena, Be^mia noneeyw oicusm, H jHmB r.iaB-

oopasoMi B-B leMenrb dujH ocnd.iue apa6u, saHHMaBuiieca seaue-
HMiBmie ropo^a H Berime mopioejiw cz cocmduuMU cmpa-
HCIMU. HH o^HOMy
saBoesaxejibHOMy i^apcxsy apeBHOCXH ne y^asajiocb
yxsepAHXb CBoro BJiacxb Ha^i* apaCaMH, xoxa nonuxKH BI> axoMi. Ha-
npaBJieHiH A'fe^ajrHCb HMH nocxoanno. AjreKcaH^p^ MaKe^OHCKin nepe^i*
CiiepxbK) Ay^ajii. o noxo^t BI> ApaBiro, a pHMCKiii HMnepaxopi, Tpaan-L
AajeKO H no^qHHH.n HMnepm
F

npOHHKi. B L cxpany ^OBo.ibHO

Ha c^BepHOH ea OKpaHHi. OXT, HHoaeMHaro
KHasefi

ApaBiio cnaca.m en nycmuuu, HO ont aie MJbwa.iu u

MCTOPIh. 3
 34

ex ofioeduHemw. TijMx He Menije Kyjibxypnoe B-iianie, me^inee co

CXOpOHbl HCXOpHieCKHXX HapOflOBX, CTRJIO CKaSblBaXbCB BX ApaiUH
oqem> paao, BX ocodeHHOCxn BX o6.iacxH pejmriH. CaMH apa6bi
(5bIJIH rpyf)bIMH udOJlOnOKJlOHHUmMU, HO Kb HHMX npOHHKaJH H
60JI'Ee paSBHXbia B-BpOBaHifl flpyFHXX BOCXOHHblXX HapOAOBX. XOTfl HaCC-

jrenie ApasiH H 6mio pas^jreno BX nojrHTHiecKOM-L OTHomeniH na

Me.iKia njieMena, HO BX pejinriosHOMi, yate od'Be.a.HHflJiHCb BI nonuma-
niu cenw/eHHaio nepnaio KCIMHH, npHHecenflaro, no npe^cxaBJieHiK)
ct He6a. 9TOTi> KaiaeHL BX naqajri xpHcxiaHCKoft apn 6ujn,
BI> CT^Hy CBHTHJinma Kaafiu BT> ropo.n'B MeKK^, Koxopoe

ci. HesanaMHTHHX'L BpeMeHX cji.'BJiajiocB M^CTOM-L 6oroMOJiba AJfl

Bcixi. apa6oBi,. Bi> Kaa6"B noM^majiHCb H^OJIH ox.n'BJibHbix'B njie-

MeH-B, iHCJiOiTb ^o 360, H MeatAy HHMH 6biJiH H3o6paaieHifl Aspaajia
H BoroMaiepn CTB Ha pyKaxx. flfijio BJ, TOMX
MjiaAeHii,eMx IncycOM-b ?

ITO cpejjH apa6oB-b pacnpocmpauHauc'b u iydeucmeo, u xpucmiau

cmeo. EspeeB^ nocejinjiocb BTE> leMeH-B nejiajio HOCJI'B paspyineHia
lepycajiHMa BI I B. no P. X., a nos^H^e ne 663?, ycnixa Be-iacb
BX Apasin H xpHCTiancKaa nponoB-B^b. npecjfBAOBaHifl, KaKHMx
BX HMnepin noABeprajiHCb apiane, Heciopiane H MOHO^HSHTH, aa-
saciaBjiJiJiH nocjirbdo6amejieu dmuxz epeceu ucnamb y&wKwita ev
Apaeiu. HoBbia BlipOBaHifl ocxaBajiHCb ne 6esx BJiiaHia H Ha a3bii-
HHKOBX. CaMH H^ojonoKJiOHHHKH iipHSHasajiH cymecTBOBame H w Bce-
BLimHaro Bora" (AAMXK Tea.iH), HO 910 pejiHriosnoe noHaiie OTJH-
qajiocb y HHXX 6ojibnioio HeonpeflXMeHHOCTbio. Majio xoro: cpe^H
6ojilieodpasoBaHHbixx apa6oBx noaBHJiocb .name ocofoe pejimiosnoe
ynenie xaKX nasbiBaeMbixx xauucfioez, Koxopue B-spOBajiH BX e^Hnaro
Bora H BX sarpoSnoe Bos^aanie sa pfejia,, coBepnienHna qejioB-BKOMx H
epynenie cefin Eoiy, qxo no-apa6cKH
H oxjinqajiHCb Sojibmoio peJiariosHOCXbio,
HOK> CX HaKJIOHHOCXbK) KX MHCXHUHSMy H np036JIHXH3My (x.-6.
pacnpocxpanaxb CBOH Hjen). IIoBH^HMOMy, 9x0 y^enie H
OCHOBOK), HSX Koxopoft pasBHJiocb Bee MaroMexancxBO.
47. OcHOBaxejib HOBOH pejinrin MaiOMemz (npaBBJibH-se Mo-
OKOJio 570 r. BX ropoflx Memn>. OHX npOHC-
1

HSX H-ieMeHH KOpeuwumo8Z, Komopoe oxpautMO Eaa^y H

iLiioiaMH axoro CBaxHJiHiii.a, HO pOA'b, KX noxopOMy OHX
He 6buix 6oraxx. Maronexx ocxajica KpyrjiHMx CH-
POXOK) BX paHHCMX A'^TCXB'B H BOCnHXblBaJICa y CBOHXX pOACXBCH-
HHKOBX, obiBuiHxx xoate 6^RUMi. MajibiHKx pane Bbiny^ji.eHx
(5biJix caMx 3apa6axbiBaxb xji'B6x BX KaiecxB-B nacxyxa OBCI;X H
K03X, npHHa^JieataBniHxx ataxejiflMX MCKKH. JIlixx 23 24 OHX
nocxynnjix na c.iya:6y KX 6oraxoii B^OBii Xadudotcn, Koxopaa
 35

TOproBJiio, H Haqaji. ct KapaBanaMH XO.HHTB BI. Cnpiro, cnaqajra

fipocxBiMi. noroHm,HEOMi,, HOxoMi. npHKas'lHKOM'B. MaroMexi.

noHpaBHJica Xa^H^ffi'B, H ona BBiimia sa Hero saMyati.,
qero OHI, cxa.ii. doraiHMt qejiOB-BKOMi,. Bi axo Bpena OH?. 06-

Haxypoft Manton H flajKe H^JKHOH, oxjmqajica

H noaxHqecKHMi, HacxpoenieM'B. Bi
FOHOCTH OHX npOBo^HJii. i^'BJitie flHH, He BH,u,fl ieJiOB^qecKaro
BCJii^CTBie ^ero Bi) neMi. pasBHJiHCL saflyMiHBOCTB,
HOCTB, naKJOHHOCTB K% rpycTH. Ero o^eHB saunmepecoeajiu pe-
'

eonpocu, H OH-B OXOTHO pa3roBapHBa.ii. o HHX'B KaK'B

espeaMH H xpnciiaHaMH, TaKi. H

xann^aMH. IIo BpeMe-
ci.

OHT> nem,epy ne^ajieKO OTI MCKKH H

y^ajifljca BI ropnyro
xaMi. MOJIHTB'B H nocxy. Ci> HHATB Hept^KO cjyqajiHCB

uepenue npunadnu, KOiopBie OHI. c^Hiajii. o^ep^aHieM'B 6'BcaMH, H

3TO ero CHJIBHO TpesoatHJio H Myqnjio, HO nnor^a y Hero GBIJIH dojiie
CB-BTJiBia BH^-BHia (ra-MtonHHauiii), H Tor^a OHI. cnpamHBaJi'B ce6a, He

npopOKi. JIH OHI. BceMorym,aro Axiaxa. MaroMexy HSI ero o'ec-E.n'B

c^ CBpeaMH H xpnciiaHaMH ^BMH HSB^CTHH eBpencKie npopoKH,
K'B KOTOpBiMi, OHI. npnqHCJiflJii. H Ipicyca Xpncia. BjiH3Kie
KOTOpHXI. OBL3H H XaHH(|)BI, yCHOKaHBaJIH CFO, H
y H OHH, H OHI, caM?> yenbpoeaau &z eio 6oyicecmeeHHoe no-
CMHHUuecmeo. OAHHI pasi. eMy HBHJICH CB-BTJIBIH roHOHia, KOTO-
PHH npHKasa^i. eMy H.HTH nponoB-EflOBaTB apa6aMi. Bipy BI, Bora
(610). Cflaqajia yB^poBajiH BI MaroMeia Xa^H,a;aia H ea .noqepn
OTB 6paKa C-B MaroMCTOMi., njieMannHKi, ero A.m, npieMBBiii CBIHI.
H (foraiBie Kynn,Bi Afiy-B&tpi H Ocjuam. (IIocJi^HiH ate-
Ha ero floiepn, a caMi, iipopOKi, nos^nie BCiynHJi'B BI.
c^ .no^epBio A6y-EeKpa). MaroMexi. BBicxynnjii. ci. nponoB-B^BK)
npoTHBT. H,nojronoKJiOHCXBa, qxo oieHB HC noHpaBHJOCB xpaHHxe-
jiaMi, Kaa6fir, H OHI. Cflijjiajica MHmeHBio ^Jia HXI,
Canoro ero HC xporajrn, noxoMy qxo y nero 6mia 6o.iBniaa
Koxopaa Mor.ia sa Hero sacxynnxBca, KaKi. sa csoero qejOB-BKa, HO
Maronexa HSI, 6'B^HaKOBi. H pa6oBi, no,a;BeprajiHCB
npec.TEAOBaHiaMT,, oxi, Koxoptixi., no ero coBiixy, cna-
61jrcxBOMi. B-B ASnccHHiio.
CKOpo, o^HaKo, npio^p-BJii, OHI.
OICHB BH^naro noc.i'B.a.oBaxejia BI. jmufa OMapa, neJOB-BKa B-B BBIC-
mefi cxenenn npeji,npiHMqHBaro H ji.'BaxejiBHaro, Koxoptift BHBe.ii.

sapOiK^aBmyioca pe.iHriio na nyxB SHeprnqnoH nponaraH^u. CaMi.

MaroMexi. 6tLTB qejiOBiiKi. CJIHHIKOMI, cosepqaxejiBBBift, CJTHHIKOMI,
MO.TO o^m.Hxe.'iBHBiH, xaKi. qxo H roBOpnjii,, BM^CXO nero,
qacxo A6y-BeKpi,; Onapi. ate c^jra-ica CKOpo ero npaBOto
3*
 36

48. Ho-ioateme MaroMexa BI MeKK-fc CTRHOBHJIOCL BCG 6ojrfee H

H31>
6ojrEe HeBBiHOCHMBiM-B, HO sa TO OBI. npiotfp'BJi'B nonyjapnocxB Bt

Meduntb, aiHxe,iH KOTOpofi npHXOflHjH Ha eaicroflHoe noooHeme

KaaSi. Meatfly MeKKoft H MCAHHOH 6Hja cxapHHHaa Bpaat^a; npHxoMi>
BTOpOH H31> ^THXl) rOpOflOB'B 6BLI1> XOpOIHO HOflrOXOBJieH'B Kl
HflXilO HOBOH B^plI T^Ml, ^TO BI> HCMT> 6HJIO MHOFO
iy^efiCTBa H xaHmjwBTb. Majio-no-Majiy MeAHHa c^ BJia,iaci>
i

.iett

nocjii^OBaTejieH MaroMexa, Kor^a aie H caMOMy eaiy ciajia

r

atHm;eM &
Ha pOAHHt rpOSHTL OnaCHOCTb 6HTL y6HTHMl>, OHl 6n>9fCdM U3V MeKKU
ev Meduny, nropo^i. npopOKa". 3io co6HTie, HSB-Bcinoe no^ Ha-
ledwcpw OTHOCHTCH KI. 622 r., H OHO c,a,4jiajiocB Maro-
HCXO^HHM'B nyHKTOMi> HX'B JiiiocHHCJieHifl.
9poio, T.-e.

Me,a,HHn,Li npHSHajH MaroMeia npopOKOMi H npaBHT6JieM &. Bi>

r

ropOAi HanaJOCL H ycmpoucmeo noeou pe^imiosnou o6iyunu, a

6iiJianocxpoeHa MeieiB, yciaHOBJieHi, nopa^oK-L 6orocjryatemfl,
^ena ,u,ecflTHHHafl no,a,aTB Ha nyat^H pejiHriosearo o6nxo^a,
6mie npasAHOBanie naTHHn;H, y^peat^eHt 6nurs M-tcfl^HUH nocit
H T. n. Me^HHD;H cxa-iH oSpamaiLca KL MaroMeiy, KaKi. m> cy^B-B^
H ero piuiemfl, ocHOBaHHBia Ha Hapo^HLixi, o^HHaaxi) apa6oBt H
H^KOTOpLixi) BexxosaB'BTHBix^ nociaHOBJieHiax'B, nocjiyatHjiH ocuoeoio
dan eceio paseumin MaiOMemancmio npaea.
49. BcKop"B Meai^y MCKKOH H Me^HHOH BcniiXHyja BOHHa.
iiepBLie ateycnixa noc.Tfc^OBaTejreH BOHH^ ci MGKKOH
MaroMeia BI>

nO^HSJIH HX'B ^yXl> H SaCiaBHJH npHCOeAHHHTBCfl KX HOBOH CHJTE

xixx MeAHHnjeBt, KOTOpue He B^PHJIH ET> nocJiaHHHHeciBO Maro-
Mexa. Ho nofi'E.na oKasajia ne^JiaronpiflTHoe BJiiaHie Ha JIHHHHH
xapaKxepi> MaroMexa, BT> Koxopont cxa-iH npOflBjrax&Cfl BJiacxojK)6ie
H MCXHXCJIBHOCXL. OBI. %&3&e eouuy cz ne-
na^ajii. nponoB'fe.ziiOBaxB

etbpmiMU H npeAnpHHfljix saBoeBaxejfBHHe HOXOAH cpe^n OKpecx-

HLIXI, njieMeHi,. (Bi 8xo ate speMH MaroMexi) saBejii) rapeMx).
IIOA^HHHB'B CBoen BJiacxH 6jiHataHfflHx B cociAefi MeAHHu, Maro-
r

MCXI. pasocjiajii) doji^e ox^ajieHHLiMi KHasBflM^ nHCBMa ci> npHoa-

rneHieMi, HPHHSXB HCJiaMi). Eny y^ajiocB BBIFOBOPHXB y MeKKaHueB-B
npaso HJin ceda H RJIS. CBOHXI> nocjiiAOBaxejieH 6HBaxB na 6oroMOJiBl> B-L

MeKKt, H^MI. OHI> o^naatAH H BOcnoJiBSOBajica. Ho Ha Apyroft

OHi> pmuuMH saeoeeam'b Mewy, r^i OHX npioSp'BJii. H^CKOJIBKO
HBIX-B cxopOHHHKOBi BO BpeMa HyxemecTBifl npeABi^yinaro ro.ua.
OHI. HanaxB na CBflmeHHiiH ropOA^ apados-L coBepineHHO Heoatn-
^anHO H saHflji-L ee HOIXH 6e3i conpoxHEJiema co cxopOHBi ain-
xejrefi. MaiOMemt nocnn>muM ouucmumb Eaa6y omz udo.ioe*, HO
oxnecca ci> Be.3HHaHuiHMi> nogxeflieMi) KI CBameHnouy KaMHio
(630). ^nxejiH ropo^a ^BIJH npom,eHH, HO ^ojatHLi CLIJH npn-
Haxb HCJiaMi,; KasHCHbi 6unn xojibKO nexupe qejiOB-BKa, BI XOMI>
<mc.i1> o^na n'BBHH.a, coiHHaBHiaa nacM'feniJiHBbie CXHXH npoxHBx
npopOKa. Tenepb yate MeKKa cjrE.iajiacb pejiuiiosHUMK K^enmpOMo
H caMH MeKKanabi cxajin cojt'BHCXBOBaxb pacnpocxpanemK)
Haiajmcb saBoeBaxejibHbie noxo^bi BX 6o.i Ee i

st. Ct copOKaxbicaqnbiM'b BOHCKOM'b MaroMexx

HO Bepnyjica nasa^i H yMepx BI> Me-
noxoflx Ha Cnpiro,
ET> 632 r. cpe^H npHroxoBJiemH KX
HOBOMy noxo^y. IIocji^
ero CMepxH Haiajiocb-6biJio oxna^eme Apa6in oxx HCJiaMa, HO A6y-
BeKp-b H OMapx CHOBa yxsep^HJiH rocnoACXBo BI> neH HOBOH B^pbi.
50. Pejinria MaroMexa nojiyrajia nasBanie UCMMO,, qxo, KaKx
CKasano, SHainxx n nopyqeme" HJIH npe^ame ce6a*
Bory, a nocjii^OBaxejiH BXOH pejinrin cxajin Hasbisaxbca
uaMU (MOCJIUM*). n H-Bx b Bora, KpOM'B Bora, H
r
MaroMexx ero npo-
POKT,", xaKOBi, OCHOBHOH ^orMaxi, HCJiaMa. Bca
cxopona MaroMexancxsa oienb npocxa: 9x0 sipa B-b cxporoe
CXBO Boatie ex sanpem.eHieM'b Bcaitaro noKjioHenia KaKHM-b 6bi xo
HH 6biJio H3o6paa:eHiaMi>, B^pa Bt HCHSM'BHHoe 6oa:ecKoe npeAonpe-
KaKi> caMOH cy^,b6bi, xaKi, H BC^XI. nocxynKOBx nejiOB'EKa (<fia-

HaKOHen,x, B'fepa BX 3arpo6noe cymecxBOBanie ci BOS-

,

sa ji;o6pHa H sJibia xbji&, wt pan H a^i>, BI> BOCKpecenie

H cxparaHbift CVIT,. Maronexx cxapajica cexsamb ceoe
yneme iydeucmsoMK u xpucmiaHcmeoMt: OHX HastiBajix espeeBt H
cz

xpncxiaHx o6.ia^,axeJiaMH nncaHia" H roBOpHjn>, HXO MOHCCH H

IHCVCX
J
XDHCXOCI,
f 6biJiH ero npe^fflecxBeirnHKaMH, H ixo CBamennbia 9

EHHFH espeeBx H xpHcxiaHx yate npe^penajiH ero noaBJienie, Kanx npo-

pOKa Boatia. Y eBpeest ont saHMCXBOBajix H-BKOxopua nocxaHO-
BJienia BX po^B sanpemenia 'fccxb CBHHOC Maco, KT> newy OHI npn-
eme sanpeu^eme nnxb BHHO. CBOIO pejiHriro MaroMexx XOX^JITB
BceMipnoK) H nponoerbdoeaM coHw^eHHyto eouny npoxHEt
>, Koxoptie ^o.iatHbi
6HJH 6bixb o6pam,aeMbi BI HCJiaMx ^aate
CHJIOK). TojibKO no oxHomemio KX o6jiaAaxejiaMi> nncania" OH-B

^onycKajn> xepnHMOCXb no^x ycjiosieMx ynjiaxu HMH j^aHH. Bet

npaBOB-BpHLie, no ero y^emro, jtojiatHbi 6biJiH nojibsosaxbca
CXBOMI 6e3i pasjinqia npOHCxoat^eHia H o6m,ecxBeHHaro
MaroMexx 6ujn> epaioMz acnemusMa H ji,aaje pancKoe 6jiaateHcxBO
H3o6pa/KajrL BX HyBCXBeHHbix'b HacJiaatAeHitt, Koxopbia OHX o6'B-
BH.a.'B

BC'BM'b, norn6aK)n;HM'b BX BOHH'B ex HeB^pHbiMH HJIH HCHOJI-

sanoB^H npopOKa. EnponeMx, see ocxajibHoe csoe HpaB-
cxBCHHoe yqeflie OHX sanMCXBOBaJi'b HSI iyAencxBa H xpncxiancxBa.
51. Yienie MaroMexa nsjoateno 6biJio BX Kopann>, KOXOPHH K P aH1 -

snaqenie CBamennoH KHHPH, saK.noiaioin.eH BX cedt ox-

 38

Boatm npopouy. MaroMex'b He

casn, nanHcaj-L 3xy Kmiry.
"
OxEpOBema KOxopBia OH-B nepe^aeaj'b c.iyuiaxe.iaM'B, JLTH sann-
,

CHBaJTHCB HMH, H.1H TOJIBKO SaHOMHHaJIHCB, H JIHIHB HOCJI'B 6FO CMCpXH

HX-B cxajin co6npaxb Boe,HHHO. ^ojiroe speMa cym,ecxBOBa.io H-E-
CKOJIBKO pas.iH'raBix'B pe.naKn.iH c6opnHKa ero nspeieHin H nponoB-B-

i, HO B-B cepejjHH'E VII B. 6uji& yate yciaHOBjena OKOHqaiejiBHafl

9Tofi KHHFH. Ho BH^mHOCTH KopaHi xaoTiiiecKaa CM-BCS
OTpLIBKOBl) Cl DOCTOflHELIMH HOBTOpeHiaMH H 016Hb
npoiHBOp'BqiaMH. Bi H6M-L 6oji'Be CTa cyp* (rjaBi,),
no^;-
na CTHXH. PanHia cyptr ^Limaxi, cipaciBio H o6.in-
B-B CBoesi-B aBxop'E CHJiBHoe BOo6pa3K6Hie, do.i'Be nos^Hia

MycyjiBMane SBIJIH y6'Ba:^;eHH, ITO KopaHi ne COTBO-

peni> BO BpeMeHH, no cymecTBOBaji-B npeK^e Bcixi B-EKOB'B H
HM6HHO BT> TaKOMI) BHA'fe, Bl> KaKOMT> OHH 6FO HOJiyHHJIH OT^

pOKa. KpOM-B KopaHa, wa. OAHOH qacxn MycyjiBMaH'B 6ojiBHioe

qenie nojiy^Hja cyuua, T.-e. CBam,eHHoe npe^ame, HO Apyraa
ee OTBepoa, 6jiaro^apa qeMy C-B caMaro naqaja BTB Mycy.iBMan-
CTBi npOH3omej[ b pacKOJii cynuumoei H miumoei.
r

52. Maronei-B 6ujn> RJIK o6 Be^HHeHHBix B HMI> apa6oB^ H npo-

f r

poKOMi, H rocy^apeMi., T.-e. BI ero jiHn, B coedunnAUCb u dyxoeuaa,

r

u C6n>mcKa,H ejiacmb. ^pyrHMH cjOBaMH, HCJiaMi) He sHaeiTb Toro

paajraqia, Koxopoe BI, xpHCiiaHCKOM'B Mipi o6pa30Ba.iocb neatly

n;epKOBBK) H rocy^apCTBOM-B, Meat^y ^yxoBHoro H CB^TCKOIO B,ia-
ciaMH: ^yxoBHBiH rjiasa (UMCLMO] y MycyjiBMani CCTB H
rjiasa o6m,HHLi. B^ BTOMI, saKJuoqaexca o^na HSI.

rocy^apcxBeHHaro npasa MycyjiBMaH'B. Ta ate caMaa BjacxB nepe-

HiJia H Ki> xasiucfiaMK, KaKi> cxa-in nasBiBaxBca npeeMHHKH Maro-
!
Mexa ).

53*.B-L MycyjiBMancKOMTb Mipi Ha ocHOBax'B Kopana H CVHHBI

BLipa6oxajiocB
r H oco6oe npaeo. Hc.iaM'B .
CKoe npaso.
HO HM-EXB 001*6 qexBipexi> ateHi, KopaHT aanpemaex-B. (3axBOpnH-
HCCXBO MycyjiBMaHCKHX'b aveHm,HHi CKOpie o6LiqaH, H-BM!) xpeCosa-
nie HXI, pejiHrin). HcAaMv omeepiaemv npaeo coficmeenHOcmu na
seMJiw. Bca seMJia npHHa^eaiHX'B, no yiemro MycyjiBMani), JHHIB
Bory, a pacnopaataxBca ero Moatex'B O^HHI, HMaM-B (xaiH^-B), no-
xoMy ixo OH^ x"BHB Bora na seMJii. ECJIH HMaM*B H nepe.naex-B
qacxHHM-B jran.aM'b, xo jiHmB sa ynjaxy HSB'BCXHBIX'B Ha.io-
i xpncxiaHCKOM'B Mipi BOBHHKJIO pasjinqie Meai,a;y rpaat^an-
H r^epKOBHBiMi, saKOHaMH, HO HCJiaMi H 3xoro pasiHiia co-
ne npHsnaexi, BCJi^ACTBie qero ecanoe usMfbneme 6t> npaerb
 39

m,HcemcH MycyMMauaMK usMiwenieMb u &z pe^miu. 3io CHJIBHO

tfUBH'EHineMy pasBjrriio npasa BI MycyjiBMaHCKOMi, Mip'fe.
54*. HcjraM-B nojymji'B BecBMa (JoJiBuioe pacnpocTpanenie cpe
napOflOB'B. Ei Teieme nepsaro B^ita
CBOCH 9pti naroMe-
TancxBO oemdvbJio Cupieu, Ilepcieu, cpedneu Asieu, EiunmoMz u
crbeepnou Affipmou, paBHO KaKTb HcnaHiefi. Ha BOCTOK^ OHO npo-
HHOO &i> Hndm u Kumau, ea wri pacnpocipaHHJiocB Measly ne-
ipummcKUMU nAeMenantu AflpuKu ^a,ieKO sa 9KBaiopOMi,. Hc.uaMi>
npHHflJiH H saBoeBaieJiH BOCTOIHOH EBponn
B-B XIV XV BB., TaKi>
1TO Cl XpHCTiaHCKHM-L MlpOMl BTb VII 6. ()6pa306(lJlCfl 610,6
pflflOM'B
H
Mipt MycyAbMaHCKiii, KOiopLiii, 6jaroAapa CBOBH odmnpnocTH
CTOHKOCTH, saHSJii) oqeHt BaaiHoe M^CTO BO BceMipnoft Hcxopin.

II.

55*. OB BHCiynjieHieM'B apadoB'B na^HHaeTCfl HOBHH nepio^t

HCiopin Bciix'B ipex^ qacTeii Ciaparo CB^Ta. MaroMei"B OCHO-
pejinriio, KOTOpaa c cmpamuow 6bicmpomow cmajia pacnpo-
cpe^n Hapo^OBi Asin H A^PHKH, HPHTOM-B .najieKO aa
rpaHHn,aMH, B'B KOTOPBIXI. HM^JIH cnjiy B^imme rpeiecKofl o6paso-
BanHOCTH, BJiaciB pHMCKaro rocy^apCTBa H B'spOBaHia xpacTiaHCKOH
Od'Be^HHeHHHe MaroM6TOM & apa6Bi BHCTynnjiH, KaK-B .?-
r

ijepKBH.
eoeeamejiu, ocuoeaewie ipOMadnyw depwaey, H ona OTHa.ia y
BceMipnoft Monapxin no^TH BC-B ea asiaTCKia o6jraciH H
BC-B o6jaciH a<|)pHKaHCKia H Aaate nepenecjia CBOH sa-

BoeBania BI> Espony. Ci caMaro ate naiajia aioro HOBaro nepio^a

BOsropijiacB 6opb6a Mewdy xpucmmucmeoM^ u UCMMOMTJ, cocia-
BJiaromaa O^HO HSI caMBixi) BajKHBix'B aBJieniH ncxopiH cpeAHHX'B
B-BKOBl,.
n H*
56. Yaie MaroMex-B, o6xeAHHHB-B no^
CBoeio BjacTBio apa6- / fi?"
CKlJi o

CKia njeMena, ^yMajii npe^npHHaiB noxojt'B Ha CnpiK). BBIHOJIHHTB

9X011 npopOKa ssajica nepBHH ate ero npeeMHHK'B, npn-
sastT-B
HaBniiftTHiyjn ero naM-BCTHHRa (xcuiucpa) A6y-EeKp?>. 06cToaxejiB-
ciBa 6jiaronpiaxcTBOBajiH 9TOMy njiaey. ^aBHHniHaa 6opB6a BH-
aaHTin H Depcin ocjia6Hjra o6a 9TH rocy^apcTBa, H
9ioro 6BiJia xa JierKOCTB, C-B Koiopoio apa6ii,
H o^epHtHMBie pejinriosHBiMi) (|>aHaTH3MOM'B, saBoesajH pasnua
1
CTpanu, npHHa^eajaBuiia nepcaMi> H rpenaMi. ). BT.
KOpoiKoe
Bpe.Ma npn nepBBix-B ^syxi xa.iH(J)axi> (BTOPHM% 6BMi> O.vapz) OHH

') CM. Kapiy XV.

 40

CHpieft, MeconoxaMien, Hepciefi H ErnnTOMt, qxo CHJIBHO

coKpaxHJio BHsaHxificKia BJiafl'BHia BHi EBPOHBI. 9xo 6BiJia cenmeH-
Han eoima, nfajibio Koxopon SBIJIO pacnpocxpaHeme ncjiaaia, H SBI-
cxpoxa, C'L KaKoro coBepmeHBi 6ujin saBoeBania, nponsBOfla sne-
qaxji-EHie ^yfla, em,e 6ojrke BocmiaMeHfljia apao'oB'b IT

npeflnpiaxisM'B xaitoro pofla. BnpoqeMTb, B^ H'BKOTOPBIX'B

saBoeBaxejiH ocieperajiHCB CHJOIO HaBfl3HBai& HOByro pejinriio
KAeHHHMX H flOBO.IBCTBOBa.IHCb JIHfflB npOCTOK) HXl HOKOpHOCTBK) .

57. Hst Apasin ci CTpanaMH, saBoeBanHLiMH A6y-BeKpOM'B

06pa30BaHie H
QnapOMi, o6pa30BajiocB MorymedBeHHoe rocy^apCTBO,
mee B-B Hciopin HasBanie xcuiufiama. IIo cnepxH Bioporo
naBmaro OTT. pyKH y6ifin,Bi, Hosoe rocyflapcxBO noxpacjiH
BHSBaHHLia BOnpOCOM-B KXO flOJI^eH^ CA^-iaXBCfl r HaM-BCXHH-
XOMI,,
KOM'B npopOKa". XpaHHxejH H xosaesa MeKKH, KOpeftmnxBi, pa3Ai-
Ha flBi napxin, H Meatfly HX^ KanflHflaxaMH, HS^ Koxopuxt
6BiJii> AAU, njreMaHHHK'B H 33XB Maroaiexa, a flpyrHMi,
Moaeiti, naqajBEHK-B BI Cnpin, nponsonuia 6opB6a, KOH-
BoftcKa

nopameHieMT, AJIH. 3xo Me^floyco6ie nopoflnjio H pejia-

pacKOJ'B BI MycyjiBMaHCKOM'B Mipi na cynHumoffb H utiu-
KOTOpBix'B OflHH, KpOM^ Kopana, cxajra npHSHasaxB eme
cyHHy, KaKi. aBxopnxexHoe xojrKOBame cBain;eHHOH KHHFH, a flpyrie
HMCHHO cxopOHHHKH AjiH
cyHHy, Haodopox-B, oxseprjiH. Moasia
Cfl-Lia-ica poflOHaqajrBHHKOMi, flHHacxin Ojitauadoez
(656 750), nepe-
HecmeH cxojrHniy xajrn^axa HSI. MCKKH BI ffaMM&e^ HSI 6'BflHOH H ne-
B'fcavecxBeHHOH ApaBm B^ 6oraxyro H EyjiBxypHyro CHpito. Sfl-BCB
nofli. BJiianieMi. cxapofi KyjiBxypBi xajH(|)axi npeBpaxnjrca B-B flep-
noMHHaromyK) CGOUMZ u xapaKmepOM7>
ycwpoucmeoMt
eocmoHHUH monapxiu. OMaftaflBi npOflOJnKa.0 H pacmn-
paxB rpaHHn,Bi xajin^axa. Bx Asin OHH BK-ITO^HJIH BT> cocxaB'B CBOGH
Monapxin Apmeniw H TypKecmam, BX, A^PHK^ npoeunt^m Bu-
sanmiu, oxnaxyio ero y BaHflajiOB-L, H Maepumaniw. B-B 711 r. apa6Bi
nepenuiH HS'B A<J>PHKH B-B Rcnaum nepes'B npojiHEi., KOxopBift no
HMCHH HXI, Boatfla TapnKa H cxa^TB nasHBaxBca rn6pajixapOMi)
(nepexoflT) TapnKa). BecxroxcKoe KOpojiescxBO CHJIO HMH saBoeBaHO,
a nepesi, H^CKOJIBKO Jiix^ apa^Bi BxoprjiHCB flaase BX Fajuiiro, rfli,
OflHaKO, noxepn^JiH CHJIBHOG nopaaieHie npn Ilyamw oxi. <J>paHK-
CKaro nojiKOBOflii,a Kapjia Mapmejia (732). BcKOpi DOCJI-B axoro
H pacnaflenie xajrn^axa. B-B 750 r. npoxHBi, OMafiaflOB-B
npaBHxe.iB oflnofl HST. npoBHHuiii IlepciH, A6yM-A66ac~ .

OHI> oBJiafl'B.ii MeKKoft H MeflHHOH H cfl^jrajica poflOHaHajrbHHKOMi,

HOBOH flHHacxin A66acudoet, cxojiHn,a Koxopoii 6njia nepeHecena BI
na Tnrp'E. B-B McnaniH ne npHSHa.iH axoro nepesopoxa, H
 41

o6pasoBa.iH s.n'BCb oco6bifi xajmtyarb, r.iaBH&ixrb

KOioparo t>HJia Kopdoea.

H BH-
58*. Apaf)bi yKasaHHMMH saBoeBaniaMH ')Apa6n
He orpanHmiHCb
BHsaHTincKHX'b npOBHHnJH B'b Asia, HO npOAOJi/KaviH Hana^aTb H iia
Apyria qaciH HMnepin. HMT> y^ajiocb OBJiaA'BTb na speMa H'EKOTO-
PHMH ropo^aMH B-B MajiOH Asin H ocxpOBaMH ApxHnejara, H OHH
dame nodcmynamb KI camomy KoncmanmuHonoAK). B'b na-
VIII B. CTOJumij HMnepin npaMO yate rposn.ia onacHOdb
saxBaqeHHOH apadaMH, KOiopue OKpyatnjiH ee H c-b nopa, H
CT> cyrnn H flOJro HC XOT-BJIH yniH. Bi 910 BPCMB HMnepaxopOM-b
Jleffb III Hcaept (717 741), wcKycHHH H xpadpbift
saciaBHEffliH apaSos'b CHflTb ocajty. Meai^y npoiHMi

npoTHB-b HXI Kopaojieti C'b ycn-ExoMi. dbuii) npHM-BHeHi. Taicx Hasbi-

BaeMHH n rpeiecKiH oroHb", H^TTO BX pOA"B nopoxa, nocpeACTBOM'b
KOioparo BH3aHTiH^bI yM-BJin aa^Hraib HenpiaiejibCKia cy^a. He-
apa6oBi> noA'b KonciaHTHHonoJieMi ne npenpaTHJia, o^HaKO,
ci HHMH. Becb VIII Bijirb npomejii BI 6op^6n Busanmiu
u xajiufiama sa ofijiadanie Majiou Asieu u ApxunejiaiOMb, H
B'b KOHirfj KOH^BTB rpeKH y^epatajiH HXI sa coSoio.
59*. IIpeA^bi BnsaHTiHCKOH HMnepiw coKpainjiHCb HC mibKO npeit:m BH-
K
B-b Asin, HO H B^ EBpon'B. B-L VII B. cjraBHHe HaqajiH nocxe- H inepiH ^
HCHHO yTBepaiAaibca na c'BBep'B BajricaHCKaro nojryocipOBa. H.iJiupiH vni B.
6buia saxBaqena cepfiaMU, a Ha HHameBTL leqeHin ^ynaa CMimaB-

pyatHBinee CTpeMJienie KI AaJTbHinmeMy pacmnpemK); ci. VIII B.

meppumopifi BmanmiucKou ujwnepiu oipauuuueaemcH TOJbKO cpe,n-
HHMH H IOJKHBIMH qaciHMH BajKaHCKaro no-iyocipOBa, ocTposaMH
Apxniie.iara H Majioft Asieft C'b qncio rpe^ecKHMT, HJIH cnjbHO
.
v I

9JijiHHH3JipoBaHHLiM'b HacejieHieMi). B'b ginxi) npe^'BJax'b BHsan-

6buio yjKe HC xaK'b ipy^HO OTCiaHBaib cymecTBOBame
B'b BOHH'B na Asa $pOHTa C'b cjiaBanaMH H ci apa-

III.

60*. Apataia saBoeBania VII B. HanecJiH qyBCTBHxejibHbiH

ydapi> xpucmiaucmey ft* Asiu u Affipunrb. naxpiapxaibi iepyca-
aHTioxiHCKift H ajieKcaHApiftcKift noflBepr.iHCb HHOB BPHOMV^II
I
xui BB.

o6jacTH nx'b coKpaiHjHCb, naciBa yMenbrnnjacb.

x
) Cp. Kapiy III.
2
) Hapo^T> xropKCKaro npOHCxoHc.ieHia, KOTOPHH CKOpo Birojrat
 42

eeponeHCKHXi naxpiapxaxoEfc OAHH-B, HMCHHO BOCXOHHBIH,

MHoro cmpadaM omi pasnwxz pejimiosmixt CMymz, HO saxo ApyroH,
sana^HHH, p$jiajn> HOBHH H HOBLIH npio6p fcxeHia H B'B cMLic.rh
r

pacwupenifi meppumopiu, H BT> CMBicji-B yeejiuuenifi uesaeucuMOcmu.

1

HO 6.HHHCXBO IjepKBH BC6 6111,6 nOflflCpatHBaJIOCB, H B'B KOHnll

VIII B. enje o.a.HH'B pa3i> 6HJi> co3BaHi BcejrencKiH cooopi.
61. rJiaBHtlM'B CO^HTieMt B'B HCTOpm U,6pKBH B"L BHSaHTiftCKOH
HKOHo6op- HMne piH B'B VIII B. 6LMO HKOHo6opCTBO. HMnepaxopi. Jle&b Hcaepv,
OTpasHBmift apadoB-B o-n EoHCTanTHHOnojfl, 6ux.i> po^osi^ HS-B Ma.ioii
Asin H flOJiro BI nen cnaqajia atHJi. SA^CB OH'L no,a;Beprcff H^JKO-
Topony BJiiamio epeca nae.tuKiam, OTBepraBmnxi,, Meat^y npoiHM^,
H noiHiaHie CBflTtixt HKOHI>. OEJ> caMi>
ITO nogHianie HKOHI> Haia.io npeBpamaitca B'B

HM-B, HanoMnnaromee co6oio H^oJonoKJiOHCTBO, H c^ejrs

HyatHLIM-B npHHSTB npOTHBl) 9TOFO M'fepBI. KpOM^ TOFO, y HerO 6BMO

o6paTHT& B'B xpHCTianciBO MaroMeiaH-B, a KaR'B-pas'B BI
HKOH'B MycyjiBMane ycMaxpHBajrH H^OJIOHOKJIOHCTBO, cxporo
3anpem,eHHoe sanoB'SAflMH npopOKa. B-B 726 r. JEeB-B HcaBpi> eu-
cmynuM npomm% nonumauia UKOHZ, npHKasaji'B HX^ CHHMaxB, BH-
H saKpainHBaxB BO BC^X-B n.epKBax'B HMnepin. 9xa M-fepa
6oJiBmoe pasApaateHie cpe^H pasHBix^ qacTefi o6m,ecxBa,
Koxopoe CKOpo pasA'BJiHJiocB no axony Bonpocy na UKonodywe^ H
UKOHOKMCmO&S, X.-6. HO^HXaxeJieH HKOH'B H HKOH06opn,eB'B. Ha CXO-
pony HKOHo6opcxBa cxajio BHcmee o6nj,ecxBo; ^aate cpe^n
iepapxin 6HJia CKJIOHHOCXB KI. 9xoMy HanpaBJiemio, H npn
HS'B npeeMHHKOBT) JlBBa Hcaspa, B0o6m;e AepsKaBmnxca HKOHo6op-

cxsa, (npn KoHcxaHXHHi IV) noKJiOHeme HKOHaMx 6Hvio ^aace (|>op-

ocyat^eno co6opOM'B, B'B KOxopon'B yiacxBOBajro O^GHB MHOFO
JIHH.'B. HaO^OpOXI,, B'B npOCXOM'B HapO^i H B'B HHSHieM'B
rocno^cxBOBajia npe^aHHOCXB cBflmeHHUMi nsodpaate-
XpHcxa, BoroMaxepn H CBflXBixT); ocodeHHBiMH ate samnx-
HKOHonogHxania SBIJIH ateHm,HHH BC^X-B KJiaccoBB o6mie-
cxsa H MOHaxH. Kor^a HMnepaxopCKoe pacnopaaveme cxajo npn-
BO^HXBca B'B HcnoJiHeHie, HaqaiHCB cxsaxKH H no6oHm,a. JeB-B Hcasp-B
H ero HKOHo6op^ecKie npeeMHHKH, Haxo.ua, TTO MOHaxn saSpajrn
CJIMfflKOMTb 6oJBfflyK) CH.iy B'B oSmeCXB-B KaK-B B'B HpaBCXB6HHOM'B,
xaK-B H MaxepiajiBHOM-B oxHOinemH H ^xo npHEHjerin MonacxLi-
B'B

peii Bpe^HBi ^Jia rocy^apcxBa, ecmynujtu ez omnpumyw f)opi>6y u

cv MOuawecmeoMv, a 3x0 XOJIBKO o6ocxpnjio CMyxtr. HKOHo6opqe-
CKoe npaBHxejiBcxBO Majro-no-Muiy nepeni.no Kt HacxoamHM-B rone-
niaMi) na HKOHonoiHxaxejefi H MonaxoB-B, H Mnorie HSTB nnx^, ne
aie.iaa no^iHHHXBCa HOBOH epecu, 6i/KajH na OKpanHBi rocy^ap-
 43

(aiex^y npoiHMi Bt roJEHyio Hxajiio). TaKi> npo,a,o.iaxa.iocb

AO KOHija B-EKa, Kor,a,a HMnepaxpmja Hpuna, ynpasjaBmafl HMnepiefi
sa Majio.i'fcxcxBOM'b CBoero CHHa (KoHcxanxHua VI) H oxjumaBmaflca

HKOHonoqHxaHiio, cosBajia BI> Hunetb cedbMoii ece-

co6opi> (787), Koxopbift BOsciaHOBHJii. HKOHonoqHxame. Ho
HKOHo6opciBO He npeKpaiHJiocb, xoifl noc.i'B 9ioro xenepb yase
BparoBi HKOHonoiHTama ciajiH no^BepraiB npeai-BAOBaHiaM^. Bpe-
M6HHO BI> naqajit VIII B. (npn .JlbB-B APMHHHH'B) HKOHo6opciBO
oiiflib B3a.no Bepxi>; 6mia R&sie CAiJiana nontiTKa OTM'l>HHTb HO-
BbiMii cooopHLiM'b nocTaHOB.ieHieM'b noiHiaHie HKOH'b, HO npa-
BHBinaa rocyAapciBOM-b sa Majioji'BTCTBOM'b CBoero cbraa (Mn-
III) HMnepaxpHi^a Oeodopa co^pajia BI 842 r. cofiop'b,
pasi. ocy^HBuiiH HKOHo6opciBO, KaKi> epecb, H docmaeue-
miu OKonuameMuoe mopoicecmeo npaeocjiaem. JBi> o6in,efi CJO/K-
HOCTH HKOH06opCTBO npO^OJIffiajIOCb' SOJlie CTOJTETifl. Hsi 3aiU,HT-
npaBOCJiaBia BT> 3iy anoxy ocodenno HSB'BCTeH'b ce. loanm
OHTB 6H.ix noAAanHbiM'b 6arAa^CKaro xajH^a H
saHHM&ii BaaiHyro rocy^apCTBeHHyK) AO-iatHOCTb Ha ero
HO KOHIHJI'b JKHSHb Bi MOHaHieCTB-fe. Bl CBOHXT, COIHHemflX'b
HKOHonoquTaHie H, KPOM-B TOFO, jna,jn> nepeoe cucmeMa-
usjiowceuie xpucmiaucKaio 6oiocjiooin^ OHI npoc.iaBH.ica

odpasoMi,, KaK'b cocxaBHTejb npas.a.HHiHHX'b n-BCHon-BHiil

62*. Bo speMH roHemfi Ha HKOHH H Ha HXI, no<raxaxejeH KOH- OxHomeme

. - HKO-
IlUIlt Kl>

nampwpxaMU orbjiaAUCb cmopounuKU dmou no- H o6opcTBy.

Ha Sanaa's n,epKOBHHH cnopi., BbisBanHbifi noaBJiemeM-b
HKOHo6opcxBa, ne HM'ki'b B0o6me 6ojibnioro 3HaqeHia, nanu otce
eucmynujiu peeHOcmuuMU saut/umnuKaMU npaeoc^aein npomuez uno-
nopoffb, 3xo ein,e 60.1^6 no^Hfljio HXI>
BI oasax-b B'Bpyroui.HX'b H RSMO HMX BOSMoatnocxb
CBoro nesaBHCHMOCXb oxi. epexnqecKHxi. rocy^apett. Co-

HcaBpa Ha nancKOMi, npecxo.TB 6uju> Fpu-

lopiu 7J(715 731), Koxopbift oxKasajica noBMHOBaibca HMnepa-
xopCKOMy pacnopfl^eniio o6i> HKonax-b, npH3Ha.Tb
CB-BXCKOH BJaCXH B^ ^epKOBHbIa fl-fiJia HesaKOHHblMl. H
HKOHo6opcxBO epecbio, ox.iyqHBi> OXT> i^epKBH HKOHO^opqecKaro na-
xpiapxa. Hacejieme BHsaHxincKOH Hxa.iiH cMOxp-fejo Ha Hero, KaK'b
na CBoero samHTHHKa npoxHBx epexHqecKaro HMtiepaxopa, H sna-
qacxb BH3aHxiHCKHxi> BJiaAiHiH Ha no.ayocxpoB'B ct ro-
u
raBCHHOH npe^noijia ^aase ox^axbca noA'b B.iacxb jaHro-
.
IIpeeMHHKH FpHropia II ^epatajHCb xoro a:e HanpaB.ie-
 44

His,H TOpasecTBO npaBOCJiaBifl BX BnsaHTiH 6turo H mopwecmeoMt

nancmea, ociaBiuaroca B'fcpHbiM'b npaBocjafiiio.
63. UpH nan's FpnropiH II Boo<5me sHaienie pnncKaro enncKona
em;e Sojrfce, ^MI npeat^e. Esiy npnxoAHJiocb
ii. Me/KAy BHsaHTifiijaMH H jraHrodapAaMH,ocnapHBaBiHHMH MeatAy co-
6ofo rocnoACTBO HTajien, HO ont ne ciaHOBHJca
najt'L
HH Ha iy, HH Ha ^pyryro CTOpony, T-BM-B He Men-fee saciaBjaa
ro6apAOB-B ^HCTBOBaTL BI CBOK) HOJibsy. Kopojb jraHro6ap^CKiH
nocj'B saBoeBania PaBCHHH jjaace noAapHj-B eMy
ropOATE. (Cyxpn), q^M-b H UOJOXHJ'B nepeoe uawjio cenmcKou
8Aacmu nam. KpOMi -roro, npn FpHropin II Haqa.iocb o6pau^euie
el xpucmiancmeo nsunecKOu
FepManiu, npH ^eni. npocB-BTHiejib
nepe^i oTHpaBjremeM'b na CBOFO npono-
CB. BonH<|)an,iH,
nani nncbMeHHyio luaiBy nodnuuumb lepManCKyw
K06b PliMy.
64. IlepBbiMH pacnpocipaiiHTejiflMH xpnciiaHCTBa cpejjH
TepMaHin CHJH upjiandcnie Monaxu (CB. KoJiyM6aHx), HO
Hxi> nponoB-B^b He ^asajia npOHHtix'b pesyjrbiaTOB'b, xan-b KaK-b OHH
^MCTBOBaJIH Bl O^HHO^Ky H HC HM-BJIH HOAAGP^KH HSBH^. IIpH
FpHropin II sa A^O o6pani,eHia FepManin npHHSJica anuo-cancon-
cmu Mouaxz JSoHucfiaitiu, aepKBH, Koiopaa ysse
npHHaA-iea:aBniiH
60.1-Be cxa jiiT'b BI TECH EHHieM b o6ui,eHiH c-b nan-
naxoAH^acb
i r

ciBOM-b. C'b Apyroft ciopOHbi, OWL nojibSOBajica H

npaeumeAwmea (HMCHHO Kapjia MapxeJia,
HH^aniiH naqajcb nponoB-BAOBaTb B'b
nepemeji'b BT> TenepeniHiil Feccen-b. OponoB'BAb ero HM^jra ycnixi,
HO OHI, nOHHMa.i'b, ^TO HOBaa lepMaucmH i^epKOOb Hymdaemcn e%
eduncmerb u nopndKtb, H 6ujn> My6oKO y^'BatAGH'b, qio TO H Apy-
roe en Moaserb AaTb jiHnib T^CHOC o6ni,eHie C'b PHHOirb. BOTI no-
^eMy, apxienHCKonOM-b MaiiHn.CKHM'b H npHMacoMi
CA^iaBuiHCb
FepMamH, OH'b CMOTptji-b na ce6a, jranib KaKi> na BHKapia (i.-e.
HaarECTHHKa) nanti. BoHH(|)ai];iH npiodp'BJ'b 6ojrbmoe 3HaieHie H BI
rocyAapciBi (JjpaHKOBi,. B-b cepeAHH-B YIII B. OHI. Aaate cosBajri.
HOMiCTHblH C060PI, Ha KOTOpOlTb SaC^AaJIH BM-BCT-B enHCKOHH
H FepMaHJH H na KOiopOM-b OH-b npOBOAHjrb iy
en>pu u nepnoeuaio ynpaeMuifi la^bcncm u
saeuctbmb omv i^epueu pUMCKou. CBOK)
iKHSHb BOHH(|)aHiH OKOHHHJI'b BO Bpeiia npOHOB-BAH CpCAH (})pH30Bl,
KOiopbiMH ocxasajiocb MHoro eme asbiiHHKOB'b. OHI Bos6y-
npOTHB-b .ce6a ci nx-b ciopOHbi BpaatAy, H OHH ero yfinjiH

(755).
65. Bo BpeMa saBoeBania janrodapAaMH HiajiH H rocnoACTBa
 45

CB * T -
HKOHo6opn,eBi> BI> BHsanxiH nanciBO ,3,'kia.iocb ece 6o;in>e u 6oA,ne H***
CKoft B-iaCTH
omz UMnepamopCKOu ejiacmu. Ho nanaMi saxo no-
CTOHHHO rposHjm jraHro6ap^H. IIpOTHBT, nocJiiAHnxt OHH cmadu
ucKamt, noMOtu^u y cfipaHKO&t, y KOTOpwxi> em,e BI> VII B. BOSBHCHJIHCL
xaK-b nasiiBaeMbie MaiiopdoMU, cxoaBmie BO oaBt ynpaKieniH H
BOftcKa. apadoBi npn Ilyaibe H noKpojBHTejb CB. BOHH-
IIo6'BAHTe,ib

(f)au,ifl, Kapjii. Mapiejib, 6mn> TaKofl MaHOp^OMt, H yate KI> HCMy odpa-
TpHropiH II sa nocpeAHHqecTBOM b VL neperoBOpax'b ct .laaro-
r

Opn OAHOMT> HSX npeeMHHKOB-b 9-roro nanbi (SaxapiH) CHH-B

.

Kap.ia Mapxeja Uunum JKoponmti saxoiijn CA^aTbca Kopojem.

OHI nocjiaji cnpocnib nany, xoponio .IH, qio KOpOJieM-b He TOTX, KTO
Ha flfcji'k ynpaB.iaex'b rocy^apciBOMi,, H Kor^a nojiygnji. OTBin BI TOMX
CMbicji'B, qio jyqme 6nxb rocy^apeMx xoMy, KXO A'feHCXBHxejbHO no^b-
syexcfl B.iacxbK), xo npHHyAH^t xorflanrauro 4>paHKCKaro Kopojia (Xnjib-
B-b MOHaxn'H caMi> npHHajit Kopony (752).
III) nocxpH^bCfl
nonasaHia Ha napcxBO coBeprnHjn, na^x IlHnHHOMi, EoHH^aniii.
B-b djaroAapnocxb sa 3x0 nunHHi) KopoxKifi, KI> Koxopoaiy nana
Hi. II JIHHHO HBHJicfl npocnxb noMonjH npoxHBi> Jianrodap-
coBepmHJi'b flEa noxo^a BX Hxajiiro ^a sanjHXH nanbi H
H, oxHflB-b y jiaHro6ap^OBi> PaBenHCKiii SKsapxax-b, no^apHJii
Cxe^any (754). Bxoxx ji;ap b oceo6oduM nany omv Bu-
r

9xy odJiacxb
saumm u cdtb.mM eiocenmcKUMZ locydapeMz. BnocJi'B.aiCXBiH BOSHHRX
o xoMi), 6y^xo paMCKaa o6jrac rb 6bua no^apeHa nant
r

pa3CKa3i>
(Cn.ibBecxpy I) em;e HMnepaxopOMi> KoHCxaHXHHOM'B BejHKHMT>, H
BT> axoM-b CMbiCjii 6ujia .naa^e cocxaB.iena no^o^Hafl rpanoxa
( KoHcxaHXHHOBi ,n;api)"), Ha Koxopyio cpeAHeB^KOBbie nanbi oco-
6eHHO OXOXHO ccbi.ia.iHCb. PaBHHMi o6pa30M-b nanbi Bnoc-i-B^cxBiH
CCLIJKH H Ha xo, ixo ci nxt corjacifl H 6jiarocjiOBeHifl
B.iacxb y (J)paHKOBi) dHJia nepeHecena ci> O^HOH RK-
Hacxin na ^pyryio.

IV.

66. Hcxopifl BHsanxiH BX VIII H nepBofi HOJIOBHH'B IX B.

no.iHGHa BHyxpeHHeio 6opb6oK), Koxopaa 6biJia BbisBana

HKOHOtfopcxBa BI> Ha^ajii VIII cxcjiixifl. Hsinepaxopi. Met III
Hcaepz, no^HflBniiH roneHifl na HKOHH, nojro^KH.ii) naia^o H noeou
dunacmiu, Koxopaa HasuBaexca MdM-asiamcKon HJH ucaepiucKou.
npecxo.Tb nyxeMi, Boscxania, .IeBi> III oKasajca rocy^a-
cbMa 9HeprHqHHM-b He xoJibEo BT> BOHHaxi> ci rposHMMH
HO H Bi> drb.iaxz mympeHHmo npaeMnix. OHI, sa6oxH.ica
GOT, yjiyMinenin aAMHHHC'rpaxHBHOfi cncxeMbi (BT, 9x0 BpeMa
 46

HOBCKoe A^enie HMnepin saM^najiocL HOBLIMI, na eenti), H ocodeHHO

peBHOCTHO sanfljicfl nojiooKenieMb KpecmwHCKOu juaccu. Bi> no-
OTHomemH JVEJIO JlLBa III npoflOJUKajn. H CBIHI. ero Kon-

EonponuMt, Toaie flepJKaBiniHca HKOHO(5opCTBa H 6BiBniiH

Bpenfl conpaBHiejieM'B oma. B-B HX-B npasjieHie 6mia HS/jana

T.-e. n BLi6opKa" saKOHOBt (70X6773 t(bv v6[icov) n ct Hcnpa-

fit caaiOMi sarjraBin 9ioro naMHTHHKa BHsaimHCKaro npasa.

Toro, Jleei H KoHCiaHTHHi us^ajiH seMJie^n.^ecKift saKOH-B HJIH
saM'EiaTe.iBHBiH no co-
<

ycmam KpecmwHcmii (vojioc Y0)pYt x,6c) ;

BepmeHHO HOBOMJ OTHomemio rocy^apciBeHHOfi BJiacTH K-B CBJIB-

CKOMy Hacejieniio HMnepin. IIpeatHie HMnepaTOpii, CTapaacB 3aiu,H-

THTB pa^OB-B OTI c.iHiiiKOM'B acecxoKaro odpamenifl, a KpinocTHBixi,
OT'B npOHSBOJiLHaro yBejrnqeHifl HajioroB-B, T-BM-B He Men-fee no^ep-
jKHBajH npHEpinjieHie KpecTBan-B KI SCMJI-B H no^gHHenie CCJIBCKOH
MaccBi Boodle BjacxH KpynnBix^ seMJieBJia.u'E.iBn.eB'B. HKoeo6opie-
CKie HMnepaiopBi AaJH CBoeii HOJIHTHK'B COBC BM B HHOC nanpaBJie-
P I

nie. Bi> ocHOBy KpecTbflHCKaro ycxasa JlBBa H KoHCiaHTHHa 6H.IH

nodowcenu uauajia JIUUHOU ceo6odu Kpecmwm u caMOcmofimeM-
Hocmu KpecmbfiHCKuxK o6v4um. 3io saKOHOflaiejibCTBO ^asajio no-
cejiaHaM b-apeH^;aTOpaM & npaso nepexo^a HSI OAHOFO HM'snia Bt
r r

Apyroe BI> noncKax'B sa dojiie BBiro^HBiMH ycJiOBiaMH H 6pajio

CBOe nOKpOBHTCJIBCTBO CCJIBCKia O^mHHBI, KOTOpHa MOFJIH
seMJierocoo6m,a H B^^aiB CBOH BHyxpeHHia ^ijia. Bi BTHXX HO-
BBIX-B nopa^Kaxi, BH^HH cji"bj(u cJiasaHCKaro BJiiania na JKHSITB
HMnepin. O^HOIO HSI sa^OT'B HMnepaiopOBi) VIII H IX B. ^BIJIO
TaKHM'B o6pa30Mi, oipawcdeuie KpecmwHCKOu nesaeucuMOcmu omv
snamu. Me^E^y npoqaM^ HKonodopqecKie HamepaTOpBi 6opojiHCB em,e
H npomue* ycujieuin Mouacmupeu u yeejiwienifi uxz
 TJIABA ni.

MoHapxifl Eapjia BejiHEaro.

I.
MeawyHapOAHbia oTHomeHia ( 67 72).
II. BHyxpeHHifi 6HTt 4)puHKCKoB MOnapxiH BI anoxy Kapjia Be.iHKaro ( 73 74).
III. HancTBO BI IX E'ER* ( 7577).

I.

67*. OflHOBpeMGHHO CT. TBATB, KaKT. BH-fceBpOneHCKia o6jiaCTH HenpoiHOCTb

watHHXi Bap-
PHMCKOH HMnepm BOHIJIH BI> cocxaBi MaroMeiancKaro xa- BapCKHXl r o.
a BHsaniifl see em,e npOAOjatajra rocno^CTBOBaiL Ha BO-
EBponu H BI> MajiOH Asin, BI sanaAHOH EBponi
lOcydapcmeoMt* cdnjiaAocb nopojieecmeo
Bci>xi> eapBapCKHX'B rocy,a;apCTBi, na MaxepHK-B OHO OKasajroct
npoqHHMi>. Hiajia nst pyKt repyjroBi> nepenuia B-B pyKH
ociroTOB-B, y nocji^HHXi, 6tuia OTHaxa BHsaHTifirjaMH, HOTOMI
Beprjiact saBoeBamio co cxopOHH .iaHro6apAOBi>, HO H
CKoe rocno,a;CTBO He 6ujro npo.a.ojiJKHTejiBHiiM'L. B'B HcnaHiH sa
rOCHOACTBOM'L BaH^aJIOBl, HOCJI'BAOBajrO BJia^H-
BeCTTOTOBX, HO H OHH ^OJiaiHH 6&IJH yCTynHTfc CB06 M-BCTO
BaH^ajiBCKoe KOpojieBCTBO Bt A^PHK^ 6ujio paspyineno
em,e DcTHHiaHOMi,. 3ia nenpo^HOCTL roatHiix-L BapsapCKHxi, Kopo-
o6i>acHaeTCH, BO-nepBuxi., cjia6ocm bto && nuxb 'lepMancmio
/

H, BO-Biopuxi), cocrbdcnwoMz 6oAn>e moiyu^e-

6jiu3KUM*
locydapcme*. FOTBI, BaH^aJiBi H .ianro6ap^H cocTaB^ajiH
He3HaiHTejiBHoe MeHbmHHCTBO cpeji;H pHMCKaro Hacejenia
Hcnamn H A(J>pHKH H caMH CKOpo pOMaHHSHposajHCB. Ci
CTOpOHH, 9TH CTpaHH 6&MH CO-l-BG flOCTyilHLI J(Jia. 3aB06Ba-
noxo^OBt BHsaHTinneB-L H apa6oBi.
p
68*. Bi HflOMt no.ioateniH CLMO KOpojieBCTBO ^panKOB-L B-B.OO.'IfclllcH
'? *l*IJ* l
IIpO" .^_^

OHO Haxo^HJiocb B'L ^ocTaToqHOMi. oujaieniH H OTT> BH- HOCTH 4>paHK-

H OTB apaCcKaro xajH^axa, a BM'BCT'B C-L xiiM-i (j>paHKH, Ch
cpe^n pOMaHCKaro Hacejema FajuiH, npodojtmajiu
ez ofiuteuiu ci (ppauKaMU, ocmaemuMUCH na ceoeu
poduun. Bi MOHapxin BXO-
cociaBi) J)paHKCKott
CT> canaro naiajia H seMJin, r^-B npeo6jia^;ajio poMaHCKoe na-

ce.ieme (HeBCipia, T.-e. cipana Meat^y .lyapofi H COMMOH, AKBHiaHia H

F)ypryH^,ia), H cxpaHH C'L HacejeHieM-L HO^TH CHJOHJL
 48

(Aficxpasia), H iiajio-no-Majy npeo6jia a,aHie

1
B^ rocyflapcxBij ne-
peffl.10 OX-B HeBCXpiHCKHX-B (j^paHKOB-B KT, aBCXpasifiCKHM-B.
CBOHMH BOCTOKa 6ojike c.iao'Bia repMaHCKia
coc'fe.naMH C'B

ajL/ieMaHOB'B, 6aBapOBi. H xiopHHroBTb, (JjpanKH IIOAIHHHJIH H HX-B

CBoefi Bjiacxn, H^MI nojro^HJiH nana.io saeoeeaniw caMOu FepManiu.

npaB.ua, HXI. rocyflapcxBy, B-B jcoxopoM-B xaKHMi, odpasoarB coedu-

ooeduuo o6mcmu
pOMaucKUMz u lepMCMCKUM* Hace.ienieMt,
&>
KaKt H BHsamiH, oicxaHBaTB ceda BI, 6opb6'B na ABa
t|>pOHTa C'L MycyjibMaHaMH H C'B c-BBepHBiMH BapsapaMH, HO apaou

jiHfflB o^Hy cepbesnyio nonBiiKy sasoeBaHia Ysuuiin,

O oxpajKeHHyio aBcipasiHCKHMx MafiopAOMOMi, Kap.iOMi Map-
(732), a c^BepHBie BapBapu (caKCBi, nojia6cKie, T.-e. npn-
9JiB6cKie cjiasane H asapBi) orpaHH^HBajiHCB jiHmB Had-fcraMH C'B
i^ijiBio rpadeata.
69. Bo BTOpon
no.iOBHH'fe VIII B., npH nepBBixi. AByx-B Kopo-
Pacnpocipa-
HeHie 4>paHK-
^^ HOBO n ^HHacxin KapojiBHroB-B, ApaHKH ew/e 6oAn>e pasdeuuym
citaro wwu-npeorbdu ceoeio nopoAeecmea, SKJiwnu&b ex eio cocmaet HO&UH po-
iccTna Ha
MaHCKiH u lepMduCKiH ofaacmu. 9x0 pacmHpeeie xeppHxopiH HXI> ro-
cy^apcxsa Ha^ajiocB C'B noduuuenin Go.nweu uacmu HmciMu. DepBtiH
.nHHacxin KapoJiHHroBi, Hunuw> Eopomniu (752 768),
BOSBe^.eHieM'B Ha npecxojii* pnMCKOMy nani, ci CBoeft

cxopOHH OKasaji'B eny noMom,b npoxHB'B jiaHrodapAOBi,, cxpeMHB-

Hiaxca saBJia^xB Been Hxajrien H Meat^y npo^HM-B PHMOM?>. BH-
saexia, Koxopaa JTHHIB HOMiraaJiBHO BJia^Jia H-BKOXOPBIMH qacxaMH
Hxajria, 6BLia He B-B cocxoaniH 3am,HXHXB PHSTB oxi jianrodap.noB'B,
H nana (Cmefiam II) BI> 754 r. oxnpaBHJica KI ^paHKCKOMy KO-
PO.IK) .IH1HO npOCHXB DOMOIHH npoxHB'B JaHro6ap^OBl>. IlHIIHH'B Ko-
poxKift coBepmHJii, xor^a ,o,Ba noxo^a BI Hxajriio H nod'B.nHJi'B Jian-
rooap,noBi>, ocBodoAHBi, PHMX oxi BcaKOH onacHOCxn H omeoeeaez
y jiamofiapdoez PaeenCKiu eKsapxamt, KOxopBift OHH ycn'kiH yaje
oxnaxB y BHsanxiH. OBI He saxoxiji^, o^naKO, Bocno-iBSOBaxBca
9XHMi> saBoeBaHieM'B, a no.a.apHJi'B ero nani, H'BM'B H nojio^HJH) na-
UCIAO cen>mcKOu e.tacmu pUMCmio nepeocefiiyeHHUKa (754). FpeKH
npoxecxosajiH npoxHB^ 9xoro, HO nHnHHi ne o6paxHJH) BHHMama
na Hxi) npoxecxi. nocjit CMepxn HnnHHa KopoxKaro na H-BKOxopoe
Bpena (J)paHKCKaa MOHapxia pas^JiajiacB Meat^y ero
aHOM* H KapJiOM* (768 814), HO KOiyja nepBBiii ESI
xo Bxopoft HC saxoxiji^ ^^HXBca ex ero CLiHOBBaMH. 3a
sacxynnjica HXT> A^A%
KOpo.iB .laHrodap^CKiii (Jfau-
depiu). Meat^y o6oHMH rocy^apaMH Haia.iacB Boiraa, Koxopaa OKOH-
saeoeeanieMo JIoMfiapdni (|>paHKaMH H B03.ioaieHieMi>
Ha roJOBv (f)paHKCKaro K0po.ia (774). Kapjii.
 49

CBoero oma, HO BI> cym,HOCTH nociaBHJi'B B-L

CHMOCTB OTt ce6a H nancKyio o6.aacTB. Tannns, oftpasoM'B
qaciB HiajiiH Bonua BT> cocxaB-B (JjpanKCKoii MonapxiH. (Bi> IOJKHOH

70. KpOM^ HiajiiH, KapJCB, nojryHHBniiH HMH BejHKaro, npn- BOHHH H aa-
v . .
n Boeuama
Kl, CBOHM1. BJia^-BHlflM'B H MHOHfl Apynfl 36MJH. CaMyK) Kap:ia BejIH
.

K aro.
ynopHyro dopb(5y npnuurocL eny BEi^epatHBaxt caKCaMu, KOiopiie c'L

Ha64rn na norpaHHqHBia ofriacTH KOpojieBCTBa, a Kor,a,a Kapjit

saeoeeanie u ofipainewie cancooz &z xpucmiancmeo, TO
OHH OKasajH eMy CHJfcHoe conpoiHBJieHie. OHH no.ii>30BajiHCL
odcTOfliejiLCTBaMH, BI Kama ciaEHJiH 4>paHKCKaro
ero BOHHH, H noflHUMajra npOTHB'L nero Boscianie sa
(Mea^y npoiHM'B nofli, npeflBOflHiejiBCTBOM'B BudyKunda}.
Kap.ii atecTOKO HaKasHBaji'L caRCOBi H HacHj&HO sacTaBJiajni HX-B
KpeCTHTBCK, npHHHMafl BM'BCT'E Cl T-^MI, H CypOBHfl M^pBI flJIfl
npeatflenm HOBBIXI> BOSCTanift. Eopi>6a nponoJiatajiacB Tpnflii;aTB
HO Bl, KOHD.^-KOHl^OB'B no6'Bfla OCTajaCB Ha CTOpOH'B (jJpaHKOBl). CaKCH
ycMHpenBi, a rjaBHBiH HX'B Boat^B nofliHHHJiCH Kapjiy H
Kpemenie. Bi Haqajii CBoero n;apCTBOBaHia KapjrB
K!H BCJII. em,e eouuy cv apafiaMU ex Hcnauiu. OH-B noMunuifljr'B He
TOJIBKO TOMl,, 1TO()BI o6e30naCHTB AKBHianilO OTl HX1, Hatf'ferOB'B,

HO H OTBoeBaniH y HHXI, HcnaniH. OB aioro D^IBR) OH-B OT-

061.

npaBHJicfl c'L 6ojiBniHM & BOHCKOM-B sa UnpeHeH, HO flO.men'B SBIJITE, orpa-

r

HH IHTBCfl JIHHIB OtoCTBIO Meatfly IlHpeHeaMH H 96pO, KOFfla yBHfl'BJIl,

l

ITO yiBepffHTBca flaji'Be KT> 6mio du Tpy^no. (Bo Bpeua ero BOS-
rory
Bpain,eHm 6acKH B-B ropHBixi, npoxo^axi. HCTpe6HJH nepeflOBOH oipafl-B
apMiH Kapjia, np ICM-B Haqa.iBHHK'B ero, Pojiaudz, Hanie-i^ repoft-

CKyK) CMCpTB BT> POHCGBaJIBCKOH flOJIKHi. Ooi. 3TOM^ C06BITlH

CJ02KHJIHCB Bnocji'E.ncTBiH CKasaHifl). SaT^Mi, Kapjy
nosTHiecKia
npHnuiocB samnmaTBca H npOTHBi. aeapoez, flijiaBiuHxi.
Ha Bauapiio; $paHKH nanecjiH HMI xoaie CHJIBHOC no-
paaieHie, coKpymnBrnee HXI iiapciBO Ha cpeflneM'B ^ynai. B-B

KOHHI-B CBoero napCTBOBania Kap.ii. BejiHEiii npe^npHHHMajii no-

xodu npomu&z c.iaeam, atHBinHXi) Ha BOCTO'mLiX'B rpaHHi^axi, ero
rocy^apciBa.
HoflT) Kapjia BejiHKaro o6pa30Ba,iac& ipOMaduan dep-
B.iacTBK)
1

waea, oxBaTHBaBmaa HO^TH BCCB MaxepHKi) sana^HOH EBPOHBI ).

Bi cocTaBi ea BXO.HHJIH ioro-3anaflHBiH yro.TB IIcnaniH (^o 36po),
U'B.IHKOM'B Tenepeumia
(
I>pani;ia, Be.iBria, FoJ-ian^ia H UlBeiin,apia,
H cpe^naa Iliajiia H sana^HBia qacTH HBIH BHIHHX'B Fep-
I

:
) CM. napiy IV.

HCTOPIfl,
 50

H ABCxpo-BenrpiH. Bocxoinyio rpammy MOHapxin cocxaB.min

npH6jiH3HTejibHO ,9jB6a ci Saajiofi, fljR&fi #0 Bnaflema THCCH H
Casa, HO H Ha BOCTOKI. oxt 9xofi jramH pacnpocxpaHfljiocb Beanie
<|)paHKCKaro Kopojia. fljia orpaayjema CBoero rocy^apCTBa ox'b coci>,neH
Kapjii BejiKKift cos^ajn, ocofaia Boeimo-norpaHMgHLia o6.iacxH,
BaBiniaca MapnaMU. TaKOBH
HcnaHCKaa MapKa sa Unpe
6bLiH
H BocxoHHaa Mapna, HSX
Koxopofl HOXOM^ BOSHHKIO rep^rcxBO
Aficxpia. OdpasoBanie xaKon Monapxin nponsBejio CHjibHoe Bneqax-
jiime Ha coBpeMeHHEKOBTb. Y (J>paHn,y30Bi> HMH Kapjia (Char-
les) H xHxyji) BejiHKaro, xaKi cuasaxb, cpocjincb BX O.HHO CJIOBO

(Charlemagne, x.-e. Carolus Magnus); y sanaAHbix-b cjiaBflHX 9x0

HMfl c^Jiajiocb Hapnn,axejibHbiMT& odosHaneHieM'b n,apCKofl
(Carolus Kopo-ib).
71. 3xo o6i.eflHHeHie 3ana^a no^t C^HHOIO BJiacxbio 6buro
^ H B03CTaHOBJieB i eMrB s^icb
npeameH HMnepiH. TaK^ CMOxpijH Ha
PHMCKOH HM- H COBpeMeHHHKH. XoXfl CXOJIHD[a 9XOH HMHepia H )LLia OX^aHa
flfejIO

nani, HO Kapjn> BejiHKifi CMOxpijit na ce6a, Kaifb na BepxoBnaro

rocno^HHa H canoro PnMa. Kor,a,a o^HaatAH B*B axoM-L ropo^i BOS-
HHKJH CMyxii, BO speMfl Koxopuxi CH.ibHO Hocxpa^ajii. nana JLeez III,

Kapjii) Be^HKift .OIEO BOscxaHOBHJii. BI> PHM-B nopa^OK^ H Bbicxynnjii

BTb pojiH cy,a,bH Measly nanoii H ero sparaMH. Tor^a BO BpeMa poat^e-
cxBencKOH o6 E,a;HHr

800 r. JleBi, III eowomuM na lOJioey Kapjia

UMnepamopCKyw nopony H noKJionnjiCfl eMy ^,0 SCMJIH npH

HMnepaxopx"! 3xo co6iixie H HOCHXI> BI, acxopin HasBanie eoscma-

iH Sanaduoii PUMCKOU Hmnepiu. B^ KoHCxanxHHonoji'B oxne-
KI> 9xoMy Bpaat^e^HO, KaK^ ifL CBoero po^a y3ypnan,iH XH-
BH3aHxiiicKHM napflMi, HO xaMi. BI
r

xyjia, npHHa^.ieataBHiaro O^KHM^ b

9x0 BpeMfl n,apcxBOBa.ia ajeHm,HHa (Npuua), HXO AO H^KOxopofi cxe-
neHH KaKi OH oc.ia6jifl.ito npHxasaHia rpeEOBX. Eor,a;a ona oLi.ia

COdCXBeHHBIM-b MHHHCXpOMI, H.UKU(f)OpOMt>, H 9X0X1 HO-

cant c.a.'B.iajiCfl HMnepaxopOM'b, OHX HH sa ixo He XOX-BJII

3a Eapjioni BCJIHKHMI, ero HOBBIH xnxyjii,, H xojbKO

nocjii HHSBepateHm canoro HHKH<|)opa HOBBIH HMnepaxopi (Mu-
corjracHJicfl npasHaxb Kapjia BejiHKaro BI> ero ^OCXOHHCXB-B,
sana^naro HMnepaxopa. BnpOHeMi., H BnocjrBACXBiH B-b BH-
He,a;pyiKejiK)6HO cMOxpijiH na npncBoeHie saua^HHMH rocy-
HMnepaxopCKaro xnxyjia, a na Sana^B, cjyiajiocb, cxapa.iHCb
BOCxoiHaro HMnepaxopa, HasBiBaa ero Himepaxo-
POMI xo HOBaro Pnaia", xo npOMoeBi," (romaei rpeiecKoe na-
3Bame pHMJiani.). TaKHMi) odpasoM-b HMuepia Kapjia BejiHKaro He
HO H codmicmeoea.ui o^oco6.feniw eio
,
omz BocmoKa. (^TO Kacaefca #0 OTHomemH Kapja Be.iHKaro KT,

xajn^aiy, TO OHH 6ujin EHO-IH^ MnpHBia H ,a;aate flpy-

72. 3eMJH, co6paHHBia BOCAHHO KapJiOMi. Be.iHKHM'B, He ^o^ro

M P
Kap.ia Be- K a p"a Be-
I no-iHTHqecKOMi. coe^HHenin. Yate CBIH-B

JIwdoeuKt Bmiouecmueuu (814 840), cmaM dn>.mmb u

nepedn.wmi) UMnepiw neatly CBOHMH CHHOBtaMH, qxo nosjieKJio sa
co6oio Me^oyco6ia, ne npeKpaTHBffliaca H nocJTB ero CMepiH. Haine-
THxyjTB yHacji'BAOBaji'& ero cxapmin CLIH'L JLomapb, HO
nero BOsciajiH ero MJia^niie 6paT&H JItodoeum
H Kap.u JLucuii, H3t KOiopux-L nepBiin CTOHJI'L BO oaB-B
HIIX-L (|)paHKOBl> H ^PyrHXT) repMaHCKHXT> HJieMeH-B, BTOpOH BO
H aKBHTaHH.eB'B. JIlO^OBHRl. H KapJTL H HXTb BOHCKa
Cipac6ypri H 3A*Cb npHHeora ^pyri pyry npn-
cary BT> B-BPHOCTH, npn qeM-B OHa.6mia npOH3HeceHa
Ha poMaHCKOMi) astiK'B, KapJiOMi. na repMaHCKOM-B, noiOMy
BT. 9TO BpeMa yaie pisKO pasdrbJiujiuM) den uapodnocmu (fipan-

uy3cmfi u HtbMeiwan. 3io Han,ionajiBHoe pasjinqie H Jierjro B^ OCHOBV

nepsaro pas^jrenia HMnepin Kapjia Be.iHKaro. Jloiapi. 6ujn> no-
2
^'B^eH-B, H BI> 843 r. no eepdeucnoMy ) doweopy cfipauKcmfi MO-
uapxin pacnamcb ua mpw Hcmiona^Hun uacmu: ^pan^w, Hma~
am u repMamw. KapjrL JHCHH y^ep^ajn. sa co6oro Fa.oiK>, KOiopaa
ciajia HOTOM-L HasHBaiBca ^panijieH, JIIO.HOBHKI FepMaHiio, HiajiiK)
ate CT> HMnepaxopCKHMi) THTyjoMi. nojiy^HJii) JIoxap'B, HO eMy ate 6BiJia

era,e ysKaa Teppniopia, jieataBHiaa Meatfly $paHii,ieH H Hia-

no POH^ H PeaHy. (IlpHpeHHCKaa qacTB STOH TeppHiopia no-
jiy
qn.ua nasBame Jlomapumiu) Ha STOM-B flpofijieme He ociaHOBH-
.

jioci., H Monapxia Kapjia BejiHKaro pacnaJiacB HOTOM-B na do-rfce

rocyflapCTBa, HO MUCM o npododOKeuiu Sanaduou PUMGKOU

ue X B. HOCHiejraMH HMnepa-
yjuupaAa, H ci cepe,a,HHBi
TOpCKaro THTyjia na Sana^t Kopojra
Cfl'BJia'jiHCB FepManiH. ,

Pacnafleme rocy^apCTBi., odpasoBaBinnxca HS'B Monapxin Kap.ia

BejiHKaro, Ha em,e Oojite MejKia BJia^-BHia (repnorcTBa n Knaate-
TBa, cociaBHBmiaca HSTB OT^'BJIBHBIX'B o6jracTen) ,ii,03BO.iHJO
CHOsa naqaxB Hana^ema na Sana^Hyio Espony. BTHMH
6BMH CKdHdumeu, MaiOMemane H MadbRpu, C-B ipexi ciopOH'B
A^iaBuiie HaSirn Ha OTfl-B-iBBBia cipanBi 6uBmeft ^epataBH Kap.ia
BejiHKaro.

J
) Bi BarjiaA^ B% aro BpeMfl itapcTBOBajit rapyHi-a-it-PamH^, npocjiaBBBinifica
CBOCIO CnpaBeAJlHBOCTBK).
2
) FopOA't Bepaeai Ha B. Tenepeiunefi ^panuie.

4*
 II.

73. Bo BHyxpeHHeiis cxpoi HMnepin Kap,ia BejHKaro, RRKI. H

B0 BH y T P eHHeMl cxpofc (fjpanKCKaro KopojreBCTBa, 6"HBiiiaro
Kapjra Be-ea aflpOMt, npOHCXoflHJO HonpeiKHeMy CMmueuie wpMaucKuxz u
(popm?, 6uma. KapjrB BeJiBKifi (fauFb (ppamCKUMz nopo-
H npHxoM-B npOHCxo^HJii, H3i> ABCxpasw, ocxaBmefica
repMancKHMi, HaqajraM-B, HO OHI, OBJiaA'
Hia-defi H c^iajrca PUMCKUMK uMnepamopoMT>. B-B
canoMi, JIHII.'B Kapjia BejiHKaro xaKHMi, oSpasoM'L coe^HHHJiHCb rep-
MaHCKoe H PHMCKOG naqajo. OH'L HOCHJII napOAHHft KOCTIOM!) (})paH-
KOBI,, HO HaA'SBajn, H PHMCKOB HMnepaTOpCKoe o6ja^eHie. EOMWOU
noKAOHHUKt dpeeueu ofipasoeanHOcmu, KOiopyio OHI
HOBHTB, HaCKOJILKO TO BOSMOatHO, OH^ BM^CTi C^B T^MI,
6BIJTO

KT> TOM?, qio^H coxpaHHTB oxi> 3a6B6Hifl

ni>CHH. B-L
fli-iaxi ynpaBJieHia Kapjii OTAaBa;n> npa-
Moe npednonmeuie PUMCKUMZ ofipasu/aMZ. OH'B cxpeMHJca wst> pas-
CBoeft o6niHpHOH MOHapxin cos^axB oduo y/enmpam-

locydapcmoo, ynpaBJiaeMoe e^HHoro BO-ieto. Meat^y T^MI ein,e

npn MepOBirarax'B BI rocy^apcxB-B ABHJIHCB nABMeumie lepwiu, KO-
Toptie 6LMH dojiie, TEMI* ry6epnaTOpaMH CBOHXI> o6.iacTeii, H cxpe-
MHJIHCB cxaiB Hacxoflni,HMH Hxi) rocy,a;apHMH. Kapjix BejiHEin coKpy-
WHJIJ, xaKott cenapaxH3Mi>; npn HeMi, OT^JisHLia oojiacxH ynpa-
ipacfiaMU, HasHanaBniHMHca HMT, caMHMTb H BHOJIH-B OTL Hero
(IIorpaHHqHLia od.iacxH, HJIH mapuu naxo^HJiHCB noAt
MapKipatpofft). ^JLH xoro, qxo6u snaxB, xoponio ,IH
o^jzacxeii Hcnojiffaioxi rocy^apeBy BOJIIO, OHTb oxnpaB.iaji'B
BI, pasHiia iacxH Monapxin JTHI^X, dtiBHinxTb HSB-BCXHHMH
eMy oco-
6010 CBoeio npeji,aHHOcxBK> H noxoMy noJiBsoBaBmnxca ero ^.OB'B-

pieMi). 3xn locydapeeu noGJiau^u dommici) is^njiH no cxpanij,

(missi
sa BC-BM^ CMOip'BJiH H
coo6ni,ajiH caMOMy Kapjiy BejiHKOMy o6a
qxo BH/I.'BJIH. PaBHBiMi> oSpasoMi sa ^axejiBHOCxBro rpa^OB-B
6ioiJiE aii^Hxi) enHCKOHu, KOxopHMi, BM^HajiocB BI o6asaH-

HOCXB 060 BCEX!) ynyiD,eHiax'B H 3Jioynoxpe6jieHiax & ^OHOCHXB ro- r

cyAapro. ^pyrHMi, cpe^cxBOMi Bnecema B^ ynpaBJienie e^nncxBa H

nopaflKa OHJIH cmsdu
npedcmaemnejieii Mn>cmmu ipawcdaHCKOu w
dyxoonou ejiacmu, KoxopLixi eatero^HO ocemw Rapjit BejiHRin co-
stJBajTB ^Jia nojiyqeflia oxi> HHXI> CB'B^HiH o cocxoaHin
o,.ia coB^maHia C-B HHMH o
BC^X-B CKOJiLKO-HH6y^B BaatHBixi,
H ^,ja BLicjryiuHBama rocyAapeBofi BO.IH. Ha BXHX-B
cocxaB.ia.iHCB H pasnaro po^a nocxanoBjeHia o6ni,aro
 53

1
xapaKiepa, HSBtcTHLie no^i misBaHieM'b mnumyMpieei ). Kap.n>
BejHKift npaBHJi'L HMnepien, KaKT> rocy^apb HeorpanHqeHHHH, H OTL
ciaparo B'fcqa HJIH MapiOBCKHX-L no.ieii MepOBHHrcKOH anoxn ocia-
.iHuib fio.muisi uapodnuH co6panisi, KOTOpna nponcxoflHjiH Ka/K-
eecuow H na KOTOptia MOIMH npnxoAHTb Bci> CBo6o,a,HLie.

codpaeiflMH Kapjii> BejiBKift nojissoBajiCfl,

Toro, qTo6ti pasysnaBaib nyiearB qacTHbixTb pascnpocoBx,

A^ajiocb, pacnpaniKBaib o nya:^ax b H o6H,a;ax b H T. n. Tyx'B

r r

me no cxapo-repMaHCKOMy o^H^aio OHI> npuHHMaJTB npHHOCHBmiecu

My noAapKH. HaKOHen;i>, na STHX-B ate coSpaHinxt o6xaB.iajiHCb Ha-
po^y H npe,3,Jara,iHCb na ero OAo6peHie rjiaBH-fenniifl nociaHOBjieHifl,
Ha oceHHCM'L codpaeiH rpa^ancKHxi, H AVXOBHHX'L BJiacien.
74. KaKi, HH CTapajica Kapjn> BejiHKift o BoaBHineHin H 061- He y^ aii a no-
nuTKH Kapjia
rocy^apCTBCHHOH BJiaciH no cxapo-puMCKOMy oopa3n,y.
(J)opMa o6m;eHifl ci napo.noM'b 6bijia

^ajiie, RJIR ynpaBJieHia u.eHTpajrasoBaimLiM'L rocy-

HyatHLi 6miH 6ojibinia ^enbrH, HO H y KapojiaHroB-B HX-B
He 6oJibme, qiMi y MepOBunroB'b. B-L xbji'b BOSHarpaaiAenia
3a cjryat6y Kapjii. BeJiHEiii H ero npeeMHHKH nociynajiH coBepmenHO

ate, KaK-B H npeatnie ({)paHKCKie Kopojin. He

Ha,ioroBi, H OHI OT^aBajii rpa^aM-b H
HHMl, JTHH.aMTb, a TaKatC CBOHM-L HpH^BOpHblMl, H
60 epemenuoe ejiadrbtiie, npn qeMi. no CMCPTH
BJia^'B.ibu.a HJIH
HMT> cjiyat6Li OTAanHaa eMy SCILM B03Bpaui,aJiacb BI
OT^aHHoro KOMy-jiH6o ^pyroMy. Tania
6biib

He$uy,ixMU 1 T.-e. mmajiOBaHiflMH (codCTBenno 6jraro,a^flHiaMH).

B'B 3TOH CHCTCM-B saKJiioqajica, KaKi* H npn MepOBirarax'b, sapoduim

locydapcmeeuHou emcmu, ISLKJ, KaKT. Bjia^Jibnibi 6ene-

crpeMHJiHCb saKpinnTb BTH BCMJIH sa CBOHMH A^TbMH. ,H,py-

rOH) noipe6HOCTbH) rocy^apCTsa dmio BOHCKO, HO H 9ia noipeSnocTb
Toate y,o;oBJieTBOpajracb xaK^, ITO BJieK.ia sa co6oro ocjiaSjeflie rocy-
AapCTB6HHOH BJiaCTH. IIo TCpMaHCKOMy npHHHHEy Bi BOHCR-B
yiacTBOBaib BcaKifi CBo6oAHBiH, Meat^y T-BMI IHCJIO

npeAH^ymyio anoxy, Aa H TE, Koxopbie

CH.ibHO coKpaiHJiocb B-L

oxpaHHJiH cBo6o^y, ^acTo OHJIH He BJ, cajiaxt no HeAOCTaioiHOCTH

H^TH Ha BOHHy. Kapjii BejiHKin cocmdeMui* ceou ono.i-
i.iaenuMt o6pa30Mi> usz Kpynubixz seMM
6biJiH nocxaBJiaTb H HSBiciHoe qnaio BOHHOB'L HSI.

B'b HXT, H OTl HHX-b SaBHC'BBniHX'b. MaJIO TOrO,

HM'BHiflX'b

6'BAHHX'B 6.oraTBiMi> 6biJio npnanaHO saKOHOM'b, H noiii-

') lIa:;Banie HXT, iipoasoui.io OT'b pas^t-ieHia Ha naBH (capitula).

 54

rocno^HHOM-B H.IH ceuiopoMt (coociBeHHO

CHJi.'EBniHX'B Ha ero seMJii. Pasdana 6eue(f>uu,ieffb u ycma-
ceniopama OCHOB^ rocy^apCTBeHHyio BJiacTB,
no,a;pHBajiH B-B
H npn SjiHatafirnHx-L npeeMHHKax'B BHYKOBI, Kapjia BejiHKaro 6uctnpo
nowjio pasjioweme uxz locydapcm&t na MeAnin ceubepiu. CU'BjcTBieM'B
91010 6BMO ycTaHOBjieme BI O'BIBHIHX'B odjiaciflxi. HMnepiH Kap.ia
Bejimtaro ocodaro locydapcmeennaio u o6u^e cmeennaio ycmpoucmoa,
userbcmnaio nod* HaseauieMt

III.

75Kor^a VL VIII B. nanii HCKa^n 3am,HTi npOTHB-L jranro-

;:
\

y ApanKOBi,, OHH He ciHiajiH corosi. ci> HHMH ^JIH ce6a

J
snoxy Kapjia
BejHKaro. OnaCHBIMt. <PpaHKH OHJIH ^aJieKO, H HX'B IlOMOmLK) MOJKHO OHJO
ne xepaa CBOCH caMOCToaiejiLHOCTH. nnnHH-L Ko-
cpasy 006060^,^11. nany H OTX jiaHro6apAOB'B, H OTI, BnsaHTiH
H cxbjiajn, ero csiTCKHMt rocyAapeMi.. Ho npn Kapjrt BCJIHKOMI, om-
uomeniH Mevtcdy cfipanKCKUMi) locydapcmeoMt, u nancmeoMZ usMn-
uuAuc'b. JIanro6apACKoe KOpOJiescTBO najio H BOIMO BX cocxaBt

(|)paHKCKoft MOHapxm, a ea rocy^apB c^ajca HMnepaiopOM'B 3a-

na^,a, T.-e. Hacj^HHKOMi BC&X'B npasi npe^nnxx PHMCKHXI> HMne-
paiopOBi,. ElanBi BCJii^CTBie 3ioro ^OJI/KHBI 6BMH nonaciB BI sa-
BHCHMOCTB orB ero BJiaciH. He ^apOMi, JIcBi
III, EOpOHys Kapjia

HMnepaiopCKOH KOpOHOio, noKJiOHHJicfl eny ^o seMjra. HMnepia Kapja

BejiHKaro CHJIBHO codrbucmeooam pacnpompaHeniw dyxoenou e.tacmu
nam na ecemz 3anadrb, noxony qro H casi^ OET> npHSHasajni BI. nanax-B
npeeMHHKOBi. anocTOJia Deipa H odjia^aiejieH ^yxoBHaro rjiaBencTBa
B-B n;epKBH, XOTH 9xo OTUIOAB HC Miina-io eny cgnxaiB ce6n locyda-

peMZ u en> drbJiaxt v,epK06Huxt. OHI. HSAasaji'B CBoeio BJiaciBio

npaBHjia n,epKOBHOH aiHSHH, cosuBaji. ^yxoBEBie co6opu, B
enncKoncKia Kaee^pn, Hasna^ajn. WL MonacTHpn a66aTOB-B H T. A.

Kapjii, BejiBKiii He 6ujn> pacnojioateH'B K^ HKOHonogHiaHiio H CHJIBHO

pacnpocTpaneHiro Ha Sanaa's em,e paHBHie BOSHHKuiaro
K-B CaMBOJiy B^PBI CJIOBI. 061. HCXoav^eHiH CB. Jl,yxa
OT-B CiiHa" (Filioque).
76. Cjia6ocTB CBina Kapjia BejiHKaro, Jro^OBHKa BjaroqeciH-
Baro H p a3 ^ p H Meat^y CHHOBBaMH noc^-B^Haro CHOBa eepnyau na-
nancKaro raa-
naMK nesaeucuMOcmb. BiopOH npeeMHHK-B jlBBa III ooomejca yate
6e3i> yTBepat^enia HMnepaiopa. ,3,pyroH naiia BM^majica B-B pacnpio
BHyKOB-B Kapjia Be^HKaro, Kani BBicniift nocpe^HHK-B H MHPOTBO-
pen,!,. ^-BM^ 6ojBme pacna^ajiacB HOBaa Sana^naa HMnepia Ha
6ojrEe MCJinia qaciH, T-BM^, HaoSopoii., nprbnue o6wduHHJiaci sa-
nadnan nepnoeb nod* nancnum waeeucmeoMt. HpaBjja, em,e Bt ce-

pe^HH-E IX B. Hjjefl o nancKOM'B rjiaBeHCTB'E Bcrp-Eqa-ia 3HaqHie.ii>-

Hoe conpOTHEjenie co cxopOHH H-BKOTOPLIXT> enHCKonos-B, HO HM6HHO
B'B 9TO BpeMfl na noAMory nancKHM^ npHTflaamHM'B JIEHJIHCB xaifB
Jlwceucudopoeu dercpemaMU, c6opHHK'B HO.POJKHBIX'B no-
H nocTaHOBjremH, nanHcaHHBix'B 6y,HTO 6n nanaMH nepBHXi>
H COdpaHHHXT. EM^CTE OAHHM'B AyXOBHHM'B JTHII.OM'B HCH.HO-
B'B STHX-B ^eKpexajriax-B yTBepm^ajiacB HesaBHCHMOCTB enn-
CKonoBi OTI. cy^a CB-BTCKHX'B rocy^apefi H saflBJiajiocB, ITO nancKax
ecmb naueucman e^acm^ na semjirb. B'B HO^IHHHOCTB ji;eKpe-

HOB^PHJIH BC'B^ H OH'B Hena-io co^HCTBOBajiH ycTaHOBjeHiro nan-

CKaro rjiaBeHCTBa Ha Sana^i. Ha HHXT> ciajiH ccHjiaiBca H enncKonH
BI CBoeM-B cxpeMJieHiH c^JaTBCfl HesaBHCHMBiMH OTI rocy^apen.
77. HepBBiH nana, ocyiyecmeuewiu mania npumnsauifi ua ^

dn.m, GUM HuKOAau I (858 867). ApxienncKOirB paBeHHCEift

XOT^JII. 6BITB caMOCTOflxejiBHBiM'B naipiapxoM'B B'B CBoen enapxin,^
HO HHKOJiaH I OMyHHJI'B 6FO OT"B I],epKBH H SaCTaEHJII) CMHpHTBCfl.
ApxienncKon-B peHMCKiii (FHHKMap'B) ocy^HJi'B Ha M'BCTHOM'B
o^Horo enncKona, HO nana noipefioBajTB pfejio na nepecMOip'B
H, onpas^aB-B aioro enncKona, sacxaBHJii CMHPHTBCH ^pyrnx'B (|>paHK-
CKHX'B enHCKonoB'B, Kor^a OHH npoiecTOBaiB. OH'B BM-B-
CTajiH-6Bijro
TaKate B'B pfejio
pasBO^a H BiopnqHaro 6paKa jroxapHnrcKaro
H jiHrnHJi-B cana apxienncKonoB'B TpnpCKaro H KCJiBHCKaro,
BO TJiaB-B COdOpOBl), KOTOptlfl npHSHa^H paSBOJll. H HOBBIH
CTOflBfflHX'B

6paK'B K0po.ia saKOHHBiM-B. He orpanH^HBaacB yiBepasAeHieMT, CBoero

na Sanajii, HnKOJiaH I BjiacTno BM-Bmajca H BT> ^,-Bja
rpe^ecKOH. CT> BTOH cxopOHBi OHt BCT'P'BTHJ'B, o^naKO, CHJIB-
HHH oinopx, H eio pacnpn cz KOHcmaumuHono.ibCKUMZ nampiapxoMb
noeMwia 30, cofiow pasdrb-ienie

MABA IY.

I.
CymnocTb (((eoiaJbHaro ycrpoficTBa ( 78 94).
II. $paHu,ia ( 96), Hiajiia ( 97) H FepMamfl (98101) BI <[>e<wuii>Hyio anoxy.

78. Hnnepifl Kapja BejHKaro pacna.iacb BI cepe^HHt IX B. *

na Tpn Han;ioHajiBHBifl qacxn: $pann;iK), FepMaHiK) H Hiajiio, HO H

Ka/Kian HS-B HHX-B ciaja Apo6nTBCfl na 60^1^6 Me.iKia eme qacin,
noKa Apo6wT6Hie ne flonuio ^,0 KpaHHHX-B npe^JOB-L npeepaw,emx
 56 -f

?> noMibcmiu ez ocofiusi e.iadvbuin. 3io HCTOpnqecKoe HBjeme

HaH6ojt>ineH CHjibi 05 X XI 66., Kor^a BI> sana^HOH
Espon-B H ycmauoeu.iCH mam uasbteaeMuu (fieodajiusMi, (UJIH MH-
naa cucmeMo), nojiyiHBiniH CBoe HasBame orb cjiosa (fieodz (feo-
dum), Koiopoe o6o3Haiajio co6oio Kaat,u;oe OTA^abHoe BJia
MeijKoe nasBaHie (|>eoAa Mm, Lelm).
Cyin,HOCTB (Jjeo^ajibHaro ycipOHCTBa saKJuoqajiacb B'L

xpexi, OCHOBHHXI. iipHSHaKaxi,:

Bo-nepBBixi,, cipaHa, r^i ycTaHaBJiHBa.ica ^eoAajHSM'B, pacna-
ua Mnowcecmeo MBAKUXZ 6Jtadnmu, KOiopna HOCHJIH HasBania
rpa^CTB-B, ceH&epift H T. n. O^HH HSI. BBX-B 6H.IH
,

6ojn>me, ^pyria MeHLme; O^HH dtuiH nacToamHMH KHa^eciBaMH,

6ojiie HOXO^HJIH na nosi-BCTLa, HO BCSA^ ejiadnjibi^u no.ibso-
npaeaMU, Komopua npunadMmamz oOuKuoeenHO locyda-

Bo-BTOpuxt, 3TH BJia^'BHia BI O.HHO H TO ate BpeMa 6tuiH u

mm 6u HacmoaiyuMU lOcydapcmeaMU, u mm 6u npocmuMU no-
FjraBHaa CHJia Kaat^aro (jjeo^ajiLHaro 6mia BI>
BJiaA'fe^tn.a

KOTOpyiO OH!> HM^JII): HMGHHO KTO BJia^-BJIt SHaiHTe.I&HLIM'B KO-

3eMJiH, H npasaMH rocy^apa. OAHHMI
TOT'S noiBsoBajica

CJIOBOMI>, BJiacTL (^eo^ajibHaro BJi&jifajibna, 6iiJia BJiacTtio wcydapa-

noMYbi^UKa um noMrbw^una-iocydapH. KTO SBIJI-B noKpynnte, TOTI.
6ojibnie noxo.n.HJi'L Ha rocy^apa, KTO noMejtie, TOT^ CKOpie
HanoMHHajri, noM-Biii,HKa, HO BX o6oHxi, cjiy^aaxx BI OAHOMT, JIHU'B
6ujn> E rocy^apb, H noM-Ein,HKi.
Bl-TpeTbHX'b, 9TH rOCy^apH-nOM'BII] HKH H nOM'BIJl.HKH-rOCy-
EC'S 1

.napn CTaHOBHJiHCL OAHH KX ^pyrHMi, BI onpe^-ieHHbia OTHomema.

Bojie MeaKie BJia^JibniLi HCKajn samHTbi H noKpOBHTejibCTBa y
6o.iie KpyiraBix'B, a Ti aiejiajiH HM^Tb y ce6a no6ojibme TaKnx^
COK3HHKOBi, KOTOpLie MOOH H HMT, OKaSblBaTb nOMOin,b. II09TOMy
6bl

ibn,bi saKjnoiajH Me^y co6oro doweopu, &b cujiy

eoo6wje fiojivbe, Mejinie ejiadrbMv/'bi dnjiajiucb eacccuiajim
a 9mu nocjitbdnie cmauoeuAUCb uxr> ceubepajuu
(dosepenaMH). TaKi> KaK^ BaccajibHHe BjaA^bi^H MOOH caMH 6biTb
cenbepaMH no OTnomeHiio KX .npyrHMi (T.-e. y BaccajOB-b MOMH
6tiTb CBOH Baccajbi), TO (j)eo^ajibHHe Bjra^'fe-iBu.H KaKi> 6ti pacno-
^araJiHCb na pasuuxz cmyneunxz ceoeio poda jirbcmHuy,u emcmu u
noduummH. ^pyrunn cJiOBaMH, neatly $eo,n;ajibHbiMH BJia^-BHianH
cymecTBOBajia HSBicTHaa rpa^aiua saBHCHMOCTH O.U.HHXI OTX ,a;py-
raxi. IIoBHffle CToajin T^ Bja^nia, KOTOpua 60-3-Ee HOXO^HJIH na
rocy^apCTBa, noHHate rE, KOTOpua CKOpie CHJIH npocTbiMH 110-

M-BCTbaMH.
 _ 57 _
Ha ocHOBamn Bcero cKaaaimaro, ^eo^aJiHSMx MOstex-B
xaKHM-B odpasoMt: (^eo.a.ajiBHBiM'B ycxpoficxBOM-B
onpe.u'EJieH-B
Baexca 1) pacnadeuie cmpanu na Muomecmeo MC.IKUXZ ejiadrbniu,
2) 6uemuxb oduoepejueHuo u noMrbcmtHMU, u lOcydapcmeaMU u
3) naxoduemuxcfi ez eaccaMuuxz omHomeuinxz oduu KZ dpyiUMo.
(,3,pyroe onpefl-kieme: (Jjeo^ajbHoio cncxeMoio nasHBaexca
jieme cipaHH na MnoaiecTBo
rocyflapa cM^niHBajiacB ci> Bjiacitio noM'tmnKa H
iepapxH^ecKOii saBHCHMOCTH O^HH oit ,a;pyrHxi>).
ie npoHcxoayjema (Ijeo.a.ajibHOH CHCieMu (HJIH,
em,e roBOpaxi, npon,ecca (fieodajiu3aii,iu) noMoateT'L nonais H caMyio

cyin,HOCTb 9ioro ycxpOHCTBa.

79. Omueio npouaowAO
-^ *pacnadeuie omdnMuuxb cmpauz HO, ^
. .
(fieo-
HamoHa.ii>-
ejiadrbmn, u na KCLKIH nacmu pacncuucb 9mu cmpanuf HHXI rocy-
AapciBi Ha
pacna^enia 6u.io ocjiafiMnie M6.IK1H
npnqHHOK) (beoiaji&Haro BJi

KOpo.ieecKOu ejiacmu. ilpa KapojiHHraxi, KaK'B H npH MepOBHHrax'B H ia.

KOpo^H B03Harpaat,ii,aJiH sa rocy^apCTBeHHyio c-iyat6y pasdanew se-

M6M H TEH!, HO^pHBaJIH MaiepiaJIBHyK) OCHOBy CB06H CHJIH,
KaK'B EC'S CBOH ^OXO^BI flOJiyHaJIH H31> CO^CXBeEHBIXI. HM-BEUM.
ynpaBJiaBinift o6jiacxBK), sa CBOK> CJiyat6y nojiyiaji'B fieuecfiuu/iu (benefi-
cium), x.-e. nponcxoAHJio locydapcmeeuuou CAyotc6u u
coeduueuie
npn BJia.n'BJiBn.Bi 6eHe$Hn ieB'L, ^BiBinHxi TOJIBKO
^eMi> )

no/KajiOBaHiaMH, H BI TO SRQ BpeMa o6jia^axejiH rocy-

AOJiiRHOCxeH, HaxoflHBmieca, cJi^AOBaxejiBHO, JTHHIB na
jiyffi6'B, oieHB cKOpo o6HapyatH,iH cxpeMJienie o6pa-
u ceou 6eHe(fiuii,iu, u ceou doAwcHOcmu <?s
1
^ajiocB ^ocxnrHyxB xoro HJIH .npyroro ). Past
rpa(|)a ^iwiajiacB nacji'BACXBeHHOH), rpa^'B HS'B
npocxoro npaBHxejia
o6jiacxH cxanoBHJica ea KnaseM-B, H locydapcmeo pacnadajiocb ua
cmoMKO we KHfiotcecmez, CKOMKO &t HCM* 6u^o ipacpcm&t. OAHO-

HacJi'B.aiCXBeHHBiMH c.u'EJiaJiHCB H 6ene(|)Hi^iH, Koxopne cxa.iH

(fieoddMU HJIH MHO,MU (saiiMaMH). KpOMt IHHOBHHKOBI-
6eH6(|)HaiajiOB B,
r

(^eo.a.ajiBHBiMH BJia^jiBij.aMH jjIwiaJiHCB xanate H eo-

ofiwe npynnue seMAewadrbMuu, B-B ^HCJI-B KOxopux-B 6miH, Hanp. 7

enHCKonn, co6opHLie Kannxyjiij H MOHacxBipn. Kopojin cann HOMO-

xaKOMy npeBpameHiro seMjieBJiaA^BueB-B B'B Hacxoam.HX'B npa-

TOM't, HTO AOJatUOCTH H 6eH6(})HHiH CA'^JiaJIHCb HaC.TfcACTBeHHHMH oieHB CKOpO,

ejii.CTByeTi KepciucKiil Kanumyjiapiu (T.-e. H3AaHHbifi BI r. Kepcn) Kapjia .!H-
caro OTI 877 r.; OAHO BpeMH jj,aace Aj'JiajH, ^TO STOTI KaiiHTyjiapifi ysaKOHHji'B Hacjrfcj-
CTBeHHOcxt jo.iaHociefi. ^eoAa-ibKHe B-ia^Jiwiu Bucraaro panra HOCHJIH THTJ-JIH repuo-
roBi H rpac{OBi (HJH MapKipa^OBi-MapKHSOBt, jaH^rpa4>OBi, H n<{)ajibu,rpa({)OB B, BHiie- f

rpa^OBl-BHKOHTOBl).
 58

i. BcjTEACTBie o6in,aro pascipoficTBa ynpaBjiema Kopojin HSLI-

H^JKOTOpBIfl nOM^CTLfl H3T. B'Efl'EHia CBOHX1> IHHOBHHKOB'L H
cmaeAHJiu CCIMUMZ seMJiee.tadtbMitaMz noddepwcueamb nopa-
u meopumb cydz &t> uxt noMrbcmwxz. Tama H3T>aTia nojiy-
HasBanie UMMynumema. CeaqaJia HMMynHTeiH ^aBa^HCB npe-
^yxoBHHMt 36M.ieBJiaA'fe^B>n[aMi, Koxopne Boo6iu,e
OOJI-BG yMt.io ynpaBJiflJiH CBOHMH HM-BHIHMH, HO noTOMt HMMyHHie-
TaMH nojiBSOBaiBCfl H cB'BTCKie Be.itMomH. KpoMi Toro, yaie
ciajiH
CJ> AaBHHX-B HOpI. JIfOAH CB06o^HLie, HO 6-BAHH6 H CJia^tie HCKa.IH
samiHTEi OT-L H npHT^CHeniH y .iro^eH CHJI&HBIXI H CoraTtix-B
06H.O;!,

(ne HCKjnoqaa H Kopojefi) H cmanoeujiucb KZ HUMS et oco6un om-

a
mweniH nodnuueHHocmu, ^'LiajHct HXI n jioABMH KaK-B xor^a ro- ,

H 9TO HasBisajocB KOMMeudaui/ieu TaKia OTHomenia 6Bi.in

.

H rocyAapciBeHHBiMH
saKonaMH. Ilpn Kapjrs
(|>panKCKoe BOHCKO cociaBJiajiocB H^B 36MJieBJia^'BJi&n;eB B, i

mnxi, ci co6oK> CBOHX-B ^jno^en". ,U,Jia nocji^Hnxi. TOTB HJIH

a SBIJI-B ceniopOMt, T.-e. CTapiuHM'B, H y Hero 6Bi.ia
HHMH HSB^CTHaa BJiaCTB.
aKHM-B odpasoMi. pacna^enie rocy^apCTBa na (^eo^aji&HLia BJia-
6BiJio wrbdcmeieMK ocjiaGMuw KOpoaeecKOu emcmu, H Ha-
9TOH BJiacTH c^JiajiHCB npaeumejiu ofijiacmeu u npyn-
uue se^Me.iadtbMitiU.
80.
npeAHAymee o^iacHaeii. H TO, KO,KUMI> o6pasoMo npouso-
06pasoBaHie mjl Q uepaspuenoe coeduueme noMSoeanin lociidapcmeenHOw
BJiaCTH nOMX- .'.--. T- y
cz 3eMM8Mon>meMz. BcjiTB^CTBie BosHarpajK^enia sa

cjiyat6y seMJiero KaatABift o6jiacTHOH

nacj'BACTBeHHBiM'B KHflseni,, 6mn, H 3eMJreBJlaJl;'BJrB^eM &, a BCJTBJI;-
r

ciBie HMMyHHTexa H cemopaTa Kaat^uH IIOM^UI.HK'B cxaHOBHJca

npaBHTejieM-B. CMimeHito rocy^apciBeHHaro H noM-femnqBaro npasa
MHOro noMorjro H TO, HTO repMaHn,Li B0o6in;e n/ioxo nonuMa.m pas-
Memdy lOcydapcmeenuuMU u uacmnuMU omnomeninMU. (Ha-
MepOBHHrcme Kopojin fl-EJiHJiH CBoe rocy^apCTBO
6y#TO OHO SBMO HX-B qacTHBiMi,
BTB 3Ty 9noxy 6ujio oSjia^anie 6o.iBiHHM'B KO-
CHJOIO
SGMJIH, a seMJieBJia^'BHie (JBIJIO Tor^a HMGHHO KpynHHM'B

(jiaTH(|)yH^iH, ocTaBiniaca OTT, PHMCKOH BHOXH, H 6eHe<J>Hu.iH, o6pa-

BI> (|)paHKCKOH Monapxin). Oco6BiMH rocy^apCTBaMH

ne TOJIBKO Kna^ecTBa repi^oroBi,, rpa^OB-B, enncKonoB'B
H T. n., HO H 6ojiBHiia noMrbcmbH ofiuKuoeeHmixt ceubepoez HJIH,
HX'B em,e HasBiBaJin, 6aponoez. TaKHXT* ceHBepift HJIH 6aponiH
Macca.
81. Kone^HO, ne Bet ^eo^ajiBHtie Bja^JLi^Bi HM-BJH
 59

KOBoe SHaqeme: neatly HHMH CIH.IH (Jo-iiie BaatHbie H CHJiBHue H

MCR-EC suaiHTejiLHHe H doraTBie. TaKi, KaK-L npn yna^Ki o6in,eH

rocy,a;apCTBeHHOfi BJiacin dojrfce CH.TBHBie Boofrnje o6na;aj[H H npn-

60.1^6 cjia6Hxi>, TO nocjindnie uCKa.m saiyumu u no-
y Jiwdeu, nomopue 6u.m cuMHtbe uxt>. ^-BJiajiH xaKT>
a
He TO.I&KO npocTOJno,a;HHH, n KOMMeH^HpoBaBinie ce6a KaKOM
HO H doji-Be Me.iKie ceHBepn no OTHomeHiio EI
T.-e. odnu (peodaAu cmauoeusiucb eaccajiaMU dpyiuxz.
3xo 6u.io npflMoro Heo6xo,a,HMOCTBK) B^ 3noxy nocTOflHHBix
yco6iH, npOHCxoAHBHiKxi. Meat,a;y caMHMH aie <J>eo;i;ajiBHHMH
^aMH: cioBHtHmiH Mort OKasaiB samniy, HO H
j,ociaBHTB noMoin,B. yciaHOB.ieHie Bacca.itHLix^ OTeomemH conpoBO-
H, Hao6oporB nomajiOBaHie (|>eo^;a
BaccajiBnufl OTHonieHia. B'B KOHU.'B KOHI;OBI ecrb no-
cdtbJictAucb (fieodaMU, u naoKduil ceubepz 6uM vbUMv-JiuOo

Morynj,ecTBeHHLie $eo%suiu HM^JH fl 6ojiBmee KO-

.IHHGCTBO saccajiOBi, HO H cairn ciHiajiHCB BaccajaMH,
otcecemepOMz UAU cwsepenoMt, iJiaeoii (foeodajiwou jmcmuuit/bi,
KopoM. Ilpn BTOM^J OAnaKO, 6tuia BOSMomna 6oji&niafl nyiaHHn;a OT-
Houiemft. Hanp., B-B XII B. rpa<J)CTBO IIIaMnaHCKoe COCTOHJO
16 ^epesnoJOCHLixTb TeppnTopin, KOTOPHMH rpacJj'B
.lenaMH OTB ji;ecflTH crosepeHOB-B (T.-e. 6uj[i Bacca.ioM'B .necaTH ceHBe-
poei,); Meat,a;y HHMH 6miH repMancKift HMnepaxopi,, Kopojb <|)paH-

ay3CEiii, repn.or'B 6ypryH^CKiH, a oerajiBHEje SBI.TH OGCTB enncKO-

HOBI. H oflHH'B ad^aT'B, TaKaie, KoneqHO, cann qBH-JH6o BaccajBi, B-B
l
TO ate Bpesis HM-BBmie H ^pyrnxi. BaccajroBi> ). BT. CBOK) oiepe^B

rpac|)CTBO pa3A"BJflJOCB na MiioaiecTBO cenBepiii, B.ia-

KOTOptix-B SBMH Bacca.iaMH rpa(J>a. C^yqaJioCB, ^TO H caMt
flepaia.ii. KaKOH-jiH6o Me.iKin ^eofli. OT-B TOFO HJH ^pyroro
ceHBepa. B'B ^HCTO cxeMaTH^ecKOMi, BH^ <f>eo/i;aj[BHyio iepapxiio
r

o6pa30M B:
1 K P J B

T
CTyneHb.

I" ~l
2 cxyneHb fcpu,ori. fpatpv. EnncKonv

I 1 I 1 I 1

3 CTyneHb. *
J O eg O O
ft O
=8
ft
m w <i

Pan;apH.

CM. uapiy IX.

 60

82. BsaHMHBia oxHomema ceHBepa H Bacca.ia (DBLIH

UHUX, WbM?j omHOwenifi locydapn u noddaunaio. Xora

eacccMz H npOHCxo^Hx-B OTX vassus, ixo SHainx-B cjiyia, n Bacca.ii.
HasBisajica wjoeibKOMZ (homo) ceHBepa, HO sa cancan, #4.1$ 910
6HJIH oxHomema paBHBix'B Mea^y codoK),
juo^eii
C-B .apyrous doiooopz, Bt cHJiy Koioparo ciapmiH
MJia^ineMy, a MjaAmin cxapmeMy AOJ^en-B 6HJH> HOMO-
raiB. BTOTI ^oroBop & CKprbn.wMn npucmow ez erbpuocmu, KOiopaa
r

OAHHaKOBO o6fl3HBaJia 064 CTOpOHH. TaKHMt o6pa30Mt B-B OCHOB'B

nojiHTHqecKOH CBHSH Meat^y (^eo.najrBHBiMH BJia^-BJiBuaMH Jieajajro BI>

cym,HOCTH sejiHKoe MHO^GCTBO Hacmnux* doioeopoez omdrbjiwuxo

cenbepoez u eaccaAO&z. Baccaj-B n ^ep3Kaj'B" OT^ CBoero ceHBepa
H dHJIl C-iyaSHTB BT BOHCK-B CGHBepa, BTb H3B4CT-
J(QJ13ReHT>

Jiyqaa^'B OKastiBaiB eny ,n;eHe,JKHyio noMom,B (nanpHM., yqa-

B-B BBiKyni cro H3i HJi-BHa), noMoraxB eMy Ha cy^i H
T. n. Ha ceHBepi xoate JiesRBJin HSB'BCXHBia odasaHHOCxn no OXHO-
inemio KT> Bacca^y, Me^,ny nponHMi, o6fl3aHHOCXB samnmaxB ero;
B-B cjiyiai Ma.aoj'ExcxBa Baccara, ceHBepi. nmsuics ero ecxecxBeH-
HHMI. oneKyHOMi). Baccajin o^noro H xoro me ceHBepa
Mewdy coCoto u a> ceoujuz cemepomb. 3xo
HX-B mpamu (pares, x.-e. paBHBie); ceHBep-B 6BiJii no-
9xoMy jiHfflB nepeuMz Mewcdy paenuMU (primus inter pares). B'B
CJiynai HSM'BHBI saccajra ceHBep'B Mori omnnmb y ueio (fieodt, HO
H Baccajii HM'BJi'B npaBO eoscmamb npomue% cemepa, CCJIH HOCJI'BA-
Hiii nocxynajiTj ci> HHM'B HecnpaBe^JiHBO. Bnpo^eMi>, BC^ cnopn
Mem,o,y (f>eo,a,ajiaMH ^ojiatHBi ^BIJIH pimaxBca cy^OMi. Kaat^HH ceHBep-B
oSasaHi 6ujn> KaKi ^jra pas6opa TR8i6i> Me^^y saccajraMH, xaKT>
H RJIO. paSCMOXp-BHlfl .HpyrHX'B odmBX-B flfcjl'L C03BIBaXB C'B'BS.Zl.H CBO-
Bxo 6BiJio KaKi.-6H co6pameM B ero ^sopa
HX'B BaccajiOBi,. r

H.IH

nypiu. (Ha SXHXI cy^ax^ xbjio pimajiocL cydefiuuMt

Meat^y cxopOHaMH, HSI Koxoparo BOSHHKJia nosAHMma
83*. YcxaHOBJieHie ^eo^ajiHSMa ^BIJIO Henocpe,a;cxBeHHBiMi pe-
O6mifi
B3rjiaAi>3y n)TaTOM1]b
ij
BHvxpeHHflro pasjioatemfl rocyAapcxBi.
Ha B03HHKHO- J . -r.

4>eoji;a-
H3i MonapxiH Kapjra BejiHKaro, HO B'B cym,HOCxH
ceoujuucmopOHdMU (fieoda.iuaMZ eocxodumz KZ epeJuenaMZ PUMCKOU
UMnepiu u dpeeue-iepMaucmio 6uma. Kpynuun noMncmbx (jiamu-
(fiyudiu) Ha sana^i EBPOHBI Be,nyTi CBoe Haiajio eme HS-B anoxn
PHMCKOH HMnepin, H yate xor.ua B'B 3XHXT> KpynHBixi>
cxajo pasBHBaxBca Me^noe xoamcmeo npHKp'BHJieHHBix'B
KpecxBani (KOJionatm). Kor^a repMaiiqu Sana. npOBHHn,iH HMnepiH,
OHH OHCHB 6BlCXpO OCBOHJHCB C^ xaKHM-B n036MeJIbHLIM B yCXpOH- 1

CXBOMI., npH neifB HX'B cejiBCKaa o6in,HHa npnnija B-B ynaAOKi>. TaKi.
 61

Bt noc-TE^ma BpeMena PHMCKOH HMnepin

yate
H xoproBJia naxoflOHCb BI ynaflidj, H xaKi. Kaifb BapBapu, He
3HaBmie HHOFO xosaftcxBa, KpOMi seioe.zvBJibqecKaro, ne MOFJIH ocjra-
6nxb rocnoflCTBa axoro xossftcxBa, TO BT> nxt rocyflapcxBax-b seujie-

e,iadimie u nojiyuuAo nepeeucmeywu^ee suaueme, pas^aqa ate 6ene-

TOJILKO yeejiwium u 6esz moio fio.muoe Ko.imecmoo npyn-
CT> Apyron
seMMe.iadrbdbu/e&t. ciopOHH, yate Bt pnMCKyio
anoxy H CBotfoflHtie JHO^H, He HM^Binie SCMJIH, H MejiKie co6cTBen-

HHKH, Hyat,n,aBniiecfl BTB samHTi, ucKa.iu noupoeumeMCmea CUMHUXZ

u 6oiamuxi> seM.ieojiaeAadrb.iwe&b, Hepi^KO nepe^asafl HMX CBOC HMy-
in,ecTBO.rocy^apCTBeHHaa BJiacib 6opojiacb xor^a c^ TaKHMi> cxpe-
MjieHieMi)BI napo^'B, HO nocjii na^eHm HMnepia, B^ anoxy CMyrt
3TO CTpeMJieHie TOJIBKO ycHJiHJiocb. KoMMeH^ai^ifl 6ujia TOJibKO npo-
ciaparo o6biqafl, HO ona HM-fejia H ApyroH HCTOHHHK!) &b
omuoweHitiocK caMuxz lepMauy/eez, noiOMy ITO H s^^cb
u
nopyiajTB ce6a ^pyroMy, CTaHOBH.ica ero ,,B'EpHijM b
r

cjiyaje6HHKOMi. (eaccaaoMb), HaKonen.'b, em,e pHMCKie HMnepaiopbi

BpeMen-b HaiajiH ycTynaib Hrbuomopun USK
npae* npynuuMZ seMMeAadrbMi^aMZ, Bosjaran na HHXI
co6paTb Hajiorn HJH nociaBJiflTb cowri, Ha6jno,iiiaTb sa
H HaKasbiBaTb sa MCJime npociynKH. Ha^o^HOCTb BI
H-BKOTOPHXTB oCflsaHHOCTefi rocyAapCTBCHHHxi)
KOBI, noM^ni,HKaM'b TOJibKO ycHjiHjiacb npH BapBapCKHxi Kopojiax-b,
H HMMyHHTerb jiHHib saBepuiHJii) npoujecci), HaqaBffliHCfl em,e ET>
pHMCKyro 9noxy. TaKHM-b ofipasoMi, npn HMnepin yate
6u saqaTKH (J>eoAajibHHX'b ceHbepift B-b BH^ KpynHbixi,
C!> 3aBHCHMbIMl> HaCCJieHieMl H Cl> Cy^e6H
B.iacxbK) noM-BmHKOBi,. IIpH BapBapcKHXi> KOpojiflX'b sma
M0i.ia moMKO paseueamwfi, noiony ITO repMaHCKift CLITI Morb
coAiiicTBOBaTb ^aJibflMnieMy pasBHiiio H Kpynnaro
(pas^aqeio o'eHeifmH.ieB'b), H ^acTHoii oneKH HOM'BIIIHKOB'B
CBo6o^HbiM b HacejienieMT, (HeoSesneqeHHOCTbio JIHIHOCTH) H pacraH-
r

peniio nx-b BJiaciH (no HeyM'BHiro OTJiHiaTb qacTHbia OTHomeHifl orb

rocy^apCTBeHHHXi). repMann,M CMOTP'BJIH Ha
ynjiaiy na- BCflKyio
jora, KaKi. Ha npHsnairb HecBo60AH,
noiOMy ne xomtbAua CCIMU
H.fanmmb naAOioez, I-EMI JiHHia.iH Kasay AOXO^OBX; KpOM-fe xoro, H
na Kuwcdaio njiamHiyaio ofipow sa aeMAw onu CMomprbJiu, Kam>
na ympamuewaio Aunuyw coo6ody. HaKOHen,!), BI cxapOH repnaH-
CKOH Apyavimi BBipa6oTa.iHCb omnoiueniH saeucu.itocmu, KOTOPBIH
no repMaHCKOMy B3r.ia.aiy npHJHiecxBOBa.iH H CBo6oAHtiMi>
H Koxopua .ler.iH BHOWBACXBIH BI> ocHOBy Baccaanxexa.
 62

Bdk onHcaHHbia aBJiema Ha6juo,naK>Tca ein,e BI>

MepOBHHrcKyio
anoxy. HepBbie KapojiHHrH H oco6eHHO Kap,ii BejrHKift aadepwcuu
npou/ecco pasjiosKema rocyjuapCTBa, HO OKI. T^M-B He neH^e
H npa HHXI>. Kor^a ci. KapojiHHraMH cjiyiH-iocb TO ate,
ITO H ct MepOBHHraMH, x.-e. Kor,a;a BJiacTb nxt noiepajia BcaKyro
MaTepiajbHyio ocHOBy, a deHe<j)Hn,iajibi, HaoSopOTt, yxBep^HjH 3a coooio
1
CBOH ^ojiatHOCTH H 3CMJIH, npou,ecc?> (peodaJiusauiu saeepwujica ).
84. 3>eoda,MHaR mbc,muu u a, ceu^epoez u eaccado&t onupajiacb
r
t

00111,6 CTBO.
euusy ocmciMHyw Maccy naceMHin. ^eo^ajiHBMi) pisKO
HO,
. ..
^
HacejieHie cipaHii Ha KMCCZ iocnoa^ u KAaccz npocmojwounoez.
cocTaBjaJii. SHaib HJIH 6jiaropoji;Hoe cocjiOBie, cocjOBie JIK)-
poAOBHTHxt (gentiles homines, oiKy^a ^paHDi. gentil homme),
KOTOparo H npoHsoniJio nos^nMrnee deopaucmeo. 3xo
scero cocaoeie eoenuoe, KOiopoe ^ojiatno 6HJio
ocmajiwoe uaceMnie. Ki. KJiaccy rocno^t npHHa^eaiajio H Bticmee
^yxoBeHCTBO, TO ate ooJiaAaBinee (Jteo^aMH H BEiCTaBJiaBmee
KOB^ <y& CBOHXt sene.ib (HacToani,HM &
r

npH3BaHieMi>
cqHTajiac& MOAumea). Bca ocTa.ibHaa nacca, T.-e.

H Haxo^HJiacB BI saBHCHMOCTH OTTE,

TOproBii,Bi, rf)eo-
H odasaaa 6mia CBOHMT. Tpy^OMi KOpMumb ceubepoaz u dy-
. TaKHMt o6pa30M L (

(|)eoji,ajibHoe o6ni,ecTBO pacna,/i;a.iocb na

KJiacca, H3-B KOTOpbixi O^HHI, MOJiHJica, Apyrott cpaatajca, a

OTHomema Meat^y ciosepeHaMH H BaccaJiaMH

MHOwecmeoMo o6unaee'b u o6pado&T>. YcTanoBJieHie Baccajb-
HOH CBasH conpoBoatAa.iocb TaKHMi> o6pa^OMi,: Baccaji
na KOJTEHH nepe.n'B ciosepeHOMi, H Kjiajrb CBOH pyKH EJ> ero
"
9TO 6tMO paBHOCHJibflHM'B o6^aBJieHiio ce6a nejiOB'BKOM'B (homo)
ceHbepa, OTKy^a H nasBame npncarn homagium (HJH hommage).
CeHbepi. n; BJiOBajii npn STOMI. CBoero Baccajra H pfajiann* eny KaKOH-
r

jm6o no^apOKt, CHMBOJiHSHpoBaBHiiii tljeoA'B (KOJibijo, nepqaray H T. n.).

Yate BTOFO Baccajt CKpinjiajii) CBOK> npe^aHHOCTb npHcaroro
nocji'ij

BI> BipnocTH (foi). ^eoAajibHoe npaso BbipaSoTajio u^jiuu Kodenci

o6H3dHHOcmeu ceuiepa u eaccaaa. HanpHMip^,
noMoraTb cenbepy na BOHHi He nenie copOKa
6LJJII)
2
ro^y, BbiKynaTb ero H3i> njina ), aBjaTbca BI, Kypito fljia no-
no KpafiHefi M'fcp'B, TPH pasa BI> ro^ H T. n.

repMaacKaro npOHCxoac^CHia. TaKOBH HMCHHO

J
) HtKoxopae TepMHHH ^eoAa-iHSMa
:
(|>eoAt, BaccavTi, 6apOHt H T. n.
2
) ^exHpe ,,([)eoAajbHHXi cjy^iaa", Kor^a Hyxna 6n.ia ^eneatHaa noMomb: n.itHi,

ceHbepa, Bbixo^t .nonepH ero 3aMyxi>, nocBameHie cbina BI> pbmapn H yiaciie Bt Kpe-
CTOBOMi
 63

85.
^eoAa-iBHBie ceHBepu CBMH BI odmeni. cocjioeieM*
npuen-^
jmupoeanmixb eounoez. OAHOIO npHiHHT> pasBHxia HX^ B.iacxn
TUSK 3noxH.

HacejreiiieM'B OXA'BMBHBIX'B MicxHOCxefi 6u.io TO, ixo OHH a

m,a.iH ero OX-B pasnaro pOAa nanaAeniii H HamecTBift. PaAH axoro caMO
Hace.ieme iiOMora.no HMI cxponxB yKptbnMHuue SCIMKU, KyAa BX CJIY-
Ha,oio6HOCTH MoatHO 6mio cKpiiBaxtCfl. OflnaKO, 9XH ase saMKH no-
ceHtepaMi, Kponi xoro, oxcxaHBaxs CBOK> HeaaBHCHMOCXB OX-B
rocyAapcxBa H yKpljii.zmxB CBOIO BJiacxB naA*B OKpecxntiMH
CAijaBiuHCB rocyAapflMH, (|)eo,a;ajiBHBie ceiiBepBi cxa.in eecmu
coSow eoiimi, nana^axB ^pyrx na Apyra H rpadaxB BJiaA'BHia CBOHXI>
HenpiaxejieH. B-B noBO,a,ax'B K-B ^acxHiiMi. BOHnaM'B ((fadaMz) He 6ujio
cann ^eoiajiBHHfl oxHomeHia HX'B qacxo BBi3BiBajin,
te

nanpHM'Bp'B, oji,Ha cxopona napymajia BaccajBHBift .noroBOpi,.

yco6H^BI ^HJIH Hacxoflm.HM'B dnqeMx ^a Mnpnaro nace-
jrema. Ha noMomB KX neMy npmn.ia', OAHaKO^ u,epKOBB, Koxopaa nocj-fe

Hey#a4HBix'B nonBixoK'B o6m,aro Mnpa orpamiqHJiacB

ycxaHOB^eHia
nepejuupin Eomin
(treuga Dei), cocxoflBinaro B-B sa-
nana^axB Ha HPOTHBHHKOBX H Boo6m,e BoeBaxB BI AHH ne-
nocBflin,eHHBie BOcnoMHHaHiEO o cxpaAaHiax-B, CMepxn H BOCKpe-
CnacHxejia. $eoAajiBHoe ono-Meme COCXOBJIO rjraBHBiM-B o6pa-
30Mi> mi> KOHHHH,BI, H caMoe HasBanie ecaduma, ujiu puit/apn (H'BM.
Ritter, x.-e. Reiter) cxajio odosHa^axB co6oio uuswie paspndu $eo-
deopnucmea. Ho puijapCKoe ssanie nojiynnjio H Apyroe
PBin,apH CA^Jia-iHCB ci xeiemeMi) BpeiienH nonemnuMo
coc^oeieMZ, Bcxymreme B'B
Koxopoe coBepnia.iocB nocpeA-
ocodaro o6paAa nocefnuema H npHnaA-ieatHocxB KI KOXO-
najiarajia noduuneuie merbcmmiMK uucmo npaecmeeunbiMo
oanisiMK. CBIHOBBS pLmapeft (d&Mya,30, x.-e. rocnoA^HKH, (5ap-
BOCHHXBiBajiHCB npH ABOpaxi. 6yAyin,HX'B CBOHXI ceHBepOBi BI,
npHBHjerHpOBaHHBix'B cjiyri (naweu) H opywceHOcy,e67>,
noKa ne nojiy^ajiH pimapCKaro nocBflni,eHifl CT> codjuoACHieMi) AO-
BOJIBHO CJIOJEHOH o6pflAHOCxu, HM^BHieH pejiHriosHBiH xapaKxepx. Ilo-
CBflmaeMbiH nasajn* npn 9xoMi> puu,apcme ofinmu 3ain,Hin,axB u,ep-

KOBB, BAOB1, H CHpOXI., B006m,e B'C'BX'B H6BHHHO yrHexeHHBlXX, TO-

BopnxB BcerAa npaBAy, co6jnoAaxB Aannoe CJIOBO, Hs6'BraxB HCIH-
CXBIXI. cnoco^OB'B oCorau^eHifl H x. n. /KHSHB BBipa6oxajia Aante T&-
JIBIH PHAI> o6HiaeB'B oco6oft pMif/apCKOii necmu u etbwcAueocmu BT>
Aaase KX npoxHBHHKaM-B. Oco6eHHO pasBHjiocB BI> PBI-
atJiBBoe o6pain,eHie ex AaMawn, x.-e. rocnoataMH (dame
oxi jax. domina),nepeuieAniee Aaaie B'B ocodun KyMim daMU.
,3,ajrEe, KaatABift pBin,apB HMiju. npaBo na iep6t, KaK-B na CBOK)
9M6.ieMy HJIH OXJHIHXeJIBHWH 3HaK-B. EnpOqCMX, pBlUapH, BIIO.IH'B
 64

CBoeny H#ea.iy, Bcxp^qajiHCb 6o.ibine B-L

nod.riu, TEMI. dmicmeumejimocmu. CBOC Bpewa puijapH

B-B

B-B BOHHaX-B, Ha OXOT-B H B"B npHM'EpHHX'B

6HTBaXl>, DO-
nasBame mypuupoen. YMCXBenHaa HX-B Kyjibxypa 6bLia
oienb cja6oro, a oxHoineme KB noflB.iacxHbiM'b ,/jajieKO He (>bi.io

HcnojHeHieM'B oft'Exa samBmaub cJiaCbix-b H yrHeTeHHtixi*.

86. ycTaHOBjreme ceHbepi>flji&HOH BJiacin ypaenum nojiowenie
Ce.iBCKoe ecrbxt KJiaccoez ceMcm^o naceMuiH ceuwpiu. KpecxBancTBO Aeo-
* *
#a>JH>HOH anoxH oopasoBajiocb HB-B HOTOMKOB'L KaKx paoo&z u KOAO-
ceHi,epiH. UOGK em;e PHMCKHXI, BpeneHi, xaK^ H HSTE. ^esse^e^&wwrcg w^w jwa^o-
seMeMHuocz ceofiodnuxt BapBapCKoft 9noxn. Pa^H H KOJIOHLI c^ ca-
naro Haiajia ne nojiBSOBajiHCb rpaat^ancKOio CBo6ojiiOH), CBo6o,a;Hiae
a?e CCIMU saKpnnoiyajiucb nyxeM-B KOMMeH^a^H. CenbepT,
H rocy,a;apeMi, H seMJieBjia.ai'kibn.eM'b, H rocno^HHOMi>
.no^efi, BC^XI, ypaBHHBajn. no^ CBoero BJiacibro. CejibCKoe Hace-
.iHie ox^'BJibHbix'B ceHbepiii cJi^Jiajiocb KpinocTHEiMT). Bua.ianu,
KaK'b HXI xenepb HastiBajiH, ^LTJIH B^ jiyqmeM'b nojio^eHiH, ^-BMT>
pa6H, HO Bce-xaKH HXI* nojioiKeHie 6buro TaatejHM'B. CeHbepti
B6JIH X03HHCTBO JIHfflb Ha He3HaiHT6JIbHOH ^aCTH CBOHXl 3eM6JIb,
Sojibmaa ate HXI> qacib cocxoajra HS^ Me^nuxi xosHucme* KpecmwH-
CKUOCZ. BHJIJiaHH HJiaTHJIH Cl CBOHXt ynaCTKOBl o6pOKU H OT6bIBaJIH

6apw<uHy, T.-e. pa6oTajiH na SCMJI-B cenbepa, H XOTH

oopOKa HJIH pa6oTti 6ojrbiueio lacxbio onpe^tjifljiocb ofiunaeM?,,
ne MCH^e nep-B^KO ceHbepBi Tpe6oBajH xoro HJH ^pyroro no CBoeMy
yCMOTp BHiK). Ob SPyrOH CTOpOHLI, KpeCTbflHe, ./KHBHlie BI> O^HOMl H
r

ate cejremH, oSpasoBbiBajiH HSI ce6a ceMCKin ofiM/urni, coo6ma

pasHbiMH yro^bHMH H #arae sanpaBjaBmia CBOHMH BHyxpeH-

HHMH ^JiaMH.
87. Oco6eHHOCTbio ^eo^ajibHaro seMjreB.ia-j'EHia 6mio TO, HTO
naotcduu depwaM 3eMJiw omz K0io-Mt6o eucwciio. CBodo^Haa co6-
cTBeHHOCTB Hciesjia saM-BHHJiacb coficmeeHHOcmbw yc.wouow. Ilpeat-
JH

fl nOBHH- flie CB06o^HLie C06CTB6HHHKH HpeBpailjaJIH CBOH 36M.IH

TH '

BaeMLie ajiodu) VL 6eH6(|)Hi^iH ox^aBaa ce6a no^^ oneny

;

a KpynHLie e^ttJ^BJia^JBrpBi xoate

KHMI Jiio.n.aM'b. 3a CBOH ^eo^i, Kaat^wH ^o.iateH'b 6Lui> neciH HS-

B'BCTHyio CJiyat6y. Ha xaKHx-b ate ycjroBiax'b ,nep?Ka.iH SCMJIIO H

Kpecibane, HO TOJIBKO OHH we cdywcujiu, a njiamujiu u^u pa6o-
majiu. CBOH o6pOKH OHH BHOCHJIH 6ojbHieio qacibio He AeHbraMH,
a namypow (XJI^OMX, CKOTOMT, H T. n.). Bapm,HHa cocioajia ne
To.ibKO H3i> nojieBbix'b pa6oii> na ceHbepa, HO H HS^ padoii. no

nOCTpOHK'B HJEH HOIKHK-B SaMKOBl, H T. TL. IIOKa ^ep/KaiCJIb 36MJIH

CBOH o6a3aHHOCTH, seM.ia ocxaBajacb sa HHMI> H nepe-
 65

xodiua noHac.ubdcmey ort OTija KI CHHy. TaKHMt

6C.1H KpeCTbaHHH'b H 6u.ll. npHKp'fcnJieH'b KT. 3eM.lt, TO H
6bi.ia Ki H6My npuKpn>njiena. ITpaBa ceHbepa no OTHOinemio KI
KpecitflHHHy orpanHqHBajHCb OAHOIO CBHSLIO HX-L no seMjrfc.
ne
CeHbep'b 6ujii> H rocyflapeini BI CBoeMi BjaA^niH, a no OTHome-
Hiio K!> H'BKoiopbiM'b KiaccaMi cejibCKaro Hace.iema ero BJiacib
HM^jia flaate xapaKiepi, BJiacxH padoB.ia.a.'E.ibna. BI Ka^ecTBi ro-

ceHEepi. MOF-B ycxanaBjiHBaTb KaKia eny yroji;HO 6mro nojiaiH

cyjjapfl
H no^HBHTb KpecTBflHi KttKUMZ yioduo pacnopnmeuifiMb, BT> po^i,
HanpHM'Bp'B, o^flsaHHOCTH MOJiOTb sepHO HeupeM^HHO Ha cenbepba.ib-
HOH MejTbHHn.'E H neHb xjidi BI> ceHbepbfljibHOH ne^H (GanaAumemu)
HJH no HOiaMTb M^niaTb jiflryinKaM'b CBOHMI> KBaKanbeMi, napymaib
COHI, o6HTaTejreH saMKa. B^ KaqeciBi rocy^apa ate cenbepi,

pasHHMH nonuHHaMH, mipa^aMH H T. n. Bi caMOM-b

axo^HJiHCb T-B KpecmbHne, nomopue cocmoH.<iu KO,KZ 6u
<?5
paficKOMz noAOwcemu (cepeu). Cenbepi. 6biJii. .njia HHX'b He
HO H rocno^HHOMt. Tame
seMjeB.ia.ai'BJibi^eMx-rocyAapeMi,
BO 4>paHn,iH HasbisajHCb MeuMopmafijiHMU (MepiBOpyqHHKaMH),
HXI n pyKa dwjia nepTBa", Hio6bi nepe^asaTb HOCJI-B ce6a
'ETaM'b. OHH HC MOMH H BCiynaib BT, 6paKH Ses'L co-

r.iacia CBonx'b rocno.a.'b, a Kor,a;a cepBi, o^Horo cenbepa ateHHJica

na KpinocTHOH Apyroro, TO ^-BTH OTI Tanoro 6pana ^^HJiHCb no-
pOBHy MCJEfly O^OHMH TOCnO^aMH.
_-.
88. Fopoda moofce eowm 6* oGutyw Seodcuimyw cucmeMy. BJIftCTt
Booon^e ropo^CKOH OEIT-B npamejH. BI yna^OKi, em,e B-b 3noxy Bap-
KopojieBCTB^, H cejibCKaa atasHb Bsajia nepeB'BC'b Ha^i ro-
$eoAajrbHLie ceHbepn SKHJIH B^ saMKax-b cpe^a CBOHX^ no-
.

c-b CBOHMH .npy^HHaMH H cJiyraMH. IIocToaHHbie Sesnopa^KH H

BOHHH HanecjiH cipaniHEiH ydapb mopioeMfb. UpOMuuMeuHOcmb manofce

ynasia, T^MI dojite, HTO ^eoflajibHbie BJia^jbi^bi B'b qncjit CBOHXI
cjyrb HM'BJH H peMecjeHHHKOB i, pao'oTaBnmx'b Ha HHXI
H Ha BCK) HXI ^BOpHio. Bcjii^CTfiie 8Toro H Hacejenie
yMeHbfflHJiocb. Gb pa3Apo6jieHieM b CTpaHbi na (J)eo,zi;ajrbHHa
r

ropo^a oqyiHJiHCb no^ B.iacTbio OT^.'BJibHbix'b ipacfio&z, BO MHornxi.

ate ropoflax-b yTBep^Hjacb BJiacTb enucKono&t. ttojiowcznie lopoofcam
nosmoMy yxydwujiocb, TaKi. KaKi, Hep^AKO rpa^Li H enncKonbi cipe-
MHJHCb HH3B6CTH H rOpO^CKOe HaceJICHie Ha CTCnCHb BHJIJiaHOBI,.
89. ^eo^aJiHSM-b npH^aj-b ocoduft xapaKTep-b H caMoS KaTOJiH-
.
T-,
qecKOH n,epKBH. Bbicniie ^yxoBHbie caHOBHHKH, T.-e. apxienucKonbi,
enucKonu u afifiambi, a mawice mnumyau l ) cofiopuuxz u/epneeu cdtb-
co(5opOBT> HOCHT-B BI KaxoaHiecKOH n,e]n;mi
uie KUHOHUKOffb, KOJ.ierin Koxopuxi, H na.'iHBaiOTca
HCTOPW.
 66

mowe tpeoda.ibmiMU ceubepaMU, BJia.a.'ExejiaMH KHaacecxB-L,

H Hace.ieHHBix'B noM'tcxiS, %HMH-jiH6o Bacca.iaMH H cro-
co6cTBeHHLix^ BaccajiOB-B, paBno Kau-B H rocno^aMH Kpii-
nocTHoro Hacejiemfl. 9xo npOHsomjio Bc.ii^CTBie xoro, ixo eni,e BT>

npeABiflyinyK) anoxy nepKOBB H MonacxupH ejiadn>.m GOMWUMU se-

MJWMU: pasi. Kaat,piH KpynHBiH seM.aeBJia.a.'EJien.'B cxanoBHJca (|)eo^a.ib-
HBIMT, cenbepoM'B, TO A^a-icH HMI H enncKorr&, H a66aTi,. CaMH ,T,V-

XOBHHH HMym,ecTBa o6pa30BajiHCB H3*B nofflepTBOBaHifl, .napemH H

nocMepTHHxi) saB'smaHift na noamm, .nymn. Mejime co6cTBeHHiiKH,
KpOM-B TOrO, OXOTHO KOMMeH^HpOBaJHCfc I^epKBH, OT^aBaa 6H CBOH
yqaciKH, KoxopBie nojiynajrH noxoM'L oOpaino B'B (j)opM'B 6eH6({)Hn,ieB'B.
Bl aepKOBHHXT, H MOHaCTBIpCKHXI. HMiniflMI, paH^G BCerO HOflBH-
JIHCL H TaKi. HastiBaeMHe HMMyHHTeifj. HaKonen;!., B'B ropoAax'B eme

npn PHMCKOH HMnepiH enucnonu UBCAU ua ce6rb HrbKomopun uucmo

npaeume.vbcmeeHH'biH ofixsaunocmu, qio TO.IBKO ycH.!HJiocb BO
MepOBHHroBi> H Kapo.iHHroB%. B'B ^eo^ajiBHyK) anoxy enncKoni.
jajcfl yate ripflMO AyxoBHBiM^ rpa^OM-B H BaccajiOMi. Kopojra (HJH
Apyroro Bjiaji.'BJiBn.a). Ha enncKoncxBO H./IH a66axcTBO cxajiH CMOX-
p-BXB, KaK-L na 4)eo#'L H 3xo coBepmeHHO ucmsujio cyw^ecmeo dy-
j

xoenaio caua. Ho cxeneHH o6pa30Banifl H o6pasy JKHSHH enHCKonu

H a66axBi HHor,o,a HHH&MT> He oxjinqaJiHCB OT-B CB^XCKHX-B fyeon&jiQBi,.
9O. Xapamnepz KOpOMecnou eAacmu mowce usMtbuuMx nodz
6MHHieM?> (fieodamsMa. KopojiH rocy^apcxB'B, ocHOBaiiHBix-B Bapsa-
Hapxia.
p aMH ^
f)LI(IH O^HOH CXOpOHBI, pUMCKUXZ UMH6pa-
HaCJli^HHRaMH, C"B

mopoez, ci.
flpyrofi lepMauocuxz Kouymoffb. B'B ncxopiH KOpojreB-
CKOH BJiacxH npn MepOBHHraxi. H KapojiHHrax B Bcer^a saM-B^aexcn r

9ia ^BoifcxBeHHOCiB, noKa (J>eoAa.TH3Mi> ne coodmnjrB BXOH Bjracxn co-

BepmenHO ocotftift xapaKxepi,. Hpn HOBOM-B nopaAR'B semen,

nodz ceoew emcmbw oduo urn (fieodctMuuxz

y nero He 6BiJio 6BiHHKaKOH CHJIBI, HHKaKOft onopBi.
(|>eojiia,iBHBiH KOpojiB yate He 6uJi% HH aocojuoxiiBiM-B rocy^apeMi, PHM-
CKOH 9HOXH, HH HapO^HBIMI, BOJKAGM-B 3HOXH repMaHCKOH, a JIHIHB
uiaeow (peodaAwou jirbcmnuwi. Y nero ne 6Bi.io noAAaHHBix'B HJIH
Hapofla, a 6BMH JTHHIB KpynHBie H MejiKie BaccajiBi, no oxHomeHiio KT>
KOXOpBIM-B OH-B CaMl SBMTb M6WCdy pOBHUMU. Ec.lH
TOJIBKO nep6UM?>

eny HyatHO ^BIJIO H3ji;axB KaKoe-JiH6o o6m.ee pacnopaateme, OHI, RQJI-

ateni 6BiJii cosBisaxB CBOHXI BaccajroB'B H HcnpaniHBaxB HX^ cooacie.
TaKOBoe co6panie yate He dBwo HH APGBRHMX BijieirB, HH n Map-
XOBCKHMX HOJICM-B" (fpanKCKaro KOpOJieBCXBa, HH C-B^SAOM-B CB-BXCKHXT,
H flyXOBHBIX'B CaHOBHHKOB'B 9HOXH Kapjia BeJIHKarO: 8X0 6BI.10 CO- -
6pame caMocxoaxejibHBix'B BJia^Bi^eB-B, ci> KOXOPHMH IIX-B ciosepen-B
 Bt pasuLia #oroBopHBia corjauiemH. UocTaHOBjieHiH, BOS-
Tannin. nyieM-L, ne UMtb.tu 6oMwou CUAU H qacio na-

pyma:iHCB.
91*. XOTJI BOSHHKX H pasBHJica B-B cipaHaxi, o6pa-
(J)eo,najiH3M'B Pacnpocipa-
T-> -rr neuie (beo-
30BaBmHXCJi H3-L iiMnepm Kap.ia BejiHKaro, HO OH'B nojiyiHJi'L pac- Aaj(I)H H Xl
npocTpaneme H BH'B BTHX-L npe^iOBi.. Hat FepManiH MHorie (J>eo-
jajLHEie nopa^KH nepeiiiJH KT> ea coc^flMx, T.-e. ;a eempctMZ, CAa-
HmaMz u cmnduuaeaMb Ci> ^pyroii ciopOHH, (|)paHi],y3CKie p&in,apH
BI> cepe^HH-B XI B. saBoeBajH Anum H wwcuyw Hma.riw, Ky.ua
nepeHec.o (|)eoAaJBHHfl yqpea:ACHia. TaKHMi> ofipasoMi <|)eo-
^
napodoer, sanaduou Eeponu aejieHieMt 06-
Ho H BI HOBHXI> M^ciaxx OBI npio6p'BTaji'L pasjinqHHH xa-
paKiept. HaKOHeui), BI> 3noxy KpecTOBtixi. EOXO;I;OBI> sana^Hoe pn-
EBO^HJIO (|)eo^;ajfcHyio cncxeMy H BI sesuiflxi HMI> saBoe-
Bi> CnpiH c% ITa.iecTHHOH H Ha Ba.iKaHCKOM
r

, no.iyocTpOB'B. jE>

92*. ^eo^a.iHSM'B pasBMca JTHIHI, IIOC.TE pacnajieHiH nonap-

xin Kapja BejHKaro, HO BI.
cymnociH OHI, nodiomoe.iH.tcsi eiye

npu MepoeiiHiaxt. OHI. ^MJII, pesyjitTaTOMi) Ha^ema Ha Sanaa's

wcydapcmea u ueyMnuifi eapeapoei cnpaeumwH cz sa-
ynpaeACHiH Go.ibwuMu cmpanaMu. Bib BnsaHTiH, HaoOopoii,
H crapaa B.iaci&, H npe^Hie nopa^KH ynpaBJienia, a no-
TOMy 60 ueu ne GUJIO (peodaamMa. Bi, BTOMT. rocy^apcxB-B,
aiaBffleMi co6oio BocioiHyio PnMCKyio HMnepiro, Toate
CB-BTCKaa SHaiB H 6oraiaa seMJiaMH n,epKOBB, KOiopna npn

ycJtOBiaxT. paBHBiM^ odpasoM-L MOFJIH 6n o6pa30BaiB cocjOBie

HBIXl. CGHBepOB-B, T^MI, 60JTfie, ^TO H 3^CB COAep^aflla BOHCKa
fl,JlH

BoenHBiMi Jiro^aMi, noM^CTBa, HO HMnepaiopBi CBOHM-B

H
ynpaBJienieM't c^ep^HBajrH BejiBMoati. OTX
BCaKHX'B TaKHXT) ^MCTBifi, KOTOpBia MOFJIH 6BI VCHJIHTB HXl B.iaCTB
BI ymep6-B BjaciH H GAHHCTBV rocyAapCTBa.
93*. $eo^ajiH3M'L sa Sanaa's yTBep^HJca B-B X XI B P arH
BB., ^ep^
ata^caHa HSB-BCTHOH BLICOT-B BX XII XIII BB. H ciajrB na^aTB
BT, XIV XV BB. r^aeHbiMu epaiaMU $eoda,jiu3Ma 6um 3dnci> KO-
po.m u lopoofcaue. KopOJiH ne MOFJIH MHPHTBCB ex T^MI nojroate-
BI. KaKoe HXI. CTaBHJn>
$eo,a;ajiH3Mi.; noaioMy OHH EGJIH c'B

6opB6y, BI KOTOpofi HMi, noMorajiH Miucmu, T.-e.

HsyiaBmie PHMCKOB npaBO H BtiHOCHBuiie HS-B aioro
udew locydapcmea. KopoJiH npn BTOMT, BBinojinajiH mpou-
nyw sadany: OHH o6ie^HHa.in cipany B-B OAHO rocy^apcxBO, OTHH-
Ma. y KpynHHXT> 36M. ieBjaji, BJrBn,eB B npasa, npHHa&iejKamia TO.I&KO
i
< r

rocy^apaMi,, H HOA^HHOH nenocpe^CTBeHHO CBoen B.iacTH Bacca-

.IOB-B H EHJuraHOB-B, saBHC'BBiHHx^ npeaiAe JZHHIB OTB CBOHX-B ceHBe-
5*
 68

He xoxtjiH MHpnxBca ex CBOHMX no.ioateHieMx pannuM^ 06-

H ropoatane, TOJEC BCxynnBinie Bnocj'B.nCTBiH B-B 6opb6y ex
ipOMX. HiTB XOX&IOCB OCB06o,HHXBCa OTTE,
,n.iia Toro, qxo6Bi ycxponiB caMOcmoHmejibHux
BX KOXOpBIXX BCi 6iMH 6u CB06o^HBI H KOTOpBIfl CaMH
6u CBOHMH ^ijiaMH. 9ia 6opi>6a ci $eo,a;ajiH3MOM'B
pasi. B-B TO canoe BpeMa, Kor^a (|)eo^ajBHoe ptmapCTBO
HHMa,io HOBLIH H HOBHfl

n.

94*. Bx pasHiixx HacTflxx Monapxia Kapjia BejHKaro

ROCTI* OTHO"
nojiy 3HJ B
i
r

HeoiHHaKOBBiH xapaKTepx. PoMaucKiH cmpauu

I (HmaMH u 3>panu,iH) cfieodoAusupoeajiucb u panbwe, u
6bicmptbe,
* . Bi. HTa.iin .naate ncqesjia KopojieBCKaa Bjacib. Bo
rep- - :
ona BI> HOJELIH H BI EOHq'B
- v
A B.
npnniJia yna^OKi>,
(987) nepeHecena ex Kapo-MHroBx, pacxepaBmnxx BC-B CBOH
6BiJia

3CMJIH, Ha HOByro ^HHacxiio BX JTHH.'B o^Horo HSX IHCXO <|>eo,a;a.iB-

HBIXX ceHBepOBx, Tyiona, Ranema. Bx xeieme scero XI Etna Ka-
nexHHrn ocxaBajiHCB BX CVIHHOCXH repnoraMH OAHOH He6ojiB-
JTHHIB
moft odJiacxH (EfjEB-^e-^paHca), H KOpojaMH XOJIBKO no HMCHH.
CJBIJIH

TiMx BpeMeneMx FepMania eme He pacnajiacB na C.IHHIKOMX Me.i-

Kia BJia^Hia, Kanx 9x0 H BX Heii npOHSonuio nos^Hie, HO H
B03BHCHJIHCB repnorH
L
6ojiBniHxx njreMeHHHXx o6jacxefi. xaKx
'
/

H'BMeil.KHMX KOpOJiaMX npHHTJIOCB BBI^epatHBaXB CHJIBHYK) 6opB6y, HX06BI

OTCXaHBaXB CBOH) BJiaCXB.
95. Ho r. $paHuia ^ocxajiacB
Bep,a,eHCKOMy .noroBOpy 843
BHyny
Kapjia BejHKaro, Kapjiy JIucoMy, HOXOMCXBO Koxoparo H n,apcxBO-
Bajo SA^CB AO KOHqa X B. (987). 3a 9xn no-ixopa cxo^iixia 4>paH-
l

n,ia pas^BJiHJiacB Ha Muowcecmeo (fieodaMuuxz e.mdrbuiu ),

HSX KO-
xopBixx caMHMH BaatHBiMH 6BL1H Upemaub, HopMaudia (064 rep-
EtorcxBa)H 0Aaudpifi (rpa^cxBo) Ha c'BBepo-aana^'B H cifiepi, Amu-
mauiH (repn;orcxBo) Ha roro-sana^'fe, ipaficmeo Tyjiy3CKoe na rori,
Eypiyudin, (repn,orcxBo) H IlIaMnam (rpa(J)CXBo) na BOCXOK-B, a BX
cxpaHBi ipaficmeo AuwyucKoe K lepuoicmeo
;x) ex ropo^OMx IlapHiKeMx. BBJJH H 6oj'Be
Aa H KpynHBia BX CBOIO oqepe,a,B no^pas^iajHCB na Maccy
Bci 9XH KnaatecxBa H ceHBepin 6Bi.in XOIBKO OICHB caa6o

CM. Kapiy VII.

 69

co6oio BaccajBHbiMH oxHoineniaMH. nocji-B^Hie KO-

apOJIHHrOB'b H6 HM-B.1H HHKaKOft CHJIBI, TaK-L
KRK1) C06cXB6HHBia HXX BJia.U'EHia COCXOflJIH IViaBHHMl o6pa301TB H31
ropo^a JLaua (Laon) ci ero OKpyroMi. HaHtfojrfce MorymecxBeHHBie
fc Aaaie ^Boatiero MHJIOCXBK)".
Kane-
96. Bi 987 r.
4>paHn,y3CKie <J>eo,naji&i BBidpajm B-B KOPOJIH rep-nepsue
^paHuyscKaro (H.ib-Ae-$panca) H rpa<|>a napnatCKaro lyiona
.Kanema, po^OHa^ajitHHKa dunacmiu Kanemumoez, Koxopaa ^ap-
CTBOBa.ia Sojj-Ee xpex-B cioji'BTiH (987 1328), H on. Koxopoft npo-
Hsoin.iH AB^ CJiiAOBaBniLa aai'BM'B ^HHacxiH (Bajiya H BypSoHOBi).
3xo 6HJH 8Aadn>meAU neGoMwou ofijiacmu l ] XCJIBKO C-L ^ByMH sna-
qnxejibHHMH ropOAaMH (napnaieM'B H OpjieanoMi), ^a H S^-BCL 6ujio
em,e H^CKOJIBKO BaccajiBEHx-B ceHBepOBi. FyroHTb Kanexx
npHSHaeieM-B KOpoJieBCKOMi cani co cxopOHBi
B-B

Ha c^Bepi OTL JlyapBi, HO B'B cymHOCxn H ET> 9xoii

OH-B 6BIJTB JTHHIB mpouu Meotcdy paeuuMu. npHHflBT> B-B PeHMci
OH-B B03JOaiHJI & 66 npH atH3HH H Ha CB06rO
r

KOpOJIGBCKyK) KOpOHy,
CBina, qxo BOHLIO HOTOMI KB o^BiqaH BI <J)aMHJiiH KanexKHroB-B.
OdesneiHBaa xaKHM'B o6pa30Mi Kopony sa CBOHMI HOXOMCXBOMT),
2
nepBBie KanexHHrn ) uu ez veMt, oduaKo, ne npOH6An.ni ceoeio
mm Kopo.teu ^pani^iu. HMI 6ujio nofl'B CHjy 6opoxBca
C-B CBoeBOJBH&iMH BaccajiaMH BHyxpH CBoero repn;orcxBa fla

C'B 6jiHaiaHfflHMH coc^aMH

(oco6eHHO C'B HopMaH^ieft). HoaxoMy
OHH ne npHHHMa-iH HHKaKoro ynacxia BI KpynHBix-B co6Bixiax B csoero r

BpeivieHH. Ilpn HHXI toataHmie COC-B^H HXI o6jracxH, HOpMan^CKie

pi>mapH, noKOpnjiH roaiHyio Hxajiio^ H HX-B (|>eoji;ajiBHHH cenBe'pi, Bac-
caji-B $paHii,y3CKOH KOPOHH, 3aBoeBajn> Anoiio (1066), a
KHMH ^ecaxHjiixiflMH nosate MHoatecxBO cenBepOBi H
qacxeii
$pann;iH npe^npHHajio noxoA'B flja
oxi MycyjiBMaa-B (1096), HO see 9x0 cosepmnjiocB
BcaKaro yqacxia KanexHHroB-B. Hsi xaKoro naccnBHaro nojioatenia
(J)eo,a;aJiBHHe KOpOJH ^paHn.in BBIIUJIH XOJIBKO BX nepBofi HOJOEHH-B
XII B* K a.
97*. TaKoe ate ^eo^ajiBHoe pas^podjenie, KaKoe npoHsoui.io
BO <PpaHi^iH, eme panbrne coBepniH.iocb B-b ciBepHon H cpe^Heft Hxa-
Jim. B'B .loM6ap^m ox^-BJibHbie KHasBa ocnapHBa.TH Apyri y jjpyra

KOpojreBCKyio Kopony, H
expand locnodcmeoea^a auapxiH, XEK-B
B'B

KaK-B BI> pacnpi pasHBixi npexeH^eHxoB'B yqacxBOBa.ia H apwcxo-

Kpaxia. Meai^y nxajBaHCKHMH (J)eo,ii;a.iaMH OCO^CHHO BOSBBICH.IHCB
a
) CM. Kapxy VIII.
2
) OAHHI ESI nepBHxi KanexHaroBi (FeHpHxi I) 6ujix aceHaxi na ^oiepn flpo-
c.iaBa Myiparo (AHHt).
 70 -^

(fipiyMCKiii, uopeuCKiii, mocKaHCKiii u cno.iemcmu] BOO-

BBICHJHCB xaiMEe apxienucKonu u enucnonu ropOAOB-B Jk>Moap;un,
a MeiKAy HHMH nepsoe JTBCXO sana.i'B apxienucnom Mumnctdu,
KOTOpiiH HM^JII MHoroqHCJienHBix'B BaccajroB-B H ()Hjrb OICHB B.iia-

XeJlBHBIM'B AyXOBHBIMl> KHHSeMTb BO BC6H C I>BepHOH

r

oficxoaxe.iBCXB'B H nanairB, OKI CB-BTCKHM-B

H ero o6jiacTH 1 ), mpydno 6ujio coxpauumb &z nenpUKOcuo-
eeunocmu ceou 6Jiadn>mH. IIorpaHHqHLia qacin oixoprajiH oit Ilan-
CKOH o6.iacTH cociAnie BJia^-BJibaLi; BHyxpn rocno,aiCTBOBa,in 6yu
nue 6apoubi, THTy,iOBaBmie ce6a KoncyjiaMH H naTpHn,iflMH H
no CBoeny npOHSBOJiy pacnopaiEaBiiiiecH caMHMi, CB.
Bl KOHI^i 'IX H B'B X B. HaCTOflmHMH CB^TCKHMH
PHMa 6LMH He nanBi, a pasHBie eeMMOMU, saxeamueaewe
&b ceou pym nyieM'B nacHJiia. CaMLift THxyjii> naxpHnia H cenaiopa

nojy ?HJi B
i r

y BBX-L SHaneme ceHBepa, H npn xaKHxi. npaEHxejiax-B-

nana MOFB ocxasaxBca XOJIBKO AyxoBHBiMi) jiHn,OMT,. PmicKie BejiBMoatH
^aaze c^JiajiH B'B X B. nancKin caHi KaKi> SBI HCKJEoqHxejiBHBiMt
CBOHMI AOCxoameMi). H xor.ua, Kor^a B03CxaHOB.ia.iHCB npasa naiiu,
KaKi. CB-BxcKaro rocy^apa, puMCnie 6aponbi cnumajiu ce6n duwi eio
eaccajia.wu. Hepi^KO OHH npaMO pas^oiiHHqajiH H rpa^HJin najiOM-
HHKOBlj, CXCKaBinHXCa B'B PHM'B Ha 6orOM0.1B6 H3-B

3anaAa. BaponBi He XOJIBKO cxpoajn ced-B saMKH BTB PHMCKOH

naHB'B, HO H yKp-EHJIflJIH CBOH ^,OMa B'B CaMOMI) PHM^.
98. B'B
TepMamH, BHA^HBnieHca HS'B Monapxm Kap.ia BBJIH-
Karo grj, 343 r duHacmin Rapojiumo&z npeKpamu.tacb So 911 r.
^
BO x TV
BXOpOH nO-IOBKHTJ IX B. H'BMenKHM'& KOpO^flM^ npHfflJIOCB BCCXH
ynopnyio 6opB6y C'B cjraBaHCKOio BeJiUKOMOpaecnow
depwaeow, 06-
pasoBaBnieiocfl B'B 9x0 BpeMfl
BOCXOK-B, Ha
eempaMU, KOXO- H ci>

PBIX'B CaMH JK6 HiMI^H HpHSBaJIH HpOXHETb CJiasaH-B. B'B 3Xy 9HOXy

rpa(|)Bi pacinHpHJH CBOH o6jracxH H npespaxH^HCB B-B

2
TaKHX'f. repijorcxBi o6pa30BajocB HHXB
iepu,oioei. ):

Jlomapumin, Eaeapin, IIIeaOiH u Cancon'm. Kpoarfc

xoro, 6ojBmyK) CHjy HOJIVHHJIH xpn npupeHHcme apxienncKona
K6MHCKm H mpUpCKlU. K^ HHifB H ApyrHMI, B6JBMO-
nepenuio H npaeo eufiupamb Kopo.ieii, ycxaHOBHBUieeca B'B Fep-
nocji npeKpamema AHflacxin KapojHHroB-B. SA^CB, o^HaKO,
He npOHSoniJio xaKoro CHJiBHaro Apo^-ienia, KaK-B BO <DpaHu,iH, H no-
xoMy KOpo.ieeCKOH e^acmb coxpauuAa usetbcmuyw cn.iy; XO.IBKO npaso
r

nepeni.io K-B (j)eoAa.mM B, Koxopue H3i3Hpa.iH Koro-.iH6o

') CM. Kapry VII.

2
) CM. napiy YII.
 _ 71 __

CBoefi cpe^w, aepatacb HPHTOM-B 6ojbineio Hacxbro O^HOH

xaK'B qxo npHHu.HH'B Hsdpanifl coiexajca ci> HPHHH.HIIOM'B E
CTB6HHOH HepeflaiH BJiaCXH. TaKHMH (|>aMH.tiflMH 6fiLIH CaKCOUCKOH
B'BX B. H Haiaji XI B., (jipciHKOHCKaa BI, XI H Haia.i1} XII B.,
ci> cepe,a,HHH XII #o cepeflHHLi XIII H x. #. B'B o6iu,eMt

noBHHOBajiHCb Bn6opHOMy KopoJiK) oieHB naJio H, cjyia-

.iocb, BH^HpajiH o,a,HOBpeMeHHO AByxi Kopojiefl, no BJieKio sa co6oro
ia. BnpoqeMi>, ji;o cepeflHHH XIII B. KopoJiflMi. 6ojLmeio

y^asajiocb cnpaBjaxscfl ci HenoKOpebiMH BaccajiaMH, M xoJibKO

<?
cepeduurb XIII e.
(peodaMHoe dpofijieuie oKOHqaxe-ibHO Bocxop-
atecxBOBajio H B'b TepManiH.
CaKCOHC Kaa
99. Cnaqajia Hi>Mei^Kie ^vxoBHLie H CB'kxcKie BejibMoaiH BBI- .

Y
opajH BI Kopo^H repi^ora (jppaHKOHCKaro, HO HOCJITB ero cnepxH OHH
B03Be.iH Ha npecxoji b Feupuxa I Hmtvyejioea, repn,ora caKCOHCKaro,
r

^HHacxm Koxoparo H npaBHJia HOTOM-L FepManieH OKOJIO cxa

(919 1024). 3xoxi. KOpojiB Baa-B ycn-BraHBia BOHHH ci
H oaBflHaMH, oiOflBHraa rpaHHn,u csoero rocy^apcxBa na BOCXOK'B,
HacHJiBHO o6pam,aH npn SXOM-B atHxeJieH saBOGBaHHBix'B aeneiB B-B
xpncxiaHCXBo H cxpoa na rpauHn,ax B yKpinjienHBie saMKH. IIpH
r

qexn npHsnajiH Ha.a.'B co6oio BaccajbHyro saBHCHMOCXb OX-B

100. CaMHMi, T H Be "

Bbi.a.aiom.HMCfl rocy^apeMi, caitcoHCKOH ^Hnacxm .g
n,apcxBOBaBuiiH BI cepe^HHi X B. Ommom I Be.mniu (936
973). OHI ycirBiHHO npOAOjiataji'B 6opbdy ci cjiaBanaMH Meatfly
0.ib6oK) H O^epOM-B H HanecB BenrpaM-B cxpaniHoe nopameme na
nojirb (955), HOCJ-B qero Benrpbi nepecxajH 6e3HOKOHXB
H Majro-no-Majiy odpaxHJiHCb B'B xpncxiaHCXBO. KaK-B H
IIxHn;ejiOB'B, OXXOHI I flOJiaten-B 6ujn> BGCXH npo^oJiaiH-
xejBHyio 6opB(5y ci ^pyrHMH ^ep^o^aMH. Cuoxpfl Ha 3Bame repn,ora,
na rocyAapcxBeHHyro flOJiatnocxB, OH-B cmaM pasdaeamt lep-
ceoujuz podmuur,, HO 3xo He cnacjio ero Heo6xo^H-
oxi.
MOCXH H HXX ycMHpaxB, ne HCKJiioqafl co6cxBeHHbix B CBOHXI. 6paxa H
r

CBina. Bi 6opB6t ci. ^eo^aJiHSMOM'B OHI HCKajri HOMOIHU y enu-

b u affiamofft, BjacxB
Koxopbix-B He Morjia cpfejisubca Hacwi-Bfl-
CXB6HHOK) H HaSHaiCHie KOXOpblXI. OHi npHCBOH.Il KOpOJeBCKOH
B.iacxH. Ci CBOCH cxopoiibi,
flyxoBencxBO OXOXHO nofliepaiHBavio ero
cxpeMjeme KT. coxpanenm locydapcmeeuHa/io eduucmea. Oxxony axoro
yja.iocb flocTHrHyxr,, HO caii-B ate OHI, csoeio HxajBflHCKOii HOJIHXHKOH
nojoatn.!!) naiajio xaKHMi oxHomemflMi), Koxopna HenpeM'BHHO pano
H.IH nosflHO flOjatHbi 6biJH ocja^HTi, KOpojeBCKyio B.iacxB B'B Fep-
Maiiin.
 72

101. IIxaJBaHCKie KHH3BH 9XOH 9HOXH B6.1H HOCTOHRHLIfl BOHHBI

Bxopoe BOS- jtpyrB flpyrosTB Meatfly npoinMi sa oGjiaflame HMnepaxopCKoft Kopo-
c'B

H0 ^' ^ TTOHfL I P^H-ICa BM^HiaTBCfl Bl npOHCXO^HBfflifl TaiTB CMyXBI Bi

KaiecxBij npeeMHHKa KapoJiHHroB &, aaeoeea^z ecw crbeepuyw Hma.riw
r

H aaKp'BnHJi'B CBoe npaso Ha Hee dpaKOMTb c'B BAOBOIO o^noro H3t

9(f>eMepHBixi. Kopo.ieii HiajiiH AdeMieudow, KOTOpyro OH-B 3am.HTH.TB
OTI rpa<J>a Eepemapa MepeuCKaio, Toate o6iHBHBinaro ce6fl Kopo-
.
IlpaB^a, saBoeBaHHoe KOpo.ieBCTBO 6HJio HMI noasajroBaHO BI
TOMy ate Bepenrapy, HO Korfla OH-B HSM'BHHJI'B OiTony, TO HOCJ^A-
Hiii, npHSHBaeMBiH B.nodaBOK-B H nanoio (loaHHOMi XII), npoiBBi KO-

Toparo B03JiyTH.iHCB pHMJiane, BTOPH^HO oinpaBBJca B-B HTajiro,

eoscmanoeuM &b ueu ceow ejiacmt u npunfiM ez PuMrb UMnepa-
mopCKyw Kopouy (962). C'B BTHX-B nop^ H Be^eii CBOG Ha^ajo
Cesm^ennan PuMCma UMnepia lepMaucnou Hai<,iu,
ee nasBiBajiH Bnocjr'BACTBiH BX Te^eHin H.'BJIHX'B cxojrETiH.
OTTOHX sa^ynajx npio^p-BCTH H roatnyro Hiajiiio H ex BTOIO IVEJIBIO
ateHHJi'BJCBoero CHHa Oxxona Ha njreMflHHHn.'E BHsaHxificKaro HMne-

paxopa (loaHHa H,HMHCxia) Geo^ano. OXXOHI> II aaeoeeam HeanoM

u Tapenmz, HO noxepn-BJu. nopaatenie oxi MycyjifeMan-B, ocxaBHB-B
sa^aqy yxBep^nxBca B% Hxajrin CBoeMy CBiHy Oxxony III. Ci> Oxxo-
HOB'B H HaiHHaexca B^^Hoe cxpeMJienie H'BMen.KHX'B rocyflapeft EI
ofimdaum HmaMeu, mm cocmaeuoio vacmbw PUMCKOU ujunepiu.
Jl^jia pasBHxia EopojieBCKOH Bjracxn BI, FepManiH xaicaa noJiHXHKa OKa-
sajiacB BecBMa TH^CJIBHOIO. 5Ke;raa rocno^cxBOBaxB BX HxaJiin, KOpo,iH
MHOioe mepxjiu 02 FepMauiu. HOXO^BI sa AJEBHBI sacxaBJiajiH ni-
MeuKHxi, rocy^apett na ^ojrroe spejia oxjiyiaxBca HSI. csoero rocy^ap-
cxsa, a BnocJi'E.ncxBiH OHH noKynajin co^HCXBie H-EMen.KHX'B (JjeoflajroBi)
pasnaro ycxynKaMH, Koxopna xi y HHXI> BBinyat^ajiH npn Bca-
poji;a
KOM-B yAo6noMi cjyia'B. Yate npn OmmoMb III (983 1002)
KOpojeBCKOH BJiacxn, yKpinJieHHOii ero
oc.ia(5jieHie

HojiyqHB'B upeKpacHoe odpasoBanie H oMa^Bi, Kpojii Jia-

xHHCKaro asHKa, rpe^ecKHM'B, OXXOHI npOHHKca aHXHiHon H^eeft HMHC-
plH H, OH6HB TOp^aCB CBOHMX HpOHCXOatAeHieM'B OXX BOCX01HBIX-B
H sana^HHX'B HMnepaxopOBi., cinxajTB CBoeft MHCcieft BOScxanoBHXb
O^ecm HMnepin na Sanaa's H HOAIHHHXB ero rocxBHianoBy sa-
Bx HOFOH-B sa 9xoro Meixoro OHX ne odpama.!!.
na xo, HXO 6t> FepManiu dyxoenue u cerbmcuie ee.iwowcu
onnmb 6o.me uesaeucuMWMU, u cuoea OMCUM caMOcmon-
lepwicmn e.iacmb. H^Mei^KHMi rocy.napaM'B
B-BKOBl, 6opB6a C'B HHMH CXOH-ia HC MaJO CH.TB H X.IOIIOX'B.
 TJIABA V.

e n,epKBen H BHCTynJienie cjiaBancKHx-L napo-

I. MeatAyHapOAHHH OTHoaieHia ( 102 110).

II. Paa.u'LieHieu,epKBefi H naiajo nancKOH TeoKpaiia ( 111 122).
III. BHaaHxia ( 123 125) H ocHOBanie cjiasaHCKHxt rocyaapcTBi ( 126136;
o mmnrE 132133).

I.

102. Bfc cepeAHH-fc OKI 6bi Bxopoe nepece-

IX B. naqa-iocb
na 9TOTt
~
Hst CKan^HHaBia. FepiiaHCKia
.V, . namecTBifl.
repManijeBi, paai>
nacejiaBmia ^amto H HopBeriro H ourHqaBiniaca 6o.iLinoK)
9HeprieH, ciajH opraHHSOBaxt ^pyatHHii OXOTHHKOBI .no npHKJioHe-
Hin H #0 HaatHBBi H OTnpaBJiaT& HXI na dojr&fflHx-L jia^ax-L sa Mope
^o6tiqn. BoSTHXI ^C'BBepHHxi. Jiro^en", EJIE nopMan-
rjraB"B

npe^npiHMiHBBie eunumu, CBoero po,3;a ^Mopcnie KO-

cioajiH

poan", KOTOpne ci> ^pyatHHaMH y^ajTbi^eB-B nepenpaBJiaJiHCB repeal)

Mope H flajKe BXOAET^H BI yciBfl p-BKt H no p-BKaMi yrjiy6jiajiHCB
BHyip& cipaHH. Horpa^HBi, BI O^HOM-B M-BCTB, OHH yxo^HJiH BI
,a;pyroe, ocoCenHO Kor,a;a npOTHBi HHXI nociiJiajiocB
snaqHTejiBHoe BoficKO. Cjiy^ajiocb HMI BO speMa TaKHXi,
H nepeTacKHBaxb CBOH jia^BH no cyxoMy nyxn H3i> OJI;HOH P'BKH BI>
Apyryro, c^yqajroct saxBaTHBaiB na Bpena TO HJIH .aipyroe yKp4n.ie-
nie, cjiyqajioc& xaK^e BH^epatHBaTB HacToam,ia 6HTBH, B^ KOiopHxt
HOpManHH .HOXO^HJIH ji;o HOJinaro nencTOBCTBa. Mnpnoe nace-
jenie MHOFO xepnijio nana^eHift BTHXI MOPCKHXI pasdoHHH-
OT-B

KOBI, H BI ijepKBaxi. ^aate Bosnocnjiacb MOJiHTBa: n rocno^n, HS-

6aBi> nac^ OTI apociH nopManHOB-L". OTA^tHHa nopManncKia
^py-
JKHHH ciajiH ,a;a^e ceAumbcn et npUMOpcnuxb o6jiacm,HXt> FepManm
u (Ppamyw. Yate HMnepaxop'B JToTapi ne namej^ jryqmaro cpe^-
CTBa npOTHB-L HamecxBiH na ero BJia^Hia, KaKT> noce.iHTB y Bna-
Penna B-B Mope OflHy xaKyro ^pyatHHy, JIBHIB 611 ona 3ain,H-
cxpany oxi HOBLIX-L Bxop^eHili; HB-B 9xoro nocejieflia BOS-
HHOO noxoMi, oco6oe rpa(J)CXBO FoAAQHdix. Bo $paHi^in oxi nana^e-
Hiii npniujocb oxKynaxbca ^enbraMH, a HOXOMT, xaKate yciynnxB HOpMan-
naMi, i^ijiyK) o6.iacxB no HHatHeny xeqeniK) Genii, r^i B-B 91 1 r. npe^-
BO.pixe.ziB HXX POAAOHO H ocHOBajx rcpijorcxBO, nojiyiHBniee na-
SBanie HopMandiu. HopMannH nana^ajn, KpOM-B xoro, na anoo-caK-
concKoe rocy^apcxBO WL BpHxanin, Koxopoe o6pa30Ba.iocB B-B nepBOH
 - 74

IX B. B^lb coeAHHema H'SCKO-IBKHXI, 6o.TEe Me-iKHXi E.ia-

H cxa.io HasBisaxBca Am.neu. Ilpn KOpojrB AM(fpedn> (871
901) jjaxqane OBJia^iH flaaie Bcero Anr-defi, H axosy
CTOHJO HCHMOB-BpHBixi) ycHJiiH oxBOCBaxb y HHxi) sana^Hyio
CBoero KOpojreBCTBa (878). Bopt6a Be.iacB ein,e nojixopa cxo-dma,
noKa flaxcKift KOPOJI& Kanym* (1017 1035) He oBjaalLTL H axoro

103*. Tlo^oSHO TOMy, KaKt na ciBepHtie H ^aate sanajune

capa-5 e p era
U,HHOBt.
EBponti nana^ajiH HopMaHHH, na roajHLie ea depera coBepma.iH
. .
^ . v o
pasooHHHKH, atHBinie B-B cxBepHOH
Mopcme ase
ci> ^pyrHMH MaroMeTanaiiH OHH HastiB&iHCb Bt

CTpanaxi, capawHdMU, H HX-L Ha6-BrH npOH3Bo,HHJiH TaKoe ate Bne-

na Eepony, KaKt H nopMaHHCKie. Capai^HHaMi) y^ajrocb yiBep-
EX CuvijUMu, npOHHKHyTB Bi K)JKHyK> HiajiiK) H ^aase AO-
AO PnMa. OHH Hana^ajiH paBHHM'L o6pa30MT. Ha nodepeatte
K)?KHOH $paHnJH H cxpOHJH xaMTb CBOH yKpiiLieHia.
104 :;<
.
HopMaHHH H capan,HHBi Banana* ci Mopa, qepesi.
cyxonyTHyro rpaHHuy cxajin BxopraxBca BI. sana^nyio
Espony eempu,
saHaBmie B^ KOHni'B IX B. naHHOHito H oxxy^a na-
iaBmie CBOH BxopateHia BI npe#BJH 6BiBHieH MOHapxin Kapjia Be-
jHKaro
!

). OHH OAHHI> past c^i-ia. Haoiri. Ha ctBepHyio

HO r.iaBHBiM'B o^pasoMi. coBepniajiH CBOH Hats^H Ha FepMaHiro,
KOXOPBIXT>cxpa^ajiH npeHMym,ecxBeHHO Basapia H TropHHria. Ho
oco6enHO BaaiHoe snaqeHie no.iyqH.io noaB.ieHie BenrpOBi B-B HCXO-
pin cjiaBaHCKHXi) napOAOBi>.
105. K-L BHOX-B pacna,neHia MonapxiH Kapja BejHKaro H nop-
MaHHCKHXl), CapaEtHHCKHXI, H BCHrepCKHX'B HaS'ferOB'L OXHOCHXCa H Htt-
'

_,
HdM locyoapcmieHHoii OKUSHU y caaefiHCKUX* napoooez. leorpa-
({>HiecKoe nojioaxCHie CJiaBaHi. na BOCXOIHOH rpaHHn,^ 3ana^HOH
HMnepin H Ha c^BepHOH ^paHH^'B BocxoqHOil cxaBHJio O^HHXI>
H3i. HHXI. Bi Henocpe^cxBeHHoe conpHKOCHOBenie ci> FepMameH,
^pyrnx-B Cfc BHsaHxieft. BjiHaiaHmie KI> cxapoMy ncxopHiecKOMy
2
Mipy CAaoane drbJiujiucb na den ipynnu: sanadnyw u wwuyio ).
Kx sana^HOH rpynni npHHa^eatajiH npeawe Bcero pasHBia njreMeHa,
Ha BOCXOKI> H sana^i. oxi> 9^6u (HJIH JIa6u, oxKy.ua HXT,
noAaficKiixi) H no depery Ba.ixiHCKaro Mopa y ycxBesx
O^epa H BHCJIBI (noMopaue). IIo.ia6cKie H noMOpcme cjiaBane He

a
) CM. Kapiy XI. Ma^bapu KOMeBajin BI cxenaxt xenepemHefi Beccapa6in, H KI
HHMI eme oCpamajica BHsaHTiflcKifi HMnepaiopi (.lest
J
VI $HJOCO^%) BI 6opk6t ct

n,apcTBOMi. OHH cHanajia HM^-IB st Bo.irapiH ycntxt, HO HOTOMI 6ujiH

H iBHHy.ract OTTyfla na
2
) CM. Kapiy XI.
 75

caMocxoaxeJbiiaro rocyXapCiM H iiOABepraHCL OH-EMeieHho.

IIo cpeAiieMy H BepxneMy xeqeniro BHCJH H npHxoKaMi. O^epa C'b npa-
Boft cxopOHbi JKHJH JIHXU, HJIH no.wKU, na sanaA'B oxi> HHXI. BT> Bore-
M!H nocejiHJiHCb uexu (ci MopaaaMu}, a no THCC^ H sanaAHHirB Kapna-
TaMl CJlOOttKU. BflOCJI'BACXBiH 3Al>Cb CJIO/KHJIOCb ABa C.iaBflHCKHXI>

rocyAapcxsa yemcKoe H no.ibCKoe, B'b Ky.ibxypHOirb ate

sanadnue c.menHe nodnunujiuc^ pOMauo-iepMauCKOMy eMuniw.
naa rpynna CJiasaH-b cocxoajia H3i> Oo.iiapz na HHJKHCM'b
cep6oo6 u xopeamoeb no ^pasi} H CaBi H BI> c'EBepo-sanaflHOfi qacxii
nojyocxpOBa H c.toeeHu/e&b BI> Hcxpin H B'b BOCXOH-
Aubnaxx. Bojibniaa HXI. qacxb B-B KyjibxypHOirb oxHomemH
ouaanmiuCKOMy 6AinHiw, (KaK-b H Bocxomaa rpynna
njieMeHi., HS-B
KOTOpott oSpasoBajica HapOA'b pyccniu).
IGscHbie c.iaBHHe ocnoBajiH ^Ba rocyAapcxBa 6o.irapcKoe H cep6-
cKoe.
106. BosHumoeeme locydapcmeeuHOu otcmnu y Cjiaenm u Haia. rocy-
e.wbcmib cz mn>Mb npuufimie UMU xpucmiaucmea omuocfimcH KV
^3^^" cia-
IX e. H H Apyroe coBepmaexca OAHOBpeMenno H y roiKHbix'b,
TO,
H y sanaAHbix'b cjraBan'b. KaK^ pas'B B-B 3xy snoxy HayajiHCb cnopti
Me/KAy BOcxo4HbiM b H BanaAHLUfb AyxoBeHCXBOM^, noBJieKmie sa co-
r

6010 pasdn.ienie u,epK0eu, npHieM^ OABBM-b H3i> noBOAOB-b conepHHie-

cxBa iieaiAy HHMH CA'BJiajiocb otfpameme c.iaBflH'B B'B
Ycnixy xpncxiaHCKOH nponoB-BAH cpeAH cjaBaH'B
xo, HXO BI> cpeAHH^ IX B. ABa 6paxa pOAOMi HS'B CojiyHH, KoHCxanxHH'b
(B'B MOHamecxB'E KupujiM) H Meoodiu, nocBaxHBmie ce6a MHCcionep-
CKOH A'BflTejbHOCXH, npucnoco6ujiu ^pe ^ecKyM a36yny Kb t

tt

seymMb ( n KHpHJJiHH,a ) u nepeeejiu na c.iaeHHCKiu nsum

uoe nucauie u 6oioc.tyjice6HbiH KHUIU, q^Afb 6buo noJoateHO
H Boo6in,e cjraBaHCKOii nHCBMCHHOCxH. B'B 3x0 speMa cyntecxBOBajiH

yaie ABa CJiaBancKHx-B rocyAapcxsa Go.napCKoe H eejiuwMOpae-

!
CKOC ),
H o6a OHH npHHajia xpncxiancxBo HS'B BnaaHxin. Bx 864 r.
KpecxH.ica 6ojrrapcKiji KHHSB Eopucz, HBOcnpieMHHKOMi)ero 611.1^ caM'b
Hiinepaxopi. MuxauM III, HO 3x0x1 KHHSB ne XOX-BJITB aaBHC'EXL
oxi. BHsanxin H odpaxHJica-6bijro KT> nani HUKOJCLW I C'B npocb-
6010 npncjiaxb enHCKonoB-b H CBameHHHKOBi>. Xoxa nana CT pa-
Aocxbio oxosBajiCfl na o6pameHie K-b HCMy Bopnca, HO ocym,ecxB.ieme
sioro aiejania Bcxpixnjiocb ct pasHbiMH npenaxcxBiaMH, H BTB KOHH.'L
KOHUOBt Bopnci. AO.iaceH^B SBMX npusuanib saeucuMocmb ceoeu cmpanu
en nepuoenoM* omnoiuemu omb KoucmanmunoJia. ^pyrnMi, CJasaH-

CA^a-iocb rocyAapcxBO MOpaBOBi, oopasoBaBmeeca AJa

CM. Kapiy XI
 76

3am,HTBi OTX naiHCKa HSX FepMamn npH 6.w;KaHiiiHxx npeeMHHKaxx

Kap.ua BejiHKaro. MopaBCKift KHSSB Pocmucmet odpamica EX Mu-
xamiy III ex npocBGoio npncJiaiB MHCcionepOBx, KOTOJme HaymiH
6ti HXX xpHciiaHCKOii B'fep'fe. Ha 910 npmuianieHie BX Mopafiiro OT-

npaBHJHCB KHPHJIJIX H MeeofliH, Koxoptie EX 865 r. H

odpamenie BX xpHcxiaHCTBO HOOTHHBIXX PocxHC.iaBa KX
ney^OBOJiLCTBiio HliMeijKaro npaBHiejiBCTBa H jtyxoBencTBa.
nee ciajio yTBepat^aiB, qio CBamenHoe iracame MoaterB cymeciBO-
na xixx xpexx flSHKaxx, na KOTOPBIX-B c^jana 6Bi.ia
Ha KpecrE Cnacniejia, H o6a MHCcionepa COIJIH ce6fl BBIHV-
ixaiB BT> PHMX ^Jia onpaB^anifl cBoeS nponoBi^H na c.ia-
BflHCKOMI,flyBIK-B. KnpH.M'B yMCpI. BO Bp6Mfl BTOFO HyieffleCTBifl (869),

a Meeoflifi nojiyqHJi'B OTX nanH (A^piana II) oji;o6peHie CBoeny

.H^jy H THiyjix apxienncKona RJIO. HaHHOHiH H MopasiH. HiMna
6BMH xaKHMi pimemeMx Bonpoca H npo^epatajin Me-
He,a;oBOJiBHBi

eoflj.ii OKOJO ^Byxi> J^T-B B-B saToqeHia. Ewy y^ajrocB em;e KpeciHTB
qemcKaro KHflsa Eypueon. II^epKOBB npHiHCJiHJia cJiaBflHCKHXx nep-
KX JiHKy CBflTBixx, H ex HXX HMeneMx dmra CBasana
o uawouaMHou caMocmoame.MHOcmu CAaoxncKaio n.ieMeuu.
107. IlepBBifl rocy^apciBa 6BMH Henpo^HBi,
cjraBflHCKia xoxa
HenpOMHOCTi, BCJltjliX 3a npHHflTleMX XpHCTlaHCTBa OHH H flOCTHraJIH Ha

yacnMio Ea.maHCKaio no.iyocmpoea H

l

oejiadrb.ia 6o. /i biu,ew

onacHoro canoMy KoHCTaHTHHonojno. CnMeonx HPHHHJIX

n;apfl, KOTOptift y cjiaBHHX SHJIX paBHOCHJieHx HMnepaxop-

CKOMy (qapB i;ecapB), H nasHaqHJix RJIO. CBoero i;apciBa oco6aro

naipiapxa. Ho 910 SBIJIX JTHDIB
BpeMenHBin ycn'Bxx. HoBOMy n;apCTBy
npani.iocB dopoiBca He TOJIBKO ex BHsanxieH, HO H ex
ex BenrpaMH, ne^GHiraMH H pyccKHMH (npn
HMnepaiopBi X B. (HHKH(J)opx $OKa, loaHHx U,HMH-
cxift H BacHwiift II) oTBoeBajn y 6oJirapx sanflTBia HMX o&iacTH
H T^MX noJioatHJiH Kouew nepeoMy GoMapCKomy i^apcmey (1018).
Tanaa ate H eejiuKOMOpaecKyw depotcaey, BX co-
cy^B6a nociHrjia
CTaBX KOTOpOH PoCTHCJaBX BKJIIOIHJIX ^exllO H 36MJIH HOJia6CKHXX
cjiaBSHx. He CMOipa na BpeMeHHBift ycnixx Jtro^OBHRa H^Men;Karo ;

njreMflHHHKx PocTHC.iaBa CenmonojiKb cnosa CHJIOTHJIX BOCAHHO mie-

Mena HaxoAHBHiiaca no^x BjacxBro ero AH^HJ H no6'B^OHOCHO oipa-
JKaJix H^Men;Kifl namecTBia (npn Kap.ii TOJICTOMX H
Ho 9TOMy fl-EHTej&HOMy rocy^apio OKasaaocB Tpy^HHiix
BaiB CBH3H ex BHsaHiicH, H OHX ciaJix noKpoeumeMcmoooam'b
muHCKOMy dyxoeencmey, KOiopoe Hanajio npecji^OBaTB
6orocjryateeie. Cx CBoeft CTOponu, H-BMeuKin KOpo.iB
ixo6ti C.IOMHXB Be.iHKOMOpaBCKyio .nepjKaBy, npuseaM npomuez uen
6eH^po6^) EOiopue H paspymiLiH 9x0 cJiaBHHCKoe rocy#apcxBO. Benrpu
(no.a.'B HaiajiBCXBOM'B Apuada) nocejiHJHCL BT. IlaHHOHiH, emucHye-

wucb Memdy sanadnuMU u WMUUMU cmennaMU, pasoo'mHB'B HX-B

xaKHM-B o6pa30Mi Meawy codoro H UO.IOJKHB'B npeipady dan Sesnpe-
cuoweHiu sanadnuxz c.me&m ci> Busanmieu. T^M-B
jiasflHCTBO nocxaBJieHO 6&uio BI 66jiBmyK) HO.IH-
H KyjiBTypnyio saBHCHMOCTB oil FepMaHin. TaKOBa 6BiJia
panHHX'B c.iaBHHCKHxi. Monapxifi, HO nos^nie cnoBa BOS-
HHKJH cjaBHHCKia TOcyAapciBa *Iejdfi, HoMwa, Eo.iiapin (Biopoe
n,apCTBo) H Cep&H.
1O8*. B-L IX H X BusaHTifl 11 "3 Ilp
BB. npo^ojiata.ia 6opoiBCfl cx?"^ ?

npe^HHMH BparaMH. BCTB CHJIBI xaKi, HasHBaeMoft MaKeooucKoii ou-

uacmiu BO BHinraeH HOJIHTHK'B ynurn Ha 6op&6y C-B 6oJirapaMH H apa-
6aMH. UpOTHBi, 6ojirapi. HMnepaxopBi BH^BHraiH BenrpOB-B, neqeHiroB-L
H pyccKHXi, noKa BacHjift II ^Bo^rrapodOHi^a" HG paspymnjiT. aioro
u,apCTBa. C'Bapa6aMH BOHHa BejacB sa ocipOBa H asiaicKia s.ia-
HuKucpopt &om OTBoeBajii. y KHXTB KPHT-B, rA'fe MycyjiBMane
rjaBHyro cioaHKy CBOHX^ KOpaSjieii, H cpfejistin* nontiiKy BOS-
BHsaHTin Cnpiio. PacnpocTpaHenie xpncxiaHCTBa BT> IX B.
lOffiHHX-B CJiaBflH-B, a B-B X B. CpeflH CJiaBHH'B BOCTO^HBIXl. (y
r

pyccKHX'B) 6HJio xaKate BajKHBix & flBJiemn B B HCiopiH

r

OAHHM'B H3i>

109*. Bo speMena Kapjia BejiHKaro H pacna^eHia ero MOHapxin

r> v T- .

Ha dana.pj H npaBJieHia MaKe^OHCKon .nHHaciiH B-B BHsaHim, BI> My-

cyjiBMaHCKOMi xajnNjjaT'E ^apCTBOBaJrH A66acudu, CTOJiHii;a KOTOPBIXX
6ELia BI BarAa.a.'B. Be.iumx saeoeeauin OKomuMtcb, H na^ajiacB anoxa

npOMBiuuieHHaro H KyjiBxypnaro npon.B'BxaHifl (oco^eHHO npn Pa-

pyHZ-aM-Pawudrb, coBpeMeHHHK-B Kapjia BejiHKaro). Ho
xajiH(|)axa He 6Buro npoqHHM-B, H eii],e npn Bon;apeHiH
l
HaiajiocB BBi^ijieHie HSI. Hero OX^.'BJIBHBIX'B rocy,a;apcxBi ). HepBOio
oxnajia Hcnanifl, r^i npeaiHafl ^anacxia OMaHfl n;oB & (
r

o6pa30Bajia
Eopdoecniu xajiufiamt. Sax-BMTb BH^^JiHJica ocoCiiH xajiH(J)axii <fia-
muMudoet BI Ernnx-B co cxojHn,eio B'B Kaupn>. HaKonen.'B, H npa-
BHXCJIH OX.U.'BJIBHHX'B npOBHHIUH, xaKl Ha3BIBa6MLie 9MUpU, CX8JIH

ce6a, KaKi, HesaBHCHMBie rocy^apH. B'B caMOM'B

Majro-no-Majiy cocpe.no qHjacB ET> pyKax-B
BoenHaro coc.iOBifl, rjiasHLie Haqa.iBHHKH Koxoparo,
"
aMHp'B-a.iB-oiipa) CA^ajiHCB Hacxofliu,HMn rocno^aMH no.io-
ia. B'B CBOK) apMiro xa.iH<JBi OXOXHO npHHHMa.in xpncxiaHCKHX'B

') CM. Kapiy XYI.

 78

HanjoHajBHOCTGH, no.iyqaBiBHX'B CBO<5o^y

pasutixi.
nepexo.ua BI HCJiasit.
110*. HS-B BarAa^CKaro xa;iH(|)aTa HCJiaM-B npOAO.iaKa.iT> pac-
npocTpaHHTBCP H Ha coci^nHia CTpaHBi. OcoGeHHO Bamnoe
no.iymio
nepeinjia H nepeencmeytow^aH poM> ei MCHOMemanCKOMK
Cnaia.ia xajHi|)H 6pa.in na CJiyat6y TypeqKie OTPHAH, iTo6ti no-
HXTb BCIOAy, IMTB ^ElJa HaA06HOCTB Bl, BOHCK-B, HO HOTOMTE. TypKH
ocHOBWBaTi, CBOH co6cTBeHHHfl rocyAapCTBa, noj&syflCb c.ia-

HH-L H3i> Typeu,KHXi.

Ka6y.ia) AcfiianucmauoMt H
OB-ia^'Li'i.
H Hudieu, r^i ocHOBaji> oco6oe MaroMexaHCKoe n,apCTBO.
CKopo H caMLift Bar^aACKiji xa.iHcfjaT'B c^'LiaJiCfl docmofwieMz maui
ceMdwyKCimxi myponi, saxBainBrnnx-B ero BI, CBOH pyKH
TorpyjiE>6eKa). CejbAsayKCKie TYPKH
(BI XI B.) Cupieu u JIcMecmtmou, a B-L Mavioii Asm
PymcKoe (PHMCKOG) cyjnancTBO, c^JiaBTj CTOJinuero ero ropo^t HHEGIO.
JI^JIH BHsaHTincKOH HMnepin HaciynH.iH nocjii 9ioro CHOBa o^eHL
BpeMena.

II.

111*. BT, cepeAHH'fe IX B. OAHOBpeneHHO OKOHqaiejiBHO yiBep-

as-
.
rjaBencTBO nanBi BI>
,
n;epKBH H naiajiocB
sana/jHOH
Jieme nepKBen BOCTO^HOH (npaBOCJiaBHOii) H sana^HOH
CKOH). JlpuHUHU dmoio pa3dn.ieuiH Kopenujitici iJiy6oKO at

mypuoMz pasjiHiin 9jr.iHHH3HpoBaHHaro BociOKa H

naro Sana^a. B-B u;epKOBHOH atH3HH rpeqecKOH H .laTHHCKOH u,epKBett
Hs^aBna H^KOTOpBia ournqia, HO OHH ne
nona HC BOSHHKJIO cnopa Mea^y o6oHMH
BO speMfl Koioparo C'B oS-EHXTb CTOpOH-B BnepBBie
odBHHemfl BI OTCiynjieHiH OTB qncxoTBi B-BPBI. Ha BOCTOK'B H
BBipa6oiajiHCB, KpOM^ Toro, HO/TB BjiiaHieMi> pasHBixi.
cyAe6i> ueodunaKoebifi eosspibnia Ha i^epweb u no, en omHomenifi
locydapcmey. Ha 3anaji;ij yqenie o
CJO/KHJOCB
Ha^T> rocyAapCTBOM-B, na BOCTOK'B rjaBencTBOBajro rocy^apCTBO, XOTS
n;epKOBB H yn-fejia ^asaTB o'mopi> rocy^apaMi), BnaAaBrnHMi. BI> epecr>.
TaKOii /Ke OTnop-B OKasajia BOCTOiHaa n;epKOBB H cTpeMJieniio nam,
HO^HHHTB ee cBoeny rjiaBencTBy. Sana^naa n,epKOBB BH^IIMO ^kiajacb
Monapxieft, HO na BOCTOK^ nepBeHCTBO pnMCKaro naTpiapxa
JTHHIB BT> HpaBCTBeHHOM^ CMHCJTB. SacJiyrH nam> npeA'B
npaBoc.iaBieMi> Booome BBICOKO I^TJHHJIHCB rpeqecKHM-B AyxoBeHCTBOMi> 7
 79

H OHO flaBajio nanaarb caMBie.noiexHue H jiec'nitie xHxy.m, HO BX

PiiMt oicio^a A^ajH XOX-B BBIBO;VB, ixo na BOCXOK-E npHSHaroxt H
nepBGHCTBO pHMCKOH Kaee^pti BI <mcxo ropHAHqecKOMi, CMBIC.TE.
Ho BTOT'B BHBOJVL OKa33JCfl OHIHO'OHHBJM'L.
112. OKO.TO cepeAHHH XI B. BI, BH3anxin BOCxopJKecxBOBa.io Cn P'B H
jiaa V ci
npaeocjiaBie Ha^'B HKOHOOOPCTBOM-B. BcKOp-E noc.ilB aioro naipiap-
XOMT> c^iajcfl Mwamiii, npe^cxaBHTeJib qHCxo-MOHamecKOH napTw,
HO OHI> HaBjieRt Ha ce6fl Bapdu, ^HAH HMnepa-
Hey^OBOJiBCTBie
Topa Muxau.m III H perenia HMnepin, CBOHMH o6jnqeHiaMH no-
pOHHOCTH 3Toro BcecHJi&Haro BejbMOJKH. Bap^a HH3.ioatH.ii,
(858) H CAtja.ii, naipiapKOM-L <Pomiji canaro yyeearo t
"
TOH 9HOXH COCTaBHieJJI OdHTHpIlOH
}
OH^JliOTeKH BLIHHCOKI H31>

ApeBHHX'L aBiopOBi, H KOMMeHTapieBi, KI, EHMI,, o6.iaAaBHiaro

BM-BCT-B Ct TBH-B 60JIBHIHMH SHafliflMH H Bl dorOCJIOBm. <I>OTiH H6
a saHHMajii, Ba/Knyio CBiTCKyro AOJISHOCTB H npn-
K-L DpaBOCJaBHofl napiin, ne BCG nopHqaBHieH BI A^H-
TeJBHOCTH HKOHOSopqeCKHXI, HMnepaiOpOBT>. Me^AV CTOpOHHHKaMH
HrHaiia H 4>OTia Haia.ica cnop &, B-L KOTOPBIH HG 3aMeA.in.ii
r

maTbCfl nana Hunojiau I. JI,.ia f-fcrneHia BOSHHKHieii BI,

HOHO.IBCKOH n;epKBH pacnpH 6ujLi cosBaH-B HOM-ECTHBIH co6opi, na

KOTOpLift 6BM-B npHrjiaraen'B H nana, HO HHKOJiaft I caMt na Hero
noixajii,, nocjiaBt, BM-BCTO ce6a, jeraiOBi,. Cooopi, yTBepAHJi
^oxia, H 9xo nocxaHOB-ieHie SBIJIO noAnncano nancKHMH jieraxaMH, npe-
BHCHBniHMH, OAHaKO, CBOH no.THOMoqia: HHKOJan I nopygnji, HMX .IHHJB
pasc.it AOBaxt ^10, a ptmenie oc'raBHJii sa co6oro.
HHH B-L nojBsy Hrnaxia cxopOHHHKaMH noc.i'BAHflro, Koxopne
euy ata,io6y Ha co6opHoe nocxaHOBJieme, nana odiflBHJii, ero ox-
a (fromiH Hus.wMeHUbiMz, CBOHxt ate jieraxoBi, oxjiy-
OX-B H,epKBH. IIpH 9XOM1, Ha C06op-B, COSBaHHOMT, Bl PM'B HO
Bcero Atja, HHKO.iaft I npOB03rjracHj b, ixo HH OAHH-B enncKoni, r

ne iioatexi jiHinnxBca CBOCH KaeeApn 6e3i, cor.iacia nanu. OAHO-

BpeMenHO ci 9X0MT, npOHCxo^Hjo o6pameuie ez xpucmiancmeo 6oji-

iapr>. TaK-B KaKi, HXT. napB Bopnci,, 6oacB nonacxB BI,

oxi, BasaHxiH, BM-fecxo rpeqecKHX'B
o6panj,eHie, npH3Ba.ii, jaxHHCKHx-B, xo
noc.ia.ii> BI, BojrrapiK) enncKonoBi, H CBameHHHKOBi,, KOxopLie cxa.in
saMtnaxb rpeqecKie ^epKOBHLle odnnaH PHMCKHMH. Tor^a $oxifi
o6paxHJic}i K-L ^pyrHMi, BOCXOIHBIM'B naxpiapxaMi, C-L OKpy.jfcnuMT) no-
cjianieMo, BI, KOxopOMi> aaKJuoqajocb n.-fejioe o6jiHqeHie nancKHXi, upH-
xasamH H oxcxynjieniH 3anaji,HOH qncxoxH npaBOC.iaB-
i^epKBH oxi,
HOH B^PH (^Filioque", nocxi, BT, cy66oxy, 6e36panie CBameHHHKOBi,
H x. n.). ITana oco6enHO o6BHHa.ica BI ate-ianiH CA B.iaxBCH r.iaBOio r
 80

n,epKBH, KoiopiiM-L MOJKerB 6HTB xojBKO XpHCioci.. ^oiifi

Tore, ,npyrHXi> naipiapxoB-B Ha codopi. fljia cyAa Ha^TE> nanoft.
cocTOHJiCfi B'B 867 r., H nana mowe fiu.iz o6*H6.iem uu3-
CT> 9Toro H naiajiocB pasfl-kieHie ijepKBefi.
113. OojiKHOBeme nann HHKOjraa I ci> naxpiapxcM-B $OTieMi>
-

-
nOM eKjio sa co6oio H Apyrie cnopH areaK^y BOCTOIHHM'B H aanaji;-
'
,

HHMi, .nyxoBeHCTBOM'B, npoooAOfcaeiuiecti OKOAO oeyxz cmojirbmiu.

OKOHiaiejiBHLiH paspiiBi, Meat^y n,epKBaMH coBepmHjrca npn nann
Jlwn> IX u nampiapxrb Muxaujirb Kepyjimpiu ez 1054 r.,
Kor^a nancme JieraiH, flBHBmieca BI KoHCxaHTHHonojiB, nojroaiH.iH
Ha npecTOJit xpana CB. Co<|)iH nancKyro rpaMOxy, HajtaraBmyio
npOKifliie na BC^XI, ETO ne corjianiaeicfl C-B PHMCKOIO n,epKOBbio.
Ha BIO naipiapxi OTB'BTHJI'L cosBaHieM-L codopa, npe^aBmaro
jeraTOB-L nann H OCO^HM-L OKpyatHHMi nocjraHieM'B, B'B KO-
npoKJiaTiio,
TOPOMI. npe^ocieperajH. BBCB BOCTOKI OTI n,epKOBHaro o6m,eHia C'L
PHMOMI. Bi snoxy pas^JieHia i^epKBen nponcxo^HJio o6pam,eHie
B'B XpHCTiaHCTBO HOBBIXI) HapOJliOBi, npeHMym,eCTB6HHO C.iaBflH'B, H
HSI. HHXi) ci> caMaro naqajia npHMKHynH KT> PHMCKOH ii,epKBH
HSl CJiaBflH'B MOpaBBI, 16XH, HOJIflKH H XOpBaiBI, n03,Hi-

BenrpBi), Apyrie KI rpeiecKofi (6ojrapBi, cep6Bi, pyccme).

oco6eHHOCTeii pHMCKaro KaiojiHii;H3Ma c^feiajrocB uedo-
nymeuie uapoduuxo HSUKOQZ <?s GowcjiyoKenie: OHO BO BC^X-B n,epKBaxi)
T
3ana^;a ^OJiatHO SHJIO nponcxo^HTB nojraiBiHH ).
114*. IIoKa TflHyjiHCB cnopBi, OKOH^HBiniecfl pas^JieHieMi)
caMO nanciBO nepeatHBajio O^BBB Tpy^HBia BpeMena. CB-BT-
CTB21 Bt .A. x '
i i i

xi BB. CKaa BJiacxB, KaKoro nanBi cxajra no.ziB30BaTBca C-B cepe^HHij VIII B.,
ne npHHec-aa nanciBy HH^ero xoponiaro. Qa.'EJiaBiHHCB npaBHie.iaMH
PHMCKOH o6jiaCTH, OHH flOJIJKHBI 6BIJIH BOJieiO-HeBOJieK) npUHUMCimt
ynacmie &t> Me^onnou no.mmuuecKou 6opb6n> puMcnou apucmoKpamiu.
Hs^panie na nancKifi iipeciojiTb ciajio saBHC-BTB OTTB BjiiaTe.iBHBix'B
BI ropo.a.'E H o6jiacTH sejiBMoafB, a OHH J^JISUIE nanaMH, KOFO xo-
,
CBOHXT. po,a;HBix B H CBOHxi ^pyseii
r
H cM^majiH HXI, Kor^a
9TO ji;jia ceda yAodHBiMi,. CjiynajiocB, qio nancKHMi.
npecxoJiOM'B pacnopaKajiHCB nopoiHBia aienmnHBi, H ITO nanw
yMHpaJia OTI.
pyKH ySinn.'B. CaMH nanBi Hepi^KO omAma.mcb cmpam-
HOW GesHpaecmeeHHOcmbw, H cociaBH-iacB .naste jereH^a o TOM-B,

6y.aiTO oflHaa^Bi Kaeejtpy an. Ileipa 3aHHMa.ia 5KeHnj,HHa. B* cepe-

X B. na nancKOM-B npecioJi'B CH.H-BJI'B loanm XII, MOJIO^OH
npeAaBaBHiiHca KyieataM-B H KomyncTBy. Bi pHMCKia
npn HeM^ BM^niajica niMe^ift KOPOJB Ommour, Be.tmiu,

CM. Kapiy VI.

 81

fi B-B 962 r. HMnepaxopa. OHI,

npHHa.i'B, THTy.i'B
;uia cy,na na^i. loaimoMi, XII, H nocjikumn 6ujn> HHSJIO-
. HocJii> BTOFO na H^KOiopoe speMa, 6jiaro,a;apa On-ony I H ero
nojioaceme nancTBa yjiyiinnjiocB, HO
npeeMHHKaii'B,
BI> Haqajrfe XI
aHapxia Bt PHATB ycH.iHJiacB, H 6ujii MOMCHTB,
B.
1
Kor,u,a cpasy 6mio mpoe nanz ), ocnapueaGwuxt e^acmb dpyn> y
dpym. IlaiiCTBO HecoMHijnHtiM'B o6pa30M'L iiyatAa^ocL B-B pe(j)OpMi,
H B'B cepeAHHi XI npOBeAena, 6jiaro^apa HO-
B. 9ia pe<|)opMa 6tiJia

BOMy ,a,BHffi,eHiK), BOSHHKmeMy Bt sana^HOH nepKBH.

KjK)H1 HCKOe
115*. Bo <I>paHE(iH cymecTBOBajit O^HH^ MOnacTiipL, uasiiBaB- .

ininca KAWHU H CJiaBBBniifica acKexHSMOM-L CBOHXI. MonaxoB-L. BTOTI

HSiflTI, HSl-nOA'b SaBHCHMOCTH OTI> KaKOH 6u TO
HH 6njo CBiiCKOH HJiH .nyxoBHOH BJiacTH H no^HHHeHt nenocpe^-
CTBeHHO CypOBua npaBH^a, npHHaTtia BI BTOMI, odmeatHTin,
nan-E.

pacnpocxpaHHJiHCfc oiciOAa H na MHorie ^pyrie MOHacTEipn, KOiopwe

CMOipijEH Ha KJnoniHCKin MOHacTEipL, BaBi Ha CBoero rjiasy. Bo Bciix'L
HHXI> rocnoACTBOBaJio cmpeM.ieme nodnunum^ omdrbAwun uanio-

u/epwu nann> H npOBeciH BI> atH3H& JlateacHAOpOBH ^e-

.
KjnomHn;H peBHOCTHO 6opojiHC& C'B 6e3iiopa,nKaMH, BKpaB-
BI KaiojiH^ecKyK) n,epKOBB, BI> oco6eHnocTM ate ci> eo-
wedwew m ofomau cuMonieu, T.-e. npioop'BTeHieMi. n.epKOBHbixi, AO.IJK-
HOCT6H 3a AGHBIH, H B'B TO SRQ BpGMfl OHH OTCTaHBaJH H63aeUCU-
dyxoenou e.iacmu omz cerbmcmio npaeumeMcmoa.
ci. OiTOHa Be.iHKaro iiMnepaTOpu Bpena OTI BpeMeHH
,-BJia n;epKBft BT> BH,ny PHMCKHXI. caiyx-B,
na CBO^OA^ H Oco6eHHO pi-
AOCTOHHCTB-II nanciBa.
nepBOH noJOBHH-B XI B. HMnepaxop'B Teu-
B'B

puxz III TPH pasa CBoeio

,
BjracTBio CTaBHBmifi nan'B. HOCJI'BAHHM'B
H3i HHX-B SBIJI-B ero flBoropoflHBiH 6paT-B J[en IX, npn KOxopoM-B
coseprnHJica OKOHqaxejiBHBiH paspBiBi, BOCTO^HOH H sana^Hoii i;ep-
KB6H. 3lO 6BIJTB peBHOCTHBlfl CTOpOHHEKT) KJIEOHiHCKarO ^BHatCHia, CO-
oacHBHiiHCJi CA^aTBCa nanoro jinmB 110,3,1. ycjOBieM'B no^TBepat^eHia
ero HasHaieHJa saKOHHBiMT. HsOpaHieM-B co CTOPOHBI KJinpa H napo^a
ropo^a PHMa. Oni aBHJica BI> PHM-B 6ocoHorHM-B najiHrpHMOM-B B-B
conpOBoacAeniH MOJIOAOFO Monaxa ruMde6panda, xoate CTOpOHHHKa
KJioHiHCKHX-B BsrjiflAOBi, HM'BBmaro 6ojBmoe MLflHie Ha HOBaro
naiiy. FmiB.netfpaH.n'B caM-B O^HO Bpena 6nun MonaxoM-B B-B KJIIOHH,
HO DOTOMI, nepecejiHJica B'B PHM-B, r^i npn H'BCKOJBKHX'B nanax'B
rjiaEHBiM-B pyKOBOAHTe.ieM-B HXI. HOJIHTHKH, noKa HC
nanow nodi UMCHCMZ Tpuiopin VII.

*) OAHHI H3i HHXI 6vun, BeHeAHKTi, XII, BOSBe^eHHHH aa npecTO.it 12

po^y H aa AeHtrH npo^aBinifi CBOC JTBCTO OAHOMY 6oraTOMy MCJioBtKy.

Hcxopia. 6
 82 ,-

116. FpHropiH VII (1073 1085) GBIJTB caMuju&

yn
,, imuMb npedcmaoumeMMt cpeflneBiiEOBoro nancxsa. 9ro
P IH -
* *x. *.
qe.iOB'EK'B, rjryooKo yo'BJK.neHHBiH B-B npaBoxiB CBOHX-B

cxpacxHO 3affl,Hm,aBniiH HXI> npOTHBi scixt H Bcaitaro, C'L

9Hepriefi npOBO^HBiniH HXI> B-B SIHSHB. O^HH-B ero
CTOPOHHHKI,
C'L HHMi paxoBaBHiiH sa KJiioHiHCKifl
HACK (Heipi ^aMiaHx)
"
;ja
9iy cipacTHOCTb H Bnepriio nasHBajii) ero CBHTHM-L CaiaHOio .

RdeaAOMt I'pmopia MHfouia meoKpamifi(T.-e. 6oroBJiacTie),

ecejiencKaro xapaKiepa. OH'B CHJTB y6 atAemb BI TOMI, qxor

CTBO ^OJIJKHO rOCnOACTBOBait ESiJL^ CB BTCKHMl> O^meCTBOMl,, CaMO

r

Haxo^HTBCH VL desycjiOBHOM-L no^qHHemu y nanti. 3a^aqa

na sejuii noAroTOBJieHie KI> n,apcxBy Boatiio na ne6ecaxx, KJHOHH
Koxoparo HaxoAaxca y nann. liana oxB-BxcxByexi, nepe^-L BoroMt
sa nacoiioe HMI. cxa^o, HO eny ate npHHa^JieatHX'B H npaso ycxpoe-
Hia 36MHOH JKH3HH BH^y en He6ecHofi u.'BJiH. OBI. pacnopjmaexcH
B-L

H03XOMy 060HMH MC'iaMH BJiaCXH H flyXOBHHMl), H CB'BXCKHM'B, HO

MCH^ OHI, Bpyqaexi rocy,n;apio, CBoeny yno-iHOMOieHHOMy.
rocyAapB TOJIE>KO cxaBJieHHKi nann, sanMCXByioni.iH CBOH

CB-BXI, oxx nanu, KaK-B Jiyna oxi. cojiHHa. Hani

npaBO HHSJiaraxi. nainepaxopa H Kopojien, ocBo6oatj;axb HXT.
Cannon HM B npHCflra. TaKi> BLicoKO cxaBHjr& FpHropitt VII
r
HBIXI. OX-B

BjiacxB pHMCKaro nepBocBameHHHKa, HO OHI xox'BJi &, KPOM-B xoro, r

Hxo6ii H see AyxoBCHCXBO CBLIO coBepmeHHO HesaBHCHMO ox^ CB-BX-

CKOH BjiaciH H MipCKoro o6m,ecxBa. Y enncKonoBi) H
HC 6ujio 6BIXB HHKaKnxi. HHBIX-B rocy^apeH, KpOM-B
flftJiy&EO
H n;epKOBB flOJiJKHa 6BMa saM^HaxB HM-B CCMBIO. HonaxHO, ^xo H
H30panie na BC'E r^epKOBHBia AOJiatHOcxH AOJESHO CBIJO ^BIXB nesa-
BHCHMBiM'B oxi> MipCKHX'B jno^efi, x-BMx doj-Be Hsdpame nanBi.
117. Em,e ,a;o sanaxia nancKaro npecxo.ia FHJiBjiie6paH ];'& npo- (

Pe(j)opMHrpH- Bejll( ^ H y Beci)Ma BaatnyH) pe^opny. OH'B HC xoxiji^, qxo6n HS-

6paHie B-B nanBi saBnc-kio OX-B PHMCKOH snaxn
oxi HMnepa- HJIH

xopa, H BHyHiHjrb nani HnKOJiaK) II M&ICJIB H3^;axB ysasi. o HO&OMZ no-

pndKYb nancKuxz eu6opoe^>. Ilpaso saM-femema CB. npecxo-ia ^BMO npe^o-
cxaBJieHO oco6ofi KOJuterin (KOHKMuy) mpduHa.web,
JIHCB enHCKonBi PHMCKOH o6jracxH, a xanate CBamennHKH
qepKBefi canoro PnMa H H-BCKOJIBKO npHEHJierHpOBanHBixi,

(1059). Haxo^a HyatHBiMi, Kpinqe npnBasaxB ^yxoBencxBO K-B n,epKBH,

FHJiBji;e6paHA'B 6Bijn> cmoponmmoMz neMeHawi'b^ cenw/eHHUKOO^ H enje
npH nani JI&B^ IX no^epaHBajnb ibemdamz (6es6paqie)
cxBa; CA^aBmHCB nanoro, OH'B npaMO sanpexHjn, jKeHaxBiM
KaM^ coBepmaxB 6orocjyateHie flo X-BXI nopi., noKa OHH ue pa-
sofl^yxca ci ateHaMH. 9xa Mipa BCXp'BXHJia conpoxnBjeHie B^ sna-
 83

MaciH flyxoBeHCTBa, HO FpnropiH VII CJIOMHJH ero npH

HapOAHuxt MaccT>, AyMaBnrax'B, HTO TaHHCTBa, coeep-
r

jio,n,nepJKK B
uiaeMUH sKeHaTHMH cBameHHHKaMH, HC flMcTBHTejiBHBi. Hstfpame
nanw KapflHHajiaMH H 6e36paqie AyxoBenciBa CA^JiaJiHCB ex xoro
OCHOOHUMU saKomjuu mmoAmecKOu ^epneu. Yate npea-
Fpnropia VII 6opoJiHCB npOTHBi CHMomn, H C-B caMaro
CBoero npaBJieniff OHT> TBep,a;o nocmanoeuM Hua.miamb
a noiOMi. H 600601,6 noipe6oBaji'B, ITO^H BC^ ^y-
XOBHHH jiHn,a, nojyiHBmifl .no.iatHOCTH OTX CB-ETCKHXTb BJiacien,
CJOJEH.IH C-B Ce6fl 9TH ^OJiatHOCTH HO^X CTpaXOMI. OTJiyqeHlfl OTt
i;epKBH. Ho Tony ate nocTaHOB-ieniro H CB^TCKie npaBHiejin, KO-
Topue ciajin 6n pas^asaTL no CBoeny ycMOip'BHiH) n,epKOBHEia Micia,
no^ieasajiH n,epKOBHOMy naKasaHiio. BTHMI HOCJI'BAHHM'B Tpe6oBanieMi
nana xoT-fejn, yHmmowcumb maui nasbieaeMyw umeqmumypy, 06-
nepe^aiy flyxoBHtixt ^OJi^HOCTeft CBiicKHMH npasH-
HJIH

dy.nyin.HM'B enncKonaMt, a^daiaMx H T. #. Ho 9iy M'fepy

npOBeciH OKasajiocB oqenb Tpy^HUMi.
118. Bi IX XI BB. sanaAHMfl rocy^apciBa pacna^ajiHCb H a Cn P l3aHH
'

MiioasecTBO MCJIKHXI. BJia^Hifi, rocy^apaMH KOTOPHXI.

H flyxoBHiia ^ojatHOCTHEia JiHn;a H KpynHtie
(repqorH, rpa<|)Li,enHCKOira, a66aiBi H T. n.) Bci>
iJiH BaccaJiaMH xoro HJIH ^pyroro CB^TCKaro
oco6eHHO AOPOH;HJIH AyxoBHHMH BaccaJiaiiH, xaKi,
OHH 116 6HJIH HaCJI-BACTBeHHBIMH B1> CBOHX1 SCMJIflXX; H09TOMy
paiop'B, KOpo.iH H flpyrie KHHSBH BX Hapymenie npaBHJn>
lecKaro HsdpaHia ermcKonoB-B H adSaxoB-B AyxoBesciBOMi. HJIH
ineciBOM'B caMH san-BinajiH BaKanTHBia flyxoBHHH ^OJiatHOCTH, nepe-
daeax eMrbcmn cz UUMU u npumdAewaewiH dmujuz do^otcnocmnM^
seM.iu. 9ia-TO nepe^aqa H HasMBa.iacB HHBecTHiypoio. 3anpem,afl
HHBecTHiypy, FpHropiH VII omnuMaM y carbmcKiixv wcydapeu
QAacmbHadz uxb dyxoeHbiMu eaccaACLMU, na ITO it ne MOOH, KOHeqeo,
cooacHTBCfl. BnpoqeM-B. FpHropiH VII npOBO^HJii. 310 Tpe6oBame
OCMOTpHTCJIBHO, HC ffiCJiafl CCOpHTBCfl Cl KOpOJIflMH, HpOTHBX KOTO-
PBIX'B eMy 6uJio 6u ipy^HO flMcTBOBaTB, H TO.IBKO ct lepMaucKUMt
locydape.m ncvtajicsi y neio amMeuumuu cnopi sa uueecmumypy,
nocji'B ero CMepin H B0o6in,e AJHBiniHca OKOJIO naiH-
JI-BT-B.

119. Cnopi. sa HHBecTHiypy, noAHaitiH FparopieMi VII, dBurb C

p^
JIHHIB naiajiOM^ (Jojin>e npodojimumeji'bHOu fiopbtfu Mewty nancmeoMo
u HMnepieii. Bi anoxy pacnaAenia MOHapxin Kap.ia BejiHKaro BOS-
TaHOBJieHHoe HMI, sana^Hoe HMnepaiopciBO npnmjo BI> yna^OK-B H
B'B atajKOiTB cocToafiiH OKOJIO n,^jiaro ciOwTBiia. Bospo-
6*
 84

flHJTB KT> HOBOH JKH3HH H^CK) HMHCpiH HE SanRA^ JHfflB H-EMeHKifi KOpOJlb.

OxxoHTb BejiHKiH, npHHSBraiH HMnepaxopcityio Kopony B-B Puni BI>

962 r. Ci 9Toro BpeweHH UMnepamopaMu 3anada cdrb^a.iucb nn>-
Kopodu, H cana HMnepia, cocxoaBmaa B-B cymnocxH jiamb mi>
MeittKie

FepManiH H ciBepnofi Hxa.dH, cxajia Hasbisaxbca CefuuenHou PUM-

CKOU UMnepieu nrbMe^ou naniu. Majio-no-Majiy BBipadoxajiacb ivLiaa
meopia nancmea u UMnepiu, saKiroqaBmaaca BI> TOMI, qio Bor^ no-
cxaBHJi^ BO rjiaB'B Mipa ppfe Bticmifl BJiacin nancKyro H HMnepaxop-
CKyro, nopyqnB'L OAHOH ynpaBJiait ^yinaMH, Apyrofi T^JiaMH. CpeAne-
B^KOBHe n pHMCKie" HMnepaiopH CMOTp-fcjiH Ha ce6a, Kant na npeeM-
HHKOBI, flpeBHuxt ^e3apeH H Bjia^tiKi. Mipa. IIofloftHO Kapjiy Be-

jiHKOMy OHH xomnbAU ejiacmeoeaim u nadi nanamu. Oco6eHHO ia-

KHMI cxpeMJiemeMx OTJinqajrca CTapmin coBpeMeHHHK-L FpHropia VII,
^eHpux^ III, xoate atejiaBinin, ^Todu Mipane no^HHajiHCL
a ^yxoBeHCTBO nairfc, HO no^t T-BM-B ycJOBieirL,
nana no,a;qHHaJica HMnepaiopy. KOHG^HO, FpHropiH VII H era
npeeMHHKH He MOOH cooacHTtca CT> TaKHMTb noHHMaHieMi> HMne-
pin, xaKi. KaK-B CMOTP-BJIH na BsaHMHua oiHOinema o6'BHX L BJiaA^Hin r

coBepmeHHO HHa^e.
12O. Bopi>6a neatly H HMnepien Haqa.iaci. npn
nanciBOMi.
CBIH^ FenpHxa III, Fenpuxrh IV. FenpHxi III ynep-B (1056) enje
A Hs6paHia BI nanti Fparopia VII H Kor,n;a ero CHHy SHJIO TOJIBKO
naib Ji'^i'L. Bi MajojiiTCTBO MOJIOAOFO Kopoja BX FepMaHin npo-
HCXOAHJIH CMyiH, ^io 6tuio oqeHb BEiroAno .pa TorAafflHeH no-
JIHTHKH nancTBa. Kor^a FenpHXi IV npnineji'B BJ> coBepmeHHHH
BOspacTx, OHI, sanajica yKp-EnjieHieM^ B^ FepnaHin,
CBoeft BJiaciH

pacnaBmeflca na OTA'kibHBia repn,orcTBa ; BCTP-BTHB-L, o^naKO, conpoiH-

BJieHie H co CTOPOHH SHaiH, H co CTOpOHH napo^a. MejR,ny T-BMS

FparopiH VII Hsp,sun> yKas-B, sanpemaBmig HHBecTuxypy, HO Fen-

IV ne saxomrbM omz nea ommsambca. Ero
Koxopoe E% FepMama 6&MO Hacxpoeno Boofiuje
npoiHBi) pe^opsi-B Fpnropia VII. FeHpHX-L IV co3Ba.ii u,epKoe-
HUU COfiopV BopMCfb, Ha KOTOpOMX H^MeCiKOe AyXOBCHCTBO o6l.aBHJIO,
fft>

nana OTHHMaeTi> BJiaciB y enncKonoB-B H HTO noToaiy eiiy He CJTE-

noBHHOBaxbca. CaM'B Kopo-iB, Koxoparo nana o^BHHaji'B BX CHMO-
xpeSoBaJii KI oxsixy BI> PHMI, oxB-fexEJix FpHropiio VII, ixo OHX,
nana, HHcnpOBepraexi BoroM'B ycxaHOBjeHHbiH nopa^OKi, cxaBflmiH
BO rjiaB^ qejiOBiiecKaro o6m,ecxBa napCKyro BJiacxB H CBam,eH-
CXBO. FeHpaxi IV noxpe^OBajii. ^aaie, qxo6bi FpHropiii VII co-
meji'B ci.npecxojia H ycxynHJTB M-BCXO 601^6 ^.ocxoHHOMy. Ox-
B'EXOM'B Ha 9xo co cxopOHbi nanBi 6biJio oxjiyqenie oxi, n;epKBH H
enncKonOBij, H caiaoro FeHpaxa IV, Koxopbin,
 85

Toro, 6u.i7> ofoxeMHi jimubHHUMi) Kopojieecmio cana; ero

CLIJIH ocBoSojRAeHH OT-L Cannon eMy npncarH. H'EMn.ti, ne-
CBOHM-B rocyAapeMi, nepenuiH Ha cxopony rposnaro nanBi.
OcxaB.ieHHLlH H npeJKHHMH COK)3HHKaMH, FCHpHX'B IV 3HMOK) 1077 T.
oxnpaBHJiCfl B-B Hxajiio npocumb y nanu npou^enin. B'B Kauoccn,
aaMidi MaiHJibAH, MapKrpa(f)HHH nponsonuio 3HaMeHH-
xocKancKoii,
Toe CBH^aaie neatly narrow H KopojieM-L. Cnanaja FparopiH VII
OTKasajiCfl npHHflTb FenpHxa IV, H noc.<TE,a, H ni ipn ,a,Hfl nposeji^ y

BOporL saMKa B-L o^sRfl^ Kaiomarocfl rpiinnHKa. XOTH HOTOMI, nana H

CHH,TL C'B nero OTJiyqenie, repnaHCKie KHSSLH Bce-iaKH ne XOT-BJIH ero
KOpojieMi. H ^.aate BBi(5pajiH ^pyroro rocy^apfl. HaiajiacB
6opt6a. FeHpHXi. IV onaiL 6tuLT OTJiyqeH-L, HO OH-L
H HTaJitaHCKaro ji;yxoBeHCTBa nsdpa
roro nann (aHTHnanti), BSKJTL PHMI> H BOSJioatH.Tt na ce6fl nwne-
paiopCKyio KOpOHy.
"
121. FpnropiH VII yjwepi BO Bpeiia BTOH BOHHLI, HO y Hero BopMCK1HKOH
Ha^aiaro HM^ jia. OCO^CHHOIO ,a,
r

HOCTbio OT-inqaJiCfl nana Vp6am II, ycBOHBniiK BHOJIH'B

Fpnropia VII H eme 6ojie BosBHCHBinin nancKyio BJiacTt CBOCIO

HHHi;iaTHBOK) KpeciOBHX'L noxo^OBX ,a;jifl ocBo6oa;ji;eHifl CB. 3enjiH

H3-B pyKi. HeB^pHLixi). Ilan&i co BC^X-B
cioponi no^,HHMa.in Bpa-
npoTHB-L HMnepaxopa, H no^Konei^x Ha nero HOUIJIH ero co6-
CLiHOBBjr. Kor^a FeHpaxi IV ynepi (1106), 6op&6y ci

nanciBOM'L ii-EKOiopoe Bpena npo^OJiaiaji'b ero CLIHI. PeupuxK If.

npe^MeiOMt cnopa 6E.ua HHBeciHTypa, H TOJIBKO B'B 1122 r.

npHMHpenie neatly HMnepaxopOMi H nanoro (KajuiHK-
CTOMI II) no TaK-B nasLiBaeMOMy eopMCKomy KOUKOpdamy. CnopHBifi
Bonpoci) 6sun> p'sraeni BT> TOMX CMBKMI'B, HTodu dyxoenua dojiotc-
nocmu saMVbWjCLJiucb no mnoHuuecKOMy U36pauiw u cz ymeepwcde-
HIH nanu, H qioSu Auwb noc.in> dmoio UMnepamopv daeaAz dyxoe-
HOMy Auu/y uneecmumypy Ha coeAHHeHHHfl C'B canoMT. Bja^Hia H
npasa.
122*. notf-BAa Bt KOHII;^ Konn.OB'B ocxajiacB Ha ciopon-B 1

nan-^ ^
CTBa. B'B IX XI BB. OHO BBIpOCJIO B'B D.'EJiyiO ^yXOBHyH) MOnapxilO najb HMne-
BI> TO caMoe BpeMfl, KaK-B CB-BTCKaa HMnepia, Hao6opoTi,, pacnajracB P ie

H8, OT^JIBHHfl HaCTH, H HMnepaTOpTj JIHIUHJICfl HOITH BCHKOH pe-

aJiBHOH CH.ILI. HMnepifl X XI BB. cocioajia JIHUIB HS-B FepuamH
H Hxajtin (a H xo ne seen), H B'B o6'BHX'B cxpanaxi> Bee
9XHXi>
<5oJTEe H 6ojr4e ycnjiHBa.TacB BJiacxB repn.oroB'B, rpa^os-B, enHCKO-
HOB-L H a66axoBt, Koxoptie Majio-no-Majy CA'fc-TajHCB caMH OKI. 6bi
SXH cxo-iima, Kor.a,a OKOuvameMno CAOMUACH cped-
rocy,a;apcxBeHHOM B H
r
B-B
 86

6&ny Bbipa6oxa.iiocb H coBepmenHO ceoeodpasnoe ycxponcxBo cped-

neetbKoeou (peoda.msMo.

III.

123*. BcKoplj no OKOHiamn BayxpeHHHxi> pas^opOBt, BtiSBaH-

Bi> HKOHo6opCTBOM'B, Ha HMnepaxopCKifi npecxoji'b
BH3tUixiH
EJ) KoHCiaHTHHonoJi'fc Bcxyirajia ManedoucKaH dumcmia, ijapcxBO-
BaBmaa c^ HetfojibinHMH nepepuBaMH OKOJO .nByxcox-b JI-BT-L (867-
1056). OcHOBaieJib BTOH .HHHacTin, Bacujiiu I MauedouHHum^ npo-
KpeCTBflHCKOH C6MLH, BCK) MOJIOflOCTb

y (xwirapi., 6ajn, HOTOMI. KOHIOXOMI y pasHHxt

Ooraiefi H, noJiyiHBi, TaKyro ate ^OJI^HOCTB npn

HMnepaiopa, CHHCKajri, pacnojioffitenie Muxau.ia III, KOTOPHH H

ero faicipo noBtiraaTb BI npH^BOpHnxi) sBaHiaxi. BacHJiiii
Kecapejiiv, KaK-B HasiiBajiH conpaBHiejifl H

HMnepaTOpa. Kor,a;a, o^naKO, Maxanji^ III

ocBo6o,a;HTbCfl OTI. Bacajiia nocpe^CTBOMi, ydiftciBa, nocji-BAHiH cam

yMepiBHJi'b HMnepaiopa H sannjii npecTOJii. MaKedoncKan dunacmifi
cnoea oosebicujia UMnepiw BI y^a^HBixi, BOHHax'b co coc'B.n.flMH.
npo^HMt, HMGHHO npn HMnepaiopax-L STOH ^HHacxin eusan-
l
ucmopin conpmacaemcH cz pyccnow ). 9xo 6mia 9noxa
ifl IOJKHLIX^ H BOCxoqnBix% cjaBssi B-L xpHCxiancxBO H

124. O^HHI. HSX HMnepaxopOBi, MaKe^oncKOH ^HHacxin, KOH-

cmanmuHK EaipHHOpodnuu, asHBiiiin BI nepBofi UOJIOBHH'B X B.
taapCTBOBOJit B^ 912 959 IT.), BI CBOHX^ coqHHemaxi onnca.i'b.
BHsaHxiftCKaro ynpaBJienia. Bi 9x0 BpeMa
r

MaKeoHCKoflnopaji;oK b BnyxpeHHflro
HMne pj a ^jiujracb Ha eejuw, BO rjiaB-B Koxopbix'b CXOHJIH cmpammu
ci> BoeHHOio H rpa3K,n;aHCKOK) BJiacxbro. B^ cocxaBi BoficKa BXOAHJR
iacxbro noceJienHBie BX
HMnepiH unopodiw (amoro c.ia-
npn HeMi, BoeHHaa
cjiyat6a c^jajiacb CBoero po^a nacArbd-
sanfimieMz. fljin co,a,ep^aHia apnin BI> OTAiJBHHXt 06-
jiacxaxt cymecxBOBajiH ocodbia eouHCKln noMncmiH, xo/Ke A&aaB-
ffliaca HacJiiACXBeHHtiMH noA'b ycJiOBieMi> nocxaBKH Bt BoeHHyio

CJiyaf6y HSBicxnaro KO.omecxBa co-i^ax-b. (9xa noM^cxba HanoMH-

narox'b sana^Hbie 6eHe^)Hi^iH). YjKe nepBBie MaKejOHCKie HMnepaxopn
Miioro saHHMajiHCb saKOHodameMcmeoMv, npncnoco^Jiflfl cxapue sa-
KOHbl Kl HOBLIM-B yCJIOBlflMl,, HS^aBaH HOBLIfl DOCXaHOBJieHia H CO-

yne6HHKaxi pyccKofi HCiopiii ynoMHHaiOTCfl c^tayromie HMnepaiopn: JLen VI

J
) ~B%
KOHCTaHTHHf VIII Bai'pflHOpOAHUH, loaHHl
$HJIOCO(}>i, I U,HMHCXiH, BaCHjlifi II, KOH-
CiaHTHHt IX H KOHCiaHTHHt XI MoHOMaXT..
 87

cxaBJiaa cCopmiKH exaptixT,. B-iaroAapa 3xoMy, CBOA'b lOcxHniana mxiy-

u
iiwb coBepnieHno HOBiift BHA'B BI xaira HasiiBaeMBixt BacnjiHKaxi
(to. ijapcme saKOHti). B-L CBOHX-B saKOHOflaxe.ibHbix'b
j5aaiXcy.a, x.-e.

nocxaHOBjieniax'b MaiceAOHCKaa AHnacxia ocoGeHHO eeMi 6opb6y c&

K.mccoMo Kpynnwxz seM.ieeJiadnMi^ee^ (fliraaxEi, Sovaioc), HSI KOTO-
6paJiHCb cipaiHrH, cy,a,bH H .npyrie IHHOBHHKH H Koxoptie,
CBOHMI* 6oraTCTBOMi H BJiacibK), pasopnjiu KpecmwHZ u
doeodujiu uxt do saKprbnoiyeuia. HMnepaiopn pasHHMH
cxapajiHCB oxpanflTL KpecibaHCKifl OOII],HHH, pasBHnmiflCH B'b

,iym,e>n> nepio^, T.-e. H jHHHyio CBo6o^y KpecTbaiii), H nx'b

caMoynpaBjenie otfm.HH'b. BM-BCT^ c-b T^MI, MaKe,noH-

npniiHiiaja Mipbi H IIPOTHBT, qpesM^pHaro pasBHiiH
aepKOBnaro H MoiiacTBipcKaro 3eM.ieB.iaAiHi}i.
125. MaKe^oiiCKOH AHHacxin nacji-BAOBajia dunacmin KOMHU- KOMHHHH.

no&b, ijapCTBOBaBinan OKOJO cxa TpH^aTH JI-BTI. (1057 1185),

BT, iiaqajij, ci> nepepiiBaMH, BO BpeMH
EnpoieM^ KOTOptixi) npa-
BHJIH HMnepaxopti He H^T. 9TOH ^HHacxin. OKOHqaxejibHO yTBepAHjn
B.:iac n, sa CBoen (J)aMHJiieH AjieKcrbu KOMHUW> (1081
r

1118). ITpn
KpecmwHCKaa ceo6oda nprnum 6i>
ynadoKb^ Meai^y npo-
noTOMy, ^TO ofaiiaH Kwkxnn cjiyaiHJiLix'b JHOACH nacejieH-
HLIMH SeM.lflMH, HJIH npOMHMU (TUpOVOta) npHBeJUb RT> yCHJieiHIO
K-iacca Kpynnux'b 3eMJieBJiaA'k ibijeB'b. llocjii KOMEHHOB-L BI> KOH-
;

CTaHTHHonoji'E CHOsa npOHSoniJia 6opb6a sa npecTOJiT,, BO

KOiopOH BHsaHTincKaa HMnepia Sw.ia naBoeBatm sanaAHbiMH
PJIMH. Em,e npn AjieKcM KoMimHii uaia.iHCF> HOXOAH sana.a.Hbix'b
jijipo^OBij ^.Jifl ocBo6oayi;eHia rpo6a Focno^n)!, HMiBinie 6ojbmoe
;;n;i4eHie H /wa BHyTpeuneii HCiopin BusauiiH.

IV.

126. C^ caaiaro Haiaja CBoero noaBJieHia na

.

CJABflHCSLfl njieitena Haxo^HJiHCb &t xyowuxz

repMaimu. Bo-nepBtixi), MeH'fce 6jraronpiaxHLiMH
yc.woiH saeaxuxi, HMH cxpani, o'earpaHHiHbia
Co.ioxa, jica, cypOBLin K.iHMax'b. Bo-Bxopux'b, H KyjitmypuuH ycjio-
eifi (lujH xya:e ^ojiroe cocrEflCXBO .minb ci napo^aMH, cxoaBniHMH
Ha oyenb HHSKOH cxyneHH pasBHxia. B'b-xpexbHX-L, Bc.iiiACXBie axoro
caanaue H ucmopuu'jCKUMU yc.ioeiHMU CLIJIH iiocraBjeHbi BI xanoe
no.ioaKenie, qio nosaie, ykwi> repMaimii, MOIMH Bocnpimaxb naqaxKH
o6pa30BanHOCXH H rpajKAancTBeHHOcxH. 3aHHMaacb
nosBOJiH.ia npHpo^a xofi HJH ^pyroii o6.iacxn, TA^
 a r^t SB'EPOJIOBCTBOM'B *), OHH JKHJIH nepejvB BCiy-
B-B HCiopiro npnfijiHSHTejibHO BI> MCMOM* me 6umy, m
naxoduAUCb u lepMan^i Bt IB. no P. X., noscajiyH, flame
eme coxpanaa qepii, oiflajieHHOH ciapiiHH. Y nnxt podoeun
do-n-Be

omnomeHiH omjiuuajiucb 6oAbwew Kp-Enocibto, q'EM'B y repMaHn,eB B, r

a paficmeo coecibMt ue 6uAO paseumo. GnaBane atHJiH POAOBMMH

o6m;HHaMH, BT, Koiopiix'L rocno^CTBOBa^o paBeHCTBO qjieHOBt UQJCI>

o,u;Horo ciapraHHii H KOTOPHH coo6in,a BJia^-B^n CBoero seMJieio,

sci npHHHMaJiH yqacxie wi, o6meft pa6ori>. BHsaHTiticKie HH-
oBOpHJH, ITO cjaBane ^atHByi'B B-L ^eMOKpaxin H pfciraiorb
a
coo6m,a Measly COC^HEMH po^aMH nacxo cymccmeoecuia
.

epawda, Koxopaa ne npeKpamajiact H B^ Cjiyia-B coeAHHenia OTA^B-

BI njeMena. B-L BTHX-B njieMeHax'b, KaKi H y repMaHn,eBi,,
HLixi) po.noB'B
MH H KHfiseu, H ewe, H dpywunu. Ha B-Bqax
iiaxoflHM'B

npOHCXO^HJIH CXBaTKH, TaK^ KaK-L yiaCTHHKH H6 XOT-BJIH

HHTbca 6oJituiHHCTBy. IIoAodHO repMaHi^aM-B cJiaBane atHJH nocej-
a lopoda 6u;iH JiHrnt M^cxaMH, orpaiKAeHHHMH qacioKOJOMi, HJIH
,

r,n i Bt cjiyiai Hana,a;eHia OHH npaiajiH CBOH CGMBH,

r

CKOTI. H flpyroe HMymecTBO. KpOM-B BHyipeHeHxi, pas^opOBt,

cjatojiH coci^H, qacio HXI noKOpaomie (repMaHn;Tj,
H T. n.). O^meft pejinrm y cjaBan-L npn xaKon pasposneH-
HOCTH TO^e He 6ujio. CaMa 9ia pejiuiin coomenmcmeoeaAa podo-
eoMy 6umy, xaKt KaKi> BTE> nefi 6ojn>moe snaqeHie npHHa/i;jiejKajio
nouumanm npednoei, noKpOBHiejien CCMBH H po,a;a (^OMOBOH H
iypi>). Bora npHpo^H y pasnuxi njieMeHi. ^BIJIH pasHne (Ceapow,
6on> He6a; Hepywz 6or^ MOJinin H rpona; $aoKb-6oi?> 6orB
H T. XpaMOBTb H H^OJIOB-L y 60JIBfflHHCTBa CJTaBaH'B H6
,3,.).

,paBHO KaKi, H acpeiecKaro cocjOBia (KPOM-E 6a.iTiHCKHX'B

y KOTOpuxi 6miH H atpequ, H HAOJIII, H xpaMH, HO
MHoro nos^H^e). noaiOMy xpHCiiancTBO pacnpocipanajiocB Meat^y
CJiaBanaMH OICHB JierKO, H TOJIBKO y fiaMniuCKUxt cjiaenm muve-
cmeo OKdsajio cuMuoe conpomueMuie xpucmiaucKOu nponoevbdu.
127*. B^ OTHomeniH HCTOpnqecKOH cyAB6H CJiasaHe Moryxi
Li na qeTtipe KaTeropin. O^HH HSI HHXX OTA'BJIB-
HHMH CCMBaMH, pO^aMH TAJIK Ji;pyatHHaMH nepeC6A,flAUCb 67> Bu3dH-
miucMjw UMnepiw, idtb nocmenenno dji.iuuusupoecuiucb. 3io
.IOCB B'BH Tanyjiocb ji;o IX. B^ cepe^nn-B IX ciojrETia
VI B.

rie CJiaBane cma.iu ocnoeueamb caMOcmonme.tbmiH locydapcmea H

na rori (EoMapifi), H Ha sana^ (Bejiumn Mopaein), H na
BOCTOK-B (Pycb), HOCJI-B qero noaBHJiHCB H Apyria c.iaBancKia rocy-

UpOTHBOnOJIOatHOCTI. pyCCKHXl nOAftWb H

l
)
 89

OKOJO xoro JEG BpesieHH BOSHHKJIO locydapcmeo eemep-

ctcoe, BX cocxaBx Koxoparo Bonuia, coxpaHHBx BX HCMX CBOIO

HanionaJiBHOCXB, xpexBH qacxB cJiaBHHx. HaKonenx, qexBepxaa

rpynna noflBeprjacB unMev/KOMy saeoeeauito H lepManusat^iu, npe-
HMymecxBeirao ex XII B.
128. Bx cepeflHH'E IX B. ooaBflHHBiniecfl GoMapu Ha HHJK- ne P B e B O;I-
rapcKoe ijap-
H6MX ^yHax ocnoBajiH OflHO HS-L nepBHXi. CJaBflHCKHXii rocyAapCTBTb
1
C TBO.

npH KHflS-E CBOGM-B EopUCrb, KOTOptlft IIpHHfl.TL H XpHCliaHCTBO

(864). Mest^y BHsaHiieii H 6o;irapaMH 6tua ciapHHHaH BpajK^a, H
Bopnc'L, npHHflB-B xpHCiiaHCTBO OT-B rpeiecKoft n;epKBH, noiOM-L ^y-
nOAIHHHTfc CBOK) CTpaHy Bl ^yXOBHOM-B OTHOIIiemH PflMy.
Bo.irapin, o^eaKO, yTBep^HJioc& eocmounoe ucnoetbdauie ut> 6010-
u cesnyeHHUMt nucaHieMZ na cjiaemcKOMK asbiurb. CHHI>
Bopnca Cumeom (888 927) 6&iji^ yme oieHb CHJIRHBIM-B rocysa-
peMi, xaKi. Kant BJia^it dojitmero qacibio BajiKancKaro H<My-
1
ocipoBa OT-L ci'kwL KoHciaHTHHonojifl #0 A,n;piaTHqecKaro Mopa ).

Ont ysKe ne ^OBOJiLCTBOBajiCfl THTyjiOMi KHHSS, a cia-nt HasBi-

u/apeM* tfojirap'B H rpeKOBi H HasnaqHJix wo. csoero n,ap-
oco6aro naipiapxa. UojiyiHBi. casi-L rpeiecKoe odpasoBaHie,
OHI, noKpOBHiejiBCTBOBaji'B nepeeodnunaMZ ipeuecKUOcz KHUIZ pejinrios-
naro H CB^TCKaro co^ep^aniH H flaaie caMi> yqaciBOBaji'B BT, JIH-
TCpaxypHBix'B Tpy^axx. Bi 9xy saM^iaiejiBHyK) anoxy sapoat^eHis VL
Bojirapin KyjiBTypnoH SKHSHH, pa^OMi ci'npaBOCJraBieM-B BI expand
cxajra HM'BXB ycnixi> H nponoB-B^B BOCXOHHOH epecH Mauuxeee*, KO-

xoptie npnsnaBaJiH ^Byxi> doroB-B, AoSparo H sjioro, oxKpBiBranxcfl BI

BexxoMi) H HOBOMI, saB^xaxi. Bi Bojirapin axa epecB nojyiHJia
HasBaeie COIOMUMCKOU (no HMGHH nona BoroMHJia) H oxcrofla ne-
pes-B qacxB EajraancKaro noJiyocxpOBa H ciBepHyio Hxa-
saiia^Hyro
jriro npOHHKJia B-B
loatnyio $pann;iH) (ajiBSnroHUBi XII XIII BB.).
Bee 9x0 YRasBiBaex'B, qxo BoJirapia IX B. cxajra B-B Kyjibmypnojm
omuoweniu CUMHO nodeepiambcx unocmpanHbtMZ eMnninMt. Bi, co-
H nojiKXH^ecKOMx oxHOffleniflX'B BojirapcKoe n,apcxBO xoaie
ousaHmiucKUMz nopndnaMZ, KOHeqno, npHM'BHeHHBiM'B K'B

HOBBIMI, ycjiOBisMi. Bo rjaBi rocy^apcxBa CXOHJTB iwpb, KOxopBift cxpe-

noflpaaiaxB BHsanxiHCKOMy HMnepaxopy. (Bojirapcme rocy^apn

Bcxynajin BI> 6paiHHa oxHOinenifl ex MaKe^OHCKOft
ex COC-BAHMH (KPOM-B BasaHxm, ex
cxien). J^jin Bejjemfl BOHHI,
H ne^en-BraMH, a xaKme H ex pyccKHMH npn CBaxocjaBi) 6o.irap-
CK!H n;apB HyjK,na,jiCfl BX 6ojiBmoMx eoucnrb, Koxopoe
6ujin nocxaBjiaxB 6oflpe, 0BiBmie caMH

*) Cp. Kapxy III.

 90

9xH 6oape BMijcrfc CT> X'EMT, ynpaBJifljiH, Bt KaiecxBii IHHOBHHKOBT>

H cyAefi, KpecTBHHCKOio Maccoio, KOiopafl H nonajia no OTHomemto
KI KHMI, BI> dKOuoMunecKyw u wpudmecKyw saeucuMocmb. IIpH
CHnii (Ilexpij) m> cepejjHH'B X B. Bojirapia pacnajacB Ha
CHMeoHa
BOCxoiHoe H sana^soe n,apcxBa. BHaaHxificKie HMnepaiopti aaBoe-
sajiH CHaiajra nepBoe, a noxoMt H Bxopoe (1018), xait-B ixo B^
XI H XII BB. Eojrrapia 6mia yme npocxoro eusaumiuCKOw npoeuHu,ie\l
<x> cAaeHHCKUMb HaceMHieM*. (HjanepaxopTb BacuMu 11 EoMapo-
r

6ouu,a, no6'E,a;HB & CojirapCKaro u,apa CaMyma, oxnpaBH.i'B K-B neny

15 xHca^t nJiiHEHKOBTb, npe^BapnxejiLHO ocJi^nnBTb Hxt H XOJILKQ
coxaro ocxaBBB-B KPHBBIMI)).
He y,a;epiKa.zioCBOCH nesaBHCHMOCxn H jipyroe c-iaBflHCKoe ro-
B03HHKmee o,o,HOBpeMeHHO ci> Bojirapiefi.
129*. BejiHKOMOpaBCKaa ^epataBa, ocnoBaHHaa KHa3eMi> Po-
Mo- EBejiio ET> Heft H xpHCxlancxBO,
cmuc.iaeoMZ, Koxoptifi
KHpnjuiy H Meeofliro, K-B ipeneCKOu ufipneu, HO HOXOM-B
npn npeeMHHKi Pocmuc.taea, CenmonoAKrb,
CKOMIJ dyxoeencmoy repManiu. Bx cocxaBi, MOpascKaro rocyflapcxsa
KaKi. nojia6cKie cjiaBane, xaK'B H ICXH, HO eMy nocxoaHHO
omfiueamwfi omz nrbMu/eet. CBaxonoJiKi. MOpaBCidfi
ycniniEBia BOHHBI ci repMancKHMH KapojiHHraMH; xor.ua
eempoez, Koxopue H paspymnjin rocy^apcxBO MOpaBOB-B.
oflHaKo, na sana^i BOSHHKJIO rocy^apcxBO cpeflH
130*. HepBLia rocy^apcxBa oKasaJiHCB
cjiaBancKia
H MtweuuuMU nponnocmu. Kpoaii Bojirapin
cofiow
H MopaBin, B^B cepesHHi IX B. BOSHHKJia eme PyCB, HO BC^ xpn
nojiBXH^ecme n,eHxpa cJiaBaHi* 6BMH pas^e^HHeHH O^HHI, oxx ^py-
roro GOMWUMU npocmpancmeaMU, epaotcdeOuuMU nMMenctMU (ne-
^eHiraMH na BOCXOK'B, BCHrpaMH na sanafl'B) H pemiieu. (PycB AO

KOHii,a X
ocxasajiacB asBiiecKOio). HOCJI'B pas^jrema n,epKBH H
B.

namecxBia BenrpOBi) sanaflHBie cjiaBane SHJIH oxp'BsaHH oxi> roat-

HBIXI. IIojrHXHHecKH-MOJiOAHa rocy^apcxBa, BBicxynHBmia na HCXO-
pHiecKyro cn,eHy caMLiMi, d-iecxamnMi) odpasoM-B, CKOpo o6napy-
aiHJH BHyxpenHioK) CBOK) cjra6ocxB. IlepBOK) noraSjia BejiHKOMOpaB-
CKaa Aepatasa, sa Hero nocjiAOBajia Bojrapia, a BI> nepsoH no.io-
BHH-B XIII B. H PycB flOJiatHa 6BiJia nofliHHHXBCH MOHrojaMx. EIoflo6no

<|paHKCKOMy KOpojeBCXBy, H c-aaBaacRia rocy^apcxBa qacxo pacnada-

jiucb na ydrbJtu (oco6eHHO PycB HKoxopBie CBOHMH
IIo.iBma),

pacnpaMH ocji&6jifiJiw. odmee rocyAapcxeo H axHMT, IIPHBOAHJIH ero Kt

rn6ejiH. Bo Bxopofi UOJIOBHH'B cpe^Haxi, B-BKOBT, cymecxBOBajm CJ-B-
!
rocyAapcxBa ): 1) na BOCXOK^ Pyci>, KT> sa-

) CM. napxy XII.

 91

orb nea 2) IIoMwa, a ein,e .na-JLiiie na sana,^ 3)

Ha K)rk 4) EoMapia B-B c. B. laciH BajucaHCKaro noJiyocrpOBa H
5) Cepfiix (TB 6) Xopdamieil BT> ijeHipij H Ha sana^'t. BT, B-Eponc-
noB'E.fl.HOM'B OTHomemH PycB, Bojirapia H CepCna 6njw.
HBIMH, IIojiBma, *lexia H XopBaiia KaiojiH^ecKHMH. HST.
ipexi, cjraBancKHX'B KaiojiHqecKHX'B cxpaH'B o^na CKOpo 6tuia sa-
ooeeaua eempaMU (XopsaTia), Apyraa Bonwa BI> nodHunennoe omno-
inenie KZ ComyeHnou PuMCKO-un>Me^ou ujwnepiu (^exia), xpeiba
paspocjiact BI GoAbwyio nojiumunecKyio cujiy (Ilojitnia).
131. CjaBancKoe njeMa vexoez BI KOHII'B V B. no P. X. aa-
Hie
Ha.no boreMiK) (r^i paH&me JKHJIH OOHH KejitTCKaro npOHCxoat,a,e-
nia, a noiOMt. MapKOMaHHH repiiaHCKaro), HO caMO no^najo
aBapOBt, nocJi'B ate na^eHia HXI u,apCTBa ciajo
CO CTOpOHLI H-BMI^eBt. BpeMGHHO H6XH BXOAHJIH B-B
cociaB'B BejiHKOH MopasiH, no B^ Ha^aji'B X B. y HHXT> aBHJica CBOH
Y^e Biopoft eronpeeM-
KHa3B, ocEQB&ieju>jiflBaivriu.IIp3fceMuc.406UHeu.
HHK'h, ce. Btmecmei npuuiMz xpucmiancmoo no sana^-
(Bau/jiaeb)
HOMy o6pa,aiy H npnsHaj'B ce6a BaccajiOMi H^Mei^Karo Kopoja Feu-
puxa IImuw.i06a (929). TaKHMi o6pa30M'B ^exia ci. caaiaro na-
ia.ia CBoero HCTOpnqecKaro cymeciBOBania no^najia noAi>
uoe u nojiumwiecKoe eMnnie lepManiu. IlpeeMHHKH
Jtaate noMorajin u'EMqaM-B BJ> HXI> dopBdi ci. BenrpaMH H
HXT, sparaMH. ojaro^apHoriB sa iio,a;o6HBia yc-iyra HMnepaiop-B
Bi>

FenpHX-B IV ^a.ii) yenicKOMy KHHSK) KOpoMecniii mumy.it, KOTOPBIH

V'fBepflHJica, Bnpo^eMi), sa qeuiCKHiiH rocyAapaMH JIHIIIB nos^Hie.

CKie KHasta OXOTHO npnB.ieKa.iH BTJ cipany utbMeij
oco6eHHO B-B HOBBie ropo^a, KOiopLie OHH CTPOH.IH. Ci* ^pyron CTO-
POHLI, OHH cipeMHjiHCB pacnpocipaHHTB CBOK) BJiacxB na^x cocrbd-
HUMU CM6HHCKUMU nJieMeudMU HO BHCJli H ET> CHJieslH, 1TO npH-
HXX T
BO^HJIO B'B cmoAKHoeeuie c% Ilo.ibmew. BHyxpn Iexiio ocjra-

y^JiBHHa yco()Hn,Bi H csoeBOJiie oopasoBaBmeHca B'B cipaH'li

6jiajiH

Koiopaa xoaie no^HHHJiacB irEMen,KOMy BjiiaHiro H cia.ia

Bt odpasii aiHSHH repaiaHCKHM-B Be.iBMoataM'B xoro Bpe-
M6HH. np^eMHCJiOBHqH uapcxBOBa.iH BI> ^exin AO Haqaja XIV B.
132. H'BCKOJIBKO TEMX B 03 KHOBe ~
.1HHJB nOS^H-fee, V
1 ^6X06^, B03HHKJIO me IIojtmH.
.

rocyAapciBO H y no.naKOB'B. Jlmacmfi rpynna CJraBancKHX'B

Meni) sanajia VI
cipany Meaj^y O^epOAfB, Ba-ixiHCKHM-B
BJ> B.

BHCJIOH H ^exiefi, C-B ipex-B CTOPOHI> cockw C"B ^pyrHMH

Oco6eHHOci& no.iBCKOH Hciopin B-B cpe^Hie B'BKa
TOM%, HTO leppniopia HXI rocyAapciBa, xaK-B CKasaiB, nepedeuui-
jiaci> Co sanada na eocmoKz. Cflaiaja nojaKH cipeMHJiHCB
CTpanoio Ki> sana^y OTI. HHX-B #0 caMOH 3.iB6u,
 92

noJia6cKHX'B, HO
OHH ecmprb- s.u'ECB
a> MbMiwMu H cxajrn nepe^t HHMH oxcxynaxB. Haodoporb,
Kl BOCTOKy OTt HHXTb ffiHJIH <9m/Z .'lUmOeCKlH HMMCHa U UCLXOdu-
pa3dpo6u6waacH na ydn>Jiu Pycb: 9x0 HOSBOJIHJIO no.iaKaM'B
/
jiacb

HanpaBuxb CBOIO fl-feaxejiBHOCXb BI Ty cxopony, r^i conpoxHBJie-

nie 6LMO Men&niHM'B. FocyAapciBeHHoe o6i>eji;HHeHie JiamcKHxi, njie-
Meni) Hamiocs cpe,a;H njieMenH nojinm, Koiopne JKHJIH no npniOKy
O^epa Bapmn, H y KOTOpux'L B-L IX B. ya:e ^BIJIH KHHSba HST. po/ja
Hncmoet). Hxi
o6jiacT& nojryqnjia HOTOM-B HasBanie Bejiuuou HOMWU
(xenepB IIosHaHb), a Maaow HoMwew
ciajia HasHBaiLca roroBOc-
TOiHaa o6jiacTi> no BepXHeft BHWE, Tor.ua KaKi c'BBepo-BOCTOinaa 06-
jraciBno cpe^HeH BHC^ nojryiHJia HMa Masooiu, a roro-sana^naa
no BepxneMy O^epy Cu.wsiu. Cnaiajia peeTpOM-B HCiopHqecKOH
atH3HH nojrbCKaro napo^a 6njra BejiHKaa riojn>ma ex rjiaBHLiM^ ro-
PO.HOMX InrbSHOMt, IIOTOM^ Majaa C-B CTOjrHn,eH BT> Epanoen, a
nocji Bcero MasoBia, Kor^a CTOJinneft IIojiBniH (yme BI Konn,i
XVI B.) cA*BJa.iacB Bapinasa. Ilep&uMt noAWKUMK iocydapeM%,
Bjra^'BBfflHM'L 6ojitfflOH TeppHiopieft H npHnaBmHM'B xpucmiaHcmeo
(966), 6mrB MnwKO I
(Me^HCJiaB'L), KOTOPHH, o^HaKO, ^ojraieHi
6Hjri)npHsnaiB eaccaAOMZ UMnepamopa Ommona BCAUKCIIO.
ce6a
XpncTiancTBO npenrjo BX IIojiBmy HSI ^exin BM BCT B C-B qemcsoio
I I

JfoMfipoeKow, ci> KOiopOH) MmuKO BCTynHj-B BT> dpaifb.

o6pa30MTb H IIojiBnia C-B caMaro naqajra csoero cymeciBO-
Bania 6bua omnpuma dan eMmin pOMano-iepMdHCKOU
TOJIBKO 9TO Bjiianie HHKor^a ne SHJIO S^-BCB TaKx CHJIBHO,
Mexin.
133. Y CHna M-BniKa I, EoMcmea Xpa6paio (992 1025)
r
6BLi B BecbMa o6niHpHHH njranx cosdamt 6o/ibwoe u uesaeucuMoe
pa PHH-
sanadno-CJiaofiHCKoe locydapcmeo. OHI coe^HaHJn no^ csoeio
BJiacTLH) Bci jramcKia njieMena H saBJiaji.'BJix COC'B^HHMH cjraBan-
CKHMH 36MJiaMH MopaBieH, HOJiadCKHMH H HOMOpCKHMH CJaBaHaMH H
^epBOHHoro Pycbro, RjiR qero eMy npHnuocb BoeBaib H C'B *Iexieu,
H ct Pycbw. (Om> noSbiBaji-B H B-B KieB-fe). Cx FepManieH OH-B
naxoflHJica cnaiajia BJ> naHjryqmHX'b OTHoniemax'B, XOTH H OTT^C-
EHJVL ee Ha sana^. B-B 1000 r. HMnepaiop-B Ommow> III npi-
'Bsataji'B B"B FflisHO na
x^iy noKJiOHeHie ce. Boumnxa H npn
9TOM-B KOpOHOBaxb Bojiec.iaBa CBoero Koponoro, ^asx eMy THiyjix na-
xpni^ia" PHMCKOH HMnepin, a nana Cu.iwevmpv II yipe^HJi-B cano-
cxoaxejBHyio noMCKyw Mumpono.nw ez pHnsurb, qxo OCBO^OAHJIO
jdkcxHoe ^yxoBenciBO QTL BJiacxH apxienncKona Mar^e6yprcKaro,
KOxopOMy OHO 6biJio cnaiajia nofliiraeHO. Ho npeeMHHK-B Oxxona III,

Tenpux'b II, ne ate.iaa flonycxnxb ycHJiema noJbraH, Haiaji'b C'B

 93

H6K) BOfiHy, KOIOpaa KOHmiaCb OXKa30Ml> 6fl JHfflb Oil H^KO-

xopuxi saBoeBamii na sana^i.. CaMOCxoaxejbHOCxb HOJILUIH
ynpoiena, H B b 1024 r. BojiecjiaBt Xpaftpufi npunHM
r

KOpoAH. 9xox-L TOcyAapb 6ujn> H nepBHM-L ycmpoumeMMt 10-

ci/daticmeeHnaio npaejieuifi WL IIojibnrE. MejiKie Kaasba yxpaxHjm

CBOK) BJiacTb, HO sa HHMH ocia^HCb pasHbifl npHBHJieriH H MHoro
36M.1H. Ba^HtHmifl ymiOBHUH 6uxo OTHHTH y po^OBLix'b ciap-
pfajia,

mHH'b H B-sqi H nepenuiH BI>

B'B.a.'BHie KOpojieBCKaro cy#a. Cxpa-
x
HOK) ynpaBJifljiH saMKOBue HaiajibHHKH, HJIH mwmejiHHbi ), CHA^B-
mie BX ipodaxt, coCHpaBmie ,a,aHb ci Hacejienia H Hana.ibCTBOBaB-
mie na^T) BoenHLiMH OTpflAaMH, Koxopue o6yiajiHCi> H Boopy^ajmcb
no H'BM6E(KOMy o6pa3ii,y. Tocy^apb npaBBJi-b HeoipauiweHHO npn
eAodum, a npocxoii napoji.!. yTpaiHBajrb CBodo^y
coaiOBifl
aqKHa,!!. KX seM^t.
npHKpi>njiflTbCfl
134*. KaKi, H Bt Apyrnxi noAodHbixi. c-iynaax-b, set STH
noJibCKaro rocy^apciBa 6miH nenpOAOJiatHxejibHBi. IIpH npeeM-
BojecjiaBa Xpa6paro cociAH cxajiH omuuManib y HOMWU
ofimcmu (iexH Mopafiiio, AaTqase EIoMOpbe,
H ^epBOHHyio Pycb H T. n.). IIomoMKU
BosciaHOBJieHie CBoen Bjacin. Hapo^x, Ha KO-
Ha.ioai6Hbi 6iMH pasHBia ji;aHH r oftnapyjKHBaji'b cipeiureHie sep-
fit asbinecTBo; Hanajiocb HsSienie CBflmeHHHKOB-b, cojKateme
H T. n. Ho 6ojrEe 9HeprHiHbie rocy^apn Biopon HOJIO-
BHHLI XI H nepBOH HOJIOBHHH XII B. OHflTb B03Bpain,aJH IIOJIbin'B

noTepaHHLia seuijiH, BOscianoBjajiH H yKpi-

KopojieBCKyro B,iacib
njiajH i^epKOBHyio opraHHsanjio. B-b KOHU;'B XI B. nponsonuio Bnep-
Bue H dpoftjieuie HOMWU HO, ydrbMHUH Knxwecmea, Koiopoe yiBep-
no CMepin KasuMipa Kpueoycmaio (1139). YA'BJibHBiH ne-
nojbCKoft HCTOpin npOAOJiataeTca ,no ""-"-? ^TY v jv^-^^y
HaqajHCb ycofiuiw, pasopafiniia Hapo^ H
oc.ia6jiaBniia cxpany KX 6ojibuiOH euiodrb dan MbMweez, Koxopne
BT> 9xo Bpena noKOpajiH sanaAHtix-L cJiaBanx. MeatAy npoinM-b, '

Knasba y^ibHaro nepio^a, no,u,o6HO lemcKHM-b rocyAa-

dojTEe paHHaro BpeMGHH, cxajin npHBJieKaxb B-b Hojibuiy un>-
Ko.wHucmofft, MaccaMH, xaK^
cejiHBiiiHxca s^icb 6o.ibmHMH
HXO BT> cxpanii B03HHKJIH .nepeBHH H ropo^a H'BMen.KHMx Haceje-
ci>

H oSmHHHbiMii ycxpoftcxBOMi (iMuuu, H^M. Gemeinde) H

no oSpasny caKCOHCKaro ropo^a Mar,ne6ypra ( n Mar-
npaBo"). Oco6eHHO MHOFO nocejiHJiocb H-EMI^EX BT> CH-

l
) Castellanus OTB castellum. OTI nocjtAHaro npoHsonuo H noJbCKoe CJOBO
(^epKOBb).
 94

HaKOHen,"b, B'L 9iy a;e nopy B'B IloJibiirfe HSL

npeaiHHX'B njieMeHHtixs KHasen, KanrrejiaHOB'L H T. n. o5pa3ona-
jracB snamb (Mootcuoejiadcmeo), ELM nanu. IJepKOBb H MOHacrapH
BI Ilo-ibmi B-L XII XIII BB. -roate npio6p'E.iH MHOFO aeauH H
AOCTHIMH 6oJibinoro B-dama.
135. B'L npefl'fcjiax'L cjiasaHCKaro Mipa o6pa30Ba.iocB BCKOpi IIOC.TE

06pa30Banie ocHOBaiiifl ^exiii H IIojibinH

em,e O^HO rocy^apCTBO, Koiopoe no.iy-
>m '

IH.IO BaatHoe snaieHie BX Hcxopin 3Toro Mipa. 3io 6r>ua Benipix.

Bi> expand, jremaBmeii Meat^y BojrrapieH H Be.iHKOH MopaBien,
SH.IH cjiaBane, ne HM-BBmie eme y ce6a rocy^apciBeHHaro ycTpon-
CTBa. Cro^a, BI> THCO-^yHaScKyio .HOJIHHY BL KOHU, B IX B. npOHHKio
I

<j)HHCKoe njiena Madwpz (yipo&t, eeuypo&t) no npHrjiamemK)

Karo Kopojra (ApnyjiL({)a) npoiHB'L MopaBCKaro KHHSS
OHH noA^HEHJiH 066^ Bejiunyw Mopaeiw H Uannoum H
nana^aTL na coci^Hia cipanH, HO B'L KyjiimypnoMZ omuoweniu
OHU cnope nodmmuucb CAoeaHaMt, cpe^H KOTOPHX-L nocejrnjHCb H
B'L CTpairfe 6HJio 6oJibnie. q^Mx HXI caMHx-L. Hs-L-sa o6pa-

Ma^bap-b B-L xpacTiaHCTBO mate BOSHHKJIO conepHnqeciBO Meai^y

H sanaflHbiM'L jyxoBeHCTBOM'L, H no6-B^;a ocxa-iacL Ha
CTOpOHi sana^HOH n,epKBH. IlepBbiM'L xpucmlancKUMi locydapeM*
Benrpin 6mi'L Cmefiam Ceamou HSL ^HHacTin Apna^OB-L (997-
1038), KOTOpOMy nana BI> 1000 r. npncjiaji'L KOpojieeCKyw uopony.
Ilpn ero npeeMKHKax-L BI cocTaBi Benrpin BOHIJIH HOBtia SGMJIH,
npognMTb TpaHCUMeauifi, nacejienHaa pOMaHCKHMi njieMe-
BajiaxoB'L(B'L KOHU'B XI B. npn JLaducMm), H Xopeamia
AJwyieti (B'L Haiai XII B. npn KojiOMaunt}, HO COC'B^HHX'B pyc-
KHaaiecTBL BenrpaMT, saBoeBaib ne y^ajrocb. TaKHM-B o6pa-
BI, HaiajTE XII B. Benrpla HMkia yate TenepemHia CBOH

rpaHHn;Bi. Hacejreme rocyAapciBa 6ujio ci> caaiaro Haiajia pasuo-

nMMenuoe H .naaae flByxt pasuuxi xpucmiaHCKitxz ucnomda-
mu. S.H'BCL ajHJiH o6oK'L Apyr-L ci Apyrous Ma^bapLi^ c-iaBane (GJIO-
H xopBaibi), Bajiaxn (pyMHHn), H-Bimn. ^HHaciia Apna^OB-L
sa BC^JMH HapOAHOcxaMH paenonpaeHoctm, HO Bci BI
SHJIH B6Hrepn;aMH, a o$<|)Hn,iajbHbiM'b

HefiTpajbHaa Aamunb. Ha rpammaxL npaso-

c.iaBnaro BociOKa H KaTOJinnecKaro 3ana^a Benrpia K0.ie6a.iacb

Measly AByaia KyjrbiypaMH BHsaHiiHCKOH H pOMano-repMancKOH, HO

B'L KOHH.'E KOHH;OB L 63XAO eepxz sanadnoe eMfime, KOiopoe CHJILHO
I

oxpasHJiocb H Ha ycipOHCTB'B BenrepcKaro rocy^apCTBa, H Ha ero

136*. HpeAMeTOM-L 6opb6bi Meai^y ^ByMa KyjbiypaMH

. JiHCb H c.!aBHHCitia njieMCHa, sanaBmia ciBepo-sana^Hyio qacib Baa-
 95

KaiicKaro nojiyocTpOBa. 3iH njenena pasA'^HJiHCb Ha dvib pod-

napodnocmu cepfioei u xopeamooz, oaBHoe pasjragie
KOToptiMH COCTOHTI. Bi> TOMI>, MTO cep6u npaeocAdGHbie, a
xopoamu KamoauKU. Focy^apCTBeHHaa atHSHb Ha^ajiacb panbuie
y xopBaiOB-L. OHH sanHMajm rjiaBHHMT> odpaaoM-b Hjimpiw H
HHHHJIHCS ceanajia TO BHaaniiH, TO
3>paHKCKOH MOHapxin,
BT> oC^acTH, rpaHHHHBmeft ci o6oHMH 9THMH rocy-
XpucTiaHCTBO Toate npOHHRa.no KT> HHMI. ci> o6'BHxi>
. Bx ropo^axi. AaiMaTHHCKaro noCepeatta npn saHHTin cTpanH
ociaBajioci) PHMCKOB nacejieHie, OT-L KOTOparo OHH H
xpHCTiancTBOMi, HO KB HHMI, npOHHKaja npono-
c'B

HOBOH pejiHrin H H3i rpeqecKOH n.epKBH. Feorpa(J)HqecKafl

KT> HTajrin (Meai^,y npoqnM'L KI BeHeu,iH, c^ KOTOpoio
BCJIH 6opb6y sa ,a,a.iMaTHHCKoe no6epeati>e) H HcropHqe-
cy.a.bo'a ocHOBaHHaro
xopsaTaMH rocy^apCTBa ji,ocTaBHJiH y
QTOH cjiaBHHCKOH Hapo^HOCTH nofindy KamoAuu,u3My. Cnaiajia xop-
KHustfl SHJIH BaccajraMH BnsaHTiH. Bt X B^ITE OHH npn-

THTyjii, EOpojieH XopBarin (B'B jiaT. (^opM^ Kpoav,i*\ a BI

XI B. XopsaTin H ^ajiManiH. Bi KOHi^i XI B. Kopojb foiumpiu
Kopojieft
3eoHUMUpz npHSHasaTb ce6a BHsaHTiHCKHM'b Baccajrojrt
OTKasaJica
H nepemejii, no^ noKpOBHTejibCTBO nann (FpHropia VII), HO BI
CKOpOM-L BpeMGHH nocJi'B ero caiepTH Xopeamifi 6ujia saeoeedHO,
eempaMu (1102) H Bonura VL cocTaBi, HXI, KopojeBCTBa (BX KO-
HaXOflHTCfl H #0 CHXX HOpl).

TJIABA VI.

KpecTOBBie

I. KpeciOBBie noxoin ( 137 152).

II. KaTOJHiecKaa uepKOBB BI anoxy KpecioBiixi noxoAOBt ( 153 164).
III. FocyAapcxBa aanaAHOH EsponH B'B anoxy KpeciOBuxi noxoAOBt. 06maa xa-

( 165170), $paHuia ( 171174), AHHW ( 175183) H Tep-

( 184188).
IV. CjaBflHCKifi Mipi. BI. anoxy KpecTOBuxt noxoAOBt (
189 191).

I.

137* 3aBoeBanie IlajecTHHH TypitaMH HM^JO BajKHtia no.iHTHHe-

TBifl. IIoKa lepycajiKMOJi-b BJi&xkw apa6u, xpncTiaHcme
naiOMHHKH (nHJinrpHMBi) ^l^trb.m ceoGodnuu docmym KZ eio cexmuHXM't,
 96

noTOMy qxo apa6u Boo6m,e EQ npniiJCHajiH xpncxiaHi. H .name cann

OXHOCHJIHCBci> yBaatemeiTB K-B STHMT, CBaxBiHaMTb. J^Jin xpHCiiaHCKHXt

TOTi> HJH Apyrofi npieMi>, KaKofi Bcxp'siajiH B-B CB. 3eM.i-B

xyfla 6oroMOJim,H, He MOPL SLIXB BemjbK)

HOK), xaKt KaK'B axflxi o'oroMOJiBijeB'B ffljiH xticaiH. Korji,a,

lepycajiBMi, 611^^ BaBoeBam, TypitaMH, oOpameme HOBLIX!)

CBflmeimaro ropo^a CT> npaxo^HBrnHMH B^ Hero na.iOMHHKaMH
y^e cOEdbrL HHEIMT>. TypKH cxajiH HXI> npumrbcntim^ H
y HHXI. fleHBra. HsBicxia o6x axoMi*, KOHeiHO, npnxo-
si Espony, H B-B neii BOSHHima MBIC.I& onoJiHHXBCfl MR oceo-
Focnodnfi uzf> pijKb neen>pnuoc^
npnnHcajia HHHAiaxHBy Bcero
o^HOMyABHffi,eHia

Tlempy HycmbmHUKij, Koxopaft, pasitismaa no pasHHMi cxpanaMi,,

nponoB'B.noBaji'B Heo6xoAHMOCXB noxo^a B'B IlajiecxHey. Ci Koana
XI B. BX xeieHie ^Byxi. cxo.i'BxiH HBI. sana^HOH EBPOHBI oxnpaBJia-
JIHCB BX llajiecxHHy dojiBraia ono-oema pa,a;H .nocxnateHia axon 6.ia-
roiecxHBOH D.'BJIH. Ox.H'BJiBHBia npe^npiaxia axoro po^a n,o;iyqHJH B'B
Hcxopia HasBanie Kpecmoeux* noxodooz. B'B KpecxoHOCHBixi) OHOJI-
qeHiax-B npHHHMajiH y^acxie pasHBie sanaAHO-eBponencKie
HO npeHMymecxBenno <|)paHHy3Bi H
H'BMU.BI. npe^npiaxie 6Bi.io

nonyjiapHO B'B odm.ecxB'B, noxony qxo, Kpoait CBoefi 6jiaronecxHBOH

I^-BJIH, OHO BHOJIH'B COOXB'BXCXBOBaJIO CXpeMJiefiiaMI) OX^'BJIBHBIX'B K/iaC-
coB^Hace^eHia. 3>eoda,MHoe puij^apcmeo 6Bi.io Hacxpoeno BOHHCXBeHHO,
jno6njio atHSHB, HanojiHGHHyio no^BHraMH H npHKJiioqeHiaMH, ucmAO
saooeeauiu. Cpe,a,H saKprbnou^enHaio KpecmwHcmea xoase tftuio

MHoro jno^eH, Koxopue, 6y^,yqH He,a;oBOJiBHBi CBOGIO xaatKoro yqacxBro,

roxOBBi 6BUTH H^XH Bi. HOBLia 36MJPI ucKdmb dt/mueu dojiu. BXHU-B

o6m,ecxBeHHHM & nacxpoemeM'B HCKycHO nojiBSOBa^ocB nancmeo,

r

BsaBmee nodi ceoe nonpoeumeMcmeo H^ero KpecxoBBixi) HOXO^OB-B

H no CBOHM'B, IHCXO nojiHXHqecKHM'B coo6paaieHiaMX.
138. Cpe^n H-BEOxopoii qacxn sanaji,HO-eBponeHCKaro pBin;ap-
CTBa en* e " a>^ OJiro ^ Haqajia KpecxoBBixi noxo^OBi. o6HapyjKHBa-
XI B. JIOCB cmpe.MMHie omnpaejiumwH ez omdajiennufi cmpanu cz aaooe-
oameMHbiMU in/rbAnmu. OCO^GHHO xaKHMi, ^yxoMi oxjiHqajiocB puuap-
CXBO ciiBepo-(|)paHn,y3CKOH o6jiacxH HopMaudiu. 9xo repi;orcxBO GBMO
ocHOBano BT, naqaji'B X B. nopMaHHaMH, HO saBoesaxejiH CKOpo
B-B paMKH ^eoAajiBHaro o6m,ecxBa H npHHJum
$paHn;y3CKi5
COXpaHHB-B, O^HaKO, OXJHiaBfflyK) HX-B npe^KOBl CXpaCXB K'B
npHKJuoqemaM'B H saBoeBaniaM-B. 0<f)paHnj3HB-
mieca HOXOMKH BHKHHroBi>, K'B KOxopBiMi> npHCxasajH H puqapn
H3i> flpynixt M-BCX-B, B'B cepeAHH^' XI B. coeepmuAU H^CKOMKO sa-

doeeaniu u pacnpocmpanujiu ez noeuxz seM.wxz (fieodaMnue no-

 97

ceoeu cppanibyscKOu podunbi. OflHaa&Ati BI lOJKHyio Hxajriio

npO'E3AOM & HSI IlajiecTHHH nonajrb OTpajTB HOpiwaHflCKHXi p&mapeH,

r

H BOTX Ki HHM'B M'ECTHLie atHTeJH (rpCKH) o6paTH.!HCB C'B npOCB60K)

HOMOIB HATB npOTHB'B capai^HHOBi, od'Em.aa sa 9TO flaTB HM-B MHOFO
H SCMJIH. Pwuapn, BO oaB-B Koxopuxi. CTOHJU. BUMIBMMZ
iH (c^e Hauteville) no nposBamio >3t.eji B3Haa PyKa, HCHOJI-
i

HH.IH 9iy npocb6y, HO Kor^a rpeKH

TO OHH npH3Ba.iH Ki ce64 na nosiomB HOBue
H flijjio KOHqn.iocB saeoeeameMt UMU WMHOU HmaMu. Ilocjit aioro
cociaBHJia oco6oe repn,orcTBO, rocy^apeM-B icoxoparo cxbji&Jicn
TE. BnjiBrejiBMa PoGepmz FwucKapz ( n Ce6'B Ha yM-fe"). 3io oy-
B-B 1060
a ^BiHa^;n,aTB jiiii) cnycTa HXI> Mja^mifl 6parB
r.,

Powcepz y capan,HHOBi H CUV,UMIO. (Meat^y npoHHMx, Po-

oiHflji^
6ujn> npHSBaei. na samHiy nanoro FpHropieM-B VII npoiBBi,
.

IV H BO BpeMfl BOHHBI C% HHMT> BSHJI'B H

PHMI>). BTH BoeHHLie ycnixn AO xaKofi cieneHH no,HHflJiH ca
peHHOCTB nod'B.HHTejieH, ^TO OHH sa^yMajin flaate saeoeeam^ Busan-
miucKyw UMnepiw H ciajin Hana/i;aTB na ea BJia^Hia. Bi cepe-
AHui XII B. H3-B rojKHOH HiajiiH ci> HeanojieMi) H Cni^HJiiH o6pa-
1
30Ba.IOCB OflHO KOpOJIGBCTBO C^ ({jeOAaJIbHBIMl yCTpOHCTBOM-B ). O^HO-

BpeneHHO CT> saBoesaHieM'B IOJKHOH HiajriH HOpMaH^CKiii repaori,

MHoro pBmapen H HST^ ^pyrHx-B qacieft

SBIJIO

AHIMW (1066) H Toate BBejii BT> neft (j>eo,aiaji&HBie nopa^KH.

9TH saBoeBania noKasHBaroT-B Meatj^y npo^HMi, KaKon
B-B sanaAHOMi pBmapcxB'B nepe^ na^aJiOMi KpecTOBBixi.

139*. Bl B03HHKHOB6HiH KpeCTOEHX-B BnsaHTia BO

nOXOflOB'B HrpaJIH HSBiCT-
T-. .
BTOpOH 1IOJIO-
Hyio POJIB H ousanrMucKiH omuowemfi. BocTO^naa HMnepia BO BTO- BHH t xi B.
pofi nojOEHH-B XI
B. no^seprajiacB onacnociH He TOJIBKO co CTO-
POHBI xypoKi, HO H co ciopOHBi HOpMaH^eB'B. Korji;a na BHsaH-
TincKiH npecTOJnb BCTynHJH> yMHBin H 9HeprHiHBra Ajieucrbu KOM-
uum (1081 1118), TO HanpaBHJTB CBOH CHJIBI oaBHBiMi. oSpasoMi,
na 6op&6y ci PodepTOM-B FiOHCKapOMi. OHT. uocjiajn, HPOTHB-B Hero
BOHCKO, cocToaBmee OTqacTH H3i> TypoKi), H OKa3ajii> BM-ECT'E C'B T-BM-B
^eHeatHyio noMom,B sana^HOMy HMnepaTOpy (Fe,HpHxy IV) BI ero
BOHH-B ci. nanoii (FpHropieMi, VII), sa KOTOparo sacTynnjca Po-
6eprB FioHCKap-B. AjreKc-Bio KoMnnny y^ajiocB OTpasHTB HOpMan^-
n.eB'B, HO TypKH OKasajiHCB 6o;i'Be ouacHBiMH BparaMH. Bi> BOHH-B C'B
HHMH BnsaHTia noTepajia Aumioxm H 9deccy, HTO sacTaBH.io HMne-

CM. Kapxy XVJI.

CPlAHflfl HCTOPW.
 98

paxopa HCKaxB noMOin,H Ha Sana^i. Bi 910 Bpena na nancKOATB

npecxoJTE CH.U'EJI'B Yp6anz II, Koxoparo AjieKC'BH npocHJi HOMOIB
eny npoxHB-B neBipHuxi,. TaKHJTB ofipasoM-B H Busaumix yuacmeo-
en drb/m> eosfiyofcdeuia Kpecmoeuxz noxodoei. Sana^Hue na-

flOJHKHBi 6HJIH noco6HXB en BI> 6opB6ij ci> MycyjBMaHaMH, HO

Bt 3XOAT& 6ti.ia H Apyraa ciopona: pimapCKHM-B oiKmemflMt
fl'feji'B

npHxo,a;HJiocfc npoxodumb npesz eusanmiucmfi eAadnnia, mo OKasa-

JIOCB HMnepin BecLMa H BectMa HeSesonacHLiMt.
fljra

140.
liana YpdaHi, II OXOTHO corjiacnjcfl OKaaaiL A,ieKciio
cBoe cofliHCTBie. Boo6m;e nanu CUMHO noKpoeumeMcmeo-
t
_^ O. r^
earn saeoeeaHiw Ce. OBMAU. dio npe^npiflTie, HM-EBraee
nyio u$Jib H HaiaBmeeca no.n'B 6jrarocjOBeHieMi. naiibi,
snaMeneMt n;epKBH pimapcitm H Hapo^HLifl onoJiqeHia H T-BM'L
HpaBCTBeHHun aBTOpHierB. Em,e FpHropin VII
ycHJiHBajio ea
Ha ocBotfoiKfleme rpo6a Focno^Ha HS-L pyK-L neBipHLix-B,
Ha ^ijio, jjocTOHHoe xpnciiancKaro BOHHCTBa. 9xy ate ca-
MBICJIL npOBOAHj^ BT> cosname o6m,ecTBa H YpSaHi. II. Bi
1095 T. OH-B C03B8JEX COfiOpZ 6V E^epMOHTb (ffb OBepHH), Ha KO-
TOpHH C06pa10CB MHOateCTBO flyXOBHHXTb, pBIH,apeH H npOCTOJIIOAH-
HOBi). Bi> nojii OKOJO ropo^a 6ujn> ycipoeni HOMOCT^, ci KOTO-

paro nana npOH3Heca> nepe^i. HapoAOMi pi^B, npnsBiBaa ero ET,

ocBo6oat^emio rpo^a rocno^Ha. OTB^TOMX na BTO B033Bame

BOCTOpmeuHBift KpHK-B, BmreTiBmiH HS^ H^IBIX^ TBicaqefi rpy^efi: n T
XOIGTI, Bori>!" OxnpaBJiaBfflHMca BI HOXOA'B nanoro 6BMH

oxnymeHie rpixoBi H noneieme n,epKBH 06^ ocTaBJieHHBixi. ceMBax-B

H HMym,ecTBaxi. BH'fefflHHM'B npHsnaKOMi) yqacxia B-B HOXOA^ SBIJII.
na mraxBe Kpecx-B, oxKy^a H npOH30in.no HasBanie Kpecmo-
paBHO KaifB H CaMHXl. HOXO^OBl. TaKHMI) OflpaSOATB HHH-
n,iaxHBa nepBaro Kpecxosaro noxo^a BHnuia OX'B nanu, H
in,ie noxo^H xoate B036y^Aa^HCB nanann. Bi H-BKOXOPBIX-B

HMI, npocxo XOX^JIOCB XOJBKO ydaAiimb usz Eeponu onacnbtxz d.w

uuxb locydapeu.
141*. Bctxi. KpeCXOBBIXTE. HOXO^OB'B 6BIJIO HieKOJI&KO. 06BIK-
06ui,iH xapaK-ooBGHHO UXK HaCHUmWdawmt C6Mt> lAO8HUXb, H6 BKJKma Bl> 3X0
qHCJI0 M6H ^ e BaatHBia npeAnpiaxia xoro ate poji,a. I^-BJBIO Kpecxonoc-

n,eB-B 6BMO He XOJIBEO ocBO^oat^eHie rpo6a Focno^Ha, HO H aaeoe-

eauie uoebixz semeM. Bi 3x0 BpeMa eBponefir^aM-B, .nMcxBHxejBno,
y,a;aBajiocB noKOpaxB i^^JiBia cxpanBi, B'B KOXOPBIX-B OHH H ycmpau-
ea.m ceou locydapcmea xapaKxepa. Boo6in;e KpecxoBBie
(|)eo^ajiBHaro
IIOXO^BI 6BMH npednpifimieMz cpeodaMuaio Mipa, H BI H-BKOXOPBIXI.
noxo^axx HC yqacxBOBajio ^aaie HH Oflnoro Kopoja: 3x0 6ujio Kan-B
.
Boo6in,e
 99

nepsyio po-ib BT> npe,nnpaxax'b nrpajH nan,H, BI> Koxopbix'b ULJJIO

paaBHxo (J)eo;i,a.ibHoe ptmapcxBO. OCO^GHHO 6o.ibinyio 9Hepriio
H no HXI HMCHH na BocxoKt CTMH B0o6me
,

BC'EX'b
sanaAHiixt eBponeHo.eB'B (fipaumMU. HxajibflHH.bi, y
BT> 9x0 BpeMa
yjKe pasBHBajrca ropOAOBofi 611x1, cMoxpijJiH na
BOjray npeHMym,ecTBeHHO C'B TO^KH spinia tuopioebixi uumepecoet H
BH^IH Bt CBponeficKHXi saBoeBaniaxt Ha BOCTOK-B .inrnb onopy ^a
CBOHXT, KOMMepqecKHXt npe^npiailH. Ho B-B KpeciOBtix'B noxo^ax-L,
caMOcmomm.i'buoe SHcweme npUHadMMaAO u peauiios-
odyMeeAeum, npjraHMaBineMy HHor^a j^aate dojiiaHeHHtia
<|)OpMLi.Hep-E^KO BO BpeMH noxo.noB'B coBepinajiHCb eepeucKie no-
^poMbl, a B^ HaiajrB XIII B. BO $paei;iH H Bt FepManiH ycxpan-
#aa&e upecmoeue noxodu drbmea. HaKOHen;'L, nonaTHO, ITO
a saBoeBaHia na BOCTOK'B conpOBO^ajHCb H
pacnpocmpaHenieMt KamojiuvbusMa,'.
142. IlepBLlH KpeCTOBblH nOXO^l. Ha^aJICfl BCKOp-B nOCJli K.;iep- HepBHt no-
MoncKaro co6opa. Ha nocjiaHia Ypdana II KI KopojiflMi, H nan-
Co .lie SHaTHbiMi) (Jjeo.fliajraM'L H na SOBI, nponoBi^HHEOBi, nocjan-
HBIX'B nanOK) BO BCi CTOpOHU, C'bpaflOCTbK) OTKJHKHyJIHCb BO BC^Xl
CJioaxi o6m,ecTBa. HpaBHJibHO opraHHSOBanHbiMi. onOviqeniflM-b PBI-
jjapeii npe,nmecTBOBajn> uucmo napodnuu noxo^^
no.n'b npeABO^H-
Hei'pa HycibiHEHKa H 6-BAHaro pbin,apfl Bajibiepa Fo-
9xoro noxo,a,a (dojibineio lacibio
H c-b PeHHa) nycxHJiHCB BI nyxb, He Hark
H xpy,n;HOCXH nyxH, HJIOXO o^Tbie H iyxb He deso-
Hacxoam,aro o6osa H 6esT> .neHeatHbix-b cpe,a;cxBx. Ha
nyxn HX-B Bcxpijqajra He,npyate.iH)6HO, HO OHH Bce-xaKH npoimm ,a;o-
JIHHOH Aynaa ^epes-B Benrpiio H Bojirapiro, rpa6a Hacejienie H
npoSHBaa ce^i Aopory CHJIOH), H
KoHCxaHXHHonojia, r^t
flonuiH ^;o
xoase npHHajiHCb rpa6nxB. ^xoSbi ox^jaxBca ox^ xaKHX-B onacHbixt

rocxefi,BHsaHxiiicKoe npaBHxejbcxBO nepenpaBH^o HX-B B-L Majyro

Asiio, HO npn Hunerb HX-B Bcxp'fexH.io xypen;Koe BOHCKO, H HO^XH BC'fe
OHH 6miH nepe6HXBi. Bi> 1096 r. eucmynuAo ez noxodt u pm^apcmeo.
B^ 9XOM-B noxoA'B ne yqacxBosajio HH o^noro Kopojia, ^a H B0o6m;e
y axoro npe^npiaxia ne 6mro o6m;aro BoatA. Bo rjiaB^ ptmapeft
c^BepHOH $paHi^iH H FepMamH cxoaji-B repn,on> HnatHefi .loxapHH-
riH Tom(j)pudt> EyjiwucKm CT& (5paxoMi, CBOHMI, EaAdyunoMo, H
HXT> noni.iH
oxpaAH cyxHM-b nyxeMi B^OJB ,3,yHaa. ^pyrnMH BO-
at^aMH 6HJIH repnori. HOpMaH^CKifl Po6epmt (6pax-b aHrjiiicKaro KO-
POJIH), rpa({)'b BepMan^yacKia Fyiom (opax-b (|>paHi;y3CKaro K0po.ua),
rpat|)T> xyjiyscmn PaiiMyndt, Bci xpoe HSI ^panqiH, H xapeHXCKm
EodMyndo C'b n.ieMaHHHKOMT> CBOHMX TauKpedoMt HS
7*
 100

HXaJIBBHCKHXT) HOpMaHflH.CB'B. OxpaflBI SXHX'B

nprfexajiH Ha EajrcaHCBift nojiyocxpOB'B iiopen-B (HS-B MxajiiH). KOH-
cxanxHHonojiB npOH3BejTB Ha KpecxoHOcn.eB'B OHCHB CHJIBHOC Biieqa-
xjiinie CBOHM'B BejmKOi'EnieM'B H tforaxcxBOMTb, HO caMH OHH OICHB
ne noHpaBHJiHCB rpeKaiw, CBOCIO rpyfiocxBio H
Meatfly BHsaHxianaMH H npHmejiBH,aMH naiajmcB
CXBIIKH, BCJi'EflCXBie iero HMnepaxop^ dHJt'B paflx Hs6aBHXBca H oxi.
9XHXT. rocxen, HO OH'B HOSBOJHJI'B nepesesxH HXX B'B Majryio Asiio
HOCJTB xoro, KaKi npe^BOAHxejiH sana^Haro onojiiema dcuiu

npucmy e* moM7>, umo fiydyrm emy en>puu u eosepamamb ujune-

piu aeMAu, Koxopna 0x601010x1 y xypOK-B. B'B Majiofi Asin Kpecxo-
HOCII;BI noMOOH rpeKaMi. BSBXB Hunew, a sax^M-B na^ajiHCB H caMO-
cxoaxejBHBia cpamenia KpecxoHOcn;eB & MycyjiBManaMH. Ha caMBix-B
p
C-B

ate nepBBixi. nopax'B, oflnaKo, OKasajiocB, qxo H^KOxopBie eootcdu

6uj?u ne npow> omcmami> omz onomenifi H yxBep^HXBca B-B KaKOH-
jrn6o H3i ox6HXBix & y xypOKi M^cxHOCxen. TaKi> nocxynn.i'B paHBme
r

flpyrnx'B Eajidyum, saBJiafl'feBiniH ddeccou. GayiajiHCB Me.5Kfly

H ccopn, a ns'B-sa o6jiaflaHia Anmioxieu TOXOBO CBIJIO
BCHBiXHyxB Meatfloyco6ie Meatfly PafiMyHflOMi, H
KaKi. 6n xaM'B HH 6wjio, ycn-Enmo cpaataacB C'B

KpecxoHOCHBi BI, 1099 r. floinjiH flo lepycajiHMa. Iloxofl'B npodo.i-

oicaMfi xaKHMi odpasoMi mpu loda. Hsx 400 XBicaq^, BBicxynnB-
fflnxi. B'B noxofl'B, OBMO y^Hxo B'B cpaatefliaxx, yMep.io oxi o'oji'fcs-

HCH H JTHmemH xpyflnaro ryxn H ocxajiocB B'B saBoeBaHHBixx no

floporfc ropoflaxi xaKi MHOFO, ixo y CX'BHI lepycajiHMa codpajiocB
eflBa JIHHIB nax& xBicai'B KpecxoHOdjeBi). BflxysiasMi. OHOJI-
flBafli^axB

qenia, Korfla
yBHfl'EJio OHO
CBam,eHHBiH ropofl^, dBuri, 6e3rpaHH ii-
HBIH. KpecxoHOcn;Bi He HOHIJIH HH Ha Kama MHpHBia ycjiosia.
Popodt GUM essimz npucmynoMb, H B'B HCMI npOHSonuiH pisna

143. SaBoeBaB'B lepycajiBMi,, KpecxoHOcn,Bi us6paAu Fomfipuda

lepycaJiBM- ByjiWHCmiO
'
OK HC HOatCJiaJIl HOCHXB KOpOHBI B'B
KOVOAU, HO OH'B
CK06 KOpOJieB- v v -rr v
CTBO. ropoflii, rfl-BHa Xpncxa xepHOBBifi Binen;!,, H orpaHH-
HaflTBBajiH
iHjica CKpOMBBiMi) xaxyjiOMi saiyumuuKa ipo6a Tocnodnn. (Ilocji'fe
Hero n.apcxBOBaji'B BajiflyHH'B ya;e C'B xflxyjiOM-B Kopojia). HoBOMy
L
KOpojteBCXBy ) Hyatno ^BIJIO em,e oxcxansaxB CBOC cymecxBOBanie.
npoxHEi, KpecxoHoci^eB-B aBHJiocB BOHCKO H3-B ErHnxa, a
MHOrie K3T> npHHieflmHX'B C'B FoX^pHflOM'B ByJIBOHCKHM'B
Ha pOflHHV. FoX^pHfl'B By.IBOHCKiH CT.yM'kl'B,
cnpaBHXBca co BC^MH saxpyflHeniaMH. Bi DajiecxHHy nocxoaHHO

J
) CM. Kapxy XVII.
 101

flB,ia.ocb HOBiieH HOBLie OTpflAM KpecTOHOcneBi,, npii noMoin,n KOTO-

ptixx lepycajiHMCKoe KOpo.ieBCTBO IIOTOM'& TO.ILKO H
3aBoeBaHHtia KpecTOHOcn,aMH
noMjnu.m cpeodaMuoe ycmpoucmeo. Kopojb
ciHiajica ciosepeHOM.i) ivkiaro pAa .npyrHx-b BJia^'fejibiiieB'L, xoxa
saBHCHMOCTb 6tuia TOJIBKO HOMHHajibHafl. (Fpa(|)Li TpnnojibCKiH H
CKift H KHflSb aHTioxiHCKifi 6LI.1H COBGpnieHHO CaMOCTOflTCJIbHLIMH
rocyji,apflMH). MejiKie Baccajra, cociaBJiflBmie <J)eo,najibHoe ABOPHH-
CTBO, ToaKe nojibsoBajiHCb 6ojibfflHMH npasaMH. M'fcciHoe nacejieHie,

roBopHBmee no-rpeqecKH H npHHaAJejaaBmee KI BOCTOHHOH

wpuduHecuyw u dKouoMunecKyw
6H.io nocmaejieno oz
OTT> BTHXI. UOBBIX'b TOCnOA'B.OABBMT, CJIOBOMt, KpeCTOHOCI^bl
HecjH BX CHpiro H DajiecTHHy secb ^eo^ajibHLiH ^HT-L CBOGH po-
,a,HHbi. (BnocJi'BACTBiH, HMenno EX XIII B. EX xpHCTiaHCKHx-L rocy^ap-

CTBaxi> BociOKa B03HHKJIH n&m.e -BaatHLie naMaiHHKH ^eo^ajibnaro

npasa, HSB-fccTHHe no^t HasBameMi. iepycajHMCKHXi. H aHTioxifi-
CKHX-L accHsi.). ^TO Kacaeics ,a;o ropo,ncKoro Hacejrema, TO OHO
nojibsoeajiocb sdrbCb wuponuMv caMoynpaejienieMz, H BI HGM'B BH,H-

Hyio pojib ciajiH Hrpaib HTajbjmnLi, BeAinie ofimupnyw mopioe.m

ci COC'BAHHMH CTpanaMH. ^yxoBCHCTBO, KaKi H Ha Sanaa's, xaKace
HM-BJIO 3A"feCb H 36MJIH, H HpHBHJieriH.
144. BecbMa dojibmyro no^epaiKy Haxo^HJio xpHCiiaHCKoe
BT, Cnpin H IlajiecTHH'E BX xaKx HasuBaeMbix-L dy- op^eHa.

o6pa30BaBmHXca s^Cb EJ> 9noxy nep-

opdenaoct,
saro KpeciOBaro noxo^a. 3xo SBIJIH CpaxciBa pbmapeft, COCTOHBHJHXI
Bi) TO ^e BpeMfl MonaxaMH, HacToamee nopowdeuie
KamoMmecmio o6iu ecmea TOr^afflHeii sana^HOH EBponti.
/

TaMH MonauiecTBa (desdpaiie, necTFataHie H nocjiymame) OHH co-

,a,HHflJIH o6^T b 6opB6l>I Cli HeB'BpHUMH H SamHTBI nBJIOMHHKOB'L.
r

^TH oonjecTBa pBmapeii-MOHaxoBi HM'BJH npaBH.ibHyio opraHHsa^io

c-b ocoCiiMH ycTaBaMH, BJOA^JIH seMJiiiMH n saMKaMH H na BOCTOK-B,
H BT> Esponii, coAepatajiH Ha CBOH cqex'b BoflcKa H ycTpaHBa.iH
H 6o.IbHH^H. Paete flpymxi. o6pa30Bajica
nxajibaHi^eBi, H oxqacTH
opdem lOcnumcMbepoez (x.-e. 6ojibHHqHHKOBi,) HJH
HasBaHHiiH TaKi> no HMeuH CBoero naxpona, CB. loaHHa lepyca-
JIHMCKarO. OTJIHqHTeJIbHHM'L HXI. SHaKOM'B SblJI'L HepHHH Mam,!. Ct
6'kiLiMi, KpecTOMi,, Ha^BaBuiiiica na pimapcKie AOCH^XH. BTO-
PHMI, 6mrL qncTO (|)paHii,y3CKiH op^eni. maMHMepoez, T.-e. xpaMOB-
HHKOB-b,nojyqHBuiiii CBOC nasBanie OTI. CojiOMOHOsa xpaMa, M^CTO
KOTOparo 6ujio HMI, no^apeno BajiAyHHOMi. Hxi n^amx SHJII. 6^-
CT. KpacHHM'L KpeciOM-B. Yffie ropas^o nosAHte (B-B anoxy
 102

xpexBflro noxo.ua) BOSHHKI, H'EMen.KiH opdew, meemonoeo,

KOTOparo HOCH.IH ft-EJiBiH njami> ct iepHHMT> KpecxoMt. Bel*
nepeotcuAu lepycamMCKoe KOpOAeecmeo. Ilocjij noxepn xpn-
CB. SeMJin ioaHHHxu nojiyyHjH ocxpOB-B Podocv, a no sa-
ero B-L XVI B. ocMancKHMH xypKaMH nepeciMHJiHCB Ha.
ocxpoBTb MaMmy (MajiBxiiicKie pBiuapii), KOTOPLIMI, B^aA^JiH ^o KOH^a
XVIII B. TaMimepH nepecejJHJHCt BO $pann,iK) H npocymeciBO-
xaM-L AO saqaja XIV B. Bi XIII cTOJiiiiH qaciL TCBTOH-
pBin,apeH yxBepAHjacB ea HHatHeM'B xe^eHin BHCJILI H
noKopenieM-B H oCpamenieMi, B-B xpncxiaHCXBO
npyccoev. SA^CB OHH ocnoBajiH BecBMa Baatnoe opdeucxoe
sjtadrbnie
l
). Y MaronexaHi. xoaie oSpasosajicfl CBoero po^a op^en-B
2
accacHHOB-B, oxjiKqaBmificfl pejiHriosHBiMx HsyB'spcxBOM'B ).

145. MycyjiBMane, KOHeqno, He MOOH noMHpnxBca ci cyin,e-

no- cxBOBanieMi) lepycajiHMCKaro KopojiescxBa H XOX^JIH BepeyxB ceSt
'

36MJTH, saBoeBaHHBifl KpecxoHoci^aMH. Kor^a xypKH oxBoeBajia y

xpncxiaHi> 9^;eccy (1146), nana nopygHwi-B sHaiaeHHxoMy BI xo
CBOHM-B acKexHSMOMTb H KpacHOpi^ieMi, a66axy Eepnapdy
nponoB^OBaxB HOBBIH IIOXOA'B. riponoBi^B Monaxa,
Ha Koxoparo CMOXP^JIH, KaK-B Ha CBaxoro, HM-feja rpOMa^HBiu ycnix's
H BO $paHn,in, H BI FepMaHiH. Ha 9x0x1, pas-B BO rjas-B Kpecxo-
Hocnaro npe^npiaxia no HacxoflHiro CB. Bepnap^a cxajin (fipaHyya-
cuiu KOPOM JhodoeuKb VII, acejiaBniiH saMOJHXB CBOH rp-fexH, H
Hrbmemdu UMnepamop* JKonpadt III, no6oflBmiHca oxs'Bxa na
r

cxpamHOMi cy^t sa rn6eJiB lepycaJiHua. IIepBBiM & BBicxynnjio Hij-

Mei^Koe onojHenie, 4)paHn:y3Bi ROUIJIH nocjii. 06a BoficKa ci BejiH-
KHMl, Xpy.H.OM'B H Cl 60jl&fflHMH UOXepflMH AOHMH /tO CnplH, T^-B BM'BCX'fe
ci xaMomHHMH xpncxiaHaMH ocaAHJin flajuacK?,. Hpe^npiflxie KOH-
vuAOCb, odnaKo, noAnow Heydcwew, H o6a rocy^apa CT> atajiKHMH
ocxaxKaMH CBOHX'B onojiqeniH BOSBpaxHJiHCB AOMOH (1147 1149).
MejKfly X^M-B BCKOpi HOCJ-B axoro npOHSoimio coedunenie asiam-
cmio u eiunemcnaio xciAu^amoez OOATB BjacxBK) npe^npiHMqHBaro
CaAaduHO, (npocjraBHBinaroca Meat^y npo^HMi. H CBOHMt
B-B 1187r. OH'B pasdHJi BOHCKO iepycajiHMCKaro
Teudona JFmuHWHa (He,n;ajieKO oxi, TueepiadcKaio osepa),
a 3axiM"B 63HM u lepycaAUMz. CBoefi noS'B.n'fc Cajia^
xapaKxepi>. BsaxBie HJ^H-B ^yxoBHbie puqapH
BT>

HsSieniio; B-B lepyca.iHM'B 6BiJiH BOscxaHOBJieHBi sci Meiexn,

') CM. Kapxy XIII.

2
) HMH iipOHSoniJio OTT> naaBaida cuypaioiuaro raiirama (ramnrnHMi.) H

4>paHity30B'b HapHuaTejtbHHMi, (assassin y6iiin,a).

 103 -
CT> pbin,apaMH H
nociynajTb, o^naKO, MHJIOCTHBO.
146. SaBoeBame BBisBajio mpemiu Tpe-rffi no-
lepycajiHMa CajiaAHHOMi,
Kpecmoeuu noxodz (1189 1192). B-B HCMT, yqaciBOBaJiH ipn ro-
cyAapa: MtMtfUffiti UMnepamopz 0pudpuxz fcap6apocca u Kopojiu
3>panu,iu u Anuiu, 0u^unnz 11 Aeiycmz u Pwiapdz JLwunoe
Cepdu/e. ^pn^pHxi II AOCTHFB Asm cyxHMi. nyxeMi nepes-B KOH-
ciaHTHHonojiB, HO no flopork BT> CHpiro yTOHyjn> BI. OAHOH p'BK'B,
KOTOpyio BSflyMajTB nepenjiBiiB, H xor^a snaiHTejibHaa qacxb ero
BOSBpaiHJiacb BI FepMaHiio. /Jpyraa qacxb H^MenKHXi) Kpe-
noni.ia Ha noMom,B KI TQudony, ocaaJAa-BnieMy Anpy

(AKKOH'B), KOiopaa roate 6HJia saxfiaiena CajraAHHOMi>. CiOAa aie

aBHJiHCb CT CBOHMH pBin;apaMH H o6a sanaAHbie Kopojia
H aHOHMaHe He ^a^HJiH
H PH^apA^. 3>paHn,y3bi
eni,e ^opori. (Meat^y npoiBMi BT CHn,HJiiH OHH
co6oio BI>

pa3rpa6miH MeccnHy, a aHranqane saeoeeojiu fiunpz, idn> ycmpou-

nomoMz oco6oe Kopo.ieecmeo HOA'B BJiacTbio diiBmaro iepyca-
J
Kopojra ). Oca^a Anpn saxaHyjacb na flBa ro^a, HO
HaKOHen.-B ropOA'B GBIJTB B3aii>. Bo BpeMa STOH BOHHBI
npocJiasHJica CBoero Heo6y3AaHHOCTbio H atecTOKOCTbio. IIocJi'B
AKPBI OHi copBaJi'B C'B ea CT^HI. snaMa H'BMei;Karo cxpa^a H sa-
Toniajix ero BT> rpasB; BTE* Apyrofi pasi OH'B BCJiiji'B nepednib 60-

jiieAByxt ibicaq^ n.iiHHbix'b capan,HHOB-B JIHHIB sa TO, qxo BO-BpeMa

He dbiJTB AOCxaBjieHi) odimaHRHH sa HHXI. BbiKymb.
CBOHMl. COI03HHKOM1,, $HJIHnn B-ABryCT^
r

BOSBpaTHJICa B-B

Ky^a BCKOpi sa HMMI ykxajTB H PnqapA'B, ysnaBmiH, HTO npoxHBX

Hero BI AnrjiiH CTajn> AMcTBOBaTb POAHOH ero Cpaxi. (loaHH-B
H'EMn.Bi, Mcxa eMy sa GCKOp6jieHie HX^
ero, Kor^a OH'Bqepes-B FepMaHiio ixajii AOMOH, H
BpeMa ocxaBajica y HHX-B BI. nji^Hy. OinycmiH ero na
CBo6oAy JIHHIB sa 6ojiBfflOH BBiKyni,. TaKi) nenajiBHO OKonmica

HOXOA^, xoTa, HecMOipa na OTO, sa xpHCiianaMH no

Tpeiifi
PnqapAa ci> CaJiaji.HHOM'B ocxajiacb ysnan 6epeiooan no^oca
Jlcficfiou u TupOM6 H 6biJio yTBepatAGHO npaso CBo6oAHaro noci-
n^enia CBaxbixi. M^CTX.
147. TaKHM-b HCXOAOM-B Tpeibaro noxo^a, KOHCHHO, Ha Sanaa's
* t ^ <- noxoii.
H6 AIOIMH OBITI, AOBO.IBHH, H 11'BCKOJbKO Jl'BT'B CnyCTB, OblJI-B yCTpOBH-B
nemeepmuu noxodz, HeoiKHAanHO OKOH^HBUiiiica saeoe&anieM* npecmo-
Busaumiu u npedpautemejuz en oz JlamunCKyw UMnepiw.
noxoA'B dmiT. BOSoyaJAen'b nanoro HnnoKenmieMz III, BOSBLICHB-

J
) CM. napry XVII.
 104

mHM-b nanciBO Ha He6tiBajiyio Biicoxy H MeiTaBinHMt 061.

mn xypOK-b H3i> lepycajHMa. KaKi, H B-B nepBOMT> noxo.o.'E, HH
Kopojib B^ qexBepxoM'L noxofl'E He yqacTBOBa.ii.. FjiaBHiiMH ero
BOJKflflMH 6ujin ipacpv MOHcfieppamcmu Bonucfiait/iu u ipa$'> cfi.mndp-
cmu Ea.%dyum, HOHJJIH e no^i Hxt sHaMenaMH npeHMymecxBCHHO
pimapn. B'L 1203 r. KpecxoHOcn,Li co6pajiHCb Bt Be-
iu, ci> Koxopoio HMH CHJI saKJiioqeH'B npe^BapHTejLHO oco6uii
doioeopz. BeHen;iaHn;Li oftestiBaJiHCb nepesesTH onoJi^eHie na CBOHXI
Kopa6jiflxx, KpecTOHOC^tI o5 Bm,ajiH
r

aa BTO noMoraiB HMI, B'L HXI.

pacnpflxi, c'B coc^aMH. B'B 310 BpeMa BeHen,ia Haxo^HJiacb BI ne-

OTHomeHiax'B ci .naJtMaTHHCKHMt ropOAOMi, 3apow,
ci Hero BX MOpCKofi ToproBjiij. KpecTonocr^Li oca-
3apy, HO Kt HHMI, HBHJica croAa sa noMombio em;e H eusanmiucKiu
i^apeeuuz AjieKCrbu, CHHI HMnepaiopa Hcaam Amenta,
ci> npeciojia, H noca^eHnaro BT, TiopbMy
ocj-fenjieHHaro

6paTOMi.. B-b sa noMomb KpecTOHOcn;aM b 6bMH

i

narpa^y
6oJibniia flenbrii, co^HCTBie BI BOHH'B sa lepyca-MM-b u
ie nanciBy BocToqHOH uepKBH. CT. CBOCH ciopOHbi, H Bene-
epiKajiH npocb6y n.apeBHia, H coe,ztHHeHH
npe^BO^HTe.ibCTBOM'b npeciap'BJiaro dowa,
iio.n'b

KoHcxanTHHonojieMi, HOCJI'B iero BOSBpaiHJiH BJiacib npea-

HMiiepaTopy. Kor.ua, OAHaKO, rpeKH BOcnpOTHBHJiicb HCHOJI-
^anHbixi KpecTOHOCi^aM-b H BeHen.iaHn.aM'L oCtmaniH H BOS-
npOTHB-b CBoero npaBHTejbCTBa, KpecxoHOcqBi BxopnqHO eanau
KoHcmaHmuHono<ib u nodeepuiu eio nacmomyeuy pasipOMii (1204).
148. OB.iajrBB'b xaKHM'b odpasoM^ cxojmu,eio BHsanxiacKOH HM-
ne pj H coiosHHKH rpasdrbJiujiu Me.wdu co6ow en emdnnifi. o6paso-
. i\
L
eaez UST> JlamuuCKyw UMnepiw ) CT> nepeHeceHieMi. H
HUXT>
sanaduaio (fieodasmsma. HMnepaxopOMi> HOBOH HMnepw
rpa^-b (JjiaHji;pCKiH, HO H flpyrie yqacxHHKH nojyqHJH CBOH
rpatj)!. Moii^eppaxcKifi OB.ia^'BJi'L Manedonieu
: H Fpeu/ieu, co-
CXaBHBHIHMH KOpOJieBCXBO OeCCCMOHUKCKOe, HCXOpHKl. 3XOFO HOXO^a
BuMiapdydm npespaxajicfl BI> iepu,oia Axaucmio H x. n. ^xo Ka-
caexca AO BeHen,iaHii;eBi., xo OHH BSJLIH cedi npuMOpCKin, ofijiacmu
EajtmuCKaio no.iyocmpoea u dame uacmi caMOio KoucmaHmiiHO-
no.w, Bnocj^cxBin OHH safiwiaA'BJiH H IipumoMZ. CT> axoro
H HaiHHaexca MopcKoe Morymecxso BeHen;iH, HO cana .

HMnepin oKasaJiacb cos^anieMi., BecbMa HenpoiHBiM-b. FpeqecKoe Ha-

cejieme oxHocnjocb K^ CBOHMI HOBHM-b rocno^aM-b ci> KpaHHeio
,
X^MI. o'oji'fce, qxo KpecxoHOcn;Bi noA^HnHJiH naxpiapxa

CM. Kapxy XVII.

 105

nairfc H BBGJIH jiaxHHCKoe HpHxoM'B He BCTE

ftorocjiyateme.
xiiiCKia o6,iacTH CBIJIH saxBaieHH
KpecxonocijaMH. Eo-ibmaa qacxb
xor.nainHHX'B Ma.no-asiaxcKHX'B B^a^'BEm BnsaHxiH npeBpaxHJiacb BI>
HumucKyw uMnepiw; KpOM-B TOFO, HE KX/KHOM-B <5epery ^epnaro
Mopa o6pa30Bajiacb uMnepin TpanesyudcKaa, H, HaKOnen.'B, 9nupz
cociaBiLi'b ox.u'E.ziBHoe rpeiecKoe BJia^-BHie. Bt 1261 r. HHKeftcKifi

HMnepaxopi. MUXCLUM HaMOAou OTHHJT> KoHciaHTHHonojib y .iaTH-

H eoscmanoeuM ipenecKyw UMnepiw. Ho ^Jifl nocj'BAueH 3a-
ea KpecTOHOcn,aMH ne npomjo ^POMT.: OHO JIHIDHJO ea
ix'B BJia^HiH H euympenne ocjia6ujio.
149*. 06pa30BaHie JlaTHHCKofi HMnepin OWIOMKAO CUAU sanadnaio ^
^,
puu,apcmea omz Co. oejiwu, H XJIOHOTLI nanti MHHOKeHTifl Hi no^-
.405 ^R
HHTL IIOBLIH uoxoAt He npHBejiH Ki atejaHHOMy pesyjibTaiy. Ki
3TOMy BpeMeuH OTHOCHTCH, Meai^y npoiHMi>, H 3HaMennTHH noxodz
dnmeu. IIpaB^a, BX 1217 r. npHnajri, Kpeci'b wpOM eemepcidu
Andpeu ET> ci> H^KOTOPHMH KHflSbHMH FepMaHin, HO aiOTi
COIOS'B

noxo^x He HHKaKoro snaiema; HOBHM'B B-b HCMT, SBIJIO Jinnib TO,

HM'BJi'L

qio KpecTOHOcn,Bi HC orpaHHiHJiHCb OAHOH RajiecTHHOH, HO nanpaBH-

JIHCB H BX ErnneTi. (BojiBmero qaciBio H He CTaBaii, 9TOxi> HOXOAI B-B

o6m,iH cqeii> rjiasHBix-B KpecTOHOCHBixi, npeAnpiaTifi). KpOMt xoro,

nana HnHOKeHTifl III ycnijii, Bsaxb nepeA^ CBOCIO CMepxbio y HMnepa-
xopa 3>pudpuxa II Fownwrnayfyeua, o^tmaHie HATH fit CB. SCMJIIO,
HO nocJii^uiH HC xopormjica ci HcnojiHCHieM^ BTOFO o6 Bin aHia, r

djaronpiaTHbiXT) oCcxoaxejBCTB'B.
150. $PHAPHXT,II ToreHniTay^eH-L (12181250) ^BM-B po-
HSI*
^HHacTin, HaxoAHBUienca B-B nocToaHHOH 6opB6i ci> nan-

CTBOM-B. Ero OTCH.'B (FeHpHxi. VI) SBIJ-B azenaTi na Hacj'EAHHn.'fc

Heanoja H CHEiHJiiH, H ^pn^pHxi) II BjaA^i'B H STHMI rocy^ap-
CXBOMI,. BocHHxanHBiH Bi loajHOH HxajiiH cpe^H rpeKOB-B H capa-
n.HHOB'B, OHI, HC XOJIBKO He HM-Bj-B pejiHriosHaro <|)aHaxH3Ma, HO CKO-
r
P'fee oxjiaqajica ^aate npaMBiM b HH,a;H(j)4>epeHXH3MOMi) BI. A'feJiax'B B^PBI.

OH-B, OAHaKO, noHHMaji'B, KaKyro cnjiy ,a,ajio 6u eMy o6.ia^aHie lepy-

cajiHMOMi. H, Kor,a;a Hameji-B 9x0 y^oSHbiM-B, OTnpaBHJica BT, HOXOA^.
Ha nyi'H B-B HajiecTHny vb ero BOHCK-B HaqajHCB, Enpoieirb, sapasnBia
dojiisHH, HHMnepaTop^ nocniinHJix BepnyxBca nasaA'b. Hana (FpHro-
pifi IX) npe^ai-B ero xor,a;a npoKjaxiio, HO oxJiyqenHBiH HMnepaxopx
CHOBd OTiipaBHJica B-B IlajrecxiiHy H na BTOX-B pas-B ^OCXHFI CBOCH
H^JIH. ^pHApHX'B II 6u.HT> HCKyCHUH HOJIHXHK'B H C'ByM'EJI'B HCperO-

BopaMH CKJOHHXB erHnexcKaro cyjuaaa KI ycmymrb ejuy Iepyca.iuMa

UQXL yc.ioBieM'L CBo6oAiiaro AOCTyna fljia MaroMeTani) KI>
nieMyca HMH COJOMOHOBV xpaMy. liana o6iflBHJ'B BTOTX
H HaJIO/KH.!!. Ha Cfi. 36MJIK) HHTep^HKTI), TaKl. 1X0
 106

II na ce6a iepycajinMCKyio Kopony

caaii. BOSJioatHjit

n,epKOBHOH n,epeMomH. 9x0 6mio B-L 1229 r., HO lepes-B

naxeafluaxB jr-Exx TypKH CHOsa OBjiafl'kiH Iepyca.iHMOMi> (1244).
Ycn'Bxy xpncxiaH'L MHOFO M^majio TO, *no ET> 9x0 Bpena BI> sanafl-
HOH EBponi} BejiacB owcecmoHtHHOH 6opb6a MeoKdy nancmeoMz u
UMnepieu. BcKopfc nocjii CAtepxn $pn^pHxa II nanii, atejiaa OTHHTB
y ero Hacji B a;HHKOBi CimH.nio H Heanojib,
r

(
npH3Ba.m Ty,a,a
n;y30Bi, EOTOpne H OMaA^JH BTHMI. ocipOBOMi, (1268).
151*. IIocjii^Hie ,pa noxo.ua 6ujiH. npeAnpHHflTH ^pan^
KOp OJi em JIwdoeuKOMZ
.
IX CenmuMz.
.
IlepBEiH
r HSI. HHXX 6ujn> E&-
no HacTOflmio nanu (MHHOKeHTiH IV) BCKOpi nocji'B HOBaro sa-
lepycajiHMa MycyjLMauaMH. JIOAOBHK'B IX piuinjica nanacmt
nptiMO ua camoio eiunemcmio cyjimana H, BEica^HBrnHCt H6Aa.ieKO
fffiMiemmu (y HHJILCKOH ^BJIBTH), OBJia^-BJii) axHMTb ropo^ojo, (1248).
Bt ErHnTi KpecTonocn,Li no,a,BeprJiHCL pasniiM^ Soj-BsnaMt H cxajn
TepniiB nopaatenia. Can-b K0po.it nonajit flame BX n^Hi, HSX KO-
Toparo 6mi &
r

ocBo6oat,a;eHT> JIHID& sa doJitmOH BiiKyn'B

nocjii 9Toro BX CB. Seaurs.
Bce-xaKH nodHBaj-B
no BOSBpamemH ex BocxoKa J!IOAOBHKI IX npe,n-
jiixx
HOBHH HOXOflt (1270), HO yate H6 BCXp4xHJII OOJIBmOH
BI. CBoeMx pimapcxBi. He 3a,a;o.!iro nepe^x X-BMI, ero

6paxi> JKapM AnotcyucKm OBjrafl'BJii. CH^HJIieH H HeanojieM'B, H

HOBHH BjracxHxejiB K>atHOH Hxajiin npocHJit y Hero noMom,H npo-
XHBl C-BBepO-a^pHKaHCKHX-B Capan.HHOB'B. HpeCXap^JBIH BOpOJB BBI-
caflHjrca BX Tyuucrb, HO SA^CB m> ero BOHCK'B HaiajracB HyMa, KO-

xopaa CBejra BI MorHJiy H caaioro JlroflOBHKa IX. Y xpncxiaH-B H

BX XIII B. BCC enje ocxasajHCB Koe-Kama Bjaflinia Ha BOCXOKA,
H ,pa cnacenia HX'B OX-B rn6ejiH oxnpaBjiajica xy^a eme aHMiHCKift
npHHn,!, BflyapA^, HO AHH 3XHX1, BjafliHiH SLLIH co^xeHti. HOCJI'BA-
HHM-B nyHKXOMl, Bt KOHII^B KOHIJ,OBi BHHyatfleHflHM'B CflaXBCa My-

cyjiBManaMt, 6tiJia Anpa, icoxopaa nona.ia BT, nxx pyKH B-B 1291 r.
9xo cotftixie H cinxaexca KOUI^OMI npecmoeuxz noxodoez.
152*. KpecxoBiie noxoflti HM^JIH Baatnoe HcxopnqecKoe sna-
^eHie. 9x0 6Bi.io caMUMZ npynuuMb cmojiKHoeenieMZ Meotcdy xpu-
e upecTo-
cmiancKUMz u MycyMMauCKUMK Mipajuu, MCTK^y KOXOPLIMH B0o6m,e
mjra 6opB6a. OHO Ha^ajroct B-B xy anoxy, Kor^a xajH^axi, yate
pacnajrca Ha rocy^apcxBa, HO H Meatfly xpncxiaHaMH
oxfl-ljBHtia
HC 6HJO corjiacia. BtponcnoB'BflHaa POSHB cxaBHja KpecxoHocn;eB'B
H rpeKOB'B BO BpaatfledHLia oxHonieHia, fla H caMH sanaflHBia
BtiCHjaBfflia KpecxoHOCHua onojiqeHia, flMcxBOBajH
EBponefinaM'B ne oxnaxB y MycyjibsiaH-B ]3ajiecxHHy,'H
yflajiocB noxoflti,
HMH ex 9x010 n, kiBK) BI, Asiro, jrainB
r
 107

Buaanmiw. B'B ncxopin BanaflHOH EsponBi 3xn HOXOABI 611.111 ne-

nocpedcmeennuMz npodoaoiceweMi dpyiuxo saeoeeame^Huxz nped-

npinmiu ^eojajitnaro ptnjapcxBa; C'B noxoflaMH BI> CB. SeMJiio, MOHCHO
CKasaxB, OKOHqHjracB BOHHCXBeHHBia nepeflBHiKenia cpe.n.HHX'B B-EKOB-B.
Ha KpecxoBBix-B noxo^axx CKasajiacB xorae H cum KamojimecKOu
u,epKQU, xoxa, ci flpyrofi ciopOHH, Heyflaia Bcero npe^npiaiifl ne
Morjia He noBjie% sa co6oro pasonapoeauifi ez
udeaxz mmuAuuusMa. HaKOHeqi), STH BOHHH He TOJILKO
HHJIH, HO H ctijUUK&Ml Mewdy coOow omdn>MHwe napodu. PEI^apH
pa3HMXT> cipaHi, ynaciByfl vs> o6m,eMT) .nijit, HOCTOHHHO
saJiHCL MeiKAy co6oio, anoc-Ememe HMH BHsaHiin H
HXI B'B conpuKOCHoeenie cz nywdow
CKHXT. cipanx npHBOji,H.io

MamepiaAmow u dyxoenow nyMmypow. 3a BOHHaMH Ha BociOKi)

HUH Kyni;H, H KpecTOBtie DOXOAH ^aate COSA^IH ecw eeuewancKyw
u ieuy33CKyw mopioejiw Biopofi HOJIOBHHLI cpe^nnxi) B^KOBT). Kpe-
CTOHOCn,BI 3HaKOMHJIHC& CT> HOBHMH CTpanaMH H HapOAaMH, C"B HXTb
6HTOMI> H HOHflliflMH H npHHOCHJIH Cl> C060K) B'B EspOHy MHOffiC-
CTBO HOBBIX-B sHaHift H o^tiqaeB'B, qio, KOHe<rao, nodpuea^o npeotc-
wow KyMmypHyw ucKAwnume.iwocmb Sanada.

II.

153*. B-B XII H XIII BB., T.-e. 6Z dnoxy Kpecmoebixz noxo-

doei namojiuuecmx, u<epK06b docmuua nauOoMwaio
IlancKaa BJiacxB, nocxaBJieHHaa na He6BiBa.iyio Bticoiy B'B
XI B. FpHropieATB VII, ^epatajiacb Ha BTOH BBICOT^ .no naiajia
XIV CTOJi-Biia. CaMocToaiejiBHOCTB Hai^ioHajiBHHX'B n;epKBeH Sana^a
CBiJia ciOMJieHa. ^yxoBHaa B.iaciB nam& pacnpocipaHHjacB Ha HOBHH
cipaHLi BarBcrfe ci> saBoesaHiflMH KpecxoHOCi^eB'B B'B Asm H Ha
Ba.iKaHCKOM-B nojyocTpOB'B. Mnorie rocy,a;apH B'B 310 speMa oco-
6uMH anxaMH npHSHaBajH CBOIO saBHCHMOcxb oxi, nancxBa, Koxopoe

cepBesao cxa.10 pacnopflataxbca KOPOJCBCKHMH KopOHaMH, a B'B dopBfi-B

C-B HMnepieii B'B cepe^HH-B XIII B. OAepatMO nOjiH-BfimyK) uo-
(yEfly. TopatecxBO ^.yxoBHOfl BJiacxn na.n'B CBixcKoro
JIOCB pacwupeuieMi npa&z dyxoeeucmea no omuomeuiw Kb

o6w,ecmea. KaxojiHqecKoe AyxoBencxBO pasuBixi. cxpaH'B,

no.n.'B B.iacxBio nariBi, O^HO odJia^aBme
H CHJIBHOe CBOHMH Maxepia.lLHHMH CpCJI,CXBaMH, npHBBIK.10
ce6a H3I. CB^xcKaro o6m,ecxBa H omoyicecme.wmb i^epKoeb i,?aenbiM<>

ofipasoMK cv caMU.m codow. Mipane CBIJIH noaxoMy .lameHBi BcaKOH

CaMOCXOflXeJIBHOCXH B'B IjepKOBHOH aiH3HH. HapO^HBie flSBIKH 6BIJH
 108

H3X 6orocJiy^eHifl, H He-mmpHKaMx sanpemeno

CBameHHoe nncame. PaBHLiMx o(5pa30Mx y HHXX 6mio OTHHTO
npaeo npHiamaibca noflx odoHMH BHJUIMH (i.-e. xjrfcda H
ociaBJieHHoe sa OJJHHMX flyxoBCHCTBOMx, H npngacxie ciajio
HMX .iHinb HO.HX BH,HOMX o6jaTx (r.-e. ocsameHHaro xjrfc6a). U,epKOBt

ciajia BI> 9TO BpeMa eeodumi e?> oGuuau pasdcmy tmdy.meuu,iu, T.-e.

npomema rp-BXOBi RUB. JRHBLIX'B H yMepmnx-B sa ^ene^HHfl no-

HJIH KaKia-JiH6o ycjiyrn. Em,e FpHropiH VII ofrtnBH-rB

rpixoBi, Bciaii), KTO dy^exi noMoraib eiiy ET> 6opt6 B ex

i

IV, a Ypdani II, npOBOsraainafl KpeciOBtifi noxo^x, roate

nponoBi^OBaiL, qio yqaciie BX Henx 6yAeT-L BOsnarpaaxAaTtca
rpixoBx. CocTaBHJiact oco6aa Teopia, no KOiopOH
KOBB 6tiJia pacnopa^HTejiBEHnett BGJIHKOH coKpoBHmHHn,Bi
XpHCia H CBHTBIX'B, cnacaioiDiHxx Jito^eH sonpeKH HX-B rptxaarB. He
flOBO.uBCTByacB, KaKi, .nyxoBBBiMTb HaKasameiTB, OTJiyqemeMi OT^JIB-
HBIXX JIHI^X, KamoiecKaa n,epKOBB ciajia npHdiraiB eme KX uumep-
m.-e. uajiomeuiw ua nn>AUH cmpauu npeKpau^enin ecnxt
r

, Kpemenia. Bx 6opb6i> ex HenoKOp-

sa HCKJuoqenieMi.
HBIMH rocy^apflMH 9TO 6ujio cHJBHoe opy^ie BX pyicaxx nanx paa-
CMaipHBaeMaro nepio,a;a. ^pynmi. opy^ieMx ^yxoBHOfi BJiaciH c,a,i-
jrajiacB umeusuwfi, sanHMaBinaaca POSBICKOMI, H pascji^OBaHieMx

epeceii H cydoMt nadz epemummu, KOiopBie BX cJiyqa'B BHHOBHOCTH

no^BeprajiHCB KasHH nocpe^ciBOMx coat^eHia na Kocip'k HaKOHen.'B,
nanH upecmoeue noxodu ue moMKO npomum MycyM-
o6i)aBjrajiH

MdH?,, HO H npOTHEX epeTHKOBl., H AaJKG npOTHEX CBOHXX HO.IHTHqe-

CKHXX BparoBx.
154. RiaBHOH) onopoio nancKofi BJiacTH dw.io MonainecTBO.
B iHHKiniH BX VI op^eHX B. BeHe^HKia CB. MHOFO Mona- HM^JII)
opiena.
XOBX, KOiopHe BX nepByio nojiOBHHy cpe^nnxx BTBKOBX HeMajio no-
na^x ocyniKOK) ^OJTOTX, pacqncTKOK) JTECOBX H
aflcTBeHHBiMH yjryqmeHiaMH Ha sejoaxx,
MonaciLipaMX 6.iaroqeciHBBiMH MipanaMH. Ho Mipi xoro, KaKx BOS-
pacxajio 6oraiCTBO MOHacTBipeii, Mouaiuecme npaeu npuxoduau &b

ynadotcb. KjrKJHiflcKaa pe<J>opMa BHBejia, o^HaKO, MOHaniecTBO

HSX aioro
neqa.iBHaro noJioaieHia, H MHOateciBO MOHacTBipefi BepnyjiocB KX npeat-
Hefi ciporocTH acKeinqecKOH ^HSHH. Bx XII oco6enHO npocjia- B.

BHJica cypOBBiMx HcnojraemeMx MOHaniecKHxx o6iTOBx H

HLIMX BJiiaeieMX na yjiyqinenie MOHainecKHxx HpaBosx a66axx
-
CG. Eepuapdz, KOTOPBIH HSE'ECTGHX em,e, KaKx KpacHopx
1

nponoB^HHKx BTOporo KpeciOBaro noxo^a. Bx XIII CTOJ^xiH

B03HHKJH ein,e dea noeue Monaiaecnie opdena (^pani^ucKan'u/ee^
u
nojiyqHBfflie HasBame nuiyeHcmeywuiuxb opdeuoeo.
 109 \

,
HSTB KOTOPHXI> BUUMH H KJnomHiibi, H CB. EepHap,m>,
HeciaataHifl jiHinb B-B CMHO/TB oiKasa OTI. JIHIHOH co6-

CTB6HHOCTH, HO caMH Hxi. MOHacibipH 6biJiH oiCHb 6oraiLi. Hmn.eH-

CTByroinje MonaxH OTKasiiBajHCb OTT> BCHKOH codciBeHHOCTH
H
. OcHOBaiejeM-b o^Horo HS-B BTHX-B opaeHOB-B SHJTL
CB. <DpaHu,ucKt ACCUSCKIU, OTI HM6HH KOioparo H caMHH
<|)paHii;HCKaHCKHMi>. $paHn,HCKx, OTJinqaBmiiicfl Bt
IOHOCTH BGCeJItlM-B XapaKiepOM't H pOCKOfflHOK) atHSHLK), 6HJI-B HaCTOfl-
BonjiomeHieMi. acKeiHiecKaro H,a;eaJia cpe^naxt BiKOBi, HO
HOABHroBi djiaroiecxiH, OHt npocjiaBHJicfl H no^BHraMH MHJO-
KOiopoe
,
6ujn> HSJiHBaiB ua BCflKyio asHByro TBaps.
rOTOBi>
OHT> OKasuBaji'B pasnyio, KaKaa TOJIBKO 6H.ia ET> ero cnjiaxt H cpe,n-
CTBaXI>, nOMOffl,I> BCflKHMI. HeCqaCTHHM'B, OC06eHHO dOJIBHblM'L H C'B.H-

HHMI,. Kor.ua OKOJIO $pan^cKa codpajiocb MHOFO CTOPOHHHKOB'L xaKoro

Bory H SJHSIHHMI,, nana HHHOKewniu III (1198 1216)
eny BI> 1209 r. ocnoBaiB HOBUH MOHamecKiH
Munopumo&z, m.-e. Mentweu 6pamiu (fratres minores), KaK'B

H HCKaHE LI ^ - rjaBHOK) o6fl3aHHOCTBH) MHHOpHTOBt

yqHTB HapOA'B, nponoB'BAyfl eMy sipy H
H o6jrerqaiB CTpa^aHm CXBAHLIX'L, SOJIBHHXI H T. n.
6miH HacTOflm,HMH npe^ciaBHTejiflMH H^eH onipeueniH omz Mipa H
r

npe3Hpa.iH ceiTCKyio nayKy. HaoSopoix, jiipyroH opA6H t HHmeH-

MOHaXOBi, ^OMHHHKaHI^H, npOC.iaBHJIHCb yieHOCTBK) H
co6oio cKOpie Apyryio H^K) cpe^HeB-BKOBoro Kaio,iH-
H/jeto ejiacmu Hack Mipotn. 9TOTi> op^eHt 6u.ii>
paHn,HCKa, HcnaHn,eMi. ce. ^OMUHUKOMZ. 9io
Monaxx, KOTOpun SREJLT> O^HO speMa na IOF-B $pani;iH,
B-BXII H HaqaJi-B XIII B. 6biJia pacnpocipaHeHa xaK-B
aMCuwucKdH epecb. J(jm 6opB6H c^ Hero H C-B epecflMH B0o6m;e ,U,OMH-
HHKI, H 3a^yMajn> ocaOBaib ocoCbiii op^eni. (JpambeeK-nponoerbdHU-
K06T> (fratres praedicatores), na HTO CKOpo nojiyinji-b nancKoe co-
rjiacie (1220). HpHHaBi, MHHOpHTCKiH ycxaBi>, AOMHHHKani^bi nocia-
BHJIH CBoero sa^aiero no^epavHEaxB qHCioiy KaTOJinnecKaro Bl>poyie-

Hifl, A'B-iaHCb AJifl 9xoro npeno^aBaTeJiflMH BI Hnsranxi H BbicniHX'B

niKO-iaxi, H 3a6paB-B wi> CBoe B-EA^nie HHKBH3Hi;iro. CBOCIO

BOJIBHOK) 6i^HOCTbK), 6.1H3KHM'b yyaCTiCM-b BC'BM'B CBOHM'B KO
atAarom,HMCfl H o6peMeHeHHbiM'L, a Taitate csoero yqenocibro
MOHaxH npiodp'BJH 6oMwoe eMHHie na napod^ a OCBO-
HXI, HSL-HO^T BJiaciH M'BCTHHX'B enHCKonoBi, juBJiajio HXI,

HenocpedcmeeHHUMU opydinMU nancnou ejacmu, KOiopoft 663^ BCH-

KHX-b npOMeatyioqHbix'B HHCTanuiH 6njiH noA^HHeHbi HX'b
HHKH (reeepajibi), atHBinie BX PHM-B.
 110

155*. FocnoflCTByiomeMy nojioaeHiro AyxoBencxBa B-B

coflMcTBOBajio H TO, ixo OHO odno QAddvbAo yMcmeeuHUMu opy-
difvuu ofipasoeauinu yuenocmu. H-BKOxopoe Bospoatfleme o6paso-
npoiisonuro na Sanaa's npn Kapjii Be-iHKOM-B, HO HJKOJIBI TOH
cym,ecxBOBa./TH jiHm& npn enncKoncKuxi, nepKBax-B (Kaee;npajn>-
HBIXI co6opax B) H B'B Monacxbipax'B. Bv enoxy Kpectnoebix* noxo-
r

doev eosHUKJiu eucutin WKOMI, no.iyqHBmifl HasBame ynueepcume-

moffb. B-B HxajiiH npocjraBHJiHC& yHHBepCHieTij cajrepncKin H GOJIOH-

CKift, El OAHOMI HS-B KOTOPHXI nsyiajiacb Me^Hn;HHa, a B'L ^pyroM-L

K)pHcnpy^eHn;ifl, HO caMBiMTb snaMeHHTBiMt CA^Jiajca yuueepcumem*
napuoicCKiu, idn> npou,en>ma.4o npenodaeauie (fiujiocofiiu u fioiocjioein.
OH-B 6ujn> ocHOBan-B HJH, B-BpH^e roBOpa, npeo6pa30BaH'B HS-B
paHHea mm B-B Haqa.i'B XIII B. Cro^a cieKa^HCB ciy-
HS'B BCBXTb
sanaAHO-eBponeHCKHX'B CT.pan'&j H no o6pa3n,y
napnatcKaro ynHBepCHTeia, KaKi, o6m;eH Maiepn (alma mater) BBIC-
mnx-B mKOjrB, ciajiH ycxpaHBaTBCH yHHBepCHTeiH H B'B .npyrnxx Miciax-B.
KopoJiB 0uAunnz II Aeiycm% OCBO^O^HJII BCK> napnascKyio o6m,HHy
oil noAcy^HOCTH MtciHOMy npe-
(universitas) yiani.HX'B H yiam,Hxca
BOiy (a^MHHHCipaTHBHOMy H cy^;e6noMy npHKas^HKy), a nana HHHO-
Kenmiu IIIomz nodnunenifi co6opuoMy nanumyjiy (KOJiJieriH
KanoHHKOB'B npn Kaee^pajiBHOH n,epKBn).
yHHBepCHieTBi yiBepat^ajTHCB nanaMH, H npo^eccopCKia
HOCTH 3aHHMaJIHCB B'B HEXl KJHpHKaMH. BOFOCJIOBie CIHTaJIOCB
HBIM'B npe^MeiOM'B, a na (|)Hjroco({)iK) CMOTP-BJIH, "^KaKi, na
6oiocAoein (philosophia est ancilla theologiae). Sa^aieio
mKOJIBHOH (JHJIOCO(J)iH HJIH CXOMCmUKU, KaifB 66 HaS&IBaJIH, 6BIJIO

on pasyMa nepKOBHBia yqenifl. Bi cepe^HH-B XIII B.

H3i. npe^CTaBHTejreft BTOH (J)HJioco(|)iH, .noMHHHKaHen,!. ce. OOMO,

BI, csoeM'B co^HHeniH Summa
theologiae" paspa6o-
n
Tajn> BI noApo^HOCTaxi, H HSJIOJKHJI'B BT> CHCTeMaxHiecKOMi) no-
pa^K-B Tor^amnee y^enie KaiojinqecKOH n,epKBH no sonpocaMi* B^PH
H HpaBCTBCHHOCTH, npasa H rocyAapCTBeHHOH ^H^HH. 6oMy npo-
3BajiH yqHTejieMi, aHrejioB-B (doctor angelicus), H ero n Summa" #0

nopi nojiBsyeica rpOMa^nHMi, aBTOpHiexoM'B y

156. nopy HaHBBicniaro npon.B'BxaHia Kaxo.iHnH3Ma

B'B 9xy
Bopb6a CT,
npHxo^HJiocB, OflHaKO, 6opom'bCH ci epecaMU, BOSHHKaBHiHMH B'B
paxx n,epKBH. Cpe^a caMnxi, cxojracxHKOB'B noaB.ia.nncB .IIO^H, KOXO-
XO^HJIH AO 6orocjiOBCKHXi H <|)HJioco$CKHX b noJioateHin, C-B KO-
r

nepKOBb HC Morjia cor.iacnxbca n Koxopna noxony no^Bepraja

"Ho oco6eHHO MHOFO XJIOHOX-B cos^aBajn nairfc H
pe.imiosHUH cenmu, uaxoduewifi nocArbdoeame.mi et
 Ill

napodnuocz Maccaxi. Ha pydeadi XII H XIII BB. BBCB ion, <I>paH-

IUH 6ujrB oxBaqeH'B ^ByMa epecaMH wbfimouCKOu u oaMdeucuou.
Depsaa epecB 6ujia npOHCxoamema Bocxoinaro. 3xo 6mio MCIHU-
xeiicmeo, BOspoflHBineeca BX Eojirapin BTE>
(j^opMi 6oiyMUMcmea H
oxxy,na nepemeAinee qepesx H-MHpiio H Mxajiiio
BI> roatnyio <J>paH-

r^iio. Epect nojyHHJa HasBanie ajiLCtaroHCKOH OTX ropo^a AJIB^H,

HO casiH ceKiaHTH HasHBajiH ce6a naeapaMU, T.-e. ^HCTHMH HJH
coBepmeHHtiMH. OHH B-BPHJIH B-B cymeciBOBaHie ^Byxi MipOBBixi,
Haiajr& Ao6paro H SJIOFO, BH^JIH BI> BexxoM-L sas'BT'B oiKposeHie
H npoiiOB'BAOBaJiH acKeiHSMi., npnsHaBaa SKHSHL OJIOTBIO H
HHTepecaMH paBHOCHJiBHoro cjiyateHiro ^BHBOJiy. PH^OM-B
CT> STOW ceKTOio Ha tor's $pann,iH pasBHJiacB H Apyraa, IHCTO xpn-
CTiaHCKafl, HanoMUHawuian npomecmaumuaMz uoeaio epemenu. Ba.iB-

,a;eHCH naxo^HJiH, qio Kaio.iHqecKaa ijepKOBB oxciynHJia OTTB qHCioiH

xpHCTiaHCKOfi odmnHii, H XOT-BJIH pe^opMnpoBaiB
H i^epKOBHVio atHSHB, pyKOBOflflCB OflHHM'B CB. HHcameM'B. Epe-
THKH iipOHSBOfliMH 6oJiBffloe Bne^aTJi'BHie na Hapo^ CBoeio CTpororo
atH3HBK) H o6jimeRieMi> atajjHOCTH H nopOKOBi> AyxoBencTBa. Cz

WMHO-cj^pawji/ysCKUMU epemumMU ecmynuM &z fioptfy nana HHHO-

Kenmiu III. HPOTHB-L HHX-B H no^Aep^HBaBinaro HX-B rpa^a
HMI, 6us ofomMw> npecmoeuu noxodt> CT>

sa y^acxie BT. no^aBJieHiH epecn. PBin,apCTBO

,iH 6pocH.iocb Ha roatHyio $paHaiio H ciajio ee pasopaiB. Ilan-
ipe6oBaji B y HHX^ npn BsaiiH oji,Horo ropo.ua, iTo6Bi
r
CKift jieraTb
OHH y6HBa.iH BC^XT, 6esi pa36opa, noiOMy ^TO n Bori HOTOM'B CBO-
Hxt ysHaeii.". Bi 9x0 ace Bpeiia A.IH 6opB6iJ C-B epecaMH H SBIJTB
OCHOBaH-B ^OMHHHKaHCKiH OpA6HT> H BBG^eHa HHKBHSHE^ifl,
B-B saB^^OBaHie axoro op^ena. Ha^ajiHCB HBIXKH no^os
B-B epecH, coatHreHia ocyasAenHBixi. na Kocxpax-b, KOH$HCKan,in HX-B
Co6cxB6HHO ^epKOBHBIe cyji,H XOJIBKO npnroBapHBajiH K-B
.

n 6e3i> npojiHxifl KPOBH", HcnojiHeme ate KasHH cosepniaaocB

MacxBio. CxojiacxHKH cxapajHCB H meopemunecKU onpae-

K03HU epemmom, ccBiJiaacB ^,aa;e na O^HHI, nenpaBHJBHO
XCKCXI. Efiaurejiia (BT, npnxq'B o rjapfc npnrjiacHB-
UICMI, rocxen Ha nnp-B H, Kor^a OHH He npHm,iH nocjaBmeM-B ssaxB ?

HHID,HX^; B'B jaxHHCKOMi nepeBO^'fe dBMO CKasano: n sacxaBB BOHXH").

HecMOxpa na roHema H Kasnn, epecu, o^HaKO, ne npeKpam.ajiHCB.
B'B XIII B., Hanp., 6BiJia BI> xo^,y nponoendb Brbnnaio E
BI KOxopOH roBOpH.iocB, qxo Bexxifi saB^xi. 6ujn>
Bora Oxi;a, HOBBIH Bora Cuna, H HXO nacxynaexi Bpeiia oxKpo-
BeHia Csaxoro, Kor^a sea SHSHB naiOB-BiecxBa Sy^ex-B OCHO-
JI,yxa
Bana na HOBBIX-B na^aJiaxi). SaMijqaxejiBHO, ^xo 3x0 yqenie yB.ieKJio
 112

secBMa ^paHn.HCKaHn.eB'B, Koxoptie TOTOBH 6iuiK

MHOrnxi.
B-B CBoero op^ena npe^xeiy 6y^yin aro ijapcxBa CB. Jljxa.
ocHOBaxe-zdi l

157. Haqaxaa em,e AO KpecxoBBix'B HOXOAOB-B 6opi6a Mecncdy

Bo3o6HOBJie- nancmeoM* u umnepieu npodojiwcajiacb u eo epeMH npecmoeuxz no-
H
nancxBa H %d08Z. BopMCIUH KOHKOpflaXTB 1122 T. HpeKpaXH.!!. CHOp-B 3a HHBC-
cxHxypy, BBixeKaBmiii HS-B coeflHHeHifl n;epKOBBK[xi, AOJimHOCTeii ci) <|>eo-

,a;aji&HHMT) seMJieBJiaA'BHieM'L, HO RJLH 6opL6H nan^ C-B HMnepaxopaMH

cyin,ecTBOBajH u Apyria npHqHHBi. FjiaBHEiMH HST. EHX-B 6tMH cmpe-
MAeme UMnepamopo&b locnod'cmeoeamb en> HmaMU H HXI. npuma-
3auiH HO, caMOcmofimeMHoe noMsoeame emcmwo. Hiwer^Kie Kopojn
eme C'B OxTona BejHKaro Bcer.ua XOX^JIH BJia^ixB Mxa^ien, 6e3-B
Koxopon ne MorjiH npeflCxaBHXB 066^ HMnepin, a ptmapcxBO FepManm
HCKaBinee no^BnroBi, H ,a,o6BiqH, OXOTHO OKasuBajio HM-B noMom,b. Ho
nanaMt 6uao ueeuiodno, mno6u HmaMH npunadjiecHcajia umnepa-
mopaMZ. C'B ^pyroft cxopOHBi, HMnepaxopBi ne XOX^JIH noA^HHHXBCfl
nancKOH xeopin o rjiaBeHcxB^ ^yxoBHOH B.iacxn na^-B CB^XCKOIO H
caMH cxajiH saflBJiaxB xama meopemuuecKin npumasaHix, Komopux
npomueoprbHUAu nancKOu meoupamiu. Bi> XII B. BT> Hxajiin BOS-
o6noBHJiocB usyuenie PUMCKCMO npaea (6ojiOHCKiH ynHBepcnxexi));, H
yieHLie K>PHCTBI cxajiH samHiijaxB pUMcnyw meopiw depwaenou
edacmu (imperium), Eoxopyro napOA'B nepe^ajri rocy^apio, H KOXO-
pyio HH%fl BOJia H CHJia ne Moryxi, orpana^nxB: n ixo 6jiaroyro^HO
rocy^apro, xo HM^exi CHjy saKona" (quod principi placuit, legis
habet vigorem).. Ho axony BSMa^y HMnepaxopi. o6^aBjiffjica
r

JI;BIKOH) Mipa% cxoamnM^ n BBinie saKOHa", Boiuioin;eHHBiM B

HOMI Ha seMJit" H HOKpOBHxejeM B i^epKBH". HoHflXHO, qxo nanBi
w
(

ne MOOH npHMHpaxBCfl ci. xauoto xeopiero, me^meio B-B paspis'B

C'B HXfc C06CXB6HHBIMH OpHXHSaHiflMH. OflH HafflJIH COJOSHHKOB-B KaKl

Bl H'feMeiliKHX'B (|)eOAaj[BHBIX B KHflSBflX^, XaKl H ET> HXaJTBflHCKHX'B

r

rOpO^CKHX-B O^mHHaX'B, O^HHaKOBO HC COqyBCXBOBaBIDHX'B HOJIHXHK'fe

HMnepaxopOB'B.
158. Bo Bxopoii nojiOBHH'fe XII H nepBOH nojiOBHH'fe XIII B.
H
UMnepamopCKiu npecmoM sauttMaAa cfiajuuMfi
(1 1 38 1 254). roreHinxay<j)eHBi 6mrn paHBme repn,oraMH mBa6cKHMH

H npn CBOCMI. BOSBHineHin BCXP^THJIH conpoxHBJieHie co cxopOHBi

^pyroro H-feMei^Karo KHflatecKaro po^a BeM$odz, BJiaA^Bmaro Basa-
piefi H CaKCOHieft H MHorHMH senjiflMH BTE* Hxajiin. Hsi HMCHH
BI> Hxajrin
(JJOBI. HxajiBflHn,Li c^ijiajiH nasBanie HXI. napxin

a HMfl po^OBoro saMKa ForeHmxay^eHOB'B Bau6jiumz 6nuio nepenHa-

ICHO BTb iu6ejiJiunu, KaKi. H cxajiH o6o3HaiaxB BT> Hxa-iin HXI napxito.
aiajiBHoe pasjinqie ne^y rH6ejuiHHaMH H rBe.TB(f)aMH co-
B'B XOMI., Hxo OAHH (rnCejiJHHBi) 3am,Hin,ajiH H^CH ynueep-
 113

Mouapxiu u caMocmoamedwou cmmcKOu ojiacmu, xor,a;a

Kairb .npyrie (reejib^u) 6bMH CTOPOHHHKH HautionaMnou UAU
uou nesaeucuMOcmu u uumepecofft nancmea. Y oC^HXi. napxifi
CTOPOHHHKH H Bi> FepMaHiH, H BI> HxajiH, xaira ^xo 6opb(5a nan-
cxBa H HMnepin npn roreHmxay<|)eHax'b ocJioatHflJiacb enje
xpeHHHMH Meat,a;oyco6iaMH BI BTHX-L ofi'EHX'b cxpanaxTb.
159. JI,HHaCxia roreHfflTay(|)eHOB'B BHCTaBHJia HljCKOJIbKO
iHinocxeH. BTOPHMT> npeACTaBHiejieM'B
<&pudpU3Cb I, npOSBaHHHHI HiaJIBflHqaMH PblMefiopodUMZ (Bap-
fiapocca) H saHHBiniH CBOHMT> n.apciBOBaHieM'B noqiH BCIO Biopyio
nojiOBiray XII B. (1152 1190). BoscTaHOBHEt BI FepMamH MHp-B,
HapymeHHHft 6opB6oio C-B Bejb4)aMH J
OHFL oinpaBBJcn B-b Hiajiiio sa

HMnepaxopCKOH KOpOHoii. B-b 9TO BpeMa BI> PHM-B npOHSonuio cpe^n

npocToro napo^a pecny6jiHEaHCKoe.^BHateHie, nanpaBJieHHoe npoTHB-b
nanbi H snaiH, a pyKOBOAHiejieMT. ero dbwb yneHbifi dpemiaHen.!*
ApuoMdt, cxojracTHqecKift 6orocjiOB b, no^osp-BBaBinifica
i
BI> epecn. HH-
cypreHTbi OBja^jiH ropOAOMi>, HO OXOTHO noAiHHHJiHCb 611 $pHApxy
Bap6apocc-B, KaK-b HMnepaiopy, ecjiH 6bi nocj'B.aiHiH cani ne Hcnyrajica
xaKoft peBOJiroi^iH. OHI nocn-Branjii BOScxaHOBHTb nany (A^piaHa IV)
BT> ero npasaxi H BHAaji^ eMy ApHO.ib^a, KOioptiH H 6mi

H6Hi). Ho c-BBepao-HTajibflHCKifl (.aoMo'apACKifl H TOCKancKifl)

CKm o6m,HHLi, npeBpaTHBmiacfl Hacioamifl pecny6jiHKH, He saxo-
B-B

iiOAHHHHTbCfl ipedoBaHiio Bap6apoccu BOsciaHOBHTb ero n;ap-

npasa (pewMu). Ha
nepsbixi nopax-b HMnepaxop-b CJIOMBJEI,
conpoTHBjeHie JIOM6apA^eB b, BO rjias-B KOTOPBIXT, CTOHJH, Mutant,
r

H, paspyraHBi. BTOT-L ropOA'b, nocTaEHjn. B-L ^pyrnxi. ropo^axi. CBonx-b

cy^eft(noAecia) H o6jioaiHJi'b HXI, nacejieHie ^eneatHUMH BsnocaMH.
Meaj^y 14111 no CMepxa A^piana IV, B03Bpam,eHHaro Bap6apoccoio
KT> BJiaciH,OAHH Kap^HHajiH BBi6paJiH oflHoro nany, Apyrie ^pyroro.
HMnepaiopi. ^.JIH pimenifl cnopa co3Bajn> co6opTb BT> HaBin, na KO-
Topbra npiixajH enncKonbi FepManiH H HxajiiH, HO o^HH-b H3i>
nani> ne saxorBjrb npiixaxb, cinxaa ce6n Heno^cy^HbiM'b codopy.
9xo SbiJi-b Ajiencaudpi III, sautumuuKb meoKpamunecmio udeajia
nancmea. Co6op b pimBJn. xkjio BI> nojibay ero conepHHKa, HO BI>
r

.npyraxij cxpanax-b ne saxox'BJiH npHSHasaxb H-BAmeBT, noBe;iHxejiflMH

Bcero Mipa H cxa^n Ha cxopony HMCHHO AjieKcanupa III. Bo $pan-
i;iH nocjiiAHiH ^ame Hainan y6 BjKHm,e, H3i> Koxoparo H noc.ia.i-b
r

HMnepaxopy omjiynenie omz i^epneu. Tor^a jroM6ap^i;bi CHOBa BOS-

cxajiH npoxHB'b Bapdapoccu H B03cxanoBHJiH paspyniennbiH H5rb MH-

HMnepaxopT> nomejix na HHXX BOHHOIO 6e3i. ^ocxaxoiHiixi

axoro npeAnpiaxia BoeHHiixi, CHJII. Eaiy oxEasajt BI HOMOHIH
caMHft SHaqnxejibHbiH ero Baccaji-b, repi^ori 6aBapCKi8
 114

leupuxt Jleffb (mi> $aMH.iiH Be-iB^OBi). npe^anie

oyflxo ^PHAPHXI npocHJi-B y Hero noMom,H HE mirBHax'L, HO
9xoro H ne 6w.io Ha caMOMi. fliwrB, yate caMO npe^anie xopoino
xapaicxepHsyext cjiatfocxB HMnepm. Ilpn JleHbaHo (1176) ji

nanecjiH HMnepaxopy nopaateme, Koxopoe sacxaBH-io ero

omz noduuueniH ce&n> nanu u umajiwHCKUXi lopodoe*. Mnpi, Meatfly
H CB^TCKHMH MasaMH sana^Haro xpHCiiancTBa 6w.it
o6oHxi> BI BeHei^in, BO BpeMa Koxoparo
CBH.a.aHieM'L

HMnepaiopi nepeAt nanofi Ha KOJi-BHa. Bo3CTaHOBHBi> HOCJ'B

ciajit
9ioro CBOH aBTOpHiexi. Bt FepMaHin, ^PH^PHXI. Bap6apocca OKOH-
qHJ-B JKH3HB Vh TpeTLCMI. KpCCTOBOMt HOXO^.
160*. CBoero cwHa Tenpuxa VI JSap6apocca ycn BJn> otceuumb r

6opb6&na Hacjirbdnuwrb Heanoaa u CUII/MMM, HO 3x0x1. rocy^apB, coe^H-

HOBI Be-" HHBm ^ nQ ^ J> CBOeK) BJiacxtK) ct npeatHHMH BJia^iHiflMH HMnepin H

4oB*. loatHyro Hxajiiro, ijapcxBOBaji, HCAO^ro. Kor^a ont yMepx (1196),
BX roatHOH Hxajzia npasHaHt 6wjii. Kopojiewt ero MajroJi-BXHiii cwnt
FepMaHiH ate cuoea npomowm 6opb6a Toiemamay-
u
BeMcfioet. HsSpaHHiiH Bt 9x0 BpeMH na nancEift npe-
HnHOKeHxii III piniHJit cnopt cna^ajia B-B nojibsy Be-iB(|)-
CKaro npexeH^enxa (Oxxona IV), HO Kor^a 9xox-L HOBHH
npoaBHJii. H^KOxopyio caMOCxoflxejiBHOCxt, xo nana
roHaro HeanojiHxaHCKaro Kopojia, KOxopuH BCKOpi
roreHmxay^eHOBi. H B-L FepMaHiH.
161. HHHOKeHxifi III sanHMajii, nancKifi npecxojrB Bt caatoMi
XII H Haiaji-fi XIII B. (1198-1216). HOCJI* rpnropia
* VII
KCHT1H III.
^
9xo 6ujn> caMUu saMrbuameAWuu cpeoneetbKoeou nana. MHHOKeHxiH III
upOHCxo.u.HJ'B H3I. o^HOH rpa<|)CKOH ceMBH, yiHjica lopHcnpyAeHii.iH
BJ> BojiOHBi H 6orocjroBiio Bt IlapHafB H nanoro c^jiajiCH, ne HM'Bfl
em,e copOKa JL&FB OX-B po^y. Ero npasjieHie 6w^o cnjromHHMt pa-
^OMI, ycnixOBi) nancKofi BJiacxn, Koxopyro HHHOKCHXIH III BT> xeopin
nocmaeuM na nedocmaeMyio euc&my. Ilpesapaa nipt, o Heait ont
coiHHemH n O npesp^HiH KT. Mipy H o ,110,3;-
OHI. ci> 9XHMt caMWMt MipOMt H (JopoJica, qxo6ti
,

ero cedi noAqHHHXL. Ero H^eajroMi, 6mra eceMipuaa meoKpamin nanu,

H OHt Rame npano BBejit Bt KanoHHqecKoe npaso yienie o XOMI>,
jxo nancKaa BjiacxL BHine CBixcKOH, H ixo nani npuHa^eatHxt

npaBO pacnopaaiaxBCfl KOpOHaMH rocy^apefi H BM'BniHBaxLca BO BC'B

nojiHxaqecKia A^a. OHI> HC ^OBOJiBCXBOBaJica xnxy.iOM-B BHKapia an.
Ilexpa H cxajii. naMn>cniHUKOM6 Xpticma. Do ero
HaswBaxh ce6a
xeopin, nepeHecenie npasi, HMnepin ex rpeitOBi, na (|)paHKOBi. 6mio
A'kioM'B nancKaro HSBOJieHia, ne ^apOMt ate HMnepaxopt H Kopo-
Hyexca nanoio. DpHsnaBTi cnaqajia HMnepaxopOM-B Be.iB(|)a, HHHO-
 115

ifi III oTjyHH.ii) ero noTOMi> oxi. n;epKBH H

KOponoBajTB ForeHmxay-
KOTOpony caMi, ate CHaiajia oxKa3biBa.n> B-B npaB-fe
<f)eHa (<I>pH,npHxa II),
Ha KOpOHy. Bi Apyim-b cxpanax-B OHX xoate flocxaBHjrb nancnoH
B.mciH nojiHoe TOpaiecxBO. ^pam^yscKaro Kopojw <3>uAunna 11 Ae-
lycma, atenHBinaroca npn JKHBOH azeHi, OH-B sacxaBHJTB oxitasaxBca
OX-B Bxopoft iEeHbi H Bcpnyxb nepsyio: nana HCUIOOKUM uumepduKmz
na (Dpanutiw, H Kopo^b CMHpHJica. AerjiiHCKifi Kopojit loannz Ees-
aeMeMHuu ne xoiiji'B npHSHaib HasHaieHHaro nanoro apxienncEona
KeHTep66pincKaro, H Tor.ua HHHOKeHTift III ourygHjcL ero oxx n,epKBH,
jiHrnHJn npecTOJia, OTAaBi> uocjikfrRin <J>paHn,y3CKOMy Kopojiio, H
BH.I-LnpOTHBt CaMOH AHFJim KpeCTOBBlfi nOXOA"B. IloCJI'fc 9TOFO
BeaseMCjibHLiH npuaua-M cefin eacca.iOMz nanu, nojroa;HBi> CBOIO KO-

pony KX HoraMX ero Jieraia. BTOpocxenenHHe Kopojin 3ana^a xoa:e

O^HHI sa ^pyrHMi, .
BJiacib uann
IlpnHa^Tb codoio.
IIIo6pa30Bajiacb JlamuncKan UMnepix, H npeflnpHHarb
Kpecmoeuu noxodt npomuez ctMfiuwuu/eez u eaAbdeucoez. K*B
ero ate npaBJremio OTHOCHTCH naqajio HHmencTByiomHXi, MOHaxoBt,
BBCAenie HHKBHSHqin, ocHOBanie napnaiCKaro yHHBepCHTeia. HaKO-
STOTI aie naaa OTHflJii. y MipaHi> npaso npHqamaibca no^t
Hen;i>,
060HMH BH^aMH H IHiaib BH^JliK). IIpeeMHHKH PlBHOKCHTifl III nOfl-
ero no^HTHKy H npOAOjratajiH BCCTH 6opb6y CT> HMnepiefi
$pH^pnxa II ForeHiiiTay^eHa.
162. SaHflB-b
HMnepaiopcKiH npecxoji'b, $PHAPHXT> II (1216 $PHAPHX% IL
1250) uaMfbHUAz no.iumuKy ceouxz npedmecmeennuKoei. Ti 6biJiH
H^Mei^KHMH KOpOJIflMH, OHl 6BIJ1> H HO MaiepH, H HO JfBCTy BOCOHTaHifl
(BI> CHijHJiiH), H no CHMnaiiflMi, HT&ibflHi^eM'B. FepManieH OHI> HHTC-

pecoBajica Ma.io H ^aa:e npHSHaji-b sa HiMen,KHMH KHHSbHMH mn-

poKia BJia^'BTejibBbifl npasa, JHinb 6u OHH OKasbiBajrn eMy iioMom,b
Ha BOHH-B. HaoSopOT-L, B'B JOJEHOH HiaJliH OH"B CTpeMHJICfl C^-BJiaTB
CBOFO BJiaCTB CaMO^CpataBHOK). ^eJIOB-BK-B Heo6bIKHOBeHHO yMHBlH H
9HeprHqHbiH, $PH^PHXI II Bbipoci. B'B nocxoaHHOMi, odmema ct
H capai^HHaMH, Koxopbixx 6BiJio MHOFO BT> ero Heano.ia-
rocyflapcxBi}, HHxepecoBajrca CBixcKoft <j)HJioco({)ieH, OXOXHO
6ec E,a;OBajrB
i

ct apa6cKHMH yqeHBiMH o xaKuxi* npe^Mexaxi,

flymn, OKaabiBajcB noKpOBnxejiBCXBO BBicmHM'B
CXOJIHU'B H B'B CajiepHO, a B'B Bonpocaxi, B'fepBi o6Hapy-
CBoett
BOJBHOMBic.iie H.IH, no KpaHHCH M^p-B, paBHO^yinie. ECJIH
OHI> H npeflnpHHfljrB naxbiH KpecxoBBin noxo,!!.!*, xo ci ero cxopOHBi
9x0 6njia jmmB qncxo nojiaxngecKaa M-fepa. IIpOBO^a BX Mxajiin vur
noAumuny, ^pHflpuxi. II Bcxpixnjica S^^CB ct CHJbHofi
onnosuu/ieu B^ jrHn,i> nanx H ropo.noB'b cifiepHOH H
Hxaain. IIpeeMHHKH HnnoKeHxia III, HSX
8*
 116

J? npOflBH.TB B-B 6opb6'fe C'L HHM-B H BC^MI,

HBIMI, oxpOflBCMi" roreHmxay^eHOBTb caMyio HeyKpoxHMyio 3Jio6y r
B6JIH HHM-B OajeCXOICHHyiO BOHHy. ^pHflpHXl, II <)6l.flB.MJICfl OT-
CT>

jiyieHHBiM'B oxi> ijepKBH H jrameHHBiM'B npecxo.ua, H aa ero Bjia-

flinifl HajiaraJicfl CMepxn HMnepaxopa ero
HHxepflHKx-B. HOC-ITE

Eonpadz IV napcxBOBaji'B FepMafliH jramt qexupe ro^a, HO

B'B

B-B 9ToS CTpani Hacxynnjio eejiunoe MeoKdy^apcmeie (1254), K)3tHyio

^6 Hxajriio nana (YpSaH'L IV) OT^JII. ^paHHY 3 npHHijy ^^
AuotcyucKOMy (6paiy Kopojra JIioAOBHKa IX). HacJi'B.iiiOBaBniiH
$pn,a;pHxy II ero CHHI (MaH^pe.ai'L) noiepn-BJH) nopaatenie; pae-
HHM^ o6pa30M'B H nonHTKa MOJiOAoro Eonpaduud, CHHa Konpa^a IV,
OTHHTB CHn,HJiiK) H Heanojii> y <|>paHijy30Bfc KOH^HJiacL EOJIHOK) HC-
H KasHtio npeieH^eHTa.
163*. Hadeuie Foieuwmay (pence* B-B cepeAHHi XIII B. BI
nancxBOMT, 6BMO H nadeniejuz umnepamopCKOu e.mcmu
Br CBflmeHHOH PnMCKofi HMnepm H^MeniKOH Han,iH. Caaia HMnepifl
jajiacB Tenept npocToro $HKn,ieH. Hxajiifl H FepMaHia
H 06$ coBepmeHHO pas^poSHJiHCB. Ho H nancKaa BJiaciB,
maa no6^AHTejiBHHn;eio HS^ 6opB6u, cnopo npuwjia &b ynadom.
Hani! HaxoAHJH no^epJKKy B-B HxajiBflHCKHX'B ropoji;axi, Kor^a T^
00SJIHCB EOflliaCTB nOA'B BJaCTB H'BMe^HX'B KOpOJiefi, HMCHOBaB-
mHxcfl PHMCKHMH HMnepaiopaMH, HO ci Hs^esHOBeHieMi BTOH onac-
HOCTH BX HxajiiH nanajiHCB cipainHBifl Mea:Aoyco6ia ropo.noB'B, a BI no-
oijii'BJiBHBix'L napxift. IlanaMi cpfajiajiocb flame ne coecrbM*

ocmaeam'bCH yicumb e% Pumrb, H BI naqaji XIV B. OHH

CBOIO BO (j)paHn,y3CKift ropo^-B Aeunwm.
pe3HfleHD,iio
C"B flpyrofi cxopOHH, ejiacmb ^a^wucuibnux^ nopojieu en 9ino epemtt
cmajia Kprbnnymb, H 6opOTBca ci> HHMH
xpy^sie. HaKO-
cflijajiocb

Hen,!), BX ^opB^i ci ForeHnixay(})eHaMH nann see Sojite H 6o.iie

cxajia 3a6omum bCH o uucmo nojiummecKuxb uumepecaxb u juame-
i

piaMuuxn cpedcmeaxt, He ocxanaBJiHBaflCB nepe^-B B'BPO.IOMCXBOM'B

H flpyrHMH no,a;o6HBiMH ate cnoco6aMH 6opBdBi, qin-B, KOHCHHO, OHH
XOJIBKO nodpbieam ceou npaecmeeuHuu aemopumemz. XIV H XV

yaie SBIJIH BpeMeHeMx cxpamnaro yna^Ka nanciBa.

164*. H BI 9noxy KpecxoBBix-B noxoflOBi. nanu He
HaMrbpemn nodnunumb ceoeu ejiacmu eocmoHHyw itepKoe
K eCTOBHfi nOXOfll npOHSOfflCJIl JIHfflB lepCST, HOJIB-BKa nOCJ-B ^epKOB-
"o"cTBy HaAt P
BocToiHOK) naro
pasptisa Meatfly SanaflOMi, H BOCXOKOMX. OB ocHOBanifl lepy-
bK>
'

ca.iHMCKaro KOpOJiescxBa ua Bocmomb noneuAUC'

yupeofcdemfi, H flyxOBHO-pBmapCKie opflena
opyflieMT* BI> pynax'B nani,. IIpeBpamenie Kpecxo-
HOcn,aMH qexBepxaro noxofla BHsanxiScKofi HMnepin B-B JaiHHCKyio
 117

6ujiQ uabmofiuii/UMb mopwecmeoMz nancmea nadi>

cmoAut^ew npa-
eocAaeifi. Bx 9noxy JlaxHHCKon HMnepin naxpiapxx KOHcxaHXHHO-
no./ibCKiH pascMaxpHsajica BX PHM-E, Kant nancKift ,a;e.ieraxx, a Jia-
THHCK06 .HyXOBCHCXBO CTp6MH.IOCb SaBJiajEXb HATEHiaMH H
rpeiecKOH uepKBH H MOHacxbipeft. CaMH nann odpainajncb
EX rocy,a,apaMx npaBoc.iaBHBixx cjiaBaHCKHxx HapoflOBx C-L

iiieHieMi npHsnaxb HX-B Bjracib, H BM^cii ex T'EMI. paspatf

oonpocz ofo yuiu Mewcdy u/epmaMU. Meat^y npo^HMx, OHH o6pa-
TH.IH BHHMame H na TorAamnioH) Pycb. Bi cepe^HH^ XIII B.
PoMctHoeuHv, KHH3b rajiHn,KiH, nojiyiHJii oil nanti Kopo-
KOpOHy sa o6 Ein aHie BCTynnib ct PHMOM-L B-B
i

yeiio sa KpecTOBHH noxofli. npoiBB-L xaTapx, Koiopbift,

He cocTOHJCfl. Em,e paHbme, npn nani HunoKeumiu III
o6pam,eHifl BX xpHcxiaHCTBO asbiqHHKOBi, Ha BOCTOKi BajrxiHCKaro
Mopji JHBOHIH) o6pa30Bajcfl H-EMenjRiH dyxoeno-punapCKiu opdem
(B-B

MeneHOCiteffb (1202), ycxpOHBiniH a^cb oco6oe, saBHCHMoe OTI

x
nanbi BJia^'BHie ). OHX naqajiit HaciynaxejibHoe ^.BHaieme Ha co-

Pycb (na ncKOBCKoe KHfl^ecTBo), BI O/JHO speMa ex mBe-

xojKe Hana^aBfflHMH Ha pyccKyro aeMJiio (na HoBropo.a.'L).
Bopb6a HoBropo.ua H IIcKOBa co mseAaMH H H^Mn;aMH B-B cepe-
^HHi XIII B. nojyqHJia BCJi-BACTBie 9ioro xapaKxep-b aawumbi npa-
eoc.wein omz Kamo4uu,u3Ma, xaKi. KairB nana o6 baBHJi'b npoTHBi. r

pyccKHxi KpecTOBUH noxo^. 06a HaniecTBia 6bMH OTpajEeHti HOB-

KHaaeMi. A.ieKcaudpoMi HeeCKUMb (BX 1240 H 1242r.).
KOHI^-B KOHn,OBi> nanasiT, ne y^ajiocb ^ocTHrHyib CBoefi sa-
Ha BocTOKij, HO, HecMOxpa Ha set Hey^aqH, OHH Bce-
He xepajiH E&nesRuu na noAHHHeme ce6-B rpeqecKOH i;epKBH.

III.

165. Bi> anoxy KpecTOBtix'L HOXO^OBX BX maBHbixx KOHTH-

cipaHaxx aana^Hoft EBPOHH nponcxoAHJio saM^qa-
deutwenie 02 lopodaxb, cocmnmwee
ez ocGoOo.wdeuiu wpo-
doez omz ejiacmu(peodcuiwou apucmoKpamiu u &b npeepameuiu
UXT> o* nojiummecKu-caMOcmofimcA'bH'bifi oCwunu. PaH-fee scero 910

npOH3om,io B-B c-BBepaOH Hia^in. S^-BCb B-B X H XI BB. H-BKOTOPBIC

nptiMOpCKie ropo^a, BI oco6eHHOCTH BeHeu,in u Tenyn^ cia.iH 060-
jramaibca, ex rpenecKHMx H MaronexaHCKHMx
djiaro^apa xoproBJi'B
BOCXOKOMX, a BX 3noxy KpecxoBbixx HOXO^OBX OHH XOJIBKO em,e

') CM. Kapiy XIII.

 118

CBOH TOproBBia CHomema C-B saMopCKHMH cipaHaMH.

Tore, BI> Hiajrin Ha^ajiocB pasBHxie npOMBinuieHHOCTH, Koiopoe 060-
raiHJio HijKOTOpBie jioM6apdcme u mocKancKie lopoda.

MaiepiajBHBia cpe,ncTBa, cuonHBiniHca BI pyKax-B ropoataH'B, H

mee yMCTBeHHoe pasBHiie 3ioro KJiacca Hacejiema, He nosBOJiajH yaie
ceHbepaM'B nxaji&aHCKHXx ropo^OBt (66jiBmeK) qaciBio, enncKonaM-B)
rocnoflCTBOBaib ropoatanaMH TaK'B, KaKx OHH rocno^CTBOBa.iH
na.a.'B

ropo^CKHxt cxis-b, H Majio-no-Majiy ropo^a c^BepeoH HxajiiH,

OTI, ^eo^ajrBHHx-B ceHBepOBi, paseBia ycrynKH, npeopa-
&b nacmoHWtisi pecny^unu, B-B cocxaB^ Hacejienia KOTO-
Ha npasaxx BHcmaro KJiacca BOHIJIO H caaio (f>eoAajiBHoe #BO-

pancTBO. BTH ropo^OBBia pecny6.iHKH HM^JIH CBOH uapodnun cofipauix

BC'BX'B coBepmenHOJiiTHHxi, rpam.ziiaH'B, CBOH BBi6opHBia dyMu H sa

no nicKOJiBKy Koucyjioez JUJIH. Haqa.iBCTBOBaHia na^i) MHjmHieH,

no^epaKHBania BHyipeHnaro nopa^Ka H ,pa oinpaBJieHia npa-
ifl. HS-B jroMdap^CKHxi ropo^OB-B B'B XII B. ocodenno BH.HBH-

Hyjica Mu.iam, CToaBmiH ^a,me BO oaBt HXX o6m,aro coioaa.

TaKoe ate aBJienie npOHSonuro H BO $paHn;iH Y^k ropo^CKoe Ha- ?

cejrenie BCiynajio .naate npasio e*6

eoopywceuHyw 6opb6y cz CGOUMU
cemepctMu H aaciaBjajio HXI ^JiaTB HMI pasnBia yciynKH. B-B

no6'B^Bi ropo^ npeBparo,ajrca xoate B-B

MajreHBKyio pecny-
HOCHBrayro na c^Bepi ^pani^iH nasBanie KOMMynbi, H B-B
HCH yciaHaBJHBajiHCB Toate H napo^noe co6paHie, H ^yMa, H BBI-
6opHBie HanajiBHHKH, KOiopBie nasBiBajiHCB MdpaMu, i.-e. cTapinnHaiiH
(OTI. jiai. major) HJH dweoenaMU. HaKOHen.'B, caMOCToaiejiBHBia ro-

o6ni;HHH BOSHHKJH H BT> FepMaHiH. Toate 6jiaro^;apa 060-

on npOMBinureHHOCTH H xoproBJiH. Oco6enHO ^HJIO MHOFO
ropo^OB'B Ha PeHHi, Ha BepxHCM-B /IjHa'E H BO ^jraHApin.
llpupeuucKie lopoda npio6piiaTB paaHBia BOJIBHOCTH enje
ciajiH
BI XI B., npn FenpHxi IV, Haxo^HBraeMi ^m ce6a B0o6me
HBIM-B noMoraiB ropo.naM'B ,pa oc,ia6jieHia enncKon

topoda, cpeflH KOTOPHXI, 6o-ite Bcero BBi^BHHyjHCB JTewws H Epmie,

B03BBICHJIHC& B'B XII CTOJTETiH. FopaS^O yatC HOS^Hte Haia.lH HFpaiB
6ojiBmyio POJIB lopida lo.uaudcKie H lanseucnie BT.

166*. PasBHiie ropOAOBi BO Biopyio nojOBHHy cpeAHHX-B B^-

HM ^^ BecBMa BaatHoe HCTOpnqecKoe sHaienie. Topodcnou
ro- * _* a
.
owmz OUM no.mow npomueonojiomnocm^to oumy g)eooa.iwoMy H
noTOMy BHeci) BT> ajHSHB TorAaniHaro o^meciBa HOBtia naqaja*
^eoiajiBHoe pBiqapciBO ^BIJIO npeat^e Bcero coc^oeieMt ooeHuuMt, ro-
poataHe, naofiopOTB, KJiaccom .mdeii npOMuwjienmixt u mopioebtxt.
Maxepia^BHaa cn.ia ^eo^ajroBi saiuHoiaiacb B'B HXI, 3eM.tnxx, H
 119

HUMI> samiTiejrB OTA'LIBHIIX'B ceHbepift CHJO ceMcnoe

RacejeHifl

xosnucmeo, KairB ocnoBy MaTepia.iBHaro sHaiema ropOAOBt

Tor.ua
cocTaB.uj./TH moeapu H denwu, a HX-B JEHTCJIH 6miH sanam pas
HHMH peMec.mMu, nepeeosKow moeapoez H mnpinoAew. HaceJieme
<|>eo^;ajiBHEJx L KpinociHOH saBHCHMOCTH
r

ceHBepifi Haxo,a;HJiocB B-B

OTX CBOHXT> rocno^'B, HO B-B

ycTanaBJiHBajiacB ^pa^^c^aH-
ropo.a.ax'B
ceofioda. OcHOBy rocy^apCTBeHHofi BJiacin B-B ^eo^ajBHuxi,
H dapomaxi. 6&MO seM.ieejiadnnie, B-B ropo^axi. eio
ciajo 0611466 coiJiacie ipaoKdam. HaKonei;i), pasBHiie ropo.noB'B ona-
do.iBmoe BJiiaHie H Ha yMCTBeHHyro KyjiBiypy. 3,n^CB BnepBBie
CKJia^BiBaiBca KAaccz cerbmcKKXz ofipasoeaHmixz
T^M-B KaK-B panbrae oCpasoBaaHBiMH JIIO^BMH 6ujin
TOJBKO flyXOBHBIG.
167. BeyTpeHHee ycipoficTBO cpeAHeB'BKOBBixi ropo,noB:& 6HJio
secbMa pasHOoOpasHO, HO riOBcenicTHO Ha6jno^,aioTCfl H^KOTOpBifl P OIOBT,.
o6m,ifl lepiu. Bes^i HMGHHO Hacejrenie ^-BJIHJIOCB na lopodcwu
u npocmou napodz. IlepBBiH o6pa30BBiBajrca H3i>
H pBin;apeH, GCJIH OHH BXO^HJH B-B cocxaBi, o6in,HHBi (B-B
HJIH ESI Kynn;oBi, o6oraiHBraHxcfl ociajiBHyK)
TqproBJieK),
Maccy cociaBJifljiH penecjieHHHKH H Boo6m,e padoqitt JHOA'B. Cea-

npaBOMi, yqacTBOBaiB BI ropOACKOMi, ynpaBJienin, T.-e. .nijiaTB 06-

m,ifl nocxaHOBwiemfl, BBi6npaTB ropo^CKott COB-BTB H
jinn,!, H T. n., HO ci TeqenieMi BpeMGHH H Menie
xejH dobueajiucb mnxz wee npaei, XOTH RJIR aioro HMI npnxoiH-
JOCB BcxynaiB BI 6op&6y ex naipHHJaTOM'B. BojiBraero ^tacTBio 3x0
6ujiH peMec.ieHHUKU, Koiopne coe^nnfljiHCB BT> ocodwa TOBapume-

CTBa, HSB^CTHBifl no^x HasBaHieM^ itexoez; "CjiaroAapfl 9TOii CBoen

opraHH3an,iH, OBH TOJIBKO H OAepajHBajiH nod'BAy.
168. Hexn exH H HXTt
B0o6m,e HM^JIH BecBMa eamnoe snauenie ei> MUSHU LI-
.

3HaieHie.
cpeone&rbKoeux* lopoooo*. Bt 3iy anoxy OT^TBJiBHBifl JiHB;a OXOTHO
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Coe^HHflJiHCB BI> lUMdiu Kynn,Bi OTJU'BJIBHBIX'B odmnH-B,
H ropo^a B-B i^-fejiue COTOSBI pa^n odmnx-B TOproBBixi>
HHiepecoBi. 6miH moeapuiyecKUMu
HGXH Toate
ecjieuuuKo&b oduou u moii otce cneu/ia.ibHOcmu BX
ropoAaxx. Bca o6pa6aTBiBaK)m,aH npOMLinuieHHOCTB Ha-
Tor^a BT> pyKaxx peaiecJieHHHKOBT), H npoasBOACTBO co-
BepmajocB BT. MajienBKHX'B saBe^eHiflx-B, B-L
KOTOPBIX-B
caM-B xosaHHT,, HJIH Macmepz ct oqeaB HC^OJIBUJHM'B qnc-iOMi.
pa6oqHXi (nodMacmepbee*), c^HiaBinHxca ero MJia^inHMH TO-
(compagnons, Gesellen), H
 120

MaciepOMt, nyamo 6tuio CHaiaJia BbiyqHXbca Macxepcxsy

H ycoBepmeHCXBOBaxbca B-B HCM-B B'B KanecTB'B noAMacxepba, x.-e.
yMfe caMOMy xopomo pa6oxaxb. PeMec-aeHHHKH O.HHOH H xoft ate
cnenjajibHocxH BbidnpajiH noKpOBHxejra ce6'B KaKoro-.7H<5o csaxoro
BI>

(nanp., IIJIOTHHKH CB. IocH(f)a) ; cxaBHJin BT> n,epKBH ero cxaxyio,

ero naMaxn H noworajiH CkKibHBJM'B HJIH Bnas-
MSI. cpe^n. Majo- no-Majiy TaKia TOBapn-
CBoefi
cxajiH BHpa6aTHBaTi> ceS'fe ycmaeu, KacaBmieca H caMoro sa-
Haiia peMecjiOM-L. OcHOBHHa qepxti rjexoBHX'B yciaBOBi 6HJIH
flja. TOFO, qioSti saHHMaiEca KaKHM-L-jiH6o penecjiOM'B

^HCJIO penecjieHHHXi) saBeAeH o^eoro po.ua, co-

o6pa3yaci> ci sapaSoTKOMi. tfucjio

nodMacmepwez y'teHUKoet u
mowe oipauuHueaAOCb, Hio6H y BC^XI. MaciepOB-L 6a.:n> npH6jH3H-
sapaSoTOKi. U,exoBEie ycxaBLi saKJuo^ajiH B-B

H pasnun npaoujia OTHOCHTCJIBHO npo^oJUEHTejiBHOCTH

, y^enHKaMH H no^MacxepBaMH H x. n., a xaitaie
o6pam;eHia ci.

H oxHOCHxejBHO xexHHKH npOH3BO^,cxBa, noxoMy HXO i^exi 6pajii. Ha

ce6a pyqaxejiBCXBO sa ,a;o6pOKaiecxBeHHOCXB pa6oxBi. Jlojinonpae-
HUMU UMHCLMU O^HH MaCXCpa, KOXOpBie HSI. COOCXBeH-
E[6Xa 6BIJIH

H
HOH ate cpe^Bi BBi6HpajiH CBOHXX cxapocx^. I],exi pa6oxajnb
BCHHO JIHfflB Ha CBOH TOpOA'B H Ha CFO OKpyri., X.-6. Ha
PUHOKZ. TaKHMi) oSpasoMx ropoflCKaa npOMLinuieHHOcxB B'B

B-BKa 6mia JIHHIB

Me^Kaa, pacqnxaHHaa na HedojiBmoft

TIo3xoMy H o6M'BH'B xoBapaMH neatly OT^jTbRHMH ropOAaMH 6ujn>

He6ojiBfflOH. BOX-B no^CMy nepBbiMH ^eneaiHBiMH Ka-
B'B cpe^nic B^Ka 6biJiH XO.IBKO nynwbi, eedwie npyn-

uyto saipanwmyw mopioejiw. KpOM'fe BKOHOMHiecKaro sna^eHia, n,exH

HM^JIH suaueuie u nojiumuuecnoe, noxoMy qxo, rjiaBHBiM-B o6pa30MX
6jraro^apa xaKoft opraHHsauin, peMecjeHHHKH XDJIBKO H ^,o6HBa.iHCB
npasa yqacxBOBaxB BI> ropOACKHx-B ^Jiax-B.
169- B'B 9noxy pa3Apo6jieHia oaBHHX-B cxpan-B sanaji,HOH
-
EBpOHbi Ha (^eo^ajibHbia B.ia.n.'feHis iopoda, oceo6oduemiecH ovm> ceo-
ropo-
atani BT, uxz Ceui>ep08o, fl6UJlUCb H060M nOJIUmmeCKOW CUJIOW. Fa^OMI. C-B
.
cenbepiaMH cxoajiH xenepb pecnydJiHKaHCKia
(J)eo^ajibHBiMH
Koxopbia H BCxynnjiH BI 6opb6y ex ^eoAajiBHbiM'B MipoiwB. C-B
TOH CXOpOHBI, paiOM-B CT> ^yXOBeHCXBOM'B H pbmapCXBOM-B B03HHK1.
B'B Kaat^oft cxpaai mpemiu num, no.iyqHBmiH BO ^paHijin na3BaHie
fiypotcyasiu, B'B TepMaHiH 6wpiepcmoa (OXT> cjiosa fypiz, x.-e. ro-
POAI.).Fopo^CKia o6m,HHBi OKpyacajiH ce6a cx'tnaMH, saBOAHJH co6cxBen-
HyH) MHJIHI^iK), Ha CBOH CXpaXI) B6JIH BOHHBI. B'B HOJIHXHqeCKOH 6opb6'B
OHH MOOH npe^CTaBjaxb H ^HCXEHxejibHO npe^cxaBJifljiH 6o.ibHiyio
 121

CH.TV, a noTOMy 6vuio Baatno H ^.ia nani> ci HMnepaxopaMH, H

Kopojien ct (|)eo,najJBHBiMH ceHBepaMH, Ha ILK) cxopony 6yAyxi> cxa-
HOBHXBCa rOpOAa. Cl BOSHHKHOBCHieM'B rOpO.HOB'B, KaKT) CaMOCXOa-
HOJtHXHqecKOH CHJIBI, H locydapcmeeHHoa otcusub cma.ia
GB XII XIII BB. B-B OT^JIBHLIX'B cxpanaxi
Boofime cymecxBOBajra uemupe nojiumuHecKW, CUAU: 1) KO-
eAacmb, 2) dyxoeeucmoo, 3) cenmCKaa apucmoKpamiH u
4) lopoda. Bi pasHBix-B CTpaeax-B 910 CH.IBI coe^HHajiHCB
co6oio HeoAHHaKOBUM-B odpasoMTb, HO BesAt ci pasBHTiearB
nojiHTHqecKoe ycipoftcTBO ciajio npHHHMaiB meuu eudz.
170. Ilpn no.raoM'B pasBHTin (^eo^ajiHSMa KOpojB dBiJii JIHHIB
BeplUHHOK) (JjeOAaJIBHOH CeHBepOBT> H BaCCaJIOB'B, BCt
.TBCTHHI^BI
CBH3H Meat^y KOTOpBIMH SaEJIO^aJIHCB B'B pflJVE BSaHMHBIXl .HOFOBO- CGCJiOBHy.
post. Kaicx HH pa3^po6jiajii ^eoAajzHSM-B xy HJIH
^pyryro cxpany
Ha o6ocodjieHHBifl O^HO OT^ .npyroro BJia^Hifl, Bce-xaKH y Kawdou
cmpanu GUAU u ceou o6min drbJia, vnpe6oeaemiH o6w,aio couia/we-
uin. IIoKa KOpojiflMi HyaiHO 6Bi.so BXO^HXB BI, cooameme XOJIBKO
C!> CBOHMH ^yXOBHHMH H CB'BXCKHMH BaCCaJiaMH, g'&nUnO 9X0 Bl
^HCTO (fieodaMHOii cpopMn, x.-e. BaccajiBi Kopojia c-B-BsasajiHCB KI
ero ABOpy (KOpojieBCKaH Kypia) H ^oroBapaBajiHCB Meat^y co6oro
mHx-B M^p-B (nanpHM., o HOBBix'B saKonaxi. HJIH o .ne-

cOopaxi Ha
o6u;ia nyaiABi). Kor^a ropo^a xaKate saiiajiH caMO-
cxoflxejBHoe nojioateHie BT> ^eo^ajiBHOM'B oSm.ecxB'B, xo H OHH
6BUH qepesi. CBOHXX ^ojiwtHOCXHBix'B >

J^H^ B
npHHHMaxB yiacxie
ofimnx-B AoroBOpaxi. B-B 9x0 BpeMH H cxajH B03HHKaxB codpania, KO-
xopaa yate He HM-BJIH qncxo ({)eoAajiBHaro cocxasa, noxoMy ixo na
HHXI, noaBHJHCB npe^cxaEHxejiH H He-^eo^ajBHaro KJiacca o6m,ecxBa.
TaKHM-B o6pa30Mi>, 6jiaroAapa ropo^aMx, npeaiHia (fieodaMnun nypiu
3a,M'n>HUJiuc'b co6paniHMU uoeaio muna, Koxopna npHHaxo HasBisaxB

cocjioeHo-npedcmaoumeMHUMU, noxoMy qxo B^ 9XHXi> codpaHiax'B yia-

npe^cxaEHxejiH oxji.'BJiBHBixTb cocjiOBin. PascMaxpHBaeMBia
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3Banie HX-B vs pa-SHBixi,cxpanax-B 6BL/io pasnoe: BI> rocyAapcxBaxi
nojiyocxpOBa 9x0 SBIJIH nopmecu, BT> AnrjiiH nap-
BO <paHn,iH lenepajimue wmamu (o6^ie IHHBI Kopo-
B-B FepMaHiH ^pyrnxi. cxpanax'B ceuMu H x. n. Toaie H
H
ycxpoiicxBO cocJiOBHO-npe.oiCxaBHTejiBHBix'B yipeatAeHiH 6ujio
HO o6n;ee HX-B snaqenie, Hao6opox B, r

H xoate:Ha CBOHXX co6paniaxi npeflcxaBHxejiH cocjOBin yua-

cmeoeaAu ei mdauiu sanonoe* u ycmauoeMnm
Ha^oioez. Bjaro^apa
HMI, ox.n'BJiBHBia cxpaHBi BHyxpeHHe o6*edunxjiucb, HO BJiacxB KO-
pojett npn 9x0111 ocmaaa.iacb oipanwienHOw. T^M-B HC MCH-BC
 _ 122 _
orpaHHieHHHH KOPO.TB ofoeAHHCHHOH HanJH yate ne 6ujT> 60-
JIHIE& otfmHM-B centepOM-L KpynHBix-B BaccajrOBi., a SH-TB na^io-
locydapem, xomn u drbJiuewuMCH eAacm^to cz cajuocmoa-
me.imujuu cocjoewMU. TaKyro $opMy KOpojieBCKOH BjracTH nasBi-
COCAOGHOW MOHapxieu. Ona BOSHnoa BT, XII XIII BB.,
nantfojiBniaro pasBHiia BT> XIV XV BB., HO B-L XVI
XVII cioji-Biiflxi. npHin.ia ET> ynaAOK'B.
171. Bo $paHn,in B-B
9noxy Bioporo KpecxoBaro noxo^a
VI JIOCB nocmenenuoe eoaeuweuie KOpoAeecnou ejiacmu. ITeDBBiMH KO-
H YII BO T(
HSX ^HHacTiH JianeTHHroB'B, BBinie^mie HST. naccHBnaro
COCTOflHiff, BJ> KaKOM'B OHH BaXO^HJIHCB ET> XI B., 6BIJIH
eutcz VI ToMmou H JLwdoeuKt VII, n;apCTBOBaHie KOTOPBIX-B sa-
HHMaeii, SojiBmyio iaciB XII B. OHH BCTynnjn BT>

6opt>6y c% CBOHMH BaccajiaMH npe^e scero B^ caMOMi

^paHC-B, a noTOMx H ^pyraxx qaciax-B ciBepHoft H n;eHTpaj[bHoft
BI>

$pann;iH. B-B STOMX OHH nanuiH noddepmny co cmoponu

^-BJ-B

dyxoeencmea,, KOiopoe Boo6m;e xpannjio TpaAHHin MOHapxnqecKOH BJia-

CTH H atejrajio ycianoBJieHifl Mnpa H nopaAKa. Oco6eHHO dojEinia
ycjiyrn OO'OHM'B .Tro^OBHKaM'B OKasajx a66amz Cyiepiu HS'B MonacTtipa
CB. JI,ioHHcia (Cem,-fleHu) OKOJO IlapHata. 3io 6uin> ynHBin H anep-
rHqecKift qejiOB'BK'B, COB^TBI KOioparo npHHecjin 6ojrBmyio nojiBsy
HaSBaHHBIM'B KOpOJIHM'B. Bl BaatHOMl flfcu'b JIlO.HOBHK'B VII
0^,HOMT>
He nocjrymajca, o^HaKO / Cyrepia. YMHaH a66ax B we coenmoeaAZ
r

dmoMy Kopojiw udmu e* npecmoeuu noxodz, KOTOPHH nponoB'B^;o-

sajrca BepnapAOM-B HO .Iro^OBHK-B VII sce-xaKH
KjrepBa.iBCKHM'B,
OTnpaBHJica. BosspaTHBHiHCB AOMOH, OH-B passejica ci CBoero atenoio
d.ieoHOpow, Hacji'BAHHii.eH AKBHTaniH, a ona He saMe^JiHJia BBIHTH
saMyati, sa Bjra^'EJiBn.a HopMan^in H Anaty, CA^JiaBraaroca BCKop'B
H KopojreMi) AnrjiiH. TaKHMi, oopasoMi JIO^OBHK^ VII caMi. OTKa-
OT^ B03M031HOCTH HpHCOCAHKHTB AKBHiaHilO KT> CBOHM'B BJia-
H cnoco6cTBOBa;i & o6pa30BaHiio BO $pann,iH MorymecTBennaro
r

oqyTHBmaroca B-B pyKaxi> Anoin ).

1

172. KpOMi ^yxoBencTBa, KaneTHHraMi, BHOXH KpeciOBBix'B no-

TopOACKoe XO.HOBI MHOIO nOMOldAU U lOVOdtt. Bl 9TO HM6HHO EDGMa r BO 4>paH-
.

I^IH npOHCxo^Hjro KOMMyncLimoe oeuwceme, T.-e. ocBOooat^eHie MHO-

raxi ropoflOB-B OTI, BJiaciH ^eo^ajTOB-B H npeBpam,eme HX-B BT. caMo-
KOMMynu (o6m;HHBi). OHCHB nacio 910 ^BIJIO

BosciaHia ropomaHTb HPOTHB-B cenBepoB'B, xaKi. qxo

BCJIHCB Hacioamia Bofinn Meat^y TEMH H .npyrHMH. FopoataHe

npH 9TOMi> Hept^KO uCKajiu noddepwcnu &z Kopo.mxz u cajuu omsuea.iu

') CM. Kapiy VIIT.

 123

urn HXX 6opb6ii ex (jjeoflajaMH. Bx no,no6HBixx BOHHaxx

noMOu<,b BX
Kopo.m CTanoBHJHCB CHamia TO Ha xy, TO na jpyryio eropony, HO
HOTOMX CT3JIH cosHaTCJiBHO noMepatHBaTB ropoatanx, ^asaa HMX
oco6tifl xapmiu, no,HTBepjK,naBmia HXX npasa. Ha CBOHXX seMJiaxx

Kopojra ne nosBO.MJiH sasoflHTB KOMMyHx, HO sa TO ^asajiH 10-

poManaMz MHOIIH UHUH Miomu. Bo $paHi;iH odpasoBajica ^aaie
OC06LIH o6meCTB6HHHK KJiaCCX KOpOMeCKOU fypOKyCtsiu, BX BOTOpOMTb
KaneTHHFH HaXO^HJIH A'SflTeJILHUXl, CTOpOHHHKOB'L CB06H aHTH^eO^aJB-
HOH nojHTHKH. BnpoieMx, Kor^a KopojieBCKaa BJiacTL ycnjiHJiacb, ona
OTHHMaTs npasa H y KOMMynx, dtiBrnHX-L

$Hjrann b
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173. .IroflOEHKy VII nacji'B.noBaji'B ero CLIHX 3>uAunm II Ae-

(1180 1223), yiacTHHKi, TpeTBflro KpecTOBaro noxo^a. Hpn
H ne^ojiro i^apCTBOBaBraeMx- ero CBIH-B (Jro^OBHRt VIII) Ka-
npncoe^HHHJiH Kt CBOHMI. Henocpe^CTBeHHBiM-B BjiaA'BHiflMx
o6.iacTH. ^H^Hnn-L II OTHHJH, y aHoincKaro Kopojra (loaHHa

BessenejiBHaro) ITO TOTX, KaifB Baccajit (J)paH-

HopMandiw sa TO,
nyscKaro KOpoJia, ne saxoT^TB HBHTBCH Ha cy^x napOBx no o6BHHe-
niro B-B yMepmBjemn csoero njieMHHHHKa. HopMaH^iro npninjiocB,

OAHaKO, aaBoeBBiBaTB, HO ^HJinnnx II ycn-Enmo ^OBepmHJi'& STO

Ilpn He.MT> SRQ npOH3ome;i'B Kpecmoeuu noxod?> npomuez a.

^,687, u ea^dencoez roaiHOH <I>paHn;iH, OKonqHEmificfl ea

H no^HBemen-B c-BBepHBiM-B (|)paHn,y3aMTE,. BojiBmaa gam

ipatfiamy.iyscKdio 6mia EOTOMX nepe^ana psmapaMH, HX-B
BT> HHXX
HO H6 CXyM-BBHIKMH
TIIHMH, y^epataTBCfl CO^CTBeHHBIMH CHJiaMH,
cnny <]>HJiHnna ABrycTa. Tanx Ha^a-iocB nocmenennoe co6upame Ma-
nemumaMU (fieodaMUbtxv SCMCM t&panuiu. HaKonen,!,, ^HJinnnx II
AsrycT-B SBIJTB H nemum ycmpoumeMMt KopoaeecKOu adMunucmpaK/iu
BX JIHH.'B CBOHXX ficiMueofftH npeeomo&z, KOTOpBiMi nopyqeno ^BIJIO
ynpaBJieHie OT^JIBHBIMH o6jracTHMH, HO KOTOpne caara 6wjm noji;-
iHHeHBi KOpOM'ecKOMy coenmy H cnemuou na.iamrb BX HapHarB.
(Ha ior^ KOpojieBCKHMH HaM-BCTHHKaMH CAXMajiHCB HOTOMX ceuewaAu}.
174. Em,e 6oJTEe BOBBBICHJiaCB KOpOJeBCKafl BjaCTB BO

npn JLwdoeunrb IX CenmoM* (1226

H ero
1270), npeflnpHHHMaBmeMX
HieCTOH H Ce^BMOH KpeCTOBBIC HOXGflBI. JIlOAOBHKX IX 6LMX HaCTOfl-
njHitx eon.iowemeMz punapcmw udea.ia cpe^nnxx B'BKOBX,
KaKx OTJiH^ajca, KPOM^ CTporaro OjiaronecTia H MHJiocep^ia, xpa6-
POCTBK), 3a60TJIHBOCTBK) CJiadBIXX H CnpaBe&THBOCTBK). OHX 6BIJIX
oqenB ,o,ocTyneHX napo^y H casix BHCJiymHBajix npocB6ii H pas6H-
pajx ata;ro6Bi no^x SHaneHHTBiMX Ay^Oiix BencencKaro saMKa. Ero
npHroBopu cjaBHJiHCB CBOHMX npaBOcy^ieMx, H OHX BX caMOMx ^feji'fe
cy^Ba He.iHD,enpiaTHHH. Bo BpeMa CBOHXX KpecTOBBixx noxo-
 124

OHT. CHHCKaxB ce6i> r.iyooKoe yBaateme .najKe cpe^H caMHxi>

Hapo^t cinxa.^ ero npasio CBHTEIMT,, 6,iaro,a;apa leaiy,
OWL B0o6m,e cumno noduuM upaecmeennuu aemopumerm Kopojieecnou
ejiacmu. Jlro^OBHKy IX
xoate y^a-iocB yBejiHinxB CBOH BJia^-BHrn npn-
coe^HHeHieArB Anotcy H Hyamy, Koxopue OHI OTHHJII. y anrjificKaro
Kopojfl. Ho oco6eHHO BaatHO 6turo ero BHyxpeHHee npaB.ienie. B-L 910
BpeMH BO $paHD,iH pacnpocipaEHJiocB EST> HxajriH mywnie JOcmuuia-
noea ceoda, H Haqajiac& peu,enwH (npunamie) pUMcmio npaoa. IIo-
flBHJCfl oco6HH KJiacci. saKOHHHKOB'B, HJiH Miucmnet, KOTOptie, nocxynafl

Ha KOpojreBCKyio cjyjK^y, ciapajincb npOBO^HTB B-L atH3HB pnMCKia npa-

BOBHfl BOSSp'BHifl. Cl. HOMOmBK) JierHCTOB'B JIlOAOBHK'B IX HSflaJTB
H^CKOJIBKO pacnopajKeHift, HSI, KOTOPLJX-B OAHO aaM-BHajio cydefiuwii
noedunoKv npaBHJiBHBiM'B cjii^ciBieMi,, .npyi'oe ycTaHOBjiHJO anneAm-
K* KopojieecKUM* cydwMv na npnroBopBi <|)eoAajiBHBixi ceHBe-
H T. n. Bo HOBBIX-B cyflOBi. 6ujn> nocTaB.ieHi>
rjiaB-B B-B Ila-

enmt, cyAe6Haa najiaTa ; o6pa30BaBmaaca

Kypin Kopojia
(|)eo^;ajrBHOH C'L npHCoe^HHeHieM'B KI, neft

Oojiio6HHe ate napjiaMenTBi 6tiJiH ycxpoeHH BnocjrEACTBiH (XV B.) H

BI .npyrax-B npOBHHuiax-B.
175*. E^Ba Anrjiia ofi-BefliraHjacB BI, Haqa.TB IX B. BI> O,O;HO Kopo-
jieBCTBO, KaKi. Ha nee ciajiH uanddamb nopManuu (^aiqaHe). OHH
B<

BpejieHHO OojiBHieio qacTBH) AnrjriH, 6jaro,a;apa TOMy,

H sjnte KOpojieBCKaa BJiaciB B-B cnjry TEX-B JKC npngnH-B, KO-
cTBOBajH B-L ^pyrHxi repMancKuxi rocy^apciBaxi, npu-
m.m en,
Dpae^a, S^CB HC 6Bi.io HacToam,aro ^eo^ajHSMa,
ynadoKt,.
HO ycTanaBJiHBajrocB Hi^xo eMy no^odHoe ycu.ieuie seMemnou suamu
u saKprbnoutenie uapodnou Maccu. 9io 6Bi.io pesy.iBiaTOM-B o6pa-
BOBaHia cocjroBiamaHO&z, no.ztyiaBfflHX'B OT'B Kopojiefi sa cjiyat6y
6ojiBniia noM^ciBa. CaMLiM-B saM'BqaxejiBHBiMi) KOpoJieM-B BpeMen-B
HOpiiaHHCKHx-B HamecxBiii faun> AjtHfipedi BBAUKIU (871 901), KO-
xopBiii CHaiajra 6u.TB jiHmeHi, BJiacxn ^axqaHaiiH, 3axBax.HBinHMH
Bcro cxpany, H BBiHyat^eH-B 6mn> CKHxaxBca;Cpeji;H .I-BCOB-B H 60^10x1, HO
HOXOM-B oxBoeBaj^ sana^Hyio qacxB AHrjrin H sanajica HcnpaBjrenieM'B
npHIHHeHHBIX'B 3aB06BaxeJiaMH. BM'BCX'B Cl> 3XHMTI OHT> 603-
cmapwu amjio-caKCOHCKiu nopndoKi &z ynpaeAeniu u
j
cydrb C'L
yqacxien-B B'B KHXTJ
CBo6oAHBixi> jno^eft ). 9xoxi> nopa-
jtOKi, oKasajca HacxojiBKO avHByqHM'B, qxo ero He yHHixojEHJio H HO-
Boe saBoeBanie sana^HOH AHr.iiH ^axqanaMH npn Kanymn
KOMO (1017 1035), noji.'B BjacxBio Koxoparo Haxo^HjHCB

1
) AjiB^pe^t nOAoCno Kap.iy BeJiHKOMy MHOFO aaCoTHJica H 061 o6pa30BaaiH CBoero
Hapoja.
 - 125 -

Meimo ^ania, HopBerifl H Anrjiifl. 9xort Kopo.ib, npHHflBinift CEM-L

H pacnpocTpaHHBniift ero cpejjH AaiqaHi, H Hopeeat-
npHMO cnoco6c rBOBaji'L BOSCTaHOBjemio BI AnoiH en
t

.naaie
HCKOHHBiX'B o6biqaeBi>. BT> yKasaHHOMt coxpaneniu dpeene-iepMancKUXz
OCHOOZ 6btma saiuioqaeTCfl o^Ha HSI oqenb BaatHHxi oco6eHHOCieft
aHoincKOH HCTOpia. Mnoroe HST. 9ioro 6Hia coxpaHH-iocB BI

Tor,a,a, Kor^a B^ nee 6wjn> nepeeeceH^ ^pasi;y3CKi

176. Bt cepe^HHi XI B. B-L AnrjiiH n,apcTBOBajii> ddyapto
noiOMOK-L Ajite.na BejHKaro. Ero MaxB
6mia po^CTBeHHHi^eH repijora nopMaH^CKaro BuMieMjua, ^a H
OHT> nojyqHjn> BOcnHTanie BT> HopMaH^in, r^i npHCTpacTHJca KI (J)pan-

KyjiLiyp'B. He HM^H ^ixeft, OHI. saemyaM ceow nopouy

HO BHTeHareMOTTb nocjii ero CMepTH Hadpajn BI KO-
anoo-caKca FapoMda. Tor^,a BnjibrejiBMi., HCJIOB-BE'L, OTJH-
CHJIbHOK) BO.I6K) H OpraHHSaTOpCKHMl TaJiaHTOMl, B-B TO
ate Bpeiia xHiptiH, ata^HLiH H BjiacTOJiodHBLift, cocTaBH.ii. 6oji&moe
H3i> pLmapeft HopnaH^iH H ^pyraxt qacien $paHn;iH H
saBoeBanie Afirjin. Meat^y FapojiL^OM-B H
MOM-L npOH3om,ia dHisa npn racmumcn, BI Koiopoii
y6aTi>,a ero soilcKO noTepirkio cxpamHoe nopaateHie (1066).
iep'U,oii> cdvbAajicn menept KOpo.ieMt AHIMU H 6biJix
SaooeeameAeMi (1066 1087). Tan-B KaKx, o^eaKO, OHI
noKOpn.ii> Anrjiiio npn noMOin,H pbinapeft, HS-B Koiopbixi MHorie
6bi.TH #aaie TOJIBKO Ao6pOBOJbn;aMH, TO OHI ^OJiaieH'B 6ujn> eosna-
ipadumb uxz sa 9mo, pasda&i u.m (fieodw HSX KOH
anrjio-caKCOHCKOH snaTH. B-B KOHI^-B CBoero
3aBoeBaTe.ib BeJiijii) nepenucamt ecw noseMCMnyw co6-
cmeeuHocmb B-B Kopo.ieBCTB'B ci> odosBaiemeM'B ea BJiaA'BJi&i^eBi, H HXI
(KHHra CTpainnaro cy^a"). IIo 9Toii nepenncH OKa-
BO Bcefi Anrjin dojiie 60 TLicaqi. r

<{>eo,a;oB B. MHOFO SCMJIH

H AyxoBBbie HS-B HopMaHAin. TaKHM'b o6pa30M'B <?s An-
i.riw usz {frpautyiu 6uM nepeuecem <foeodcuimMt>. BAfBCT-B CT> STHMI
o$(|)HE;iajibHbiM'B asBiKOMi AHoiH CA^aJiCfl <f>paHn,y3CKiH HSBIKI., H
anrjio-caKCOHCKafl i^epnoBb npjmfljia MHorie (f>paHuy3CKie odbiian.
177. BiMBrejiBM'B 3aBoeBaTe.ib 6ujn> rocy^apeM'B secbMa npe-
AycMOTpnTejibHbiMTb, xopomo noHHMaBmHM'B nojoateme A'fe-it H yM^B-
DIHMT HsdiraTb orae^OKi,. IIo3TOMy, BBO^H BI AHrjiro <|>eoAajiBHoe OTI 4paH-

ycTpoftcTBO rocy,a;apcTBa, OH'B nosaGomuMH o moMi, nmofiu ue yny-

oAdcmu U3V ceouxi pym>. OH-B xopomo noHHMajii, HTO Hop-
BOscTaniH aHr.io-caKCOB'B, a STH B-B
pbiqapn Sy^yT-B 6oaTbc
CBOFO oqepe^B 6y^yTi> nyatAaTbCH BI samHT-fe orB HacHJiin, H noTOMy
BC-BMH cnoco6aMH, qTo6bi npn noMom,H
 126

ApyrHMH. BfiOfla (Jjeo.a.a.iHSM'b, OHI coxpanuM mnjuz ne

3d ceo6odnbiMU aniM-caKcaMU no.iMoeanie uxb cmapuMU nopnd-
KCLMU. OB
Apyroft CTOpOHbi, OBI odasajii. npucfiiow no
Kl> Cedi H6 TOJIBKO OflHHX'B BaCCaJIOBl, (tfapOHOB'B), KaKl, TO
BO $paHn,m, HO H nodoacccMoez (pbinapen).
^aji-se, odxaBHBi, ce6a
BepXOBHBIM'b C06CTB6HHHKOM'B BCCH 36MJIH, OH-B OCTaBHJTB SHaiHTCJIBHyK)
ea iacTb sa cotforo H ne pasdaea. 6apouaMz npynmix* e.iadtbniu
OK odnoMb Mncmib. CaMBie ni.e.npo HaA^jeHHtie HM-BJIH SCMJH, pas-
6pocaHHBia B^ pasHHxi qacxax-B KOpojieBCTBa, laK-B HTO HH y
HS'B 6apOHOB B ne 6ujio mauou cnjiomnou meppumopiu, EOTOpaa
r

6n npespaTHTbca B-B cHJiBHyro ceHBepiro. Bi STO spena JHHIB

oqeHb HCMHorie anrjio-caKCH coxpaHHJiH SCMJIH H CBo6ofly, noTOMy
HTO H paHbme Macca 6biJia yae saKp-fenjieHa. Tenepb ona HSX aa-
BHCHMOCTH OTi, manoez nonajia B-B sasHCHMOCTb OT'B 6aponoez u pu-
uapeu, HO BnjibrejibM^ I npaHajiT, Mipn H KI TOMy, iTo6bi noMi-
III,HKH ne MOMH cfltjaTBca HacToam,HMH ea rocy^apasiH.

178*. BnjiBrejiBM'B SaBoesaTejiB QTxbjiEjn>-6ujio Anoiro OT'B

$paHn,y3CKoe a
"D
HT1Hill
fl
BJI1.HH1G Dt
Bt
HopMaH,n,iH, OT.aiaB'B KOpojieBCTBO
* BTOpOMy
* * CBiHy (BnjibrejrBMy
"P
II),

repn,orcTBO CTapmewy (PodepTy, yqacTHHKy nepsaro KpecTOBaro

noxo,o;a), HO o6a STH cnoBa COCAHHHJII noA"B CBoeio
BJia^Hia
BJiacTbio
r

TpeTiii 6paT &, FeHpaxi I, H OHH ocTasajiHCB coe#HHeHHtiMH

nocji'B 9TOro OKOJIO CTa JI'BT'B, BCJi^CTBie nero nopManditu ez An-
IMU doAio ewe ne cjiueajiucb cz amjio-caKcaMU BI o^Hy
Mnorie 6apOHBi BJia^'BJiH seMJiaMH H BT> AnrjiiH, H BI Hoj
a noTOMy CTpeMHJiacb saBO^HTb H B-B AnrjiiH nopa^KH c[)paH^y3-
CKaro <J)eo,najiH3Ma. HMI. HOMOFJIO TO o6cToaT6JiBCTBO, ITO no CMepTH
FeHpnxa I (1134) nanaAOCb MewdoycoOie sa nopony Meayiy w-
qepbio FenpHxa I MamuMdou H CLIHOM-B ^oqepn BnjibrejbMa 3a-
BoeBaTejia CmecfianoMz OT-B ea 6paita ci O^HHMI, <|)paHn,y3CKHM B rpa- i

4>OMi> (Ejiya). MaTH.ib^,a, cana CbiBniaa saMyjKearB sa (|>paHi];y30Mi, rpa-

(j)OM'B aHatyHCKHiTB HSI (|>aMHJiiH JIjianMaienemoffz, BI KOHH/E KOH-
II,OBI> o^epatajia Bepxi, H ci ea CLIHOM'B FenpuxoMz II BCTynnjia
WL AHMin na npecmirB dunacmin II^aHmaienemoez (1154). Ho-
Baa ^HHaciia Toate 6njia cfipanuyscKcifi. FeHpnx'B II BJUL^JTL BO
HopMaH^ieii H AHmy, a no 6paKy C-B 9jreonopoio AKBH-
x
pasBe^eHHoft ateHOH .Iro^oBHKa VII, H AKBHTaHieft ). Ta-
TS.EWL oSpasoM-B IIjiaHTareHeTBi SLUM BaccajiaMH 4>paHn,y3CKHX'B Kopo-
JieHH caMH HM^JIH BO $paHn,iH MHOrOIHCJeHHBIX'B BaCCaJOB'B, a BCe 9TO
TOJIBKO ycu.meajio 6Mxme &z Auuiu (fipauitiyacKUXo eswxdoez, npa-
u nopadnoez. 3aTO, ci Apyron CTOponti, BCTynjienie Ha an-

I CM. Kapxy VIII.

 127

npecxoju. xaKOfi MorymecxBeHHOii AHHacxiH OCX<IHOBH.IO

ycnixH, Kame fliuajit Bt AHr.iiH HHCTO (j)paHn,y3CKiH (jjeojja./THSM'B

BO BpeMfl cnopa sa Kopony, Kor.ua <5apOHti HacxpOHJH B-B Anr-im
TpH Cl> nOJIOBHHOH COTHH BaMKOBt, CT8JIH AaJKC B6CTH MCJEAy C060H)
BOHHH, cxpainHO yrnexajH KpecTLflHCKoe Hacaieme H x. n. ILianxare-
HexH n,apcxBOBa;iH BI> Anr.TiH .pa ci HOJIOBHHOH) B-BKa, ci> cepe,a;HHti
XII ^,0 cawaro KOHn;a XIV (1 1 54 1399), T.-e. B-B anoxy KpecTOBtrx-B
noxo.noB'B H em,e n.'EJioe cioji-Biie nocji-B HX-B OKOHqania, H npn KO-
9TOH flHHaciiH BX Aeoin coBepuiH.iHCB BecBMa BaatHBia co-

179. FeupuxK II U.ianmaieHemz (1154 1189) ycMHpnjii Pe<j)op na

l
(J)eo,ii;ajiBHyK) auapxiio H opiauusoeaM npaeu.imuu cydt, BOcnojiB-
30BaBnmcB cxapmiH cy,ne6HHMH o6uqaflMH anoo-caKCOHCKOH anoxn.
OH'B OTHHJi'B cy^e^uyio BJiacxB y (jjeoAajiOB-B H nepe^aji^ ee CBOHMI
qHHOBHHKaM'L, KOTOpUC DpOHSBO^HJIH, BflpO^eMI), TOJIBKO O^HO pa3-
pimajiHCB ate fliwia HBB-BCTHHM!) MHCJIOM-B M^CTHBIX-B
npHHOCHBmHX'B npncary B-B TOM'B, ITO 6y,nyTi roBOpaiB
TaKOBO 6tLio naqajio cyda, npucHMHUXK, coxpauHBrnarocfl
CHXT> nop-B H nepeine,n,niaro OTiy^a BI> Hame BpeMH H

CTpaHti. KopojieBCKOMy cy,a;y FCHPHX-B II XOT-BJI^nodnuuumb

u dyxoeencmeo, Koiopoe cy.HH.iocB jinmB BI CBOHX-B cy^axi> ^aae
B'B ciyia-E xaKHX-B npeciynJieHiH, iKejiaa npOBecin
KaK-B ydificiBO.

9xy Mtpy, Koiopaa Monia BCTP^THTB oinop-B co cxopOHH n,epKBH,

FeHpHxi) II AodaJica HasHaiema na ^OJISHOCTB npHMaca
apxien. KeHTep6epiHCKaro, O^HOFO H3i> CBOHX-B
QOMU Eeuema, KOTOPHH MHOFO co^'BHCXBOBaj'B emy BI.
^eo^ajOB-B. OoMa BeKexi., Be^niiH paHBme Bece^yro JKHSHB,
nepeM'BHHJica, HacxoamnM-B acKexoM-B, H B'B HeM-B KOPOJIB
cxajii
Haine.it xenepB yate ue noMomHHKa, a cuMuaio npomueuuKa.
Kor^a FeHpax-B H nacxoajit Ha co6paniH npejiaxost H
BI, KjiapeH^OH-B, qxodti no yrojiOBHHM-B npecxynjiefliaM-B

viHi],a cy.pi.iHCB Bt KOpojieBCKHXt cy^axt BI> BH^y KpaHHefl CHHCXO-

^HxejiBHOCXH ^yxoBHHX'B cy^efi Kt HJieHaMt CBoero cocjiOBia, OOMO,

Benem* omnasaACfi npusuamb wapendoHCKin nocmaHoejieuia.
KopoJieMi, H npHMacoMt naiajiacB dopb6a, duBniaa JIHHIB
c.iyiaeM'B Boodnte cpeAHeBiKOBOH 6opb6H Meat^y flyxoBHOio H
CKOK) B,iacxaMH. OoMa
cxajit oxp'BinaxB oxt AOJiatHOCxeft
no^innaBLUHxca KopoJiro, a Kor^a xoxt Haqa.ii. eMy rpoaHXB
xo noKHHyji-B AHoiio H npe^awit FeHpnxa II aHaeeM^. liana
III) o^HaKO, 9x0x1. cnopi., H npHMaci. BOB-
yjia^Hwit,
BpaxH-ica B-B Anr-iiio. Hauia Bcxpixnjia ero ci 6o.iBmoio pa^ocxBro,
B.iaCXH H 9X0 n03B0.1H.10
 128

OOM-B npo,no.maxB 6op&6y, oxpljmaa nonpeatneMy HenoKOpHBixi, KJIH-

PHKOB-B. Pasrn'EBaHHBiH Fenpiix'B II OAHaatABi neocxoposKHO CKa-
B-B npBcyxcxBm p&mapeH, neyatejiH OHI KOPMHXI. XOJIBKO ne-

XpyCOBTb H HHKTO H6 OCBOO'O.UHX'B CFO OTL 3JOKa3HeHHarO

nona; Tor^a qexBipe pBinapa xaimo KeHxep6epH H
inykxajiH BT>
xaM-B y6u.m Oojuy codopHOMt xpaM^ (1170). B'B HapOA^ na
B-B

9oMy ciajiH CMOipixB, KaK'B Ha MyqenHKa, nana npHqHCJrHjnb ero

Kl JIHEV CBflTHX-L, H FeHpHXl II ^OJIffieHt 6uJI1> Hy6jIHqHO BHMa.lH-
cedi npomenie naA'B ero rpo6HHn,eft H Aaate corjiacHThca na
KAapendonCKuxz nocmanoejieuiu. (Ilpn TeHpHxi II Haqa-
JIOCB BaBoesaHie HpJiaH^in).
180. CypoBOCTB, ci KaKoro FeHpHx-B II npaBHj'B AHmeH, no-
cejiHJia He^OBOJiBCTBO npOTHB-B Hero B'B cipaHt. Bootfoje e.mcmb
l '

auiMucmiocb KOpoMu (turn doeoMuo ancwumeMHOw, H npoiHBi) Fen-

pHxa II BI, KOHn.'B ero ijapCTBOBama yate naiHHajiacB onno3Hn;ifl.
Ciapmifi FenpHxa II, Puuapd* Jlwunoe Cepdw, n,apciBO-
CBIH-B

Baji-B OH6HB He^ojiro. BcxynHBi) Ha npecTOJix, OH'B oinpaBHjica B'B

xpeiiH KpecTOBBifi noxoA'B, na BOSBpaiHOM'B nyTH HS-B Koioparo nonajTB

BX n.i'BH'B WL HMnepaiopy FeHpnxy VI. 9xoMy pBiqapro H noaxy na
KopojieBCKOM-B xpOH-fe HacjitAOBajix ero 6paxx loanm
(1199 1216), ijapcxBOBanie Koxoparo 6mio ocodenno
coBepineHHO Sespascy^HHH H EpaftHe
y6ificxBa OHI> ycxpaHHJii> oxx npecxojia CBoero
(Apxypa), HM'SBinaro ropas^o dojiie npaBx Ha sanaxie
npecxojia, HO BctMi) CBOHMX noBe^eHieM-B OHI, ooopywcuM npomuet
cetifi cpasy nrbCKOMKO epaio&b H ^panuyscKaro Kopojia (frujiunna, II
Aeiycma, BaccajOM-B Koxoparo 6uju> no seMJiaMTb Ha MaxepHK-B, H
nany HunoKenmifi III, no^Hflsraaro na He^ocaraeMyio Bncoxy snaienie
CBoero cana, H lAaenue KMCCU uaceMHia ez caMOu Auuiiu. Ko-
POJIB ^paHityscKiH npHSBajri) ero KX cy,o;y napOB-B aa
pOflHoro njeMHHHHKa H, Kor^a loanH^ He aBHjrca Ha cy.n'B,
y Hero Hopmaudiw (ci> BpexaHBio) H dojiBiuyro qacxB
(6nxBa npn Eyeuwfb BX 1214 r.). FH-BB-B nanti HHHOKenxia III
HaBJieK^ Ha ce6a caMOBOJiBBBiMi) HaanaieHieM^ apxienncKona KeHxep-
6^pificKaro, Kor^a nana GXflajn> 9x0 M^CXO ^pyroaiy H^KoeMy Cme-
(pany Jlammouy. loanH-B BesseMCJiBHBiH saxBaxnjii noM^cxBa apxie-
nacKOna, HO nana nodeepn> AUIMW tmmepduKmy, x.-e. 061.880.11. B'B

HCH npeKpamenie 6orocjiyjKeHia, I^MI, B036yAH-ii. B'B expand cxpamnoe

HeyAOBO.iBCXBie npoxHBi. Kopojia, ^OBe^njaro ee AO xaKofl M^pti CBO-
HMI. conpoxHEjieHieM-B nant. BM^CX-B ci. x-EiTB Jinqno IoaHHi> CBIJII.
o6'LaBjreH B oxjiyqenHBiM-B OXT. n;epKBH H ompn>weHUbiM?>
r
omz npecmoAa,
ero KOpojieBcxBO nana noAapHJi-B Kopojiro (|>paHi],y3CKOMy.
 129

Tor.ua loaiiH'B CMHpnjca H TopazeciBeHHO npusuctM Anuiw

<J)eodoj\iz, a ce6n oaccaAOMz nanu, BI snaKi. qero nojioajEMTB Kopony
KI HoraMi nancKaro Jieraia H otfasajica njiaiHTb PHMCKOMY nepeo-
CBameHHHKy ejKeroAHyio ,naHB. BapOHH loaHna 6mra BciiM'B BTHM-B
cipamno pas^paaieHH. MHorie HSI HHXI, HMiuw SCMJIH BO $pan-
IUH H 6ujw saHHTepecoBaHH BI> coxpanemH sa AHrjiieii HopjaaH^iH
H .npyrnxi) npOBHHain. OHH jiaBajra loaHHy amoro ^ener^ na sememe
BOHHLI ct ^HJinnnoMi.-ABrycTOM'B, HO JierKOMHCjreHHiiH Kopojib BBJIX

Bofiey OH6HB Aypno, a ^eHsrH

pacionajii. dea'B BCHKOH HOJILSH.
Kponi Toro, 6apOHH xarOTHJiHCB npouaeoAOMtj. CT> KaKHMT> IoaHHi>
B-L KaqecTB'B ^eoAajBHaro ciosepena dpajii nomjHHH npn nepexo^

c|)eo,noBi, no nacJi'B^CTBy, oneRajn CBOHX-B iiajoji'BTHHX'L saccajOBi,,

aacxaBJiflji'B HacJi'B.nHHi^'B (|>eoAOB^ BBIXO^HTB saMyaji,, sa KOFO eiiy
6mio yro^HO H T. n. Ha ^pyrofi ro^t nocj'B nopaffienia loanna
^HJinnnOMX-ABryciOMi auiMucKie Gaponu eoscma.m npoiHB'B Hero
ci opyatieM-B B-B pyKaxx, H K-B HHMI npHCoe^HHHJCfl Jloudom, CTO-
jHn,a KOpojieBCTBa. Tor.ua loaHHi BesseMejiBHBiH noniejrB na ycxynKH
n BX 1215 r. Ha Jiyry SJHSI. Bnn^sopa nodnucaM ipciMomy, KOTO-
poro yTBepayjajiHCB BC^ 9TH yciynKH.
181. 9ia rpaMoia HSB^cTHa no^ HasBaHieM'B BCJIUKOU xap-
mm Y
eoamocmeu H HMiex-B BI BBicmefi cieneHH BaiKHoe SHaieaie
.

BI HCiopiH AnrjiiH, xaKi KaK-B eio SBIJIO no.ioateHO n(ma.io paseti-

miw amMiiCKOu noMimuuecKOu ceofiodu. T-iaBHoe co^epatanie xap-
T!H uucmo (fieodctMHoe. EFO onpe^jflJiHCB 6ojBme scero BsaHMHBia
OTHoraeHifl Meat^y Kopojeiii H ero BaccajiaMH BT> BH^y npeatHHxi

3.ioynoTpe6jemH Kopojra ero ciosepeHHBiMH npaBaMH. Ho BI xapiin

cmambu, UMrbewin smuenie ne dAH odnuxz KOpojieecKuyx
aKi Kaui. 6aponoBi, no^epatajiH H AyxoBenciBo, H ro-
.
Xapxia noATBepatAaja noaiOMy ciapua npaea ii/epK6u u
lopodcnuxo o6w<um (civitates). Samniuaa CBOH npasa,
KopojieBCKie Baccajbi pacnpocTpaHHJH nojiyqenHBia
T.-e.
.IBFOTLI Ha co6cTBeHHHX'B BaccajiOB^, T.-e. Ha pbt'U/apeu H BiiroBO-
H

PHJIH HSB-BCTHBia o6e3neqeHia HC TOJIBKO ceofioduuM* A-wdaMz, HO

AajKe H Kj.mnocmHbiMt KpecmbfinaMz (BH.oaHaM'B). PasnBia BOJB-
HOCTir, nepeqncJieHHHa Bt xapxiH, KacajiHCB, KpoM^ 4>e A ajBHLIX L
'

OTHOinemH, qHHOBHnqBaro ynpaB.ienia, cy^a, Hajoatenia niTpai|)OB'B,

H BH'BSAa sa-rpaHHi;y H T. n., HO ocodeHHoe snanie nojry-
ciaxBH, oSesneqHBaBmia AUHnyw uenpUKOCHoeenHocmb u yua-
cmie uawu 01 ycmanoeMnm ua.wioez. HH OAHH-B CBO^OAHBIH ^e.io-
B'EKi) ne MorB iiOABeprnyTBca saK.noqeHiio BI> TiopBiiy, KOH<|)HCKa-
H,in HMymeciBa, HsmaHiio H T. n. HHaqe, KaK-B no p'ineniio ero
(paBHtix'B) H no saKoay cxpaHBi. ^.ia HasHa^enia najiorOBi.
CPE^Hflfl HCTOPIfl 9
 130

(eovnupoeania cy6cudiu), Kpojd> CJiyiaeBi, ymraxH <J)eo,a;ajibHLix'B BSHO-

COB'B, Kopojib o6a3HBa.aca, naKOHeu.'B, cosbiBaxb na o6m,iH c-B'Es.n'b npe-
jraxoBi, H 6apOHOBi>. 3flaa B^POJIOMCTBO loaHHa, 6apOHH
B'B xapxiio em;e o^Hy cxaxbio, BI, Koxopoft
BeJiHEyio cajiy
HS-L 25 CapOHOBi, .nojuKeHi. O'LI.I'B Ha6jno,n;aTL sa HcnojraemeM'B

roBOpa, a BI, cjiyqai napymema ero KOpojieM^ naq

nero Boaciame. Be.iHKaa xapxia BOJiLHOCTefi 1215 r. B'B HCTOpin
cpe,o;HHxi He 6uji& e^HHCTBeHHOH rpaMOTOH, KOTOpoio yiBep-
B'EKOB'L
x
.noroBOpi, Kopojra ci ero no^aHHiiMH ), HO HH o^na He
xaKoro HCTOpniecKaro sna^eHia, KaKi, axa. AHoiftcKHMx
'L as^-sa nea npninjiocB, OAHaKO, owdepMam-b eute 6opb6y.
loaHH-B BesseMejifcHHH nojryiHJn> OT-B nann paap-BraeHie napyniHTb
flaHHoe oSimanie H Haqajra> BoiiHy C'B daponaMH, HO KaE'E-pasi. BI>
BIO Bpena yMep^, a oneKyH'B ero MajrojiixHaro CHna, FenpHxa III,

AOJHsera dHJit no.nTBep.nHTL xapiiio. Bi XIII B. ona

jiac&, KpOATE Toro, em;e H-BCKOJILKO pas'L.
182. B'B uapCTBOBame Fenpaxa III (1216 1272) Bt
e03HUKt miMGWwew3, KOTOpiiH cflfajiajn, KOpojeBCKyio BJiacit orpanH-
H6HHOH). FeHpHxtHI 6ujn> rocy^apt, jiio6HBHiiH jiecTB H meApo Harpa-
sa nee .nojiffiHociaMH H sesLiaMH. CaMBiMH 6JIH3KBMH K-L
6miH HHOCTpaHii,Bi, nocTynaBHiie na KOpojieBCKyio cjyat6y,
tiniapH H3t ^paHn,iH H AOBOJIBHO 6ojibHioe IHCJIO
HSI, HiajiiH, KOTOpux'B nocHjrajiH BI, AHoiro nanti. Bee
Kopojia H ero HHOcxpaHHiixi, (JmBOpiixoB'B oqenb HC npa-
BHJIOC& amMuCKOii Httn/iu, o6pa306aeweucH KV cepeduHTb XIII e.
mi CMHnin HopMandueet CT> anuio-cancaMU. Bi, onnosai^iH npo-
XHBI> Kopo.iaCOCAHHHJIHC& H npejiaxLi, H 6apOHu, H pLin,apH, H ropo-
ataHe. FeHpHxi, III H^CKOJIEKO pasi, cosiiBajii cmsdu npe^amoez u

6apoHOG% (,,6ojibniie COB^XH"), Koxopue dojiBnieio lacx&io pfeKo no-

pnu,ajrH ero nojraxuKy. FjiaBHyio pojis BI, BXOH onnosHnJH Hrpa.TB
Cujuom MoucfiopmcKtu, po^OMt $paHijy3i> (ero oxeui, 611.11 BO-
at^eanb B-L specxoBOM^ noxo^ npoxHBt ajrbdHroHH.eB!,), nepece.iHB-
miiica B'B Anmiio, r^
nojiyiHJi'B rpa^a JeiicxepcKaro H
xExyjii,
ajeHHJica Ha cecxpi Kopojia. HOCCOPHBHIHCL ci reHpHXOMi, III,
9x0x1, xajiaHx.iHBHH H 9HeprH^HHH Be.iLMoata nepeme.ii, Ha cxo-
pOHy aHMificKHX'B dapOHOBi, H CA'BJiajica ^aate HXI,

qajra 6ojii>e KpynHtie 6apoaiJ Ha ^6ojLniOMi, coB-Bxi" BI

(1258) 3acxaBH.ra Kopoja npasnaxB na^ co6oro oneny oco6aio KO-

Mumema U3* 24 Gaponoeo, HO MejiKie 6apOHH H piin,apH 6H.1H ne-

) Bi 1222 r. no^o6Hy a;e rpaMOxy ( n 3ojioTVK> 6yjrjy") zaun, Bearpin

II (iipeAnpHHHMaBniifi KpecroBHH
 131

TaKOK) GJiHrapxH^ecKOK) (J)OpMOio npaBJieiiifl H CTRJIH

Ha
efl ycTaHOBJieme. FenpHxi) III omasajica OTt Hcnojmema
Aannaro odimaHia, uoCHMOH'B MoH<|)OpTCKiH noffle.i i> Ha Hero BOHHOIO,
r

B3ajn> ero BT> uji'kuTo H c^JiBJico. BjaABiKoio AHrdH.

rocyAapCTBeHHBiMx ynoMi., OKI yBH.n'BjrL, OAHa"KO,
o'ojiBfflHM'b

OAHH KpynHtie 6apOHbi ne B'B cocioamH SyAyrb ycipOHTb ynpa-

cxpaHOio, a noxoMy, cosbiean BT, 1265 r. omt UMBHU
n 6o.tMuou
cootbmz" OH^ npuiJiacuw ua new ne odnux?>
,

npe.iamoei u fiapouoez, HO u npedcmaeumejieu wdupoov (ipafficmet)

u lopodoer, (no ABa npe.ncTaBHTe.ifl OT-L Kaat^aro rpa<|)CTBa H nan-
<5o;i'Be saatHBix-B ropo^OBTj). 9xo H 6ujn> nepeuu amMucKiu napjia-
npHiMamemeMi, pL^apCTBa H ropOffiaHi> K^ yqacriio BX
CHMOHI HaB^eKi. Ha ce6a neyAOBO-iBCTBie KpynHuxi.
OHH nepenuiH Ha CTopony Kopojia, a CTapmift CHHI.
(3^yapAi>) 6 BaKajr B H3t nji-Bna H CTajii BO rjraB^ HC-
i p

FenpHxa 111
CHMOHTb MOH(J)OpTCKiH 6UJH> HOS^JK^eHl H yftHTL Bt
C-L KOpOJlCBCKHMI) BOHCKOATb, HO DpHAyMaHHaa HMI> M^pa, T.-C.
COSHBI, na
n 6oj&mie COB^TH", KPOM-E npe.iaTOBi, H 6aponoBi, pii-

uapCTBa H ropo^ani,, Bonuia i>

cnjy, H napAaMenmb &z AHIMU
cyu^ecmeyemz nenpepwuo ywe ftojine uiecmu erbKom.
183. AnrjiiHCKiH napjaMeHTi. pas^-B-iBJica na flBi najiaTLi:
nap 12
"

najiamy mpoer> (.lopAOBi H HUWCHWW,

IAAU
BTO pas^JieHie, cym;ecTByK)ni,ee H B^ HacToam.ee Bpena,
oKOHiaTe.iLHo JiHHiL B'B cepe^HH-B XIV B., J'BT^ lepesi,
HOCJI-B cosBania nepsaro napjaneHTa. ^.leHaMH sepx-
HCH najiaTLi c.u'E.ia.iHCb enucnonu, a66amw u upynnue oacca.tu
H3i> KOTOpuxi Kaat^biH sacfc^ajn, BI> HCH 67,
cu.iy ceoeio

npaoa, npnieMi, sBanie CBirreKaro jrop^a cxajio nepexo-

no nawndcmoy KZ cmapweMy cutty. HHJKHJUI na,iaxa o6pa-
30Bajiacb H3i euCopuuxi npedcmaoumeAeu KCIKO omz MBAKUXZ KO-

pOMocmxt eacccuioei u omi pwtapeu, m.-e. nodeaccajioez, u mam

omz C6o6odnaio nacejieuin ipacficmez u lopodoez. Bi> rpa^CTBaxi,
) na coSpaniax-B, cym;ecTBO-
npe^CTaBHTejiH BLidnpaJiHCb
em,e pasHbix'B MicTHBixT> .H-EII H ^JH cyjia,
panbuie ^JIH
H sA^Cb npOHSouiJio CMHttie Me.wux* (peodaJioei, cs ocma.imuMo ceo-
fodnMJHZ uacejiemeMz.
DajiaTa o6mnHi. CAi.ia.iacb najamo-u oce-
COC.WOHOU, H 9THM'b aHCJiSc^ifi napjiaMeHT-b ci> cajiaro Haqa.ia ciaji
OTJiHqaTbca OTL ApyrHx-b noAodnuxi co6paniH, BOSHHRniBxi, OKO.IO
Toro ate BpeMCHH B'B pasHbix-b rocyAapCTBax-b SanaAa, TA^ Kaa-
Aoe cocjiofiie sac^Aajio OTAi.ibHO. (H B-L Bepxnefi najiaTi 3acI>Aa.TH
BMiCT-B BBICHiee AyXOB6HCTBO H BBICUiee ABOpaHCTBO).
184*. B?> FepjiaBiH B^ anoxy KpecTOBbixT. HOXOAOBI, 11
npo-
9*
 132

HCxo^HBineH Tor^a ate 6opBdu nancina H HMnepin uapcTBOBa.in

dunacmiu fipamoncKaa (10241125) H weaGcKax (1138 1254),
Taitate no^i. HMenaMH ca.nmecKoii dunacmiu H Toien-
Hpn HHXI> npo^oJiJKa.ia pasBHBaiBca uesaeucuMOcmi)
Haseu, ieaiy HMCHHO H noMorajiH, CT& O^HOH CTOpOHH r

nocTOHHHoe cipeMJienie H^Men.KHXi, rocy^apeft OBJia^ib Hiajiiefi,

ex Apyrofi HX^ 6op&6a C'B nanaaiH. CxpeMact na icri,,
(|>paHKOHCKOH H B'B OC066HHOCTH HS'B mBa6CKOH ^HHaC
ceda Ha ciBepi, B-B TO Bpeua, KaKi, nanti B-B 6opL6'B
HHMH Haxo^HJiH ce6t corosHHKOB'B B'B canon FepMaHin BTB

KHflsen. J(JIK H'BMn.eB'B HXI.Kopojin oKasajHCB

PHMCKHMH HMnepaiopaMH, qTO^Bi nojyiHTB Han,ioflajiBHoe 3Ha-

qeeie, a RJIO. HTajiBaHr^eBTb OHH 6ujm lepesqyp-B H'EneijKHMH Kopo-

JflMH, qiO^H HM^ ^oSpOBOJIBHO nO^HHHTBCfl. T^MS
HTaJIBaHIJ,bI MOIMTH
ne Men-fee o6n> dunacmiu ewe cz ycnnxoMt noddepwueajiu ceou
aemopumemz && FepManiu.
185. Kx <|)paHKOHCKOH flHHaciiH npHHa^JieatajiH: FeHpHx-B III r
iiH ce64 nancxBO, P&npuxiI'V (1056
_.
1 106) H TexpuxiV,
TT r
cnop'B sa HHBecTHiypy. 1 effpnxT> 111 nojiBSOBajica
T6JIBHOR) BJiaCTBK), HO CPO CHH-B, FeHpHX'B IV, yBH^l-L, ^TO
66jiBmaro ynpoienia CBoero aBTOpHiexa HljMen,Kie rocy^apn
HM^TB onopy 6% mKOMZ-Hufiydb lepuoicmotb, KO-ropoe Haxo^HJiocB 6Bi
B'B EOJIHOH OT-B BBXl SaBHCHMOCTH. TaKHMTB repI^OrCTBOM-B OH'B XO-

rki'B CA^JiaiB CctKConiw, C'B KaKOBoro n.'Libio H ciajzi) CTPOHTB B-B.

Hen yKpinjienHHe saMKH, HO BCTp^THjn, CHJiBHoe conpOTHBjieHie co
ciopOHBi Bcero M^CTiiaro nacejieHia 6e3i. pasjinqia sBaHin. BopB6a
C-B caKCOHuaMH coBnajra no BpeireHH co cnopOMi, C'B FpHropieM'B VII.

liana Hamejn COWSHUKOQZ ez PepMamu 6% (peod&MUtt u ez cau-

coHu<ax~o. KnasBa BOSMyiHJincB npoiHB-B FenpHxa IV H ^ame nsdpajra

^pyroro Kopoja repi^ora mBa6cKaro. Ho H y Fenpaxa IV

6BIJIH COI03HHKH BT. JIHU.'B MCJIKHX'B pBIH,apeH, Ha KOTOpBIX'B OHH-
pajica eni,e ero ^A^ (Konpa^ II), H ropoaiaH'B, HaiaBmnx-B B-L
9TO BpeMa nrpaiB H-BKOiopyio pojB. Uo6^Si, o^naKO, ocxajiacB
Bce-TaKH na ciopon-B nann H <|)eo,a;a.ziOBi.
186. Co CMepiBio CBina FeHpnxa IV, FenpHxa V, npeKpain-
iacL (^paHKOHCKan ^HHaciia, H nocjrB KpaiKOBpeMeHHaro n,apCTBO-
. / TT \
sama OAHOFO caKCOHCKaro repnora (JiOTapa), npecioj'B sanajiii
mea6cKle lepit/oiu usz cfautUMU FoieHmmay^eHOoz. HsSpaHiio npn-
Ha^-ieaiaBuiaro KI 9TOMy po^y Eonpada III (yiacinnKa Btoporo
KpeciOBaro noxo^a) lie XOT-BJIH C'B caMaro ate naia.ia
Bejfofibi, BaeapieH H CaKCOHiefi, u 910 BBi3Ba.io
B-iaA-BBmie

ycodnyio BOHHV. BTOPBIMT> KOpojeMT. H3i> AHaaciiH ForeniiiTay(})enoB'B

 133

<)BLTI>njesiaHHHKi. Konpa^a III, $pudpuxz I EapGapocca (1152

1190). Ero napcxBOBame npoimio BT> noxodaxz ez Hma.iiw u ez
6opb6n> cz nancmeoMz H OKOHIHJIOCB yqacxieMi> BI xpexBeMi> Kpecxo-
BOMI> noxo.n'B. CxpeMHCB noAgHHHXB cefiij Hiajiro H ocymecxBHXB H^ero

yHHBepcajiBiiOH HMnepin, ^PH^PHX-B Bap6apocca ynycnaM nouey

nodz cofiow GZ lepManiu, r^i (f)eo,najiBi npo^ojuKajiH ycn.iHBaTbCfl,
OH-L H ociaBBJn, no ce6-B .lereHAapsyFo
ue yiaepx, a CHHT'L rjiySoKHM'B CHOMI,,
co BpeMeneMi. npocnyiBCfl H BepHyxb FepMaHiH ea Cmiyio
CLIHI $pH^pHxa Bap6apoccH, FenpHxi VI, Koxoparo eni,e
jKeHHJTL Ha KoHcmamwu, EB.CJI^EKU^ Heanojia H CnijHJiiH,
Bcero xjionoxa.!!!) 061, yTBepJEfleniH CBoeMt B-& roatHOH Hiajiin, ni-
Men,Kie ate KHHSLH BocnojitsoBajHCt BTHM-L RJI& Boscxauia npoiHBi,
ero BJiaciH. Doc.i'B ero npeat^eBpeMeHHOii CMepxn (1196) BI Fep-
onfiTB npOHSoniJia (|)eoAajiBHafl yco6an;a, H TOJIBKO qepesi
BaAn,aTB jriT-L na HMnepaiopcKoan, npecTOJi-B FepManiH yieep-
cfciH-L Feiipaxa VI, <I>pudpuxz II (1215 1250), KOpo.iB
Heanojm H CHn,HJiiH, mBiorimfi CBOCIO 6opB(5oio CT> nanciBOM-B H
nflTHMi> KpecTOBHM'L noxo^OMij. 9io 6ujn> yaie H COBC'BM'B He Hi-
Men,!), a loatHHH KOTOPBIH eooce u ne safiomuACH
HxajiBflHei;i), o
dniicmoumeMHOu cuwb uopoMecnou ejiacmu ez FepMauiu.
HM-ETB Bl> CB06H HiaJIBflHCKOH H aHTHnanCKOH nO.IHTHK'B
na CBoen CTOpOHi, CHI. npU3Ha,AT> 3d HUMU meppumo-
e.iacmb, npasa rocyAapCTBCHHoii B.iacxH KB HX-B iep-
T.-e.

B'B 1250 r. no CMepra $pHApnxa II, BCTynmn, Ha

7

npecioji'B ero ctint (RoBpaxi IV), HO OHI n.apCTBOBaJi'B JTHHIB ^e-

Ttipe roAa.
187. Ct ForeHHiTaytbeHaMH
J ^
na.ta oz Tepjuauiu KOpoM'ecKan

)
KaKOK) ona 6iua BX anoxy caKconcKOH, (ppaHKOHCKOH H
(T.-C. OTI> na^ajia X #0 cepe^HHti XIII B.). HOC^FE
ForeHniTay(|)eHOB'L KnasBfl ciajiH BLi6HpaTB BTB Kopojia JHO^CH, Koiopwe
He MOHIH 6biTB onacHBiMH RJIH HXT> B.iaciH (rojuraH^CKaro rpat})a, aiiraiM-
CKaro npHHija, KaciH.iBCKaro Kopojia), H 910 Bpena HOCHTI BT.

HasBapiie ee.'iUKaio Memdywpcmein (1254 He 1273). Ho

ET>
FepMaHin H njieMeHHBia repnorciBa, KOTOPHH B'B

HflXH B03HHKJIH Bl> X B., HOXOMV ?XO H Kaat^Oe H3T>

u
pacna.iocb eu^e na 6o.me Me.min 3eMJiu (xeppHxopin), KaKi> xo
yrae CBIJO BO ^pannin B-B X B. B-B 9x0 BpeMH cxa.m BBi^'B.THXBCfl H3i>
FepManin xaiwKe Hudepjiandu H flfye&itapi*, o6pa30BaBmin
rocy^apcxBa. OcxajiBnaa FepMania pa3;vBJiHJiacB na
oco^Bifl
cmoo KHfMcecmez (dyxooHuxz u C6n>mcKUXt>), ipacficmoz u dpyiuxz
i&j a mawice OOMHUXZ lopodoez. Hacxynn.io
 134

HasHBaeMaro Ky^ianuaio npaea, r.-e. HOJHOH BHyxpen-

xaKi>
r

aeapxiH. CaMH KHHBLH JEE^JIK naKoneivB Heo6xoAHMOcx& npe-

KpaxnxB TaKoe nojioaieme RJUTB H cnoBa Bti6paxB Bt KopojiH Koro-
H31> H-EMemtHX-B KHflSeH.
188. IIocjrE BejiHKaro Me/K,nyH,apcxBia H'EMen.Kie KHasba npedno-

60o6iu,e obifiupaniblocydapeu HSI. KHasefi nocjiad'se. IIepBLiMi>

*, n / -n f f
-> - /ir>rro i r, r \ -i

ra6c6yproBi,.
TaKHMi, KOpoJieMi) OHjii, Pyoo.<iMj)5 1 aocoypiCKiu (12/3 1291 j,
y KOTOparo 6mio jramt ITECKOJIBKO saMKOBt BTB BjiBsaci H HlBefi-

i^apin. Cx
aioro BpenenH H caMH rocyAapH CTajin ^epataxBca uo-
eou nojiumuKU. OHH ^OJituieio ^aciLio y^e ne reajiHCB sa npn-
spaKOM'B BcecBiiHOH HMnepm, ne flyMajm 061 oneifB Ha,a,i> nan-
"
CTBOMT> H ne coBepinaJiH jjpHMCKHX'L noxo.noB'B fti

CBoeft BJiacTH BX HTajiiH. Py^ojiB(J)i. ra6c6yprcKiH nepBHH

npHM'Bp'B 9TOH HOBOH HOJIHTHKH, Sa^aBHlHCB I^'BJBH) COSdamb
et>
TepManiu (Jo.ibiuoe Hac^rbdcmoennoe mHwcecmeo. CBOH
OH-B HanpaBHJix na IOTO-BOCTOK'B, r^i sa cio.i'BTie nepe^i.
nepBonaqajiLHO dojiBnieio laexBio cjiaBSHCKaro nacejieHia odpa-
1
E'EMen.Koe repn,orcTBO ). 3epnoMi axoro
npeiKHaa B&cm&wOA Mapm,
Aecmpia, no.iy- HJIH

OTI roreHnixay^eHOB'B THTyjii repn,orcTBa H npHCoe,a,HHHB-

maa EI ce6t UlTHpiro, KapHHTiro H Kpatmy. Bi anoxy Me^^y-
ijapciBia 91010 o6jracTBK> OBjraA'BJi'B qeincKifi KOPOJIB OmmoKapz 11\
KOxopBiH HOTOM-B oxKasaJica BT>
B^PHOCTH Py^oJiB^y 1.
npHcarnyTB
OnapaacB onacTH na aBCTpiiiCKHX'B H^Mi^eBi,, HeAOBOJiBHLix'B OTTO-
),
H Ha BeerpOBi,, Bcer^a conepHnqaBinHxi) ci> qexaMH, Py-
)i.
ra6c6yprcKift OWHHM y Ommompa ecrb aecmpiiiCKin GJICI-
H npeBpaxHJu. HX'B B^ uacjirbdcmeenHoe KHnwcecmeo Ia6c6yp-
ioe?>. ^ociaToqHO OTI> 9Toro ycHJiHBfflHCb, OHTb npeflnpHHajTB yciaHOBje-
Hie BI> FepMamH seMCKaro MHpa, paapyniHBx EH> HCH naccy
Ba> KOiopux'B mum pasdoHHHqaBinie pLiii,apH. Bee 910.
xaK-B odeanoKOHJio KHasen, qio Bt npeeMHHKH Py^ojib(|)y I OHH
tt

H36pa.iH ,6i^Haro pLI^apa AdoMcpa HaccaycKaio, HO Kor^a H

OH-B cxajii) ycxpaHBaiB cedi oco6oe KoaaiecTBO, Knasta ero
CHjioio
HH3.ioatHJiH H BLidpajiH Bi KopojiH Ajii>6pexma AecmpiucKaio, ctina,

Py^ojiB(|)a Fa6c6yprcKaro. IIonBiTKa

nocJiiAHaro ycioHTB Kopo.ieB-
CKyio BjiaciB Tojse BCTpixH^a conpoiHBJieHie co cxopoeH
H noc.i'B 9xoro OHH yate .nojiro H36-BrajH HsSnpaxb

') CM. napxy XIV.

 - 135 -

IV.

189*. CjaBflHCKift Mip'BB'B anoxy KpeciOBHXt HOXO^OB-B Ha-

B'B cji'E.nyiomeM'B noJoatemH. Pycb B'B cepe^HH-B XI B.

na OT.a.'E.i&HLm KHaatecxBa, a B-B cepeflHHE XIII B. CTOBUXT. no-
n VTT s XOlOBt.
MonrojiBCKoe HFO. boMapw, #0 KOHn,a All B. OBMa npo-
CTOH BHBaHXifiCKOH npOBHHHJeH, paBHO KaKI, H COC-B^Hflfl CT> H6H)
Cep6in. HoMwa pacna.iacB na Y^-BJIBI B'B cepeAHHi XII B. H
B'B xaKOMi. BHA'fe AO HaiaJia XIV. Xopeamin 6uji& saBoeBaHa

eme BCKOpi HOCJI-B nepfiaro KpecxoBaro noxoAa. Vexix ^o

XIII B. xoate dsua rocy^apCTBOM-B OIGHB cjiadbiMi,. TaKHMi

BI 3noxy KpeciOBBix'B noxo^OBi, CJiaeHncmn cmpauu 6buiu

uacmiw UAU pa,3dpo6.<iemi na meanix KHawecmea, UAU
nodz uyjicuMt e^iaduHecmeoMz. BOTTB noqeny CJiasflH-
CKie napo^Bi He HrpaiH p<MH B'B KpeciOBBix'B noxo^axi,, KOiopBie
xaEHM'B o6pa30M-B 6BMH jiBHiB npe^npiflxieM'B ponaHO-repMaHCKaro
Mipa. Apyrofi CXOPOHBI, oc-zraftjieme -CJiaBaHCKaro M\pa B'B XII
OB
XIII BB. noMorjro H'BMen.KOMy njieMCHH no^iHHHXB ce6k BecBMa 3Ha-
qnxejiBHyK) xeppaxopiio C'B cjiaBHECKHMi, HacejiemeMTb.
r
190. BopB6a H'BMiieB'B ci. sana^HBiMH cJiaBSHaMH naiajracB em,e npn
BejiHKOMi., HO Hacxoflmie saeoeeameMuue MOrro^wnpoxHB'B cjia- HHXL cjia-

npeflnpHHflXBi 6u.iH JTHHIB H^ivmaMH npu CCIKCOHCKOU dunacmiu.

nojiBCKifi KODOJTB BojiecjaBs Xpa6pBifi. noJiBsyflCB BpeneH-
HB1M-B SaXHHIBeM'B BTB repMaHCKOM'B HaCXynaXCJIBHOM-B ^BHJKeHiH Ha BOC-
XOK-B, paCnpOCXpaHITJT'B CBOK) BJiaCXB HajliTj HOJiaCCKKMH CJiaBflHaMH, HO HO-
XOM-B nojflKH oicasajiHCB He B'B cocxoflHm ynpOHHXBCfl B-B expand
M-B H 9jB6oio. TaK-B HMO
^o BpeMeH^ roreHmxay^
A^JIO
repMaHCKift nuanop^ Ha BOCXOK-B" (Drang na^h Osten) onaxB
B'B cepe^HH-B XII B. QAHHI HS'B repMancKaxi KHflaett,

6pexim> Medondb, nojioatH.i'B a^acxoamee ocHOBanie H^

ipaficmey !paHden6ypiCKOMy r CflijiaBmHCB Henocpe^cxBeHHBiM'B Bac-
HMnepaxopa, sasoeBaB'B cxpany cjiaBflHCKHXT.
B-B nee KOJIOHHCXOB-B H ocHOBaBi) BI> neii
ero eme 60.1^6 pacmapHJiH CBOH BjiaflliHia Ha
HHX-B cjiaBflH-B. ConepHHKi) $pa^pHxa Bap6apoccBi, Fenpuxz
BT, TO caMoe BpeMa noiqHHHJi'B CBOCH BJiacxn cjiaBan-B nojuop-
ate

CKUXZ, KOXOpUC JIHHIB XOFfla H npHHHJIH XpHCXiaHCXBO. ^BHraflCB Ha

BOCXOK^, H^MH,!! O^BIKHOBeHHO UCmpe6jlHAU HdCCAenie SaHHMaBHIHXCa
oo.iacxefi HJIH ero 0wwM&CM/uw, CCJH XOJIBKO OHO Ao6pOBOJiBHO HMI, HC

noji,qHHfljiocB H He ycBOHBaJio repMancKoft KyjBxypBi (KaKi* 9x0 fll^a-TH

CJiaBaecKie KnasBfl). Majio-no-Majiy BCH cxpana Meai^y 3jB6oro
 136

H O^epOM-B miOHHSHpoBa-iacB HiMijaMH *), KOXOPBIX-B

ycjiOBia JKHSHH Ha HOBBIX'B M'ECxax &. Boo6m,e
r

cio^a Jiyimifl
KCIH KOJiOHmaifiH ycu.mAacb ei snoxy MeoKdyyapcmeifi, Kor^a Ky-
jraiHoe npaso sacxaBjajio MHOTHX'B HCKaxB dojie SesonacHofi H
JKH3HH Bsi FepMamH. Ei> 3ioMy axe BpeMenn OTHO-
H SMUipauiiH nrbMiweb &b uewcnie u no.ncnie lopoda. Bo-
y cjraBflH'L B^ cpe^nie B^Ka ropo^CKOfi 6BiTi> SBM'B Majio pasBHTi, H
cpedu HUHZ npedcmaeume^^MU lopodcnou nyMmypu.
191*. SaBoeBanie no.iadcKHX'L H noAiopCEnxi CJiaBanx H-BM-
oieHB o6jerqajioci) paeuuHHOcmiiW HXI> cipaHLi. HesaeucuMOcmi
vexoez, HaoftoporB, oxpaHfljin lopu, OKpyjKaiomia HX-B cipany. Ho ^e-
xia Bce-iaKH npo^ojraiajra ocTaBaT&ca B-B BaccaJiBBBixi, OTnomeHiflXT> K^
H'BMeqKOH HMnepin H npHHHMai& B-B ce6a nepecejieHU.eB'B HSI. FepMaHin.
CnopBi sa HMnepaiopCKyio Kopony BI> KOHH.'B XII H Haqajii XIII B. no-
3BOJIHJIH ^eincKOMy KHH3K) ^
OmmoiwjQu^I nociaBHTB CBoe rocy^ap-
CTBO Bi) Jiyqines nojio^eHie no OTHoniemio K-L FepManiH, H OHTB
JK6 OKOHyaTejiBHO npHHflJii KOpojieeCKW mumyjit (OKOJIO 1 200 r.^
npn^eMTb no/aBBji-B Boscxanie yA'BJiBHHX'B KHaseii. Ero BHyK^,
Ommonapt II (1253 BejHKaro
r

1278), dBiJUB coBpeMeHHHKOM &

B^ FepMamH, EoiopiiMi H BOcnojiBsoBajrca ,a;jra

CBOHXI BJia^HiH ABCipieii, KapiiHTien H

IllTHpiefl,
KpafiHOH. EMy ,n,a^e npe,a;jiarajiH HMnepaiopCKyio Koposy, oi'B KO-
Topofi OHI, o^HaKO, oTKasajica. Py^ojiB^ Fadc6yprcKiH oiHaji'B y
Hero HasBanHBia seioH, HO saio CHH-B OxTOKapa II, Bau/aaei II,
Hia CBoero flOMa Ha BOCTOK^, cA^JaBmHCB can-B
nOMCKUMZ (1300), a CB06My CBIHy AOCiaBBB-B H KOpOHl/
eemepcmjw (1301), xaKi qxo ero CBIH-B BaniJiaBT, III yate HOCHJI-B

o^HOBpeMeimo xpH KOpOHBi: qemcKyio, nojiBCKyro H BeHrepCKyio. Ho

3X0X1. rocy^apBg CKOpo ynepi (l.S06) JL ci> HHM^ npeKpaxnjiacB AH-
?

nacxia IIpmeMUCAoeuueu. C.i'E.uoBaxe.jiBHO, ^exia BTE> XIII CTOJitiiH

OOJIBHIHMI Morym,ecxBOMi. cpe^H SjiHataHmnxi, co-
TaKoe Meat^yHapo^Hoe noJioaieHie ^exin 6BMO cjit^cxBieM-B co-
-

BepniaBmaroca BI> HGH BHyxpeHHaro pasBHxia. Ycn^xaMi. qexoBi.

MHoro coA'ificxBOBajiH KOJIOHHCXBI H3i3 FepMamH, ^;a H caMH Kopojn peB-
HOCXHO noMora^iH pacnpocxpaneHiio B-B expand H^MeqKoM
192- FepMancKaa KyjiBxypa B'B anoxy KpecxoBBixi.
jtfjHia
pacnpocxpanHJiacB H no romHOMy nofiepejKBio BajxiflcKaro Mopa.
cpe^n ^HHCKaro n.ieMeHH dcmooz H JIHXOBCKHXX njreMen'B .tamuiueu
u npyccoet) 6BiBiHHx B em;e asBiqHHKaMH, B'B HaqaJii XIII B. yxsep-
r

H'EMen.KHX'B ,a;yxoBHO-pBin,apCKHx B op rT,ena

r

y .mmuweu

l
) CM. Kapxy XIII.
 137

u dcmoez Mvienocuu OKO.IOnpyccOBt 1200meomoubi

r., ay
OKOJIO 1225 r. *). Bi OOOHXI, OPABHCKHX-L
BJiajvEHiflx-B repnanHsaiuH
irfccTHaro nacejieam 6mia CJiaCie, HeraejiH aieatAy OAepOMx H BHC-
.1010. Oco6eHHO Majio 611.10 H'EMijeB'b BO BJia^HiH op^ena Meienoc-

TP$ TyseMHoe Hacejieme H #0 CHXI> nopt coxpanH.io CBOIO

H,eBT>,

HCKonHyio Hapo^HOCTB. IIoflBJieHie TGBTOHOBI Ha HHJK.eeM'B xeqeHm

BHCJH HM^JIO 6o.iBiiioe snauenie ez ucmopiu UOMWU. ITpyccti
JKHJIH BI> HeilOCpeACTBeHHOMl COCtACTB^ Cl DOJIflKaMH, H yiKG Bo-
jiecJiaB'L Xpa6pHM nponHKajn. BI HXT> beiUno. Tenept.
9TOH o6jiacTH saHflJiHCb H^MeuKie pwi^apH, Koioptie noiOM-B
onacHHMH H ji;jifl caMOfi

TJIABA VII.

OTt cpeflHHXB B^KOKS Kt HOBOMY

I. MeatAynapOAHHa OTHomemfl ( 192 197).

II. Kaxo.iHiecKaH u,epKOBB ( 198 213).
III. Sanajuio-eBponeHCKia rocyAapcxBa. 06maa xapaKxepHCTHKa ( 214 216 H
239). $pann,iH ( 217226), Amvria ( 227230) H TepMaHia ( 231238).
IV. BnsaHTia ( 240) H cJiaBflHCKig mipt ( 241252).

I.

193*. IIocji'B KpecTOBuxi> 00X0^06^ 6opt>6a sanadnux'b xpu- Ho6tAa

cmiam c% MycyMManaMU npOAOJiwajia BeciHCt jiamB iaMi>

Mea;,a;y HHMH cymeciBOBaJio nenocpedcmeennoe cocndcmoo. TaKi 'j>

^HJO, npeat.^e Bcero, Ha IlHpeHeHCKOM'B nojiyocipOB'B. Bi Haqajiii

l
VIII B. apadbi saBJia^-BJiH ne Bceii HcnaHieft ), a B-L KOHIVB TOFO ate
2
CTOXBTifl Kapjii> BejHKiH ocHOBajit sa HnpeHeflMH HcnaHCKyio Mapity ).
B% X H XI BB. HcnaHCide xpiiciiane o6pa30BajiH ET> c'EBepHofi nacxn
no.iyocTpOBa KOpojieBCTBa Apaioncnoe, KacmuMcnoe H
CK06, KOTOpHfl BGJIH HOTOMI. HOCTOflHHyK) 60pb6y CT>
UIHMH roaiHOK) nojOBHHOK) KopdoocKiu
nojiyocTpOBa. MesAy T-BMI

xa.iu(f)am?> caMz pasdrb.mAcn Ha ntbCKOMKO Me.iKHXTb KHaaiecTB'i), H

B-L nepBofi nojiOBHH'E XIII B. xpHCiiaHCKia KOpojescTBa OTHHJIH H
eaLAy co6oio BC'B BJia^Hia iiaBpOBi,, Kpoiii caMoii IO/KHOH
) CM. xapxy XIII.
!
) CM. Kapxy XV.
2
) CM. i;apxy IV.
 138

HUCTH nojiyocipOBa, rjvfc ocia.TOCB BX pyicaxx MycyjiLMaHx OAHO TOJIBKO

rocy^apCTBO rpena^a. Bo BTOpon nojiOEHH-E XV B. ^Ba
KOpojieBCTBa nojiyocxpOBa, Apaiom u Kacmujiin, coeduuu-
jiuct> ez
odny Monapxiw BCjrE,a;cTBie 6paita neaKAy ^epAHHaHAOMt
AparoHCKHMi) H HsaoejLTOH KacmiBCKOH (1469). Bx 1492 r. Hcna-
w oemdrb.ia, u Ppenadou. (TaKHM-L o6pa30M-B 6opb6a aiea^y xpa-
CTiaHaMH H MycyjibManaMH TflHyjiact BT, Hcnamn dojiie CGMH
B'BKOBI,).
194*. Mnxanjiy VIII Ilajieojiory ne ydaaocb eoscmanoeumb
BmanmiucKyw umnepiw BX npe^Bjraxi., KaKie ona HM^jra ^o ie-
1
- TBepiaro KpeciOBaro noxo^a ). BeHeaiaHn,H y^epata.in B-B CBOHX-L
no-
pyKaxx sa^BaqeHHEie HMH nynKTH na deperaxi, H ocipoBax-L MO-
B1> '
pea, oMHBaiora,Hxx BajiKancKifi no-iyocTpOBi., a BI> loaznoH ero

Aep/KaTbca HiKOTOpiiH (|>paHii;y3CKia

Tony HOBHH Kopojit Heano.ifl H

ffie

saxBaTHJix Koe-Kame npn6peatHLie nynKTH Bt Tene-

CT, ^pyron cxopOHH, na c^Bepi em,e
KpecTOBBiMi> noxoflOMi, o6pa306a.wcb uoooe
ciaBinee BI> oqeHB BpaatAe6Hoe OTHomenie K
2
Bx XIII B. (KMrapcide n;apH Hana^a.iH H Ha JlaTHHCKyio HMnepiio ),

H Ha BOscTaHOBJieHHyio HMnepiro BHsaHxiftcKyio. O^HOBpeMeHHO ci.

9THMX n,apCTBOM'& o6pa30BajrocB na sana^-L OTT> Hero H CepOcxoe
uapcmeo, KOiopoe BI> cepe^HHi XIV B. .npH Cmefiauib flyvtawb
(1331 1355) paciHHpjLio CBOIO TeppHTOpiro BKJuoneHieM'B BX nee
BOCH!H, Ajidamn H oqeHB 6o,iBuioH qacin MaKeAOHin H Oeccajiin,
HTO eusanmiucKiH OAadnmn BT> Eeponn 6buu pasprbsanu na
y
qepesnojiocHBia odJiacTH ). TaKHM-B o6pa30Mi> B-B nocJiiAHie
CBoero cymeciBOBania Bocio^naa HMnepia BJfa^Jia H na
nojyocipOB'B JIHIHB HesHaqHTeiBHOio TeppnTopieio.
194. B-B cepeAHH^ XIV B., Kor^a BajiKaHCKift no.iyocipOB'L
o^pasoMi, pas^JreHi, Meat^y BHsaHTinaaMH, oojrapaMH
H cep6aMH, noneuAucb na HBMZ uoeue saeoeeame.iu B-L
OCMdHCKUXZ mypOKb, KOTOptie BX XIII B., TaKX CKasaTB,
J
BX Asin, na CMiny TypKaM'B cejiBAatyKCKHMx ). OcHOBaBX B-B ce-
peAHHi XIII B. oco6oe KnaateciBO B-B qenTpi Ma-ioft Asin (OKOJO
AnropBi), OHH ciaJiH nana^axB na coc^uin BHsaHTiiiCKia Bjra.n'BHia.
Bx nepBOH noJiOBHH'B XIV B. uxi. cyjixanx Ypxanz o6pa30Bajn.

Cp. Kapra XYII H XIX.

x
)
2
) U,apb Kojoani, no64ji,H. ii>
1

npn A^piaHonojt, H
$P aHH.y 30B1I> nepBiifi

HMnepaxopt nonajii ji;aace BI Mint KI 6ojirapaMi.

3
) CM. Kapxy XIX.
4
) CM. Kapiy XX.
 139

BOHCKO xubmapi HS-L jno^ea, EJ> ^TCTB^ OTHHTLIXI, y xpH-

poflHiejieH H BOcnHiaHHiixi. sai^Mi. WL MaroMeiaHCKOH
IIpH H6Mi> 6HJH saHflTH xypKaMH caMwe BaatHHe nyHKiu Majio-
asiaiCKHXi, Bjnaflimft BHsaHiiH, a BT> 1353 ^. onu saxoamujiu odno
Mncmo u ua eeponeucnoMz 6epeiy
3a QTEWL noozTBAOBajio saeoeeawe cyAmauoMz
Adpiawmo.m u {fiuAunnono.vn. 9iH ycnixn iypOKT> o6i,flCHflK)TCfl
r.iaBHHM-L oSpasoMi, secorjiaciflMH neatly OTA'B.IBHLIMH
CEHMH HapOAaMH r atHBfflHMH (H.1H HM'BBmHMH KOJIOHiH) Ha
nojyocipOB'B. TypKH npe^npHHajn HaKonei^'B saBoeBanie H scero
BajKancKaro nojiyocipOBa. Bx 1389 r. na Eocooo.m noMb My-
patfi> no6?bduM cepficmio n KpaM" Jlasapx, KT> KOiopOMy
Ha UOMOIHB oipfl^u dojirapi) H seHrpOB'B. 06a rocy^apa
BI> 3TOH 6HTBi>, H HOBHH cyjuaH^ Ean3em'& cjt'BJiaji'L CEina Jasapa

BaccajibHUM-L KHHseMi,. BcKOp-E saTiMi. nogi* y^apaMH TypOKt ncwa

u EoMapiH. nocjit 9ioro BenrepcKiH KOPOJI& CmusMyudt, na no-
KOiopOMy npHHMH em,Q (jjpaHHjscKie H n^MeniKie pLmapn,
6opB6y ct xypKaMH, HOBi>1396r. xpncTianCKoe
pas^nio BaflBeTOMT, npa Huuonojitb. ^ajiBBMinie
6tuio

ycn-BXH TypOKi. 6miH sa^epaKaHH jmnib na Bpeaia noaBJieHieMi BI> Asin

MorymecTBGHHaro saBoeBaiejra BT, jHn;i MonrojibCKaro ^apa TaMepjraHa.

195. BcxynjieHie MOHrojiOB'B BO BceMipHyio HCTOpiio OTHOCHica Mouro.ia.

FL naiajry XIII B., Kor^a cpe^n HHXI BOSBiicHJica Temyuum,

Vunmcz-xaH^ o6i>eAHHHBiiiiH Me.ima MOHrojibCKia op^H H
ipa6umb, pasopnmb u saeoeobieamb cocrbdnin cmpanu (KHiafi, By-
xapy, ApMeeiro H .up.)- ^^6 npH H6M-B MOHIOJILI npOHHK.m BI>
nepBHii pasi. BT> roatHyio Pocciro (finisa npn Ea^Kn>), a npn npeeM-
HHK-B ero, Yiedetb, njieMaHHHKx nocJTEflHaro Sambiu B-L
XIII cio-alma noAqHHHJi'B MonrojibCKOMy B.ia^EiqecTBy 66jBmyio
PycH. nocjii 9ioro MOHFOJILI BioprajiHCB em,e B-L Ilojbiuy H BeH-
rpiro, HO BHHym^eHH SHJH orpanaqHibca Jinnib O.UHHM'L Ha6'feroM b
r

na 9TH CTpaHii, xaifB KaK-B conpOTHBJieHie, OKasaHHoe HMI sana^-

HHMH pun,apaMH, noBH,a;HMOMy, He paciiojiarajo HX-L pacnpocipa-
3iy ciopony. BosBpaiHEniHCb sai^Mi B-L Asiro,

Bar^aACKOiiy xa-iH^axy (1258). Mon-

l
locydapcmeo docmuuo ipOMadubioct, pa.wnpOQz ), npHqeMi>
caMHXi> MOHroJOBX npunx.40 MaiOMemau-
cmea. MoHro.ibCKaa .nepataBa, BnpoqeM-B, He ,3,0-iro nojiL30Ba.iaci>

e^HHCTBOMi, H CKOpo pacnajacb Ha OT^-ibHija rocy^apciBa, HO

OKOJIO 1400 r. npOHsoniJio BiopHquoe ea

CM. napxy XVIII.

 140

HOBaro MonrojibCKaro aiorymecxBa 6ujii, TaMepjtam, H.IH

KOTOpuii noKOpH.Tt, KpoiyrE cpe^HeH Asin, Ho^iK), IlepciK) H wamyio

Pocciio. Kor^a OHI, jKejiaa enje o'oji'Be pacnrapnxb npeA'feJH CBO-
ero ijapcxBa, eana.ii. Ha Majiyio Astro, TO 6ujn> Bcxp'tieH'b 3;vECb
Baasexoirb, H Meamy O^OHMH asiaxcKHMH saBoeBaxejiaMH nponso-
injia 6nTBa npn Amoptb (1402). UoftBflHTejtaMH HS-L STOH OHTBLI
BKniJIH MOHrOJH, HO OHH H6 HOfflJIH A&Ibnie, a KOr^a B-B CKOpOM-L

BpeMeHH nocjii axoro TaMepJiaHi> yMepi>, xo ero i;apcxBO CXOJIB ate

6ucxpo pacna,iocL, Kaiti. H cos^aiocb.
196. Bi> nepBOH HO.IOBHH'B XV B., Kor^a MOHFOJIH yate He
SHJIH onacHH xypEaiii, nocji^me nocxenenno santuiu noumu
ejiadnnin Ha Ba,iKaHCKOMi> nojiyocxpOB't. KoHCxan-
C-L He6ojLnioii xeppaxopiefi,
ynpaBHxe.ieH BOCXOIHOH HMnepin sea Ha^eatAa 6H.ia na
sanaAHOH EBponu, H pa,n,H 9x011 HOMOIHH OHH TOXOBH CHJIH
H.HXH Ha yum c% PUMOMZ, x.-e. noA^HHHXb rpeqecKyro n,epKOBb
nancxBy. Bt 1439 r. no 9xoMy HOBOAY nanoio (EBreHieMi, IV)
6uM coseam eo @jopemtiu co6op*> na Koxopuft npiixajiH nime-
paxopx (loanHi. VIII) H unorie iepapxn rpeiecKott n,epKBH (iie-
HHMH MOCKOBCKIH MHxponoJiHxi., rpeKi. HcH^opi.). Bbjitmafl
3XHXT. .nyxoBHEixi, JiHn,T> npusuttAtt vmeeHcmoo nanu, pacno
KaKi> corjracHJiacb na Boroqeme
BT> CHMBOJi'b B-Bpti npn6aBKH w Fi-

lioque" H x. BnsaHxiHCKoe npaBHxejiLCXBO xanate nodmeepduAO

n.

(fi.wpeHmitiCKtjw yniw, HO secb HapOAt H ^yxoBencxBO H C.IH-

niaxb HG xorfejiH o HOAinHeHin PnMy. THia BCJi^cxBie axoro He

ocyrn,ecxBHJiacb, HO He cocxoajiaci> H noMom,b, oSimanHaa nanofi KOH-

Bojiie oxAajeHHtiH OXT. BajKaHCKaro nojiyocxposa
Han,iH HM^JH MHOFO co^cxBenHbixi.
p$jn>, qxo6bi oxnpa-
BHXbCfl Bl, HOBblH KpeCXOBBIH nOXOJVb, a HOXOMy npOXHBT) XypOKT>
Cb .<iuwb no.iHKU u oempu'cj> CBOHMH KOpojiaMH B.iadu-
H RnoMb PyuiadoM^. 3xo npe^npiaxie KOnqH^iocb, o^HaKO,
HOJIHOH HeyAaieio: Mypa^^ II Hanec'b nojibCKO-BenrepCKOMy onoj-

cxpauisoe nopawcenie npu Bapurb (1444). Bi 1451 r.

xypeinmi cyjixani., Ma/iOMemt 11, saBJia^'EJi^ OAHHMI> saM-

HOHXH y caMaro KoHCxaHxanonojifl H cxajn> M^maxb oxxy^a
npHnacoBi BJ> ropo^. ^epesi, roA'b oui> IIOA-
CXynHJH> El KOHCXaHXHHOnO.TK) CX dOJIbniKMI. BOHCKOM'b H (|)JOXOMT),
BI, CBoeMt pacnopflatenin H 3HaiHxe.ibHoe KOJHICCXBO nymeKi..

H^ro BHsaHxificKaro HMnepaxopa Koncmaumuua XIII Ilajieo-

6biJio e^Ba ABiHaAn,axb xbicaqi BoficKa ex BeneijiaHCKHMH H
LiMH oxpfl^aMH. HecMOxpa na xpa6poe
conpoxHB.ieHie, EoHcmanmunonoM 6uM esnmz mypnaMU (1453),
 141

npe;w q-EMB noAOcniwii) na HOMOUJB BeHeujaHCKift (JuoTi.

KoHCxaHXHHonojfl Hasejia yatac'L Ha BCCB xpHcxiaHCKiS Jiip-L, T^MI. Go-
alie, ixo MaroMex-B II o6HapyjKHJTB caMBiMi, HEHLIM-B oftpasoM-B HaarJkpe-
Die pacuiHpHXB enje 60.1^6 CBOH saBoeBania B'B EBPOHE. Bt

xypKH 6biJiH nocxosHHofl yrposoft ^ia eBponeftcKHXt

II.

198*. XIV H XV cxo.Tfcxia er, ucmopiu namo/iunusMa 6uAu K H*

, T-r XIV
ynaoKa u pasjiowewn. llancxBO nepeatHBajio xor^a xv BB.

H3I> CaMLIX-B CHJIBHHX'L KpHSHCOB-B, Kame XOJIbKO 6HJIH Bl>

ero Hcxopin. HpaBu jiyxoBencxBa xoate oieHb ncnopxnjiHCb H cxajH
BbisuBaxb coBepmeHHO cnpaBe^HEbia HapeKania. Bi> o6m,ecxB'fe
rpoMKO saroBopnjiH xor^a o nopvn, u/epneu do i.movb u H.ienaxb, H Ha-
cos^aBaxbca njaHH uepKoeuou pe$opMu, BH^Bmie BI> nan-
Becb Kopenb sjra. Ci Apyrofi cxopOHLi, xi CHJIH, KOxopBia
6biJiH, xaK-b CKasaxt, npn^aBJieHbi Moryin.ecxBOM'b
xenepb nojiyiH^H seaqHxejbnoe pasBnxie H
n,epKBH,
py/KH.iH cmpeMjienie KZ oceoGoyicdeniw omz nanCKOu u MOuawecKOii
onem. TaKHMH CHJiaMH ^HJIH uoeoe locydapcmeo, BHpocxaBniee sa
pasBa.iHHax'L (J>eo,n;aJiH3Ma, H cenmcKoe ofipasoeanie, Koxopoe BI.
XIV H XV BB. cflfejisuio yme oqeeb SHa^nxeJibHLie ycn-BXH.
199. Bt caMLie nocj^Hie TOAH XIII H nepstie ro^bi XIV BB. nana BOHH-

aa nancKOM-B npecxo.i'B CH^'b Eouuficwiu VUI (1294 1303),

H A^HCXBOBaBmiii no npnaiipy caMBix-B SHaMennxBixi.
npeAiilecxBeHHHKOB'B rpnropifl VII H HnHOKenxia III. ^e-
.lOB'BK'B BBICOKOM-EpHBlH H BJiaCX0.1K)6HBbIH, OHT> OXJIHiaJICfl CXpafflHOK)
H COBC'BM'B H6 BHA'BJl'B, HXO ET> erOBp6Mfl o6ni,ifl DO-
oxHomenia H Hacxpoenie o6m,ecxBa 6buiH yaie ^aJieKO He
xi, sa B^K^ nepe^T. HHM-B. BniraHaro 6jiecKa y
KaKHMH OHH 6wjiH
nancxBa ocxasajiocB em,e MHOFO, H BoHH^auift VIII .name ero yse-
npHBJieKraH B-B PHMT, BT> 1300 r. COXHH xbicai'B 6oro-
ofD'BflBJieHieM'B K)6HjeftHaro ro^a Kaxo.iHqecKOH i^epKBH ci>

oxnymenieMi) rp-fexoBi sa nocimieHie CBflxtmb Pn^ia, HO COSCXBCHHO

BHyxpeHHflH cmia nancxsa Hcie3.ia. BoHH^an.iio VIII y^ajrocb CMH-
PHXB xojibKO H'BMen.Karo uopojifl Ajtbtipexma AGcmpiiicmio, KOXOPBIR
sa CBoe npHsname nanoro nocxynH.ica %&& BCEMH npeatHHMn
HMnepin. 3a xo rocy^apH ^pyrnxi. cxpan-B ne o6Hapy-
Co.ibuioro iuejianiH noBHHOBaxbca nani. Canoe ynopnoe

l
) Cp. Kapiy XXI.
 142

conpomue.ieuie onasaM EoHucpau/iw VIII ^pani^yscKiu nopoM <Pu-

mnm IV JKpacueuu (1285 1314).
200. EnHCKOira Aerjiin H ^pannm noata.iOBajocB EoHH$aii,iK) VIII
EOHH- na CBOHX'B o6jiaraBniHx B r
nojjaxaMH.
Eopojefl, jnyxoBHtix'B JIUU,T>
<j>an;ia VIII rp -
^ $HJIHII- lor#a nana KSR&JIT* oy^y, BI> KOTOPOH npHrp03H,ii>
IT. omb u,epK6U so, of'Jiootceuie dyxoeeucmea dem nancnaio na mo co-
viacin. AHrjiificKiH K0po.it (9^;yap^ I), BI> ^pyrHx^ cjiyiaflxi.
CTBOBaBiniH caMOCTOHiejiLHO^ ne ciejTB nyatHLiMi cnopnit,
KpacHBHH Ha nancKyio 6yjuiy aanpeuteuieMt obteosa was
OTB'feTHJt

(fipamt/iu dpaiowrbumixb MemcMM&z H, cji^OBaiejiLHO, Bcixt ,a;e-

Hert, KOTOpna IHJIH H3t 3TOH cipaHEi Bt nancKyio KasHy. Ho 910
6njio jTHmt HaiajtOMt cnopa. Bo BpeMa 6opb6H nana H
BI KOTOpuxi HaroBopHJiH ^pyrt
nocjiaHiaMH,
oHH^auin VIII cosBajrt B-B PHM^ npoTHBi WjiHnna IV

ii,epKOBHBiH co6op%, HO H (J)paHH,y3CKiH KOpo.iB co6pa.iz locydapcmeen-

uue HUHU <fipam<,iu, m.-e. ceuMz HS-B npeJiaxoBi,, cenBepOBt H ropo^;-
CKHX'B BJiacieH (lenepcuibHue wmamu
1302 r.), Koropue saaBHJiH, HTO
RT>CB'BTCKHX'B ^JjaXl. OHH HO^qEHeHBI .IHHIB KOpOJIK), a Can't OHt
TOJIBKO o^HOMy Bory. PasrHfeanHLiH xaKHMi ofiopOTOM-B A^Jia, BoHH(f>a-
n,iS VIII OT.iyqHJi'B Tor,a;a ^HJinnna IV OT^ n,epKBH H o6i>flBH.ii) ero JIH-
meHHtiM'B npeciojia. Uocjii 3ioro H KOPO.I& npH6'Br B KT, KpaHHeH M-ipi. r

OH-B nocjiBjn, ET> Hxajiiio cBoero Kanqjiepa (Horape) ci> nopy^e-

meMi> saxsaTHTB nany H npHBesin ero BO $paHn,iro. EopojieBCKifi no-
CJIaHe^ B CT> noMoni,Bro OAHOH BpaasAe^HOH nani PHMCKOH apHCio-
^

KpaTHqecKOH ^aMHjrin (KojiOHHa) uanaM na EoHU$aw.H Till ei

eio saMKib (AnaHBH) H mnjn> ero BX njiini,. Ilpe^anie npH6aBjiaeT B. r

6y^TO npn BTOM-B nana npexepn^Jii. H ocKOp^jenie ji;McTBieM B (yAapx

r

no jimy atejiisHott nepqaTKon). IIpaB^a, CTOPOHHHKH nanu CKOpo

ero OCB060AHJIH H OTBesJin B-B PHMI, HO rop^tifi CTapnKi> 6tJ.ii> ne
Bt CHJiaxt nepeatHTB xaKoro yHH^Kenia H CKOpo yMepx.
201. Dod^a $HJiHnna I\" KpacaBaro najii. nancTBOMi> Btipa-
3HjraCB rjiaBHtiMt oopasoM-B B-B TOMI,, qio OAHHT, H3t npeeMHHKOBi>
BoHHff)an,iH VIII, K.iUMeHmv I no ofceAanm emoio nopoAfi nepece-
,IUMH GO 0pam(/iw u oufipa.u dsia onutneMcmea mwHo-fipaH-
^opo^s AeuHwm, nepeme^niift KI> nancKOMy npecxojiy (1305).
saaBjaxB npe/KHia nancKia npHxaaania no oxHomemro
rocyAapani), K.iHMeHx & V 'uadomo nodHunu.i7> nancnwo
r

.npyrnMi,
qxo KOHCIHO sacxaBH.io MHoraxt H3i>
, ,

rocyAapen cxaxB BX HenpiaseeHHBia oxnomeHia KX nancxBy.

ABHHBOH B r
nanu npoaiHin OKOJO ceMH/jecaxn .TEXT., H 9xo
nojiyjHJio HasBanie eaeuAOHCKaio n.irbueuifi KamommecKOU
ABHHLOHI> CA'^ia.ica j^na. n;epKBH ,,BaBHJOHOM'B" H B-B XOMX oxnome-
 143

urn, ixo nancmH ^Bopi. (r,ypia) oepmenz

npeBpaxnjica B-B

nopOHuou oicusHU. AfiKHBOHCide naiibi XIV B. dojiie Bcero xjono-

xajm ofo yMHOJKetriH CBOHXI. ^OXOAOBI>, pa^H iero npHAyMLiBajm
UOBBIC noCopH H .na/Ke OXKPBIXO 3aHHMajiHCB xoproB-ieio u,epKOBHHMH
MliCXaMH. 9lO pOHfl.10 nanCTBO H BI, HpaBCTBeHHOMt OTHOmCHiH
H, KOHCIHO, ycHjuuio onnosimiw, eu3ueaemytocn npumnsanifiMU nam:
UX7> nedocmouuoe noeedeuie BOSMymajro BC^XI. nopfl^oiHMX'B jnofleii.

202*. 9xa onno3Hi;ia BBipa3HJiacb BO Mnornxi) 4 aKTax L. Bi. )

r

Anoin 6ujio nocTaaoBJieHO He o^Hapo^OBaTL nancKHx-L Oyjui-L, npo- npoxHBt

THBHtixi> npaBaMi, Kopojia H uaijiH, a Bcji^i) sa T-BM^ prbweno 6buio nanciBa.

u ue nmmumt, nann danu, najioaieHHOH na AHMiro IoaHHOMi> Bea-

36MejibHtiM'L. E% FepMaHin ci/fcs.n'B KHaseM BI, Pense (1338) o6i>HBHjrL
HMnepiro HesaBHCHMOio OTI nanu H usSpaimaro KHastaMH rocy^apa we
nyoKdaww^uMCH G-& nancKOMZ ymeepwcdeuiu. Y CB^TCKOH BJiacui Bt
3iy anoxy BBHJIHCB H xeopeTHqecme 3ain,HXHHKH HS-B KOXOPHXT> ca- ?

MLIMI> saM^qaxejiBHLiMi, dmn, MapcuMu HadyaucKiu. IlancKaa xeopia

HMnepaxopCKyro B.iacxb HSI* nancKOH, MapcHJiift ate yKa-

ixo HcxoiHHK'B CBixcKOH B,iacxH BOJia Hapo^a (yieme PHM-
CKHXX K)PHCXOBI>). Ci, flpyroft cxopOHBi, CB^xcKaa jiHxepaxypa,
npaHaBuiaa BI XIV
camupmecidu xapaKmepi, cdrbJiam wae-
B.

HUMZ npedMemoMi ceouxz nacMnweKz ucnopueunue npaeu npe^a-

moGb u Monaxoez. HaKOHen.^, ne^OBOJibcxBO xor^ainHHMi, cocxoa-
HieM-B KaxojinqecKOH n,epKBH BiipasHJiocB H B-B yciMeuiu pasHbtxi
cenrnz u nofie,teniu itepKoenux*
pefiopMamopoei.
203. IlepBBIiTB KpynHBIMl, aepKOBHHM-B pe^OpMaXOpOMl, 9XOH BiiK.iH(j)t

anoxH 6ujn> aHrjiiHCKiii CorocjiOB'B H npo^eccopi, OKC({)OpACKaro yHH-

BepCHxexa Buiuufa (1320 1384). Bi> AnrjiiH BT> cepeAHHi XIV B.
()BIJIO oco6eHHO CHJIBIIO HB^OBOJIBCXEO nancxBOMi, H ^yxoBencxBOiTL,
H noxoMyMHorie MorymecxBennBie JHO.HH no^AepJKHBa.iH CKpOMHaronpn-
xo^,CKaro CBameHHHKa, KaKHM'B 6ujn> BHOHIJJI, necMoxpa Ha xo,
ixo OH-B oS^HqajTb nancxBO H .nyxoBeacxBo: XOJIBKO 9x0 H cnacjio
cM-Bjaro peqiopMaxopa ox^ i^epKOBHaro naKasania. pe(J)OpM-B i;epKBH
BHKJH(J) b nponoB'E.noBaji'B C'B Kaee^pu H HHcajn, conraema, H y
r

nero aBHJocB MHOFO nowB^OBaxeJieii, ndiAHBixi CBameHHHKOB-B", KO-

Topne pacnpocxpaHa.iH ero yqenie BT, napo,n'E. MaJO-no-Ma,iy BHKJIH^'B
KI XOH MBICJIH, ixo eduHcmoeHHbiM'b ucmouHUKOMi on>pbi
6urm, Eu6Aw, Koxopyro OH-B Aaate nepeBeji> na aHr.iiiicKiH
IIoaxoMy OHI> cxa.TB oxBepraxB 3Haieme i^epKOBHaro npe-
.

H nancKHx-L nocxanoBJieniH, a ex HHMH H araoroe B-B Aoriia-

xaxi, BipBi, KaKi>-xo yienie o npecym.ecxBjreHiH B-B xanHCXB'B eBxa-
pncxiH, enHCKoncKifi caHi> H x. n. Cajuo nancmeo tdfauuocb KO,KT> 6u
npedM&moMz Henaoucinu BHKJiH(})a: BI nan'fe OHTJ TOXOBI>
 144

(DBLTB npflMO cjiyry aiixHxpncxa. OH-B Boopymajica xaioKe npo-

BH^TL
THBI, MOHamecxBa, KaK^ yipejE^ema, Koiopoe He ocHOBBiBaexca Ha
EBanrejiiH. JlyiniHM'B cpe^CTBOMt ncnpaBHXB ^yxoBencTBO, no ero MH'B-

Hiio, 6ujio omo6panie e* msuy ocrbxt Goiamcmez, HaxoflHBuraxca B-B

pacnopaatemH n,epKBH H MonacxBipeii. Xoxa anrjiiicKoe ^yxoB6HCTBO H

ocyAHJio aa cofiop'E 9xy nponoB'BflB, HO BnKJiH<|)a JIHIHO ne
H npHTOM'L He TOJIBKO 6jraro,napfl no^^epmK'B, KaKyro OHI.
3HaiH, HO H 6 ro
nonyjiapHOCTH Bi) Hapo.n'B. (B-L
BCJTEflCTBie
ciajio pasBHBaTLca ceKiaHTCTBO, nocJi^OBaxejiH Koioparo
JIHCB JioJUiapAaMn). Mem^y T-BM-B Bt nocjrEflHie FOAM atHSHH BHK-
jiH(|)a nancTBO npHnuro BI> em,e 66jibniiH ynaflOK-B, iaKi> KaK^ B-L
BIO BpeMfl npOH3omeji & r
B'L KaTOJin^ecKOH n,epKBH BejinmH pacKOJii..
204. Kor^a nann B^ ABHHBOH-B, HM-B nocxoaHHO npn-
JKHJIH

XOIHJIOCB ^VMaTB CB06MI) Ii;epKOBHOM B rOCVflapCTB-B Bl r

paCKO.TL. Y
na KOiopoe TO-H-^'BJio nana^ajH COC-B^H H BHyxpn KOioparo HOCTOHHHO
nponcxo^HJiH CMyiBi. CaMoe npe^HBaHie nani) B-B ABHHBOH'B B^ xe-
leme ceMH^ecaiH JI'BT'B o6xacHaeTca OTiacTH HX'B aie.ia-
HOITH
HieM-B 6LITB SesonacHOCTH B^ajiH OTi> Pana. Hacejieme Biiaaro
B'B

ropo^a 6mio, o^eaKO, He,o;oBOJiBHO T'EMi, ^TO nanBi ocxaBHJH CBOK>

CTOJiHn;y, H B'B cepe^HH-B XIV B. pHMJiane ycmpou.iu-Gujio y ce6a
pecnyfijiuKy, BO MaBi Koxopoft cxajii. ropaqin H
HO COBepIHGHHO JTHHieHHLIH npaBHTeJI&CTBeHHHXl. CnOC06HOCT6H
6yHi)" EOM du-PieHu,u. IIocJi'B neyAaiH, nocTHrmeH 9iy nonBiTKy,
HacTofiiHBO xpedoBanH BOSBpamenia nanBi, H BI> 1377 r.
X^ iicnojHHJiocB, Kor^a FpHropiH XI nepecejHJica naKOHeivB
BI CBoro cxojiHn;y. Kor^a, OflnaKO, OHI, ynep^, H npi-BxaBinie CT
KHM-B HxajibaHCKie Kap^HHajiLi BLi6pajH eMy npeeMHHKa, xo
(JjpanayscKie, 6wBniie npoxHBi, BOSBpamenia B'B PHMI>,
Apyroro nany. TaKHMi, oSpasoM-B BI. mmoMmecKOii uepw
eeAUKw pactco.'iz (CXUSMO), npodojMicaeiuiucH OKOJIO copona
(1377 1417). O^H^
cxpanBi npnsHaJiH pnMCKaro nany, ,a,pyria
aBHHBOHCKaro. B-Bpyromie 6ujiu BI dojiBmoM-B CMymenin, He snaa,
KOxopLift nana HCXHHHBIH. Meat^y X-BMI. o6a nann, BCxynHB'B BI
6op&6y Meaj^y co6oro, ^jrajiH see, qxo XOIBKO MOFJIH, ,pa xoro,
qxo6bi onopoqnxB O^HH-B jtpyroro B'B oasaxTb Bcero KaxojrnqecKaro

Mipa. OnnosmwH npomuez nancmsa, 6MBniaa yjKe BecBMa snagnxejiB-

HOK) BO BpeMa aBHHBOHCKaro nji-BHeHia, ein,e doj^e ycujiu.iacb er>
lodu eejiumio pacnojia. OB HaH(5ojbHieio CHJIOIO npoaBH.iacb ona
B-B xo BpeMa B-B tJexiH, r^t C-B nponoB-B^bio npoxHB'b nancxsa BH-
HOBLIH peifjopMaxop-B, flm Fyc^.
205. B-B XIV B. Bi ^exin napcxBosaja jioKceM^yprcKaa ,nn-

HOG H B H Hi 6
HacT | ff npeicxaBHxe.iH KOXODOH sanHJiajiH H npecxo.TB
me BI, ^iexin. PHMCKOH HvnepiH repMancKOH naqiH. B'B 1348 r. oz Upaub
 145

ocnooauz yHUGepcumemz, nepetiH B'B npeA'Liax'B Tor^amHeii HMHG-

piH, H B'B HCM-B CTaJIO YIHTbCH MH02R6CXBO MOJO^eatH H3T. ^6x10,
H HO.IBIHH. *IeincKaa n,epKOBL Oujra ocBo6oat^6Ha OX-B
apxienncKony MaftHijCKOMy, npHMacy FepManiH, H B-B

IIparB Hasnaqen'B 6ivn> oco6biii apxienncKoni., aanaBiniHca ncnpa-

npaBOBi) jjyxoBeHCXBa H pasBnxieM'B nponoB'E.UHHqecxBa WR
. l\3i> qemcKaro AyxOBeHCTBa BH^BHHyjroci> Tor^a .aie H^CKOJIBKO
KOiopue naqajiH noyvam\> napodz na eio poduoMz
,

ci TiMi, nopiy u;epKBH. 9ia nponoB-B^b

BM'BCT'B
6cm>iiiOH ycntxi. BT> Hapo^-B, HO B-B Heaw. csepxi xoro
H 6pomenie micmo noAumu^ecKa^o xapanmepa BT> pasHiixx KJiaccaxi
odmecTBa, He^OBO.i&HHXi> CBOHM-B iiojroateHieM &. npoaBHJiac& H CUM-
r

HO.H HaibioHCMbHaH epaoicdo, KI H'BMii;aM'L, npOHHKmaa H B'B

Be^CHT6TT>.
yciaBx p&wbjisJi i> npaazcKiu ynHBepCHTexi Ha
r

u
n Han,iH (qeracKyro, caKCOHCKyro, dasapCKyio H nojrfcCKyio), HO Bt
naqaji^ XV B. qexaMt yjiajiocb Ao6nTBCfl xoro, qxo B-B ^Jiax'b yHHBep-
tt

CHTexa HXI> n nai^ia coxpaHHJia o^na CBOH TOJIOCI., Tor,a,a KaKTb ipn
ocxajiBHEia Han,iH ^ojraiHLi 6miH coodma nojibsoBaitcfl TaKate .innib
O.HHHMTJ rojiocosi'L. (He^OBOJibHbie 9THMT> H-BAmu noKHHyjin Tor,n;a

llpary H ocnoBajiH HOBHH yHHBepcuTeT-L B-B JlefitmHTB).

206. CaMbiM^ BHAHBIMI npeflCTaBHTejieM'b 9Toro pejiHriosnaro
H Han,ioHajibHaro Bospoat^eHia ^exiH 6uai> ttm Fycz (1369 1415).
OH-B npOHCxo^HJii HSI. KpecibaHCKoft ceMbH H npOBejrb paHHioio MO-
BT& roro-sana^HOM^ yrjy lexin, r^i atHJin PH^OM-B H qexn, H
H Meatfly odinMH Hapo^HOCTaMH nponcxoflHJiH nocToaHHbia
pacnpH. OKOHqHBi Kypc-B B'B npajKCKOM^ yHHBepCHTeii, Fyci
Jia.icaCBam.eHHHKOM'B H nponoerbdnuKOMZ ez Biw.ieeMCKOu nacoentb
Flpari, Hapoqno ocHOBanHofi flja ^eincKott nponoBiflH. BM'BCT'B
TilM-B OHl SaHaJI'B H M^CTO HpO^CCCOpa BTb yHHBepCHT6T'B,
CKOpo BbiflBHHyjrca H 6um> peKTOpOMi,, cmaez eo waon> uewcxou
napmiu, KaK'B pasi. BTE, TO BpeMa, Korjta eme TaM'B nwa 6opb6a
"
Haii,iaMH .
IIoyqeHia H
jeKnJH Fyca nojibsoBajHCb 6ojb-
ycirBxoM-B y cjymaTejieH. IIponoB'B.nyfl ws> BnejieeeMCKOH qa-
COBH'B fljia npocToro Hapo^a, OH'B KpOMi TOFO BbiCTynajn.
KOMT> H npH KOpojieBCKOMi) flBopi, H Ha c^'Bs^ax'B qeuiCKaro
BeHCTBa. B'B CBOHXI> SorocJiOBCKHX-B sanariax'B OH'B cxoHJ'B cnaqajia Ha
CTporc-KaxojiHqecKOH ToqK-B spinia, HO Majo-no-Majiy cxaJTB yceoueamb
esi.tfidbi BuKJiwJJa, coqHHema Koxoparo OKOJIO 1400 r.

pacnpocTpanHJHCB cpe,a,H MarHcxpoBi, npaatCKaro yHHBepcn-

Texa. Fyc-B ne pas^-BJiaji'B BosspiHifi BHKJH(|)a, KacaBranxca, Hanp.,
eBxapHcxin, HO BM'BCT'B c'B anoiHCKHM-B petjiopMaxppOM'B OH-B ^yMaji-B,
qxo cexiyenHoe nuccwie ecmb editHcmoeuHbiu ucmonuuKZ en>pbt.
HCTOI'IH. 10
 146

Kor^a qacTB npaaiCKaro .nyxoBencTBa naqajia odBHnaTB yqenie BHK-

jiH(J)a
BI> epecn, 6ujn> ycTpoeni, .uncnyrB, Ha KOTOPOM-B Fyc^ #o-
ITO MHoria no-aoazema anrjiificKaro 6oroc.iOBa npaMO ne-
HCB-EPHO ero npoTHBHHKaMH. 9io npOH3Be.no nenpiaTHoe
na apxienncKona, a Guy ata.iOBajHC& na Fyca enje H
MHorie CBameHHHKH, KOTOPBIXTE. FycrB nopmjajTB sa TO, ^TO OHH ci. 6^-
HBIX-L 6pajiH ACHBrH npH coBepmeHiH ^JIH HHX-L Tpe6t. ApxienncKOirL
jiHmHjii) ero SBaflia nponoB^HHEa na c'L'fes.nax'B ^yxoBencTBa; a noTOMi

eny 6mio 3anpem,eHO H CBamencTBOBaiB. Mea^y T-BM^ coHHHeHia BHK-

jiH^a 6miH ocyat^eHBi uepKOBHOio BJiacTBio, HO npaatcmn ynHBepcn-
npoiecTOBaji-B npOTHBi> 3ioro, ^,OKa3BiBaa HenpaBHjiBHOCTB MHO-
MOTHBOB-L xaKOH M^pBi. 3a TaKyio samHiy BnKJiH(|)a Fyc-B ^BIJI-B
OTB n;epKBH H BBiSBani, B-B PHM-B KT. OTB-Biy, H TOJIBKO sa-
Kopoja (Ban,jiaBa), jno6nBmaro Fyca, noKa cnacjio ero
OTI, npec-TEflOBama. 9xo cjryqnjrocB yate ior,a;a, Kor,a;a eeAuniu pacKOM

ocAOotCHUMR noa8MHieMi> mpemiiHio nanu. O^HH-B HS^ cnopHBmHX'B

sa BJiaciB nan'B (loaHH-B XXIII) o6'BaBHJi'B npOTHBi, T-BCHHBmaro
ero Kopojia HeanojrHTancKaro KpeciOBBiH noxo^-B C-B oinymeHieMTb
KTO 6v^,eTi co^ficTBOBaiB nancTBy. Fyci eucmynuM
rp'ftxOB!, BC^MI.,

npomu&t nancKOu 6y.uu o6z uudyMiem<,iHXz na ^Hcnyi'B, rfl'B ocna-

pHBaJI'B HX"B SaKOHHOCTB H flOKaSBIBaJTB Bpe^l) OTTb HHX'B RJIfL HpaBCTB6H-
HOCTH. To me caMoe roBopnjix OH^ H BI, CBOHX-B nponoB-BAax'B B-B

qacoBH-B. FjraBHBia CBOH ^OKasaxejiBCTBa OHI> sanMCTBo-

npn 3TOMi> npaaio HS'B co^HHeHift B0KJiH(|)a. Ha ciopOHy Fyca

H ciy^eHTBi, H MHorie ropo/Kane. 13% Jlpairb uanajiucb eoA-
neuiH\ nancKaa 6yjr.ia 6Bijra coaiaieHa; ipn
mie B'B n,epKBH, qxo nancKaa 6yjJia OAHHT,
HaA'B Ilparoio 6ujn> o6'BaBjieH'B HHiepAHKT^. Majio-no-MaJiy
6pomeHie cxajro pacnpocipaHaiBca H BH^ lemcKofi CTOJinaBi. IIo ate-

Kopojia Fyci. .nojiaieH'B SBIJII. ociaBHTB Ilpary, HO 310 TOJIBKO

eny BOSMOSKHOCTB nponoB^OBaTB H B-B ^pyraxi. M'BCTaxi,
Tor^a ate OffB HanHcaj-B coqHHenie n O n,epKBH
ocHOBHBie ero BsrjraflBi onaTB-TaKH y BnKJiH^a. IIIyMi, KOiopBiii
npaaccma co^BiTia, pacnpocTpaHHJica ji,ajreKO sa npe-
'lexiH, H 6paT-B qemcKaro Kopojra CuimMyudt, 6BiBmiH Tor^a
HMnepaTOpOMi. ET> FepMamn H EM^CTE ci> T^M-B Hacji'EAHHKOM'B
lemcKaro npecmia, nainejii. nyatHBiMi, BM^raaTBca BI> 9TO pfejio, co-
3BaBT> C06op B, Ha KOTOpBIH 3BHJTCa 6u H FyC'B.
r

207. MHCJIB o HCOSXCAHMOCTH cosBania co6opa 6uja

pacnpocTpaneHa H nony.iapHa H BTJ BH^y npoHCineAmaro BX
(})opMii.
qecKOH nepKBH pacKOJia. IlapnatCKiH yHHBepCHTeTi, (Cop6oHHa,
ero SBMH), nojiBSOBaBHiiHca SOJIBEDHMI, aBTOpirreTOM'B BO BC'BX-B
 147

CTpasaxi), BBicTynH.i'B ct
IVE.IBIM-B yqemeATB o

nopiH n,epKBH H cpeACTBax'B ycTpaHema 3Jia. Do aiojiy yqe-

Hiio, see 3.10 npoucxodu.io omi upeiMrbpnaio ydeAWieuix nancnou
e.iacmu na cnenu o6iyuxs u Mtbcmnuxt cofiopoot (BcejieHCKHX-B H
IlapmKCKie 6orocJiOBBi, HS-L KOTOPHXI, oco6enHO
MepcoHt, yTBepJE^ajiH, ^TO eceMHCKiu co6opi ebime
nanu, H ^TO OT^JBHUfl HaujoEiajbHUfl i^epKBH (nanp., rajuiHKaH-
CKaa, x.-e. ^paHnyscKaa) ^oJiaJHH no^LSOBaTtca HSBiciHOio caMO-
H UMnmi) C6ou oco6ue co6opbi. Bi coSopi STH
iH H Jiyqmee cpe^ciBO %m npeKpamenia pacKOJia.
IIo HXI HacTOflHiro B-L 1408 r. BI> limn 6uM coseaH* cofiopb djtn
pacKO.ta, HO OH-L TOJILKO yxyAnrHJH) nojoatenie Bemeft.
co6op B npHrjiacHJii, H pHMCKaro, H aBHHLOHCKaro nany
i

OTpeiBca OTL CBoero cana, HO HH TOTB, HH ^.pyroii ne XOTEJIH no-

a Meat^y T-BM-L na co6opn eu6pa^u mpemwio nany.
,
9TOT-L nana CKopo ynep-L, HO y Hero neuejweHHO
Tpexifi
npeeMHHKt, KOTOPHH npHnflj!!, HMH loanna XXIII. 3io
.iOB'EK'B secBMa nopoqHHH H B-L MOJIO^OCTH ^aate

MOpCKHM-B pa36oeMl>. TiCKHMBIH KO^OJICM-B HeanOJIHTaHCKHMTb,

ncKa.ii 3ain,HTBi y HMnepaiopa CuiusMynda, KOTOPBIH H
ero HaKonen,! cosBaiB coSopi B'B KonciaHii.'B.
208. K
KoHCTaHn,CKift codop'B npoflOJUKaBmiiicfl OKOJO HeiBipex'B
f\A\A *A*0\ *>
CK1H
.TBTB (H14 l4-lo), npHSHaJITb CeOfl BCeJieHCKHM'B H HOCiaBHJI'B
mpu aadauu: npeKpaut/enie pacnoAa, pecfiopMy nepmu u pas-
epecu," Tyca. Ha co6op B c^-BxajiHCB H-BCKOJIBKO TBI-
r
ie

^yxoBEBixi, JIH^ & H MHorie rocyAapn. OAHMMTB HS-B

r

BHAHMBIX-B ji.'BflTejreH co6opa 6ujii> ^Kepconi, KOTOPBIH H

nocTaHOBjenie o TOMT., qio cofiopz euiue nanu u UMrbemz npaeo
cydumi u nu3Aaiami> nam. KoHCTaHii,CKiH coSop'B O^'BHEHJI-B Bctx-B
xpexi, conepHHKOBi no nancisy HHSJiojKeHHBiMH, a loanea XXIII
no^Beprx $opMajiBHOMy cy^y sa ero nopoiHyro KHSHB. ITap-
^,aaie
iia n,epKOBHoii
pe<|)opMKi o^eHB, o^HaKO, 6ooacB, HTO ecjrn ro.ioca
Ha coSopi 6yAyrB no^aBaiBca HOFOJIOBHO, TO no6'BAaT'B HTajBancKie
(yMmpaMOHtnaubi, T.-e. saropnue), KOTOPBIX-B B'B KOH-
6BMO oco6eHno MHOFO, H HacTOH.ia Ha TOMX, qTo6Bi IOAOCCI
nodaea.mcb no navfifiMi, KaKOBBixi. ^BIJIO npnsHaHO HHTB: HTa.i&flH-
, (J)paH^y3CKafl, HcnancKaji, anoiHCKaa H repMancKaa (K-B no-
H 6BMH npnqHCJieHBi CKaHAHHaBCKie, 3anaji,HO-cjiaBflHCKie H
BenrepcKie npejaiBi). IIo sonpocy o TOMI,, nponsBecTH JH
pe<f)opMy, a HOTOM-B BBiSpaiB nany HJIH nocTynHTB n
rojoca nar^in pasA^HJiHCB, H TpH rojioca npOTHBi, ^Byx-B
JIOCB sa BLioopi) nanBi. Tor^a H36pa.ia HOBaro
nany BI JIHI;^ Map-
10*
 148

muna F, KOTOPHH nocniuiHJi'L saKJio^nib KOUKOpdamu cs om-

drbAbHblMU HOUfiOMU
paS'BCAHHHTB H HHTepeCBI. EtH,e CE- HX1, B'B

MOMI. Ha^a-ni co6opa 6ujio nocTaHOBjeno na oiepe^t H dn>.to Pyca.

ripejKfle Bcero cofiop'B ocy^HJi'L epecB BniuiH(|)a, HO Fyca
OCiaBHTB B'B BOKO'S, 6C.1H OH$ MOJIia COFJiaCHTCfl

OAHaico, sparn pe^opMaiopa XOT^JIH BO qio 6ti TO HB

qemcitie
ciajio ero nory6HTL H Ha^ajiH npHnHCHBaxt eMy Bosap-Bnia, KOTO-
OH-L BOBce He pasjdbHJTL. Eiviy npe^ioatHJH xor^a OTpe%ca oxt

^eHiH, HO OHX oiB'E Tia.3T>, ^TO oit MHtniH, eMy JIOJKHO

r

npHnHCHBaeMLix &, esiy nejiBsa OTpei&Cfl, T^MI, caMBiM'L ne npn-

SHaBt HX'B HKO 6tl CBOHMH, a 01"B A'BHCTBHTeJIBHLIX'L CBOHXI, Mflt-
HiH OH'B TOTOBl, 6BIJH, OLI OTKaSaTBCfl .IHfflB BT> TOM1) CJiy^ia^, 6CJIH

6ti ero y6 B^,HJH BI

i

HXt HCB'BPHOCTH TCKCiaMH HSI Bn6jiiH. TaKi,

Fyci, He XOT'BJI'B desycJiOBHO nofliHHHTBca co6opy, He

n cojiraTB BonpeKH rojrocy COB-BCTH", TO OHT, H

ocywcdem ua cooKiiceme, nans epemmz, HecMOTpa na TO, HTO HM'JII>

OT-B CarHSMyHAa oxpaHHyro rpaMOTy. KasHB 6Bua coBepineHa B-B
1415 r. Fyc& Bsonrejii, Ha KOCTepi ci> MyatecTBOMi, ApeEHnxx xpn-
CTlaHCKHX'B MyqeHHKOB-B, XOT* H MOFB 6u HpHTBOpHBIMT>
HieM-B cnacTH CBOK) JKHSHB.
209. HsB'BCTie o coauuemH Fyca BHSBaJio BT> ^exin
Heiodoeame npomuez cofiopa. MemcKoe J^BOPSHCTBO na
jBHateme.
BI> llpara cocTaBHJio npOTecT-B HPOTHB-L BTOFO nocTynna H HPHHHJO
na ce6a o6a3aTejBCTBO ^.OSBOJIHTB B'B CBOHXI,

nponoB'BAfc CjiOBa Bo^ia. OAHHM'B HSI, TpeSoBaniil

Fyca AonymeHie Mipani, #0 npHqamema HS-B qaniH, T.-e.
c.a.'BJia.iocB

npunay^eniH nodt> ofiouMU eudaMU, OTKy^a H-ECKOJBKO doji'fee no3,a;-

nee HasBanie O.HHOH iacTH rycHTOBi Ka.tUKcm^tH^aM^^ (T.-C. qaui-
HHKaMn) HJIH ympaKeucmaMU (OTI> sub n utraque" specie; no-qem-
CKH OHH Ha3LiBa.iHCB nodofioHMu). Co6op-B C'B CBoefi CTOpOHii ocy-
AHJI npHHamenie MipsH'B no^i, O^OHMH BHAEMH, KaKi> epecb, H no-
TpeSoBajnb KI> CBoeiiy cy^y ^BOpaH'B, HOAHHcaBniJfX'B npOTecT-B. BTB
1416 r. 6HJIX cy^HM-B sa epecB H npe^ati-B coatateniio na KOCTpi H
Fyca, lepouum JIpawcKiii. BcKOpt B'B ^exin Ha-
H Hapo^Hoe B03CTaHie, BO spena KOTOparo KOpo^B BaH-
yuep-B (1419). ^exn ne saxoT'BJiH npH3HaTB CBOHM-B rocyjia-
pejwi> ero 6paTa CnrHSMyHAa H onojiqajiHCB na BCC H'BMei^Koe. Ha-
iajiHC& TaKi-HasMBaeMBia lyciimcmfi eotmu (1420 1431), B'B KO-
TOpBIXI> ^eXH npOaBHJH 60JIBHiyK) XpadpOCTB H HaCTOHIHBOCTB. Ho
C'B caMaro naiajia rycHTCKaro ABHatenia B-B HCMI, oGuapy.mu-
r
dea HanpaeMnm. OAHO 6BUO 6oj Be KOHcepBaTHBHBiMi,, ^pyroe
,.
CTOPOHHHKH nepsaro, npancane (yrpaBBHCTa)r
 149

^acxbro Bbicniee ^BOpancxBO H ropo/Kane, cxoajH ua TOH

fl,
gxo He CJiiAyeit yHHixoaiaxb xoro, qxo npaMO CBH-
nHcamio ne npoxHBOpljqHX'b. Apyraa napxia xpe6oBa,m,
Hao6opox-B, ycxpanenia H3i> IJCPKOBHOH JKHSHH ecero, ixo CJIOBOM-B
Bo/KiKM-B ne npe,a,nHCBiBajiocb npano. Ona cocxoa.ua npeHMymecxBCHHO
H3t Me.iKaro ABOpaHCXBa H KpecibaHT) M noJiy^Hja HasBanie mafio-
pumoet OTX M-fecia CBOHXI nepBOHaqajrbHHX'B coSpamft Ha XO-OTE,
nasBaHHOM-b ropOH GaBopoMt (Ta6opi)), r^i CKOpo, BOSHHK'b yKp'fen.ieH-
HBIH Jiarepb BTOH napxiH. Ta6opnxBi oxBeprain ^orMaxi. o npecyme-

cxBjreHin, noKJiOHeHie HKOHaii'L H Mom,aMi), u;epKOBHyK) odpa^HOCXb

H x. H oxjHqajHCb cypOBHMi, oSpasoMi, SIHSHH H 6o:ii>uittm> pe-
n.
jiHriosHbiM'b o^ymeB.ieHieMx, npHSHasaa, o^naKO^ sa oxA^bHbiMH JIH-

u,aMH C6o6ody coencmu, x.-e. CBo6oAy Ra^aro sipaxb no CBoeMy.

Cpe^H xadopHxoB'L cma.io paseueambcn ceKmaumcmoo C'B ostHAaHieMt
xbicanejiixHaro n,apcxBa XpHcxosa na sejo-B (xEJiiacxtr) HJH BOS-
I paflcKOMy 6jaaieHcxBy (aAaMHxti). Y xaGopHxoB-L
H 9HeprnqHbie BO/K^H B-B Jiuufe ffua MUWCKU H ^Byxi JlpOKO-
noez EOMWOIO H MCMCIIO. liana od'BflBHJi'B npoxHB'b rycnxoB'B
cmoeuu noxodz, HO ICXH ne XOJIBKO ox6nj[H Hana^eHie
H H'BJvmeB'b, HO H caMH .naaje nepenj.iH ET> Hacxynjienie.
210. KoHcxaHn,CKm co6opi), npeKpaxasi. pacKOJii BBidopOATB
MapxHna V, ne XOJTBKO ne npOH3Be.ii. pe^opMBi
HO BBI- ii;epKBH,
HCH em,e rycnxcKyio onno3Hn,H), npHHaBmyro onacHBie
B-B

H AJia KaroJiHHecKOH n,epKBH, H ,pa FepManiH. Xoxa B-B

KoHCxann.'B n 6BMO nocxaHOBjeno cossaxB ET, HenpOAOJiatHxe.ibnoM'b
HOBBIH co6op^, CHrnsMyH^y y^,a.iocb nacxoaxb na npHBe-
HcnojHeme axoro p-Bmenia jrnnib B'B 1431 r., Kor^a ry-
<!HxcKoe jJiBHaseme npHHfljio oqeHb rposHBie pasMipu. Ease^GKiu co-

fiopz, cosBaHHBiH nanoio EeienieAfb /FB-BBXOM^ rojiy, saaBH.i'B ci ca-

Maro Hana-ia, HXO ero saAanen 6y^,exi. pecfiopjua uepneu o% i.m&n> u UM-
uaxz. Ilani 9x0 HC noupaEHJOCB, n OET> pirnHJca-oBiJio pacnycxnxB co-
FpOMa^Hoe 6o,ibmHncxBO ero qjienoBi, HC saxox^Jio, OAHano, no,n-
.

ipe^OBaHiio nanij, H XOX-B ,o,ojiaEeH b OBIJI^ oxM-BHnxb CBOC

r

o pocnycK-B. BT, BHAV, o^HaKO, onacnocxH,

Oasejibcmfi co6opi> nomeji-B Ha ycxynKH H
rycHxcxBa,
IH.TB C'B
yxpaKBHCxaMH floroBopi. (KOMnaKxaxBi), AonycKaBfflifi npn-
Hamenie no^ o6oHMH BH^MH H yAOBJiexBOpHBraift flpyri
6ojTBe yM-BpeHHOH H3i. HHXI., HO xadopHXBi ne saxoxijin
axoro .norOBOpa. Meat^y X^M-B posuB Meaj^y odinMH rycnxcKHMH
napxiaMH jjaBHO rposHJia SOJBUIHMH 6"BAaMH, xaKi KaKi> xa6o-
PHXII cxpeMH.iHCb K-B ^eMOKpaxjmecKHM'B* nopa^KaMi. H BI rocy-
AOUI.IO y HHX-B AO nacxoan^aro MeatAoyco6ia, B'B
 150

KOTOpoM-B Ta6op0TBi noiepirkiH nopajReme. H^CKOJLKO

HXI yqeme 6tiJio sanpenjeHO, HO OT'B HHX'B Bce-iaKH ociajiHCb 06-
in,HHBi Taiei. HasHBaeMHxi uewcKuxz H MopaecKuxb 6patnbeez, OT-
KasaBiiiiaca OT-B npemeeH BOHHCTBeimocTH Ta6opaxoBT> RJIK MHPHOH
H Tpy,noJiio6HBOH JKH3HH. IloKOHiHB-B C'B rycHTCKHM^ flfcioMi, 6a-
sejiBCKiH codopt npiiCTynujTB KI> Bonpocy o pe^opM-fe i;epKBH, KO-

xopyio H naiaji'L ci yMeHtmeHia nancKHXi. AOXOAOBX. EBreniH IY

OHHTB odflapyatHJi'B SesnoKOHCTBO H nepenecT) sacndamx co6opa eo
efl.ioaKHJi'L sasaTbca eonpocoMz o6& yuiu o,% eo-
(1439). ^aciL qjenoBi co6opa nocji'B.noBajia
sa nanoio BO ^jiopeni^iio, onacaacb Hosaro pacKOJia Meat^y na-
noio H co6opOMi>, HO Apyraa npowjiffiajia CBOH sac^aHia BI, Ba-
seji'B H flaate BH6pajia ^pyroro nany. TOJIBKO qepesi. H-BCKOJBKO ji-BTt
"
(1449) 6a3e.n>n;Li pas^ixajiHCB, nnqero He CA'kiaB'L, a HXT> nana
(yiOJKHjra C'B ce6a cani,. ^w>^o cofiopnou pecfiopMu OKOumuiocb
o6pa30M% nomow neydaneio.
211*. XV B. nanciBO, noBH^HMOMy,
B'B cepe^HH B r

Hann BTopofi caM yjQ Haai BciiMH onnosHijioHHLiMH

nOJIOBHHH J coBepnieimyio
J no6^iy
J
.
v v
XV B. HO na caMOMi ^JTB OHO uaxooujiocb &z nojiuoMt HpaecmeennoMi
ynadnrb. IlanEi STOH BHOXH (H Haiaja XYI B.) 6miH npeaiAe Bcero
limaMflHCKUMU lOCydapHMH, HOJIHTHKaMH H BOHHaMH, 3a60THBHJHMHCa
,THHib o6i> HHTepecaxi> II,epKOBHOH o6jiacTH HJIH CBoefi PO.HUH, pe-
.inria aie 6biJia HHX'B TOJIBKO opyjueM?) Bjacin H HCTO^HHROM^
RJIR

AOXOAOB'L. To, 1TO Ha^aJIOCb B'B ABHHbOH'B, BTE> PHM^ HaHIJIO TOJIbKO
CBoe npoflOJUKeme H ^ajibflMmee pasBHTie. IlanLi BGJIH

CKift oSpas'L at3HH H ycipanBajiH npn CBoeait ,a,Bopi

y^acxBOBajiH B'B nojiHTHqecKHXi. 3aroBOpaxi> H caMH HXI>

o6oranj,ajiH CBOHX-B po.a.HBix'B na cqei-B n,epKBH H
XOBHBIMH ,a;ojimHOCTaMH, HHAyjibreHujaMH, ^HcneHcau,iaMH (ocBo6o-
OT'B H.epKOBHBIX'B HpaBHJI^) H T. H. MHOrie H31> HHXT> 110-

HOBOMy CB^TCKOMy o6pa30BaHiK), OCHOBaHHOMy

Ha HsyieHin .upeBHnxi. KJiaccHKOBx, cano /fie 910 HanpaB.ieflie OT-
jiHiajiocB BI yKasaHHyio anoxy nojinHMi, paBHOAymieM'B K-B n.epKBH.
Oco6eHHO nopo^HOCTBio CBOCIO npocJiaBHJica nana AMKcandpz VI
(1492 1503)({>aMHJiiH Eopdotcia, oien.'B HSB-BCTHBIX-B KpaHHero
HBTb

pa3Bpani;eHHOCTBK) H JKCCTOKOCTBIO JIyKpen,iH H Il^esapa Bop^atia.

OHT. bTA^Jiajica nocpe^CTBOMX a^a H KHHTKaja OT'B MHornxx MCJI-
KHX-B BJia^TejeH cliBepHOH qaciH II,epKOBHOH oGjiacTH, H ,na;Ke co-
3,u,ajracB Jieren^a, dy^TO H caarB OH-L yMep'b, npHHaB-B no OUIHO'K'E
a.n'B, npHroTOBJieHHUH ^JIH rocTeii, KOiopbixi) OH-B co6apa,ica oxpaBHib.
212*. B'B caiiojrB Ko*nn,t XV B. ne^OBOjiBCTBO ncnopieHHOCTLio
n anciBa C'B oco6oio CHJIOIO BHpasHJiocB B-B nponoB-BAH (|)jropeHTiH-
 151

CKaro jionaxa HST,

op^eHa .noMHHHKaHn.eB'B fimupojiaMO CaeonapoAU.
3xo OHJI-L ydiat^eHUHH acKext B-B coBepmeHHO
ayxij, yM^Bmifi AMcxBOBaxB
sa Hapo/p. BfloxnoBeHHBiMH H
IILIMH p-siaMH. ^jropeHuja, 6BiBmaa cna^ajia pecnytfjiHKOH, HO no-
TOMI> nonaBmaano^t BJiacxB ^aMBJiia Meduuu, HOCJTB CMepiH
OAHoro H3t EHX-B BepHyjiacB onaxB M. pecnydjiHKaHCKOMy peaiHMy.
OKOJIO Toro ate BpeaieHH na Hxajiiio C^JIB.JIT, Hana^enie
KOPOJIB (Kapjii VIII), HO CaBonapOJi'fc, cxaBmeMy
BH.nHLix'L .n.'BflxejieH BOSCxaHOBJieHHOH pecny6jiHKH,
XOJIBKO-HXO
samnxnxB iiepeA'B HHM'B HHxepecLi ropo^a CBOHMH
Bc^ 3XH co6Lixifl OKasajiH BjiaHie Ha
$jiopeHi],iH, oxjinqaBmenca xor^a pocKomHUMi. H BecejriiM'B o6pa30MX
;KH3HH, H BI> Hefi BonapHJiocB 6oji4e cepBGSHoe HacxpoeHie. nponoB-B^H
CaBOHapOJIBI, Bl KOXOpBIX-B OH6HB MHOFO TOBOpHJOCB H606xodUMOCmU
ucnpaeMuin ipawcdaucKOu u i^epno'enou OKUSHU, npnBJieKaxB cxajin

naccy CJiymaxe.ieH H nponsBOAH^H Bneqaxji-BHie. /^JIG ,a;oinjio AO

Hia na Kocxp'fe MacKapa^HBix'B KOCXIOMOBI,,

HHCxpyMenxoBi^ KapxHu-B H KHHri. jierKaro

ycnix-B HM^JIH H win nponoendu CaeouapOMi, nomopun
nopOKu dyxoeencmea, H BI. nacxHOCxn p^qn, nanpaBJieHHBifl npo-
XHBX nanH AjieKcan^pa VI, KaK-B-pas-B BI> BXO speMa npocJia-
BHsmaroca CBOHMH cxparaHBiMH sjio.a.'BaHiaMH. IIpe^cxaBHxejiH ncnop-
qeHHaro KaxojiHi^HSMa BOSHeHaBH^.'BJiH sa 9x0 CaBonapojiy, Koxoparo
He jno^HJiH xaKate H CXOPOHHHKH <f>aMHJiiH Meji,HqH,
BO $jiopeHn,iH, pasno KaK^ H BC-B rpaatflane,
B-B aiHSHB qyxB He MOHacxBipCKaro pejKHMa. B-B KOHU,-B

KOH^OB'B HM-B y^ajocB saxsaxHXB CM^jraro odjiHiHxejia nopOKOB-B

nanu H ^yxoBCHCXBa H noca^nxB ero B^ xropBMy, T%k OHI> ^BM-B
ji,aiKe no^BeprHyx^ nBixKaM-B. AjieKcaH,np^ VI (TB CBOCH cxopOHBi
.a.Jia cy^a Ha^
noc.iajn> BO $jropeHH,iio H^CKOJBKHX'B ynojiHOMo^enHBix^

CaBOHapojiOH. By^yin o6BHHeHi> 6e3i> BcaKaro ocHOBanin Bt epecw,

OHT> 6uM ecKOprb samrbMb msnem nocpedcmeoMZ comMceniH na
Kocmprb (1498).
213. B-B 9xy anoxy BHyxpenHaro pasJiosKenia sanaXHOH n,epKBH
^
-, fK;ui vna.
uepnoeb nooeepiaActCb OOMWOU eurbwneu onacuocmu OX-B
xypKaMH BajiKaHCKaro nojryocxpOBa. BHsanxiHCKoe npa-
HCKajio cnacenia Ha Sana^ H TOXOBO 6Bi.io HOAIHHHXB
i^epKOBB PHMy. IlanLi nonuiH Ha Bcxptiy 9xoMy a;e-

H EBremH IV ua cofiopn, nepeeedeuuoMb usz Easejin eo

npHHajnb B-B oSmeHie C"B PHMCKOK) n,epKOBbK) BHsaHxifi-

CKaro HMnepaxopa loanna VII Ilajieojiora H MHornxTb BBicmnxi.

rpeiecKott u,epKBH (1439), npe.ncxaB.iHBinHX'B co-

 152

6oio Bee Hacejieme npaBocjraBHBixi rocy,a,apCTBi. YcjiOBia

miiiCKou (>HJIH Taida: BOCTO<maa n,epKOBB ^ojiataa fitiJia
yum npn-
3HaxB BJiaciB nanii, .norMaii n yieme o HECTHJIRUI$ H
Filioque",
T. n., HO npn 3TOMi MOivia coxpanaib gamy JUJIH. MipaHi, ateHaxoe
flyxoBencTBO, napo^Hue asEiKH Bi SorocjiyateHia H B0o6in,e Bci npejK-
nie o6pa,pi. ^JiopeHTiiiCKaa ynia BT& XV
B. 6&iJia oiBeprHyia npa-

BOCJiaBHHMH Hapo^aMH, HO si KOHD, ! XVI CTOJitiia nanaMi> y^a-

1

JIOCB Bce-TaKH no^iHHHTb ce6fc na Hanajiaxi. (JjJopeHTiHCKOH yuin

pyccKyio i^epKOBb BI no.iLCKO-jrHTOBCKOM'B rocy^apCTE'E (6pecTCKaa
yma 1596 r.)

III.

214*. Bo BHyipeHHeH HCiopm sana^HO-eBponeHCKnxi, rocyflapciB-B

'

XIV H XV BE. noumu eesdtb npoucxodujio ycuMuie locydap-

grj,
CO.IKTHOH KO-
cmeennou emcmu na cieT^ (eoAajiHSMa. lle^CTaBHiejiflMH STOH
BT,
BJiacTH BO BC'Ext 6oj&uiHxi> rocyAapCTBaxi) 6HJH Kopojiu, BI> Fep-
6oAn>e upynnue KHHS^H. Focno^CTByiomeio (JjopMOK) npaBJie-
Ha Bi) .naHHoe speMa Bes^ ociaBaJiaci) cocjioenan Monapxa, Koxopaa
B-B XII XIII BB. CMtHHJia co6oK> Mouapxiw cfieodaMuyw, HO yaie BI
XV CTOJi-BiiH odnapyrnHJiHCE) nepBLie npHsnaKH TOFO, ^TO cocJiOBHaa MO-

Hapxia ciajia nepexo,a;HTB BI Monapxiw a6co^wmHyjo. Bi, cpe,a;eie B-BKa

Ha Sanafl-E ne cym,ecTBOBajio H ne MOFJIO cymecTBOBait HeorpaHH^eH-
HOH KOpojreBCKOH BJiacTH, HO saio meopemuuecKU oua MHOIUMU npu-
3uaeajiac'b. r.naBHHMH npOBO^HHRaMH H^en a6cojriOTH3Ma BB cosna-
nie o6m,ecTBa 6iajiH saKOHOB'B^Ei, HsynaBinie puMCKce npaeo
H Haxo^HBmieca na cjiya^'B y HMnepaxopOBi) (ci XII B.) H
EiyscKHxi. Kopojiefl (C-B XIII Ho
yiemro, Koiopoe
B.). HXI,

ycBoeno, nanp., ForeHinTay^eHaMH, rocy^apB ne MOII, 6HTB csa-

3aHi> HHKaKHMH saKonaMH (legibus solutus), BO $pann,iH ate

6opoBniieca ci (^eo^ajiHSMOMi,, oco6eHHO onnpajiHCfc Ha

S ^TO 6jaroyro^,HO rocy^apro, HM^eTTb cnjiy saKOiia"
HOCTB He cooxB'ETCTBOBajiaj o^HaKo, TaKoft xeopin. CfiameHHaa PHM-
CKaa HMnepia cocxoajia USX KHaatecTB^ H ropo^OB'B, CTpeMHBnmxca
KI caMocToaxejbHOCTH, a BO $paHn;iH KOPOJIB BI .o.iji'B Hs^ania
HOBLix'B saKOHOBi, HyjK^ajica Bi corjiacin ,a;yxoBHLixi> H CB'BTCKHX'B
cenbepoB-B H KOMaiyHi. Bi AfloiH jtaate H coBciMi He 6mio ieo-
HanpOTHBi, TaMoniHie BHajieHHTLie lopncxu
a6cojiH)TH3Ma;
XIII Epanmom
B. H Bi XV <PopmeCKbw) npflMO y^HJia, ITO
ycxanoBjaeTca Kopojieni ci corjiacia BejiBMoati H Hapo^a.
BnepBtie na^ajii ycmaHaejiueambCH aficojiiomusMi JIUIM, ez llma-
4iu XIV H XV BB.
 153

215. BT> cpeAuie B^KE na sana^ Eoponu nepBHMH rocv,nap-

_,

CXBaMH, KOTOpHX'L eepXOOHdH 6MlCmb H6 UMTb.10, HUHCIO OOW,aiO C2

B-B

(peodaMHWMz seMAee^adrbuieMz, SHJH HxaJiBaHCKia pecnyd^HKH BHOXH

KpecxoBBix-B noxoAOB'B. Ho pecnytaKaHCKaa (fropMa BT, HHXI. 6o.ab-
nieio qacxBK) He y,a,epJKa./iacB. BT> OTA'S JBHBI XT. ropo^axi)
H cpe^Hefi HxajiiH nponcxoAHJia 6opi>6a Meotcdy tioiamuMU K
ct OAHOH CTOpOHH H peMecjienuunaMU ci Apyrofi. 9xa 6op&6a ro-
po.3,CKOHSHaiH ct npocTHMi. HapOAOMt BOoCme HanoMHiiaeTi 6opi>6y
apucTOKpaxiH H ^GMOKpaiiH B-L ^peBHe-rpeqecKHxi. pecny&iHKaxt, HO
OCOOGHHO ea^jao TO, qio H HCXOA* 9xon 6opb6Bi 6ujn xaKate o^HHaKO-
BLIMI BI o6oHxi, cjiy^aaxt. Bi. KOHH^ cpe^nnxt B-BKOBI. BO Mnornxi.
HTaJH.HHCKHX'B ropo^axi, onnpaacL Ha n M6JBiii jro^i" (popolo mi-
nuto), zaxeamuecMU ejiacmb npednpiuMuueue Heomojuofafbi BI,
aHTHqHHXl, THpaHHOBl. H ^JiaJIHCb Bl 9THXI.
T.-6. KHHSLflMH H ^ase OCHOBaTGJIflMH D.'BJIIJXi .HHHaCTifi. H-BKOTOpIie
H3i. HHXI> 6HJIH paHtnie KoudomiepaMU, i.-e.

BOHCKI,, nocTynaBmHMH na cjiyat6y sa ^enbrn KI.

TaKie KHHSBH He HM&IH yaie HHqero
..

HM6HH, CI. KHflSBflMH ^eO^aJBHOH 3HOXH. 3lO 6BTJIH

mieca HC Ha 36MJieB.iia,irEHie, a na coiyBCTBie HacejieHifl H Ha

CH.iy. II09TOMV OHH H6 6UJIU lOCI/dapXMU-nOMtbUlUmMlt, H y HHX1. 6BIJIH

noddaHHbie, a ue eacca^u. TaKHMH KHHSBflMH (iepu,oinMu) E% Mujianrb
CBIJIH CHaiaJia npaBHiejiH HSI. ^asinjiH BucKonmu, saBoeBaBmie BCIO

iK), a nocjii HHXI> BjiaciB nepenuia K-B ^aMHJiiii Ccfiopita, ocuo-

KOTOpoft (^paaqecKo)SBIJIT. paHBHie KOH^OTBepOMx. H BHC-

KOHTH, H C(|)0pl^a OTJIHqaJIHCB XHTpOCTBK), BtpOJIOMCTBOM'B H ateCTO-

KOCTBK), HOA06HO H flpyrHMI,, OOJ'te MCJIKHM-B HTaJIBflHCKHMl, flH-
TOH 9HOXH. Bo &iopcm4iu, noAiHHHBHieH ceSt BCH) Toc-

paHHifl.nocxajacB 6aHKHpcKofi ({>aMHJiiH Medmu, KOiopBie

(npn Ro3UMo) xjionoxajH JiwrnB o TOMX, qxo6u BC-B Baat-
pecny6jiHKH 6Bi,iH sanaxBi HXI. npnBepateHi^aMH, a
HOXOM-B CA^iajiHCB Hacxoam,HMH rocy^apflMH. ITepEBiH, KXO, He HOCH
eni,e repn;orcKaro xaxy.ia, Bnoju-B HPOHSBOJIBHO ynpaBJiajn $.iopeH-

njeft, CBIJU. Jlaepeumiu BejiUKOMi>nmiu, oco6eHHBifi

HCKyccxBi, H JiHxepaxypBi. (Men,eHaxcxBo Boo6m,e ^BIJIO OAHOIO
qepx-L HxajiBaHCKOH xapaHHin.) ,3,aate nanu XOSKC cxpeaiH- XV B.

JHCB CA'B.iaXBCa KHaSBaMH BO BKyci COBpeiieHHBIXl. HMI. XHpaHHOB'B.

Hsi 6oji Be BazKHBixi, HxajiBaHCKHXi. rocyAapcxBT. pecnyd.iHKaHCKyio
r

t|>opMy y^ep^ajin JHHIB Fenyn H 'Ben&ufa

l
). Ci. KOHija XV B.

') Beiieuia cjcbji&ji&ci, D,apnneii AjipiaxaKH H iiailyia CBOH KO.iOHin no 6eperaMt

r>;ui;ann;;u<> iio.iyocrpOBa H ua ocipOBaxi, Apxmie.iara, o ieMT> CM. Kapty XVII.
eSJ II05KH:5HeiIHUH doMCb Ct OOMIUUMI
 154

KyjiBxypa naiajra OKasuBaxB B0o6me CHJIBHOC BJiiame na

jjpyria sana/uiBia cxpaHBi, H umaMHHCKUMV KHHS^HM^ eo MHOIOMZ
cmaau nodpaofcamb dpyiie nopOAU, cxpeMHBmiecH KB ycH-aemK)
BjacxH.OAHH-B HxajiBflHCKifi ygeHBin naqaia XVI B., Ma-
"
nanacajii coiiraeHie UOJCL saoaBieM'B: FocyAapB (II

Principe), BI> KOxopOMTs HSJIOJKHJI'L xeopexnqecKH TO, HTO na npaK-

coBpeMeHHiie eny HiajiBflHCKie KHflstg. 9xa KHHra
XVI B. HSfEJia CojfcmoH ycn-Bx^ y Kopojen, atejaBmnx's yiBep-
aScojnoTHSMi. BI CBOHxt rocyAapCTBaxi). MO^HO B0o6in,e CKa-
qxo HxajiBflHCKiii npHHi^nnax-B XIV XV BB. SBIJII, nepeuMi,
a6co.mmmMa na sanadrb Eeponu npa nepexo^ oxi,
BtKOBl, K'b HOBOMy
BpeMeHH.^^
216. yxBepat^Hiio a6cojiioxH3Ma npenaxcxBOBajiH cocjiOBHO-npeA-
ycraHOB.ienie cxaBHxejr&HBifl v q
peffiAeHm, HO BO MHornxTb M^cxaxi) H OHH cxajin oc-ia-
aOCOJIK)TH3Ma -v TT ^ v
BX HcnaHm. TOBaxB. MSI. dojiBHiKXi. rocy^apcxBT, pante ^pyrnx-B npOHsonuio 9xo
BI Hcnaniu. B'B Aparoni H KacxHJiiH, HS^ EOxopBix^ cocxaBHjiocB
9X0 EOpOJIBBCXBO, BO BXOpOH HOJIOBHH'B Cpe^HEXl. B^KOBl) Cym,6CXBO-
BajiH ecrb uepmu (fieodaAUSMa u cocjioeuou Mouapxiu. MorymecxBeH-
noe H BJiiaxejiBHoe ^yxoBencxBO, cnjiBHoe H xpa6poe pBiii,apcxBO H
xoxa H He OHCHB 6oraxLie ropo^a riojiBsoBaJiHCB

60MWUMU eOMHOCmHMU, Ha KOXOpBia CMOXp^JIH, KaifB Ha

o6Biqan (fueros), o6eperaa HXI, OXTB KaKHX'B dti xo HH
6BMO nocaraxejiBCTBi,. Ilpn xaKHXi. nopa.nKax'B KOpojin SBIJIH .IHUIB
nepBBiMH neatly paBHHMH. BjiacxB Kopojia orpaHHiHBajac& nopme-
CCLMU, cocxoflBfflHMH H3i. npeACxaBHxejieH cocjiOBiH, a ,a,M p^nieHm
cnopOBx Meat^y KopojieM'B H cocJiOBiaMH (HJIH neatly ox^tjiBBBiMH
oco6Bift BepxoBHBiii cy^Ba, oxBixcxBeHHBifl ne-

O^HHMH KOpxecaMH. BXOTI, caHOBHHKi> MOFB A

K'B Boscxaniio npoxHB'B Kopojfl BI cJiyiaax-B HapymeHia HMI.
HOBi> H odBiqaeB'b cxpaHBi. Ho Meotcdy ucnaucnuMU cocaoeisiMU ne
6uAO eduuodywifi, H Ha BXOMI, KOpo.3H yxBepAH^H BCIO CBOK) cioy.
KopojiB aparoHCKifl QcpduHaHd* Kamojiuw, Myara KOpojeBBi KacxHJB-
CKOH Hsafie^uu, dBuii. Hacxoflm.HM'B ocHOBaxejieMTi HcnaHCKaro a6co-
JIK>XH3Ma, KOXOpBlH B'B CJI'B^yiOni.eM'B CXOJI'BxiH OKasaJTB
BJiiflnie H Ha Apyris sana^HBia cxpaHH. OxjiHiaacB 6o.iBmoio
riosHOio peBHOcx&K), $ep/i,HEiaH^ no.iB30Bajicfl nojnJBiM-
dyxoeencmea, Koxopoe noaxoMy nepi^Ko dfojicuio un uuKeustiuiu opy-
die npomuoz uucmo-nojiumuuecmocK npaio&z Kopo.in, a HcnaHCKaa e-

KBH3HH,ia dBijra ocodenHO HCKycno ycxpoena H npHxoMi> oieeB %kn-

xejiBna. fieopnHcmeo BXO^HJIO BT> cocxaB-B ^.Byx-B OOJIBCUHX-B puu,ap-
CKUXV opdcmei (KajiaxpaBCKaro H ajiBKanxapCKaro), BO rjias-B KOiopLixi)
CXOHJIH BejHKie juarncTpu, HO 4>epAHHaH,n,T> VUMV sann.iz uxt Mn>cmo,
 155

TEMI. HOAiHHHJi'B ce6i> H STH ABOpaHCKia opraHH3an,iH.

OHT> npHHajii) M^PH A-^fl 3am,HXBi lopowcano H Kpecmbfincmea oxi> OO'HA'B
H npHTBCHemH co cxopOHBi suaiH H ^ia 3xoro ycxpOHJTB im
HHXT, oco6yio MHJHIUK), iisB-EcxHyio HOAX HasBaHieiTB c<?. FepMttH-
dadu. <I>epAHHaHAy H H3a6e.i.i fc nac;iiw>Baji B BHyKx HXX
r r

KapAK I.

(6oji'Ee HSB'BCXHBiH, KaKTb ^pHMCidft HMnepaiopi." Kapji. Y). Hpn

HeMT> BI 1520 ro^y npOH3onuio eoscmanie lopowcawj, HO ocia-
B,ieHHHe ^pyrnMH cocjiOBiaMH, OHH 6ujiH cjioioeHH. 9ia
p03m, Komopaa noMOuia ez Hcnaniu ymeepdumwH
eMicmu, 6ujia HeMHJKM* Go.me oOtyuMij. H ET> jpyrnxi, cxpanaxi)
cocJOBHO-npe^CTaBHTeJiBHLifl yqpeayjeeifl npaxo^HJia BI>
ynaAOKt
BCJii^cTBie Toro, ^TO Meat^y omdn>MmiMU coc.weiHMU npoucxoduau
pacnpu, E HTO uapoduuH MCLCCU, He HM-BBmia B-B co6paHiaxi> ro-
HHOB^ CBOHXX npe^ciaBHTejieH, ne WIOMKO paeuo-
CMomprbAU na ux* nadenie, no dame caMU noMoiasiu KO-
Bi 6opt6'E CX BHCHIHMH COCJIOBiaMH.
217. IIocJi'E Jlto^OBHKa IX oco6eHHO BaaiHtie VCH'BXH CA'fejaHBi
H ^ TT KpaCHBHH BO
OLMH KopojreBCKOio BjiacTLio BO <PpaHn,iH npa BHVK'E ero (Pujiunnn 1 \
Kpacueow (1285 1314), cqacxjiHBOMi, conepHHK'B nanti BOHH-
(|>aii,ia OTHomeHin $HJHHHI> IV 6ujn> nojraoio
VIII. Bi> HpaBCTBenHOjrB

npOTHBOHOJIOaKHOCTBK) CB06My A^Ay, TaKI. KaK?> OTJHqaJICa XHTpOCTLK) H

BtpOJIOMCTBOM-B, JKaAHOCTLK) H HaCHJIBCTBeHHOCTBK), HO OHI. T0.1BKO npo-
CBOHX-B npeflinecTBeHHHKOBx, coOnpaa HOA"B CBoeio
OT.u'EJiBHBie 6ojiBmie ^eo^H H pacmapaa 9iy caMyro BJiacxB.
eio safioma Gum nanpae.iena na dofiueauie deueti, KOxopBia
eiiy nyiKHBi 6BMH Mear^y npo^HM-B ^jia BOHHBI ci AHmiefi sa
H tPjandpiw, WL KOXOPBIXI. OHX saB.iaA'fc.i'B MHOFHMH
CxapLIXTj KOpOJieBCKHX'B ^OXO^OBl. CTb flOMeHOB'B (KOpOJieBCKHXl> HO-
Micxifl) H eny He xsaxajio KaKi> ^Jia se-
(J)eo^.ajiBHBix'B njiaxeatefl

AeHia BOHHH, xaifB H ,n;jia coAepmaHia qHiioBHHKOB^ H cy^eH BT>

npOBHHH,iaxx, H OHT> BcaKHMH npaB^aMH H HenpaB^aMH yBejiHHHBajrB
CBOH ^oxo AH, nanp., nepeuemuueaH xopowyw Monemy <?s HUSKO-
npo6nyw. CT xoro ate I^^JIBK) OHI saxiaji-B nponeccz npomuez dy-

xoGHO-puitapCKaio opdena xpaMoenuKOot (xannjiiepOBi.), BJiaA'fcBinaro

BO $paHu,in MHoaiecxBOM'B HM-BHiii. IIpeA.ioroMT& KI> Hanaxiio jifajia,
6Bi.ro xo, pBiuapa axoro opAena snajiH BI epecn,
qxo H-BKOxopBie
H naiia, cyAHBHiifi xasinjiiepOBi,, Hameji-B HXT, BHHOBHBIMH.
Marncxpi. a MHorie psmapn KOHHHJIH JRHSHB na Kocxp-B, a
CKia UMimiH OUAU omo6pauu ez nasny. HsTb-sa AeneaiHaro ase sonpoca
^HJIHIIITBIV noccopH.ica ex nanoio BoHntyanjeM'B VIII. Bo
9xoro cnopa B-B nepouu pa.3o 6w.m co6panu loc
 156

218. Bi> Haia.dk XIV B. ^paniiyscKlH KOPOJIB Bce-xaitH ein,e

TOJiBKO rjiaBOK) #pyrnxi> (JjeoflajiBHBix'B rocyAapefi H
pecnytfjiHK'B (KOMMyni). Kaat^HH pas-B, qxodBi H3,a,axB
jrn6o o6in,ee ^JIH seen <I>paHniH nocxanoBjeme, OH^ jnoxxteE'L 6ujn>

ucnpocumb dyxoeuuxi u cenmcKUXz cemepoet) u KOMMym,

coiJiacie
a fljw 9ioro nyaiHO GBLIO HX-L co^npaTL BM'BCT'B. ^HJinnn-L IV npn-
WL TaKHMi. wrbsdciMz iocydapctneeHHuocz HUHO&Z
ycxanoBJieHifl o6mnxi) najioroB'L. 3xn C-B^S^BI HJIH
BaeMLie lenepaMnue mm.amu (etats generaux), 6y;i;yqH co6paHu BO
cnopa(1302) ci> BoaH(|aii ieMTj VIII, noddepovcMu @munna 7V,
l

caMOcmonmeMHaio locydapn @pa,Hu,iu. TaKHM-B odpasojii., GCJIH

BJ> AnrjiiH napjaMeni-B 611^1 BnepBiie cosBan-B p,jm orpaHHieHia
BJiacxH, TO BO $paHi^iH aHajiornHHoe yipeiKfleHie, na-
eosHUKJio npHMO &b '^tfbAHXb pacwupemH u ymeepMcdeuisi

KOpOMGCKOU 6MCmU. XOTfl BnOCJl-B^CTBiH fflTaTBI H ^'BJiaJIH nOIILITKH

orpaHH^HTB npasa KOpo-M BI> CBOK) nojiBsy, HO 9TH HOHBITKH ne HM^JIH
ycnixa, TaKi> KaKii dyxoeencmeo, deopnucmeo u lopoxcam) sacn-
daomie omdn>Muo, nocmonuno ccopujiucb Mewcdy co6ow.
HHe miaTLi npocymecxBOBajiH BO $paHn;iH OKOJO xpex'B
(13021614).
219*. HOCJI-B $HJiHnna IV n,apcxBOBajiH He,a;ojiro xpn ero
co cMepxLK) KOxopBixx npeKpamujiacb cmapwanEanemuu-
jiunin
we* (1328). Yate B-BKOHU.'E uapcxBOBaHia ^Hjumna IV
cemepu cmam ecmynam^ Mewdy coOow ez comu, Hxo6ti
CopoxBca ci> saxBaxaMH KopojeBCKoii Bjracxn, H 3x0 XOJIBKO
npn CHHOBBUXI. ^HJianna IV. CHaqaia (^eo^a. HanuiH-
6HJio noAAepatKy BI Hapo^i, neAOBOJiBHOM^ KOpoJieBCKHMH IHHOB-
H HOBBIMH HajioraMH, HO Kor^a Hapo,p> yBHAij.i^, HXO
xjionoqyxi) JIHUIB o 066^ H o CBoeMt npaB^ soeBaxB Apyr'B CT>
npejKHift coiost KOpojieBCKon BJiacxn ci> ropo^aMH Boso6-

HOBHjrca A-^a o6y3AaHia CBoesojim ^eo^ajiOBi,. Bs Ani.iiu

Co lopoowanaMU npomuev nopojieu, GO ffpauuiu
u lopowcaue dnucmeoeajiu saodno npomuet (fieodajioe*.
CBIHOB6H $HJIHnna IV (JlOAOBHK'B X) OC6()6o-
ceouxv doMeuaxz. Bi> 1328 r. (|>paHuy3CKaa
nepenuia KI. (|)aMHJiiH ipatfio&b BaJiya, MJiaAmen JTHEUH Ka-
.
IlepBLie KOpojH HOBOH
AWHacxin noKasajin ce6a
9xoii

(peodaMHUMU ceniepaMU, He HM'BBHIHMH HHKaKoro

o HOBBixi) saAaqaxi, KopoJieBCKOH BJiacxH BO $paHD,in. Ilpn
cfieodaMHax peaKWR, AOBeji,maa BI cepe^HH B XIV B.
r

do cmpaiwnaio eoscmaniH, BO Bpeina Koxoparo noradjio

oqeH& MHoro ABOpani. H coatateno 6uxo xaKate ne Ma.io saMKOBx. (3xo
 157

B03Mymeme HSB^CTHO noxoMy ixo

noAi> HMeHeirB ofcanepiu,

KpecTBHHHHa HKOBOM'B-IIpocxaKOM'B, Jacques-Bonhomme,

H HasBame B03CxaBmnx b r
^ann". CJIOBO otcanepiH cxajio
odosnaiaxB y ^pann.ysoB'B Bootfme KpecxBaHCKie tfynxbi).
aHa
220. ^eo^ajiLHafl peaitnja, npOHCXo^HBraaa Bnyxpn cxpaHBi, ^ f
c
.

BOHHOIO C-B atir/inqanaMH, Koxopaa saxaHyjacB Ha n, BJiBia r

CTO UPHIHHBI BOHHLI saKJiioqajiHCB BI TOMI., ITO y aniMUCKaio

.TExi).

Kopojin eiye ocmaea^ucb QAadrbmH GO <Ppanu,iu u y amjiUHam GUJIU

uumepecu eo ^audpiu, Ky^a OHH BBOSHJIH niepcxs H r^i ne xo-
BHA'BTL yTBepJKflemfl ([)panqy3CKOH BJiaciH. TIo CMepin CBIHO-
IV aHoiHCKi* Kopojb Bdyapdt III, KaKi. CHH-B ero
BHCTaBH.!!. 9TO CB06 pO^CTBO CT> HHMT, BT> Ka^eCTB'B CB06rO
npasa Ha (J)paHii;y3CKiH npecioji'B, HO (JjpaHijysiJ npOTHBonocxa-
BHJIH eaiy TaKi> HastiBaeMBin caAmecniii aanom, HcoioqaBiniH ateH-
mHHi, MSI. HacJi^OBaHifl 36MJIH. HanpecTOJH) $paH^n 6ujii> npn-
3BaHi> ^H-UHnni, VI Ba^ya, HO Bflyap'L III naqajit ci. HHM^ BOHny.
Bi, 6HTB-B ripn Epeiu (1346) <fipaHn,y3H noxepn^jiH nojinoe no-
pajKeme, sa KOTOPHMI, nepesi. H^CKOJILKO jrErB (1356), yaie npn
Kopo.i'fe H3i> AHHHCTiH JBa^iya, loaumb flofipOMo, noc.TB-
H BTOpoe nopaKeHie npn /Iyamt>e. CaM'L loaHHi. ^O^PHH
6ujn> BSHTI. Bt lUTEHi), a pereHTOMi KOpojieBCTBa cxbji&Jicn. ero
CHH-L KapM, BCTynHBEniH no CMepin OTn,a Ha npeciojii noA'B HMB-
Kap.m V.
220 a . IIoc.irE npn IlyaiBe perenix (HJH do$un~o KaKi>
nopaJKeHifl
II
l?
aTH li
^
6

HasHBaiLca (^pani^yscKie nacji'BAHHe npHHuu no rpa(J)CTBy ^o-

(j)HH9), HT06&I nojiyqHTt ^eHeri, wo. BtiKyna nji^HHaro Kopojm H
wn npOAOJUKCHia BOHHLI, co6pa^ flapuwn* leuepaMnue wmamu,
ex

KOTOptie ne saMe^iHJiH nanacib Ha neyMrb.ioe eedenie drbM COB-BTHH-

KaMH Kopoja H .naqaMH, ero OKpyacaBinaMH, BHfls HMCHHO B'B HHXI>
HCTHHHHX'B BHHOBHHKOBt 6^CTfiifl. FjiaBHyK) pOJIL Bl 9TOH OnnOSH^H
Hrpa.iH npe^CTaBHTejH ropo^OB'b, pyKOBOAHMLie KyneqecKHM'B ro.iOBOio
IlapHffia dmbenoMZ
Mapce.ieM?,. lUiaTLi xpedoBajiH, HTOOLI Bnpe^b HXI>
co6HpajiH eaKeroAHO no ABa pasa H qxo6Bi c6opOM-B ^enerb BI> Kasny
saB'BAOBa.iH caMH mxaxH qpes-B HsopanHuj-B HMH ate caMHMH KOMMHC-
capOB-B. 3xo dwjia n-BJiaa pe^opjua, nepe^aBaBmaa BX pynn mxaxoBi>
Bee Be^eme A-BJI-B, HO BX cynjHOCXH MapcejB He namejiT. no^epatKH
B'B cipaH'B. 06a BBicmia cocjiOBia ne
^OBipajiH ropOTKanaMi,, ^a H
cpejjH caMHxii ropojKan'B HC 6BMO e^HHOAymia, xaK-B KaKi. KaacABiH
H A^HCXBOBajr-B oco6HaKOM b. Tor^a 9HeprnqHHH Ky- r

ro.ioBa
npHu'Br'B s peeo.mwoHHOMy cnocooy dnucmeiu,

o6paaoB&n HSX xoproBaro H penecJieHHaro juo^a BoenHyio CHjy H

^a/Ke 3aAyMaji> npHB.ie<jb na CBOIO cxopony BoscxaBuiKxi. B-B 9x0 ate
 158

canoe BpeMH KpecTBaH-B. Bi IlapnjK'E npOHsom.io napojuoe B03Mym,e-

nie, B^ KOTOpOM-B BHflHyio pojB HrpajrB Pofiepmz JlenoKi, enncKom, jae-
CKift, H flBoe KopojieBCKHXT. COB'ETHHKOB'& 6BMO y^Hio Ha TJiasaxi, ca-
Moro AO^HHa, KOTOpBifi HOTOMT, cnacca C'LTCTBOM-B HS^ MaTeatHOH CTO-
:iHn,Bi. renepajBHBie miaTH, co6paHHBie HMI> BI flpyroM-B ropo^, cxajiH

ua ciopOHY npeatnaro nopaAKa. Bi. TO ate speMH wcaKepia 6bua no-

daeMHa, a MapceM y6umn> et> odnou yjiunnou cxeamnrb. Ero npe,a,-

npiflTie, HM^Bmee n.'E.ibK) nepe,n;aTb npasjieHie BT> pyKH

dypatyasin, noTepnijo TaKHMi> o6pasoMi no-iHyio

221*. KnpM ? Mydpuu ciapajrca y.iyqniHTB BHyTpennie
Ilopaacema H BOHHVJ CX aHIMIHiaHaMH Cl, 60JII>nieiO OCMOTpHTCJlBHOCTBK),
paamH npH
^
UUOJHQJi3KSLJn>

Kap.i* YI. HO npn ero CBIHTB Kapjin> VI, le.iOB-BiMB coBepnieHHO necnocooHOMi, a
BI> KOHD.'B CBoeft aiHSHH noTepflBraeMi, pascyflOK'L, jt-BJia OHHTB nom.iH

njioxo, H CHOBa npomowjiu eHympenniH CMymu, BO BpeMH KOTOPHX'L

aiirjiiHCKiH KOPOJIB Teupuxb V era,e pas^ Hanec^ (JipaHnjsaM'L CTpam-
Hoe nopaateine npn AsHHKyp'E (1415). AHOH^aHe saBoeBajin Hop-
MaHfliro H ^.a^e sanajiH ITapHatTj. JI,^Jio ^OIEJIO HaKOHen,^. ^o xoro, ITO
aniMucniu nopOM 6uM o6iH6Mm nacjirbdHUKOMZ EapAa VI. BcKOpi
B-B oflHOM'B H TOM!) ro^y (1422) o6a Kopojia CKonqajiHCB, noc-ii
aze
3d (fipauuyscKiu npecmoM nana^acb 6opb6a Meat^y anrjiHCKHM-L

TeupuxoMZ VI H ^O^HHOM-L, npHHaBinHMT. HMS Kapjia VII.

Ecu c-EBepnaa $paHii,ia 6mia BT> 9TO BpeMa BI> pyKaxt aHranqaHx,
Koioptie ne saMe^JiHJia oca^HTB Op.ieauz, 6uBwin oaBHHM'B cxpa-
TerH^ecKHH'L nynKTOMX pyKaxi, Kapja VII.
BI>

222. B^ACTBia $pan^H 6HJIH pesyjiBTaTOATB apucmoKpamime-

Mewcdoyco6iu H pasiefliraeHia BBicmHxi> KJiaccoBi. ct Hapo^OM-Bj
BO MHornx'B MTBciax'B jf,&7Re nepexoouM na cmopony am.m-
HaA fcac&, ITO npn HHX'L dyAeiT, Jiyqnie. MaJio-no-Majiy sa an-
r

ynpoiHJiacB cjasa Heno6-BAHMocTH Koiopaa Tome HC Majio

7

HXI> ycn'fexaM'B. Ho Bi) HaqaxE n,apCTBOBama Kapm VII

(1422 1461) BO $pann,iH npo6yjj;HJica nait/ioHa.wHuu nampiomusMi,

Kor,a,a BI O^HOH JoiapHHrcKOH .nepeBymK-B (,3,OMpeMH) noaBHJiacb MO-
^ByiEKa-nacTyniKa, Manna d'Apm, Koiopaa CTajia roBOpHTB,
Bor-L nocBLiaeii, ee <;nacTH 3>paHn,iio OTL aHMH^aHi.. C"B J^T-
CTBa HacJinmajacB ona MHOVO o cipaAaniaxi) napo^a OT-B rpy6Bixx
nodiAHTe-ieH H npOHHKJiac& arajocTBio KT, po^HH^ H KT, 6-BAHOMy Jiio^y,
CTpa,a,aBffleMy or& BOHHBI. Y nea CLIJIH qy^ecHLia BH^-Enia, H eft
cjLimajiHCB HeseMHBie rojroca, noBe.TBBaBraie eft OCBOSOAHTB 4>paH-
uiK> on, sparoBi H KOpOHOBaiB Kapjia VII. Ona Hacioaja Ha
TOM'S, HT06BI ee B38JIH Bl BQHCKO H ^aJIH 6H KOH9 H BOHHCEle ^0-
cnixn. noaB-ieme jSL&ERu VL ni-ieMi H naHn.tip'B H co mnTOMt, na
KpacoBa.iocB H3o6paateHie CB. ,3,'BBBi, npoHSBe.io CHJI&-
 159

HOG Bne^axji'EHie cpe^n cowra H Bt napo^HOii iiacdj.

Op-ieaHOM-B npoHsouiJio cpaateme ci
anrjinqaHaMH, B-B KoxopOM-B
npHiiipoMt xpa6pocxH BOOflymeBjiajia BOHCKO.
6tuiH oix'ECHeHBi, H Eap.i* T// C>UM npoeedem ez
PeuMCt, IVVB na^i. HHJVTB 6mix coBepnieHi>
oSpa.n'B KOponoBaeia.
"
3io ein,e fto.n'Be opjeaHCKOfi ,a,^Bti B-L oasaxi, na-
no#Ha.io npecxnarB
poAa, HO B-L npHABOpHtixi> Kpyraxi., r%k en yaie cnaqajra ne
Tenept ciajiH efi npaMO saBH^OBaib, H Kopojit nnqero He
Kor^a JKaHna nonajia BI EJI^ET, KT> npOTHBHOii eiiy ^paHayscKOH nap-
Tin, a ia upo^ajia ee anrjiHqaHaM'h. Bi. nji-Bny CT> jKaHHOK) o6pain,ajincb
oqent ^ypno, H Ha^ Hero flaace
CBIJII. HapajKeHi. ^yxoBHMH
cyji.^ no
o6BHHeHiro BT&
KOJIAOBCTB-B H epecn. IIpon;ecci> npOHCxo ],HJi & B-B Pyani /
r

npe^c^aTejiBCTBOMi o^noro (j>paHn;y3CKaro ate enncKona (Ko-

),
H JKanHa 6BMa cnaqajia npHroBopena KI B-fciHOMy saioie-
Hiio, HO HCAOBOJi&HHe xaKHM's npHFOBOpOMi, aHrjiHganc COOKMU ee
ua Kocmpn* (1431). MyateciBO, CT> KaKHM-L ona ce6a ^;epta.ia
BO BpeMfl coBepmeHifl KasHH, nponssejio BneqaiJi'BHie na caMHxi>
aHrjiH^aHi). 3xa Kasnb MHOFO, OAHaKO, noepediua UMI otce CCIMUMZ,

noiOMy qio $paHn,y3Li cxajin KT> HHMT> OTHOCHTBCH ci enj,e do.ib-

niHM-B BoRHa npOAOJiaKajracB nocjTE 9ioro H^-
o^ecToqeHieM-B.
CKOJIBKO JI^TI, HO Majo-no-Majiy KapJi'B VII OBJiaA'BJii BCCH $pan-
n,ien (Meat^y npo^HM-B H napHJKeMTb), a sa anrjinHanaMH ociajicfl
TOJIBKO O^HH-B TOpOA^ K(M9 (1453).
223. ^eo^ajiBHaa peaKnifl BX nepBoii nojiOBHH'B XIV B. H B 3CTB BO 1

aarjo-^pasniyacaafl Bonna BO Biopon HOJOBBH-B XIV H^pamoHnjm

XV ua no.imopa ne P BHXl Ba ~
nepBoii HOJIOBHH'B B. cmojirbmin, sadepwaAU pas-
eumie nopojieecKOii emcmu BO 4>paHn,iH. XOTH BT> STO BpeMH MHorie
KpynHBie (f>eojiBi H Haxo^H.iHCB BX pynaxx qjienoB-B KopoJieBCKaro po^a,
HO cyn^HOCTH 9TO CKOp-fee ocjia^JiflJio Monapxiro. B-B
B-B qjicjrB sparoB-B

Kapja VI H Kapjra VII SBMH lepuoiu Gypiyndcme,

H3T) TOH ate AHHacxin, no cocioflBinie B-B corosi ex
Bi> ^aHHyro 3noxy BOHHa BejiacB yate HC O^HHMH
HO H naeMHUMU cojidamaMU, KOiopue najio
OTL pasftoHHHHBHX'B uiaeKi). Kor^a CT>

saKjnoqen-B Mnpi,, Kap^y VII CTOHJIO HCMa.iaro xpy^a

OHHCTHTB cipany OT-B ainxx niaeKi>. KpOMi cosHaHia HanjonajiB-
iiaro e^HiicxBa, BnepBBie npoaBHBmaroca XOJIBKO npn
A'ApKi), 0paHn/iw cnacajiu orm> noeaio pa3dpo6.ienifi
wmamu, jiygmnMTb BpeMCHeMi. Koxopuxi) 6BiJiH*XIV H nepsafl no-
jioBHHa XV B. Ho nonBixKa mxaxoB^ npeepamumt cefin &T> waenyw

u nocmoHunyw cujiy expand He y^ajacB. IHxaxBi Bce-xaKH

BI
coGow cpeod<uwoe oGiyecmeo cz eio cocAoenbiMz amia-
 160

iOMi3MOM% u ofiMcmHOW pasposHeuHocmbw. Kor^a BHtmHaa

OKOHqiuiacB H ycTanoBHJica BHyTpeHHift nopaAOK-B, KOpojreBCKaa
BJiaciB CHOBa cxajra BO oas's HanjoHajiBHaro oiyBefltraema H rocy-
ynopafloienia 4>paHi;iH.
224. KapJi'L VII aBHJica npOAOjracaTeJieM'B jvEja
Ko-KaneTHHroB-B. ^HJEHHOTb II ABrycrB HOJIOJKHJI'B naiajro
ctdMUHUcmpay/iu, IX CBHTOH - - ycmpoiicmey cyde6uou
JFro.noBHK'B

itacmu, $HJiHnn B IV r

KpacHBHH locydapcmeenuuMz naAOiaMZ, KapJi'L

ate VII saBeJiTb nepeoe nocmoHunoe eoucno,
RJIR co^epatania KOioparo
6HJTB BBe^eni) H HOCTOHHEHH
9xo HOBOBBeAeme ycnjHJio KO-
Hajior'B.

pojreBCKyio BJiacTb ne TOJIBKO BI TOMI, OTHomemH, HTO nocTaBHJO

ee Bi) coBepnieHHyro nesaBHCHMOCTB OTI> BaccajroB-L H ropo^OBt CT>
HXI) ^pyaRHHaMH H MHJIHI^iaMH, HO H H03BOJIH.IO BSLIMaTB
HaJOFH, H6
npn6 Braa
r

KI cosiiBy reHepajTBHEixt nriaTOBi). Kapjy VII nocTOHHHoe

BOHCKO Hy^HO 6BIJIO OaBEBlMTb OdpaSOM'B RJIfl 6opB6LI Cl pa360HHH1BHMH
maHKaMH, KOTOptm rpa6njiH cxpany H ^aJRe nana^ajra na ropo^a, H ET>
1439 r. renepajiBHBie miaTBi, co6paBmieca VL Opjean-B, cowacu-
AUCb ua nocmofiHHbiu HCMOIV djin codepwcanifi KOpo.ieecKaio eoucna.
.9THMI,, o^naKO, OHH, TaKi CKasaiB, no^nHca.iH 065^ cMepTHBiit npnro-

Bopi., noTony ^TO c^ cepe^HHBi XV B. KOPOJIH yate onenB P-E^KO HX-B

BsanaiBBia OTHomenia Kopojren H coc.iOBHaro npe^ciaBH-
CJIO/KHJIHCB BO $paiiD;iH
coBepmeHHO HHaie, TEM-B BI
r/i,i napjaMeHTa B-B TOMI. H
Bca CEJISL

ero corjiacia Kopojn He MOMH nojiyqaiB HajroroB-B.

ycn'BXOMi, KOpojeBCKOH BJiacxH npH Kapjii VII SLIJIO npunnmie
uepKoeuuM* cofiopoMz &t> Eypwn, (1438) nocmaHoeMuiu
cofiopa, djiaronpiaTHBixi, ^a KOpojreBCKOH BJiaciH H
B'B 9iOMTs Kapjix VII E3fl,8uiJ> npaiMamu-
CMBicJi'B

orpaHH^HBaBinyio nancKoe BM^maTejiBCTBO BI>

225. Y Kapja VII ^BIJI^ C&IH-B .IIO.HOBHK'B, KOTOPLIH,

HHOMT.,
yqaCTBOBaJH> (JjeO^aJIBHOMI. BOSCTanin npOTHB'B B06H-
B'B

HBIXI> npeodpasoBaHifi Kopojra H B00()ine c6jr0a:ajica C-B ero BparaMH.

3io 6ujn> He.iOB'BK'B yMHBiH, HO aiecTKm, OTHOCHBiniftca

ci npe3p EHieM-B H MCTHTCJI&HOCTBK), noAOspHiejiBHBiH H B

r

ata^HBIH H BJaCTOJIK)6HBHH. CA'BJaBfflHCB CaJTB KOpO.ieM'B HO^T. HM6-

HCMI> Jlwdoeum X/(1461 1483), OHTB ocmynuM oz pn>wume.iwyK)

6opb6y a> ocmamnaMu cmapunbi. Eny y,i,ajioc& HO^TH OKOH^IHTB co-

OHpanie Kna^ecTBi, no^i, C^HHOFO BjacT&K) Kopojia
^paHii.yscKHX'B
BpexaHH H HasappBi) H SesnoBOpOTHO coKpyniHTB ROJIHTH-
({>eoji,ajiH3M'B. He,noBOJiBHLie HMI> ceHBepu saKJionnjin DPOTHB-B
nero Amy o6mecmeeHnaw 6jiaia, KOiopyro
 161 -
repu,on> dypryn^CKift, MorymecxBeHHBin BjraA-Bxe.iB 6o.iB-
moro H 6oraxaro RHa?KecxBa na BOCXOITE ^paimin (na PoHi> H PGHH'B).
Bx 6opb6i> CT jiHroto .IroflOBHK'b XI noxepn'BJii CHaqaja nopaateme, HO
noTOMT> onpaBHjca H cxajit Hana^aTi. Ha CBOHXI, sparest HOOAH-
HOiKij. Oco6enHO 6tua BaatHa ero nofmda uadf, JKap.io.rn
.IUM?>. BX
cociaBii BJiafl'EBiH 9xoro repi^ora, KpoMi Bypryrw
J
^paHin-L-KoHie H Hn^epjiaHAH ), H OKT> Meqia.i'B eme o HOBMX^ sa-
BoeBaniaxi H o npeBpameniH CBOHXI -sewejib BI caMOCTOflxe.ibHoe KO-
pO.lOBCXBO. ^lOAOBHK'B XI paSCXpOHJI) 6FO DJiaHH, nOAAepaiaB'B B03-
cxanifl ero co6cxBeHHHxi> no^aHnHXi H coe^HHHBiiiHCL npoxnBi
Hero ct niBeHn,apn,aMH. KapJi'B CM^JTHH noxepn-fejn, nopa/KCHie BT>
xpexi> 6HXBaxi> H BI nocJi1>AHeH HS-B HHXI (npn HancH) caM-L 6ujn>
JIOAOBHKI XI OBJia.n.'fc.i'L HOCJI'B axoro Uypiyndieu (a
Kapjra Cja-Bjaro AocxajiHCL ero floiepn,
BumeAine
sa HMiiepaxopa MaKCHMH^iana). Bnyxpn cxpanti OH^ npo,nojnKajrB
npeatHnxi Kopojieft, noddepwuean wpodcuoe cocjioeie u
deopxHcmeo. 06xo,a;fl npasa reaepaJbEbix-L nixaxoBT,, JTro^o-
BHKI XI ycHjHBajii) cxapBie Hajrorn H ^aate BBOAHJH, HOBHC. Bo BHOBb
npio6p'ExeHHLix b npOBHHniaxx OH^ no^epasHBajii Mncmuue mmamu,
r

qxo6H npHMHpnxb BXK o6jiacxH ex noxepero caMocxoaxejibHOCXH, HO

VL xo ate speMfl yqpeatA^^ BI> HHXI> H oc,o6ue napjiaMenmu .pa
ocjia6jieHia cyAe^Hott Bjiacxw ceHbeposi,. B-b KOHI^'B CBoero i^ap-
cxBOBaida H
Mpa^Hbift JIioAOBHK'b
noAO.spnxejibHbiH XI jRujr-b BX
yeAHneHHOM-b aaMK^ n.iecH, sana-THBaa cxapbie rpixn, HO coBepmaa
BX xo ate Bpena HOBHH atecxoKOcxn.
226*. 06a upeeMHHKa JIiOAOBHEa II (Kapjr-b VIII H Jlro^o-
XII) 6buiH aieHaxbi na Hacji'B.UHHni'B Epemanu, BCJitexBie
H 9xo repi;orcxBO npncoeAHEH.iocb KX KOPOHHHMX 3eM,iaM'BXVHH.x\'lB.
06a OHH
npeinpHHHMajiH saBoeBame Hxa.iiH,
ate
ucxodt putyapCKUM?* cmpeMAeniuMi (fip
deopmcmea H oSxeAHHHBi, ero ET> AOCXHatenin odmen ufkjiu. Meatfly
npoqHMi) BO BpeMa ginxx noxo^OBi, (|>paHi;y3bi djinate noanaKOMH-
.IHCb CX HO.IHXHKOH HXaJbaHCKHXT) KHaSeH. H 9X0 HC OCXaJOCb 6631
Ha sapowdewe (fipan^scmio abco.mmusMa. Bx HOBOC BpeMa
BJiiania

BCxynHja yate noAiimmeCKU ofiieduneHHOw, HO coi^iajib-

<
I ) paHi;ia

HWH 6bix L napin CH-TB en;e uucmo (fieodaMmm. IIpaBAa, B-B XIV
i

H XV B. 66jibinaa qacxb Kpecxban-B nocxeneHHO npiodp-BJia .inq-

Hyio CBo6o^y, HO sa cenbepaMH ocxajncb eui,e Mnoria (|)eoflajibHbia

npasa (6apHi,HHa o6pOKH, BOxiHRHaa no.iHuia H K>cxHuia H x. n.).
7

227. Bx XIV H nepBOH HOJIOBHH'B XV B. aHTJtifCRifi nap.ia-

') CM. uapxy X.

11
 162
\

e an- M6HTI, npioSp'BJi'L nau6ojm>e cymecmeennuH coou npaea, TO

3 y flCB do6pQ60MHUMU yCmyUKdMU KOpOJieH, TO, HaOO'OpOT'L, BL 6opb6tb
XIY B. ci KOpo-ieBCKOK) BJiacTbio. XITI H HaiajTB XIV B. B'L
B'L KOHIVE
Anoin n,apCTBOBa/TL FeHpiixalll, ddyapd* 1 (1272
CLIHI, 1307),
KOTOptra Bee CBoe n,apCTBOBaeie npOBe.n'L BL BOiraaxL. OH-L
(nocjii iero HacJi^EHKH anrjiificKaro npecTOJia

pHHi^aMH yajibCKHMn), HIomMMdiw, KOTO-

saBoeBajn,

paa, OAsaKO, HOTOMI, ocBo6o,aiHjacL, H Bejn> 6opi>6y BO ^pani^iH sa

ocTaBaBraiacfl em;e TaMi BJiaA^Hifl aHoiftcKHxi. Kopojren. Bee 3TO

Tpe6oBaJio flener^, sa KOTOPLIMH B^yapjii^ I nocmoHuno u ofipaw/aacH

Kb coiJiacito cocAoeiu. HaoSopOT'B, B^yap^i II (1307 1327) na-
B'L CBOHMH 6apOHaMH H .HOJiaieH'L 6iIJI'L OT-
6opL6'B Cl
nepe^ napJiaMeHTOML OT^ npecTO.ia. B.nyapA'L III (1327
1377) HaiaJTL CTO^THIOIO BOHHy ci> $paHn,ieH H wo. Be^ema ea Toate
Hyat,a;ajica
BI, dojiminx-L cpe^CTsaxx, ?TO sacTaBjiajio H ero memo
C03ueami> napJiaMenrm (B-L XIY B. OH-L B0o6m,e cosusajca
.
Ilpn BTOML KOpojii sa napJiaMeHTOML yTBep^HJiH
npasa: 1) KOPOJIL MOPI, o6L3BjiaTL BOHHy, HO denbiu ua
nee MOW nojiyvam-b amm
nepest napjiaMeumz; 2) BaKonti
HS^aBaTLca KopojianH TOJIBKO c coimcin, o6rbuxb namm?>, a
H ecjirbdcmeie npaMOu uxr> npoctfiu; 3) sa flypnoe Be^enie xbjii> H
Hapymenie saKOHOBL KOpojreBCKie COB^THHKH ^o-iatHLi 6BMH omen-
nepedz napJiaMeumoMo, KOTOPHH HM^JIL npaeo ux* cydumb
naiaTa o6BHnajia, sepXHaa npHroBapHBajra KI>
B.nyap.nia III, Pmapdb II (1377 1399) ne xorkirt
Tpe6oBaHiaMT> napjraMeHTa H cmpemujiCH Kb a6cojiwmHOMy npa-
u noTOMy MeaR,a;y KopojieM-L H napjraMeHTOMi> npOHSOinjia
6opb6a, KOTOpaa KonqmiacL T^ML, HTO najraTLi UUSAOMUAU Pu-
vapda II H nepe^ajH npecTOjnb pOACTBeHHHKy KOpojreBCKaro ^OMa
JlaumcmepCKOMy (1399).
228. BL TO BpeMa, KaKx ycHJiHBajrca napJiaiieeTL, B'L KOTO-
npe^CTaBJieHH Bce-iaKH
JIHIIIL O,T;HH BLicinie H cpe^aie
e.
KJiaccu, cpedu napodnou .waccu coeepwaAOCb cuMnoe 6pojfcenie. BL
AnrjiiH ,a,ajieKO ne BC^ KpecTbane Haxo^HJiHCb BL KP'BCOCTHOH aaBH-
CHMOCTH, H IHCJIO CBo6oAHbix L
r

.najKe ysejiHqHBajiocb, SjiaroAapa rony,

nocTenenHO BHKyna^iHCb Ha H 9Ta qacTL Kpe-
BOIIO. Ho
Bce-TaKH 6fii.ia HCflOBOJibHa npejiaiaMH, 6apoHaMH H pti-
n,apaMH, HH^ero He A^aBiuHMH H JKHBIHHMH B'L CBoe y^OBOJLCTBie.
C^ Apyroii CTOpOHH, Kp'BnocTHbie KpecTbane, BH^B OKO.IO ce6a
MHOro CBodo^Htix^ seMJie.n'BJibLi.eBi, TOJKG aKejajiH cdpocHTb ci> ce6a
HeBOJiK). B'L cepeAHHi XIY B. B'L AETJIIU. BHMepja qyTL He no.iOBHHa
nacejienia OT-L TaKT> HastiBaeMOH uepuou cjuepmu,
 163

BO Bcefi Eeponij. Tans. KRKT. BCjrBflCTBie 9Toro HHCJIO pa6o-

IBX-B pyK-b coKpamiocb, TO napJiaMeHTi Hs^a-ii. saKOHBi, sanpemaB-
niie pa6oqHMT> no^-B cipaxoM'B HaKasamfl fipaiB sa CBOH TpyAi fio
HUM* npewde. njiamy, nepeceJifliBca HSI OAHOFO npHxo^a B-B
TOH H T. n. (1349 1350), a HOTOM-B ciajiH eme aanpemaiLCfl
coo6iuecTBa H cdopama KpecibflHt. Meat^y T^M-L BT> Hapo^HOH macci*
noflBHJiHCB nponoerbdnunu ecmecmoeHuaio paGencmea Ajodeu, cpeAH

KOTOptlX-B 6BIJH H ^-BAHLie CBflffl,eHHHKH" , nOCJI-BAOBaTeJlH BHKJIH(f)a,

KaK^-pasi. Bi> 9TO BpeMa Ha^aBraaro CBOH oCjiHieHifl npoxHBi. i;a-

TO.inqecKOH n,epKBH. HaKOHei;^ B'B 1381 r. npOHsonuo cmpam-
noe KpecmbfiHCKoe eoscmauie nodz nanaMcmeoMz Bama Tdu.iepa.
Cflaiaja OHO HM-BJIO ycntxi., H Paqap^i) II, BT> ^apCTBOBaHie KOTO-
paro 310 c.iyqH.iocB, AasKe no^nnca.!!. xapmiw, ofofietnewyio uprbnocm-
fnoe npaeo eo Auuiu yuumnojiceHHUMZ, HO HOTOMX Kopo.ib CT> 6a-
H pHi^apaMH HaHfljH coxpfrrb, o6i.flBHJiH BC-B yciyoKH, c^i-
KpeCTLflHaMl, He^HCTBHTeJbHEIMH H CT> 60JIbmOH) JK6CTO-
nodaeuMi eosmy \uenie. (Bcsopi HOCJI-B 3ioro H npOHSOimia
Paqap^a IIrepu,oroMi> JlaHKacxepcKHM'b).
*TaHKacT
229. HoBLiH Kopojb, HM-BBmin coMHHTejbHBia npasa na npe-
emu., npHHHJi'L HMI> Fenpuxa IH (1399 1413) H Haiajrb coooro cria.

na aHrjiMCKOMi) npeCTOJi ! JlauKacmepCKyw duuacmm. OSflsaHHaa

1

nojiyqeflieM-L KOpOHti napJiaMeHiy, 9ia .nHHacxia atHJia C-L HHMI,

BTB Jia^,y H nocTOflHiio pacwupnjia eio npaea. KpOM-fe xoro, Jian-
KopojinHy^a-iHCb B-b do.ibninx'b .nenbrax-b ^Jia BOHHBI
Fenpuxz F(1413
.
1422) pasdoi. <|)paHn,y30B'B np
H saHflJi-B IlapnafL, a ero ctiH'b, Teupuxz F/(1422
1461) 611.11, ^ame upOBOsrjrameH'b KOpojieM-b ^paHi^in. H BOSBe^eHie
Ha npecTo.'ii) JlaHKaciepCKOH AHnacTiq jrop^anH H o6m,HHaMH. H Bofma
ci 4>paHn,ieH CHJIH BecbMa fijiaionpiamHU djin paseumw npaoz
Bi nepBOH nojOBHH-B XV BI> noJiHTHqecKott atHSHH

ycxanoBBJiHCb cji-BAyiomifl 1) na-iaxa o6ui HH'b

HSM-BHeHia: 1

!
eomupoeaniu cy6cudiu ); 2) o6 fe na-
r

npio6pi>Jia i.mGnoe snaHenie ez

jiaTbi nojiy^HJin npaso npe^Jiaraib COBC'BMI lomoeue npoetcmu sa-
KOHO&Z, KOiopLie ciajiH HSBicTHbi noA'b HMeHeMT> 6ujuiew, 3) npaso
HsdpaHia qjieHOB-L HHatHefi najaTLi OBIJIO yTBepJE^eno B-B rpa^CTBax-b
f
act ectbMU c6o6o )odHUMU jiwdbMU ofijiadaewuMU metbcniHbiMz doxo-

B ""
230. BO BTOpOH HOJIOBHH'B XV B. npOHSOHLIO H^EOTOpOe
l ' :l '

)
|

oc.m6. ieuie nap.iaMeuma, npHiHHOK) KOioparo 6BiJio apucmoKpamu-

/

Mewcdoyco6ie, HSBiciHoe no.a.'B HassaHieMi. eouuu AAOU u

BI> Aur.iiH Ha.iorH;

11*
 164

u Posu. Ho OKOHqanin cxo-u'EXHeft anrjo-(|)paHn;y3CKOH BOHHH

yqacxBOBaBime BX Hen 6apOHH H ptmapH, y Koxopuxi, Ha cjya;6'B
CLMH CBOH BOOpyatenHLie OXPHALT, cxajrn ccopHxtca Meatfly coftoio,
a 3TOMy npiicoe,piHH.iocB ein,e TO o(5cxoflxe.iBcxBO, ITO repijort
KI>

lopKCKiii PH^apAt, BeAinin CBOH poflx no JKCHCKOH JiHniH OX-B HjiaHxa-

renexOB'B H HM^BiiiiH EX repfrk C-kiyio posy, cma.rt ocnapueamb npe-
cmoM y Feuimxa VI H Boo6in,e y Been JJaHKac-repcKOH .nHHaciin (a.ia
posa). Aarjifl pas^HJiacB xor^a na .JIB-B napxiH, Koiopua H BciynnjiH

B'L KpOBonpojiHTHoe MeatAoyco6ie, npo^ojiataBiiieecfl OKOJIO TpH a;^aTH 1

1485). npeTeH^eHTi najix B-B O^HOH 6nTB B, HO ero

r
.TBTI, (1455
CHHI) nod'BjiHJi^ KOpojreBCKoe BOHCKO, noca^HJi'L FenpHxa VI B-B
Tiop&My H cam, cs'kiajiCH Kopo^eaii, AnrjiiH no^t HMeHeMi, ddyap-
da JF(1461 1483). 3am,HTHHKH AJOH POSH ^jra.in HOHHTKH csepr-
ero ci> npecioia, H noaiOMy HJI'BHHEIH FeepHX^ VI CHJ-B
yMepm,-
no npHKasaeiEO HOBaro Eopojia. Ho cnepiH B^yap^a IV ero-
repii;ori) FjiocTepCKiH, oneKyHi> Majioji^TKHxi, CBiHOBen 9ji;yap-
u
^a IV H perenrB npo'reKTOpi> ) KOpojieBCTBa, Beji'BJi'B
(n

CBOHXl. nJieMflHHHKOB'L H CaMX SaXBaTHJTB npeCTOJ!T> ttQJ(T>

feupuxa III (1483 Ho

H y nero CKOpo npeciojii, 6u.n>
1485).
npeflCiaBHTe.ieM'B JTaHKaciepCKOH ^HHacxin YeupuxoM* Twdo-
OxopHfi 6ujiT> B03Be^eHi> napjiaMenxoMi, na npecxo-zit
Feupuxa \II (1483 1509) H ateHHJicfl ^jr
pacnpn a ^oiepH 9,a;yapAa IV, coeflHHHB'L B-B
rep6i odi POSH. (^Heacxia TIOAOPOBI> n,apcxBOBa.ia OKO.IO
120 JTEX!,). BOHHa ^ByXT p03T> 6lIJia nOC.l^^HHM'B (^eOAa.lBHHM'L
Mea:Aoyco6ieMi, BX AnrjiiH. Ona cxparano oc.iafiuAa apucmoKpamiw
o6n>ux% napmiu, BsanMHO HCxpeSjiflBniHX'B ce6fl BT. 6nxBaxi> H nocji'B
nQ6 kfl,j>. Meat/i;y X^MI, HMenHO na apHCXOKpaxin H depMa.<ioci> do moio
i

epeMCuu ece snanenie napAaMenma. KpOM-fe xoro, BO BpeMa BOHHEI

nepexo^HJia nonepeM-EHHO oxi, OAHOH napxin KX Apyrofi, H
cxapajracB ysaKOHHXB CBoe xopmecxso p-EmenieMi, nap.ia-
6HBmaro noaxoMy .IHUIB npocmuMz opy-lieMt locnodcmeyw-
weu napmiu. Hocji BOHHH AJIOH H E-BJOH POSH npeoSjaAanie
oxx Kpynniixx 6apOHOBi> nepenuio KZ cpedneMy u MBAKomy deopRH-
cmey (doKemnpu), npe^cxaBJieHHOMy BI, najiaxt oSm.HH'B, HO nanm,
yxoMJiennaa xpHA^axHJI BXHHM'B Me^AoycoSieMi,, 6mia dojiie CKJioHHa
l

o^H^axB ycxaHOBjeHia MHpa, cnoKoftcxBia H nopa^Ka oxx CHJILHOH KO-

pojieBCKOH B.iacxn, neatejiH oxx napjiaMenxa, CA'BJaBmaroca HrpyniKoio
napxin. TaKHMx odpasonx, co BCTynjienieMx na npecxojrB TIOAO-
H BX Afirjin nponsonuio ycujienie KOpojieecKOu eAacmu. Ho
He p-BmajiHCB OOXOAHXLCS desi, napJianeHxa, xoxa H
 165

cxa. cofinpaib ero ropasAO piate, 4'feM'B panbine (icaKi 9TO

xbji&jiT* yate H B^yapAt IV).
231. Bi> 9noxyJ asHHbOHCKaro HJiEHema nans, Bejmitaro p;i-
CKOJia H co5opOBi> nepeoH HOJIOBHHH XV B. lepMaucma nopona na-
xodu.mcb w> ofi.tadauiu JltoKceufiypiCKOu dunacmiu (CL HetfojibinHM'L

nepepwBOM'B, 3aHaxBiMT> ijapcxBOBameATB JlroAOBHKa EaBapcKaro). Po-

AOHaqa.ibHHKOMt 9TOH AHHacxiH oLLi'B rpa<|)i, .noKceMdyprcKifi, Ha6paH-
HLIH BT> 1308 r. no^TB nneHeM-L Fenpuxa 1/IL XOTH Bt csoe KO-

poiKoe ^apcTBOBaHie (1308 1313) OHt H ycn'fcji'L coBepuiHib

BI HiajiiK) A-ia npHHaiia jOM6apACKOH H HMnepaiopCKoil
HO r.iaBHHM'B ero A^IOMI 6HJIO npio6prbmeHie djin ceoew
tfexiu, iero ont AOCTHri, atenHB'B CBoero cbiea Joanna ea
qeracKaro npecxoja H noJiyinBt Ha TO cooacie lemcoro
:
). IIocj-B CMepiH Fenpuxa VII KnasBfl o6omjiH ero cima
i KOPOJIH repu,ora '6aBapCKaro JLwdoema, KOTOptifi
Bt cnop'B ci> nanoft H xoate coBepmnji'L pHMCKifi noxoA'B, BX
TOJLKO yee^unueaM QAadn>uin ceoeio doma. Ilowfe Hero
ate
onaxb n,apCTBOBajiH B-L FepMaHin jiwK,ceM6ypicme ujunepamopu, 6ue-
wie &b mo me epeMH u uemcnuMU KOPOJIHMU (Kap.ii. IV, BaipaB-B H
CHrH3MyH.ni> KOpoiKHM-B HpOMeaiyTKOM-L MestAy 1400
I ci> 1410 IT.).
)TH dojibme 3a6oiHJiHCb o CBOCH ^exiH, neajejiH 061. HM-
rocy^apH
nepin, H, Hanp., EapM I]f (1347 1378) y H'fcMn.eB'L npaMO npo-
c.ibM'L n OTn,OM-B BoreaiiH H oiqHMOMi, FepMamH", a Baiwaw (H.IH

Benn.ecjraB'L, 1378 1400) 611.11 ^aaie HH3jioaseHi> KHasbaMH sa

Hepa^iHie K'B noAAepatafliio nopa^Ra BI FepMaHin. (Ho B-L
noc.i l> noiepH repMancKOH Koponbi OH-B Bce-iaKH ociajica
r

232. B-B XIV B. npaeo usfipauifi uMnepamopa cocpeAOioqn-

jiocb B'B pyKaxt ceMH KHasen, Koiopue noJiyiHJiH nasBanie nypcpwp-

vmoez, T.-e. HsSHpaTejibEHxi) KHaseii. 3io ^LIJH xpn AyxoBHbie

KHasa H qextipe CB^xcKie, a HMCHHO apxiemiCKonu Maumtcmu,
mpupCKiu u KeMticmu, nopOM uemcKiu (HJIH doreMCKin), iepu,ovi> catccoH-
CKIU (caKceH^-BBXTeHdeprcKiH), n^aawipaffn (urn najamuHt) peun-
u MapKipafa 6pandeu6ypiCKiu. B^ 1 338 r. BO Bpena 6opb6H Jlro-
BasapCKaro C-L nanoro Kyp^iopcxbi H flpyiie EHHSBH C'LixajiHCb
BI Pense nocxaHOBH.iH, qxo U36pannu(i UMU UMnepamopt ne
uyotcdaemctt et nancnoMi ymeepofcdeuiu. HMnepaxopi Kapjii IV
aoAomow Gy.uow 1356 r. OKOH^axejibHO yxBep^HJi'B npasa K
CXOBI> H nopaflOK-L Hsdpania HMnepaxopOBt. BT> CBOHXI
OHH nojiyqHJiH BepxoBHBia npaBa, x.-e. C$J&mCb HacxoamHMH ro-
. ^acxaua BOHHBI SXHM-B saKOHOM-b xaK?Ke paap'tuia^iHCb, HO

') CM. Kapxy XIV.

 166

ne RJIR BaccajroBi,
npoxHB-B ciosepeHOB'B. 4>eo,ii;ajiBHoe pas-
npHSHasajiocb SOJIOXOK) 6y.uoio sa BHOJIH'E saKOHHoe, B
eduuaio locydapn ympauueaAa suaueme.
233*.TaKHM'B ofipasoM-B FepMania BT> XIV H XY BB. pacna-
Ha MHOJKeCTBO OXA'BJIbHBIX'b BJiafllmiH, KHHS'bH KOWlOpblXb
B^ 3*1
HHHH. ece 6oArbe u 6ombe nesaoucuMUMU omz UMnepamopa.
9THX-B n 36Mejib" BJiaciL KHaseft He 6uji&
3eMCKie uuuu, T.-e. M^CTnoe AyxoBeucTBO, pimapCTBo H
cocjiOBie cxajin coSHpaibca HJIH BBicbiJiaTbnpe^ciaBHTejreH na SGM-
CKie cefiMLi, HJIH jiaudmaiu, KOiopBie sanHMajiHCb yciaHOB.ieHieM'L
H HasHaqemeMi usuiorowb. Ho Knasba CTpeMM.iHCb ycn-
H na HX^ cieTi,. MHorie ptin;apH H ropo^a HsSiata-iH
BJiacxb
Kefl3baMi>: nepsne cocxaBBJiH xaKi) nasiiBaeMoe UMnep-
CKoe puu/apcmeo, Biopbie HasbiBajracb UMnepcniiMU lopodajuu (BT>
OT.inqie OT^ pbiuapciBa H ropOAOB^ n 3eMCKHx b"). EHHSLH XOT^JH
r

Ha HHXI, pacnpocipaHHib CBOIO BJiacTb.

234. HMnepcme ropo^a 6buiH lopodcuuMu pecny6.iumMU. Em,e
B-B XIII B. OHH HaqajiH BCTynai'b Me^y codoio Bt COIOSH. Bi> ce-
COBD3H.
9ioro CTOJi^iia (1256) JlwfieKz, FaMdypit, Epemem H H-B-
Apyrie co^meropo^a saKjrroiHJiH coros-b
x
o6opOHH, H3i>
Koioparo H B03HHK.na crbeeputtH Tausa ), HJIH
ropOAOBi>, OBJia^BmiH HOTOM-L Bcero TOproBJieio Ha H^Mei^KOMi. H Baj-
Mopaxi. H HMfeniiH CBOH KOHTOpn Bi, ^pyrHXi> cxpaHaxt
BT> Poccin, J!OH,II;OH'B EJ> AnrjiiH H x. ^.). Tama opraHnsa-

H,IH6BMH oco<5eHHO Heo6xo^HMH BO BpeMena Meat^yniapcxBia H Kyjia !- 1

Haro npasa, HO so^omaa GyjiJia, Kapjra IV sanpenjajia ropo^aMi, saKJiio-

iai& COIOSH. T^MT, He MCH-Be B^ BH,ny ocjia^jrema sencKaro MHpa BO
Bxopoii nojiOBHH'B XIY B. BOSHHEi, 6ojibfflOH weaGcKm lopodcKOu
COWSK, BT> Koxopoiii. yqacxBOBajio H-ECKOJibKO .necaxKOB-B ropo^OBi, a
HOTOMI> odpasoBajica H peuncKiu com*. Pbmapn xoate cxajH coe^H-
naxbca BI> coiosbi H BCCXH ci ropo^aMH MejiKyro BOHHy, KHasba ate
O^HKHOBCHHO cxaHOBHJiHCB xo Ha xy, xo Ha Apyryro cxopony, HC atejiaa
^axb HH O^HOH Hs-b HHXI. nepeBica. Bi KOHH.^ XIV B. o6a 10-
podcKie coma coeduuuAuci H HaqajiH ^aate BCCXH BOHHy ct 6oji4e-
r

KPVHHBJMH KnasbaMH, oxi) Koxopux b, o^HaKo, HOxepn-BJiH nopajKeme.

235. H-BMeqKoe KpecxbaHcxso B^ cpe,uHie B-BEa Haxo^HJiocb B'B
06pasoBaHie jivumeM'b nojioateHlH, H-BM-B (f)paHH,Y3CKoe H.IH anrjiiHCKoe, H BB H-B-
iiiBeHqapcKa- _ . . ,

ro co3a. KoxopBixB MTBcxaxi FepManiH ^ajK6 coxpaHajiHCb ceoOoouufi

CK'IH ofiiyuHU, nojiBSOBaBmiaca XOJIBKO noKpOBHxejrbcxBOM'B

rocnoji.!, HJIH pBujapefi. TaKHx^ o6iu,HHi 6mio MHOFO na rort IIlBa-

CM. sapxy XIII.

 167

6m B-L Meat^y npoiBM-B, MHOFHMH se-

AjibniHCKHxi, ropaxi. 3A'fccb,
M.iflMH B.aaA'BJiH FaCcdyprn, KOXOPBIMH M^dHBie Kpecxb/me He scer^a
OH.IH AOBOJibHbi. Em,e BI XIII B. 9XH Kpecxbjrae ^-BJIEJIH HOHHXKH
ocBo6oAHXbca OTT> rpa(|)CKOH oneKH, a ET> uaiajrE XIV B., KorAa
HXT, rpa$H PyAO.ib<{)a Fa6c6yprcKaro 6miH yate repijoraMH
nocji'B

aBcxpifiCKHMH, xpn .TECHbie KaHiona (HIoui^, Ypu H YHmepeaM-

dem] 3aK.iK>qHjiH MeatAy co6oio COIOS'L npOTHBi. aBCTpiHCKHXi> rep-
H noAHflJiH Boscianie. Hapo^Hoe npeji;aHie OKpyjRHJio UOSTH-
6jiecKOMi) naiajio BTOH 6opb6bi sa 8060^7. Bosciame
no 3TOMy cKasaHiro, KpecibflHHH'b BUMWMMZ TCJIM, KO-
He saxoT'feji'bnoooHHTbca noB^meHHOH na mecT-L nuian'B
aBcipificKaro HaMicTHHRa ((^oxxa Teccjiepa) H B-B HaKasanie sa 910
AO.i;KeHi> 6ti.ii cniH6nTb cxp'BJiOK) adjiOKO ci IUIOBH CBoero Cbina,
a noiOMi 6buii> cBflsaHi, HiodLi duib oiBeseHHHMi, BT> saMOKi <j)oxxa.
Kor^a BO BpeMa 6ypn Ha osep-B eMy pasBssajH pyKH, qxo6bi OHI
BsjLicfl sa pyjib, OHi> BOcnojibsoBa.icfl BXHMT. H xyxx ate ySHJii (J>oxxa
HOXOMX OHX ci> xoBapHm,aMH BT> AOJIHH'B PioxjiH ft,SiJitt

samnmaib CBo6o,a;y. Hpn Mopiapmenrb (1315)

aBCxpiHCKHxi ptmapefi, H 9XHM b
r
jiH

nauajio weewtapcnoii ceof/odib, xoxa H nocjii axoro HMI eme

npHHMOCb oxcxansaxb CBOCIO rpy^bio 9xy CBo6o,a,y. CKOpo KI> HOBOMy

coiosy cxajin npHAibiKaib ropo^a (JfwyepN&j Eepm H #P-)- HoBaa
no6 r

A,a mBeflqapaeBi, Ha^t aBCxpificKHMH repnoraMH BJ> KOHH.'B

XIV* (npH 3eMnaw>) 3acxaBH.ua iipHCoeflHHHXbCfl K-L coiosy eiu,e
B.

Hi>cKOJbKO KanxoHOB-L, a B-b cepeAHHi B. BJ> ero cocxasi Bome-iiXV

C i, HEMT. cna^ajia Ijwpuxo. HlBeHn,apn,bi CKOpo npi-

cjiaey nenofinduMOu nnxomu, H HXI cxa.iH OXOXHO HaHH-

waxb Bi CBOH BoiicKa cocfefrme rocyAapH. (HanpHMtpi), HiBeHi^apii,bi
XI cjiOMHXb Kap.ia CATEJiaro). Bi KOim'fe XV B.
JlioAOBHKy
IIIBeH^apiH ct HMnepien 6tuia yaie IHCXO 4>op MajI1E HOK) > -

236*. IIpH nocjTEAHeM'b jnoKceM6yprcKOMi> HMnepaxopi Cu-

imMyudrb (1419 1437) HiiMeHKie KHflSba H ropo^a noMorajn CBoeny
rocyAapio BT> ero KpecmoooM* noxodn npomuez lycumoeo. IIocji'BAHie
H'BMn.eB'B 6ujiH He xojrbKO epexHKaMH, HO H sparaMH HXT. naiiio-
He Meflie Mewcdy CCLMUMU wbMi^aMU locnodcmeoea.ia
mamxpo3m, yxo OHH BHKaK'b He MOFJIH cnpaBHXbCH ci qexaMH. Ho
CMepxH CarHSMyHAa HMnepaxopCKaa Kopona nepenua KI Ta6c6yp-
raaii, (BU> JIHU^ Ajibopexxa AscxpiHCKaro). KTB 9xofi AHHacxin npn-

HaAJieataj'b BO Bxopofi HOJIOBHH'B XV B. <&pudpuxt III (1439

1493), KOxoptiH, npaBAa, coBepmHjrb HOXOAI B-L Hxajiiio ?yiR

.iOM6apACKoft v HMnepaxopCKOft KopOHt, HO B-b Fep-
6ujii coBepuienHO 6e3cu.ibnbiMz locydapeMt. OHI
 168

pacxepajrB noixH BC^ CBOH BJia^nin. CarHSMyHA'B I no 6paicy

ci. HacjrEflHHijeH BeHrpin c^k/iajica KopoJieMi) BeHrepcKHM-B, a ero
flOiB, HacjrfcAHHua KOPOHI> qemcKOH H BCHrepCKOH, Btiimia sa-

Myati sa
repn,ora aBcxpificKaro, djiaro^apfl ieMy npOHsouuio coe/i,H-
Henie ra6c6yprcKHX'B H jiK)KceM6yprcKOH AHHacxifi. Ho nocjii cuepxn
CHrH3MyH.ua H BI> BenrpiH, H BI, ^exiH (JBLIH BBi6paHBi HauioHajiBHBie
KOpo-iH (Mamenu Kopeuuz H lOpiu IIodrb6padcniu) H O^HH-B HSI. HHXI>, :

nrepCKiH, OTHflj L-6ujro i

y $pH,aipHxa III fl&aae ABCipiio CT>

ieit H KapHHTien. Ilpn EGMI, ate
xypKH OBwiaA'Li
a HMnepaxopi> naqero He Mori npoxHBi> BBX-L
. He CMoxpa na Bee axo, OHt o^eHB rop^HJicfl CBOHM'B xnxyjiOM-B H
CBOHMI, ^.eBHSOMi. sasBjieHie, HXO n ABCxpia WJIKEB, no-

237. OB
Hsdpanifl Ajib6pexxa ABCxpiftcKaro HMnepaxopcKaa KO-
pona Ha xpH ci> no.iOBHHOio B^Ka ymeepduAacb sa Pa6c6ypiaMU.
%
'Bi KOHi^i XV H Haiajtfi XVI B. 9xa ^HHacxin snanumeMno pac-
ceou ejiadnnin. CBIH'B $pn^pHxa III, MancuMUMam, ^ap-
nocji nero (1493 1519), eme npn JKHSHH oxi^a aje-
Ha jjoiepH Kapjra CMijiaro, Mapiu EypiyudcKou, H nojiyqH^i)
B-B npn^aHoe sa Hero Hudepjiandu. Cfioero CBiHa ($HjiHnna Kpacn-
Baro) OHI aieHH.ii) Ha flonepH 0epduuauda Apaioncnaio H Hsa-
KacmuMCKOu, nacji'BAHHrii Hcnauiu (loaHHi BesyMHofi), a
xoro, ycxpOHJii* 6paKi. cseHxi BnyKOBi. ($epAHHaHAa H Ma-
pia) C-B ^o^epBio H CBIHOMTB Kopojia BenrepCKaro H qemcKaro, B.ia-

AHCJiaBa, qiMi no^roxoBHjii npiodpixenie Fao'co'y praam H odiaxi,

3XHXI, KOpOH-B v CocxaBHJiacB ^,azGe noroBOpKa: HycxB Apyrie BC-
a XBI, ciacxjiHBaa Ascxpia, saKnoqaii 6paKH, noxony
Ayxi) BOHHBI,
2
ixo xe6i Benepa .naex^ xo, ixo ^pyrie nojiyqaioxi. oxi Mapca" ).

238. IIpH MaKCHMHJiiaH'B I B-B FepMaHiH 6mio c^iaHO ni-

HM-CKOJIBKO nonumoKK pecfiopMUpoeami u.unepm. J(JIA axoro Ha UM-
wpCKOMt ceuMn>
(H.IH peuxcmairb), C^'BSA'B Kyp^ropcxoB-B, x.-e.
PH
KHaseii H yno.iHOMOieHHBix'B ofL BOJIBHBIX^ ropo^OBi), co6paBffleMca BE
1495 r. BT> BopMdb, 6mn> ycxaHOBjieni oib'tuuu seMCKiu Mupz, a
A-ia pasSopa cnopOB-B Meat^y HMHCPCKHMH yHHaMH, x.-e. Kypi|)rop-
CXaMH, KHHSBaMH H BOJIBHBIMH TOpO^aMH yqpeaiA6H1> BepXOBHLIH HM-
nepCKiH cyA'B (peuxcnaMMepiepuxmt). Ha xbji'k MHpi. BOABOpeHi HC
6ujii>, a cy^a HMnepCKie IHHBI HC SOBJIHCB ,a,a H cjymajiHCB ero HJOXO.

KpOM-B xoro, f(jia ynpaBJiema FepMania daja pas^^ieHa Ha decnmb

ci oco6BiMH 6jiocxHxejaMH Mupa H nopa^Ka HS-B KHasefi, HO

^ A. E. I. 0. U., x.-e. Austriae est imperare orbi universe.

2
) Bella gerant alii, tu, fedix Austria, nube
Nam quod Mars aliis, dat tibi Venus.
 169

H 3x0 noMora^o f&Jiy oieiiB MSJO, noxojiy qxo ne 6buo HUKamio u,eu-

mpa.u.uaio npaeumejbcmea. HaKOHerj-B, Ha o6m,ia HyaiABi HMnepCKie

IHHBI cooaiiiajiHCb ^asaxB AeiiBi'H, Ha caMOMi> ate flfeji'k uMnepcnaa
Kasna 6bt.ia nycma. TaKHMi> ofipasoM-B FepMama nepenuia VL HOByio
Hciopiio noJiHTHHecKH pa3,npo6.ieHHOK) H HyagjaBineioca BI>

239*. Bo BTOpOH IKMOBHH-B Cpe^HHXX B^KOBl* BHyipeHHfffl HC- Oomifi B.-U-JHIT,

Topia xpext rjiaBHtix-L sanaflHO-eBponeficKHx-L cipan-L, T.-e. $paHnin,

AHi\aiH H FepMaHin, nouuia no pasnuMt nymnMt, H'BM'L onpedn>Mi-
i B

fpanuiH, AH-
HCTopk)

r e
enympennee uxt> paseumie H B-L HOBoe Bpeiia. Bx BTHX-B cipa- '"^, a HJ H

,
COdCTBeHHO TOBOpa, paSJHHHHM'L o6pa30Ml> CJIOaKHJIHCb BSaHMHHH
OTHonienia KopojreBCKOH BJiaciH, ^eo^ajifcHOH apHCTOKpaiiH H ro-
po,ncKoro cocjJOBia. Bo $paHiUH nepBOHa^ajibno cjiadaa KOpojieecKan
ecmynuAa m com* a> lopojicauaMU npomm* (fieodadoe?, H
Ha pas^opax-B Meat^y odoHMH cocjiOBiaMH. B'B AHrjiin,
Hao6opOTi,, oieHB BX HaqajTE CHJiBHaa KopoAeecKan ejiacmb ecmprbmu-
mcb c* comoMz 6apouoff6 u lopowam, HTO HM^JIO cji-BACTBieMi, ea
orpaHHqeme. Bo <I>paH^H noaxoAiy BTB HOBOG Bpeaia ycxaHOBHJica afico-
jiwmu3M%, B'B AHmiH o%paHUueHHan Monapxin. 06-E cxpaHBi Bcxy-
HHJIH B'B HOByK) HCXOpilO, O^HaKO, KaKI ItlbJlbHUH Hai^ioHCUbHblH KO-

po.ieecmea. FepMama, HanpoxHBi,, B'B 3xy 9noxy pa3dpo6u<iacb na ox-

,3,'BJiBHLia KHaaiecxBa H ropoACKia pecny(5.iHKH. B'B noroHi sa npn-

spaKOM-B PHMCKOH HMnepiH H^MeaKie nopom camu nojuouu ymeep-

dumbCH (fieodamiSMy, npunecwu emy &b otcepmey u Muoiie lopoda. 9xo
pasjHqie BO BHyxpeHHefi ainsHH xpex'B cxpaH'B BHOJH'B npoaBHJiocB
yate B'B cepeAHHi XIII B., Kor.ua BO $paHi^iH JIwdoeuK* Ce. u jie-
lucmu npH^ajH KOpoJieBCKOH Bjacxn HpaBCXBeHHBiH asxcpHxexi. H
lopHflHqecKoe no^xBepaiAeHie, B-B AnrjiH npH lenpuxn* III BOS-
HHK'B napjaMeHim, a B-B FepMaHin HOCJI-B (Dpudpuxa, II nacxy-

MeMcdyu,apcmeie.

IV.

240*. 3aBoeBame KoHCxaHXHHonoja KpecxoHOCn,aMH B'B 1204 r.

H yqpeat^eHie JIaxHHCKOH HMnepin conpOBoat^ajHCB eoedeniem oz smo
locydapcmso sanadno-eeponeucuaio (peodaAusMa. HOBBIB rocno^a BH-
saHxm pas^aBajiH seMJin B-B JIGH-B npHmeAniHM'B C-B HHMH pun.apaM'i.
HJIH coxpanajiH HXX sa cxapBiMH Bja^jiBrtaMH XOJIBKO BI KaqecxB-B .ie-
HOB-B. BM^CX-B ci I-BMT, HMH 6HJio KOH^HCKOBano oieeB MHOFO 36M6JIB,

npaBocJiaEHbiM-B MOHacxBipaarB. 9xo XOJIBKO yxy^-

no-aoateme HapOAHoii MaccBi. KpOMi xoro, HOtfftftfeTOU BBejiH P/B
 170

HMnepiio HOBoe saKOHOflaxejiBCXBO (ACCHSBI PouaEiiH, dbiBiiiie nepe-

A^JIKOK) iepycajHMCKHX'B accnsTb). BoscxanoBjreflie BnsaHxiHCKOH HM-

nepin llajieo.ioiaMU (1261) yate He MOOO B03BpaxHXb eft npeatnaro
seaiema. HMnepin u enympenue pacnada.iacb, TaKi> Kaifb, uanp., npn
HMnepaxopij, KoHCxaHXHHij XIII, 6paxBa rocyAapa (^H-
H OOMa) HM^JIH CBOH H63aBHCHMHfl KHaateCXBa B'B IleJIOnO-
Bcji^At 3a naAenieM-B KoHcxaHTHHonoJifl xypKH oBjaA^JiH H
9THMH KHH^ecTBaMH.) llojioweuie ipeKoez nodi mypet^KUMZ e.iadbi-
6ujio Bec&Ma neqa^bHoe. Y saBoeBaiejieH BOSHHKajia ^aate
o norojiOBHOM^ hxi) HCTpedjeniH. Bee xpncTiancKoe Hace-
jjeaie BajiKaHCKaro npespaTHJiocL B-B pauw (cxa^o).
nojryocTpOBa
TypKH cxajiH pascMaxpaBaxb BCK> SCMJIH), Kant co^cineennocmb cyji-
mana, E sa nojibsoBame ero nocejiflHe AOJiatHti OLIJIH njiaxHXb 6ojib-
myio no^axb. KpOM'fc flpyrax'b HajroroBi, OHH ycxanoBHJiH dam MOLM-
RJIK nonoJiHenia BofiCKa flHimap'B, xoxa B'b xo ate caatoe
see sspocjioe MyatCKoe xpacxiaHCKoe Hacejienie
n.iaxHXb cneu/iaMHuu ucuioii sa oceo6ootcdeme omz OOUHCKOU

flypHan opiaHU3au,iH ynpae^enin ein,e 6oji4e yBejrHqnBajia xarocxb

sxoro nojioatenifl H jiHraa.ia rpeKOB'b BOSMoatnocxH CUOKOHHO
Baxbca X^MH jibroxaMH, Koxopiia 6miH sa HHMH ocxaB.ienBi BI>
caMOcmofimeMuocmu ip&iecKoii i^epneu u Mntcmnaio caMoynpaejiemn.
TojbKO 3XH npHBH-ierin, BnpoqeMi., H cnacjiH rpeiecKyio HaijioHajib-
Hocxb noA'B xypen,KHM^ HFOMI, OTI raSeJiH.
241*. B'b XIV H XV BB. Bl C.iaBflHCKOM'L Mipi IlpOH30niJIH
c.iaBHHCKifl
Bt A.A V
cpaBHHiejibHO ci 9iioxo!o KpecxoBbixi)
lp'l> Y t7"TT/ /~t *
T7"TT /*
XT BB. Ha IOFE B'b XIV B.Uepow, HO BT, XOMI. ate XIV B.
BOSBbicH.mcb
OH a, BMicxt ct Eomapieu 6ujis, saBoesana xypKann. Ha BOCXOK^
pyccKin KWKHcecmoa oSTeAHHaioxcfl BI ^Ba Sojibmnxi, rocyAapcxBa
MocKoecKoe a JLumoecKoe. Ilepsoe HS-B HHXI B'b KOHit'B XV B.
ocBo6oAHJiocb 0X1 MOHrojiLCKaro Hra, sxopoe BI KOHai XIV B.
Hojibmeio no^i BJiacxBio O^,HOH ^HHacxin ). Ha sa-
]
coe,n,HHHJiocb ci.

IIojiBma H ^exia ^ocxHrarox'B B'B 9x0 BpeMa SHaqnxejiBHOH CHJIBI.

I Ha^ajii XIV B., a BI> KOHU.'B ycnjiHJia ce(5a

C'B JlnxBOK) H BX HOBoe

Bpena nepenuia yate
H Morym.ecxBeHHBiM'B rocy.napcxBOM'B. Bt xo ate BpeMa ^exiu,
AO^ro HpHHa^eatajo nepBCHCXByromee M^CXO B'B CBameHHOii PHMCKOH
HMnepin, H qemcKie Kopojin saHHMajiH B'B FepMaHm HMnepaiopcEiji
npecxo.Tb. TasHMi oSpaaoMi, B'B xo BpeMa, Kait-B roatHBie oiasflHe yxpa-
qHBaioxi> uesaBHCHMOcxB, sanaAHBie, Haouopoxi,, ^ocTHraiox'B

') CM. Kapty XXL

 171

tfojibinaro rocyAapcxBemiaro pasBHxia. IIocj'EAHeMy MHOFO cnoco6-

iCjieflie FepManiii HOCJI-B Be;iHKaro Meaj,nyn,apcxBia.
242*. Bi KOHEVE XII B. (1186) HOXOMKH fiojirapCKHXt rjapen
6pax&a llempz n loanm Acrbuu noAHaJiH npoxHBi>
snaMfl Boscxama H ocHOBaja emopoe OosiiapCKoe i^apcmeo
Haearb H BajiKauaMH C-B cxojiHn,efi BT> Tupuoen. OHO HOXOM-B
Bejio BOHHBIH ex KpecxoHOCijaMH JIaxHHCKOH HMHepin (ii,apb Kajroaai,
pa36HJTb HXI, npH AApianono.ri, H nepBMH jiaxHHCKin HMnepaxopx
nonajt B-B HJTEH'B), H ex Ila.ieojioraMH. Bi> caaiOMi. qapcxsi npo-
HCXOAHJIH BHyxpeHHie pas^opBi, itoxopbie ocjia6jiajiH Bojirapiro H
.naate HOSBO.IHJIH cepSaM-B pacnpocxpanaxB Ha HHXTI CBOIO BJiacxB.
Bi> 1393 r. Tupuoeo 6ujio saaoeeauo mypmjuu, a n,apB (IIlHni-
MaHi> III) H dojirapCKifi naxpiapxx yBe,a,eHH BX HJI-BH-B. BojirapcKie
i^apH Bcerji,a CXPGMHJIHCB ict n/epKoenou uesaeucuMocmu omz Bu-
aanmiu, HO xypKH o6i>aBHJiH KOHCxaHXHHonojiBCKaro naxpiapxa r.ia-
BOIO Bctxi) xpacxiaH-B Bi> HXI> B.ia.o.'BHiax'B, H Bo^rapifl yxpaxHJia
CBOK) aBXOK6l{)aJIBHyK) I^epKOBB.
243. Cep6u 7 ex caMaro Hanajia CBoero nocejienifl na Baji-
KaHCKOMi> nojiyocxpoB'B uaxo^HBHiieca no.n.'B BHsaHxin, OCBO- BJiacxBio

O'O.HH.IHCB oxi Hea npn Cmecfianrb BtbMcntnt BO Bxopoii

XII B., HO ^ocxHrjia CepCia dojiBinoro snaqeHia JIHIHB BI>
XIY B. npn napii Cmtfiaurb fywanrb (1331 1355). Ero n,ap-
CXBO ooHHMajio, KpOMfc xenepemHHX'B Cep6iH, ^epnoropiH H /l,aji-
MaqiH, Bocmro, MaKe^OHiro, Bojirapiro H Oeccajriio, xaKi> qxo no-
x
umu eecb cneepb EajimucKaw nojiyocmpoea 6bijn> BI ero pyKaxi> ).

Bt j^ijiax-B BHyxpeHH^ro ynpaBJienia CxeijjaH'B npocjiaBHJica

cepGciaro SaKOHHum. Ho npn CHH-fc Cxe^ana (Ypown>}
a co CMepxbio ero npeitpaxHJiacb
HLia npOBHHii,iH cxajin oxna^axB,
H AHHacxia H-BMaHnqeM. IIpeeMHHKH ea cxa.iH xepn-BXB nopameHia OX-B
xypOK-B: ocodeHHO rnSejiBHO GBIJIO jpa CepCiH nopawcenie npa^n Jlasapx
na KocoeoMi, noMb B-B 1389 r. Hoc-ni* axoro cyjixani, Baasexx pasjvB-
Cep6iio Ha ^Ba ^aHHaqecKHX'B KHHJEecxBa, HO BI> HHX-L nponc-
CMyxbi, H sa na.neHieM'B KoHCxanxHHonoJia MaroMex-B II
ECJikfl,T>

coBepmenHO no^qHHHJi'B ced^ Cep6iio, npeBpaxHBi> ee BT> npocxyro

npOBHHn,iio Typn,iH. TOJIBKO BT. HCAOCxynHOH Vepuoiopiu He6o.iBmaa
qacxB cep6cKaro njieMenn coxpaHHJia CBOIO HesasHCHMOcxB.
244*. DOCJTE na,o,eHia cep6cKaro H 6ojrapCKaro ijapcxB-B rpa- BeHr P lfl
. KOHIJ-B cpex-
HHHbi Typn,iH flpmjoi AO BenrpiH, Koxopaa H c^ajiacB fjKMNWjra HHXI, BiKOBi.
on.iomoMb sanaduou Eeponu npomuez mypOKb. <9xo rocy^apcxBO
B-B KOHI^'B Cpe^HHXl. B^KOB'B BC6 flO-TEC H dOJlie HO^qHHaJOCB 3a-

1
) CM. Kapry XIX.
 172

Ky.ibxyp E.
r
Bt Haqa.TE XIII B. BCJ^ACTnie sojiomou 6y.).n>i

Andpesi II (1222) Benrpia npeBpaxHJiacb B-L nacxoamyio coc.toe-

nyto Monapxiw CT> CCHMOMI,, BI, KOiopOMi, ymcxBOBajH npe^cxa-

BHX6JIH COCJIOBiH. FjiaBHyK) pO.lb B!> rOCyAapCXBCHHOH 31H3HH BeH-

rpin cxa.io nrpaxb ttpynme u Me.moe deopHncmeo. Bi> Haqa.ii

XIY B. sA^Cb npeicpaxHJiacb ^Huaciifl Apna^a, H nocjii spaiKO-
llexieii
coe^HHeHm CT. Benrpifl nojyinjia HOBVIO ,HH-
B'B jiHn.'B npHHi^a Kapjia-PoSepxa HSI
HeanojiHiaHCKaro
cfiaMUMU. Ilpn ero CHH'B JTwdoeuMb Be^uKOMt (1342
1382) Benrpia o6iedumuia sncmumejibHyw nacmb sanaduaio CJIQ,-
GHHcmea u npeepamudacb &z fioAbwyw CJiaeHHCKyw depwaey, noxoMy
ixo Jlro^OBHKy y^ajiocb pacnpocxpaHHXb CBOIO Bjacxs, npoMrb Xop-
eamiu u flaAMaii,iu, na Eocnm H qacxB EoMapiu, a xaKme no-
B L KaqecxBi njieMHHHHKa des^xHaro nojBCKaro Kopojia, H
r

CT> Ta.mueMz. He
HM-BH cuHOBefi, .Iro^OBHKt saB^ma-TL npe-
cxojii. CBoefi ji,oqepH Mapin, Koxopaa c^JiajiacL HeBicxoio, a HOXOM-B
H ateHoro cbtna uewcmio uopojin (H H-BMei^Karo HMnepaxopa), BHO-
o'B.iiiCXBiH Toate diiBinaro qeiiiCKHM'L KOpojieM-B H HMiiepaxopOMi.,
I. Bjiaro^apa 3xoMy, Benrpia BpeMGHHO coeduHumcb ct
3MyH,a;a
HO saxo oil nea omnajia IIoMwa, npnsBaBmaa na npeciojit
JLEOflOBHKa (flABHry). Bnpo^eni, BI, nepBOH nojiOBHETB XV B.
caMH eu6upajiu na ceou npecmoM noMcmio Kopojin (Bja-
Bo Bxopoii UOJIOBHH'B XV B. Benrpien npaBHJH Fyniadu
.

(pyMHHCKaro npOHCXoat^enia), HS^ Koxoptixi, oco6etmo npocjiaBHJica

CBOHMH BOHiiaMH ct xypnaMH H saBoeBaniaMH Mamemi Kopeum,
OBjra^BiniH aBCxpificKHMH seMjiaMH H qacxbro ^exin. Ha
XV H XVI B.
BeerpiH BI,n,apcxBOBajiH onaxb qenicme
HS^ nojibCKott AHnacxin HrejJiOHOBi,, no npeKpameniH Koxopon npe-
CTOJTL ^ocxajica Fa6c6ypiaMb (1526), d-iaro^apa ynoMaHyxHM'b Btime

245*. Hocji'E npeKpamema BI,

oxk B-f, xiYBH q e jg 9TO
rocy^apcxBO flocxa-aocb JIwKceM6ypicnoMy domy B-L
loauua, dtiBinaro no naxepn njieMaHHHKOMt nocjii^naro
MHCJiOBH^a. EMy H nacji'EAOBaji^ SHaMennxtiH Kap^z IV (1346
1378), H3<5paHHLifi BI, n-BMeniKO-pHMCKie HMnepaxopu, ocHOBaxejb
l
npaatCKaro yHHBepcnxexa (1348), n oxeni> lexia H oxqnMi, FepMaHiH".
Hpn cxapmeM'L ero CLIH-B Bcmjtaen (1378 1419) BT, ^exin na-
npoxuBOH'feMen.Koe H npoxHBOKaxojiHqecKoe .nBHjKeme, np-
KI lycumcmey, a npn Mja^meMi, CLIH'B, CuiU3Myndn>,
(1419 1437) npOHCxoflHJiH lycumcnin eouuu, HMismia xapanxepi,
BnyxpenneH peBOjnonJH. H Baipasi (,o;o 1400 r.), H CH-
(C'B 1410 r.) 6miH xoate HMiiepaxopaMH, a
 173

CBepxi> TOFO H BenrepcKHirL Kopo.ieMi>, xaK'b ITO MewcdyHapodnoe no-

.'nHcenie Vexiu 6biAO eecbjua OUCOKOB. Bi> rycHTCKyro anoxy Alexis

npeBpamiacb BI> U36upame,ibnyio Monapxiw, H no npeKpameniH JIOK-

ceMoyprcKaro AOMa Hen u,apciBOBajH CHaqaja CTOPOHHHK-B yM'B-
B-B

peanaro rycuiCTBa next lOpiu JIodnOpadcKiu, HOTOMI, no.tbcuiu KO-

po.ieeimi> B.wducAciui, KOTOpun 611.1% Bbio'pau'b B^ Kopojin H eempaMU,
xaKL qio B'L KOH^ B
1

XV H Haqaj-B XVI B. ^exifi u Bempin na-

XOAH.IHCB B'L coe^HHeniH.
npeKpameflieMi, C'L /I,H- BI> ^exia BTOH
naciiH ea KOpOHa nepenuia, OKI. H BenrepcKafl, EI Fa6c6ypraM-L
(1526).
246. MejKfly ^exien, Benrpieft H Ilo.iLinefi BI> KOHii,'t cpe^HHXi,
ycTaHaBJiHBa,iHC&, c-i'BuoBaTe.ibHO, dunacmuHecKiH cemu. Bee- AB-"
l
rpi>i coeAHHfljiacb ci lexiefl Ha KOpoxKoe BpeMfl B-L Haiaji-fe XIV B., cipieft.

sai^Mt cepe^HH^ XIV B. nocji AOBaTejiLHO CT> nojitmeio H onaib ex

r
BI,
l
lexiefi, noioiit B^ nepsoii no.iOBHH'B XV B. ex IIo.iBiiieK), a BX
Koi^ii XV H HaiajTE XVI CHOBa C-B ^exien. Bi> 1526 r. H BeHrpia
H Alexis BM'fecT'E ^ocTajiHCb ra6c6ypraMi>, no^i. BjacTbio
naxoAHTCfl H AO
nopi. CHX-L BTO
cyAbuy HX-b c-b CBflsa.io
6oK> ABCipin, Koiopaa cxaaa npoBO^HTb BI, JKHSHB cjiasaHCKHXT. na-
!
pOAHOCTeft KOpouz C6. Bfwec.meo, u ce. Cmecfiaua ) naiaja repMa-
HH3an,iH H cxporaro KaiOjiHi],H3Ma,
ci>cepeAHHH XV B. CA^ia.iac
HOH PHMCKOH Hunepia repnaHCKOH Han,iH.
247. BT> nayawii XIV B. BT> IIo.ibra'B KOWIUJICR ydrb.iwuu ne- 06-teAHHeHie
piodt. 06-LeAHHHTejeMi> IIojibniH 611.1^ OAHH-L HSI, v^kibBbix-b KHS-
seft BMtdu&tctw JIoKomoKt (1306 1333), KOTOP&IH H KopoaoBajica
KopOHoro. Csoe rocyflapcxBO eMy npHxoAHJiocb OTCTan-
H OTT> leXOB-b, CTpeMHBmHKCfl OTt SaBOGBaib IlOJIblUy, H
TeBTOHCKaro opAena, saBjia^'EBmaro qacibro npeatnefi no.ibCKofi iep-
pHTOpin. Ho BTopofi Kopo.ib oSxeAHHeHHOH IIojbmH, KaauMipt Be-
MIKIU (1333 1370), cxapa.ica ataib BT> MHp-fe H CT. ^exieii, H
TeBionaMH, a npeAnpHHajii) pacwupenie HOMWU na cwrm Ptjcu.
KnaaiecKia yco6Hi;Li H xaiapCKie norpOMbi oqeHb ocJia^HJH Pycb,
H Ka3HMipi> Be.iHKift oBjaA'B.n> ^epBOinioto (TajHu,KOio) Pycbio
(1340), pasdHB-b npH BTOM-B xaiap-b. Y KaaHMipa He OHJIO
a noTOMy nepe^t CMepibio CB cor.iacia BejibMox'B OH-L
CBOHMI, npeeMHHKOMT, BeHrepCKaro Kopoja JIiOAOBHKa. Xoxa EJ>

H ITacTOBHqH (nanp., BaccajbHtift Knasb Maso-

6bi.iH em,e

), HO KasHMip'b, jKHBiuin BT> MO.IOAOCTH npn ^Bop-fe BeHrepCKHxi> KO-

AnatyHCKOH AHHaciin, ocooeHno 6jaroBOJiHJi B
r

H3T> KT>

THKT. Ha3HBaTca neiiiCKaH H BeiirepcKaa KopoHU. (Baiec.iaB'L

 174

odoHx-B rocyflapcxBi. 6ujio KpaxKOBpeMeHHBiM'B, H no CMepxH

(1370) HOJIBCKOH KOpojieBOH gj-EJiaJiacb AOI& ero
Koxopaa no atejianiio IIOJIBCKHX'B nanoBt Bt.im.ia aaMyat-B sa

JiHTOBCKaro flwAAa (1386). B-B 9x0 BpeMa KnaajecxBO jmiOBCKoe

sHagHxejrbHBiM-B rocyflapcxBOM-B, no^i. BJiacxbio Koxoparo naxo^H-
jracboieHb dojitmaa iacxb loro-sanaAHOH PycH, HO caMH JHTOBI^BI 6miH
em;e flBBiiHHKH. ^rejuro npHHajii. KamoMMecKyw ewpy H PGBHOCTHO
cxaji'E pacnpocTpanaiB ee cpe^a jurroBn.eBi,. TaKi nponsomjia HOM-
CKO-.mmoecmn ymH, H B-B HoJiBmt naqajiacB dunacmiH ttieji.iOHOot.

248. ^HHaciifl ^rejuiOHOB-B ijapcxBOBajia B-B UojiBni'B OKOJIO

B-BKOB-B (1386 1572). IIpH H6H HOJIBCKOG KOpOJeBCTBO do-
Ka"
cmmjio naufioMiuaio MOiyu^ecmea. flrejuo (npHEflBiniii VL Kpeui,e-
H!H HMS BjiaflHCJiaBa) H ^BOPOPO^HMH ero dpaxi, BHTOBTB,
miHCfl BaccajLHtiMTb EnaseM'B JHTOBCKHMX, npe^npHHHJH BOHHy

xaiapaMH H ci TeBTOHCKHMi op^enoM-B. TaxapLi HaeecJiH

nopa^Keflie (npn BopcK-TE BI> 1399 r.), HO sa xo
JI'BX'B coe^HHeHHBia noJibCKQ-JiumoecKifi GUJIU npu
TaHHe6epr B) coeepwenuo pasipoMum urbMe^uxb pu-
r

(HJIH

mipeu (1410). Op.neH'B AOJiro He Mor'B nonpaBHXBca nocjii 3xoro,

a UojiBnia H JlnxBa eme xicnie coe^HHHjracB no doiooopy ei To-
podjirb (1413), ycxanoBHBnieMy o6m,ie CI'BS^BI HOJIBCKHX'B H JHTOB-
CKHX-B BejiBMoati. HoS'Bfla nojiaKOB'B Ha^ nijMen.KHiiH ptmapaMH BI.

xo caMoe BpeMa, Kor^a ^exia nuia CBOJI 6op&6a ci HiimaMH,

B-B

sacxaBHJia qexoBi. B^ Haiaj'B rycnxcKHX-B BOHH!) HCKaxB noddepwcuu

y IIoMwu, H vflrejLio nojiyqHJii, .naaie npe^ioateme cxaxB leniCKHMi.

KOpojieMij, HO Kaxo.iaqecKoe ^yxoBeacxBO y^epasajo ero oxi. no-

Mom,H rycHxan-B. Coe^HHeHie IIo.ibniH C'B Mexieii ne cocxoajiocB,
HO sa xo CBIHI, Jlrejuia, Bjiaducjiaei III ^HJI-B Hsdpaai, 02 wpojiu
eempaMU. BXHIVIX COIOSOM'B HM^JIOCB BT> BH^y cos^axB CHJIBHBIH
OHJIOXI. npoxHBi> xypoK-B, H B^a.nHC.iaB'B III, codpaBi, CoJiBmoe BOHCKO,
cocxoaBinee H3i> nojiaKOBi, H BearpOBx, npomeji^ C'B HHM-B AO ca-
naro ^epnaro mopa, HO npn Bapnrb noxepnij.!!, nopaacenie eii.
xypOK'B H caMi, uaun, B-B dHXEi (1444). Pesy.ibxaxoM'B 6biJio pac-
na^eme ymn ci> BeHrpiefi. CiacxjiHB-Be 6wn> B'B CBOCH 6opb6-B C-B H't-

MenKHMi. op^eHOM^ Apyroft CBIH-B Srejuia, EasuMipz 77, Kopojib no.ib-

CKiii H Be^HKifi Knasb JtHXOBCKin. Boftna MeaAy HHMH Be.iacb

i;axb Jiixi H KOHHHJiacb ^.oroBOpOMi., no KoxopOMy Ilojibma

oxi, opji,eHa IloMOpbe H sanaduyw Ilpycciw, sa op^eaoMi. ^e ocxa.iaci>
XOJIBKO o,o;Ha Bocxognaa Hpyccia ^a H xo JHHIB &z eaccaMuou sa-

eucuMOcmu omn> HOMWU. 3xo onaxB no^Ha.io Ilo.ibiny B-B jmimiH ie-
XOB-B, H HX-B Han,ioHajiBHbiH Kopojb lOpin IIoA'fe^paACKiH yd'BAH.i'b ceihii>
ero npeeMHHKOMi. na npecxoJTE CLma KasHMipa IV, BA>-
 175

BcKOpi aarfeMt 31011 HOBBIH HeiiiCKifi KOpo.iB H3t

6BLTB HsopaH-B HHa BeHrepCKifi npecmirB, HO ^HHacria flreji-

JTOHOB-B B-L ^exm H BeHrpm

n,apCTBOBaja neflOJiro. HS-B OAHH'B
npeeMHHKOB-B KasHMipa IV (CHrHSMyH.m. I) cooacHLicfl Ha TO, 110611
BI o6oHX-B rocy/japCTBaxi, flre-MonaM-B Hac.a'B'.noBa.iH FadcoyprH.
249* B'B Mexin. BenrpiH H HojiLmi, faaroAapa CXOAUBIM-L Oomia
^ 6uia .

yCJOBlflM'B HX-B9KOHOMHieCKarO OHTa, DJieMeHHOrO pO^CTBa HX!> Ha- Benrpia H

ce.ienifl H o^HHaKOBOCTH HcxopHiecKHXi, BJiiaHift BiapadoxaJiHCB ^o
HSB^CTHOH cieneHH oftWiin, cpopMu r^mecmeeunaio u locydapcmeen-
naio 6uma. Be3,a,i HM6HHO o6pa30Bajioci> MorymeciBeHHoe cocjiofiie

(MarnaTM, naHn) H pflflOM-B ci> HHMI>

coc.ioeie He OCO^CHHO doraioe, HO secbMa
Hoe H SHeprHqHoe (ptmapCTBO, nuflxia). Xoifl Me^^y HHMH cyme-
ciBOBajii. aHTaroHH3Mi>, HO BI. cymnocTH STO 6tiJiH JIHHIB ^,Ba pasHLie
KJiacca ^BOpHHCTBa, Koiopoe Hcma.to moida locnodcmeoeanib na ceu-
Maxb. Bcij TPH CTpaiiH 6Bi.in rjiaBHtiM-B o6pa30Mi> seMJie^JBiecKifl, H
ropo^a ne HM^JIH B'B BBX^ xaKoro pasBHiia, uaira Ha Sanafffc; npa-
TOMT> JKC B'B ropo^axi ^BIJH OHCHB CHjeni>
eepeucKiu WMtewdu u
SMMenm*. ^TO Kacaexca ,a;o KpeciBflH-B, TO H BX ^exin, H BI, Ben-
rpiH, H BI, nojiBnit OHH BT> 3Ty anoxy cmcuiu saKprbnomamwfi.
yxy^nieHie nojioatenia vewcKUxz npecmbfim H sacTaBHjio HXX
HflTBCfl B'B 9HOXV TyCHTCKHXI, BOHH'B 00^1 SHaMeiieiTB HOBHX1,
jTHriosHBixTb yqeHifi, a
BenrpiH aHajrornqHtia npniHiiH
B'B

6o.4bwoe 603cmame 1514 r., KOTOpoe 6two ycMHpeao ci>

jKecTOKOCTBto, HOCJii qero BeHrepCKifi ceHM-B B'B

250. IIojiBnia BI, XIV XV B^Kax-B nojiyqajia CBoeo6pa3HOe

TT ^ TT * 6nrb Ilo.n.mu
ycTpoiiCTBO. He rosopa JHTBOIO, npHqeMTb BT, oojia^anni B1) XI y H nep .
yate ooi, yma C-B
x
BOH nojoBHut
rocy^apCTBi, 6miH H pyccma SCMJIH ), caMa IIojiBma 6HJia CKO-
(pedepcmieu omdn>.imux?> 3CM6M, mws edunuMz lOcydapcmooMv.
^tjBHHXi, Kaaa^TB^ npn Ka-
BI, o6m.ee KOPOJCBCTBO
H HpHTOMl, TaKl, ^TO BI,
JIOKOTK'B npOHSOfflJIO O^eilB 6BICTpO

eoeeodcmen, BI KaKOBBia ripeBpamoiCB npeiKHia KnaaiecTBa,

coxpaHHJiHCB CTapLia yypeat^eHia H y,a,epaiaJiacB HSB^CTnaa aBTOHOiii)i.
RiaBHoe B.iianie B'B OTA^.IBHBIX'B BoeBO^CTBaxi, npjma.pejKa.io MOMHO-
emdcmey, T.-e. 6oraTBiMi, H snaTHBiM-B wawajws, saiiHMaBniHM'B H
Hillmifl AOJ2KHOCTH, a Cl HHMH BM^CT-B H BLICrnHMI, ^yXOBHBIM'B
Kponi Toro, B'B cTpani cym,ecTBOBa.ia CyHuaa H CBoeBOJBHaa
iip-B Be.iHKiH 6opojca npoiEBi CBoesojiifl naHOB-B H

l
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llo.ii,nrli iiimuaA-iexaJO ra.iHii.Koe KHflffieci'BO, .iHTB'fe ociajbHua K)ro-uana^uu;i
H ctBepo-saiiaAHUfl pyccnia SCMJH.
 176

H ,p:fl 9xoro 663,3,$ nocxaBHjnb CBOHX'B cmapocmz, He

npaBHxejeH,
saxporHBaa, oflHaKO, M'ECXHBIXI. BOJiLHOcxen, HanpHM., UMfixemcmixz
erbuz B-Loxfl'kiBHBiX'B npoBHHH.iax'B. OKI, 3a6oxtfJica XOJIBKO o npa-

eocydiu H flaaKe npe^npHHaJTB cocxaBJieHie saKOHOB-B B'B (fwpM'E sa-

nncH cy,a;e6HBix'L oSHiaeBx (BHC.on,KiH cxaxyxi>) H ^a-i^ oco6oe
pasBHxie HsyqemK) npasa BT> ocHOBaHHOMTb HM^ KpaKoecnoMi ynn-
eepcumemrb. Ero OCO^BIH 3a6oTBi o samHT^ KpecxBHH^ OTI. npHrfcc-

euy ^aate npaso HasBiBaiBca KOPOMMZ x.wnoez. Ilpa

BeHrepCKOMi. H nepBHxi. >HrejiJiOHaxi> MowHoe.tadcmeo ycu-
B'B IIoJiBuii, H BajKHMmifl jt^jra cxajiH pimaTBca Ha

ji,axi. nanoBi> npn .popi KOpojra Illjinxmu, odHCiKO, 6

nedoeoMua, noxoMy qxo nann H ee npHxtcHflJiH, HO nocjii^Hie na-
no^epJKKy BI> ^yxoBHOH apncxoKpaxiH. Efpn 3xOMi> H npe-
,
H nanBi oji,HHaKOBO ne XOX^JIH njiaxaxB HajroroBi, B-B KopoJieBCKyro
KasHMipi, IV, HyaiAaBminca B^ ^enBrax-B ^jra BOHHBI CT> H^-
opA6HOMi>, cxaji^ Hapywami) apucmoKpamuuecKm npu-
,
UMtbfi noddepwmy ez w.iaxmrb, xoxa H 3x0 cocJiOBie xaroxMOCB
EOpOJieBCKHX^ qHHOBHHKOBl, H 60JIBHIHMH paCXO^aMH,
IIpOHSBOJIOMl.
Koxopne oxx Hero xpe6oBajiHC&.
251. Kor^a B^ 1454 r. EasHMipx IV oxnpaBHjica B'B no-
Ha .Qp^eHi, xo mjaxxa, co6paBniHCB BM^CX'B j(Jia. 9xoro noxo^a
i

HemaBOK), pimnjiacBnompe6ooam b y Kopo.w. ymMmovtceuix

oynompefijieHiu. KasHMip-L IV BBiHyat^eHi. CBIJI-B HOHXH Ha ycxynKH
da,M omdrbJibuuMz SC,MAHMJ> ipaMomu, oSimaBinia nuaxxi, ixo
He ^y^exT. HSM^HaxB saKOHOBi) HJIH npeAnpHHHMaxB HOXO^OBI,
corjiacia HUDIXXBI. C-L 9xoro BpeneHH H HaiHHaexca pasBHiie

po.iH axoro cocjiOBia / Koxopoe Ha CBOHXTE. ceuMUKaxz' B-B

BoeBOACXBaxT> cxajio pmaamb eamurbuutifi locydapcmeen-

UWH dvbJia. 9xn HJjiaxexcKifl B-feqa SBIJIH codpaHi^MH, BTE.
KOXOPBIX-B
nicxHoe ^pBiuapcxBo" MOFJIO y^acxBOBaiB HOFOJIOBHO, HO Majo-no-
Majy ycxaHOBHJOCB, qxo cefiMHEH cxajH BBi6HpaxB noc.'ioeo, KOxopBie
r
ci, B3a:ajiHCB BM^CT-B ,3;^^ odwtux* coerbwamu cz nopOMMt u eio
padow (coB-BxoMi)). ofiwiu ceiiMt rocy^apcxBa, cocxoaB-
TaKt BOSHHK'B
miil H3i) Kopojia, ero coB^xa H co6pania SCMCKHX'B HOCJIOBI,. COB-BXT.
KOpojieBCKifi o6pa30BajiCff H3i> npeanHXi. MoatHOBJiaAqecKHx
H cxajn. nasBiBaxBca cenaniOM^, a seMCKie HOCJIBI, x.-e.

OXT) CeHMHROB-L ET> OX^'BJTBH&IX'A SCMJiaX-B (BOeBO^CXBaXI.) COCXaBHJIH

noco.'tbCKyw us6y. Ho OKonqaxejiBHoe pimeHie BonpocoBi, ocxaea.iocB

sa cefiMHKaMH. B'B Ha^ajii XVI B. yase npasio 6mio npHSHano saKO-
HOMTb, qXO ^635 CBUMO, H6M3fl 6bUO UsdaeaMb HOOUXl SttKOHOet. BO
BxopOH noJiOBHH'B XV B. ffljiaxxa npoaB.iaJia xaKVK) CHJiy H COJIH-
qxo H KOpOJB H nanBi sancKHBaJiH nepeA'B nero,
 177

ee Ha CBoeft ciopOHi, H mjiflxxa no.iB30Ba.iacB BTHM-B

paciHHpemfl CBOHX-B npasi. ,3,0 cepe^HHH XVI B. caMHMH

ropOflOB'B 6ujiw H^MUH, KOTOpue, odiaflafl npHBH.ie-
MarflefiyprcKaro npaea, Majio HHxepecoBajiHCb o(5m,HMH jifb-

rocy^apciBa. IIo9TOMy w.wxma odna, 6u.ia npedcmae.iena na

,
a M-EiijaHe *) B'B ceftMax'B He yqacTBOBajiH. HojBayflCB
npaBOMi, nuraxxa cxajia cnm>CHfimi> npaea
TO.lbKO O^HH niJflXTHqH MOMH BJia^TB 36MCKHMH HM^HiflMH (x.-6.
BH-B ropo.noB'B), saHHMaiB BHcmifl u,epKOBHLifl H rocy^ap-
OCTH H T. n.; caMoynpaBjieme ropo.noB'B nOABepraocb
orpaHnqeniflM-B H T. n. Ho ocoOeHHO 6BiJia neqa,iBHa
KpecTBHHCTBa. npejK,a;e XAonu 6ujiE JIOABMH BOJIBHBIMH, CBO-

nepexoflHJiH OTI, OAHOFO noMimnKa KI> ^pyrony H sa CHH-

MaeMyio seMJiio njaiHJiH ne6ojiBinie o6pOKH. B-B XV XVI BB.
nuiflXTa H3T. cocjiOBia uucmo eoeHnaio npeepamuAacb &t> coc.ioeie

npeuMyu(ecmeeHuo seMMe^adrbMuecKoe. .JKeJiafl yMHOJKHTB CBOH ^;o-

C-B 36MJIH H HM^fl BOSMOatHOCTB H3AaBaTB BBirOflHBIG. RJLK Ce6fl
i, OHa B'B KOHn.'B XV B. npuKptbnujia npecmbftm Kb aeMJin u jiu-
WUJIO, UXK 6CHKOU 30,U(UmU CO CTOpOHH TOCy.HapCTBeHHBIX'B BJaCT6H
H Cy^OB-B. Bl XVI B'BK'B IIOJBffla BCTynHJia TaKHM-B 06pa30MX B'B BHA'B
(fiedepcmiu eoeeodcm&t, B^ KOTOPHX'B sa^i. BC'BM'B locnodcmeoeaw
uijiaxma. XOTH-H cym,ecTBOBajii> o6m,in cefiM-B, HO OH-B ne ycn-BJii.
B03BBICHTBCH Ha^l. M-fiCTHBIMH C6HMHKaMH H HOAIHHHTB HXI> CeSt, BT>
X\'I ate B'BK'B H KopojieBCKaa BJiaciB CA^ajiacB B'B nojBm'B Hs
B'B TO speMfl, KaKi Ha Sanaa's cocJiOBHaa Monapxia

yciynajia M^CTO KOpojieecnoMy aficojiwmmMy, UojiBma, Ha-

mjra no ^opori npeBpam,eHia BI> wjinxemcKyw pecnyfijiuKy.
,

252*. lIemcKaa H BenrepCKaa nuraxTa BI> cymnocTH cipeMH-

K-B TOMy JKG, qero xox^jia ^ocTHrHyiB nuaxia B^ EIojiBni'B. Ho

nepexo^'B H ^exm, H Benrpia no,!!;!* BJiaciB Fa6c6yproB'B noBJieKi, sa

co6oro BI, oS'BHX'B cipanaxi. ycujieuie Kopo.ieecKou e.mcmu. TOJIBKO
B-B OTHomeHiH K'B napoj^HOH Macc^ senjieBJia.n'BJiBqecKoe

HasBanHBixi. CTpanx, T.-e. u veiucKafi, u eenwpcKasi

ci> noMcuow. EC.IH BTB AnoiH H ^>paHii;iH K'B KOHOJ cpe,a;-
HHX'B B'BKOB'B KprbnocmuuHecmeo ucnea.io (B'B AHrjiin) HJIH noqxH
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Ha oSinHpnoft Tep-
saHHMaBnieHCfl FepMaHien, ^exien, BeHrpiefi H no.!BineH,
OHO TOJBKO-qTO ycuAuea.wcb u dame ycmaHoe.ifi.wch euoeti. Em,e
(B'B KOHU;B XVI B.) OHO yTBep,a;H.iocB H B-B Poccia.

OTI. CJIOBO miasto (r^

CPE^Hflfl HCTOPIfl. 12
 178

TJIABA YIII.

KyjiBTypa.

I. MaxepiajibHaa Kyjitxypa cpeAHHxi E^ROBI ( 253 260).

II. BasaHxiHCKaH jiyxoBHaa Kyjttxypa ( 262269).
III.MycyjitMaHCKaa AyxoBHaa Kyjitxypa ( 270 275).
IT. SanaflHO-eBponeficKaa syxoBHaa nyjitxypa ( 276 296).

253*. Bt MaiepiajibHOH KyjiBTyp-fc cpe^nie B-EKa JKHJIH IIOHTH

HCKJUOIHTeJIBHO T^MH OMKpumiflMU U U3o6pn>memHMU, KOmOpUH 6blAU
corbJiciHu ewfi 02 opeeuocmu. Bo MHorHXi> cjiy^aflX'L saMtqaexca
st-
He nporpecc-L, a perpecci.. ECJIH BT, cpe^Hie sina H
JIHCB Kama-jiH^o nepeM^HH Bt TexRHKi, TO BX O^GHL 6ojibinie npojie-
atyiKH BpeMGHH, ,a;a H pacnpocxpaHajiHCB OH-B Kpaftne Me^eHHO. JIioAH
6BMH ^OBaiBHLi 6BiBmHMH B'B xo^y opyAiflMH H npieMaMH ipy^a H He
Jiyqniaro. TOJIBKO BT, canoMi. KOHn,-B cpe^HHxi B^EOB!) SHJIO
H^CKOJIBKO OTKpBIliH H HSOO'p'ETeHiH, KOTOpBIfl OKO,3a.<lU

6oMwoe eMHnie na pasnun cmopouu o6ut,ecmeeHuou OKUSHU.

254. Eii],e y BHsaHTiHD.eB'B dmo BI xo^y KaKoe-TO BspBiBya-
Toe MB sa^KHraxejiBHoe BemeciBO,' c-HBiBiiiee noA% HasBanieM'B *9e-
H necmio own. O^HHi HS'B o^GHB pTB^KHXi. sana^HBixi. yieHBixi), sa-
omecxp'BJih-
Haro offiia.
HHM aBfflHXCfl OnBITHOH HaVKOH.
J
Powem SdKOHZ BTb XIII B. yjK6
opoxb H coBTBTOBajii) nojiBSOBaTBca HMI> ci> n; BJiBio BBiopa-
r

KaMenHBixi) H^ep^; HO ero H^efl CBoeBpeneHHO ne

ma. Bi. cJi'BAyiomeM'B CTOJ-BTIH
O^HH-L HiMen,KiH
EapmoMdi IHeapw, ajrxHMHqecKie onBrra, cJiynafiHO
A's-Taa

BSpBIBqaiyK) OVTECB, KOTOpOH) BCKOp^ HOCJI-B TOFO CTaJIH HOJIB-

u. HMGHHO, noaBHJioc& omecmprbMHoe opy-
XIV B.) BI BH^ Mopmupt, T.-e. nyineK'B C'B KO-

pOTKHM-B H UIHpOKHMI, fltepJOM-B, HOTOMI, (fi-B XV B.) Bl,

pyqHBix & nymeK-B, pywceu, H

r

306%, T.-e. T. n. BBe^eHi

B'B Boennoe fli-io HanecJio yflapi> H pui^apCKoii Kounuwb, H cfieo-

255. BE cpe^me B-BKa rjiaBHBiMi, MaTepia-ioirB

cnaiajia dopoio cmowutiu nepiaMem, HO KT> KOHOJ STOH
9HOXH Bomjia BO Bceo6in,ee ynoTpe^JieHie 6ymaia. BnepBBie OHa
noaBHJiacB Ha BOCTOK-B, noBHAHMOMy, y KHTaftu.eB'B, OTI, KOTOPHXI,

*) Bi. nepfiufi pay-b orHecxp'BJbHoe opyarie 6a.no ynoxpe^JieHO BO spena cxo.itxHefi

1! lidllllU.
 179

xaxapaMH 6mia saneceHa KI>apadant. y nocjTEAHHXi. yase CHJIH CBOH

3aBe,neHifl, npHroxoB.iflBiiiifl 6ynary, H BI. CnpiH ct IlajzeciHHOH, H
BI> ci>BepHOH Ac|)pHid>, H BI CHijH.iin, HHcnamH. Bt 9noxy Kpecxo-
B'B

noxoflOBx 6yMary cxajm BHA^HBaib H wi> FepMaHm (BI

XII B.), H BO 4>paHn,in, H BT> HxaJiiH (fit XIII B.). y apa-
<)OBt 6yMara nsroxoBJiajiacb H3i> x.ionqaTHHKa, HO Ha
ee un mpmw, xaKaa 6yjiara OKasajiacb
256. 06paiueHie KI> dynar-B. B-BKaqecTBi HHCbMeHnaro Maiepiajia,
.
-TO
ocoooe sHaieme ci> HsoopiTemeMi. KHHroneqaTaHia. IxHHrH
. KHHronena-
TaH i fl
.

BI cpe^nie Bfea du.iH ptbdnu u dopom, noxoMy HTO uepenncbiBa-

a 9TO o6xo^HJiocb oieHb He,nenjeBO. Bo Biopoft no.iOBHH^ cpefl-
B^KOBI oopasoBBJiCH oco6bifi Kiacci. nepenHcinKOBt, pa6oxaB-
niHxi> HJIH no sauasy, H.IH Ha npo^aaiy; HO H 310 He

ys&e X B. xeKCT-b BtinyoHMH sHaitaMH na ^,e-

HaiepeBi) Hxi) KpacKoio, CHHMa.in CT> HHXI> Konm

H,
Ha SyMar-fe HJIH Ha TKaHH. Brox'b ate cnoco6i> ynoTpe6JiflJica H BT>
EBpont dan, eocnpouseedeuin cem^enHuxz U3o6pa^ceuiu ci
TeKCiaMH, a H OAHHXI xeKCTOBi), npn IBMI, HOJIB-
30Ba.IHCb H MexaJJIHieCKHMH H flepeBflHHblMH AOCKaMH. JlHfflb Bl>
HaiaJi B r

XV B. npHiiuiH KT> MHC^H neuamamb nodeuotcubiMU

cnaqajia HOXOMI> MexajUHiecKHMH. M^ecxb no-

aHHn,KOMy ypoateHi],y loauuy

rymmen6epiy KOxopuH BT> 1450 r. npn noMOm,H
j

u npecca oxnenaxa-ii. Ba6jiiK). Ci axoro BpeMenn KHHra

ropas^o deweejie, H 9x0 cocjiyjKH.io 6oJibinyK) cjiyatoy
pasBHxiro noc.TE.nyiom.HX'b B^KOB^.
257. BaazHoe snaqeuie nojyqHjio H HSoOpixeflie KOMnaca. x.-e.
v ^ KOMnaca.
CHapH.ua MarHHXHoro cxp^JiKOH), noKasHBaromeio Ha ctBep-b. Bi>
C-L

Espony KOMnaci 6bun> saneceH-b oxt apaooBi, H 6HJH> yate HSB'BCxeH'b

Bi) XIII B., HO BnepBLie on-b no.iyHH.i'b 6oJi Be yflodHoe ycipoftcxBO
r

B-b XIV cxoJi'BxiH, djiaro^apa reHy93ii,y <Djiaeio flwioua. HsoSpixe-

nie KOMnaca c^Jiajio BOSMoatHtiMi) njiaBanie no nopto B^ajiH oxi.

5eperoBi> H cnoco6cxBOBajio eeMiKUM* leoipafiwec

XV XT1 ee. (AnepHKa, MopCKofi nyxb B-L HHAUO H x. n.).

258 =:
\ Em,e BI nocjrBAHifl BpeMena PHMCKOH HMnepia BOO seioe-
BI> HCH oou^tu dKonoMU'tecntu ynaooKi, x.-e. H xop-

H npOMtuiiJieHHOCXb ocJia^iBaxh, H 36M.ie-

yxy^maTbCfl. HoHaxHO, qxo npuxodz eapeapoei xojbKO co-
em,e fib.ibweMy nadeniw eceio napodnaio xoanucmea.
OCHOBOK) BKOHOMHqeCKOH JKH3HH CpeAHHXl> BijKOBfc Ha
6bMO seM^edrbMe, 6o.nmew uacnwH) naxodueweecn ez py-
12*
 180

naxz Kprbnocmubixz UAU eoo6iu,e SOGUCUMUXK Kpecmbxm, KOTOpwe,

CBOe X03HHCTBO, flOJHKHBI 6BIJIH padOTRTL H Ha SCMJiaX'B TOC-
(6apm,HHa). Kaat,naa ceHBepia npe^CTaBjajia HST. ce6a SCLMK-
nymoe ofiiyecmeo, y^OBJieTBOpflBniee BC'fc CBOH noipeSHOCTH co6-
CTB6HHHMH HpOflyKTaMH: H KpeCTBflHHHI. H01TH HHierO H6 HOKy-
najii>, H rocno^HH'B HMiwrB see CBoe HJIH HS-B co6ciBeHHaro HM i- r

nia, HJIH HS^ HaTypajiLHLixi noBHeHOCTeii Kp-BnocTHtixi

KpecTLaai,.
cjiOBaMH, BTO 6mio TaKt nasiiBaeMoe uamypa.i'bHoe xo-
sectMa Ma.no Hyat^aBmeeca Bt ^entraxi, H Kpatme He-
6jiaronpiflTHoe RJIO. pasBHTia TOproBjra. Hpiemu o6pa6omKu noneu
6uAu caMue nepeofiummie, oco6enHO BX HOBHXX CTpaHaxi,,
^pyrnxi> npiodm,HBniHxca K-L Biicmefi KyjiBTypt. KpeciBaHe
C.IHIQKOMI HGB'kKecTBeHHBi H 64^HBi ^jra xoro, ^To6
yjiyHmenia, a ceHBepn ^OBOJBCTBOBajiHC& 6apmHHHHM B xpy-
r

H Haxypa-i&H&iMH noBHHHOCTaMH; Kor^a ate y HHXI HEJUIJIQCI>

yBe.iHiHTB CBOH ^OXO^BI, TO Bonpoc'B p-Bmajca npocio

259*. IIpH saMKHyxaro naiypajiBHaro xoaaiiCTBa

rocno.ncTB'B
o-
nepepafiomKa cupuxz Mamepia^oez coeepwa.tacb doMawnuMU cno-
in.ieHHocxL. cofiaMU. H KpecTBane HM^JIH Bee Heo6xo^Hjioe CBoe, ^,a H
BI CBOHXI, saMKax'B ^epatajiH cji-yit, ofiyueunuxt
HJIH pa3,a;aBa.iH peMecjieHHHKaM & ^jia HX^ co^epataHia yqaciKH SCMJIH
r

ycjroBieM'B ncnojiHeHia pasHBixx pa6oT^, B^ po^i,

canoaiHOH H T. n. TOJIBKO BO Biopon nojiOBHHi
B^KOBT, aauamie peMecjidMU cmaw omdrb,<iHmi>cn orm> seMJiedrbMn u
cocpedomoHueamwH ei lopodaxz, r^i OHO H no.iyiH.io u,exo8y>o op-
mHUsa/nm. Bx ropo^ax^ BnepBBie naia.ao pasBHBaiBca H denewcHoe
xosaucmeo. flfijio BI TOM?>, ITO ropo^CKie peMecjreHHHKH pa6oTa.in

yaie HG Ha ceda HJIH na rocno^, a RJIH npo^aasH, xoia 6u H Ha

OICHB orpaHHieHHOiTB PBIHR* caaioro ropo^a H ero
OKpyra. B^
peMecjieHHOMi* .n'fcjrE Biopoft HOJIOBHHH
KOB-B saM-sqaexca yaie SHaiHiejiBHBiH mexHuuecniu npoipeccz. H,exo-
BBia BjacTH Ha6jno^,ajiH sa ^o6pOKaiecTBeHHocxBio aiaiepiajia H pa-

6oTBi, T^MI. 6ojffee, ITO Kaai^BiH ijexi BecBMa peBHHBO odeperajii.

o cedi cjiasy H ^aate npano rop^HJica, Kor^,a HSI. ero
BLIXOAHJIH OCO^CHHO TOHKla H H3am,HBia H3^Jlia. O^HaKO,
i^exosaa perjiaMeHTan,ia npOM&inuieHHOCTH HM-BJia H Aypnyio CTO-
pofiy, raKi. KaKi. neptwm Mrbwa.ia npOHeJieniw JIUHHOU unu-u/ia-
mueu u mexumecKUMt yjiyvwenifim.
260*. Bi 9noxy saMKHyTtixx (feo^ajiBHBixi. xosancTBi) H n,e-
XOBO g npOMBinweHHOCTH, ' pa^OTaBHiefi
r Ha M-BCTHBIH PBIHOKI,, mop-
Baa xoproBJia.
co CKOMKO-Hufiydb omacueuHUMU cmpauaMu ue MOIM
 181

GOMWOIO paseumix. Jlumb npecmoeue noscodu, BO speiia KO-

sana^Hue Hapo^Bi npHxo^HJH conpHKOCHOBeme BT> qacxoe
CT> BHsanxieft H a3iaTCKHMi> BOCTOKOMX, OMUQUJIU Me^cdynapodnyw
mopioo.m, npHqewB nocji'E.HHaa cxaia BecxncB ,a,aaje ct HnjueH. Eme
BI>r,iy6oKOH .upeBnocxH ycxanoBHJiocB H^CKOJibKO mopioeuxz nymeu
Meauy cxpanaMH, Jie^aBinHMH y CpeflHseMHaro Mopa, H OT,najieHHOH
findieu. ABHatenie TOBapOBi cofiepniajiocb HSI IlepCH^CKaro
Mopewi
sajiHBa KI sana^HiiMi, 6eperaMi> caMOft HH^iH, cyxHMTb nyieMi. oi"&

Mepnaro H KacniftcKaro Mopefi no pasHUM-B M'BCia^'B BI CacceHHu

OKca H HKcapia (Aaiy-^apBH H CHpi>-^apbH) H Bepxnaro HH,a,a,
OTKy.ua injiH KapaBaHHHH ^opora AO caMaro KnTaa. Bi cpe^flie B^Ka
9TH nyTH coxpaHHJiHCb, H BI MycyjiLMaHCKyio anoxy oco6eHHO Baainoe
BX TOproBOM-B OTHomemH npiodp^JiH Tanie nyHKTti *),
Bar^a^i, Baccopa H HcnaraH^ (OTI, KOioparo nura cyxonyx-
naa ji,opora KI OpMyscKony npOJiHBy), ci O^HOH ciopOHH, H Fe-
paT%, Byxapa, CaMapKaH.a.'B, Ra6yjirb H Fasna, ct .npyroft. He Bete,

o^naEO, 3TH nyiH 6ujut OflHOBpeMerrao ^ocxynHH BCJi^ACTBie BOHHX

H nepeBOpOTOBi,, KOTOPLIMH nojisa ncxopia Hepe^Heft Asm ET, cpe^-
Hie B-BKa, H TOJIbKO B1 XIII B., KOF^a DOHTH BCH 9ia T6ppHTOpifl
Bouijia BX cocxaB'B ^epsKaBH MOHFOJIOBX 2 ), mopioebin cnowemfi ci
Hudieu cdrb.iaaucb Menne sampydnumeMHUMU. Ho saBoeBaieJibHHe
r

TaiaepJiaHa, conpOBoatAaBinieca paspymeHieMi, B ropo-

i;'BJiEix

cHOBa HanecjiH y^apt ToproBJii ci> HH^ieft H EHxaeMi), H

xor,a,a-xo BI> EBponi 06^ oxKpBixiH MOpCKoro co-
BOSHHKJia MHCJIB
3
ct HHAieft
). O^HOBpeMenHO ct ojEHB^eHieMt xoproBJin
Asiefi H BHyxpn caMOH EsponH cmaau ycujiueam'bCH mop-
CHOwemti Mewdy omdnjiwuMU cmpanaMU. FjiaBHLiMH no-
SLIJIH npUMOpcnie w-
Meayjy 3anaji,OM^ H BOCXOKOM-B
poda HmaMu
(AMajib(|)H, Hnsa, ocoSenHOCXH ate Beneu,ia H
B-B

Fenya), Ropa6jn KOxopBixi cxajiH noc-kmaxB laeanu Emnma u Cu-

piu eme sa ^sa B^Ka AO KpecxoBtixi. noxo^OB-B. B'B AieKcaHApin
Kynn,Bi sadapajiH xoBapu, npaBOSHBiiiieca Mopeaii. BX
(na BOCxoqHOMi 6epery A^PHKH) H oxxy^a qacxBio cyxHMi>
no HHJiy ^ocxaBJiaBinieca B'B Ernnexi).
,
qacxbio

nopxu Capin ra.iH xoBapn, KOxopBie

BI.

ex Bocxona qepesi Bacpy, jie/KaBmyio HCAa.ieKO OX-B

KpOM-fe xoro, BeHen,ianqu H reHyasi^Bi BC.IH oCmnpHyio xop-
1
) CM. Kapm X^' 11 XA'I.
2
)Cp. uapiy XA'III.
3
) TaKofi nyxi, H CH.IX OTKpHT'i BI, 1498 r. SasoeBaHie ErHnia ocMancKHMH Typ-
m, ita'ia.ii XVI B. xose He6.iaronpiaTHO OTpasHJiocL na eBponeficKOH TOproB.Tfe
<!, BOCTOKOMI.
 182

l
na IepuoM?> u ASOOCKOMZ Mopnxz,
TOBapti H3i> TorjjamHeit PocciH. nocj-E OKOHiama Kpe-
noxoflOB'b BeHen,iaHH,bi pacmupUAU o6Aacm,^ ceouxz mop-
cnomeniu BoroqemeM^ BI nee (B-L XIV* B.) Bcero sana^no-
eBponeftcKaro naiepHKa H Anrjiin, taroflapa ieMy BI
HOH Espon-B, Ha nyiH Mem^y CBBepatiMH cipanaMH H
B03HHKIO MHOateCTBO BaJEHHX'B TOprOBHX^ nyHKTOBl,. Oco66HHO
MHoro 6ujio HX-B HM6HHO Bi FepMamH, rA^ B-L KOHI^-B cpe^HHXt
B'EKOB'B B03HHKJIH xame lopodcKie cowsu, KaKi peunCKiu u lanseu-
CKIU. IIocJi'B^HiH saxsaTHJii ET, CBOH pyKH mopwQAto no, Ecuimiu-
CKOMZ u HrbMeiwoMi) Mopnxz l ) H sejit ee CTB Poccieft, CKaH^H-
rocy^apCTBaMH, Anrjiiett, IlIouiaHAieH, HH^epjraHAaMH H
CTpaeaMH. BajKHoe BHaienie -BI, MeaiAysapOAHott ToproB.i'B
KOH^a cpeAHHX-L B^KOB-B nojryqnjiH H Hudepmndu.

II.

261*. Bfea BOSHHKJIH H pasBHJiHCB mpu Ky.nmypu:

BT> cpeAHie

BHsaHTificKaa, apa6cKaa H samiAHO-eBponeHCKaa, KOTOpma pteo 060-

co6njiHCB OAna OTL Apyrofi. B'B 9noxy naAema HMnepin na
BnsaHTia ociaBajiacb rjiaBHoro xpaHHTejibHHn;eH) ApeBHef
HOCTH, HO Majro-no-Majy caMa 9Ta KyjibTypa CHJIBHO HSM'BHHjiacb, H ea
npedauia npuwm ez 3a6eenie. Bi KOHq B CBoero cyme-
r
in
ia BHsaHTincKaa o6pa30BanHOCTb sacTtura B'B pass npHHHTBix'b
H cTaja OTJiHgaTbca 6ojifflHM B KoncepeamusMOMi. Apa6-
r

AOCTHrmaa yate 6oJiBnioro 6jrecKa B-B TO spesia,

KyjibTypa,
sana^Haa Espona 6bMa enj;e norpyateHa BX BapBapCTBO (IX
X BB.), Toaie BtipocJia na noqEi dpeemil ipenecKou o6pa3oeaunocm.u^
ci ocTaTKaMH KOTOpon apa6u nosnaKOMRjiHCB Bt CnpiH, ErHnrE H
MajroH AsiH. Ho anoxa npOHB^TaHia apa6cKOH KyjibTypu 6BiJia nenpo-
>.
SanaAHO-eBponeiicEaa, pOMaHO-repiaaHCKaa odpaso-
pasBHjracB nos^H'se, q^Mi. BHsaHTiflcKaa H apa6cKaa, H
Bcero BLipasHJiHCb ea Hando-irse xapaKTepHLia cpe^HeB-BKOBLia
JIHIIib B'B
9HOXy KpeCTOBLIX'b HOXOAOB'B. ,3,yXOBHaa (|)H3iOHOMia
cpeAHHX'B B'BKOB'b Ha Sanaa's 6u.ia HOMOW npomueonojioMcmcm'bio
K.iaccimecKOu KiiMmimu,
\J \sJ.
HO saTO si'BCb 6mro 6o.ibwe deuvcenin
7

enepedv, q^Mi B'B BnsaHTin, H casio ABHatenie 9TO OKasajocb 6o.me

npouHUMv, HeatejiH y apadoBi. Tpena oaBHLiMH asHKaMH cpeAHCBi-
KOBOH KyjibTypn 6bMH rpeqecKitt B'B BHsaeTW, apaocKift BI

l
) CM. Kapry XIII.
 183

MaHCKOMT> Aiipi, jzaTHHcidH Ha SanaA'fe. BTO GBLIH HSUKU, xaKx cita-

3aTi>, MeotcdyuapodHue, H C-B HHMH no CBoeMy SHaiemio He MOFL
CpaBHflTLCfl HH O^HHT. H3T> HOBBIX'B HapO^HBIX'B aSBIKOBl. ,11,0
KaKOH
cxenenH STB xpn KyjiLTYpH Hiior^a 6BMH pasoOiyeHU Meat^y coGoio
u KaKHMH oKO.tiHbiMU nymxMU HMH BJiiflHifl O,HHOH na flpyryio, Jiynne
scero Moatno BH^'BTL HS-L xoro, qxo Ha Sana^-B coHHHCHia rpeie-
CKaro (j)HJioco(|)a APHCTOTCJIJI 6miH HSB-ECTHH He BI HO^HHHHK'B H
ne BI> nepeBOAax'B npaMO ci rpeqecnaro, a BI> jiaTHHCKHx-L nepe-

BOAaxi,, c^iaHBLix-L C-L nepeBOAOB-B apa6cKHxi. ^o Haqa.ia 6m-

cmea euaaumiucKUXz ipenoez e^ Hmajim BO BpeMfl saBoeBRHia Baj-
KancKarp nojiyocTpOBa xypKaMH, B-B Hia,iiH HO^TH HesosMoajHO CHJIO
uaftTH yqHTejfl rpenecKaro HSBiKa. BaaHMHOMy oxqyatjiieHiH) Tpexi>
KyjiBiypt He Majio co^MciBOBajia, KOHCHHO, pejiariosHaa spaTSAa.
6nBinaa ocoSenno CHJIBHOIO BT, anoxy KpecTOBtixi. HOXOAOB-B.
262*. YMCTBeHHaa KknvQJibuocn B-B BHsaHTmcKOH HMnepin co-

cpe^OTO^HJiacb raaEHBiMi. o6pa30Mi> Ha ptbweniu pPMiiosnuxz oo-

Ci
npocofft. noaBJienia apianciBa ^o na^enia HKOHoCopciBa, T.-e. CT.
IV AO cepeAHHH IX B. 3fl'Bei> nodoaHHO BOSHHKajiH pasHHfl epecu,

KOiop&ia BiiSLiBajiH 6orocjOBCKie cnopn H BI> oo'meciB'B, H BI> JTHTC-

paxypi. E^Ba OKon^HJiacfc 6opb6a ci HKOHo6opciBOMi>, OKI.
JOCB pasdibAenie uepKeeii, nopo^HBinee u^Jiyio o6.iHqHTejiBHyK) .i
xypy npOTHBi, jraiHEflHt. Bo Bcixt CBOHX-L 6oro(MOBCKHXi> 3anaTiaxi,
ojiBSOBajiHCb rpeqecKOH (pHjioco^ieft, cxpeMHCb npncno-
ee K-B noHHManiio xpHCiiaHCKHx-b HCTHH^. (To, 1x6 Ha 3a-

nojyqHJio HasBame cxomcmuKU, aapodu.toci, codcxBenno ro-

Bopa, 60 Busaumiu). TaKi KaKi>, o^naKo, BI XI cxcji-BiiH ooflapy-
JKH.IOCL necorjiacie H-BKOXOPHX-B npe^ciaBBxejieH ^wroco^ii CB ycxa-
HOBHBfflHMHCa yHCHmMH UCpKBH, TO npOTHKB CB060^HarO (|)HJO-
co(J)CKaro MBinureHia npn KoMKHHax-B 6HJiH npHHaTBi OHBHI cmpoiifi
t. TOJIBKO npn Dajieo.iorax'L nponsoHuro EJ> BHsanxiH H-BKOiopoe
^HjiocotJjCKHX'L sanaTiif, H BTB XIV H XV BB. SA^CB aBH-
JHCB nocjwbdoeame.iu IIjiamoHa u Apucmomejin, BeAmie Meat^y co-
60K) CnOpBI. Ho HenOCpe^CXBeHHBIMH npeeMHHKaMH BH3aHXiHCKHXT>
n.iaiOHHKOB'L H apHCTOTe.iHKOBi, 6ujiH yate umnAbHuyu XVI BB. XV
263*. B-B ApyrHX'b oxpacjiax-B snania BHsaHTinuBi CBIJIH 6o,TBe J|

c,o6upame.wMu, KOMnuAamopajuu u moAKoeame.mMU cxaparo Maxe-

pla.ia, H'BM1> CaMOCOCXOHXeJIBHBIMH HSCJT-BAOBaTeJflMH H TBOpaaMH HO-
BBIXI,HACH. Mflorie BHsaHiiHUBi oi.iHqa.iHCB 6o.n>uiow yneuocmbto npn
coBepiueHHOMi., o^naKO, omcymcmeiu opuiunaMnocmu. TaKOBT>
fit cepe^HHt IX B. naxpiapxT> ffiomiii, KOXOPBIH cocxaBH.ii)
^H^HK.TO^e, ^H ^ecKiH
T l
c6opHHKi, saKJHoqaBiuift B-B ceS'B doraxBift Ma-

Tepia.il HS-L coiHHeHiii ^peBHHxt aBiopOBB. Bx X B. na TOMI> ate no-

 184

codnpaHia pasHOpo^Hux'B CBi^Hin npoc.aaBH.rL ce6a

paxopx KoHcmaumum EaipHnopodubiu, a BI> XI B. oieHb
no 6es^ Bcaitaro H^eHHaro xBopiecxsa faun MUXO.UM
Cpe.a.HeB'EKOBaa BHsaHxincKaa HayKa 6mia Bootfnje uucmo
KHUOKHOW, H BT> U3yWHlU npupodbl BHSaaxiHUH H6 XO-IbKO H6 HO-
,u,BHHyjrH Bnepe^x SHamfi ApeBHaro nipa, HO ^aate npaMO OTI> nero
OTCT8JIH.
264*. FopasAO 6ojbmee SHaqenie HM-feeii. BHsaHTiftcKaa jiHiepa-
T yp
_ J r
a ucmopuuecKaio, dmuoipacfimecKaio u nojiumuHecmio
HCTOpiorpa- ^ '.

<J)ia. COBpeMeHHBIfl COOHTlfl, OOpa3T> IH3HH H HpaB

cocToame HMiiepin H ea ynpaBieeia, Bee BTO
noApodHtixi. noB-BCTBOBamH H o6cToaTejn>Hiixi> onHcamft. U,apcTBO- -

Banie lOcTHHiaHa BejiHKaro Hanwo csoero nciopHKa B-L

HHK'B ero IIpoKoniu, ceKpeiapi H ropHCKOHcyjiBT'E Bejincapia.
onncajii. Hciopiro Tor,naniHHXT> BO^H'B, H ociaBHJi & ein,e cogHnenie r

saoaBieMi n TanHOfi Hciopin* (Avs%OTa HJH Historia arcana),

H3o6pa3HJT6 BI> caMOMTt Mpa^HOMt BH^ flecnoTHSMt lOcTHHiana H
pa3Bpam,eHHOCTL 9eo,a;opti. Bx ero coqHHeHiaxi, ecis TaKaKe u3on>cmiH
o dpeeHrbumeMz 6umn> CAaenm. Toivja KG cxajiH nncaTbca ecejuip-
Hblfl XpOHUKU, KOTOpBia CJlfejl&JlHCb o6pa3n,OMI> H RJIK
pyCCKHX'L Jl'ktO-
TaK-B KaKi nepeeoduMCb no cjiaeancKu (xpOHHKH loanua
BI VI B. H Feopiin AMapmojia BI IX B.). BTOTX
6HTonncaHia pasBHBajrca cpeHMymecTBeHHO BX Momcmupaxz,
npoijE-ETaja TaKate aiioipacfiix, x.-e. jiHTepaxypa JKHTIH csa-
TLIXX. Bi. X
B. HMnepaxopi) KoHcmanmum EaipHHOpodnuu oxqa-
CTH Hanncaj-B canx, omaciH BiisBajri H-BCKOJIBKO coHHHefliH HCTO-
paqecKaro H orracaxe-iLHaro xapaKxepa. OH-L cociaBHJii Tpy^H o
rocy^apcTBeHHoiTL ynpaBJieniH, o BHsaHiiftcKHxi eenaxi. (odjiaciaxi.)
H npHABOpHtix-L ^epeMOHiax^, H B-B ero coHHneHiaxx xoate HM-BioTca
cevbdfbnin o cmefwaxz. Bi anoxy KOMHHHOB'B BHsaHxiftcKaa HCiopio-
rpa(|)ia BticiaBHJia xajiaHMHBLix'L nncaxe.ieH BI. JIHI^'B Annu KOM-
HUHU, Aoqepa HMnepaxopa AjieKcia I, Bpena Koxoparo ona H OIIH-
caja, H B-L JiBqi Huuumu AKOMunama, AOBe^niaro ncxopiio BH-
npa KoMHHHaxTb ^o aaBoefiania KoncxaHXHHonojra Kpecxo-
.
Ilpn IIajieojioraxi> BHsaHxiftcKaa ncxopiorpa(|)ia
yate BI yna^idj.
265*. /I,o BospoatAeHia yienaro iipaBOBi

yHHBepcHxexaxx,
J
Hxo npOHSOfflJio jHinb Bi) anoxv Kpe-
'
.

me. CTOBHxi) noxoAOBii, Bnsanxia owjia eouncmeeHHOii xpanumeMnu^eu

mpaduuiu puMcnaio npaea. 3aKOHOAaxejii.Haa ^taxe-ibHOCXL Bpe-
MCHI. IGcxHRiana (Corpus juris), HM^epaxopoBI,-HKO^o6op^eB'B (sa-
KOHBI JbBa Hcaspa H ero Cbraa KoncxaHXHHa) H MaKeAOHCKOH RH-
 - 185

(BaCH.lHKH) Tpe60Ba.ia He^IOJKHHHLIX'B yMCXBeHHtlXT. CUJIT> H

yqenociH. Ho H B-L 9xofi o6.iacxH ^aroTTb ce6a snaxb 06-
u\ui qepxbi BHsanxHHHSMa. yjKe JOcxnniaH'b BejrHKift xox^Jit saRjrio-
MHTB HayKy npasa BI CTporo onpe^'BJieHHHff rpaHHH,bi H HOXOMV
no,p cxpaxoMt naKasania sanpexHJTB cocxaBJiaxb KaKia-jra6o XO.T-
KOBania K-B ero CBOfly. BTO sanpemetrie ciajio, o^naKO, HapymaiLCH
eme BT> u,apCTBOBaHie caMoro IDcTHniana; HO BCH BHsaHiittcKaa
lopH^HiecKaff jrHiepaiypa H COCTOHTT, r.iaBHBiMi> o6pa30Mi HSI. npo-
cmoio KOMMenmamopcmea u KOMnujiamopcmea. Ilo o6pasijy K)CTH-
HianoBa CBO^a BI VI ate B. CTRJIH cociaBJiflTBCfl cfiopuuKu uepnoe-
Ha^o (KctnoHUHecKaio) npnea, T.-e. r.iaBHiiH'B o6pa30M'B nociaHO-
B.ieHitt (KaHOHOB-i.) H HMnepaiopCKHx-B
Bce^eHCKHXTb codopOBi, sa-
KOHOB-L (v6[JLOC) HO n,epKOBHHMTb ^JiaMT,. Hs^ CJliaHlfl T^X-B H flpy-
THX1,COCiaBHJICH OAHHt HoMOKdHOHt, KOTOp&lft OKa3a.TB CB06 BJlia-

nie H Ha npaeo CsiaeHucKuxz Hapo^oe^.

266*. Eme fit nepBLie s^Ka Hainefi apu xpacTiaHCKie nHca- IIo3THliecKajI
jiHTepaivpa
nonHTKH noMsoeamiCH aumuuHbiMU nosmuuecKUMU
dan nepedauu 6u6;teucKuxt
cwwemoffij. Hanp., FpHropiK)

npHnncMBaiOTi .upany CTpa3KAyffl,iR XpHCioct", BI

KOTOpofi ^a^e Haxo^axi) MHOFO CTHXOBI,, BBHTBIXI) H'BJIHKOM'L y rpe-
gecKaro iparHKa 9BpnnHji;a. .Ininb H^KOTOptie po^w
TBOpiecTBa nojiyiHJiH BI BHsaHiiH caMocioaxejiLHoe pasBHiie.
HLIMI. oSpasoM'L 9TO 6mia o6jiacTL itepnoeHbtxi lumnoer,^ B-L KOTO-

poft npoc.iaBHJiHCb npeHMymecTBGHHO PoMam GAddKonrbeeufi (VI B.)

H JoaHHZ fictMaCKUHt (VIII B.). B-b CB-BTCKOH n033JH BHBaHlifl H6
C03,a,avia Hnqero BejiHKaro.

267*. B-L TO Bpena, KaKi. BapBapcKoe nanieCTBie Ha Sana^t co-

HCKyCCTBO.
yna^KOM-L KyjibiypLi H BI, xy^oatecTBeHHOM-L OTnouiemH,
onaib-TaKH ocxaBaJiacb xpauumeAbrnmew u
. BnsaHxiHCKoe HCKyccxBO cjiyatnjro npeHMymecxBenno pe-
wHMb, apxHxeKxypa xpaMOSAaxe^ibCXBy, a ^HBonncb
yKpaineniio n;epKBeH CB^meHHtiMH HsoSpasaeHiflMH. fit apxumeK-
mypn BLipa6oxajica oco6bift ousaumiiicmu cmuM (Kpecxoo6pa3HHft
H Kynoj'b, yB'BHiHBaioiii.iH 3Aanie). PasBnxie BHsaHxiHCKaro
OTKpHBaexca xpaMOMz ce. Cofiiu,nocTpoeHHHM'B K)CXH-
Be.iMKHM'b. CxH.ib 9x0x1) pacnpocxpaHH.ica He xojbKO B'b
FpysiH H PocciH, HO oxnacxn H na Sanaa's.
,

iii HC Morjia pasBHXbca BI B3aHxiH, noxoMy qxo

i/pa

uepKOBb Bcerji,a oxnocHiacb He6jiaronpmxHO KT> cxaxyaMi, nano-

MHHaiOUl,HM'b C060K) flSBiqeCKHXT, H^OJIOB-b, a B'b 9HOXy B03CXaHO-
B.iema HKOHOno^HxaHia cn/ann/n u coocnMz 6u.m sanpew/enu. 3a-
xo otcueonuct nanua B-L pe.inriosHOH atHSHH BnsaHxiH
 186

BI yKpaHiemn xpaMOBi> cxinmbiMH H3o6pa,iKeHi}iMH,

HCnOJIHeHHblMH KHCXbK) H.1H MOSdUKOW, Bl HSrOXOBJiemH HepeHOC-
HblXTj HKOH1, H Bl HJUHOCXpHpOBamH pyKOUHCCH MHHiaTIOpaMH. H
Bt iKHBonHCH Biipa6oTajiCfl CBOH ocodbift, eusanmiucmii cntu.tb, HO
ci cepeAHHH IX B., Kor^a o^epataHa 6mia OKOHqaxejibHaa no6 EAa r

HKOHofiopcxBOATb, xydootcecmeeHHoe meopnecmeo cnm.to cmibc-

Heo6xo,a,HMOCTBK) HeHSMtHHO cjii^oBarb cxapHM'B oCpasuani,,
a qepesi AB^CTH yciaHOEHJca ,a;aa:e o6fl3aieJibHLiH KanoHi>,
JiiTii

KaKi HyatHO nncaTt T-B HJIH spyria HKOHH (nodAunnuKu). Majio-

no-MaJiy HKOHOHHCBK) ciajiH sanHMaTtca HCKjnoqaiejiBHO
KOTOptie ciapajiHCb npH^aTb H3o6pajKeHiHMi> CBHTLIX'L
HLia qepTBi acKerasMa, T.-e. nncajiH HXI HenpeM-EHHO

H HSMOJK^eHHHMH.
268*. BHsaHTmcKaff Ry^biypa Bbipocja na ipenecKOu ocnoen,
H0 BT> He j| anmuuHuu BJieMeHT^ see do-ite H dojiie yciynaji'b J J
BHSRHTIHCKOH
MBCTO u,epK06Hujw> Hcwojiam, OK^ 9TO OLMO, BnpoqeMi,, H Ha
/I,pyraH qepxa BH3aHTHHH3Ma
BX cpe^nie B BKa. f
.Sanafl'E omcym-
cmeie JIUHHOU opuiunaMHOcmu, KOiopaa H B'L odJiacTH OTEJeneH-
naro MbimjieHifl, H BT> o6jiacTH xy^oatecTBeHHaro TBOpieciBa ciic-
ycmanoejiennuMU (fiopwaMU, noAAepatHBaBinHMHca H Bja-
aKi> rocy,napCTBeHHOK), xaKi. H n,epKOBHOio), H o6in,ecTBeH-
r
HbiMT> MErBHieMT), H BC'BM'b cKja^OMt 5KH3HH ci> npeo6jra^;aHieM b
BI nefi ipa,nHii;iH H o6biqaeB b! r

269*. r.uaBHOH c^epofi pacnpocTpanema BHsaHTincKOH

Cfftepa pac- 5 HJIH CTDaHTJ, BI> KOTODHXl. TOCnOACTBOBaja 60CmOHHaX
npocipane- ,
-n \
ma H cy^6a (bajiKaHCKifi noJiyocTpOBT), jtpeBnaa Pycb, Ipysia), HJIH cxpaHbi
(Hraaia B-B EBDOII-B, ApMenia B-B Asin). BocToqnaa ^ep-
ne HaBa3biBa.ua npima/uieiKaBiHHMx wi> HGH Hapoflaivrb rpeqe-
CKaro asbiKa, KaKi 3 ro Aijiajia sana^naa n,epKOBb no OTHomeniR,
r

K-basbiKy jaTHHCKOMy. Y.JK6 B-B IX B. BCKOpi HOCJ-B npHHaiia

xpncTiaHCTBa Eo.napieu BI, BTOH expand pasBH.iacb innpoKaa JIH-

xepaxypnaa A'Baxe.iBHOcxB, npeHiiymecxBeHHO B-B

saKJiioqaBiiiaaca

nepeeodaxv ipeuecnuxb KHUIJ, na cjiaemcKiu HSUKO. Bojirapbi 6biJH

H rjiaBHbiMH nocpeduumMU npu nepedcwn, eusanmiucnou
ez mo'idawHWw Pycb. Bca ^peBHaa pyccKaa o6pa30BanHOCXB
CBOH HCXOqHHKI) Bl BHSaHXlfiCKOH KyJIbXypt BXOpOH HOJIOBHHbl
HHXT. B^KOBI., Kor^a 3xa KyJiBxypa y/Ke noJiy^H.ia BHO.IH'B
16HHBIH BHfl'b. Bjiiaflie eiiaanmiucKOu oCpasoeaunocmu a 3a-
nadib cxajio oniiyxHxejrbHbiM'B jiamB BT> 9noxy na,neHia KoHCxanxHHO-
noja, HO OHO Kacajrocb doji'fce (JjopMi), a He yMCXBCHHaro co^epata-
nia. Bx KOHH.'B cpe^Hnx-b B^KOB-b BHsaHxifiCKaa Ky.ibxypa He odna-
CHOCOOHOCXH KT. Aa-iBH^HmeMy pa3BHxiio. OAHOIO HS-B
 187 -

9ioroneHa.ibnax cydbda CCIMOU Busaumiu H napo-

6bi.ia

pasBHBaBniHxca no^i> en BJiiflmeMt. JI,Ba C*B OOJIOBHHOK)

(XIII XV) Pycb Haxo,a,HJiacb noAi> TaiapCKHM'B HFOM-L, BT>

XIV B. saBoeBaHbi SHJIH TypKaMH K)atHO-c;iaBaHCKifl ijapCTBa, B-L

XV najia H caaia BHsaimiiCKaa HMnepia. SaBoeBaiejH rocy-

BOCTORHOH EBpODH ()L1.1H HaCTOflIH,HMH BapBapaMH, CTOflB-
BT> Kyju/ry PROMT. OTHomeHiH HeHSM'fepHMO HH/EG no6'B/K,];eH-
Bt TO ate BpeMH caMH OHH OKa3a.iHCb MajocnocoonuMH Kt
ycBoemio Biicinefi

III.

270 :i
'\ Bi> HCTOpia Mycy.ibMaHCKofi oopasoBanHOCTH epeMeua toe-
nodcmea apaooet u locnodcmea mypowb ptsKO pas.iHyaioTCfl Meai^y
).
Apa6u o6HapytHJiH snaiHTeJibHyio eocnpiuMuueocm^Koeucmeu
rtxi. napOAOBi,, Koxoptie no^najiH no^-b HXI. Bjacxb.

Hao6opOT"b, TypKH OTJinqajiHCb 6oMwoio ipyOocmtw H aia-ioro CK.IOH-

HOCTbK) KTb yMCTBeHHBIMl. SaHflTiflM-b H XVAOateCTBeHHOMy TBOpHe-

CTBy. Bi. anoxy, npe^mecxBOBaBmyK) KpeciOBHMt noxo^aMi,, apad-

CKHflo6pa30BaHHOCTb B-b H^KOTOpblXl. OTHOineHiflXt CTOfl.Jia MUOIO
(?wmeeBponeHCKOH, Kairb BHsamiHCKOH, TaKi oco6eHHO sana^HOfl. CaMH
sanaflHbie Hapo^bi(npeHMymeciBeHHO pOMancKie) 6bi.iH BT> CBoeM-b yM-
CTB6HHOMI. paSBHliH H&MOU0 o6H3(LHU (lpa6CKOMy QMRHI10. COBC'BM'b
/jpyroe sHaneHie HM^JIH BI HCiopin TypKH, no^ B.iacTbK> KOTO-
PBIXT, TOMHJiHCb xpHCTiancKie Hapojibi BocioKa ci. KOHija cpe.nHHX'b

B-BKOBT. AO XIX CTOJilmH. OHH 3a^y6uJ^u npeMuww ny^mypy H

M-BUiaJH paSBHTbCfl HOBOH.
271". ApaO&i BO BpeMfl CBOHXI, ^aBoeBanifl upninjiH conpH- HPOHCXOW
BT>
Hie apaocKOi
KOCHOBCHie cx KyjbTypaMH ipevecKOii, eepeiiCKOii, nepcuocKOii u un- K y.ii,iypH.
dycctcott. Hs'b llepcie H HH^IH apa6n saHMCTBOBajH onenb MHOFOC
BI> o6jracTflxi> jiumepamypu u ucKyccmea, y rpeKOBi,
znanin u (fiujiocoficmH udeu, a noA'b BJiiflHieMi. HJIH npn
CT!H eBpeeo-b OHH paaBHBajiH BCK> codcTBenHVK) CBOIO (Jmoc
B'b HCTOpin KyjibTypbi apadbi, HO.HOO'HO (|>HiiHKiHHaji'b B-b

pOM norpednuKO&b Meat^y BOCTOKOMI. H BanaAOMi.. Bjiaro-

HMT,, BT>EBpony npOHHKiH MHoria noaTHqecKifl CKasaaifl ,a;a.ieKHxa.
Depcin H IlHAin, H OTTy.ua ate, BnpoieMi., npnuwH pasHbia cye-
B'tpifl, KOTOpwMH Tani. o6HJibHbi 6bi.iH cpe^me B'BKa. /^ajie, apadcKaa
(f)HJioco(|)ia, HM'BBinaa VL CBOCH OCHOB'B <|)H.ioco(i)iEO rpeiecKyio, noA^H-
na sanaAHO-eBponencKyio cxo-
B036ya;AaK)iD,HM'b odpasoMi.
. CBOH TeopeTHqecKia SHania B-b pasHbix-b ooaacTHX'b nayKH
 188

apa()Bi TOJKe rjaBHBm-B o6pa303TB sanMcxBOBajn y rpeKOBT,, a B-L

IHCTO ripaKXHiecKHX-B HCKyccxsax-B (5BLIH yqenHKaMH H

272*. HepBBie npasHaKH 6y,nymaro nponja-BxaHia apadCKOH

9iio-TypH 3HOxi HepBBIX'B XaJIH^OBI, H3i flHHaCxill A66d-
OTHOCflTCfl K'L

cudoev, nepeHecniHX'B CBOK> pesH^eH^ro B-B Eaidadb, x.-e. KO BTO-

KyjbTypH. poft nOJIOBHH'B VIII B., KOF^a HOBeJIHTeJIH npaBOBipHEIXt
cop'L H FapyH'B-ajiL-PainHA'B) ciajiH noKpOBHTej&ciBOBaTB
H HCKycciBaM'L. B-L pasHtiXTb ropo^axt Bar^a^cKaro xajiH(J)aTa BI
IX B. yate cym,ecTBOBajiH MHoroHHCjreHHHH WKOJIU H
6u6MomeKU. C-B A66acH,naMH BI, ^'Bji noKpOBHTeJiBCTBa
H jmTepaTypHBiarB sanaTiaM-B conepnHiajiH Omaufidbi, u,apCTBOBaB-
rnie HcnaHin. OHH c^jajiH Kopdoey Tanate BaatHBiMi, n,eHTpoMi>
EJ>

o6pa30BaHm H ocnoBa^H B-B CBOHXX Bjra^eiaxi paBHHM'B o6pa-

SOMI neMajio niKO.i'B H 6H6jiioTeK'B. B-B X B., Kor^a aana^naa
Efipona nepeatHBajia xy^niia speMena (fjeo^ajiBHOH anapxia H Bap-
sapCTBa, B-B MycyjiBMancKOft ITcnaniH npoijB'ETajiH nayKa, .iHTepaiypa,
HCKyCCTBO. FjiaBHBIMH TOpO^aMH, B-B KOTOpBIXl, COCpe^OTOHHBaJIHCB yM-
CTBGHHBia saeaTia MycyjiBMancKaro Mipa, 6HJiH Bar.WB, Hcnaran-B,
Byxapa H ^p. BX AsiH, AjieKcae^pia H Kanpi. BI, A(J)pHK'B, Kop^OBa,
H Fpena^a B-B Hcnanin. Bi> 910 BpeMa apaGcmu asum no-

mnpOKoe pacnpocTpaneme MycyjiBMaHCKHxi na-

y BC'BX'B
KaifB asBiK^ He TOJBKO Kopana, HO H BBicmaro

o6pa30Bania. CHpificKie xpncTiane Toate nojrBSOBajiHCB

asMKOMi, j(jin jiHTepaTypHBixx n.-BJieft, H Ha BTOM-B ate
CBOH cogHHCHia MHorie ncnaHcme espeH. B-B 9noxy
noxo^OB-B apa6cKaa otfpasoBaHHOCTB CToajia em;e O^CHB BBICOKO, HO
K-B 9TOMy aie BpeaieHH OTHOcnxca H Ha^ajro ea na^eHia.

273*. Hs^ ji.Byx'B

BejinqaHrnHXi (^HJIOCO^OBI) KJiaccnqecKOft
HOCTH, HjaioHa H ApHCTOiejia, OTD;BI n,epKBH OT^a
Hoe npe^noqienie nepBOMy. Hao6opoix, apatfti, HCKaBHiie
co(|)CKaro noATBep/K^eHia ,pa CBOCH pejinrin, o6pamu.4iicb KZ my-
ApucmomejiH. OKOJIO 1000 r. Meat^y HHMH npocjaBH.ica ws>
KOMMCHxaxopa 4>HJOCO(|)iH Apncxoxejia Aeimeua (\\6wb-
SX Byxapw. Ero xo.iKOBaHia Ha Apncxoxejia 6Bi.in
nepeeedeuu na jiamuucKiu Haunt H c-iyatHJiH .nojroe Bpena aana^-
HBIMI yqeHLisi'B rjraBHBin'B HCxoqHHKOM-B
^.Jia Hayqenia (|)HJioco(f)iH

rpeqecKaro MBicjnxejia. (Me^H^HHCKie H eciecxBeHHO-Hcxo-

xpy,a,Bi ABHUCHBI, xoate onHpaiomiecfl na Apncxoxeja,
paBHLiM-B o6pa30M-B aBxopHxexoMi) H na 3ana^). Bi
no.ib30Ba.iHCB
BOCXOHHOH qacxn MycyjrBMaHCKaro Mipa (|)HJoco4)ia oxjnqa.iacB Ma-
roMexancKHM-B npaBOBipieMi, HO BT, IIciianiH ona nojiyqH.ia
 189

ceofiodnuu xapanmepz. Bi XII B. atH.i-B (B-B Kop^OB-fe, CeBH.ibi H

MapOKKo) caMBift 3HaMeHHXBifi apaficuift (J)HJioco(|)i>, Aeepposcz (Hon'B-
PomjrB, 1126 1198), coiKHema Koxoparo nepeBO,HH.iHCB no-.ia-
XBIHH H no-eBpeftcKH. Ero CHCxeMa tfmia 6jiH3Ka KT> nanmeusMy, x.-e.
oxoiK,necTBJieHiio BoateciBa H iiiposAama, npH HCMI caMHiTB dpaio-
WbHHUM* docmonmem vejioenKa, Aeeppodct CHuma.ii suanie, qpesx
KOTOpOe JHHHOCTB yqaCTByeTT, Bl e^HHOMl> H B-BqEOMl 6oaeCTB6H-
HOMI. PasyMi. Bi XIII H XIV BB. BI sana^HOH EBPOII-B (BI Ilia-
jin) BCxptqajiocL ne MUJIO aeeppoucmoev. Bi. STOH (|>HJIOCO(|)CKOH
LHOCTH HcnaHCKHxi apaCoB'B npHHHMajiH yqaciie H eepeu,
qacTO 6&iBmie nepeeoduumMU HXI co^HHeHifi Ha
Ct (|)HJioco(|)ieH ApHCTOiejifl Ha Sanaa's ciajiH
He MSI apaocKHxi HcxoqHHKOBi> TOJi&KO B-B cepe^HHi XV B.
274*. Apa6cme yqeHLie OKasajin BecBMa doMwia ycjiyiu pas- AP a
eumiw MameMammu u ecmecmeosHauin. Bi> apHeM6THK B MBI H r

AO CHXI nop-B nojTbsyeMCfl apaficnuMU mifipaMU (nH^yccKaro npo-

HCXOatA6Hifl), KOTOpBlfl BBIT'ECHHJIH HSl H6fl Hey^o6HBIfl JjaJKe ^Jlfl
caMHXij npocTLixi AMcTBifi UH^PLI pnMCKifl, o6pam,eHie CT> KOTO-
PBIMH ipedoBajo ocodaro npndopa Ha no,a,o6ie nauiMxi. cqexi>
(a6aK*}. Canoe HasBame ameOpu HMiexi. apaScKoe
xoxa HaiaxKH caMofi nayKH, Hocameft 9x0 HMH, apadBi
BajiH y rpeKOB^, paBHO KaKi, H HaiaxKH mpmonoMempiu, B-B Koxopofl
HMH 6BiJiH npOHSBe^eHBi Koe-KaKia npeodpasoBaHia. FeoMexpia 9BOH,a;a
cymecxBOBaja BX apa6cKOMi> nepeso^'B. 3aHHMa.iHCb MHOFO apa6cKie
yieHBie xaKaie H acmpoHOMieu', wo. cnen,iajiBHaro ea Hsyqema OHJIH
ycxpoenti oco6bifl UIKOJIBI H oScepBaxopm BI BarAaA'fe H Kop.a.OB'E.
OHH npHAepaiHBajiHCB CHCXCMBI IIxQJieMefl, coinHeHia KOxoparo xoase
nepeBeAeHH CBIJIH Ha HX-B HSBIK-B eme B-B naqa.i'B IX B. BT& acxpo-
HOM!H H AO CHXI, nopi. ynoxpedjraioxcfl apa6cKia cjiosa: asHMyxi, se-
HHTI H HajjHpi,. ApaCcKoe npOHCxoat^enie HM^exi H HasBanie
ESI Koxopoft BnocjrE,ncxBiH pasBHJiacB XUMIH. IlepBBia
o CJKMKHOM'B cocxaBi i^j[j> apa6bi sanMCXBOBajH H3I) ErHnxa

HOCpCACXB-B rpeKOB'B, HO KX 9XHM1)

MHoro cyeB-Bpifi; BO BcaKOMi>, o^naKO, cjiyqa-B s
Mia, 663^ KoxopoK He SBI.IO CBI XHAHH, npeACxaBjraex'B co6oio
H3i. saHMCxBOBaHifi y apa6oBi>. (HasBanie cnnpxa
He najro noxpy,a,HJiHCB apatfcme
apaticKaro npOHCxoatAeflia).
H ^ja Meduu/uuu. IIpaB^a, Kopani sanpemaj-B
X-BJO, H 3x0 A'feja.io neBosiioaraLiMH saflaxia anaxo-
HO saxo apa6ti ycep^no paSoxajin u&jcb yqemaMH o
HHXI H ji-EKapcxBaxi,. BjaroAapa JiK)6o3Haxe.iBHOCXH
CKHX-B nyxemecxBeHHHKOBx, OHCHB oCoraxH.iacB y apaSosi, H
 190

KOiopyio HXI. yieHBie CT&BHJLH B-B saBHCHMOCTB OT-B Maie-

MaiHKH H aCTpOHOMiH. OflH SHaqHTCJIBHO paSflBHHyJIH rpaHHnjJ HSCJI'B-
AOBaHHLix'B cipaffB H B'B Asm. H BX A^PHK'B, onncuBaa CBOH nyieme-
ciBia, cociaBjiaa
KapiH, CBO^a reorpa(|)HqecKia CB'BA'BHia B-B yqedHHKH.
y HHX'B MBI HaxoAHMi, cB^^Hia H o TenepeuiHefi PocciH (ocodeHHo
y Jf6m-0odMHa BX IX B.). y apadoBi, pasBHBa-iacB paBBBiM-B o6pa-
SOMX H ucmopioipacfiia. OAHH'B HS-BHX'B HCTOPHKOBX, Macydu (B'B X B.).
B'B CBOHXl) COqWHCHlaX-B COdpaj'B MHOJKCCTBO CB'EA'EHiH 06^ HCTOpiH,
H T. H. paSHBIX-B ^pCBHHX'B H Cpe^HCB'BKOBBIX'B

TO, ^TO ea npe^CTaBHTe.iH He orpaHHqHBa.iHCB qacio KHH/KHBIM'B

HsyqemeMx, HO oqeHB OXOTHO npH64ra.iH KT> onumy u na6.itode-

sojroxa H.IH npnroTOBJieHie JiiKapCTBa oxx BC'BXT^ Ooji'BSHeH

aJXHMHKOBl,):
275*. ApadcKaa JiHTepaiypa, nHiaBmaaca CKasaHiaMH
llogsia H HC-
Ha po^oBX BocTOKa, OTJinqaexca nBiJiKoii AaHTasiefi H micmo-CKasou-
KyccTBO apa-
xapanmepOM'b. B'B coopHHKt ,,TBicaqH H OAHOH HoqH BOIUJIO
co^epaiaHie JiHTepaTypti apadoB-B, rpeKOB^, HH^ycoB-B, nep-
COB-B H ji;p. Hapo^OB-B. Mnorie BOCiogHBie pascKasn nonajiH BT> na-
pOAHyro cjroBecHocTB 3ana^HO-eBponeHCKHxi> cipan-B npn nocpeACTB-B
apa6oBT>. (Hs'B MycyjiBMaHCKHX'B HOBTOB'B ocodenHO npocjiaBH.iHCB y
nepcoBi> <&updycu m> XI B., aBiopt annqecKOH LUaxz-HaMe, T.-e.
KHHFH i^apefi, a B^ XIV B. JTHPHKI. Fac/mst). OqeeB MHoroe CA^-
apaSti H B-B apxumenmyprb, nj)Hcnoco6HB'B K-B CBOHMT. no-
BHaaHTiftcKin Kyno.ii. H .aeritia KOJIOHHH nepcoB^. Bi
HcnaniH ^aaie BBipadoiajca oco,6HH MaBpHTaHCKiii CTHJIB.
mypa u ofcueonucb BX MycyjiLMancKOM-B Mipi pasBHTBca ne
noiOMy qio Kopani. sanpemajii. ^ijiaTB Hsodpaatenia aiHBBii'B cy-
meciBi., oiracaacL H^ojionoKJiOHCTBa, HO sa TO apadw SBIJIH oco6eH-
HLIMH MacxepaMH BX opnaMeHTHK'B, nepe^aB-B CBOHM-B yaopanx na-
3Banie

IV.

276*. BHsaHiiiicKaa H apaOcnaa Ky.iBTypBi BI, nepBoii HOJOBKH-B

06inifi
cpeflHHXi, B^KOBX CToaJiH ueu3MtbpUMO 6bnue sanadHo-eeponeucKOu,
H0 K1> KOHi^y 3TOft 9iioxn OTHOffleflia H3M-BHH.IHCB, H sanadno-eepo-
neuCKdH onepeduaa KyjBTypti, KoxopHa xoia H OLMH
KyMmypcL
CTapine ea, HO no^seprjiHCb sacioio HJH ^TRQ nojiHOMy ynaAKy. B'B
VI B. o6pa30BanHOCTB na 3anaA'fe naxo^HJiacB B'B caMOMx neqa.it-
IIOJTI nojojKemH, H nonHTKH no^HHTb ee, CA^aHHua npH Kap.iii Be-
.IHKOMT. H OfTOHaX'B, H6 HM^IH OCOSeHHO BaatUHXI, peaV-IBTaTOB!,, XOTfl
H HG npom.iH Bno-iH-E tfescjTEAHO. Ilepe^ KapJOMi> BCJIHKHM'L o6pa-
30Qauie ua sanadn Eeponu noumu coecn>Mz noiu6dO, H npocB'BTH-
Mipbi BejiHKaro Monapxa HM'EJIH jramB TO seaqeHie, ITO sa-
^aji&HMinee norpyjKenie poMano-repMaHCKaro Mipa VL sap-
Bapci'BO H neBteecTBO. ^-BJIO mjio xor^a ne o pasBHiiH HayKi> a 06^ 7

3jeMeHTapHOMi> oftpasoBamH, ^aate o npocmou ipaMomnocmu H *ITO

oco6eHHO xapaKTepno cpedu CCIMOIO dyxoeencmea, oi^ijibHEie q.ienu
Koioparo 6HJIH eep^KO coBepnienHtiMH HeB'fejK.naMH. Bo Bpena o^noro
H8i noxojjOBi, CBOHXI, BI> PlTajiiio Kapjii, BejiKKift nadpajii) Taiii) yqH-
Te.ieH rpaMMaiHKH H apHeMeTHKH wo. 6o^e OTCTajuixTi qacieii CBOGH
BM-BCT-B ct T^M^ OH-L noompajn. ycTpoficTBO niKOJit, KOTO-
ciajiH B03HHKa ri>r
9TO BpeMH npH enHCKoncKHXTb Kaoe^paxi) H
Bi>

y^peaj^eHa dwja iiraojia H BO ABOpitt canaro Kapjia

1
Be.iHKaro, BOo6Tii,e ,uo6HBraaro OKpyataiL ce6a yienHMH ). Bci BTH
OAnaKO, sarjioxjin, H TOJIBKO BO BTOpofi IIOJIOBHH'B X B., npH
CHOBa HMnepaiopcKiH AROpi, cxkji&Jica cpe^OToqieMi, ni-
Koxoparo o6pa30BaHia, H ormTb oatHBoacs A'BflTejbHOCTb no ycipofi-
CTBy mKOJii>. Boo6me H npH Kapji Be.iHKOM'b, H npH OiiOHaxi 06-
ne 6u.ro eu^e Mueow oOu^ecmoeHHOw nompednocmbw. OHO
CKOpie npe^MeTOMi) HcoiogHiejibHO npaBHTejibCTBeHHEixi. sa-
60T-L npocio npH^BOpuaro o6Hxo.ua. Haqajio Oojiie
HJIH
u wupOKaio KyMtnypnaio doumenin ua 3anadn> omnocumcn
Kb XII 6.

277*. KaKt B'L BasaHTiH, xaifb H na Sana^i, BI cpe^nie B^Ka Cy^b6a Kjac-

npeHMymecTBCHHO xapanmep^ u/epKooubiu, H

B6CbMa BpeMfl eAHHCTBeHHtiM-B OdpaSOBaHHLIMl, COCJIOBleMl cpeAHie Btna.
.HOJirOe
6LLio ^yxoBencTBO. EcJiw yiKe BT> BusaHiiH, npOAOJiacaa saHHMaibCfl

rpeqecKHMH KJiaccHKaMH, see Meuie H MeH'fee nosHMajiH ^yxi> HXI>

npOHSBeflemii, TO Ha Sana^ npuuuio GT> ynadoKt u camoe
mapuoe smKOMcmeo dpeoneu PUMCKOU .lumepamypoii,
c~t>

Mooa TaMi. CBITB HCTOHBHROMI. csiTCKaro odpasoBaniH.

l SHaKOMCTB'B Ci 9TOH) JIHTepaTypOFO npflMYH) OnaCHOCTb
cnacenia flynm, noi'OMy qTO ona 6uja coaAaua astiiHHKaMH; ,npy-
THXT> oea He Morja HHTepecoBaTt noTOMy, HTO, roBOpa o seMHOMi*, ona
OTBJieKaja on, noMHCJiOBii o He6ecnoMx; TpeTbH B-B sanaTiax'i. ero BHA'B.IH
.iHiiib cpeflCTBO HayqHTbca aatiKy HJIH ycBOHTb JiHTepaTypHLia (|>opMLi,
a ,i..ia 3TOro AOCTaTOiHO gmio oqenb neMHoraro. ECJIH ate, CT>

) Ilpa Afiopt Ka].ia ;I;H.IO nt,ci;<i.ii,i;o VHeHHXi,, iipii -lori, OIIH o6o:maMiuii ceoa Hiie-
])a:!iiHx-b iiHcaTe.ieft APGBHOCTH, a Kap.m ua :;una.ui Jt
 192

ciopOHH, saHHxepecoBHBajiHCB H coflep/KaHieM-B jpeBHux-B nHcaxe-

J6H, TO IIJ10XO HJIH COBC'BM'B flaffie HeB-fepHO 6FO HOHHMaJLH. Ha
pHM-
citaro noaxa BnprHJiia CMOxpijiH, HanpHM'fcp'B, KaKt Ha KaKoro-TO
qapOA^H, a BT> jryimeMt cjiyia-B KaKT>Ha CBoero po^a asijqecKaro
npopoica, npeflCKasaBinaro npnniecxBie CnacHxeja H .naBmaro BI>
tt

CBoeii 9neHA'B n ajLueropiro cxpaHcxBOBaHiii le-iOB-BiecKofi .nyum,

BpeMeHHO saRjnoieHHOH B'B xijrE H o6peqeHHOii TOMHTtca Bt sen-
HOH IO^OJIH 3a6jryat,a,eHiH H co6jia3HOB'L, HcntixamH H onacHOCxeH.
66jiBfflee snaKOMCmeo c% KJiaccmecKOio dpeenocm'bw cma.40
bcn moMKo 6% XIII cmo^tbrniu, H JTHHIL BI. nepe-
9noxy OX-B cpe^HHXTb BiKOBi
HOBOMY BpeMGHH, x.-e. GO K-B

u ee. XT eosuunz uacmoH^iu

unmepecv Kb
Mipy, u Hanajioci) cep^esnoe mynenie eio ymcmeeuHaio
278*. Meayjy BpeMenaMH no.iHaro yna^Ka ofipasoBama OX-L
VI ,u;o XI B. H 9HOXOH xaKi> HastiBaeMaro BoapomAeHia K.iaccn-
xii xmBB. qecKO g ^peBHOCXH B'B XIV H XY B. ci> HaHfiojmmeio CHJIOIO H
Bl HCTOplH ^

npoflBHJiHCL ecn ocuooHUH HBpmu ceoeoopasHou cpeoneerbKoeou

3anada. 9xo 6mia 3noxa KpecxoBuxi
Hapo^ti ne XO.IBKO BoeBajiH ci MycyjiBManaMH, HO H
na ce6n> ejiinuie mycyMMancKOu (fiujiocofiiu u
KOHCIHO, pasBHBaa CBOK) Kyjibxypy Ha naqajiaxi>,
HHXI> BST. npeatHHX'B BpeiaeH'B. XII H XIII BB. 6H,iH BpeMeHeMi. pas-
BHxifl ynu6epcumemo66 H npon,B'BxaHifl cxoMicmuKu, o6HOB.ieHia
Monawecmea H ycHjrema Mucmuuecnou H acKemunecKOu .mmepa-
mypu, ynopaAoqeHifl pun/apcmea H 6-iecKa puyapCKOu nodsiu, BOS-
ia lomuuecKdio emu AH B'B apXHxeKxyp-B H B0o6m,e xydo-
pasiterbma B'B IHCXO cpe^neB'BKOBOM'B ^yxi. MHOFOG
Bcero 9xoro sapo^HJiocB eme paHBme H npOAO.iHtajio cymecxso-
H nosiH-se, HO HHKorjia cpe^HeBiiKOBaa Ky.iBxypa Sana^a,
Bsaxaa B'B i^ijiOMi., ne UMnjia CMOM nojiuaio u npmio ewpawe-
nifi, KO,KZ OK XII u XIII ee. B'B XIV B. axa Ky.iBxypa yiKe Ha-
qajta no^Bepraxsca KJiaccHqecKHM'B B-dasiaMi).
279*. B03HHKHOB6Hia VHHBepCHXexOB'B, B'B KOXOpBIXl. H3y-
,HO
06m.ee o6pa- qajIHCB rjiaBHBiM'B oftpasoM'B, OorocJOBie, npaso H MeAH^HHa, B-L
7

cpeAHeB'BKOBBix'B uiKOJiax'B npenojiaBajiHCb JHIHB xaK^ nasHBaeMLia ceo-

6odnufi ucKyccmea (artes liberales), HasBanHHa xaira em;e BT> /TpeB-
HOCXH, noxoMy qxo Hsyqeuie BXHX-B npeAMexoB-B cinxajocB sana-
xiejifB, ^OCXOHHHM'B CBo6o^Haro qeJiOB'EKa. 9xn artes liberales A^-
JIMHCB Ha ji;Ba ox^'BJia, HHsmifi H.BBicniifi. IlepBufi Ha3BiBa.ica

mpueiu (trivium) H saoroqajn. BT, ce6-B rpaMMaxHKy, pnxopHKy H

AiajieKXHKy; Bxopofi HOCHJI-L Haseame Keadpuein (quadrivium) H
cocxoa.it HSI. apneMexHKH, reonexpin, acxpOHOMin H
 1 QQ
I
I/O

9x0 flijJieHie npe.piexoB'B o6m,aro otfpasoBama Ha xpHBifi H

pHBifi, HXI. coflepatanie H cnoco6i nxt nperiOAaBama ocxasajiHCB
HeHSM-EHHHMH Bt xeieme n.'Ejitix'B B'EKOB'B. TaKi. KaKi> o6m.ee o6pa-
soBame noatHO 6mro nojiyqHXB jraniB B'B MOHacxtipcKHxi, H enn-
CKoncKHX'B mKO.iax'B, TO H caMOMy usyneniw ceofioduuxz uCKyccmez
nvudaeojica wpKOdHuu xapattmept. Hanp., acipoHOMia .noJiatHa
6HJia cjryatHTL npH onpe^jeHiH ,a;jia npas^HOBaeia nacxn (cocia-
BJienie nacxajim) H Boodme .pa jyqmaro noHHMaHia
H T. n. Cfi-BA'Bflia, coo6ni;aBniiflCfl BI niKO-iaxi,
HOCTLK) H yciap'kiocTBK), TaK-L qio BT> jcbjrk otfmaro
locnodcmeoeajia odna pymuna. Kor^a BOSHHKJIH yHHBepCHTeTH, asy-
ieHie ipHBia H KBa^pHBia noJiyiHjro SHaqeme noflroxoBKH K'B cjy-
maHiio JieKi^iH no BucniHMi HayKaMx, HO H caMH artes liberales
xoate BoniJiH Bt cociaBt yHHBepCHTeicKaro npenoAaBama.
280*. yHHBepCHTGTH CT8JIH BOSHHKaTB Bt XII CTOJI'BTiH Bi Hia-
jiin (EoMmx H CcMepuo), a BI> XIII B. SIIJIH npeodpasosaHH Bt
yHHBepCHieTH paH-fee cymeciBOBaBinia mKOJH BX IlapuMn>, OKC-
(fiopdn H KeMfipudwtb. HapHaiCKiH yHHBepCHTeix BOSHHK-L BX caMOMi,
Hdiaj'E XIII B., a xoro ate CTOJiiTia ^yxoBHHK'B Jlro-
B'B cepeflHH-E
,a;oBHKa IX CopGonm npa newL o6meatHxie ^Jia 6orocjio-
ocnoBaji'&

BOBI, OTI. HM6HH KOTOparo EOJiyvEjn* CB06 HasBanie CopfioHHbt H caMi

6orocjiOBCKiH (jjaKyjitTexx napnatcKaro yEHBepCHTeia. Bncinee y^e6-
Hoe saBe^enie <J>paHn;y3CKOH CTOJIHEIH c^jrajrocB odpasniOMx ^jia 6ojib-
ineii naciH HOBLIX-L yHHBepCHT6TOBi> BO Been
Esponi, HXX Maiepbio-
KopMHjiHiiieH (alma mater), H noxoMy npiodpijio ipomadnuu aemopu-
memt ez CCIMOU y/epmu; oicio^a, HanpHM-BpT), BI anoxy BC^HKaro pac-
BHm.ia H^ea coSopnofi pe^opMH n,epKBH. Bi. FepMamH nepBuli
BOSHnK^ Bt llpain BI, cepeflHH'B XIV B., HO BX
XY B. ccopH neayjy HiMn;aMH H nexaMH
BCJii^CTBie
npo^eccopOBi H cxyAeHTOBT> nepecejinjiact B'B
OKO.IO 9ioro BpeMeHH (ct cepe^HHH XIV no na^ajio XVI B.) B'B
CHJIO ocHOBano em,e H^CKOJIBKO yHHBepCHTexoB'B. Bx KOHirlj XIV H na-
Hajii XV B. OKCcfiopdcKiu u npawcKiu yuueepcumemu cdrbmjiuc'b u,eu-

mpctMU onnosuuiu npomuez iwpKoeuou nopnu (BHK3H(j) B H FycTb). TaKi

r

asHKOM^ npenoAaBania 6trjra HOBCGM'SCXHO JiaxuHL, H xaKi>

H npo^eccopa, H cxy^enxn nepiJAKO nepeisaiaJiH HSX OAHOFO
ropo^a B'B flpyroii, xo Mewdy cpedueetbKoeuMU ynueepcumemaMU
pa3Huocn> cmpam cyw/ecmeoeaAa nnuomopaH censb. Ox^^ibHLie yHH-
BepCHxexH cjiaBHJiHCB pasHHMH (f>aKyjiBxexaMH. BorocJiOBie nponB-fe-
xajio BX napnai'B, OKC^OPA^ H Ilpari. HaoGopoxt, Bojionba H Op-
B'B oco6enHOCXH cjiaBHJHCB
npenoAaBaHieM'B npasa H x. #. Kor^a
usyneuie tMaccimecKoit dpeenocmu, xo OHO xoa;e
CTOPIfl. 13
 194

BTB H'EKOxopBix'B yHHEepCHxexax-B (BT> FepMaHiH, nanp., B-B

npitorB
dpcpypmn B-B KOHirlj XV H Haqajrij XVI B.). BnocjrfcflcxBiH (B-B
XVI cxo-zTExm) yHHBepCHxexBi nrpajiH 6ojLinyio pojiB H e% petpopmrb
upptwu.
281*. FjiaBHOio HayKoro cpeAnnxt E^ROBI, 6HJO 6orocjTOBie, a
na (fiuAOCOcpito CMOxp'kiH,
KaifB Ha cjiywcanKy 6oiocA06in (philosophia)
est ancilla theologiae). Kaira ET> BnsaHxin HJIH y apadoB-L, coBep-
meHHO TaKi> sue H Ha Sana^i cymeciBOBajio CTpeMJienie nodKprbnwm'b
UAU o6zfiCHfimi) doiMamu erbpu cooSpameniflMH OTL pasyMa, fl,Jis.

iero H o6pam,ajiHCb K^ yqeHiaM^ ApeBHHxi, (J)Hjroco$OB &. r

Bi <|)HJIO-

co$in npn BTOMI oco6eHHO HHiepecoBajiHCb diaMnmuKOu, T.-e.

r
H3i> ji,aHHBix b nojioateHift,
HCKyccxBOMt ^jiaiB ynosaKJiioqeHia cpaBHH-
co6oio nojiyiaeMtie xaKHMi o6pa30Mi, BBIBO^BI H BT>

oSHapyatenia Meat,u;y HHMH npoiHBOp'BqiH yM-BTB

co6oio. Hsi. HIKOJIBHOH ,a;iajieKTHKH H pa3BH.iacB
cxoaacmum, BT> Koxopoft Ha nepBOM-B n.iaH'B CXOHJIO
ue codepwcauie, a (fiopMdJimafi cmopona Mum-ienin, x.-e. cxporaa
jiLHOCXB pascyffiAenia H XOHKOCXB BI, onpeA^eHin H
noHaxift (oxKy^a HSB^CXHEIH cnocod'B OXHOCHXBCH K'B BO-

npocaMi. snaHia B0o6m,e no-nymn. nasBaHie cxcjiacxaqecKaro). Cxojia-

cxHKa, co6cxBeHHO roBOpa, cymecxBOBajia H B-B BHsaexin, H y apa6oB'B,
HO nuidn> ona ue docmma.m mauoio 6Mcmnw aio paseumin, nam> ua i

Sanadrb B-B XII H XIII BB. (xoxa S^CB H sapo^HJiacB ona em,e paHBme
B-B xpy^ax-B loauHa dpmeuu Cuomo, K-B IX B.). FpeiecKaro asBma cxo-

JiaCXHKH H6 3HaJIH H ^OBOJIBCXBOBaJTHCB JIHUIB JiaXHHCKHMH HSJIOSKemaMH

HJIHnepeBOAaMH O^HHX^ OXPBIBKOB-B HS-B Iljiaxona H Apncxoxc^ra, HO
B-BXII B. Ha jraxHHCKin asHK'B cmajiu nepeeodumb cz apa6cmio
caMUH coHUHema Apucmomejin u eio KOMMemnamopo&b. C^b axoro Bpe-
M6HH BI> cxojiacxHK'B npOHaofflJO 6ojiBnioe oatHBJieHie, H Apucmo-
cdrbMMH iJiaenum aemopumemoMZ (fiujiococfioez, HXI, ^yqnxe-
"
(,,magisterdixit"). O^HaKO, axo 6Bijri>He Hacxoamifi ApncxoxejiB,
a ApncxoxejiB, ne scer^a B^PHO nepeBefleHHBifi H B,3,o6aBOKi) no-csoeMy
em,e ncxo-iKOBaHHtiH apaSaMH H nepeBO^qHKaMH ci apaScuaro Ha
jiaxHHCKifi. Bo BcaKOM^ cjiyqa'B, BiipoieM^, cxojiacxHKa cocjiyatH.ia CBOIO

c.ayjK6y B-B KyjiBxypnoH ncxopin EBPOHBI: ona noMepatHBajia yM-

CXB6HHHe HHXepeCBI, HSOmpaJia MBICJIHXejIBHHa CHOC06HOCXH, BBIpa-
npieMBi npaBHJiBHaro pascyat^eHia. KamoJiuuecmH it/ep-

cxo.nacmuKy nod% wow oneny, cxporo

Kpyri. BonpocoBTb, no.ipejKaBiHHX'B ea nscji'B.noBaHiio, H
Kame oxB'BXBi ona nojiXRa, 6BiJia .nafiaxBHa 9xn Bonpocn. T'feiii. ne
e% cxojiacmuKrb ofipasoeaducb pasnuH nanpaeMuifi, H
 195 -

cxo;iacTHqecKie (fmjioco(f)bi sa CBOH am-knia nodeepiaaucb

HOMy ocywdeniw.
282*. Sana^HO-eBponeHCKie cxojiacTHKH jvEJiHJiHCb Ha ABa Jia-
repa HOMUHdJiucmoffz u pecuiucmoo^. IlepBbie coBepmeHHO npa-
BObHO AyMaJiH, ITO o6iu,ifl noHHiifl, KOTOpuMH o6o3HaqaiOTca po^ti
H BHAH Bemeft (nanp., nejiOB'EK'b, .nepeso H T. n.) cyn> TOJIBKO
npocibie 3ByKH, cjioaa, UMena (nomina), oSosnaqaiomia BTH Bein,H
H ne HM'Bfoni.ia caMOCxoflTe.ibHaro cymecTBOBania BH^ Hainero
KaKi. Apyrie, Hao6op'OTi), yTBepmAajH, 6yAio
cyT& HiKOTOptifl drbucmeumeMHOcmu
(realia\ cymecTByiomia
H BH^ namero yMa H npniOMt panbrne o6o3HaqaeMBix b HMH se- r

men (ante rem). HoMHHajiHCTbi cjrEflOBajiH ApncTOieJiK), a cxojia-

CTHqecKifi peajiH3Mx 6biJix OTpaateHieMi. (|)HJioco4)iH HjaiOHa, nojiaraB-

uiaro, qio TOJbKO HACH HM'EioT'b HCTHHHOC 6biTie, H ^TO Bci Bein,H
cyib Jinnib Konin H^efi. C'b od'BHX'b TO^CK^ spiHia cxo.iacTHKH
ciapajHCb corjiacoBaib MeatAy co6oio 6n6jieHCKie TeKCTbi, Metnia
omoBi, n;epKBH, nocTaHOBjema co6opOBi H nancme yKasw. HEKO-
TOpblC H3I> HHXl) npH 9TOMT. C03HaT6JIbHO nodnUHHdU drbHmeAb-
Hocmb pasynta npunnmuMz nanamu sa ucwiuunufi, a
yHenifuwb,
dpi/lie, Hao6opomK, nodeepiajiu 9mu ynewn ceo6odnoMy moAKoeamw
. oiHomeHie Kb BonpocaM-b 4>H-ioco(})iH
Iloc.i'BAHee

pawoua.msMa, H n,epKOBb BcaqeciiH 6opojacb c^

3THM b aBJieHieMi,. (Cpe^H par^ioHajiHCTOBTb 6miH nocjrfcAOBaiejiH
r

Afieppoaca). Oco6biMH CTOpOHHHKaMH KaioJiHqecKaro npaBOBijpia

I XII B. AnceMMt JKenmepfiepiucKiii, ciporo
B-Ep-E, a BTB XIII B. n aHrejibCKiH ygniejib"
OOMO,
(1224 1274), BejiHqaHiiiiH aBTOpnTeT-b cpe^HeB-BKOBoro
CKaro 6oroc.iOBia. OHH SHJIH peajiHCiaMH, H HXI. HanpaBjeme nojb-
SOBa.lOCb npHSHaHieM'L H nOKpOBHTCJIbCTBOM'b I^epKBH.
283*. CpCAH HOMHHaJHCTOB-b OCOfiCHHO HpOCJiaBHJICa B-b XII B.

<j)pann,y3CKiH cxojraciHK'b A6eJiHp* (1079 1142). OHI. nponcxoAHJii

MSI pbin,apCKOH ceMbH, HO H36paji'b yMCTBeHHyro A'feaTeJibHOCTb. A6e-
jrapi> y^HJica, a noxoMi, H caMi> yqajn, BI> HapHafB, TA'B
ero JieKiiiH noc^-
Maccoro cjiyraaxejieH. 9io 6ujn> icjiOB'BK'b 6o.ibmoH yienocTH,
CHJibHbiM'b yMOMt H yBJieKaBmin CBOHXI> yqeHHKOB'b KpacHO-
ajiOKeHieMi). Jlnqoaa ^Hseb ero c-iojKHJiacb necqaciJiHBO.
BJiiodHJica B-b o,HHy o6pa30BaHHyro A'B-
KpacHByio, yMHyro H
BymKy, daousy, Koiopaa caMa nojio6Hjra TajranTJiHBaro cxojiacTHKa,
HO ET> HX-B OTHomeflia BM-Braajica oneKyH-b BJOHSBI, H o6a OHH no-
MonacTtipb. A6ejiap b nponoB'BAOBaji'b, ITO K-b HCTHH'B Be^ei-b
r

IIIJIH BI>

KOiopoe cano BBistiBaeTca coMH^HieMi,, a noioMy mpe-

GoMwaio npocmopa djin dtbxmeMHOcmu pasyMa. Bi CBOCH
13*
 196

KHHFE Wr3,a H H-EX'B" (Sic et non) OH-B npHBejrB MHOFO npnMijpOB'B xoro,.
KaKi. pasHLie aBxopHxexti,
npHseaBaBmieca Kaxo-zmqecKOK) ijepKOBBio,
OAHHI, apyroMy npOTHBOp'BqHJH, T.-e. ryj'E OAHH roBOpmiH da, jjpyrie
Htbrrn. Hxo6&i
roBopiuiH IIo9xoMy cnopnBie BO-
A6ejrap'B jKejiajr-B,

npocH uQRJiesR&iin CBoSoflHOMy HSCJTEAOBamK). HPOTHBI 9xoro Boopy-

3HaMeHHTHH KiepBajiBCKiH atfdax'B, ce. Sepnapdz, npono-
Bioporo noxo^a. OHI Haxo^HJi-L Tpe6oBanie
KpecxoBaro
onacHHM'L, noxoMy qio pas^ KaatAHH cia-ii 6u AyMais
no-CBoeMy, e^HHCTBa n;epKBH ne MOMO 6n cymeciBOBaib. Ho era
BecL Bonpoci, 6ujn> jinniL BI> npaBHJiLHOM'b noHHMaHin,
aKjnoqaexca HacTOflm;ee MHinie n,epKBH. Adejiap-L 6&ui L
i

co6paBmHMCH BI 1141 r. B'B Caucn, HO nepe-

co6opOMi,,
na cy^i caaioro nann. CMepit, o^HaKO, noM-Bmajia eMy
nepecMOipa 9ioro npon;ecca. IIpHM'Bp'B A6ejrapa noKasLi-
CBo6oAHoe oxHomeHie KI (|)HJioco(|)iH SBIJIO He6esonac-
H-BKOxop&ie cxo.iacxHKH ^aaie npaMO o6euHAucb ez epecu. (Bi>
HBIM-B.

cynjnocxH H xaKie SOFOCJIOBLI, KaKi> po.noHaiajiLHHE'B H,a,eH co6op-

HOH pe<f>opMBi JKepcom HJIH o6jiHqaBinie nopqy n,epKBH
H IyCZ, 6HJH CXOJiaCXHKaMH).
284*. CxojacxHKa ^asajia .nyxoBHyio nHmy JHO^HMX,

RCK6TH3MR.
pasBHXHMH yucxBeHHUMH HHxepecaMH, JIIOAH ate,
Ki> HpaBCXBCHHOMy caMocoBepmeHCXBOBaHiH),

B8JIH aCKeXHSMl), H C^ HXI. X01KH Spfla 6CH XpUCmdUCKdH Hpa6-

cmeeuHOcmb ceodujiac'b KZ ydpyneniw njiomu u ommsy omz Mipa,
KaKt 6y^xo BC'fe 6&L3H ^OJ^HH c^JaxBca MonaxaMH. TaKHMi> 06-
pasoMi acKexHSM-L cxaji^ BosBO^nxBca ez eduHcmeeumiii npuu-
tyunznpaecmeeHnou OKUSHU. B'B xaKOMi> HMCHHO CMLICJI-B B^ cpe^-
nie B^Ka nncajiocB Hena-io MOpaJi&HBix & xpaKxaxoBi). Bi XII B.
r

Ha 9XOMI, nonpHm'B OCO^CHHO BBiflBHHyjca ce. Eepnapdz, a Bt

XII H HaiaJii XIII nana HuHOKeumiu III ( r O npe-
K-B Mlpy"). HSI CpCAH HHin,eHCXByK)mHXT, MOHaXOB-B BBI-

nponoB'BflHHKH, oxpHD;aBniie .naaie xpy^i, noxony nxo OHI>

XO.HHJIH

npe^npHHHMaexca paflH MaxepiajiBnaro djiarococxoania. 3a6oxLi o

SAOPOBB'B H y^oScxBaxi 3KH3HH, jno6oBB H ceM&a, CB^xcKaa HayKa
H jinxepaxypa H x. # CT& 9xon XO^KH sp'tnia xaoie o6xaBJia-
JIHCB iprbXoenuMu.
285*. CxoJiacxiiKa C'B CBOHMH cyxnMH onpe^ijieHiaMH H cxpo-
rHMH paajH^eHiaMH, ci CBOHMI, ^opnajiHSMOM'B H pascy^OHHOcxBio ne
K&H MHCTHKil .
v
MOMa xaose BHOJIHTB y^OBJiexBOpaxb Jiio^eH, CKJIOHHBIXI. KT,
HOCXH, KT, no9XHiecKOMy Hacxpoemro, KI cep.neqnLiM'B
JIIO^BH, 6.iaroroB'BHia H Bocxopra. Cpe^n xaKHx^ jno^eii nanajiH pas-
COBC^MX HHiia cxpeMjreHia, Heatejrn y cxojiacxHKOB'B, see
 197

Bt .lorniecKia <f>opMyjibi, CTpeMJiema, POACTBGH-

Hbia acKGTHSMy, HO E&meRmiR caMOCToaiejibHoe BbiparaeHie BI> MU-
cmuKtb, KOTOpaa TOJKe OTpasnjiacb BX KOHI^-B cpeAHHX'L. B-BKOB'L
Ha ij'EJiOM'B pa^ii JiHTepaTypHbix'B npOH3BeAemH. Mucmmu cmpe-
KZ uenocpedcmeenuoMy oGiyemio cn> JSoiOMb, pasBHBaa B-L
pejmriosHOCTL AO BucinHxi. ciyneHen ea npoaBjema ET> 9K-
EKT> EaK-B BHCTynaeTt HS-L caMoro ce6a H
i

Kor^a ie.iOB 6ti

H MucjibK) BOSBBimaeTca AO eAHHema ci> BoateciBOM-L.

MHCTHn;H3M'L npouB'BTaji'B npeHMymecTECHHO &b FepMauiu XIV H
XV BB., IVVE H pasBHJiacb BI 9TO BpeMa n.-BJiaa MHCinqecKaa JIH-

Tepaiypa. Hnor^a MHCTHKH naBJieKajiH na ce6a HeyflOBOJi&CTBie i^ep-

KOBHHX'B BJiacien sa TO, TTO oiciynajiH on KaTOJiH^ecKaro npaBO-
Bi>pia. SKKapma, BHSHsajica Ha cy^t nanH, HO yuepx no
BX ABHHBOH'B (1329), a co^HHema ero 6miH ^opiiajibH
3a CBoro naHTeHCTHiecKyro onpacKy. CaMEiMi saM'feqaTejiBHHM'B MH-
OoMd KeMniu-
cinqecKHM-L nHcaiejieM-L KOHH,a cpeAHHxx B'BKOB'B 6ujn>
CMU (HSX ropo^a KeMnena, 1380 1471), asiopi. snaMeHHTOH KHHFH
n O noApaatamH Xpaciy", nojiBsyiomefica H xenepi. yBajKemeMi
xpHCiiaHi, pasHLixt HcnoB'B.naHiH. Bx XIV cio-i-Erin repMancKie
MHCTHKH ycTpOHJiH flame 6jiaroqecTHBLia o6ni,eaiHTia 6e3T) Moname-
CKHX'B 06'TOBX, HSB'BCTHHa nORL HMGHeMt 6pamCmfft Ofiiyeu WCU3HU.
(OcHOsaTejieM'b HX-L dmrx repiapd* de-Fpomz HS-L HHAepjaHACKaro
ropo^a JI,eBeHTepa).
286* YMCTBeHHiia CHJIBI cpe.nHeB'EKOBoro o6n;ecTBa rjiaBHHMt
npoasjajiHCb BX cxojiacTHqecKOH, acKeTHiecKOH H MHCTH-
JTHTepaTypi, T^CHO CBasaHHOii ex n,epKOBHOK) atHSHbio.
nayHuan .mmepamypa' Gum paseuma ouem MCLAO. ECTB-
CTB03Hame Haxo^HJOCb B-b npeneopeiKeHiH, H BI 9TOft o6jiacTH

apa6bi CToajiH ropas^o Bbime eBponeiin.eB'b, KOTOpwe y HHXT. TOJibKO

H MOFJIH Koe-qeny HayiHTbca. (Ha^ajio caMOCToaTejibnaro pasBHria
nayirb na Sana^ OTHOCHTca jiHfflb KiXVI XVII BB.)
ejiOB'BK'b MCLAO unmepecoeajicfi npupodow, ^OBOJib-

CTByHCb CaMblMH BJieMeHTapHHMH H CKyAHHMH H6H SHaaiaMH, Kl

KOTOpbiM-L npHMiuTHBajiocb B^o^aBOKi. MHOMcecmeo eectMa neerbp-
nbtxi npedcmaeAeniu u CCIMMXZ ipyfiuxi cyeerbpiu. JI,Jia ecTecTBO-
3Hauia cpe.nHeB'BKOBbix'b ynHBepCHTeTaxi) ne cym,ecTBOBaJio H co-
B-L

OTBijTCTBeHHaro (J)aKyjibTeTa, ecjrn He ciHiaTb nsyqenia MeAHitHHbi.

287*. H3^ CB'BTCKHX'b HaVKl.
*
OC06bIM-B HO^eTOMI, HOJIb30Ba.lOCb
BT>yHHBepCHTeTaxT, paBHO oSmecTBi H BI rocy.napCTB'B npaeo,
KaK-b BX
no^t KOTOPHMI pasyM-BJiocb npeHMymecTBeHHO npaeo pUMCKoe. FjiaB-
HHMI, npeAMeTOMi) HsyieHia 611,1^ HMeHHO Corpus juris lOcmuuiaHa.
BTO Hsqenie BT> Bojionb^, r^ B'b KOHH;'B XI H
 198

iipenoflaBajn. lopncnpyaeHijiK) nepeuu nacmoHU^iu snamoKt pUM-

XII B.
cmio npaea Hpnepiu. BnpoqeMt, nepBtia K>pH,a;HqecKia jieKHJH H coqn-
6UJIH TOJIbKO TOJIKOBamaMH OTA'fcjIbHHX'B CJIOBI> HJIH (^paS'B B'B

lOcTHHiana, H jmmb nosjjH'Ee BTH OTpbiBoqHbie KOMMenxapiH CTann

BT. tfojiiie n.'EJJbHbia
HSJiojEeHJa, nojiyqHBinia
HasBame MOCC.
6oJiOHCKie npo(f>eccopa pHMCKaro npasa B'B XII XIII BB.
HOCHJIH nposBanie lAOCcamopoet. KT> CBOGMy HCioinHKy, T.-e. KI> CBO,ny
lOcTHniaHa K>PHCTLI OTHOCHJiHCb c^ xaKHMi, ate noqiemeM'b, ci, KaKHMt
6orocJiOBBi OTHOCHJiHCb Ei nancKHMi, ^eKpeiaM'b, a 4)HJioco(|)bi K-b Apn-
CTOiejiK), i.-e. 9TO 6ujio omuowenie nucmo doiMammecnoe. ^Jin HHXT>
PHMCKOC npaso 6mio caMHMi. ^nHcanHHMi, pasyMOM-B" (ratio scripta),
H HsyqajiH OHH ero uucmo cxo^acmmecKU, 6e3-b MawTBHrnHXTE. no-
EI $HJiojiorHqecKOMy HJIH HC'ropniecKOMy TOJiKOBaHiio. FJIOC-
OKasajiH cnjibnoe BJiiflHie Ha peu/eni^iw puMcnaio npaea, T.-e.
Ha npHHflTie H^KOTOpbixt ero nojioateHifi BI caMyro atusHb nyieMi
npaKTHKH H saKOHO^aTejJbCTBa. 9xa pen,eni^ifl nponcxo-
B-L pasHtixi CTpanaxt Heo^HOBpeMeHHO (BO
$paHD,iH BI XIII B.,
B'B FepMamH BI XIV XV BB.), HO BesA'fc ,ona omsamct epaotc-
de6uow cfieodaMHOMy nopndKy. Hanp., (fjpanqyscKie Jieiucmu na
yqenia PHMCKHXTB ropncTOB-B o TOM'B, qTO no ecmecmoeu-
npaey Bci JIW^H poatAaroTCfl CBOSOAHHMH, BcaqecKH cnoco6-
oaKAemio KpecTbaHi. OTT> KP^HOCTHOH saBHCHMOCTH.
288*. B-B CBfl3H ci, sanflTiflMH cxoJiacTHqecKaro H ropH^Hqe-
cKaro co^epmanifl Haxo^HJiacb H cpeflHeB-BKOBaa no.mmuuecKOH AU-
mepamypa, cocmomwaH 6o.iuaew nacmm us* nyfijiuujUCmuHecKuxK
couuHeuiuj KOTOpbia HHcajiHCb CTOpOHHHKaMH flyxoBHoft HJH CB-BTCKOH
B.iacTH B'B pasHLia BpeMena nponcxoAHBineH Meat^y HHMH 6opb6bi.
3affl,HTHHKH npHTasaHin AyxoBHOfl BjiaciH, B'B cymnocTH, CTapajrncb
TOJIBKO pa3BHTb H flOKasaTb nancnyw meopiw o TO MI, qTO u/epKoeb
euwe locydapcmea, H qio nanbi MoryTi. pacnopaacaTbca HMnepa-
TOpCKOK) H KOpOJieBCKHMH KOpOHaMH. Ho y EHXl 8BHJIHCB HpOTHB-
HHKH, OTCTaHBaBfflie uesaoucuMOcm^ locydapcmeennou ejiacmu H qep-
naBiiiie nnor^a CBOH ^oKasaTejibCTBa HSI. yueuifi PUMCKUXZ wpu-
cmo6if> o TOMI, qTO BJiacTB rocyjjapa HM'feeT'B CBOH HCTO^HHK'B BT>

nepenecemH na nero HapOAOM-B BC'BX'L CBOHX-B npaBT> H csoero Mipo-

.nepJKaBCTBa (imperium). OcoSeHHO yMHO^HJiocb qHCJio sam.HTHHKOB'B
CB^TCKOH BJiacTH B'b XIV B., T.-e. B'B 9iioxy yna^Ka nancTBa. Cnopi
$HJiHnna IV KpacHBaro ci BoHH^an.ieii'B VIII H 6opb6a HMnepa-
Topa JlroAOBHKa BasapcKaro C-L loaHHOM-b XXII BbisBaji
JiHTepaTypy npOTHBi, npiiTasainH nancTBa.
9THX-B nOJICMHCTOB-B SfclJH,
yqeflBIH lOpHCTl
IladyancKm (1280 1343), aBTOpi ,3aoi HT3HKa Miipa".
r I
H ciopon-
 199

HHKH, H npoiHBHHKH nancKOH xeopiH OAHimKOBO cioflJiH Ha cxoAacmu-

mown sprbuin. OHH npHHHMaJiH na B^py
HOA-IHHHOCTB w Kou-
Aapa" HPOTHBHHKH
5
HnancKHXB npHTasamH TOJIBKO
ITO KoHCiaHTHH'B ne nwbjn> npasa A&PHTB nans CB^T-
CKYK) B.iaCTL HaA'B PHMOJTB, HO OTHIOAB H6 COMH'EBaJIHCB EJ> HCTHHHOCTH
AapCTBeHHOH rpaMOTBI, dtIBine*H Ha CaMOATB A'kllj HO^JIOaiHOH). Hc-
mopunecKifi suanin w> cpeduie enm 6bMU eeCMia otcajimH.
289*. Boo6m,e HOHTH BCH HCiopHHecKaa JiHiepaiypa Ha Sana^i
BI. cpe^Hie B^Ka cocioajia H3i) jinmonuceu H wcumiu
aBiopaMH KOiopHx-L 6ujiK npeHMymecTBGHHO ayxoBHLifl jiHita. JHHIL
BjfljiHCb HHcaxeja, 3acjiyatHBaioin,ie nasBanie HCTOPH-
TaKOBti 6HJH Bi, 9HOxy ocHOBaflifl BapBapCKHxi) rocy^apCTB'B
Kacciodopv H lopdam (IopHaH,a,i)) y OCT^-FOTOBI., Fpuiopiu Typcniu y
(|>paHKOBi,, Eeda flocmonoumeuHuu y anr.io-caKCOB'B, a
HCTOpHK &
r

Kapjia BejHKaro, ero Apyri. H MHHHCTPI. dumapdz,

ron ero CHO.HBH.JKHHK'L AjiKyum H HaeeM ffiaKom, HCTOPHK-L JiaHro-
6apAOB-B. Ci 9noxH Kapjia BejiHKaro Boo6ui,e naiKHaeTca pasBHiie
JTETOHHCHOH JiHTepaxypLi Ha Sana^. 3noxa KpeciOBLixi HOXO^OB-B
H.'BJII.lH pflA1> HCTOpHKOfi-L HpeHMyffl,eCTBeHHO HS'B ({>paH-
KaKOBti BuMieMM* Tupcniu, BuMiapdydm, 6BiBniiH yia-
CTHHKOM^ neTBepiaro EpecTOBaro noxo^a, MyaneuM,
miii JIioAOBHRa IX st ero noxoA^, H T. #. Y HiKOTopuxt

nnci;eBi KOHn,a cpe^Hnxi BiKOBi saM'Biaeicfl nepexo^ KI> na-

CTOflni,eMy HCxopHqecKOMy HsioaieHiH). 3xoro eme He.it3fl CKasaib
o xpOHHK'B (Ppyaccapa, HO yaje 0ujiunw> de-KoMum (1446
1509), HCTOpHK-L JIlOAOBHKa XI, OAHH-L H31 o6pa30BaHflMHIHXl.
jnoAefi CBoero BpeneHH, MO^CT'L ^LITB HasBaH-B HC npociBiMi .TBTO-
HHCH.eM'B.
290*. Bi cpe^Hie B-BKa Ha SanaA^ coMKHema nay^naro xa-
paKiepa nacajiHCB HCoioiHTejiBHO Ha AamuncKOMZ HSUKM, KOTOPBIH
oiqacTH 6Bijnb HSLIKOMI, H oSmefi jrHTepaiypBi. Ho Hanoojie saat-
HBIH nosTHiecKifl npOHSBe^eHifl cpeAHax-B B-BKOBI 6miH uanHcaHBi
na nai^ioHaMHbixz asumxb repnaHCKaro H poMancicaro Kopna. Pa-
nne eceio HapOAHHH HSBIKI. ciajn. -A'BJiaTBCfl opranoirB jrHTepaiypLi
y aHiAOcaucoet, (em;e BI VII VIII BB.), HOTOM'B y HtbMiteez (wt
IX B.), sai'BM'B y (fipa,Hi4y30ffb (ET, X B.), nos^e Bcero y uma,M>-
fiHiieoT,, KOiopBie AO-iBme .npyrHxi, MOMH O^XOAHTBCH desi. uHCBMeH-
HOCTH na POAHOM'B flSBiK'B, TaKt KaK^ .laiuHB ociaBajiacB HM^ no-
HHTHOK) AO-iBHie, niMi KaKOMy-JiH^o ^pyroMy napOAy. ^peBH-BHHiiw
npOHSBeAenia jiHTepaiypti Ha Hai;ioHajiBHLix B asHKaxi SBIJH HJIH
f

6u6.<ieucKaio, HJH iepouuecKaio coAepataflia. CaMLie ciapBie aHr.io-

caKCOHCKie HOSTH, EedMonz (VII B.) H EuneeijJiufo (VIII B.), BI
 200

CBOHX'B nosMax'B HSJiarajiH BDHBOAH Bexxaro H Hoearo saB-fcxa,

9x0 ^BJiaJH) HensB'BCTHHH aBiopt jjpeBHeH'EMeijKOH no9HBi IX B. n Cna-

CHxejiB" (re-iiaHfl-B), npHqeirB B-B xpncxiaHCKie croatexLi OHH nep^KO

BHOCHJIH qepxBi cxapo-repMaHCKHxi Bossp'SHin H 6Bixa. B'B paHHHXi
repOHiecKHx-B no9Max B ocoSeHHO saM'EXHBi H CJTEABI repnaHCKOH MH-
r

eojiorin. TaKOBBi anrjio-caKCOHCKia H^CHH o repoi> BeoeyjtMpn (Ha-

noMHiiaioiD;ifl Hainn SBIJHHLI 061 HJIB^ MypOMii.'B), npenMym,ecTBeHHO

ate CKaHflHHaBCKia ITBCHH 9ddu (x.-e. 6a6ymKH) o dorax'B, repo-
axi H xpaGpBix-B BHKHHrax'B, sanncaHHHfl 6ojiBmeio qacx&io B-B
XII B. FepOHqecKift 9noc & panHeft 9noxa HM'BJI'B HHCXO napoduuu
r

xapaKmepz, xoxa na ero o6pa6oxK-B H CKasHBajiocB BJiianie KHHat-

HOH jinxepaxypBi. .

291*. nocjii Kapjia BejiHKaro, Kor^a npoasonuo pa3,a;po6jie-

$eoaJi>HO- H je HE MHOffieCXBO MeJIKHX^ AeOAaJI&HBIX'B BJia-
OX.H'BJIBHBIX'B CXpaHl.
x
. .

H caMa no^3^H ua HawoHajimux* fisbiKaxt npuuHJia (peo-

xapanmepz. B-B 9noxy KpecxoBBixi, noxo^OBTb na
flBHJIHCB H09XKI H BM'BCX'B Ci X^Mi H'BBn.BI, KOXOptie
no9xnqecEie pascKasH o xpaSpBix'B BOHHax'L H HX-B no^BHrax^ H
^eKJiaMHpOBajH nx^ BI saMKax-B cenBepOBi, nepeisataa ci> Micxa
na M^CXO. Ha ciBepi $pani^iH OHH nojryqnjiH HasBanie mpy-
eepoffb H BOcniBaJiH npeHMym,ecxBeHHO nodemu (gesta)
Beaumio H ero cno^BHaiHHKOB'B (najiaduHoev) B-B xaK-B
MUX-B chansons de geste. JIro6HMBiM'B HX-B repoeaii 6ujn> Po^audz,
naBmin BX 6nxB'B B'B PonceBajBCKoft ^OJIHH'B (canaa cxapaa no9Ma
o HCM-B oxHOCHXca Ki KOHDiy XI B.). IIo.n'B BJUflmeM'b (|)paHniy3CKaro
<|)eo^ajrBHaro 9noca cjioatHJca H H-BMei^Kifi, nponiB-BxaBinift B'B XII
XIII BB., HO saHMCXBOBaBfflifi CBoe co^epatanie HS-B cxapBixi>, qncxo
npe^amH. CaMBiMi. saM-EiaTe.iBHBiM'B nponsBe^eHieM-B H-B-
9noca aB.iaexca nodjua o Hu6ejiymaxT>, noB-BCXByromaa o
BejiHKaro nepece^enia napo^oB-B. EojrEe nos^nia npo-
9xofi no93in <|>eo^aj[BHBixi BpeMeHi yaie oxpaaiaJiH Ha
ce61> pbmapCKiu fiumz H, BX CBOK> onepe^B, oKasBiBajrn BjiaHie Ha
oCpasoBame puiitapCKuxv udeajioev. BT> nocJi^AHeMi. oxHomeHin sa-
puu/apcme POMCLHU o npuKAwueHifixz (romans d'aven-
M-BqaxejiBHti

tures), cpe^n KOXOPBIX^ HanSojiie xapaKxepnii no9MBi o 6pnxaH-

CKOMI Kopojtrb Apmypvb u puuapaxt Kpyuimo Cmojia. IIo9XHqe-
*CKia npe^aHifl 061. 9xoM^ repoi BOCXOABX-B KT, O^CHB
BpeMCHH, H c^ HHMH coe^HEHJiHCB em.e MHoria CKasania,
H&ia HSTB KHHaiHBixi. HcxoqHHKOBi. JIaxHHCKaa Jinxepaxypa
oqeHB 6oraxa pasHUMH MiendaMU, Koxopna
6BiJia

xasaie no9xnqecKOH odpaSoxK^ na Haii.ioHaJiBHHX'B

Ci npeAaHieM-B o6x Apxypi, codHpaBmeMi. aa CBOHMX KpyoHMT. cxo-
 201

.IOM-B pBinapen, coeflHHHJiocB cKasanie o ce. Fpaajirb, x.-e.

B'B KOiopyio IOCH^-B ApHMaeeiicKiH codnpajn. ocxaxKH .u.paron.'EHHOH

KPOBH Xpncxa: pBinapn Kpyoaro CxoJia CA'kia.iHCb cjiyatHxejraMH
CB. Fpaajia. 9xoMi D.HKJI'B dtasamH npoaBH.iHCB amoria qepxbi
B'B

pbiu/apcmio u acKemmecnaio 6uma, <|)aHxacxHqecKie no^BHrn H

MHCXHqecKifi H.neajrasn'B H CHMBOJIHSM-L.
no3MH cxajiH nepe^ijiBiBaTbca BT> nposanqecKie
Ha IOFE $paHii,iH pasBHJiacb xy B-B ate anoxy KpecxoBBixi. noxo-
jiupuuecKan nodaia mpy6adypoeT>, no o6pa3u,y KOTOpuxi, BI
SBBJIHCB Munnesumepu (H-BBZ^H JiodBH). Tpy6a^ypBi BOC-
npeHMymecxBeHHO puu/apCKyw jiwfioot Kt ^aM^ cep^;n;a H
CBOH CXHXH Ha OCOSOM-L, IIpOBaHCaJIbCKOMl flSLIK'B. Bcfl 9Xa

noasia, pasBHBmaflca npeHMymecxBeHHO 9noxy dopbdn CT. se-

B'B

BljpHHMH H pasu.B'Bxa pHaapCKOH atH3HH, nojiy^HJia HasBanie po.Man-

muuecKOu. PoMaHXHKa CHHOHHMT> (J>aHxacxHqHOCxH, cxpeM.ieHia BI>
xyMaHHyio ^a;ib, iiey^OBJieTBOpeHHOCXH lyBCxsa H nojraaro npene-
dpeatenia K'b A'feficxBHxejibHOCTH. B'b 9xy ate gnoxy pasBHJiacb H
cpedneenKoeasi dpama HSI r^epKOBHbix-L Mucmepiu, x.-e. npe^cxa-
BJieHin BI, jranax-b xaKHX-b co6bixift CBameBHOft ncxopiH, KaKOBH
cxpacxH FocnoAHH, H as'b MUpaKAeu, x.-e. npeicxaBJiemn B-B JIH-

nax-B ate qyAecHbix'B gnnso^OB-B HS-B atHxift csaxLix-B.

JlH
292*. Bi HCXO^ B-B
9noxy pasBHxia ropoji;-
cpeflHHxi, B^KOB'B,
CEoro 6bixa, BOSHHima H oco6aa, xani cKasaxb, lopodcKan jiumepa-
mypa. Bi XIII B. BnepBbie noaBHJiHCb BO ^paeuin xaK-B
BaeMbie fabliaux, KOpoxenBKia cxnxoxBOpHBia noB'BCxn,
CBOHM'B npeAMexoMi noxoamema H lyBCxsa .no^en BC'BX'B
o6in,ecxBa B'B HXI o6bi^eHHOH atHSHH. FjaBHHMi HCXOIHHKOM'B
(J)a6.d6 nocjiyatHJiH jiaxuHCKie H <j>paHi;y3CKie
eocmoHuaio npoucxoofcdeuiH (nH^yccKHX-B, apa6cKHX-B H
x. n.), a noxoMi cocxaBHxejiH cxajrn H3o6paaiaxB H oupy-
fy&6jiib

wcaeiuyw uxt> oicusHb, BHOca B-B CBOH npOHSBe^enia camupuuecKyw

uacMrbWKy HaA'B pBmapaMH, ^yxoBHHMH, MonaxaMH, KpecxbaHaMH
H np., H np. OaxHpHiecKiH gjieMeHT'b xapaKxepnsyex'B H upaeo-
yuumejiwue pomanu, KaKHMi> 6ujn> BT> KOHH.'E cpe.aiHHX'B B-BKOBI,
HaiipHM^pi,, BecbMa nonyjiapHbiH PoMauz o Jlucrb,
B'B Macci nepe^'B.iOK'b na pasntixt asbraax-B. HS-B

nepenuiH BTB Apyria cxpaHBi H cxajin nepe^JbiBaxbca BI nposa-

mecnie pascuasu, Koxopbie nojyyHJH BI> Hxa-iin HasBanie noeejiM.

san'feqaxejibHBiM'B HOBCJIJIHCXOM'B B-B Hxajrin 6ujn> B'B XIV B.

aBxop'B 3HaM6HHxaro flemMepoua, x.-e. ,Il,ecaxHji,HeBHHKa,

c6opHHKa BecejiMX'B HOBe.iJii., Koxopbia BI xenenie .necaxH

^pyrt Apyry MOJOABIC JIIOAH H

 202

sa ropOAt OTL HyiiBi.* Bx Anrjiin no^,o6HiiH ate cftopHHK'B Bt

XIV B. Hannca.i'B llocepz. (Ero KeumepCiepiiiCKie pascnasu
pasHBixt KJiaccoB-B o6m,ecxBa). $a6jio H
$OPMOH .iHxepaxypBi BI xy canyio 9noxy,
OHCHB MHoro roBOpHJH o nopTE n,epKBH, H noxoMy uiaeuuMb nped-
MemoM* camupmecmio mo6pameHin cma^u noponmie npaeu u
ueerbwecmeo moidamnmo dyxoeencmea.
293*. BejiH^aHiuHMi) noaiOM'B cpe^HHXTb B-BKOB^ 6ujn> flaume
A.mibepu, atHBinittB^ KOHqi XIII H Ha^a-ii XIV B. (1265 -
1321). OHX pOAHJca BO $JiopeHain H H^KOTOpoe BpeMa saHHMajH. o,a;Hy
H3i. BBicniHxt rocy.n.apCTBeHHBix'L ^ojuKHOCTeft BI> 9TOH
pecny6.iHK'B.
Bt ero BpeMH B-L pasHHXi, ropo^axi, PIxajiiH nponcxoAHJia ome-
cmoueHuaH 6opb6a Meofcdy iu6ejimu(iMU u leeMcfiaMU, H B-S 1302 r.
4)jiopeHTiHCKie uswajiu flamne HSI poAHoro ropo^a sa co-
rBejii>(|)Ei

qyBCTBie KI ^ame B0o6m,e atAa^t cnaceHia H fljm Hxa-

radejiJiHHaM'L.

jiin, pasAHpaeMofl MeiK^;oyco6iflMH, H .pa Bcero KaxojiHqecKaro Mipa

BJiacxH HMnepaxopa. Kor^a Tenpuxb F/7, H'BMen.KiH KO-
H3T. JItOKceMdyprcKaro ^ona, npeAnpHHfljn, noxodz <?
PUMZ,
BOSJioatHxt Ha CBOK> miOBy HMnepaxopCKyio Kopony H BOC-
KpecHXb Bi) Hxajiin
Bpenena ForeHnixay^eeoBi,, ,3,aHxe Bocxop-
npHB-BxciBOBajH) ero CBOHMI, co^HHenieMi. Mouapxiu, B-B
npOBOAH.it MbicjL o HesaBHCHMOMt oxi> nancxBa HMne-
paxopcxB'B. OKOJIO ABa^ijaxH ^^x^ npo^H,ii> ont atHSHbio HsrnaH-
HHKa-CKHxa.itii,a H AO caMOH CBoeii caiepxH (1321) xaK-B H ne
BHA.a-M> CojiBine
pOAHoii $jiopeHij;iH. ^anxe qejiOB'BK'B, 6ujii> eecbMa
MHOiocmupoHue u fioiamo odapeuuuu. OBjraA'BB'B HOHXH ocvbMU' sna-
UIHMU ceoeii dnoxu, OHI. BI xo ate BpeMa oxjinqajicfl ueoCunau-
HUMK nosmimecKUMK dapOM* H 6oJiBmoio naqHxaHHOCXBio, KaKi> ez
dpeenepUMCKOu, man* u ei> coepeMenuou emy pOMawnwiecnou CAO-
eecuocmu. Ont npeKpacno BJiaA^'B jraxMHCKHMt HSBIKOMI,, HO, no-
HHMaa, ^xo no^Hie H ap^e, Aa H BpasyMMxejiBH-Be RJI& BC^X-B MoaiHO
BBipaataxB CBOH MBICJIH JIHIHB Ha pOAHOMt asiJK^, OHt nHcajn> CBOH no-
9xnqecKia XBOpenia no-nxaji&aHCKH H BI HHXI> HBHJica HacmomyuMZ
meopu/OMZ umaMHHCKaio .lumepamypuaio nsum. BM'ECX'E ct x^Mt
9xo 6ujn> qe.KOB'EK'B, Heo6HKHOBeHHO oxsHBqHBBiH Ha cooBixia co-
opemeHHOii eMy MCUSHU, KJ> KOTOPLIATB OH-B yM-fejit oxHOCHXBca BHO.IH'B
canocxoaxejiBHO, npoaBjaa Jiwinyw ceow MUCM u .mnnoe uyecmeo.
PaBBBiM-B oSpasoMt H Bt nogsiH OHt npeatAe Bcero ox.iHqajrca HHCXO
AUUHUMT> xapanmepOMb ceoeio meopnecmea.
294*. FjiaBHoe npOHSBCAeHie ,3,aHxe HasBiBaexca Eowcecmeennou
KOMedieu. 3xo onncame nvxemecxBia,
J coBepinennaro nogxoMt no
'
.

sarpooHOMy Mipy, cooxBtxcxBenHO ct wbwi> H Bca no9iia

 203

jiaexca na xpn iacxn: ^HCxH-oime"* H n Pafi

n
r
A,n B",

npOBO.UHHKOM'B ,3,aHXe 9TOMI HeotfBIKHOBeHHOM'

B'B

dBM-B pIIMCKiH n09T'B LuplUMU, a B'B KOHH.'B Ha nOMOIHB K-B HCMy

asjaexca Eeampme, Koxopyro OH-B JIIOO'HJII, Bt MOJIOAOCXH H na-
KOTOpofi ocxajica B-EpeHi, H nocjii efl cuepxH. BnprHJiiH CHM-
y Hero le-iOBijqecKoe snaflie H Hayny, BeaipHqe
KO BceMy BHCOKOMy H 6oroc.iOBie. Bt HOBM^ Boodme MHOFO
^ 9x0 6mio BO BKyci cpeAHeBiKOBOH nossin, HO B^
TO ate speMH ^anxe c* iieodtiKHOBeHHOio B^PHOCXLIO A^HCTBHxejib-
HOCXH, peJIbe(})HOCXBK) H306paaK6Hifl H flpKOCXBK) KpaCOK^ BBIBOflUX-B
Ha crteny pasHBix-B nkniejieii, KaK-B BceMipnoH, xaKi> H oxeqecxBGH-
HOH HCiopiH, ^yfflH KOxopBixi OBI BH.a.'EjrB BI> sarpoSHOMi. wip^.
Kponi xoro, JI,aHxe ciyM'fe.ii BKJUO^HXB ^BoatecxBeHHyio KO-
B'B

eecb npyiz ocnoenuxz udeu, KOXOPBIMH SRHJIO o6m,ecxBO

naBBicmaro pasBHxia pOMaHXHKH, MHCXHKH H cxojiacxHKH,
xaKi. qxo ero BejiHRyio no3My cnpaBe^JiHBO HasBiBaioxi, nodmuue-
CKOU suujUKJionedieu cpedueerbKoeoio Mipocosepuanifi. Ilpn BXOM-B
JI,aHxe Bceuijio em,e CXOHX^ Ha Kaxo-aniecKOH XOHK^ apiflia H
XOJIBKO oieHB CKOp6nxi, BH^a, ^xo 064 CHJBI, KOxopBiifB Bori>
BBicmee noneienie o aiipi, He HcnojHaioxx xoro, KI>
x.-e. ixo HMnepaxopn HC noJiBsyroxca CBoero BJiacxBio ji;jra npeKpa-
m,eHia pasflOpOBx, a nann .nyMaroxi. JTHHIB o CB'EXCKOM'B Moryin,e-
CXB^ H 6oraxcxB^. Bejinidii no9x^ He nocxicnHJica; HOM-BCXHXB Ht-
KOxopBix-B nan-B B'B a^y H B'B ycxa canoro an. Ilexpa
od.iHqenia, HanpaBJieRHBia npoxHB'B nopia n,epKBH.
295*. KpOMi ,3,aHxe, B-B cosdaniu umaMXHcmio
TT" /
uaio nswKa yqacxBOBajiH ABa nncaxejia XI v B. JlempapKa (1304
1374) H EoKKanio (1313 1375). JlepBBiH HS-B BBX-B npocJiaBHJica
CBOHMH conemaMU, BI KOxopBix-B OH-B BOcn-BBajii Jlaypy, jipyroH--
CBOHMH HOeeJlMMU, COCXaBHBHIHMH SHaMCHRXBIH ffeKCtMepOm. Ho
oco6enHO BaatHO 6BIJO xo, ixo o6a OHH Haiajin ycepj[HO usyuamb K.iac-
dpeeuocmi), npRXOMi ci HHCXO cenmcKOii mounu sprbuix H C'B
HepacnoAOwemeMZ K% cxodacmmecKOMy u acKemmeCKOMy
HanpaeAeniw cpe,a;HHxi B-BKOB'B. CBOCIO jiHxepaxypHOio ^axejiBHOCXBio
ElexpapKa H BoKKaiio OXKPBIJIH HOByio 9noxy B'B KyjiBxypHOH ncxopin
Sana^a, 9noxy KAaccmecKaio eospootcdenin (peHeccanca) HJH lyjua-
HU3Ma. Ho 9x0 aBJieme yate BBIXOAHXT& sa rpaHHn,Bi ncxopin

296*. Ha 3ana,a,'B, KaK-B H B-BBnsaHxiH, ucnyccmeo CAywujio

HUM* o6pa,30M7> pe.4mi03HblM7> ItrbJlAMb. B'B OpXUmeKmyprb, KOXOpaa CTBO 3anaAa.

npenMyn^ecxBeHHO nocxpOHKOK) xpaMOBi, 6BMO ,n,Ba

cxH.ia cnaiaJia pCMaucKiu, HOXOMI. (HMCHHO B'B 9noxy

 204

EpecTOBBix-B noxoflOB'b') lomuuecniu. HepBBift, ET> EOxopOM-B CBO^EI

H apKH 6BLIH nojiyBpyiMBie, ouiHiajiCfl tkwrbmeio npocTOioro cpaBHH-
T6JLHO CO BTOpHM'B, B'B EOTOpOM'B CBOflBI H apKH flij.iaJIHCB CTptjIB-
laxHMH H amoroe BBO^HJIOCB Bi nocxpOHKy pa^H o,a,Horo yKpaine-
nia. FoTHqecme co6opH (DHJIH npeKpacntiMi apxumeKmypuuMt do-
nomeuwMb KZ Mucmmn upOManmuurb SHOXH KpecTOBHXi. noxo^OB'L.
B^ uocjpoftK^ cpe^HeBiKOBtixi, xpaMOBt conepHHiajiH neatly co6oio
ropo^a H uexu KaMem^uKoez^ sanHMaBmieca BTHMH rpan^iosHLiMH co-
opyateniflMH. Cny^nmypa xaKate nojiyinja na Sanaa's o?ens 6ojLinoe
pasBHiie, 6.aaro,napH xony, ITO KaTOJH^ecKafl n,epKOBt 6jraronpiai-
ciBOBajia vKpaineHiio xpaMOBi ciaiyaMH MajjOHHH H CBUTBIXI., HO
BI TexHHHecKOMi. OTHomeHiH CKyjibniypa, KaKi. H otcu6onuci>, cioajia
em,e oqeHt neBBicoKO. (Oco6oe pasBHTie nojryqnjH pasHoqB'BTHBifl
CTGEJia B'B OEHaX^ TOTHqeCEHXt COSopOBi C-B paSHHMH CBflIU;eH-
HBIMH H306paateHiflMH). B'B EOHD.'B Cpe^EHXI. B-BEOBl HCEVCCTBO
cia.io noflBepraTBca B-B HiajiiH eMHum anmuunuxz o6pa3u,offt H
CJiy^,HTB CojiBine ydoficmey u yKpameum OKUSHU, q^Mi, pejinrin.
Bi> HCTOpin sana^HO-eBponencEaro HCEyccxBa 9ia dnoxa xoaie HO-
CHTI HasBanie peneccauca (B
 IIPHJIOJKEHIfl.

I. CxeMainqecKaa TaSjiima coAepJKama EHnni (ctp 206).

II. 06m,ift oiepKt HCiopin iiejE.nyHapo.UHBix'B OTHomeaig B-B cpe^Hie Biica

(cip. 207).
III. 06mi8 onepKi Hciopin cpejtHeB'feKOBofi ^epKBH (cip. 209).

IV. 06mia qepiH HCTOpia a) poMaHO-repMancKiixx H b) cjtaBancKHX'B napo-

JOBT, (CTp. 211 II 213).

V. 06mi8 o^epKB HCTOpiir MycyjBMancKaro Mipa (cip. 214).

VI. KpaTKie oiepKH HCTOpia oi^'fejibHHX'L CTpanx BI ajKJ)aBHTHOMT>

(cip. 215).
VII. UepeiHH rjaBHHX'B xpoHOJiorHHecKiixt aarB nojiHTHiecKofi H
HCTOpia (cip. 228).
VIII. KapTBI CT> odlflCHHTeJIBHBIMT. TeKCTOMX (CTp. 231).
 o
"B

1H
CD
09
t*

e-
o
E

P K
*>
8 o
 207

II Odw,iM oHepKt MewAyHapoAHbix-b OTHOiiieHiH BT, cpeAHie etna.

CM. KapTH I IV, VII VIII, X XXI.

PiiiacKaa HMnepiH o6>.e^iiHHJia BT. OJIHO o6mnpHoe rocyjiapciBo BCB c-rpaau, 114
jeacamia BOKpyrr. CpejuiseMHaro M<>pa, BCJ BAT> sa TEJIT, upoHsouuo n pejmriosHoe
<

oCte^HHeaie JKIIBIHHXT. Sfllscb HapoAOBT. BT> xpucTiaHcxB'B. Ho BT. KyjibxypnoMT.

oxHOiueiiiii H HMnepia, H uepnoBb CT. cajiaro Hanajia pacnajuuncb Ha auiiiHH3Hpo-
BaHHHii BOCIOKT. H pOMaHiisiipOBaHHbiB 3aaaAT>. BT. KOHut IV B. HMnepia npaiio pas-
ATuuuiacb Ha Asi; IIOJIOBHHLI, cy#b6a KOxopuxT. 6buia pasnaa. Ha 3anajt iiMnepm
najia B-I, KOHut V B., H BT. en CBIBUJHXI. npoBUHuiflxt o6pa30Bajncb BX STOMI
CTOJiiiTiii repjiaHCKifl rocy^apcTBa, Torjia Kaira socTO^eafl HMnepifl(Bn3aiiTi3cKafl)
npocymecTBOBaja nocjit. TOFO eme OKOJIO Tucaiu JI-BT^, XOTH H na ea eBponeii-
CKofi Teppmopiii Toate oSpasosajiHCb HOBbifl rocy,a,apcTBa cjasaHCKia. BT. xeie-
Hie V B. BT> sanajiHofl HOJIOBHH'E Hunepin BOSIIHKIH rocyjapcTBa BeciroTCKoe,
6ypryHACKoe, BaH^ajbCKoe, aHrjio-caKcoHCKia, ^paHKCKoe H ocTrorcKoe, naxojiH-
Biiiiaca (ji;a H TO He Bcis) juiiib BI, HOMHHa:ibHo8 saBHcuiiocTH OT^ iiBinepin. Bb

,cepejHH-B VI B., npn lOcTHHiaH-feBe.iiiKOM'b, BHsaHiia cAt^aia nonMTKy BosciaHO-

HMnepaTOpcKofi BJiacTii Ha Sanaxii H OTBoeBaia of>jiacTH, saHaxbia BaH^a-
H ociTOTaMii ('ia(TbH) H BecTroxaMii), HO BTH ea saBoeBaHia ne 61011
H Hanp., nepesT. ipn roji,a no CMepxn lOcTiiHiana y BusaHTin 6biJia OT-
Haxa jiaHro6apjiaMii UOHTH BCH Hiajiia. BT> TO se canoe speMa BnsanTiii npuxo-
BOUHy CT> ctBepHbiMii H BOCxoqHHMH ooc-Bji;flMH: CT. dbsepa Bt ea
BBCTH
npoHHKaiH cjiasaHe, CT> BOCTOKa Hanaaajiii Ha nee nepcw.
i

BiVIlB. BI Asiii cpejin apafioBi aBHjacb HOBaa pejiiria (iicjaM-b), H aaxfeMt 5559
o6pa30BaJocb o6uiHpnoe rocyji.apcTBoCxajiictaTtXB'b cociaBi KOioparo BOIUJIU,
Apasin, Muoria SCMJIH, npiiHaji;jieacaBiiiia npeKji,e BiisaHTiii (Ciipia, ErimeTL,
Bepaaa A(|>pHKa), a xaitate H see uepcn^cKoe n;apcTBO, a BT> Haia
maro CTo.if.Tia apa6n OBiaatjiii H HcaaHieB, OTKy^a npejinpflHajiu-Obijo
sauie FaiJiiu. PacKHHyBiuncb BT. Tpex-b yaciax-b cstTa, xajm<|)arb cocTasnjiT. co6oio
oco6bifi iicTopaqecKiB Mipi, Koiopbiii BCiyniaT. BI 6opb6y C'b xpHCTiancKHMT,
6opb6y, HMiromyK) nepBocTeneneoe 3Ha^eaie B^ HCTOpiii cpejHHXt B"B-
.,

Ha 'BanaAt apafibi 6bijii oxpaateHbi tftpaHKaMii, H sea TaatecTb 6opb6bi CT> HHMII
Ha nepBbixT. nopaxi, Bbinaia Ha IOJIK) RiisaHiin, Koxopaa Jinoib CT. BCJIIIKHM b xpy-
AOM-b OTCToajia sa co6oK Majiym Asito H ApxiinejarT.. noioaceHie BnaaHTin 6ujio
T-BMT> aa'rpyAniiTeJibH'fee, HTO BT> Efipont CT. TOFO KG VII B., Kor.ua BOSHHKT. xajm-
<j)aiT>, ctiBepHbia qacxn HMnepin cxajin Hajio-no-Majiy nepexo^nxb HOAI Bjacxb na-
pOflOBT, cjiaBancKaro npOHCxoaiAeflia (cepfoBT> H 6ojirapT.).

Tocy^apcxBa, ocHOBaHeua repnaHuasiH BI. aanaiHOii nojOBiiHii iiimepiw, 6biJiu 67 72

6ojbineio Hacxi>K HenpoqHbi, HO o^Hoiiy H3T) mix'b, HMeHHo KOpojescxBy 4>paHKOBT.,
VIII B. coeAHHiiib HOAT, cBoero BJiacxbK) HOHIH BC-B poMancma H repjiaH-
cxpaHbi sanajiHO-eBpoiieficKaro MaxepiiKa. 3>paHKCKiB Kopojb KapJiBe-initia,
CToaBiiiifi BO oaBlj 3ToB oOmiipiioft Monapxiii, BT. 800 r. upimajn. xnxyji^ piiMCKaro
imuepaxopa H xaKiiM'b odpasoMT. KaK b-6bi
r
BOscxaiioBHJiT. 3ana;myK) PiiMCKyio iiMne-
piro.Xo ra axa Moeapxia nocji nero u pacua-iacb, HO 6jiaroa,apa efi, 3aaaAi>. Kant
OJHO n,-BJioe, eme 6ojrf;e o6oco6n.ica OXT. BocxoKa. HST. paciia^eHia umnepiii Kapja
KejHKaro B03HiiK.m cpeAueBiKOBbia <paHuia, MxaJiia n TepMaHia.
BT, axy snoxy 3anaji,HyK) Espony ciubno xpeBoatiuiii Ha^-Brn HOpManHOBi, ;J
102 110
capauimoBT. H Maj,bapOBT>, a BHsaHxiw cjiasaHe, cpe^n KOxoptixT. BT,
 208

IX B. B03HHKIH CMBHBia rOCyflap*CTBa II CTaJO pECnpOCTpaHflTBCfl XpHCTiaHCTBO.

TaKi KaKt cjiasaHe atium BI coc'fcflCTB'E HIM ci BHsaHTieft, HJIH ct FepManieS,
TO OflHH list HHXI npiiMKHyjiH B'B cBoef! EyjiBTypi Ki>
rpeiecKOMy Mipy, flpyrie
KT> pOMano-repMancKOMy. nepKBH na BOCTOiHyro H sanaflHyro H noce-
PasflijJieHie
jeme MaflBapoBi B'B CTpani, jeataBineg Meatfly o6i0MH qaciaMH onaBaHCTBa, em,e
Cojiie cofliScTBOBaiH EyiBTypHOMy H nojiHTHnecKOMy pasieflKHemro cpean cjiaBaH-
CKaro iiipa. B-B axy me gnoxy nayaiocB pacnafleme xajH^aia Ha n,4jiLi8 pxxb MBHB-
IUHX-B D;apcTBi), H BnepBBie noaBMHCB TypKH, Ki> KoiopuMX Bnocji'BjcTBiu nepenijo
OTX apaSoBi nepseHCTBO BI MaroMeiaHCKOM'B Mipi.
SaBoesaHie lypEauH lepycajiHMa nocjiyjaiuio nosoflOM-B KT> jByxBiKOBoS 6opB6'fe
137 152 Meatfly xpncTiaHCTBOMt H wciaMOM-B, HSBtcinofl noji HMeeeMX KpecTOBBix-B no-
(CT> Koen,a XI ,no KOHi^a XIII B.)- BTHSTB noxo^aMi npeAnieciBOBajH
HOpManji;cKHMH psmapaMH Heanoaa, CHn,Hjin H Aerjiin n saffie no-
HXT. saBoeBaiB BusaHTiio. Ci spyroB cioponH, BusaHTiro T^CEHJIH
H ona npociijia noMOin,H y 3anaji;a. MeatflyrsMi B-B KaTOJiH^ecKOMT) nipt
BectMa nonyjiapnoK) MHCJIB 061.
jiacB oTBoeBamn EajiecTHHBi y TypOKi, H
9TO B3HTO HOfl'B nOKpOBHT6JIBCTBO D,epKBH. BOJBmHX'B KpCCTOBBIXl)
6BIJIO

ciHTaeica CCMB. HepBBiS noxoji'B saBepranicH o6pa30BaHieMi, lepycajHMCEaro Kopo-

H apyrnxt xpnciiaHCKHX'B BjaaiHiS na BOCTOK!;, HO TypKH CTam nana-
na 9TH Bjiajtinia, ITO BBiswaaio HOBHe H HOBBie KpecioBBie noxoflH. ^e-
A'B ^pIIBeJI^ KI saBoeBamio KpecTOHOcn;aMH BnsaBTiScKOH Hiinepin
H npeBpamemio ea Bt JlaTHHCKyro HMnepiro, npocymecTBOBaBrayio, BnpoieMi,
TOJBKO nojiciojiijTia (1204 1261). SanafleuH'B xpHCTianaM-B ne yjajiocB
ataTBca BI Cupia H ITaiecTHH'B, H B'B KOHit-B XIII B. nocjrfe.HHee HX-B
BI CB. SeMJii 6Buo saxBaieHO MycyjiBMaHaMH. 9io co6BiTie H cqmaeTca KOHD.OMI,
noxoflOBT.. n.'fcjiH cBoefi OHH ne flocTHOH, HO sa TO pacmaTaM Bn3aH-
HMnepiro H BBissajiH TypoKi na 6opB6y C-B xpHCTiancKHMi MipOMi.
Ocjra6ieHie BnsaHiiH acHo BBipasnjiocB yme B'B XIV B., Korjta 66jiBmaa qacTB
193197 BajiKancKaro nojyocTpoBa Boinia B'B cocTaB-B Cep6cKaro rocyjapCTsa; HO H Mory-
nocjit^naro CHJO Henpo^ojiasHTeiBHo, TaKx KaK-B BT. 910 speMa na cu,eHy
BBicrynHia HOBaa cma BB znn$ n ocMaHCKiix'B" TypOK-B,
HCjraMT>. BT, cepeflKHi XIV B. OHH snepBBie noaBMHCB BI EBponi, a B'B

Toro ate CTOjrfcTia npeBpaTiuu cepSosi BI CBOHXI saHHiiKOB-B. .HajiBHtfiraie HXI

ycn-BXH 6BMH sasepataHH, HO IHIOB HaspeMa, MonrojaMu, KOTopne eme
BX XIII B.
cos^aiH Ko.ioccajiBHyK) jepataBy BI Asm H Bocio^Hofi Esponi, npaBja, CKOPO
pacnaBinyroca, HO B-B KOHAt XIV B. CHOBa ofi'BesHHHBinyioca.
B-B Hawaii B. XT
jiio floinio fto CTOJiKHOseHia Meatjty o6oHMH saBoeBaieiBHEiMH n,apcTBaMH, KOHHHB-
meeca ne B'B nojiBsy lypOK-B. Kor^a, o^naKO, rocyjapCTBO MOHFOJIOBT.
OHBTB pac-
najocB, TypKH CBOH saBoeBania Ha BajKaHCKOMx nojiyocTpOBi
ciajiH npoji;ojiataT&
H BI cepe^HH-B XV B. nojioaauiH KOHe^'B cymecTBOBaHiro BocioiHofi HMnepiw, C^-B-
jaBiniicB nocji 9Toro rposoro Aia scefl iienipajiBHOH EBPOIIBI. TOJLKO BI HcnaniH

6opB6a xpiicTiaHX CT> MycyJBMaHCTBOM'B iiuia ycntmHie, H BT. KOHU'B XV B.

iia.no

3^-BCB nocaiAHee MaroMexancKoe BJiaA^Hie (FpeHa^a). OKOJO TOFO ate BpeMenn n

BOCToqnaa PycB ocBo6o^HJacB OTT> MOHroiBCKaro lira.
MeHBrae snaieHia ci TOIKH spinia o6me8 HCTOpin HOJIHTHKH ira-kiii Meatny-
220222 HapoAHBia oTHomema 6oa-fee Micraaro xapaKiepa. Bo-nepBBix'B, 910
Cmia CTO-
ji-BTHaa Bofina Meatjy $panniefl H Anrjiieii, BO speMa KOTOpoS anoiScKie KOPOJIH
6BiJio He aaBoesajiH Bcefi $paHuiii, HO Koiopaa KOHqHiacB fl^a nocjiiflHeg

aHrjraqaH'B H3'B ea leppHTopin (ex cepeflHHBi XIV flo cepefliiHBi XV B.).

T
246 Bo-BTOpBixTi, 9TO 6BUH BsaHMHBia OTHouieHia riojiBiiiii, Iexin H Benrpin (CM. nnate,
190 OTfl. IV) H oTHomenie ciasaH-B K-B
 209

cofiumiu. Haqafb sejiHKaro nepecejienia HapojOBi,

(37f>). PasfliuieHie PHMCKOB HMnepiii (395). HameciBie ryHHOB'b (451). najeaieSa-
na.nuoit PiiMCKofi HMnepin (476). IJapcTBOBauie E)cTHuiaiia Bejniuaro (527 565).
BosHUKnoBeme xajn<j>aTa Kapia Map'reaa Ha^ apaCaMH (732).
(632). IIofrfeAa
BoscTaHOBJieHie 3anaji,Hoii PiiMCKofi HMnepiH (800). PacnaAeme MOHapxin Kapja
BejniKaro (843). Haiajo paenpocTpaHema xpHCiiaucTBa y ciaBan'B (864). Ha^a-io
PuMCKofi HMnepin (962). BoaBUuieuie cejBJUKyKCKnx'B TypOKi (1058).
AHrain HOpMaHAnaMii (1066). KpecioBiie noxoju: I (1096), II (1147),
III (1189), IV (1204), V (1228), VI (1250), VII (1270). OcHOBaaie JlaTHHCKoS HM-

nepiH (1204). noflBJieHie JioerojiOB'j. Bb Espoiri (1224). BoaciaHOBjeuie BiisaH-

HMnepiii (1261). CTOJi^THfla aHrjio-4)paHij,y3CKaa sonna (13381437). Ha-
yiBepiKji,euia ocMaHCKiixt TypoK^ Ha BaJKaHCKOMt no^yocTpOBt (1357).
Ha KOCOBOMI. nojif> (1389). BHisa npii AHropi (1402). Ha^eme KoHCTan-
(1453). KoHeut MOHiunscKaro nra Bt Pocciii (1480). Ua^eHie TpeHaji;ti
(1492).

III. Oduj,m onepirb MCTOpin cpeAHeetKOBOii u,epKBM.

CM. KaptH V H VI.

Bt IV B. no P. X. B'i PaMCKoB HMiiepin BOCTopffiecTBOBaao
xpwcTiaHCTBO, 1527.
KOTOpoe KI Kcmnj 9-roro CTOjiiia rocyaapCTseHHoS pejurieS. Bt 3iy
CA"BJiajiocr>

anoxy, o^HaKO, caMa xpnciiancKafl uepKOBt nepeatusaJia BHyipeHnioH) 6opt6y,

KOiopaa BHSMBajracB B-B ne8 uoaBjeHieMi> epecefl. fljui ycTaHOBjenia npaBHJtbnaro
noHUMaeifl ^orMaTOBt B^pti H RAX ycTpoenia sceii BHyipeHHefi SKHSHH uepKBir BT> IV
VIII BB. co3tiBajrncb HMnepaiopaMH BcejeHCKie co6opw. 9ia anoxa 6ujia, KPOM-B
Toro, 6oraia aaM'feiaTejrE.HMMH nepKOBHBiMH niicaiejiraMii, paapaGaTHBaBiuiiMH Teo-
peiniecKie H npaKTiiqecKie Bonpocti xpHCtiancTBa. O^UHMI ast npaKTuiecKHX'b
BonpocoBi>, B03HHKaBmHxi> H3i> npHSHaHiH nepssH rocy^apCTBOMt. 6HJO ycxaHo-
Bjenie Meatfly HHMH onpejijteHOHxi, oiHoraeHiB. Bi BiiaaHTiit Majio-no-Majy ycia-
flyxoBencTBa rocyAapcTBy, Tor^a KaK-L na Sanaa's nyxoseHCTBO
pano odHapyatujio cipeMjeme Kt HeaaBHCHMocTH H ^aaie E
PasnaH-HCTOpniecKaa cy^fc6a oCrinx-f, rrojiosHHi, PIIMCKOB HMnepiH HMijia
ca'BACiBieM'B n TO, HTO BX HIIXX BsaHMHtra OTHOineflia
Mexjy rocy^apciBOMt u
u,epKOBp.K) cioacHjinct pasjHiHtiMt o6pa30Mi>. B-L 3Ty ate anoxy BOSHHKIO na Bo-
H ycn-fe^o nepefmi Ha 3anaji>MOHaniecTBO, Hanaji^4' PMyjiHpOBaTi.cfl acKein-
o6pa30BajiHCB, MonaciMpii. HaKOHeut, Tor.ua sue noiyqiua npa-
^eaji,
opraHusaniio H BCH uepKoseaa iepapxia. Bt e^HHoB BceiencKofi
yate BI 3iy anoxy cymecTBOBaio, oj,HaKo, H^KOTOpoe pasjin^ie Meat
BOCTOKOMI. H jaTHHCKHMT> 3ana^oMT>, a Taitate, no^roTOBJiajiHCb ycjiosia 6yjtymaro
B03BumeHia pimcKaro enncKonaTa Ha cieiieHb cBoero po^a n,epKOBHoft Jionapxiii,
H yiBepji,HJiacB Ha Sana^i. IIo6'Bji,a xpucTiancTBa Hajj-B aHTH^Hoff
BtipasujiacB H B-B TOMT., ?TO Bt IV VI BB. CB-fcTCKaa oCtpasoBaH-
HOCTB iipiiuiia BT. ynajtoKi), H sea uocit^yromaa KyiBiypa npOHHKJiacB peju-

B-B VII B. apa6cKia aaBoeBania HaHecjm yyBCTBHTCJiBHHB y^api xpucTiaH' 6065.

CTBy BI Asiit H BI A(j)pnK fe, a BI cji'feayioni.eM'B B-BK'B BI BnsaHTiH nponcxoAiMa
f

cipauiHaa pejnirioaHaa 6opB6a, BBissaHHaa noaBJieHiesi-B HKonodopCTBa, Ha CTO-

pOHi; Koioparo cioajia HMuepaTOpcKaa BjiaciB.
HKOuodop^ecKia CMyTBi npeKpa-
TII.IIICB JIHIKB B'B cepe^Huij IX B. Bi> 3iy
auoxy CAHHCTBO Bce.ieecKofi uepKBit,
, EC 6Buo ein,e HapyraeHo, H Bt KOHU.* VIII B. tiLm, co6paH nocjfvi,HiB
r

i,

MCTOPU. 14
 210

BcejeecKifi co6opi>, HE Koxoposn. OHJIH npejjcxaBiixejin H BociOKa, n 3ana#a. TEMT,

He Mea-feeHEOHo6opqecKoe jBnateHie BT. BHsaHxin ne MOIMO ne oxpasiixBca ne-
6-jaronpiaxHBiMT, o6pa30in> Ha ejumeniH BocroKa H 3ana.ua. fTanciBo, ocxaBnieeca
B-EPHBIMT, npaBocjasiK), BocnojbsoBajocB HEOHofiopcxBOMT,, qxo6Bi nocxaBHXB ce6a
B'b Goalie nesaBHCHMoe oxHomeme KT. BnsaHxiH. OHO flocxiiraex-B 3xoro BT. VIII B.,

ce6a QO^-B noKpoBHiejiBCiBO 4>paHKCKHxi. Kopoaefi, JJH KoropiixT, jase

HMnepaxopCKyro BjracxB Ha Sanaa's. CT. csoeS cxopoHBi, (})paHKCKie
rocyjiapH KJiaxyTi naqa.io CB-BTCKOI! BjacTH nani HCO^'feScTByioTi.paciiiHpeHiK) HXI,
7577. jtyxoBHaro oaBencTBa Bt sanaAHofi n,epKBH. flpas^a, npn Kapji BejuKOMt nansr
^ojiatHH 6miH nofliKHHTBCfl BjaciH sana^Haro mjneparopa, HO c%
ero MOHapxin OHH npioSpimi HesaBiicHMOCTB H ji;aiKe ctajH iipaiio
KI rJiaBencTBy ne TOJBKO naji;i jpyrHMH enHCKonama 3ana^a, HO H Ha^i caMoro
cB-BTCKoro BJiacTBH). (0 (j>eoji;ajiH3auiH KaTOJiiiecKoS uepKBH 89 H 97).
111 112. yiBepAHB-B ceoe rjaBeHCTBO na Sanaa's, nanu BT> cepe^HH'B IX B. CA-kiajiH
nonBiTKy pacnpocipaHHTB ero H na BiisaHTiio, HO BCtptTirjiH si-fecB oxnopi.
Pacnpa nam. c'B KaHCiaHTHHonojiBCKHMH naxpiapxaMH Hs^-sa sonpoca o6i> HXI
BaaHMHBix'B OTHOineHiflX'B ocJOHHHJiacB conepHaqecTBOMi nsx-aa ofipameniH B'B
xpiic'riaHCTBo cjiaBHHii, KOiopBie KaK-B-pasi. B'B 9TO speMfl ciajiH npHHHMaxB xpa-

stpy, a xaKme cnopaMu uo nosojiy B'fepoucnoB'BAULix'B paainiifl, o6pa-

K'B cepejumi IX MesK^y o6iHHH itepKBaMH. OKOHiaiejiBHoe paaji.'B-

uepKBefi npOHSOiuio B-B cepejiimt XI B. Cauo nanciBO, o^HaKo, Bt H X

nepsoS UOJOBIIHB XI B. nepejKHBajio uepioj-B cxpamHaro JiopajiBHaro na^eHia, HSI
KOTOparo 6BMO BBisejieBO TOJIBKO pe^opnaMH rpuropia VII, cospeMeHHHKa paa-
fltjieHiH n;epKBeB. BTOTI. nana nociaBHai CBOCKI sa^ageio HO^IHRHTB rocyjapcxBO

ii,epKBH, CBiTCKyro BJacTB jyxoBHoS, HMnepiro nancrsy H OTHJJTB y rocy^apeS

HasHa^eflie Ha BBICIIUH n,epKOBHLifl flOjateocTH, KOxopBifl BI xo ate speMH finin
n <J>eo,n,ajibHBiMii xaKi KaKi enHCKonn H a66axBi B'B Ka'tecxB-B Kpyn-
BJia^-feHiflMH,
BBIXI 6Bun BMtcxi c'B x-feMi. H BaccajaMH CBixcKiixi, rocyAapeS.
seM.ieBiaA'fe.iBii.eB'B
Haqajiac& 3HajieHHxaa 6opB6a nancxsa H HMiiepin, BO spena Koxopoi! naim Hirs-
jiarajH rocy4,apeft H paspimain HXI nojuaHLixi oxi HpacarH.
153164. BI> 3xy ate caMyro anoxy npoHCxo^HJia 6opB6a sanaAHHxi, xpHCxiaHt ci nycyjiB-
waHaMH. HSB'EcxHaa nogb HaaBaHieMTj KpecxosBixi) noxo^osii. KpecxoHOcitu OCHO-
saiu ua BOCXOK-B CBOII rocyjtapcxBa, HXO coxiBcxBOBajio pacnpocxpaHefliio nan-
CKo8 BJiacxH H na BOCXOK-E. Boo6ui,e XII XIII B-BKa OBIJIH anoxoft Han6ojBmaro
Morymecxsa KaxojHqecKoil itepKBH (3noxa HHiyjiBreHitifi H HHxepji.HKXOB'B, Humen-
cxByromaro Moaamecxsa H cxoiacxHKH, 0HKBH3Hn;iH M KpecxoBBixi. noxoaoBi, npo-
XHBI epexHKOB'B H x. A.). Bop&6a nanciBa H HMnepiii, Ha^aBniaaca BX XI B. npo-
H BT. 9uoxy KpecxoBBixx HOXO^OBI, npa qeMi. nojyiHJia oco6eHHo
xapanxepi. BT> uapcxBOBaflie jiHHacxiH roreHmray^enoBi,.
uiaro MorymecxBa JOCTUOO nancxso BT. Haqajiti XIII B. npn HnoKeHxin III, H
iipeeMHUKaMT. ero yji,ajiocB cosepraeBHo coKpyiniiiB MorymecxBO ForeHinxayilieHOBT.
H BMicili CT. liMT. HaHeciH yA^pt HMirepin. HaKOHeiii., sa see 3x0 speMa nann
He nepecxaBajin A'feJiaiB HOHBIXKH UOJMHHHIB ce6ti BOCxoqHyio uepKOBB, CT. KaKo-
BOBO ui^BK) Aaate npeflupHHHMajHCB csoero po^a KpecxoeBie noxo^u.
198213. XIV H XV
cxojrtiia CBMH yaee BpeMeneMT, ynaa,Ka H xaKT. HasuBaeMoft fl nopqn"
KaxojiHqecKoi! uepKBH. Cnop-B nanBi BoHii^aAia VIII ci <})paH^y3CK^M'B EO])OJeMT.
$HJJHHIIOMT> IV OKOHqHJica nopaateHieMT. nancxsa, H Haqajrca ceMH^ecaxiui'BXHiS

nepio^i. aBHHBOHCKaro -njiiHeHia nani,. BMTJCXT. CT. SXHMT. nancxso H KJHPT. npnxo-
jaxT. BT. HpaBCXBeHHBifl yna^OKT.,qxo BBiSBiBaexi. npoxiiBT. HHXX B'B Bl;pyK)iD,nxT.
HeyAOBOJiBcxsie. BT. .noBepiueme scero B'B KOHn,"B XIV B. BT. D,epEBii npo-
 211

mom eji'b pacKOjn>, ;unBmiBcfl OKOJO copoKa rfeTi. Bee 310 HaBoiiuo ea MUCJI> o

Heo6xOAHMOCTH p6(j)OpMU, Cl KaKOBOH) U-BJILK) B'b HCpBOB HOJIOBHH'B XV B. C03H-

6ojbiuie co6opti, ne HniBinie, oflHaKO, ycniixa BI .nocTHHtemii csoeB U-BJIH.
BT> XIV H XV BB. cxajn noaBMTbCH OTjtJibHbie pe<J)OpMaTopbi,
o6an'iaBinie uopqy itepaBH 11 Tpe6oBUBinie ea ncnpaB-ieHifl. BT> ^exiu BT> XV B

npon3ouua aaate iifyma. peiiiriosHaa peBOjnouja, cBflsaHHaa ex HMeeeiTb HE& Fyca.

QTOTT. peifropMaTOpt duji'b coHtaeHi, Ha KOCTp-fe no npiirosopy KOHCTaHUCKaro co6opa,
HO ero nocj'BAOBa'rejiH BT. Hexia sciynujiH BT OHtecToieHHyK) 6opb6y CT>
^H3MOM^, BO Bpenfl Koiopofl B'I. cTpaR-fe ciajio paaBHBaTbCfl ceKTantCTBO.
BTOpofl nojioBUHbi XV H Haiajia XVI B. 6min CKOp-fee cstTCKHMH
UOJIITHKaMH II BOHHaMU, ^-fiMI. npe,T.CTaBHTeJiaMH flyXOBBBIX-b HHTGpeCOB'b, H
Bbi3biBain upoxHB-b ce6,H HeyAOBOJbCTBie j^aate BX npaBOB'BpHHX'L KaiojHKaxi. E
B'b 3TOMT. nepiouli nanu He OCTUBJIJIJIH MUCJIH o noAiHHemH cefii BOCToqeoS
: BT. cepe^HH'h XV B. Ha cofiopf. BO <I>jiopeHn,iH cociofljiacb jaate ynia siesjy
uepKBaMH, HO npasocjiaBHoe nacejieHie BocxoKa ee OTBepoo.
XpOHOAOiin ea3KHrbiiwuax> coSumiu. MnjiaHCKiB a^HKTb (312). BceJiencKie co-
6opu: I (325), II (381), III (431), IV (451), V (533) VI (680), VII (787). Hpn-
(
Hfliie xpnciiaHCTBa (JtpaHKauH (4 J6). aHrjocaKcauii (596), repMaHuamn (OKOJO
750), MOpaBaMH H 6oJirapaMii (865), noJiflKaMH (966), pyccKHMH (988), BCHrpauH
(10UO), jarqaHaMH (OK. 1025), aHTOBnaMH (1386). HKOHo6opciBO (726842). Haqa.no
CBticKofi BJiacTii nani (754). PasjvBJieHie o,epKBefi (867 1054). Haqajo pe(j>opMi
riuibjte6paHji;a (Fpiiropifl VII) (1059). CnopT> sa HHBecTmypy (1077 1122).
KpecTOBtie HOXOAH (10961291). OcHosaHie niimeHCTByroiii.HX'b opAenoBi (1209 H
1220). ABHHbOHCKoe nji-EHCHie nam> (130513771 BejiHKifi pacKOJi, KaxojiHqecKog
uepKBti (1378 1417V Codopw BT> Hns-fe (140^), KoHCiaHA-B (1414 1418) H Baaejii
(14311449). rycuTCKifl BOHHH (1419 1431). $JiopeHTi8cKaa ynia (1439).
CpedneerbKoeuH epecu u cexmu (CM. 16, 17, 19, 61, 128, 156, 203, 206 H

209): apiancTBO (BT> IV B.), nejariaHCTBO, HeciopiancTBO (BI V B.), MOHO^HSHTCTBO

(BT> V B.), MOiioeejuTCTBO (BT. VII B), HKOHo6opCTBO (BT. VIII B.),

(BT, IX aJb6nro8cTBO
B.), (B'b XII B.), Bajb^eHCTBO (BI. XII B.), nponost-jib
Haro EsaHrejiifl (BI. XIII B.), BeKJiH<t)H3Mi. (BI XIV B), rycuicTBO (BI XV B.).
Hau6o.in>e saMWtameMnue cpedueen>Koeue nanu. CHJibBecipi. I (314 335),
KoHCTaHTHHa BejHKaro. Jlesb I BejiiiKiS (440461). Fpuropifi Be-
^590-604). Tpuropia II (715731). 3axapifl (741752). Cre^aHX II (752
757). JleBi, III (795816). HiiKOJau I (858867). loanHT, XII (955964). Ciuib-
BecTpt II (repCepTi, 999-1003). JleB* IX (10491054). HHKOiaS II (1059
1061), Tpiiropia VII (I'lUbjieripaHAT,, 10731085). Yp6aH-b II (1088-1099). Kaj-
JHKCTI, II (1119-1124). A^piaHi, IV (11541159). AjieKcaHflpi III (1159-1181).
HuoKeHTiS (1198-1216). rpiiropifi IX (12271241). YpSaH'b IV (1261-
III

1264). BoHH(j)aaifi VIII (1294-1303). KjiMMCHT-b V (13051314). Tpuropifl XI

(1370 1378). loanHi XXIII (14101415). Map-rum, V (1417-1431). Eurema IV
114311447). HHKOJiaB V (14471455). HiB II (1458-1464). CHECX* IV (1471
1484). A-ieKcan-Ap-b VI BopaaiU (14921503). IDjiB II (15031513).

IV. Otim,ia nepibi ncTopm poMaHO-repMaHCKMXi> H c^aeflHCKMXi>

a) PoMano-repMaHCKie

rocyjiapCTBa o6pa30BaaHCb nepsoHaqajibHO BI nposHH- 2831.

3aiiaAHoB PiiMCKofi iismepiii, BI. KOTODUXI. iiocejHUHCb repMaHCKie npn-
14*
 212 -
IlepBBia speMena BX HCXopiH w BapBapCKiixT>"KOpojeBCXBx xapaiixepusyroxca
.

csrEuiemeMx H BsaHMOji.'EficTBieMX PHMCKHXX H repnaHCKHxx B033pf>Hifi H nopaji;-

KOBi>, pesyjitxaxoMX qero 6tun CBoeofipaaaBia (JtopMH 6Bixa, fiojite HJH iieHie
o6mia BCX-MX BTHMX rocyiapcxsaMX. CxapBie PHMCKJC nopaflKH yji;epjKaxBca npn
HOBHXX ycjOBiaxx He MOMH, HO H repsiaHCKie nopaflren SOJJKHM 6H1H paBHBrax
o6pasoMT> noflBeprnyiBca aHainxejiBHBiMx H8Bte6Hini%. 06maa qepxa HOBBIXX OT-
HomeHiS nocxeueHHoe naaeaie rocy^apciBeHHofi Biacxn H ycmreme noaeuejiLHoft
apHCTOKpa riH, npH<ieirb Hapo^Haa Macca see Gojiie IT do-ite saKpinomajract Kpyn-
r

IIHIIII 36MJieBJiaji'BJii>AaMH, a ropoicKofi 6uTi> aHTH^Haro Mipa yciynajn M^CTO cejit-

CKOMy 6HTy CpeiHHXl B^KOB't. OAHOBpeMeHHO CT> 9THMT.

H KyjiBTypi TyseMuesi,, H mi> CMimeHia H jipyrnxt ciaJiH
Tf>xi>

napoiHOcra, nojiyquBiuia HaasaHie pOMaHCKiix-B.

73 74. BT> KOHU'fe VIII H naqaji IX BB. 66jiBraafl TiacTt 3ana^Ho8 EsponLi 6wjra

o6xe.HHHeHa no^x Bjacibro ojtHoro rocyjapa (MOHapxia Kapaa BejHKaro), HO BO

Biopnfi nojroBHH-fe IX B. 9ia HMnepia ciaia jpo6nTBCH na MejKia qacin, BX KO-
TOPHXX ycTaHOBiuca cosepmeHHo ocofiug nojHTH^ecKifl H couiaahHtifi cxpog.
06xeji,HHHTejr}iiin saiiajHoS EBponn BX oflny Moaapxiio asajHCB (j)paHKii, Kopoj&
KOTOptixx Kapix BejiHKift nuiajrca opraHHSOBaiB csoe rocyaapciBO na PIIMCKHXX
naqajaxx, HO nonHTKa OKOHqnjracB ney^aieio. Bca iicTopia (j>paHKCKaro KopoiescTBa
eciB HCTOpia pasioacema rocyjapcTBeeHofi Biacrn BX nojiBsy noseiwejiBHoS snaTH,
7894. Maao-no-Majio Hapo,a;x. Co BTOpoS
saKpinociaBineS ROJIOBHHBI IX B. na 3a-
9xo 6&uio pasji^eHie Kaajaro rocyjapcTBa na
1

naax ycxaHOBMca (tteo^arasMx.

MHoaiecTBO M6.3KHXX Bjajt'BHiS, BO oaBi KOTopBixx cTOHJiii rocy.napH-iioMX'miiKii H
Koiopua HaxoAujmcb BX iepapxiiiecEot saBHCHMOCTH OAHO OTX spyroro. Ciapua
(j)opMLi 6HTa pHMCKaro H repmaHCKaro nponcxoatji;eHifl saMtHHJHCB HOBHMH, (j>eo-
H 3THMX <J)OpMaMX nOa^HHIWOCB ( w (j)e0^aJIH3HpOBaJIOCB") BC6 II TO-
H o6m,ecTBO, H n;epKOBf.. XapaKTepHBia qepxw 4)eoji;aj[H3Ma: nepexo^x
BJiacTH KX KpynHBiMX seMjeB^aj'BJBii.aMx, npespamenie Kaa^aro
BX KaKx 6H oTflXMBHoe BaaaiHie, pfoKoe pacna^enie o6meciBa Ha roc-
no^x H no^quHeHHyro HMX Maccy, saKp-fenomenie KpecibaHCTsa, ycxaHOBJieHie BJiacin
rpa<J>a IIJIH enncKona BX ropo.a,axx, sanina no^aHCTBa BaccajniTeioMx, npespa-
menie BBICUIHXX ^yxoBHLixx jiHn;x BX BJia^'BTejiBHiJXB KHasefi, a Kopojieg BX ,,nep-
BHXX Heathy paBHHMH u H T. n.
5
165170. Cx nopa^Kanir ne MOFJIH npHMHpHTBca atHTejH ropoj.oBx, BX
<j)eoji,ajBHHMH
KOTOPBIXX cx XI
Ha^aiocx pasBHiie npOMBinueHHocTH n Toprosin. Bx anoxy
B.

KpeciOBBixx noxo^oBx BX rjiaBHLixx cipaeaxx 3anaji,HOH EspoiiH nponcxo^Hjio

ciaBHBUiee ce6i n/kibio ocBo6oatji,eHie ropoji,OBx OTX fyeo-
BJiaciH H jtaaie npespameHie HXX BX caMOCToaxejixHHa o6m,HHH cx pec-

CTpoemx. Bx paaHUxx cxpanaxx 910 jtBiiatenie npnBoji,HJio KX

pesyjibxaiaMx, HO Best's Ha6jiKji,aK)Tca H o6in,ia aBJienia. Cx OCBO-
6o3v,a;eHieMXropoioBx ycKOpuiocb pasBmie npoMBimjeHHOCTn H TOproBJii, o6pa-
sosajca Eiaccx saatHTO^HBixx Kynfl,OBx, BOSHHKIH Kopnopau,iu peMecieHHiiKosx
(n,exH) H B0o6ui,e yciaHOBMHCB HOBLIH o6mecTB6HHBia OTHomeaia, He
yme OTX (Jteo^ajBHOH OCHOBH. KpOMi xoro, ropo,na cjj,ijiajincB
CHJIOH), CX KOTOpOK) ^OJIJKHBI 6LUH C^IITaTBCa H ipyiie o6meCTBeHHbie
Hoax BJiiameMX BHCTynjienia ropo^osx nponsonuio npespameHie <Jeo,najibHoB
Monapxin BX cocioBHyro, xapaKxepasyromee anoxy KpecxoBtixx noxoji,OBx.
ropo^cKiixx upeji;cTaBiixejie8 KX npeaiHHMx <Jeoji,ajibHLiMx
H cfiixcKHxx Bacca-iOBX npeBpaxioo 3Tii cxis^u BX cociosHO
rjiaBHBiMx npaBOMx KOTOPBIXX cflXMiajioct yqaciie BX ns-
 213

.uiiiin HOBBix'b 3aKonoBT>. Bnoxoio upoo.B'ETaHia cocjoBHofi .iiOHapxiii CLUB XIV H

XV BB., HO BI 3TO Bpewa oCHapyjaiiBaiOTca iiepsue npHsnaKH CTpejuenia
yace 214216
Kopojieft CA'kiaxb CBOK> BJiacTb a6cojiK>THOK), BI> neari. HMI CHJLHO nosiorajiH H 239.
i, PMMCKOC npaso. IlepBbiMif HacToain,HMn
iisyqaBiiiie
Ha saua^i EBPOIIBI npii uepexoAt BT> HOBOC speiia CBIJIH

KOHna cpeaeax-B B'BKOB'B, BjaciB KOTOPBIXT, oniipajiacb He

a Ha BoeHHyio cujiy. Hxi, DPHM^P-B CT, Konua XV
B. ciajn, OKasBisaTb CUJBHOG

Ha flpynixt Kopojieit,H BT, XVI H XVII BB. cocJiOBHafl MOHapxia yciyniLia

Mouapxiii af5cojE)THoS. 3a MrajiieS noc^oBaJia HcnaHia, r^t yate BI. KOHui
XV B. a6coJK>TH3MT, oKOHiaxejiBHo BOCiopjKecTBOBaji'fc. HaAeHijo cociosHoff Monap-
xiH neiiajio cos-BflcTBOBajn. paa^opi cocjoBiS, nojibsosaBiuHxca nojHTHqecKHMH
;
HTO a;e KacaeTca HapojHoB MaccH,-To oua ocTasajiaci. paBHOjjyiimoK)
cocjioBHO-npejcTaBHiejiBHHX'B yqpeameHifi, TaKi> KaKi caMa He HM^jia
Bl HUXT) CBOHXI, npejCTaBHTCJieS.
Xponojimia eawHn>muuxT> coGumiu. OcHOBanie HOBBIXTE, rocyjapCTBt Beciro-
TaMii (412), BaHjaiaMH (430), anrjo-caKcaMH (449), ^paHKasui (486),
(493), jaHro6ap,naMH DaaeHie KOpojreBCTBi> BeciroicKaro (711),
(568).
CKaro (534), ociroTCKaro (555), janro6apxcKaro (774). 3noxa o6i>e,HHHeHifl sa-
na^uoS EBPODH iipH Kapai BejHKOMX H .IIOIOBHK-B BjiaroqecTHBOMi, (763843).
06pa30Bame $paH^0, TepMaHin H HTajtia (843). Haiaio napjasieHTa BT. Anrjin
(1265) H reHepajii>HBix'& miaTOBi BO $paHn,in (1302).
06iu,afl HCiopia cpe,n,HeBtKOBOH KyjibTypti na Sanaa's asioateHa BI 276296.

B) C.iaBHUCKie

CM. KapiHXI-XIII H XIX XX, a xaKme V.

C.naBae BCTynn.in BT> o6myro Hcxopif) ct BecbMa paHHUMH <J)opMaMH o6me-ss 1261
ciBeiiHaro 6Hia H no CBOHMI. cysb6aMi, pacuajiicb Ha 4 rpynnw: 1) nepecejw- ir 130.
Branxca Bi. BHsaHTiflcKyjo HMne iro, r^t OHH 3WHHH3npoBajiHCb, 2) ocHOBaBiniixi
t

rocyjtapcTBa, 3) BoniejtniHX'b BI. cocxaBi Benrpiu, HO ne yipa-

CBoeS HauioHajibHOCTH H 4) saBoeBauH&ixt FepMaHieii H OH-BMe^eHHbixi..
rocy^apciBa ciajin nrpaib poib BT> cepe^HH-E IX B., H Toria ate Hi-
KOTopue cjraBHHcaie HapoaH npHnajH xpHCTianciBo; apyrie JEC HPHHHJIH ero mmr.
BX X B. Bi nojiHTiiMecKOM'& H B^ KyjitTypHOMi. OTHomeniH OJHH cjasane npa-
MKHyjH KI. BHsaHtiii ii K-b BocioiHoS uepKBH, jipyrie Kii repMamu H Kt sanaj-
Hofl nepKBH. ETepsHa cjaBHHCKia rocyAapcxBa 6Hjm pa3o6in,eHM jpyn. OTI, Apyra
6oiBuiHMii npocTpancxBauH H BpaKAc6HBiMn lueMeHaMH H He OTJiimajiHCb npoi-
HOCTtK). BT> X
B. aauaAHBie cjiasaHe OBIJIH OTAiuieHBi OTT. BOIKHBIXT. senrpaMH, KO-

TOpBie KJHHOM-b BpfeajiHCb BX cjaBaHCKifi nip-b. 9noxa KpecTOBbixi noxoAOB-b, T. e. ^ 1891

XII XIII B-BKa BI iiCTOpin 3Toro MJpa osHaMeeoBana
roeyjapcTB'!. H CHJBHHM'B repMaHCKUMi.Ha^opOM^ Ha BOCTOKT>", npa HCMI
cjaBaHi noABeprjiacb npaHoii repMaunsauiii, a cpejui Apyroii nocejH-
aaiiaAHBixi.
jocb oqeHb MHOFO niMneBi. H ciajio CHJBHO cKasbiBaibca Boo6m,e Hi>MeuKoe
Kyjibiypnoe BJiianie.
Bx XIV H BB. XV at cjiasflHCKOMT. jiipi npOHsoinjiH 6ojibinia nepearfeHBi: o
^j
fiwcipoe BOSBbimenie Cep6in, a HOTOMI saBoesaHie ea (H Bojirapin) rypKauu,
o6i.eAiiHeHie pyccKiix-b senejiB MOCKBOIO H JHTBOK) CT> ocBoOoHmeuieM?. HXI
oriiMOHrojibCKaro Hra, ycHjieaie TIexi H UOJBIIIH, coeAHHaromefica ci JIuiBOio.
OcoCeiiHyro saatHOCTb npeACTaBJiaeii. TO oCcToaxeaBCTBO, ^TO BT> 3ty aiioxy npo- 246.
T
BpeMCHHbia coeAiinenifl BeHrpiii, IexiH n Ilojibiuit, BT> Biiay oOmeii
 214

249 H 252. onacHocxa ex. oj;Ho8 CTOPOHH ort H-feMaeBX, ci jpyroS OTX xypoEi,. Saarfeqa-
xejBHo eme, qxo BX> 9x11x1 xpext rocy^apcxBaxx BBipa6oxajiBCB H H-fcKoxopBia o6iu,ia
qepxBi aojEBxniecKaro H conjajbHaro 6bixa: BOSBBimeme nauoBt H nuaxxti, KOXO-
pBie HaiBnaiox'B rocnojcxBOsaxb Ha ceaMaxx, saKpinomeHie KpeciBaacxBa, npe-
flocxaB-aeme ropoioBi> ntimaM'B H espeajTb H x. n.
XpOHOjioiin eawHnuwuxi co6umiu.
OcHOBanie rocy^apcxBt 6ojrapcKaro
(679), BeJiBKO-MOpascKaro (871), nojbCKaro (OK. 870), Bearep-
pyccKaro (862),
CKaro (895), ^emcKaro (912), H npBnaxie xpacxiancxsa 6ojirapaMH (864) n Mopa-
BaMH H oxiacm qexaMH (865),noiaKaMH (966), pyccKHMH (988) H senrpaMH (1000). Ila-
jeeienepBaro BojrapCKaro itapcxsa (1018). IIo^HeeHie Xopsaxiii seHrpaMi. (HOJ).
OcHOBaHie Bxoporo BoirapCKaro ijapcxsa (1186). Passpo6jieHie Ha y^tJiH PycH
(1054) H IloibniH (1139). MoHrojbCKoe nro BX Poccia (12361480). SaBoeBame
l
Cep6ia (1389) n BojrapiH (1393) xypKaMH. BpeMeHHMJi coe^HHeHia ) Bearpin,
H nojbraH (1301 1526). CoeflimeHie IIOJBIIIH ex J!HXBOK> (1386).

V. 06uj,iM onepK-b MCTOpiM Mycy^ibMaHCKaro Mipa.

CM. KapxH III, XV, XVI, XVIII, XX a XXL

4557. Bi> nepsofi nojioBna-B VII B. B-B Apasia aBHJiacB Hosaa
pejraria, asBicxnaa
noji.'BHasBaHiaMa HCjaMa, MycyjiBuaHcxBa H naroiiexaHCXBa. Eme caMt ocaoBa-
xejB ea, Maroueix., aa^ajix ee pacapocxpaaaiB nyxearB CBameeaoft BOHHBI ex
aeBipaBiMa, a sea Apasia yate apa ero KBBHB npasaasajra aa^x. co6oio ero
BJiaciB. Bi aepBHfi siKi csoero cymecxBoeania BCJUM-B osjiaa'Bjr'B Capiefi, llep-

ciefi, Cpe^aeS Asiefi, EranxoMTb, sceS cisepaoa A4paKo8 a ^aate Hcaaaiefi.

(Bnocjii^ciBia MycyjBMaaciBOM'B c^jaaBi SBIIB a jtpyria saBoesaHia). Bci ysa-
saaHBia aeMJia o6pa30sajiH rpoMa^Hyro jepmaBy xaJH^axt, BO raaB'fc Koxoparo
cioajB ^HaMicxHaKa" npopOKa (xajia^Bi), o6ieqeHHBie ayxoBaoio a CB:ETCKOK)
BjracxBK). llpa aepBBix'B xpexx xajia^ax-B cxojiaueS 3xoro rocy^apciBa 6Bna

MeKKa, HO ^anacxia OMafiaaoB'B aepeaecjia cxoiauy BX .HanacKx. Bi axy ae

anoxy BI. MycyibMaHCKOM'B Mip-fe apoasonieji'B pejiariosHBia pacKOJix Meatay cya-
HBxauB a miaxaMH. Bx cepe^BHi VIII B. sHHaciiro OMafia^oBi cseprjia ^aaacxia
A66acajOBx, aepeHecniaa cxoaauy xajra^axa BI Bar^a^'B, HO OMafia^H y^epaiajiH
sa co6oK> Hcaaniro, Koxopaa apespaxajracB BT> oco6bi8 xajiB<J)axx ct cxojiaiief! BI>
109 - 1 10. KopjtOB'E. 3xo aocjii^Hee co6Hxie SBLIO naiajiOM'B pacaa^ema xajH(j)aia Ha
paj'B MycyjiBMancKaxT) rocy^apciB-B,odpasosaBuraxca BI Asia H A^pnid;
<})axBi eranexcKifi, HO caMi acjam npojiojiffiaji'b pacnpo-
ra3HeBB^,cKi8 a ap.);
cxpaHaxbca a BI> 9noxy paciiaienia rocyjjapcxBeHHaro ejnacxBa. Oco6euHO saat-
noe SHaieme nojiyiBja BX MaroMexaHCKOMi nipt BO BxopoS aojoBaai

l
) Bi 1301 r. BI BearpiH npeKpaTHjact AHHacxia Apnaia, a BI 1306 B-B 'lexin
aeacTia HpsceMHCJia,npeAcxaBHTCJH Koxopofi BpeMCHno BJia-
nocJitAaie
H Iloatmefi. BeerepCKie MarHaxa Bt 1301 r. BH6pajn na npecTOjn. HeracKO-noat-
CKaro Kopoaa Bandana II, KOTOPHH aocaa-it BT> BeHrpiro csoero ctina Ban;jaBa III,
6nBinaro nocj-hAHHM-b npateMucJiOBHHeMt. HOCJ* axoro BI Benrpia yxBep^HJiacb AH-
ayflcKaa ^HHacxia, BI HexiH JlK)KceM6yprcKaa, no npeKpameniH e BI
nacxia IlacTOBi (1870) H AeayftcKofi B-L BenrpiH (1382) CHOBa BpeneHHO
ci. Bearpiefi CHa^aaa Hojibuia, HOXOMI Hexia. B% Hojuni BT> 1386 r.

3rejwoHOB'i,, HJieau Koxopofi n;apcxBOBaaH BI XV B. H BI ^exiH, H BT, BCH-

rpin.
 - 215

E'EKOBT. HOBBI6 Hat OflBI XVpKII H MOHFOJlbl. B'b XI B. CeJIBJUKyKCKie TypKH

jiicb rocnoACTByromiiM-B HapoflOMi BB iiepeAHefi Aaiii, n iiMeiiHO ci HHMH BCTV-
UIIJIH sanajHO-eBiioneficKie Hapo,a,Bi BT>6opt6y, HSBtcTuyio no,p> HasBanieM'b npe-
cxoBbix'i, noxoj.oB'B '). 'dia. 6opi>6a npOAO-iatajiacb mmBtKa, n BT> KO HU,-B KOHUOBI.
ocxa.iacb B-B auoxy KpecTOBBixi no-^ 194197.
Ha cxopout MycyjibMaH'b. Ka^-pasx
Ha cueny ncxopiH BMCTynirjiii MOHPOIBI, saBoesaBiiiie dojitmyio qacib Aain
H HiiKOTOpyio Hacxb EsponbT H Toate Bnocji-fejcxRiM npHHflBmie MarosieTaHCTBO,
T-feM-B KaKi, 3% nepeABefl Asia Ha CM-feuy xypKaM-B ceJIBAacyKCIftIM^ Towa
TypKii ocMaHCKie. MoerojiBr H ociaaHCKie xypKii o6pa30Bajn BI Asin
rocyjapciBa, Meat^y KoiopuMH B-B XV
B. npOH3om.no rpanaioaeoe

ie. Ho CJUIHCTBO MOHrojibCKaro uapcisa ne yAepatajiocb, Torja KaKii, Ha-

oCopo'fB, TypKH B'b XIV n XV BB. oSpasoBaJiii rpOMa^Hyio Aepacasy, cjiijaBrnyiocfl BI>

HOBoe BpeMfl oaBHoft npe^ciaBHiejibHimeft MycyjbMaHCTBa BO sceM'i. CTapOM^

n jrojiro SbiBrayro rpo3HOio BpajKji;e6HOH) CHJOIO jia Esponbi. HS-B
eBponeficKiix'b cipaHi, Haxo^HBiuHxca uoxb Mycy^bMaHCKHMi HFOMI, yjajocb
ocBo6oAHTbca iHrab Hcuama H Pocciu. BaiKaHCKiS no;iyocTpOB'b Haji;ojiro npespa-
THlCfl B'b ^OCTOflHie TypOKt.
eaofcmbuwux* cofiwmiu. BircTBO MaroMeia BT> Meuray (622). Bos-
Hcnamii (711). Haqaao anHacxiii OiaaSfl-
xajm<l)aTa (632). SaBoeBanie
H BLUvkieHie Kop^oscKaro xajtH^aia (750). BBi^tieHie xaJin^aTOBTi ErnneT-
CKaro H TasHeBH^cKaro (OK. 1000). BoaBbimenie cejib^atyKCKHXT) TypOKi. (1058).
MourojbCKia saBoesaoifl (1206 1271). HajeHie Bawa^CKaro xaaH(j)a'ra (1258).
IIoaBJieHie ocMaHCKuxi TypOKi> (1299). BiiTBa npn Anropt (1402). SaBoesaHie

Cep6in (1389), Bojrapin (1393) H KoHCTaHTiinoiiojia (1453).

xcuiucpw. A6y-BeKpi (632634), Osiap'b (10 644) H OcManx (656);
Moasia (RO 697), ocHoeaTeJib junacTiH OMaSfl^OBi, H A6yjb-A66ac-b (750754),
ocHOBaiejib jjHHacTiii A66acnjtoB'b, HS'B KoiopoS uponcxojtHJi'b FapyH^-ajib-PauiH^'b
(786809), coBpeueHHHK'b Kapja BejiHKaro.
06maa HCTopia MycyjibMancKoS (apa6cKo8) KyjbTypbi imoaceHa BT> 270 275.

VI. KpaTKie onepKn MCTopiM OTAt^bHUXi crpatrb.

CM. Kapiy XXI, na Koiopofl npe^CTasjeno nojiHTiinecKoe pasA^JieHie EBPODBI

B'B KOHn,ij Cp. BB.

ABCTpia.
CM. Kapibi IV H XIV.
Ascipia (repuorcTBo) o6pa30BajiocB HSI* Bocio^HoS MapKH Mosapxin Kapja 70.
Be-iHKaro. Bo BiopoS nojioBimli XIII B. oea EM'SCTE ci COC-BAHUMH CT> Hero 188.
IllTiipieft ii Kpaimofl ^ociajiacB pHMCKO-repwaHCKOMy HMnepaiopy PyjjojiB^y
OMy, KoiopBiS yxBep^iu-B am SCMJIH sa CBOHMH noxoMKaMH. Cx cepe- 236 237.
XV B. TaScdypni nocxoanuo BbifiHparoxca BT. HMnepaxopw, H CT> 3xoro se
ocpeACTBOMi, Cpaiflbix'b coK>30Bi> Ascxpia ^pIIcoeAHHaeT^ KT> cefii eme
u HOBbia seMJiH, HO Hacxoflmee ea se^nqie naiunaexca JIIIHB BX XVI B.
BcMcwbuiutH xpoHOJioiiwecKin damu: IIpioSptxeHie Fa6c6ypraMU AscxpiH i
llhiipin H KpailHbi (1279). Ha^ajo iiocxoauHaro iisSpaeia pHMCKO-repMancKHX'B
f

HMnepaxopOB'b HSI. ra6c6ypros B (14157). [JpioCptxeHie Fa6c6ypraMH BenrepcKofi

H HeiiiCKoii KopOH-b (1526).

Cp. 142, 145, 146, 149, 150 e 151.

 216

Anr.iia.

CM. EapiBi I, II, V, VIII H XXI.

Bx cepe^HH'fe V B. BX Bpuianiio CTRJIH nepecejiaiBca ex jiaxepHKa anrjiBi H
KOiopue qacTBH) HCTpe6iuiii, laciBio BMTicHHiH TyseMHoe uaceieHie H
MajeubKHxx rocyflapcTBx. Bx 9Ty snoxy aHrjo-caKCBi 6bLjii enie
H-ECKOjibKO

yjKe ycn'feBraee pantine npOHHKHyiB BI crpany,

H xpiici'iaHCTBo,
coBepmeeHO iicqesjio. TOJBKO BX KOHitx-VI B. aHuo-caKCH HPHHSJIH xpHCTiaHcrso,
H 3Ta Hosaa uepKOBB fimia HenocpeACTBeimo noAiiiuena Puny. Bt anrjio-caK-
coHCKiixt rocyaapCTBaxt, BI 827 r. cjiHBiniixca BT> ejHeyH) AHrairo, 6oj'fce, TBMI
KaKOJivjinSo ^pyroM'b BapBapcKOMi rocyjiapciBi Bt npeAijaxi 6HBiueS PIIM-
B-B

CKO "
11Mne P iir cpxpaHiuiucB crapbia repuaHCKia yMpeatAema. Jlyqmie Kopoaa
88 175 -183'
'

Anoin ciapaJiiCB nowepffiiiBaxB 3111 yipeameuia, HO He MOOH ocianoBHTB' npo-

u,eccaycmeuia seMeiBiioii anain H saKpinomeHia Hapo^HOH MaccBi. 3ion> npouecci,
npHBejit Majo-no-Majiy KT> oc.ia6jieeiK) rocy^apciBa, H BT. Teqenie u/k!BixT> BiKOBi
(IX XI) AHr.iia oKasuBaJiacb (ioiBinero Macibio 6e3CiaBHOK) B'B 6opB6'fe CT> Hop-
MaHiiauii (jj.aiqaiiaMH), Koiopue flame ee uoKOpujiH. HoBbifi nepioAi> B-B HCTO-
piii AHoia HaiiiHaeica ci> sasoeBaHia ea BX 1066
nopMaHACKHjn. repuoroMii r.

BHJbrejBMOM'B BaBoeBa'rejieM'B, KOiopbii! BBGJ'B BI crpaey 4>eoji;ajiH3M b, 03a6oxHB-

r

HIHCB, o^naKO, npw STOM-B cosjiaTB cmiBHyK) KOpojeBCKyro BjacTB H coxpaHHTB

H-BKOTOpwa ciapua aHoo-caKcoucKia yqpeat^eHia. Ero npeeMHiiiiii ^,-feffcTBOBajn
B'B TOMI ate HanpaBJieHin, He ^asaa 4>eoji;ajiH3My passnTBca BI TaKoft M-fepi, KaKt

3io 6BiJio BO $paHii,in. Csoeio flecnoTHiecKOio IIOJIHTHKOEO Kopoiii iisi) jj,HHaciiH

HjiaH'tareHeTOB'B BoopyatiuiH npoTiist ce6a H ^yxoseHCTBO, H CapOHOBi. CT> pBiii,a-

paMH, H roposaH'B, pesyjiBTaTOMi iero CHJO BI XIII B. orpaHH^enie B'B AHoia

KOpojeBCKoii BjaciH (Magna ebarta libertatum 1215 r. H Haiajo napjaMGHxa
oo
227230 B1> *^^ r> ^' ^ a P-jaMeHTT> '
cocToaBmifl HSX RByx.% najiart, npiodphju. B'B XIY
H nepsofi noJOBHH-fe XV
paa^ BecBMa BaKHbix'B npasi, TO noiBsyacB
BB. u.'kiBiB

ji;o6poBOJiBHBiMH yciynKaMH Kopojiefi, TO BBiHyat^aa y HHXT. 3TH npasa CHJIOIO.

Bi 3TO Bpena 6ujo Aaate flBa cjiyqaa HHSJio^eHia KopoieB nap.iaMeHTOMx. Oco-
6eHHoro ycTyntniBocTBK) no OTHOuieHiro KX napjasieHTy OTinqajiacBJIaHKacTepCKaa
,
o6a3aiiHaji ewy CBOHM-B BOSBe^eiiieM'B Ha npecTOJt. BT> napjaiieBTB 6BUH
TOJBKO O^HH Bticmie Kiaccn o6mecTBa, sapo^Haa ate Macca6ujia
,
ITO BX KOHn,t XIY
BBisBajo CTpamHoe KpecTbancKoe soscTaHie. BT.
B.

XV B. BcnaxHyjo aiinacTiiqecKoe Me2Ka,oyco6ie

BI> AiirjiiH

Post), BO Bpena KOioparo nora6x UB^TX aHrjiScKofl apncTOKpaTiii,

onopu napiaMeHTa, H caMi, napjaMGHTi npeBpaTiuca BT, opynie, KOTOPBIMTJ HOJB-
30BajHci> ^Jia CBOHXT, u-fejeR no6-featAaBinia napriii. BTO ocja6iuio napjaMeHTT., H

npn juiHacTin Tro^opoBx KOpojiescKaa B^acTB oqeHB yciiJimiacB.

Fjiaewbumin xpOHO.ioiwecKia damn: IloflBJieHie BX AnrjiiH aHr.fO-caKCOB'B
(449). [Ipuna-rie aHrjo-caKcaMH xpncTiaHCTBa (596). 06xe^,iiHeHie anrjio-caKCOH-
CKHXX rocyjiapcTBX BX O^HO KopojieBCTBO (827). 3aBoeBaHie Anoin
(1066). BeJiiKaa xapria CBofioAH (1215). Ha^aao napjiaMCHTa (1265).
Baxa T3fljiopa (1381). Bofiea A.io8 H Btjoil
posx (1455-1485).
AuuiiucKie KOPOAU. 1. flepBUMX Kopo.ieMX BceB Anrjiiii 6mix 9r6epTx (ex
827 r.), caMHMii JKC BbiAaroin,HMHCfl rocy^apaMii AO saBoeBania AHwiir nopManj-
uaMH 6bun AjB(J>pe4,x BejiiiKiH (871901) H ^aTCKifi KOPOJIB Kaeyxx BejiiiKifl
(10171035), BCKOpi nocj'B KOTOparo npeciojix ^ocTa.ica 6e3jt-feTHOMy noroMKy
aHno-caKcoecKaro KOpoaeBCKaro jtOMa 3iyapay HcnoB-fe^HHKy (1041 1066).
 - 217

2. HopMandcKie Kopojiu (10661154): Biiatre.ibM'b I SasoeBaxejib too 1087),

1 PaaiiS too 1100) H ero 6paxT> fenpHxi. I too 1134), nocit KOTO-
paro 6ujio Meauoyco6ie (MaTiub^u, floiepn FenpHxa I, H Cxetjmna BjiyacKaro,
china jjoiepii BuibrejibMa 1).
3. II.innninteHentu (1154 1399): CHHI Maxnjib,nbJ TenpHxi II too 1189), CH-
HOBbH cro PnqapA'L .IbBHBoe Cepjwe too 1199) H loaem, BesaeMejibBbifi do 1216),
renpmn, I too 1307), 9jyaiwb II too 1327),
III too 1272), 9flyapflT> B^yap^ III
do 1377), BnyK-b ero Puiapit II too 1399).
4. JlaHKacmepbi (13991461): TeHpux-b IV (jo 1413), TeHpHxt Y too 1422),

reHpux'L VI too 1461).

5. lopKCKiu do.\ti> (1461 1485): 3ayapn> IV too 1483) H ero 6pan, Pagapi'B III

(jo 1485). Bi> 1485 r. Ha^aia uapCTBOBaii, jiHeaciifl Tro^opoBi, (1485 1603)
BT> JIUU-B TeHpuxa VIII too 1509).

B o .1 r a p i a.

CM. Kapiu III, V, XI, XII.

Ha4a.no cjaBaecKOMy rocyaapCTsy na HHSHeM'B ^yeai UOJIO^HJIH 6ojrapH, na-
poji TiopKCKaro npOHcxoKjieHifl, Majio-no-Majy cjHBiniiica CT> MtciEHMi ciaBae-
CKHMT, HacejienieM-b. B^ cepejuiH'i IX B. 6ojirapH npiinajH xpHCTianciBO H3i> BH-
aaeTiir, a BT> Haiaa'fe X B. Bojirapifl yme BJiaA'feja So^bnieio qacTbro scero c-fcfiepa

BaiKaHCKaro nojiyocipOBa, B^ KyjibiypHOM't H con,iajbHOMi, oieouieHiH CHJBHO noj-

aHTificKOMy BJiiflHiio. 9io n uepBoe" Bojirapcicoe ii,apcTBo B'b cepe-
X B. pasj'B.'iHiocb Ha ^Ba, H o6a SHJIH IIOTOMI, aaBoesaBbi
iero BT> Haqaji-fe XI B. Bojrapia npespaTHiacb BI npocTyw
CEyio npOBimuiro. Bb Konui XII B. oaa ocBo6oji;njiacb, o^naKO, oxt qyatoii BJiacTH 242.
H o6pa30Baja caMOCTOfliejiBHoe rocy^apciBO (^Biopoe" BojrapcKoe uapeiBo), KO-
TOpOe B6JIO B'b XIII B. BOfiHbl H CT> JIaTHHCKOfi HMDepieS, H Cb BOaCTaHOBJieHHOH)
BasaHTieK). BHyTpeaeie paa^opbi BT> XIV B. ocja6ujin Bojirapiro, H ooa
jacb Ao6iieK) xypOKi.
r.iaenrbuiuiH xponojioimecKin damu. OcHOBaeie 6o.irapaM0: csoero
CTBa (679). RpHHflTie 6ojrapaMti xpucTiancTBa (864). U,apcTBOBaHie CiiMeona (893
927). Ila^eHie nepsaro uapciaa (1018) H HaqaJio sioporo (1186). SaeoeBame BOJ-
rapiw TypitaMH (1393).

Benrpia.

CM. KapTbi XI, XII, XIV.

OcHOBa'rejiHMH seHrepCKaro rocy^apCTBa 6biJiii Maflbupu, napo^ <{)HHCKaro 135136.
MeMemi, paspymnBiuiii BejiiiKOMOpaBCKyio Jtepacasy a noji,MHHHBiiiiff CBoefi Bjacxii
or)iiiiipHyio cxpany no cpeAHeny xe^eniro ^ynaH H THCCU, Koxopaa 6wjia Hace.ieHa
cjiaBniicKHMH HjcMenaMH. XpHCiiaocxBO Ma^bapu npimajiii Bt 1000 r., a BT> Haiajii
XII B. (nocjrfe aaBoesaHia TpaHCH.ibBaHiii H Xopsaxin) Beerpia y^e iiM-feja xene-
pemHia CBOH rpaHHUH. Bi Haiai-fe XIII B. Henrpifl npespaxajiacB BT> coc.iOBHyro 244.

Moiiapxiro ci, peor)jasanieM'b apiicxoKpaxin. B^ XIV n XV BB. oua speMCHHO

CT> Ilojibiueio H
l
lexieu, a BI> XVI (BM-BCTB ci ^exieB) ,T,ocxa.iaci.

xpOHOJioiuvecKM damu. HoaBJieHie BenrpOBt Bb cpeaeei! EspoirK

(894 895) ii
npiiHflxieHMH xpncxiaecxfia (1000). ^asoeBaHie
 218

(BT> K. XI B.) Xopsaxiii (110:2). 3o.ioxaa 6y.ua Kopoja An,npea (1222). BpeMeHHBia
coe^HHeHia BeHrpiH ci> ^exieft H noj&rae8 (ex 1301). llepexoai. nont BJIUCTB
ra6c6yproBi, (1526).
HauGojine aaMrbnameMuue eemepCKie KOPOAU. IlepBOH) BeHrepCKOK) jtHHaciieft
6iunr noxoMKH Maji,BJipCKaro Boaua Apnajja, KoxopBie uapcxBOBajni 6oji4e ipext
cxoji'BxiH. Hst 3ToS .piHacxiii 6bun Cxe<t>aHT> CB. (9971038) H AHApeH (1205
1235). AumyucKaR dunacmin: KapJi-B-Pogepxi (1308 1342) H JlrojtOBHKt-Be-
J[wKceM6ypicKaH duuacmifK PiiMCKoft
r

(#0 1382). CnrH3Myeji b (HMD. CB.

Fyuiadu: MaTB-feH KopBHHt (1458 1490). fliejuionw. Bja^HCJiaBi
CKifi (14901516) H JhoflOBHKi II (AO 1526).

BeHCijifl.

CM. KapiH III, IV, VII, XVII H XXI.

( 6). Beflenja sosHHRja V B. npH HamecTBin ATTHJIH H nepBona-
B'B cepe^HH-fe
KpaTKOBpeaieHHaro repyjBCKaro H ocTt-roicKaro rocnojCTBa ji;ojroe
nocji-B

Bxojuuia BI> cocTaBt BOCTO<IHOH HMnepiH. BnpoieMi,, ea noiqimenie Bn-

6Hjro IHCTO HOMUHaiBHUMi, H HOAX ynpaBjeeieait CBOHX^ joateS 3ia pec-

ny6jiHKaHCKan o6mnHa MaJio-no-Maiy, oco6eHHo BI, anoxy KpecioBuxt QOXOAOB-B,

147. .nocTHna 6oJi>raoro MorymecTBa na A.npiaTuqecKOM'B Mopi. YnacTie Beeeuia BT.
saBoeBamn KoHCTaHTimouojia KpeciOHOcuaMH qeTBepxaro noxo^a aociaBHio eB
215. HOBBia BJianiflia H 6oJBmia ToproBbia BHroaBi na BocioKi. Bx KOHut cp. BB.
OHa jtajmaiHHCKHM'B npH6peatBeM B H SojiBmoro o6jacTBro na Maxe-
r

Bjraj'feia

PHK-B HxaJiiH. BeyxpH pecny6jiHKH qacio npoiicxoxioa 6opB6a Meat^y apHCTOKpa-

Tieft H jeMOKpaxieS, HO C-B KOH^a XII B. oea cfltjiaiacB rocyjapcxBOMi. cxporo
apHcxoKpaxniecKHM-B. EtonBixKa joata MapnHO $ajiBepn (1355) HHsseprHyxB apH-
ciOKpaxiio OKoe'iujiacB HOJIHOH) Heyaaneio. (Cp. 260).

CM. KapxT,i I, III, V, XVII, XIX H XX.

37 44. BusaHxificKaa (o<JKt>Hn,ia.3BHO PoM9i"icKaa) HMuepia 6i.iJia BI cyin,HOCxH npo-
BOCXO^HOH PHMCKOS HMnepiii, B-B Koxopofl B-B VI VIII BB. .l

rocyxapcxBeHHBifi, aaM-BHHJica xpeiecKHMi, a BI HacejeH

H fiojiie BaaiHoe snaieaie ciajm nojyqaxB 9jjiiiHii3HpOBaHHBie uHOpo^uBi (oco-
6eHHO ciasaHe). Bt BiiBanxid coxpaHiuiHCB H ocHOBHBia qepiu cxapoii HMne-
piH con,iaiBHoe rocno^cxBO noseMejBHoS apucxoKpaxiii H noJiHxniecKiB. a6coJK>-
XH3Mi> HMQepaiopCKoft BJiacxn, ynpasiaBiiiefi cxpanoto nocpeicxBOMi qHHOBeii-
qecxBa. Ho
BI BMiiepia se BtipaCorajiocB npaBMBHaro nopa^Ka npeciojo-
Hacjiijtia,H usi-sa o6jaflaHia BjacxBio iiocxoaHno npoHcxo^ujia 6opb6a Meaijy
qecxojH)6uaMH, conpOBoatiaBinaaca npiijtBOpoBiMH nHipiiraMH H ^BOPUOBUMH tiepe-
BOpoxaMii, aaroBOpaMii H B03CiaHi;iMH, y6iScxBaMH H scaKaro pojta secxoKOCxaMii. Kt
6opB6f. sa BJiacxB npiiMtmiiBajiHCB H pejinriosHBia pacnpn, nopoauiaBraiaca paaeHMH
epecaMii, .na H caMO nacejieHie ciojHn,Bi Boofioie oxjiHqaJiocB naKJioeeocxf.K) KT>'
H nepesopoxaMi. BaKOHOsaxe-iBCXBO H yupasjieHie iiMnepin 6HJiu IIPHMBIM-B
cooxBiiciBeHHoft ^iiaxejibHOCxH npemeHxi) iiMiiepaxopOBT.. CaMBiMT>
uapCTBOBauieM'h B i> BiiaaHxia B^ iiaqaii cpe^HHxx B-feKOB'B fiBUO
r

lOcximiaHa BejniKaro, CAiJaBinaro B-B cepe^iini; VI cxojitxia no-

 219

III.ITKV B03CxaHOBienia iiMnepaxopCKOfi BJiacTii na om.

flanaji'B. Kposit. xoro,
IICTIIHHHMT. poflOtiaia.ibHHKOM'b BiiaanxiBcKoB CHCT6MH ocuoBanuoH ynpaBJCHifl,
na noflMMHeaw asxopuxexy Bjacxn Bcixx npoasjieHiB o6mecxBeHHoB KHSHH, He
HdUKma ii pejuiriii. CBoefi ito.nii<l>HKau,iefi piiMCKaro npaBa JOxHHiam. sasep-
iniiJii> ero MHOroe-feKOBoe passuxie H cosAajx ocnosy jua ^ajbHiftmaro paaBHxia

npasa yrae IHCXO BHsaHxificKaro. Ct IV no IX B. Bn3aHTiio pa3Aiipa.ni pejin- 66.

riosHbie pasjiopu, BHSHBaBinieca noaBjemeirb epeceff
TaKosa 6biJia BT> VIII B. 6opb6a HKOHoGopn.eB'B n iiKOBonoqiixaxejerr, HO saio
HKOHo6opiecKie HMnepaxopw 9708 anoxn ci ycn-fexosi^ npo^ojaJin saKOHO-
Aaxe.ii.HyH) A'feHTejBHOCTB, sa^a^eio Koiopoff craBHJH ce6~b Meaiy npoqHMt orpa-
KpecibflHCKo8 HesaBiiCHMOCTH OTT> CBtiCKoff H jyxoBHoS snaTH. (IJoo6m,e
He Morjia sjicb nojiyqnTi> raKoro snaqeHia, KaKoe oua npiofipijia Ha
BusaHiia HC noflBepnacb <|)eoji,ajibHOMy pa3,npo6.ieHiK)).
, H.

IIpn MaKejtOHCKofi ^HBacrin (ct cejpeAHBH IX ;;o cepe^iniH XI) nMiiepa-ropM 123125.
npoiojacajiH 6opt6y ex SHaxbio, HO oCtiiafi Ha^TMHTb cjy/Kiuibixx.iH3xe8 HacejeH-
HHMH HMiHiflMH HpH ^HHaCTJH KOMHHHOBt (CT> CCpeiHHbl XI JtO KOHUa XII B.)

npHBejn. KpecTbHHCKyK) CBo6o,ny CHOBa Bt yuajoKi. HsBHt B3aH riBcKyro HMaepiro 139.
T-ECHHJIH ct cisepa 6oirapti (BX IX X BB.), ct BOCTOKa TypKii. Docj-feiHie sa-
ea npaBHTe.nbCTBO HCKa-rb noMomii na Sanan.'fe, oxKyja ex Konna XI B.
efl TeppHTopito cxajiH iBHraTbca BT. Asiro KpeciOHOCHHa onojieHiH.

^eTBepTtiS KpecTOBufi HOXOAX OKOHiH.Tca laate sasoeBaHieMb Bn3aHTin 147148.

KpecTOHOcn,aMH, KOTOpue oSpasosajm HSTB nea JlaTHHCKyto HMiiepiro, npocyme-
CTBOBaBinyio, o^HaKO, jrHmB'nojiCTOJfBTia. XoTa AiiHaciiH EajeojioroB-b n
BoacTaHOBHib npeatHiOK) rpeyecKyio HMnepiro, HO yate He BT> npe/KHeirb
H npHTOMi. OMCHb ocja6jeHHOK). B'b cepe^HH'B XIV B. 66jibraaa qacib BajKaH- 240.
CKaro nojiyocTposa 6Bua BO BJiaciH Cep6iH, HO xorjia JKC Haqajiocr> u
saHie ero xypKaMH, KOxopLie BI> cepe^HHi XV B. ssajH H caubifi
Honojb. H jiaiHHCKoe sasoeBaHie Haiaja XIII B., H iioKOpenie xypeaMH BX cepe- 194 H 197.
SUH-B XV B., KOfleqno, IOIBKO yxyauiwjn Gbixx KOpeHHoro nacejieeia Hunepiu-
06m,aa ncxopia BiisaHxiBcKofi KyiitypH HSJioateHa BT. 262 286.

r<ta6Hibuutia xpOHOMimecKifi damu. Pas^JieHie PiiMCKoH iiMnepiu na Bocxoi-

Hyio n Sana^Hyro (395). SaBoesaHie Kopojecxe'b BaHjajbCKaro (534) 11 ocxox-

CKaro (555). Hs^anie K)cxnHianoBa KOACKca (534). Iloxepa asiaxcKuxx n a<})pii-

K;HCKHXX BJiaA^HiB (637 711). OfipasoBaHie Bojirapin (679). HKOHo6opciBO

(726-842). Haqa.no apecxoBbix-b HOXOAOBT> (1096). ^aBoesaHie KoHCxaHXHHonojia
KpecxoHOCuaMH (1204). BoscxauoBJieHie Bii3aHxificKo8 HMnepin (1261). 06paso-
Bame sejiHKOil Cep6in (OKOJIO 1350). QoaBjenie xypoKt na BajKaHCKOMx nojy-
ocxpOB-fe (1357). na^enie KoHCxaHTHHonojia (1453).
Bu3aHmiiicid<> UMnepamopu. V en>Ki>. Cbmt Geojocia BejiiiKaro ApKajiS (395
408). Oeo^ocia II (10 450) H cecxpa ero Ilyjibxepin (jo 453), ea iiyaa. MapKian-b (AO
457), Jles'}, I BejmKifl (js,o 474), saxb noc.i'B.UHflro 3eHOH-b Uo 491), npn KOXO-
POMX upon3oiiiJio na^eHie 3anaaHOi"i PHMCKOS HMnepiii. Bx VI enm. DCXHHT. I
(518527) n ero njieiiaHiiKi, DcximiaH'b BeJiiKiB (AO 565). VII erbKv. $oua
(602 610) n HpaiuiB (610 641). Till enm: JleBX III Hcaspx (717741),
ocHosaxejib HcaepwcKoii dunacmiu, KoucxaHXHHX V KoupOHiiMi (jo 775), a
naxb KoHCxanxMHa VI, Hpima (797802), npH Koxopofi Kapjix
BT> KOim-fe cxoji'Bxia

BOSCxanoBiux. Saua^HyK) PaMCKyro njinepiK).

BejiiKifl Bx IX amen: HOCJ-B
GeoAOpn H ea 6paxa BapflH, ynpaBJiaBiiinx-b sa Mnxaiuia III (842-867), Bcxy-
niua na npecTOJH MaKedoHCxan dunacmia (867 1056 ci> uepepuBaun pOAOna- ),

KoxopoB CbiJix Baciuifi I. X enm; JleBi- VI $HJOCO<|)T> (886-912),

 090

ero CHH-B KOHCTEBTHHT. VIII EarpaHopoiHBiii (jsfl 959), loaHH-B IJiiMHCxi8 ^969
976), Bacmiifi Eo.irapo6ofina II (flo 1025). XI enm: 6parB BacHJiia II KoHCian-
THHI IX (jo 1028), KoHCTaaTiiH-B MoBOMaxx. (10421057). B'B 1057 r. BCiynnjia Ha
npecioii dunacmia KOMHUHOOI, (10571204) st JIHIVB Hcaana I; KT> 3108 JuiBaciin
npHnaweaiaji'b coBpeMenaHKi.' nepsaro KpeciOBaro noxoaa AieKcifi I (1081 1118).
KOMHHHBI n,apcTBOBa.iH flo saBoesama KoacTaHTHHonojia KpecTOHocn,aMH, T.-e. BT. Te.
qeaie scero XII enm; noci'BAH"Mi> 6nvn> IIcaaKi II Anrejn (1185 1195 H
12031204). nocJi-B BOSCTaHOBiema BiisamiilcKofi iiMnepiH ji,o sasoeBaHifl ea Typ-
napcTBOBajia jjiiHacTlH llajieojioioeK, IIGIIBBIMI, 1131. KoxopHxt diMi MH-
1282), a nocjiiHHM'B KoHCTa^THHi. XI (1449
VIII (1261 ---
1453).

F e H y a.

CM. uapTH XX H XXI.

( 215). FeHya sosBucHJiaci, BX XII B., Kor^a oea OBja^Jia aana^Horo ToproBJieio H
KopcuKofr H
CapAHHieii (cnopo, BQpOHeMi>, OTOiueimeft K-L Aparony).
CB06K) E&JlbK) OTlijCHHTb BeHCUlKD, OHa BCTyQHJa CT> H6K) BIi OTKpET-
( 148). xyio 6opi>6y, KOiopafl KOH?iuaci> He BI ea nojitsy. Bt 1261 r. lenyfl noMorja
MnxaHiy naaeojiory BoaciaHOBiiTb BusanniicsyK) iiMnepiro, 3a ?TO no-iym-ia
npHBiueriH jiia ToprosjiH Ha BreScKCWb H ^epHOMi. wopaxi.
6ojiBuiia SA^CL 60-
raiaa pecnydaiiKa jj;aaae BjaAiua MHODIMH nyHKTaMH. (Cp. 260).

r e p M aH i H.

CM. KapTti I, II, IV, V, VII, XIII, XIV H XXI.

33 H HcTOpia FepMaHin RO 843 r. caiiBaeTca ct HCTOpiefl 4>paHKCKaro KOpOJeB-
, ciBa, BT. cociaBi, KOiopapo iiocieueuHO BXOAMM OTA-BJILHUH ea oSjacTii.
98101. Bt 843 r. TepMama BHA'BJiiiJaci, list cociaBa Monapxia Kapjia BeJHKaro.
BecbMa CKopo ona pacnaaacb Ha nieMCHHtia repuorcisa, H BT> CTpani BOSBBICH-
JHCB CB-feicKie H .nyxoBHLie BejbMoatH. BT> 911 r. KopoaeBCKaa BiacTF, cj-fejajiacB 113611-
HO ofiBiKHoseaHo KopojB usdiipajca HSX OJI.HOB KaKoB-Hii6yiB (j)aMiuiiH. Ci
),

X jo cepeAHHBi XIII B. laKHMii XHHacriaMii SHJII CaiccoHCKaa, <l>paHKOHCKaa

H IIlBadcKaH. KopojaMi. 9108 3110x11 npimuwci BCCTH ynopnyio 6opb6y C'B pasBUBaB-
niHMca ({)eojiaJin3MOM7,, HO HMI BI> aTOMf MHOFO Miiiiaja HX-B iirajbaflCKaa H HM-
nepcsaa nojiHTiiKa. X B. OTTOHT, BejiiiKifi (iis'b CaKCOHcnofi juima-
BT, cepejjiiH'B
CT!H) H npnaajt TUTyji pHMCKaro iiMiieparopa. H3T> pa-
saBoesajii, JloM6apjtiio

u,ionajiBHaro KOpoieBCTsa TepMamfl npespaTMacB BT. yuiiBepcajiBHyro iiMiiepiro

(CfiameHHaa PiiMCKaa HMnepia HtMemtofi Haiiin). IIocToaHHwe HOXOJI,BI HMnepaxo-
poBi. BT> Hia-dro wa no^ep/Kaeia BI> neH CBoeii BJiacm oc.ia6jiajiH IIXB CHjy B
r

i>

184 188. caMofl FepMaHin H STHMI co^i>8cTBOBa;ii[ ycn.ieniK) (Jieo.a.ajiBHBix'B Knaaett- Llojn-

THKy, HaiaTyro BI> X B. CaKconcKoS jtiiHaciieS, npoji;ojataJiH BT, XI XIII BB. H

06* cat^yromia aHHaciia (<J>paHKOHCKaH n nisadcKaa), npiiqeM'B iiMnepaxopBi
jiaate caMH co^tficTBOBajiH ycH-ieHiro TeppiiTOpiajiBHon Bjacrii KeaseB, ji-iaa HMI
pasHBia ycryoKii. Ei, cepe^HH'fe XIII B. irMnepaiopcKaa BJiaciB BT> FepMaHin irpn-
nuia B'B nojHBiH ynajtoKT>, OKOTOPOMT. CBii^-BiejiBCTByeT'i, sejiHKoe MeauynapcTBie,
iipOAOJi/KaBuieeca OKOJO jBaji,u,aTii .I^T-B H coiipoeoaiiaBnieeca rocno;tcTBOM'B
1

,.Kyjia inaro Kor;i;a Knasba cuosa

i
iipasa.' ciaJiii Bbi6HpaTb HMnepaxopoBb,
TO nocjil.^Hie Gojibinero iacTi>ro yme ae ;i;yiiajiii o PHMCKHX-B noxojaxi,. a fiojiie
Bcero xjonoxa^iH o Tosn>, qTo6bi yBejri TB CBOH HacJit.^cTBeHHbia aejun. ne oco6eHHO
231 238. 3a6oiacB paBBBiMi. o6pa30M7. ti o nowep/KaHiii e^HHCTBa caMofi Fepjiauiir. Iio3TOMy
 221

iiepeiiuia II.TB cpenHHxt B'BKOBT> BT> HOBOC speaia pa3Apo6jieeeoK) na

Maccy KBajKecTBi) ii ropOACKiixb peeiiyo.li u in., ii KaatAaa 1131. 3Tiix bMajieBbKnx'b xeppw-
r

TopiS Bee 6ojte H 6oji1>e cTpeanuiacB CA'fc-iaTBCfl caMocxoHxejBBBiM'B rocyiap-

CXBOM'B. f.iaBBFJMH H3-B HUXl Bl> XI V B. CA'feaa.IHCB C6MB Kypt|)K)pmeCTB'B. H3t
Bctxi KHaacecEiix'L Ai'Qacxiff B-B KOHui cp. BB. BosBBiCHJiHCb Fa6c6yprn, KO-
TOpBIM'B yAaJOCB COCpeAOXOHHTB B-B CBOHXT>pyKaXt 016HB MHOFO BJiaAtHiB
(CM. Ascxpia) H ci cepeAHHBi XV B. nocxoanBO saHiiMart iiMnepaxopcidf! npe-
CTOJii). BHyipeHHifl CMyiu napyniaBmia seMCKiii MHP'L, sac'raBHjiii B'b KOBH-B
XV B. KHflaeff H HMnepCKie ropo.ua no^yMaib o pe<j)opM'B HianepiH, H Koe-ixo CBIJIO
Tor^a ca-fejiano jpfl ynopfl^oieHifl en BnytpeBHiix-L OTHOiueniB, HO sce-TaKii HMnepia
6u.ia ne q-BMt HHLIM^, KaKi <j)eji,epauieii ^yxoBHUxt u CBIITCKHXT, KHaatecrB'b H
BOJILHHX'B rOpO^OBT,.

Kpynnun u.m ejiinme.iwbifi ejiadn>HM ei> FepManiu &i

3pnrepii,orcTBO AscTpia; Kyp(j)K)pmecTBa: 1) Ma0Hn.cKoe, 2)

H 3) TptipcKoe (Bci ipn ^yxoBHwa), 4) KOpojiescTBO BoreMCKoe (Hexia), 5)
6) Bpan^eHCypn* u 7) CaKCOBia; apxieuncKoncTBa H enncKOiicTBa: BpesiencKoe,
MiOHCTepoKoe, Bropn,6yprcKoe, 3aJibii,6yprCKoe n ap.; repuorcisa ii rpa^ciBa: Ba-
sapia, BropieMfieprb, JoTapiiHria, JTroKceMgyprt, TocceHT), BpayBmsefirb, MeEJien-
6ypn,, HoMepania H ^P-,; HiinepCKie ropo^a: TaMrtypri,, JlK)6eKT>, BpeMem., 3>paHK-
BopMCi., LQneSepi., CTpac6ypri>, Basest, YjibMt, Miojiiray-
Ayrc6ypi*b, PereHc6yprL H ^p.

xponojunuuecKin damn. PacnpocTpaHeHie xpncTiancxBa BI> Fep-

Maniii (OK. 750). BhiA^-ieHie ea HSI cocTasa MOHapxia Kapjia Bejimaro (843). Ha-
^ajio H36npaTejBHofi KopoieBCKoff BjacTH (911). Haqajo CBameHHoB PiiMCKoii
HMnepiii repMancKofl uauiw (962). BopB6a nanctsa u HMnepin (10771254). Be-
jiiKoe MeatayuapcTBie (12541273). Ci^sjiT) KHaseS B-B Pense (1338). rJojoxaa
6y.ua (1356). BopMCKig cefiMi. (1495).

HnMewie Kopojiu (u c?> ceneduuu X

e. umnepamopbi CeaweHHoii PUMCKOU

UMnepiu). 1. EapoJiuum: JIK^OBIIK-B HiMemtiii (840876), CBIHT. ero Kap.TB TOJI-

(^o 887), njieuaHHHK'b nocjitjEaro ApHyju><jrB (AO 899) u CBIH-B ApnyjiB(j)a
J],HTa (AO 911). B-B 911 r. npeciojn ca^-iajca ncSiipaTeJiBHuMi, H nep-
BLIMI,H36paHBHKOM'B 6BIJII KoHJlpa^Tj I 'fpaHKOHCKifi (^0 919). 2. GaKCOHCKdH
duHdcmln: (9191024). TeHpHXT, OiHuejiOB-B (^o 936), OTTOHI. I BejHKifl (AO
973), OTTOIIT, II (^o 983), OTTOHI, III
(no 1002), DOCJI-B Koioparo BeyKi 6paia
OiTona I TeHpHxi (DpaunoHCKan duuaemiu (10241125): Koa-
II (no 1024). 3.

paji, II (j^o 1039), TeHpHxi III (jo 1056), TeHpux'B IV (ao 1106) H Teiipux'B V
(AO 1126), noc^t iero uapCTBOBa.ii, Jtoiapi> CaKconcKiii (ao 1138). 4.

roieHutmayfienoeT,, HJIH B3Ba6cKaa (11381254): Koapa^'B III (.10 1152), 4

Bap(5apocca (jo 1190), TeHpHx-B VI (AO 1197), $ii.unin T, niBaficitifi (6parb I'eHpiixa VI
H oAHOBpeMeHHo ci. HUNT, npoTHBHHK'B roreHniTay(J)eHOB'B OTTOHI. IV BejiB^i.), ^puj-
11(1216 1250), KoHpa^i, IV (jo 1254). Ci 1254 no 1273 r. BT> TepMaHin 6tijo
MeiK^yaapcTBie, nocjt, KOTOparo Keasba caaia^a ocTeperajnicB Bu6npaTb
pasi HST, oABofl H Toil ate ^iiHacTiii. PyAOJib(J)i, Pa6c6yprcKift
(1273 12!U), AAOIBJ)I HaccaycKiff (ao 1298), CHHI PyaoJiB(j)a AjiB6pexii AB-
cxpiffcKifl (no 1308), VII JlroKceMCyprcKifi (a,o 1313), Jlro^OBtiK-B Basap-
TeHpiix-B
CKifi (4,0 1347). Biiyix'i, Feupuxa VII Kapjn> IV JIKceM6yprcKi8 (AO 1378), BeH-

14(K)j. PynpexTi H^aJiBUCKiii (AO 1410), Opai-B BeaueojaBa Ciim:;-

(AO 1437). Ct 1-137 r. na iiMnepaTOpcKiii npecTOJi BT> TeneHie xpext

cJHraKOM^ stKOB'b BBi6upu.iHCB TaficOypiH: AjiBdpexxt II AscTpificKifi (AO 1439),
ero <PpiiApuxt III (AO 1493), MaKCiiMiuriaH-B I (AO 1519).
 222

,1,
it H i H (CM.

Hp Ji aH^ i a.

6Biia sasoesaHa aHOHiaHaMH BI XII B. (1175) H C'B rferB nopi

BT> cociaB'B aHoiBcKaro KopojiescTBa.

Hcnania.
CM. KapiBi I, II, IV, VI H XXI.
5.. Bx, 9noxy na^enia SanaflHoB PaMCKofi HMnepia EX Hcnanm nocejnuHCB Ban-
flajiBi H BeciTOTBi. Kor,u,a iiepsBie ynuti BI A(})pHKy, Biopue
HHMH rocuo^aMii Bcero noiyocTposa, CMijiiiaBnincB Ma-no-no-waiy CT>
pOMancKHMt HacejemeM'B. BecTroTCEoe KopoieBCTBo npocymecTBOBajo TPH
57. (V VII), Bt Hawaii e VIII CTOJiiiia 66jiLiiiaa qacTt Hcnaaia fisura
193. MycyiBMaeaMH. Bt XI H XII BB. ncnaHCKie xpHCTiane;ocHOBajiH na cisepi Kopo-
AparoHCKoe, KaciHjBCKoe H HopryrajiBCKoe, BCTynuBmia BT. 6opB6y C-B
^aTOMx. MycyjiBMane see 6on'be \i CoJiie OTTicHajiHCB nocjii
9ioro KT> rory, noKa BT> KOHU-B XV B. He naio no^i y,napaMH Aparona H
noci-Bji.Hee HXI, Biaj'BHieFpenaaa. BpaKi> aparoncKaro Kopo.ia CT,
KopoiesoH BT. cepe^HHi XV
B. nojroatHji'B naiajro nossH-feflnreH Hcnanin. (UopTy-

216. rajiia cociaBHJia OT^iuiBHoe KopoieBCTso). Ci XII ,50 XV B. AparoHt H KacTUjria

6HJIH COCIOBHBIMH MOHapxiflMH, HO BO BTOpoS nOJOBMHi XV CTOJlilia Bl 06-BHXT>

HcnancKaro KOpoieBCTBa yiBep^iuiacB a6cojiK)THaa KopoiescKaa BJiaciB,
npespaiHTB BI csoe noiHTH^ecKoe opyiue saae iiHKBH3Hii.iKV
xpOHOJioiunecxiH damu. OcHOBanie BeciroiCKaro KOpojeBCTBa
(412). SasoeBanie HcnaHin apa6aMii (711). 06pa30BaHief'Kop^OBCEaro xaiH^axa
(755). OcHOBanie HcnancKoS Mapan (778) H KOpoieBCTBi AparOHCKaro (1035),
KacTMBCKaro (1035) H IIopTyraiBCKaro (1140). Epairb $epji,HeaHAa AparOHCKaro
H ZsafiejriH KacTiUBCKoB (1469). na^enie FpeHa^Bi (1492).

CM. KapTH I IV, VI, VII, XVII H XXL

Bx naiaii cpeAHHxt B'BKOB'B HxaJiia
nepexoamia 1131. OAH-EX-B pyKx BX apyria.
7, 9, 11 B-B 476 r. ona ^ociaJiacB repyjy O^oaKpy, HO B'B 493 r. ero OBjiaji.'Bjrii OCTIOTBI. II,ap-
H 12. CTBO HOCJI'BaHHX'B 6HJIO paSpyiUeHO IDCTHHiaHOM'B BeiBKHMl., npIICOeaHHHBIIIIIM'B
Hiajiijo KI BiisaHTin, HO H BasaHTia ne y^epmaja sa ce6oH) sce5 HTajiin. BcKopi
HOCJTE CMepra DcTHHiaHa BejHKaro HOITH BGCB uojiyocipoBt SBU'B
65. JianroSap^aMH, KOTOpBie H BjasiJiii HMX OKOJO asyxi, B'BKOB'B. Y
ocTasajiocB a^icB eme HicKOJbKO Bia^'BHia, 03^' KOTOPBIX-B O^HO CBIJO sasoe-
saHO (^paeKCKHMi) KOpoieM'B HenHHOM'B KopoiKiiMi. ii no^apeflo nani, ^-BMT.
69 H 72. H 6uio nojioateno Ha^ajo EancKoa ofijiacTH. Ilpn Kapai BejuiKOMX c-BBepHaa H
cpejnaa Hxaiia BOEIJIH B-B cocTasi, $paHKCKo8 MOHapxin, H3'B Koiopofi, ojeaKO,
97. Hiajiia BBiAiiajiacB no Bep^eHCKOMy florosopy 843 r. SA^CB BT> 310 BpeMa pas-
101. BHJca KOCHyica H UancKoS o6iacTH. Bx cepeflimi IX B.
4>eo^ajrn3M'B, KOTOpBifl
c-EBepHoS H cpeiHea HxajieS OBiaA'BJi'B H'BMeAKiS Kopoib OTTOH-B BeJiiiKifi, KOTO-

puS cipeMHica KX rocnoji.cTBy H Ha^'B WJEHOII HiajiieS, iipHHaweaiaBiuen BusaHiiu.

axoro ctfiepnaa H cpe^naa Htaiia Boiujia B'B cociaBi. CBameHHofl PIIM-
 223

uune.piii Ht.MeuKoft aauiii. B'B anoxy KpeciOBUxt BOXOAOBT, cisepeaa Hia- 158159.
aia (.loiifiapjua) OTcxaaBajia BI> coioa'fe ct nancTBOMt CBOH) CBo6o,ny npoiaB'b rep-
naHCKoft ABHacTia ForeHmTay^eHOBi, 11 Korjja .+ia jimaciifl naja, TO BJiacTb
HMnepiu B'B HTaiiu nomaTHyjiacB. HTO Kacaeica AO mtHoB HxajiiB H CHUHJIH, 138.
*TO SfltcB B'i> cepe^HHi; XI B. nopMaH^uu ocHosajii KOpojiescTBO HeaaojiBTaH-
CKoe (1060) H CimujificKoe (1072), KOiopoe ci Koeua XII jo cepe^HHU XIII B. 160 H 162.
npuHaflJiejKajio ToreHmTay^eHaM-B, noTOMi> 6ujo BI> ofija^aHin AHKyffcKoS jHHacTiw
H (ci cepeiHHU XV B.) aparoHCKHxi, KOpojefi.Bi 3uoxy KpecTOBtrxi, IIOXOJOBI. B-B 165.
Hiajiu odpasoBaioct H-fecKoatKO pecuy6jiK B, KOTOPHK BX XIV H XV BB. craJH
r
215.

npespamaTtca BT, KaaaeecTBa.

xpOHowimecKifi damu: 3aBoeBame HTaiiH ocTroTaun (493),

(555), jiaHro6ap.a,aMii (568). OcHOBaeie HancKoS o6.iacTif (754). 3aBoe-
Baeie JIon()apAin KapJOMt B. 774) H OTTOHOMT. B. (951). OceoBanie OIHOFO Kopo-
jeBCTBa 06-feHx-B Cimioif? (1130). ForeHniTay^eHBi BI K). HTajriH (11941268).
nepexoj.il ea KI> AuiKyScKoB AHHaciin (1268). CoejimeHie ct AparonoMi.
ci 1282, HeanojB CT> 1435).
fit KOHiti cp. BB.Hiajia pasjvhjajiacb Ha cjijyiomia rjiaBHtia
TepuorcTBa CasoScKoe (1) H MujrancKoe (2), oipiaanHLia OTI> Mopa pecny-
6"jiHKofi FeHyeft (3), H BeneAiaacKaa o6jiaciB (4) BI cisepHog HiajiiH;
Dancsaa ooiacxB (5) a pecny6.iHKa $jopeniiia (6) B-B cpeaueS Hia-iin;
BI K)HHoS KopojiescTBa HeanojB H Cumriia, HIM KOpojreBCTBO Odinxi,
(7). KopCHKa npHHa^JieKaia TeHyfe, Cap^HHia Aparoay.

CM. KapiBi XIII H XXI.

B'B arioxy KpecioBHX'B aoxojtOB'B BOSHHKT> B'B Ha^ecTaH-B ^yxOBao-pBiuapCKiS 144.
opj,eHT> TeBToaoBi), KOTOpuB B'B Haqaji XIII B. yTBep^HJica na HaacnaMi, TeieHia 192.
BBCJBI, Tjck BI, o6.iacTn jaiOBCKaro ajieMeaa npycosii ocaoBaji'B oco6oe BaajitHie.
IIo.ii.3yacB cja6ocTBK> nojiBma BT> anoxy y^'fcjiOB'B, TesToacKie pBin,apa oinaja y
sea flOBojiBHO saaqaiejiBHyK) TeppiiTopiro, HO Korji;a nojBraa o6 BeaaHBJiacb a
r
248.
CT> JlaTBOio, op^eHi aea crpaniHoe Bopaateaie npa
noiepB'jjji'B OT-B
B-B 1410 r. B'B cepejiHB'B XV B. IIOMEB BoaodnoBBJia
sofiuy CT> Tea-
Tosasia H OTHa.ia y mixt sanasHyio lacxt Bjaji.'BHifi, nociaBaBTb BociOHHyK) BX
jieHHyro OTI, ce6a saBaciiMOCTB (1466), xoia OKOHqaieiBHO axa saBBcamocTB ycia-
HOBBJiaCB JBBIB B'b 1525 1'.

B'b JlBBOBia (TeBepemHHX'b 3cuiflHAiii a Kypianaia) H^Mitbi no-

JlB(})jiaHji,iB, 192.

aBiLtucbeBje BI XII B'. B-B 1201 r.OHB ocnoBajia SA^CB Piiry, a BI 1202 r. yqpe-
AII.IB AyxoBHO-pbiuapCKift opji.eH'b MeqeHOcaeB'b, KOTOpuB BI, 1237 r.
B'b utjiaxi pacnpocTpaHCHia Ka'rojinun3Ma a H-BMeuKofi KOJiOHasauiB
TeBTOHOBT>: ET, 3TOB 3BOXl5 B OTBOCBTCa 6opb6a MeieHOCUeBI) CT> pyCCKBMB

A^eKcaBAp'B HeBCKOMi). YKaaaBHaa csaab o6oaxi opAenoB'b,

BT> saBiicHMQCTB jiBBOHCKaro Maracipa OTI TeBTOBCKaro roxjieBcrepa, BO BiopoB
IIOJOBBH'B XV B. Ca-BMajaCB HOMBBa-1bHOK>. jlBBOHCKOMy OpABHy BpBXO^BJIOCB B6CTB
6opb6y, Kponi pyccKBX'b, ci IDBeuiea, ^aniefi B Iloibmeff.
 224

HopBerifl (CM.

Ilo.ibiiia.

CM. Kapxn XI-XIII u XXI.

132134. HepBBiM'B nojiBCKHMt KBaaeMB, ocHOBasinHMB 6ojiBraoe rocysapctBO u npn-
HaBmHMB xpaciiaHCTBO, 6BDLB MiniKO X
B., a ero CBIHB BojiecjiaBt
B'B cepesHH'fe
Xpa6pBifi yaie OICHB seaqnTeiBHofi TeppHiopieS H MeiiajiB cossaiB 6o.iBinoe
BJias'BJi'B

sanasflo-cjiaBaHCKoe rocysapciBO. Om> npiraajiB THTyjrB Kopoja u aait

uepByio npaBHiBHyro opraHH3an,iro. Hoodi nero IIojiBiiia He ysepffiaiacB,
B-B npeacHiixt npe^i-iax-B ir ne coxpaHiaa nojiyqennoa opraHHsa^n. JH KOHA^ XI B.

Ha^ajrocB .upoSjienie cipaiiBi sa y^i-HJ, yTBep^HBrneeca B'B nepsofi noJiosHH-fe

XTI B.yco6Hu,aMH iieacay KHHSBBMII BOcnojiBSOBaiHCB HiMii,Bi H noKopHJH sanaflHBix'L
ciasflHi,, coctji,nHx jj ci>nojBnieB ( 192). Bx yAijbHHXTj KHflKecTBaxi.
r

36MieBJiaji,i;jiBqecKafl ssaTB, H noiyiMii 6oiBinyio ciuiy ayxoseHCTBO H

247 251. KB anoxi OTHOCHTCH saceienie nojiBCKux-B ropoji,oBB HismaMii. Bi Haiaii
9101! IKB
XIV B.KOH JHJica yjn-fe.iBHBifl nepio^B nojBCKofi HCTOpin, H npOMSoiiuo o6Beji,H-
i

Henie HojiBinH, npn qeMB B'B cepe^Hai xoro ate cioiiTia ona OBaaA^a rajini],KOK>
PycBK), a BT> KOnni coe^imnjiacB ci JHTBOIO, npasHaBB CBOHM'B KOpojieM'B JHTOB-
CKaro seiMKaro KHHSH Jlrejuia, po^OHaiaiBHHKa ^HHaciiH tfre.ooHOB'B. B'B cym-
HOCTH, o^HaKO, B'B 9Ty 9noxy Hojibraa 6BMa <|)e,nepairie8 oTj-ijibHHX'B BoeBO^CTBB,
a BB HMX-B 6BMa o^eHB CHiBHa apHCTOKpaiia. BT> cepeaHni XV B. rocnoji;cTBO
nocjiiflHeS 6BUO cjiowjieHo nwaxTOK, Koxopafl na^HHaeiB caiaa npeo6jajcaTB
Ha ceSuHKaxi) H cefiMax-B H Majro-no-aiaay ^ijaeTca pacnopajtnTejBHimeio cy;i,e6B
EiaccoB'B o6m,eciBa.
xpOHOMimecKia damu. HpHHaiie noiflKaMH xpnciiaHCTBa (966).
na y^ijBi (1139). 06'BejiHHeHie ITo-iBuiH (1306). Coe.a;HHeHie C'B
(1386). BaiBa npn rproHBaJiBjvfc (1410). Ha^aio cefiMHKOB'B BT. UoJiBmi
(1454) npHcoe^HHenie TeBioncKaro op^eHa (1466).
'lacxa Bia^iHifl
U
KOpOJIU. HepBOK) JI,HHaCTieH BB nOJEBHli 6&MH HOTOMKH
KHH3bH
KOTOPBIX'B CMieajia (JtaMBJiia IlHcmoev. nepsBiMT. uciopHqecKHMi KHH-
CBUT, BeMOBHii (870 890), a nptmaJiB xpncTiaHCTBO MiinKO, HJH Me-
I (962992), CBIHOMI, KOTOparo 6uji% BoieciaBB Xpa6pBi8 (9921025),

Kopoja. KasHMipi I 06HOBHT6.IB (10401057), BoiecjaB'B II

(,a,o BojecjiaBi) III KpHBoyciBiS (1102
1080), 1139), nocjii Koioparo
CTpana pacnajiacB Ha ysiaBi. Od'BeiHHHj'B 6ojBmyK> qaciB HOIBUIH Bjia^HCiaB F.

JIoKOTOK'B (1306 1333), nocji KOioparo n.apCTBOBa.i'B ero CLIH'B KasHMip-B BejiHKifi
Gno 1370), nocji'h^Hifi ust ji,0HacTiH EacioBB. JTIOAOBUK'B BenrepcKifi (1370
1382) H ero JOIB flj,BHra, BHine,ainiaH saiiym sa BejiHKaro KHasa jiHTOBCKaro
(BiajwcjiaRa, 1386
1434), ocnoBaxejifl ^imacTiH JlrejuiOHOBB (n,apcTBO-
OTB 1386 so 1572 r.) BjajHCjraBB BapfleHmiKT) (so 1444),
(jo 1402), H ero xpn CBiHa ^HB-AjiB6pexT'B (so 1501),
J[HTOBCKi (so 1506) H CarHSMyHSB I CiapBi2 (so 1548).

HopTyrajiia.
CM. Kapiy XXI.
HopTyrajiia BOSHBima B'B anoxy nepsaro KpecTOBaro noxosa (1095),
KacTHjiBCKoe HaMiscTHHiecTBo, npespaTiuiacB se BT. caMOCioaxejibHoe KOPOJCBCTBO
JIHIIIB B'B cepesHHi XII B. (1140). 9ioMy KOpoaeBCTsy CB caMaro ate
npninjiocB secTn oatecTOieHHyio BOHHy ci
 225

C e p6 I a.

CM. Kapxu XII, XIX n XX.

Cep6bi nocejHJiHCB wt> io.-3. qacrn BajEancKaro
nojyocxpoBa B-b VI B. H
xpncxiaHCXBO vm BnaaHTiH. 6biJia BHsaHxiBcKoB npo-
CHaia.ua Cep6ia 243.
nOJlOBHB-fe XII B. OCB060JHJiaCB, a fit XIV B. Bt COCXaBT)
HO BO BTOpoS
Cep6cKaro rocyjiapcxBaBxo,3,H.ia yxe 66.ibinaa HacxbBa-iEaHCEaro nojiyocxposa. BI
XIV B. Cep6ia npeBpaxnjiacb BT> saBHCHMoe orb xypOET> EHaaecxBO, a BT>
XV BI npocxyio oCjacxb eBponeficKofi Typuia.
ifi xpoHOAOiwecKia, damu. OcBo6ojE,n,eHie cep6oB"b oxi BiisaHxin
(OK. 1050). IJapCTBOBaHie Cie^ana ^yuiana (13311355). BuiBa Ha KOCOBOMI
(1389). IIpeBpanieHie Bt TypeuKyio npoBKHuiro (1459).

fl KopojiescTBa: BOSHHKJH OKOJIO

HopBerifl, ^anifl n HlBenja,
900 r. (KT, 875, 900 H K. IX B.), a o6paTHJHCb
xpHCTianciBO Jinrab BO Biopoft B-B

nojiOBHHi X
B. (,n,aHm npn KaHyii BejiHEOMin Hopseria ex HcjaHAie8)H^aae

OKOJO cepejjiiHLi XII B. (Illseiiifl). KaabMapCKaa ynui coejHHHja Bci Tpn crpanbi
OJHHMI. CKHneipOMi (1397).

T y p n, i a.
CM. Kapiy XX H XXL
xypKH yiBep^ujiHCb BI c.-3. yrjy MajioM Asia OKOJO 1300 r. (npn 194.
Mypajvb I (1361 1389) noEopHjrb DOHTH scro Ma.iyio Asiro n 66jbmyK
BajiKaHCKaro nojiyocTposa, yiBepflUB'b CBOK CTOjauy BT> A^piaHonoj-fe. Ero
Baaserb (13891403) H BHyirb nocji-fe^Haro Mypan II (14211451) npo- 196.
saBoeBania Mypa^,a I, a CHHI Mypa^a II MaroMerb II (14511481)
OROH^IIJIX noKopenie BajsaHCKaro nojiyocipoBa, nepeHecran CBOIO ciojimy BI
KoHCTaHTHHonojb (CTaM6yjcb). CaiHMi 1 (1481 1520) no^qimnjix MojaaBiro,
Cnpiio, MeconoiauiK) H EreneTi, a CojuMaHi BejoKOJiinHiig (1520 1566)
BeHrpiw, TpaHcujbEaHiro H Beccapa6iro, Ajiacup^, TyHHC'b H TPHOOJH, a
HuaiHee Te^enie Terpa H EB4paTa, ApMeniro H

CM. Kapibi I>, IV, VII-X ii XXL

Bx EOHn;k V n Hasaji-fe VI B. piuicEaa nposiiHaia Fajuiia 6BiJia saBoesaHa 3233.
repMaHCEHMi napo^OMi. <})paHEaiiH, KOiopbie xor^a ae npuHa.m H xpucTiaHCTBO.
HepBoB jiiHacxiefi, napcxBosaBineS BT> 4'paHKCEOMi EOpojescxB-B jio cepe^imbi
VII B., 6bLJH MepoBimrn. Hpii Hiix-b 4>paHKn pacmiipujii npeA'BJH CBoero xo-
cy^apcxBa Ha BOCIOEX, noAMHHiiB-b cBoefi BJiacxa HiEOiopua coci^Hia rep-
n.ieMCHa, HO saxo EopoJieBcxso caMO nacxo j'kiiiJioeb, n Meatjty ox^tib-
ero yacxHMH Bejincb oacecxo4eHBbia BoiJHbi. BT> axy anoxy BT> xocyAapcxaii
coBepmajocb BaaiiMoatficxBie 11 cMtuieHie piiMCEiixii n xepJiaHCKiixi
n nocieneeHO iipoiicxo^Hjio cjiaeie npuraejibueBi H xyseMues-b BT>
n a 'i ;i it Obixa,

HOByto ponaHCKyK) Hapo;i,HOcxb, Cyiymnxi, ({jpaHuyaoB'b. Ha noisi TajiJiiii (JtpaHKCKie

Eopojii cjvfcjiajiiicb Hacjii^HiiEaMii BJiacxH H rpOMaaHbixi seMejibHbix'b 6oraxcxBi
HMnepaxopOB-b, HO Sjiaroji.apa CHCXCM-B BoanarpaK^eHia sa
ncxopia. 15
 226

3CMe.iB, MeposHHru ocjiadnjiii KOpoieBCEyto BJiaciB. BTHMTJ

TaKt HasMBaesiBie jiafiop^OMH, Koioptre cfl-kiajiHCB HacToani,nMii npaBH-
rocyflapcTBa. O^HHI H3t xaKHxt jiaSop^OMOBt, UHHHHI Kopoi'EiB, at
752 r. npOBoaiMacHJTB ce6a
Kopojient H Tisit nojoatiuix Haiajio HOBOB ,n,HHacTin,
HSB'BCTHoB noji HasBameMi, Kapo.umroB'B (orB HMeHii cuna Humma Kapja
Be.iiiEaro).
68 74. Kapjn> BeiHKiS pacinnpaji'L TeppHTOpiro <J>paHKCKaro rocyjiapCTBa MHOFO-
saBoeBaiiisim H cos^ai'B HSI. Hero oSinnpHyio ^epsasy, 11% KOTO-
cepe^HH'B IX B. BHiijimiaci, (frpaania, KaK-L oco6oe KOpojeBCTBO. Ho
npoueccT), HaHaBuiifica npn MepOEHHraxi,, npo^o^atajica npn Ka-
pojHHraxt, BpeiaeHHO jamb sajtepataHHuii Bt VIII B., H pesyjiLTaiOMt nepe-
M-hHT,, npHBejiiniHX'B Kt ocjia6jieHiK) KOpoiescKoft BJiaciH H yciiaemK) BHaiu, 6tuio
95. (jjeo^aiBHoe pasji;po6jieHie. Yate BT> KOHU,'B IX B. <paHii,ia pacnajract Ha
KHflffieciBi., KOTOptia cxajH jipo6nTBca em;e na 6ojrEe MeaKia ceHBepin.

KapojHHrH HenocpeACTBeHHO HOITH HHi'feM'B yse He BaajvEJiH, a BI KOHi^'fe X B>

H cosc'feM'B jinmHiMCB KOPOHBI, KOTOpaa neperajia BI repn,orcKi2 Kane- POAI,
BjiacxB neiJBBix-B Kopojreft usi 9108 ^HHacriH npHSHasaJiacB JIIIUIL Ha
cipaHH, ^a H TO 910 CELIO TOJBKO nepBCHCTBO cpe,a,H jpyrnxt ({)eoji;ajB-
KnaseS, He sasaBinee HimaKHxi peajiBHHX'B npasi.. ^aae BT> CBOCMI neno-
ajvEHiH Kopojn ^oatHBi 6ujiH B6CTH BiiHyro BoSny ci HenoKop-
HBIMH saccajiaMH.
171 174. HST. 3ioro noioaieHia KOpojiescKaa BjacTB BO <frpaHUJH CTajra BBIXOJI;HTB Bt
XII B. Efi noMorajH BT> BTOMI) ciopOHH, syxoseBCTBO, ct
ji-i'fe, ci> OJI;HOH

ropoaa, BoaciaBraie npoiHBT, CBOHX^ ceHBepoBi. IjiaBHOK) CBoero aajaqefo

XII H XIII BB. CTaBHjni npncoejuHHeHie EI csoeS oGjiacTii HOBHXI. H
ajtiHiS u BOSBBinienie KOpojieBCKoft Bjacrii Haji, 4>eoji;ajiBHEiM B
r

MipoMt
co3ji,aHia HOBBIXT> yqpeffiseeiS (6ajiBHB&i, HPCBOTH, ceneniajiH, KopojreBCKift
COB-BTI, uapjiaueHTx 11 T. j.). Bi XIII B. BecBiia ^HiejiBHyH) nojmepaRKy CBOHM>
OHH namiH B'B jrerHCTax-B, KaKi HasBiBaJin IOPHCTOB'B, nsy^aBranx'B
CTpeMjreniaM'B
217 226. pHMCKoe npaso H npOBOiiisraHxi) B'B SKHSHB ero IIPHHUHOBI. IIpaB.ua, BI> Haiaj-fe
XIV B. BO ^paHii.lH B03HHKJO cocJiOBHO-npe^cTaBHTejBHoe yipesKjenie (renepajiB-
Htie iniaTBi), Koiopoe ^-BJiaio HOIIBITEII npoiHHMi o6pa30MT> orpannnnTB Kopo-

jeBCEyio BJiacTB, HO DocToaHHBie pas^opBi Meacny npeACTaBieHHBiMH na reHepajtb-

HBIX'B uiTaiaxi cocjcosiaMH npenaTCTBosajiH HM-B BT> 3TOMt cipeMJieHiii, T^M-B

SOJlte, ?TO EOpOIH B'B CBOefi (Jopb6'B Ct 4>eOaaj[H3MOMX nOJBSOBaiHCB COiyBCTBiCM-B

H nojwepatKOK) HapOAHOH naccBi. IIojiHTHqecKaa ncxopia $paHii;iH BI Eonu-fe cpeA-
HHX'B B-BEOBX 6BIJTa B'B Cym,HOCTH HCTOplefl yCHJenifl EOpOJieBCEOH B.iaCTH. Bt
1328 npeKpa-rmacB AHHaciia KaneTHHroBi, H y HOBOH jtHHacTia (Baiya) npe-
r.

cxoji'B cxajiH ocnapHBaiB aerjiiftCKie Eoponi, BCJii^CTnie iero Meat^y $pann;iefi H

AnoieS B03HHE,ia BoBna, npo^oaacaBinaaca OEOJIO cia JI^TI H conpOBoac^aBmaaca

CMyiaMH. JIUDJB B'B CepCAHHt XV B. ^paBUJSaiTB y^aJOCB OCB060-
CBOH) TCppHTOpiK) OTt aHrJIHiaH-B, H CTb 9TOIO MOMCHTa OnaTB B0306eOBUJICa
npon,eccx yciuenia KOpojiescEOH BJQCTH. TeHepaJiBHBie miaTBi BT, cepe^HH-B B. XV
caMH uo^nHcajiM CBoB CMepiHBiS npHrosopi, corjraciiBniHCB Ha nocToanHBiB
^ja coj,epaaeia EopojieBCKoB apMin. Bo BiopoB IIOJIOBHH'B XV B. JJOSOBHEX XI
o/KecToieHnyro 6opB6y ci> 4>eoflajBHHM'B MipoMT, n BMtcTi C'B ^syMa CBOHMII
npeeMHHEaMH OKOHiaiejiBHO od'Be^HHHJi'B $paHn,iK). Bc-feM-B BTHITB no^roTOBjeHO
BO $paHn;iH TopatecTBo a6co.iK>TH3Ma,
()Bi.30 EOTopLifi xapaEiepusyexi, ea Hosyio
HCTOpiK) (OCOOCHHO XVII H XVIII BB.).
xponoAOiunecKiH damu. Haiaio saBoesaHia Fajuiii <j)pauEaMii
 227

ti').
HpimaTie tjipaoKaMH xpacxiaacTBa (496). Oipaazeaie apa6cKaro aameciBia
(I'.U). OtfpasoBanie n pacuaAeaie Moaapxin Kapjia BeJiaEaro (768843). Ocao-
Baaie repuorciBa HopJiaHjuii (911). HepexoAt uopojieBCKaro Tirryjia K-b <J>eoAaib-
Hofl AimacTia (987). 3aBoeBaaie HopidaBAW (1214). SaeoeBaaie waiaoB $paa-

uin (1229). UepBbie reaepajibabie iiiTaiw (1302). Haiajio cio-iiiTHeS aaoo-^paa-

Bofiabi (1338). BuiBa upa KpecH (1346). .JKaEepia (1358). Biiiea npn
(1415). OcBo6oiKAeaie Opjieaaa loaHHOK) A'APET. (1429). Eyp/KCEaa
caaEuia (1437). yHpeatAeaie aocToaaaaro BoficKa(1439). Jura
o6iu,ecTBeaaaro 6jiara (1465). npucoeAiiaeaie BperaHii (1491).
<I>pa,HKCKie Kopojiu. Bo <l>paBaia nocji'B^OBaTe^fcHO uapciBOBajiH
u (ppauuyscKie
B"B cpe^uie MepoBiniroBi, KapoJiHBTOBi, KaneTHBroBi. H Bajya.
B'feKa AimacTiH
1) Mepoeuniu (481-752): XJOSBHF-L Uo 511) nepBBifi, XiuBnepuxi III no-
CJi-BAniS. 2) Kapojiumu: IJHnimt KopoiKiS (752768), KapJi-L BeJHKiff (AO
814), Jlro^OBHKt BjiaroiecTiiRHii (jo 840), Kapjn. JIucuS (AO 877) H ^P- 3) Kane-
mumu (9871328): Tyroa* Kauext (^o 996), Po6eprh (10 Teapext I (AO
1031),
1060), <I>ii.innnt I (AO 1108), J!K>AOBHK'& VI TojCTHfi (AO 1137), JhoAOBHEt VII (AO
1180), ^iiJuiun-B II AfirycTi, (AO 1223), JIK>AOBHKI VIII (AO 1226), JlroAOBHKt IX
CfiHTofi (AO 1270),^njinnn-B III (AO 1275), 4>HJiHnm& IV KpaciiB&iff (AO 1314) H
ero TPH CLiaa: J!K)AOBHKT, X, ^HJiMnn-L V
H Kapjn> IV (no.1328). 4) Ba.iya
(13281589): BayKt $Hinnua III ao iiaiepH, ^HJIHBIIX VI (AO 1350), loaaai, ^06-
pHfi (AO 1364), Kapii V MyApu" (AO 1380), Kapji, VI (AO 1422), Kap.ai, VII (AO
1461), .IroAOBiiKX XI (AO 1483). Kapjii, VIII (AO 1498), J!H)AOBHKL XII (AO 1515).

1 e x i a.

CM. KapTH XI XIV.

HeracKoe rocyAapciBO BOSBHE^O BT> aaiajii X B., apn lean H BI EyjitTypaoMij, 131.

H BT) noaiiriiiecKOsi'L OTaomeaiaxi) oao noAqiianjiocb repuaain, BomeAinn BI cocraBt

KaTO.in liecKo8 uepKBH H CB. PHMCKOU umaepiH (BX BHA* saccajibaaro BjaA'saia).
IlepBOio AHHac-rieK) y qexoBT, 61011 UpaeMLicjiOBHqH, apa KOTopbixi, cipaaa Apo6a-
iacb aa yA^Jw. 9io, Koaeqao, ocjia6jrH.no cipaay, H jamb BI aaMajit XIII B. qemcsoe 191.

rocvAapCTBO o6beAHaajiocb H ciajio BT. 6ojil5e aesaBHCHMBia oiaomeaia ET. FepMaaia.

Bt cepeAiiat XIII B. OrroEap-b II 6bun, yate oneab MorymecTBeaauMX
HO eiy ae yAajocb yAepxaib sa co6o aaBoeBaaama HMT. AscTpiro,
H Kpaflay. B% aaqaii XIV B. leaicEift Kopojib 6H.i'b BT. TO ae spesia
ao CT> npeKpan^eaieMij TorAa ace (1306) AH-
no.ibCEHMi, a BearepcKiiMx, 245.

HpateMHCJia aa iiemcEif!
npecTOJH, BCTyanjia AHDaciifl JlK)EceM6yprcEaa,
H3i KOTopofi BI XIV a XV BB. Ru6npajiacb iiMiieparopu CBam.eaaoii PiiMCEoS
HMnepia. BT, aayajii; XV B. BT. lexin apoiisomjio cajibaoe pe-iarioaaoe ABaateBie 205, 206
r
ex H 209.
(ryciiTCEoe), nojiyquBuiee BMict-fe c b TTJHT. xapaEiepi aaajoaajibBoii 6opb6bi
u aojiiiTaqecEoB a coajajbaoB peBOJiiouiH. BT> 3to speMa
n,ijjioi!

c6jiHJKeaia CT, pOACTBeaaoro OojibuieH), ao BT. aaqaiii XVI B. oaa

CT, BearpieS Aociajiacb l"a6c6ypraMT,.
r.iaembuwin xpoHOAOiwtecttiH damu. Haiajo xpiiciiaacTBa BI Hexia (OEOJIO
880). ycHJieaie ^exia apa OiTOKapt II (1253 1278). UapctBOBaaie leracEiixT,
Eopojieit BT, CBam,eaaoii PHMCEOI"! aMnepiH (1347 1437). Ocaosaaie apaatCEaro
yaaBepciiTeia (1348). flat Tyct (13691415). TycaTCEia BoSan (14191431). Ile-

pexoii. Hexiii BOA?" BJiacib ^a6c6yp^oB^ (1526).

IeuiCKie r.HH3bH u Kopojiu. llpotceMW&weiwu:
l
BypaBoS (2 BOJOBnaa IX B.),

,, HJIB BaiecjiaB'b(923 936), OTTOEapT.II, lua DpaieMbic.ib II (1253 1278).

15*
 228

JlwKceM6ypiCKan dunacmifi: IoaHHT> (1310 1316), KapjrB IV (1346 1378),

aBT, (1378 1419), CurnsMyHjrb (14191437). Hocjdi HHX-B BOpig
(14581471) H BjiaancJiaB^ flreMOHX (1471 1516).

IIIeiji (CM.

IllBeftu;apia.

235. TenepeinHflfl niseSuapia Bomjia BI cocTasi repMamii at 1033 r. 3epHOMi>

6y,a,ymaro corosa fituiH ji-fccHBie KaHTOHBi HlBim'B, Ypn n YHTepBajit^eH'B, BI 1308 r

BoscraBiuie nponiBi. ra6c6ypros%, Koiopue nxi npHiiceajiH. Bops6a npo- 6ua

TpyAHa, HO nepBona^aji&Hijfl COKOT. Bee Oojiie 11 60^*6 pacinHpa.ica
KI Hemy JlrouepHa, Bepna (BT> cepeinni XIV B.), D^ropaxa
( 238). H SP- codkiHHXT> ropo^OBt. Kor^a B^ K. XV B. FepManiH 6tun> yqpeaji.eH'L nnnepcKift
BepxoBHHS cyat H BBeji,eHO pasA'fejieHie ea OKpyra, niBeBn,apUH He saxoT-fem noaqn-
HHTBca 3TOMy nopfl^Ky. Hxt ^ynajiH sacTaBHTB cuiofo, HO OHII oKasajin 6ojbnioe
conpoxHBieHie H CasejiLCKiS Mnpt jojKeH'L CHJH npusHaxt nxt
r^aennuwifi xpoHO.iotimecKiii damu: BuiBa iipa MaprapieHt (1315).
npii 3eMnaxi (1386). BaseiBCKiS MHpi (1499).

Ill oT .1 a H# i a.

IIIoiJiaH^ifl, o6T.eAHHHBinaacfl Bt OJI;HO rocyiapcTBo BI cepe^HHt IX B.,

1603 r. cymecTBOBaJia, KaKi) KopoieBCTBO, coBepmenHO ox^tjitHoe oxt

xoTfl uocii^eaa H cipeMHiacb nocioflHHO ero ceSt no^^HHUTB. Bt 1370 r.
Ha npecTOJTL Bcrynma AHnacria CiroapTOBTj, Koiopaa C-B 1603 r. n,apcxBOBajia
H B

ASTI noyiMiMHecKOM M
VII. llepeHHH MaBHbixi, xpoHo^ornHecKux-b
MCTOpiM.

A. XpOHOjioiia eamnrbtiwux*

IV 611KT}.

312. MnjiaHCKlS 3ji;uKT^.

325. HepBBiS Bce.ieucKiS co6opi>.
375. Haiajio seinKaro nepecejiema HapojtoB'B.
395. Pas^iJieHie PiiMCKofi Hamepiu Ha BocTOiHyro H

V enm.
412. OcHOsanie BeciroicKaro KOpojesciBa.
449. Haia.no aanaTia BpuianiH aHrjraMH u caKcaMii.
451. HaiiiecTBie ATTHJIBI.
476. IlaAeHie 3anaAHo8 PiiMCKoB
486. Haiaio^saBoeBaHia Tajniii
496. HpimaTie (})paHKaMH xpucTiaHCTBa.

VI 6MKb.
527565. DcTHHiaH-B Be.inKiii.

568 3aBoeBanie HTajiu .<IaHro6apji;aMH.

 229

VII 8tbK?>.

622. Bf.rciBO MaroMeia BT, Meflimy.

632. Ihna.io \;um|>aTn.

VIII en>K*.
711. SaBoesaHie apa6aMU Hcnauiir.
722. Haia.no MKoeo6opCTBa.
732. no6"feAa Kapja Mapxejia naat apa6aMu.
750. Haiajo flHHacTm OMailfl^oBi.
752. Haiajio jtHHaciin KapojineroB7..
754. Haiajio CB-frrcKoB BJiaciH nan B.
r

755. Ciiepib CB. BoHiittauifl.

768814. D,apcTBOBaHie Kapjia Bejiimaro.
787. Ce,m>Mo8 BcejieHCKiii codopi.
800. npimflTie Kapjiosri) Be^HKHMi iiMiiepaiopCKaro Tiiiyjia.

IX 61bKb.
827. 06i>CAHHeHie Aaoin.
842. KoHen,T> HKOHO(5opCTBa.
843. BepAeHCKiS ri;oroBnp'i>.
865. Ha^a-io xpuciiaucTBa y
867. Haiaao

X stun.
911. DpeKpameHie jtHHaciiu KapojuiHroBi BI
962. Haiajo CBani,eHHofi PmicKoii HMnepiH repnaHCKofi nauin-
987. Haia.no AHHaciiii KaneTHHroBi> BO

XI
1054. OKOiiqaiejbHoe pasA^ieeie ijepEBeii.
1059. Pe^opMa nancKiixt Bu6opOBi>.
1066. SasoeBauie AHrjiin
1077. TeHpuxt IV BT, KaHOcct.
10961099. nepBtift KpecTOBHft

XII
1122. BopMCKifi KOBKOpiax-b.
1176. BnTsa npn JleHBflHO.

XIII 8)bKb.
1204. ^exBepTBifi KpecTOBiili
1215. HeaHKaa xaprifl CBo6oAH.

12541273. BejiHKoe MeamyijapCTBie BT>

1261. BoacianoBJieHie BusaHTiiicKOH

1265. HaiaJio napjiaMeHia BT> Aurjiu.
1291. KOHGUI, KpecTOBuxi, noxo^Bi.

XIV GfbKb.
1302. IlepBBie reuepajBHtie niTaiti BO $panuin.
1305. Haqajo asaHBOHCKaro nji-BHeHia nant.
1356. Sojioiafl OyjJia Kapja IV.
1378. Ha^ajio sejinKaro pacKOJia B-B KaTOiaqecKoif uepKBH.
1389. JiiiiBa Ha KocoBOirB
 230

XV
1402. EiiTBa
npn Aurop'fe.
14141418. KoHCTaaucKiB
1439. <J>.iopeHTiBcKafl yaia.
1453. SaBoesaeie KoHCtaHTHHonojia
1492. Ea^eine

B. CpedueenKoewe nucamejiu, Goiocjioeu, , ynemc, noamu, nponoeibd-

UUKU u m. n.

'IT Til en>K?>.

21. AHTOHiS BejHKiB 251356. 290. KeiMOHi, yM. OK. 680.

16. Api8 256-336. Till ewb.
21. UaxoMift 293346. 289. Beji,a JJocTommeHHtiB 674735.
18. Aeanacifi AieKcaH^pificKifi 298 64. BoHH<})aii;iff, anocioji.
373. 680755.
4 n 16. Yji6<j)iua 310-380. 266. JoaHHi ^aMacKHHi. p OK. 70Q,
18. rpnropiS HasiaHSHHt, EorocjiOBi
yM. jo 787.
328-390. 289. flaBejn, .HiaKOHX 720-800.
18. Baciuiia BejriiKifi 329-378. 290. KiraeBy.ibfy'B BI YIII B.
18. lepOHHMT, 330419. 289. A^KyHHi 735804.
17. MaKejOHiB 360-381.
ysi. Meatji,y IX erbKi.
18. AMBpocifi MexiojiancKifi 340397. 289. BfiHrapa'i. 770-840.
18. IoabHT> SiaToycrt 347407. 106. KHPHJJIT, 827 869 n
T yM. 885.
19. AsryCTHH'B, 6n. 354 430. 281. loaHHt 3pnreHa yM. OK. 880.
19. Ilejarifl poj. 354, yn. nocjife 420. 112 H 263. $OTig po#. OK. 827, yM. 897.
128. CHMeoH'L BoirapCKifl (uapcTBOBajii
17. Heciopifi yM. 440.
17. EfiTHxifi poa. OK. 378, yM. nocrfe 452. 885-927).
264. TeopriB AMapxojix at IX B.

X enm.
27. Eoaiuii 470525. 274. H6eT,-$owaHi BI X B.
27 H 265. PouaHi,
274. Macy^ii yM. 956.
21. BeHeAHKTX HypciffcKiil 480525.
124 H 263 264. KoHCTaHTHe-BBarpflHO-
289 Kaccio^opx, OK. 480 OK. 575.
pojtHMfl 905959, uapciB. ct 912.
289. lopeaHjix.
275. $HpAycH 940-1020.
43. TpiifioHiam. yM. 545.
25. rpuropifl BejHKiii 540604.
XI eibKz.

28. rpiiropift TypcKifi 540-573. 273. Asimeea 980-1037.

264. LIpoKonifi (pos. BI, K. V B., yM. BT>
263. Mnxawi flcejuti 1018-1076.
282. AncejibMi KeHTep6epi8cKiB 1033
cepejumt YI).
264. loaeHi) MaJiajia. 1109.

25 H 36. ABrycTnut, npoCBtinieJiB AH- XII en>Kz.

oin, VM. 607. 283. ACe-Mpt 10791142.

l
IlpHBeAeHH ^nrab HMeua, BCip-feqaiomiHca BI TCKCTB, npHTOMi BI nopHjiKi ro-
)

f(OB% poatienifl,CCJH nowtAHie HSB-fccTHH. J^Hijipa, cioamaa Bnepe^H HM6HH, yKasu-

naeti. iia BT. KoxopoMi. OHO ynoManaexca.
,
Tasoe ate snaieuie iiMieT't n;H(j)pa, HO-
BnepeAH HtKOTOpaxT. co6Hii& BT, ncropia oopaaoaaHiH (I;M. nnae).
 231

171. CyrepiS 10811152. XI Y en>m.

jsii. MpHepiii XII B. B-B
285. aKKaprL JM. 1329.
L'ti4. Anna KoMBiiaa 10831148. 293. Aanie 12651321.
14f>, 154, 283 H 284. Bepaap^B Ksep- 202 H 288. MapCHJiiB IlajiyaHCKia 1280
10911153.
BajiBCKiB 1343.
2i:>>. Aseppoaci. 11261198.
275. ra<j)H3i, 13001389.
289. BiUBrejiBM-B TiipCKifi 11301193. 295. IleTpapKa 13041374.
148 ii 289. BHJifcrapAyae-B 11551213. 292 H 295. BoKuaiio 13131375.
146 H 180. PHiapAt JlBBiraoe Cepwe 203 H 283. BHKJIH^T. 13201384.
1157-1199. 292. ^tocep-B 13281400.
XIII enKb.
XV enm.
L'til. HHKHTa AKOMHflarB JM. OK. 1210 289. $pyaccapi 13331419.
1215.
207208 H 283. -JKepcoBT, 13631429-
161 H 284. HaHOKeaiiS III (nana CT>
206, 208 H 283. Tyci, 13691415.
1198 no 1216).
285. OoMa KeMniScKiS 13801471.
154. ^OMHHHKI 11701221. 256. ryT6H6eprt 1400-1468.
154. ^paanHCK-B AccnscKiB 11821226. 289. KOMHH-B 14401509.
254. Poatept EBKOHT, 12141294.
212. CaBonapoJa 14521498.
289. ajyaHBHJiB 12231318. 214. 3>opTecKbH) yii. 1485.
155 H 282. OoMa AKBnacKiii 1224
1274. XTI enm.
214. EpaKTOHi,. 215. 14691527.

C. HibKomopua damu U3J> ucmopiu cpedneeniKoeou o

4. UepeBOA'B Bn6jin aa roicKifi asBiKt H

OK. 340. BI. Haiaji XIII B.
27. CsiepTB Boanifl, nocji-feiaaro npeji;- 295. HaqajoB03poa:ji;eHia HsyqeHia oac-
CTaBinejia jipeBaeft o6pa30Baaao- cnqecKoS apeBHOCTH OKOJO 1340.
CTH aa Bauajvk, 525. 205 H 288. OcnoBanie npa/KCKaro yaii-
15. SaKpBiiie asBiiecKofi HIKOJEI B'B BepCHTeia 1348.
Aennaxi 529. 250. OcaoBanie KpaKOBCKaro yHiiBepcu-
43. Ko^eKC'B lOcTimiaaa 534. T6TBI 1366 H ero npeoSpasosaHie B'B
1400. Bi XIV B. B'B TepManiH 6ujiH

npii Kapjit BejiiiKOMTi OK. 800. ocHOBaHBi em,e yHiiBepciiTeTbi BX

106. HsofiptTenie cjiaBHHCKoB a36yKH B-ba-fe (1365), rea^eJiBgepr-fe (1386) H
OK. 860. KejbBii (1388).
272 274. IlpouB-BTanie apaficKoB KyaB- 280- Ocaosaaie 3p(J)ypTCKaro yaiiBep-
typu IX XI BB. cnieia 1392.
27(5. 3a6oiM OTTOHOBT, 061. o6pasoBa- 205 H 280. OcaoBaaie jeflumircKaro
Hill BO BTOpOll nOJOBflH-fe X. B. yaiiBepCHTera 1409.
280. OceoBanie yHHaepcHieTOBi: ca- 256. HsoSp^TeHie KHHroneiaraHifl OK.

.lepacKaro BT, XI B., dojioHCKaro 1450.

B'B KOHU.'B XII B.. napimcKaro 1200,

VIII. KT>

Kapma I. Hcmopwiecxiu iuipi> st> KOHU,n> IV e. no P. Xp. (CM. 1 H 14).

Bi. 395 PiiMCKaa Hintepia pas^-B-iiuiacB aa BocTOHayro H 3anaAayio npiirun:tn-
r.

no 37 B. # (oTh $>eppo), TaKi rro BT> A({)pHK'fe EnineTi>, ae iisoCpaaeeanBifi

 232

na Eapxf>, flocxajica BocxoiHoH PtomepiH. Bi, Eepont rpaHHnj iiMnepia cocxa-

H AyHaS, sa EOXOPUMH JKHJH repMaHCEia ujteMena jo O^epa H
Pe8Hi>
^H-fecipa H jHinpa. BOCXOHHOIO coctAKoro iiMnepiu BI Asia 6BLia
flepcia (uapciBO CaccaHHAOBi>). ,11,84 cji-Esyiomia Eapxu (II H III) npe.ncxaB.iaiox'B
pasjoseeie o6iux b HOJIOBHHI, PHMCEOS
r

iiMiiepiH.

Kapma II. Pas.iow.enie danadnou PUMCKOU u.wnepiu476 1. (CM.

m> 4, 5,
7 H 8). BT> V na H^CKOJIBKO ro-
cxojrExiH 3ana,nHaa PflMCEaa Hiinepia pacnajacB

cyjapCTB-B. ET> 476 r., BO BPGMH xaKi HasBieaeMaro n naieHia SanaiHofr PHMCKOS
HMuepia" BT> ea npOBHHuiaxt OCHOBOJIH CBOH EOpojeBCTBa BeciroTti BT. io.-3.
H Hcnania a ), 6ypryH^H m> IO.-B. TajJiiH, Baejuaiti Bt A^piiKi H Ha COJIB-
ociposaxt CpesHaeMHaro wopa, anrjio-caKCH BT> BpniaHiH, (JjpanKH B-B
C.-B. yrjy H sa PeBnoMX, ajurenaHBi no BepxoBBaMi, Pe8na H Jtynaa, a
TajrjiiH

HiaJiia jocTajiacB BOffi^ro repyjiosi OaoaKpy. B-B 476486 rr. cisepnaa

Jlyapofi u CoMMoS (KOpojreBCTBO Ciarpia) ne Cmia eme sanaxa
HO BI 486 r. H 3ia Teppniopia 6tijia sasoeBaHa 4)paHKaMii. Me^
HHMX Te^enieMi. ^ynaa H CasoK) (a taK^e H H^CKOJIBKO rosH'Be) 6Buo rocy^apCTBO
ocTroTOBi, KOTOpne BI 480 r. aaBjafl'kiH Taeate ^ajiMaTHHCKHMT. noSepeatBeM-B,
a B-B 493 r. oxHajn HTajiiro y repyjioB'B H o6pa30Bajn 6ojBraoe KOpoiescTBO
no o61} ciopoHBi A^piaTHqecKaro nopa (j,o ycTbeBii POHH na SanaA^)- Hpo-
cymecTBOsajio OHO Heaojro, notoMy ITO BI 554 r. CBLIO aaBoeBaeo IDcTHHia-
HOMI BejiHEHMi, HOCJ* qero, oflHaEO, Hiajiia Bce-iaEH ne yAepmajiacB sa
568 r. ee sanajiH iaHro6apflBi. JI.ajiBH'BSinia HSirEHema st aana^Hoft
PHMCEOS HMnepin CM. Ha sapxi IV.
Kapma Pasjiowenie Bocmouuou PUMCKOU ujunepiu. (CM. ij 11 13,
III.
56, 57, 59, 128).JDciHHiaHi BeiHKiB Bt VI B. cj-fejajn nonHTEy B03CxaHOBJieHia
HMnepaxopcKoS BJiaciH Ha 3ana,a;lj H oxsoeBaji'B y BaHiajoB'b H ocxroxoB'B A^pasy
(ci 6ojBniHMH ocxposaMH 3. qacxH Cpe^HseMHaro Mopa) H ELxaiiro, a xaoate, iacxB
K)KHoS HcnaniH. Ho nocjii ero cMepxa Bocxo^Haa HMnepia craja xepaxB o^Hy
o6jiaciB sa spyroro. BB 568 r. jiaHro6ap^Bi oxnajii noixa scro Hxa.uro, a xt ea
lacxii, EOiopBia eme ocxaBaiHCB u nocjrfe 3ioro sa BHsaHiiefi, BX cepejtHHi VIII B.
saxsaieHBi CHJIH (J>paHEaM0, Kpomt caMBixi, IOSHBIXI, oEOHe^aocxeft nojiyocxposa.
BecxroiH BI, VII B. BepnyjiH ceSi BOKHyw qaciB HcnaniH. Bcro cisepHyK)
4aciB BajiEaHCKaro nojiyocxposa Majio-no-Ma.iy sanajH cjasaHe, H SA^CB o6paso-
n,apciBO BojrapcEoe. Epii CeMeoflt BeiHEOMi (888 927) OHO oxsaxBi-
o^iH Bcro o6jaciB, oiMi>4eHHyjo sejieHHM'B aB'fexoMi. Cnpia, Kanpt H see
a4piiKaHCEoe noSepeJKBe Bt VII B. SBIJIH saBoeBaHti apa6aMH, Eoxopne BX EOHU^
VIII B. sanajiH BajeapCEie ocxposa, a BX IX Kpuxx, CH^HJ^iH), Majibxy u Cap-
AHHiio. Bt 927 r. (roai. CMepxn 6oarapCEaro napa CuMeona) sa HMnepieS ociaBa-
JHCB jiiifflB rojEHBia qaciH BajEaHCEaro H AneHHHHCKaro nojiyocxpOBOBi BI
Esponi (en;e HmHoe no6epe^Be KpBiMa), ^a Maaaa Asia. ^ajBH-fefiinyio cyjj,b6y
3an