Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Tb`sks ^r`s`ftotkmf
Hy
^mst Iroduot` \tud`ft 8>>2

 Foj`7 Golqu`ckf` Tof

Tmpkl7 Bmj`mpotbkl Jofoi`j`ft ma
 Oiir`sskv` ofd D`akoft Lbkcdr`f

Maa`r`d tm
Tb` Hrktksb Kfstktut` ma Bmj`mpotby,
PE

\kfiopmr` Aolucty ma Bmj`mpotby

(Cmloc @xojkf`r7 - Dr. Jrs. D``po D`sok)

?
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Lmft`fts
?.  Kftrmdultkmf…….…………………………………………………………………
Kftrmdultkmf…….…………………………………………………………………0 0
8.  Dksruptkv` H`bovkmr Dksmrd`rs………………………………………
Dksmrd`rs……………………………………….. ..…………..
…………..9 9
<.  Ossmlkotkv` A`otur`s ofd Dksmrd`rs……………………………………
Dksmrd`rs……………………………………... ...……
……....??
....??
4.  Lous`s ma Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r………...
Dksmrd`r………...……...?
……...?11
0.   F`urmcmikloc Lous`s………………………………
Lous`s……………………………….. ..……………………………?
……………………………?9 9
1.  ^sylbkotrkl Oss`ssj`ft……………………………
Oss`ssj`ft…………………………….. ..……………………………8
……………………………88 8
9.  Tr`otj`ft ma Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r…………….88
Dksmrd`r…………….88
2.  Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks…………..
Dkoifmsks…………..………………………………………………..8
………………………………………………..84 4
;.  ^borjolmtb`ropy………………………………………………………………..8
^borjolmtb`ropy………………………………………………………………..81 1
?>. ^rmifmsks………………………………………………………………………..<
^rmifmsks………………………………………………………………………..<8 8
??. ^r`v`ftkmf……………………………………………………...….…………….<
^r`v`ftkmf……………………………………………………...….…………….<8 8
?8. Xkibt ^or`ftkfi………………………………………………………….……
^or`ftkfi………………………………………………………….………< …<8
8
Oct`rfotkv` Jofoi`j`ft
?<. Oct`rfotkv` Tr`otj`fts………………………………………………….………
Tr`otj`fts………………………………………………….………< <<
?4. Holb Acmw`r X`j`dk`s………………………………………………….………
X`j`dk`s………………………………………………….………< <4
?0. Oyurv`do…………………………………………………………….………….<
Oyurv`do…………………………………………………………….………….<0 0

?1. Ormjotb`ropy
Ormjotb`ropy………………………………………………………….………..<
………………………………………………………….………..<2 2
?9. Lbkf`s` J`dklkf`…………………………………………………….……
J`dklkf`…………………………………………………….…………< ……<; ;
?2. J`dktotkmf…………………………………………………………….………...4? 4?
?;. X`kek…………………………
X`kek………………………………………………………… …………………………………….……………4 …….……………48 8
8>. Judros…………………………
Judros……………………………………………………… ………………………………….……………4 …….……………4< <
8?. Bypfmtb`ropy……………………………………………………….…………..4
Bypfmtb`ropy……………………………………………………….…………..40 0
88. \mufd ofd Juskl Tb`ropy……………………………………………..………..4
Tb`ropy……………………………………………..………..40 0
 Futrktkmf…………………………………………………………….…………..4
8<. Futrktkmf………………………………………………… ………….…………..41 1
84. Hkmlb`jkl Tkssu` \octs…………………………………………………………4
\octs…………………………………………………………49 9
Bmj`mpotby
80. Ybot ks Bmj`mpotby=............................................................................................42

81. Bmj`mpotby Los`-Toekfi…………………………………
Los`-Toekfi…………………………………..……………………4 ……………………4; ;
89. Bobf`joff ofd mtb`r jost`rs mf J`ftoc ofd @jmtkmfoc Dks`os`s…………….
Dks`os`s…………….0?0?
82. Bobf`joff mf Fotur`
F otur` ma Lbrmfkl Dks`os`……………………………………..0
Dks`os`……………………………………..08 8
8;. ^mt`ftksotkmf……………………
^mt`ftksotkmf………………………………………………………………………………………………….0 ………………….0; ;
<>. ^msmcmiy………………………………………………………………………
^msmcmiy………………………………………………………………………...0; ...0;
<?. X`p`rtmrkoc Ofocysks………………………………………………………
Ofocysks…………………………………………………………… ……1?1?
<8. Tb` Tbr`` Ekfidmjs………………………………………………………
Ekfidmjs……………………………………………………………1 ……12 2
<<. Bmj`mpotbkl @aakloly………………………………………………………
@aakloly………………………………………………………….2 ….28 8
<4. Los` \tudk`s………………………………………………….……
\tudk`s………………………………………………….…………………2 ……………2< <
<0. Lmflcuskmf…………………………………………………...………………...??
Lmflcuskmf…………………………………………………...………………...??4 4
<1. Hkhckmiropby………………………………………………...…………………??
Hkhckmiropby………………………………………………...…………………??0 0

8
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Olefmwc`di`j`ft

Ocjmst tbr`` y`ors ma Bmj`mpotbkl studk`s, lucjkfot`s tm tbks dkss`rtotkmf wbklb wos
akfoccy lrystoccks`d oat`r jofy w``es ma rujkfotkmf. Amr tbks, K wmucd akrst cke` tm tbofe
Hboiowof \rk \otbyo \ok Hoho amr kfktkotkfi j` kftm tb` b`ockfi potb, ofd amr h`kfi jy
\murl` ma Kfspkrotkmf ofd `flmuroi`j`ft. K wmucd ocsm cke` ttmm tbofe Dr. Xofiolbork amr
bks `v`r lmfstoft ott`ftkmf ofd lmfl`rf amr occ tb` \kfiopmr` Aolucty ma bmj`mpotby
stud`fts. K wmucd ocsm cke` tm sbmw jy irotktud` tm Dr. Gkt E. Oiiorwoc amr t`olbkfi j`
vkhrkmfkl b`ockfi. Hmtb or` immd ckibtwmre`rs ma Imd ofd ir`ot `fikf`s amr `xpofdkfi
oct`rfotkv` b`ockfi efmwc`di` ofd ar`` s`rvkl` kf tb`kr lmuftrk`s ofd h`ymfd. K wmucd ocsm
cke` tm tbofe Dr. Jrs. D``po D`sok amr b`r suppmrt ofd b`r odvkl` kf jy dkss`rtotkmf
r`s`orlb, os w`cc os mtb`r s`fkmrs, wbm bov` ekfdcy lmftrkhut`d tb`kr los` studk`s. Cost hut
fmt c`ost, K wmucd cke` tm tbofe jy aojkcy ofd cmv`d mf`s, `sp`lkoccy jy por`fts amr tb`kr
uflmfdktkmfoc cmv` ofd amr ikvkfi j` tb` mppmrtufkty tm c`orf ofd irmw kfd`p`fd`ftcy.

<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ohstrolt

Oiir`sskmf ofd jksh`bovkmrs kf lbkcdr`f or` bkibcy pr`voc`ft kf tmdoy”s smlk`ty. Bmw
st
lof hrkfikfi up ofd t`olbkfi lbkcdr`f kf tb` 8?   l`ftury h` sm julb jmr` lbocc`fikfi
tbof o a`w d`lod`s oim= Dm`s hmjhordj`ft ma f`w t`lbfmcmiy, lbofikfi aojkcy ofd
`lmfmjkl strultur` pcoy sulb o bui` rmc` kf tb` byp`roltkvkty ofd oiir`sskmf ma lbkcdr`f
tmdoy= Mr dkd tb`s` dksmrd`rs skjpcy im uffmtkl`d kf lbkcdr`f ma tb` y`ors imf` hy=
h y=

Los`s ma dksruptkv` h`bovkmroc dksmrd`rs ofd jmmd dksmrd`rs bov` mat`f imf` uffmtkl`d
 hy por`fts wbm lbmms` tm tbkfe tbot oiir`sskmf ofd jksh`bovkmrs kf lbkcdr`f or`
t`jpmrory, fmrjoc irmwkfi up pb`fmj`fmf ofd dm fmt worroft julb fmtkl`. Jofy dm
fmt hmtb`r imkfi tm tb` occmpotbkl dmltmrs ofd `v`f ka tb`y dm, jofy los`s r`jokf
kjprmp`rcy dkoifms`d. \mj`tkj`s, por`fts ofd lor`ikv`rs tbkfe tbot j`ftoc ofd
`jmtkmfoc los`s or` h`ymfd tb` r`olb ma j`dkloc b`cp, os ot tkj`s, syjptmjs ma
jksh`bovkmr joy fmt h` suaaklk`ft tm h` dkoifms`d os mf` ma tb` r`lmifkz`d j`ftoc
dksmrd`rs. Krr`sp`ltkv` ma sktuotkmfs, bmj`mpotby maa`rs kts h`f`akts kf tr`otkfi wktb
lbkcdr`f wktb tb` ohmv` kssu`s.

Tbks dkss`rtotkmf wos lmjpkc`d tm prmvkd` of `osy ufd`rstofdkfi

uf d`rstofdkfi ma tb` dkaa`r`ft tb`ropk`s
ovokcohc` amr tb`s` lbkcdr`f ofd bmw bmj`mpotby lof b`cp. Tmpkls kflcud`d amlus jokfcy
mf tb` syjptmjotkl pkltur`s ma Dksruptkv` H`bovkmroc Dksmrd`rs, foj`cy, Mppmsktkmfoc
D`akoft Dksmrd`r (MDD), Lmfdult Dksmrd`r (LD) kf r`cotkmf tm oiir`sskmf ofd d`akofl`,
ofd tb` lurr`ft j`dkloc tr`otj`fts ofd kft`rv`ftkmfs ovokcohc`. Ossmlkotkv` a`otur`s ofd
jmmd dksmrd`rs sulb os Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r (H^D) ofd Ott`ftkmf D`aklkt Byp`roltkvkty
Dksmrd`r (ODBD) or` ocsm lmv`r`d kf smj` d`tokc sm os tm hrkfi ohmut o hrmod`r
ufd`rstofdkfi mf Dksruptkv` H`bovkmrs. Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r wos kflcud`d os kt lmv`rs
syjptmjs ma d`pr`sskmf ofd jofko, ofd vkmc`fl`. Kt ks kjp`rotkv` tbot w` ufd`rstofd
tb`s` lmjjmf h`bovkmuroc dksmrd`rs kf mrd`r tm ovmkd ufd`r, mv`r ofd jksdkoifmsks ma
oiir`sskv` ofd d`akoft lbkcdr`f.

Tb` bkibckibt ma tbks dkss`rtotkmf ck`s kf tb` bmj`mpotbkl opprmolb tm jofoi`j`ft ma

Dksruptkv` H`bovkmroc Dksmrd`rs ofd kflcud`s us`auc bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dk`s, wbklb lof

 h` toe`f ocmfiskd`

Bmj`mpotbkl occmpotbkl
los` studk`s mf r`j`dk`s
oiir`sskv`amrofdo jmr`
d`akoftrmufd`d
lbkcdr`fr`spmfs` tm b`ockfi.
w`r` kflcud`d amr
 gustkaklotkmf purpms`s. Xuhrkl ofd r`p`rtmrkoc ofocysks ma 89 bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dk`s tbot
 h`st akts tb` syjptmjotkl pkltur`s ma Lmfdult Dksmrd`r ofd Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft
Dksmrd`r wktb pmsskhkckty ma us` kf jmmd dksmrd`rs ofd Ott`ftkmf D`aklkt Byp`roltkvkty
Dksmrd`r or` ocsm odd`d. Kf oddktkmf, mtb`r `xkstkfi occmpotbkl ofd oct`rfotkv` syst`js ma
j`dklkf`s or` ocsm lmv`r`d amr o jmr` rmufd`d p`rsp`ltkv`.

4
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?.  Kftrmdultkmf

Qkmc`ft h`bovkmur kf lbkcdr`f ofd guv`fkc` d`ckfqu`fly ks o wmrrykfi wmrcdwkd`

 pb`fmj`fmf. Kf tb` Pfkt`d \tot`s, tb` ?;;; Lmcujhkf` Bkib \lbmmc jossolr` wb`r` 8
t``foi`rs ekcc`d ?8 stud`fts ofd o t`olb`r stkcc r`v`rh`rot` kf tb` jkfds ma jofy wb`f
vkmc`ft ymutb lrkj`s or` lmfl`rf`d. Kf 8>>2, tb` \ufdoy T`c`iropb r`pmrt`d tbot Pfkt`d
Ekfidmj bod o mf`-tbkrd kflr`os` kf vkmc`ft lrkj`s lmjjktt`d hy lbkcdr`f ofd ymutb.
Tmtoc maa`fl`s rms` hy 8?% armj 8>>< tm 888,90> kf 8>>1, wktb vkmc`ft lrkj`s ofd
?
rmhh`rk`s ot of `v`f bkib`r rot` . Jofy w`r` ocsm gmkfkfi str``t iofis, wbklb kflr`os`d
of kfdkvkduoc”s ohkckty tm h` `fioi`d kf lrkj`. Pfkt`d Fotkmfs stot`d tbot `lmfmjk`s kf
trofsktkmf sow o <>% kflr`os` kf guv`fkc` lrkj`s, jmstcy ossmlkot`d wktb oclmbmc mr
8
suhstofl` ohus` .

@v`f ka lrkjkfoc maa`fl` ks fmt of kssu`, outbmrktk`s ofd por`fts wmrcdwkd` or` akfdkfi
kflr`oskfi fujh`r ma lbkcdr`f wbm or` byp`roltkv`, oiir`sskv` ofd vkmc`ft. Amr por`fts
wbm or` ot tb`kr wkts, tb`y wkcc mat`f s`fd tb`kr lbkcdr`f amr dkoifmsks. Jmr` mat`f tbof
fmt, tb`s` oiir`sskv` ofd d`akoft lbkcdr`f or` dkoifms`d wktb Ott`ftkmf D`aklkt
Byp`roltkvkty Dksmrd`r (ODBD), Dksruptkv` H`bovkmr Dksmrd`rs mr/ofd Jmmd Dksmrd`rs.
Dksruptkv` H`bovkmr Dksmrd`rs ofd Jmmd Dksmrd`rs, bov` o bkib lm-jmrhkdkty wktb
Ott`ftkmf D`aklkt Byp`roltkvkty Dksmrd`r (ODBD). Tb`s` lbkcdr`f or` jmstcy pr`slrkh`d
wktb occmpotbkl j`dklotkmfs wbklb or` ohc` tm b`cp kf jofy los`s, hut joy lmj` ocmfi
wktb kts skd` `aa`lts. Jmr` lof h` dmf` j`dkloccy tm orrkv` ot o wbmc`smj` ofd p`rjof`ft
lur` amr tb` lbkcdr`f ofd ymutbs wbm or` tb` autur` c`od`rs ma tb` wmrcd.

Qkmc`ft ymutbs ofd odmc`sl`fts mat`f stort h`bovkfi oiir`sskv`cy os lbkcdr`f. @vkd`fl`s
 pmkft tm of kflr`oskfi fujh`r ma lbkcdr`f wktb oiir`sskmf ofd d`akofl`, ot `orck`r oi`s.
Mfs`t ma oiir`sskmf kf ymufi`r lbkcdr`f (oi` <) ks tb` jmst skifkakloft kfdklotmr ma
d`ckfqu`fly, vkmc`fl` ofd suhstofl` ohus` kf cot`r y`ors. Kf 8>>2, Tkj`s r`pmrt`d tbot
@ficofd sow o tmtoc ma 4,>>> susp`fskmfs kf lbkcdr`f oi`d 0 ofd cmw`r. <?> ma tb` 4>>
susp`fskmf los`s ma lbkcdr`f oi`d 8 ofd < kfvmcv`d pbyskloc ottole mr tbr`ot mf ofmtb`r
lbkcd mr tb` t`olb`r, wktb h`bovkmr rofikfi armj hktkfi, bkttkfi, tbrmwkfi lbokrs ofd
<
sbmutkfi ohus`s ot tb` vkltkj . Tb` tmtoc susp`fskmfs oi` 8-?? loj` up tm jmr` tbof
40,0>>, wktb oi` ; joekfi up ohmut o quort`r5 jmst los`s kfvmcv` vkmc`fl` mr tbr`ot ma
vkmc`fl`.

ODBD, amr `xojpc`, ks o lmjjmfcy mllurrkfi prmhc`j tbot oaa`lts 2-?>% ma slbmmc oi`d
4
lbkcdr`f, octbmuib kf jmst los`s kt storts `v`f prkmr tm slbmmckfi . Fmt ollmuftkfi amr lm-
jmrhkdkty wktb ODBD, Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r oaa`lts h`tw``f 8-?1% ma tb`
0
lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`ft pmpucotkmf . Immdwkf `stkjot`d tbot s`rkmus Lmfdult Dksmrd`r
1
oaa`lts 4-0% ma tb` lbkcdr`f ofd ymutb pmpucotkmf . Ofmtb`r mhs`rvotkmf wos tbot jofy
kfdkvkduocs ?>-80% wktb LD, MDD, ODBD, Jogmr D`pr`sskv` Dksmrd`r ofd Dystbjkl
Dksmrd`r bov` c`orfkfi dksmrd`rs. Tb` Fotkmfoc Kfstktut` ma J`ftoc B`octb `stkjot`s tbot
8> “ 4>%
4>% ma tb` 4,>>>,>>> lbkcdr`f kf tb` Pfkt`d \tot`s wktb c`orfkfi dksohkcktk`s joy h`
 prmf` tm r`lurr`ft d`akofl` mr jocklkmus lmfdult ofd joy h` dkoifms`d wktb ODBD ofd
9
mppmsktkmfoc d`akoft dksmrd`r (MDD) mr lmfdult dksmrd`r  .

0
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Jmmd dksmrd`rs toe` up ofmtb`r lbufe ma dks`os`d lbkcdr`f, octbmuib tb` fujh`rs joy h`
mv`rcoppkfi wktb dksruptkv` h`bovkmr dksmrd`r. Opprmxkjot`cy <% ma lbkcdr`f ofd ?8% ma
2
t``foi` pmpucotkmf bov` h``f dkoifms`d wktb d`pr`sskmf . Hkpmcor dksmrd`r, o dks`os` tbot
wos r`l`ftcy tbmuibt tm mllur kf oducts, ojmuft`d tm c`ss tbof 9% ma occ lbkcdbmmd j`ftoc
;
b`octb dksmrd`rs . Qkskts tm tb` dmltmrs sbmw`d tbot hkpmcor dksmrd`r r`ikst`r`d o 4> tkj`s
kflr`os` h`tw``f ?;;4 ofd 8>><. F`orcy occ dmltmrs kft`rvk`w`d h`ck`v`d tbot hkpmcor
dksmrd`r, o s`v`r` kccf`ss, ks mv`rdkoifms`d, wktb C`kh`fcuat”s studk`s ot tb` Fotkmfoc
Kfstktut` ma J`ftoc B`octb, suppmrtkfi tbot mfcy 8>% ma tb` hkpmcor dksmrd`r lbkcdr`f j``t
tb` lrkt`rko amr tb` dks`os`. Tbus, pmkftkfi mut tm tb` kjpmrtofl` ma ufd`rstofdkfi tb`
syjptmjs durkfi los` toekfi. Tb` syjptmjs ossmlkot`d wktb tb` dksruptkv` h`bovkmroc
dksmrd`r ofd kts ossmlkotkv` dksmrd`rs ofd tb` lmrr`spmfdkfi a`otur`s or` ikv`f b`r` amr
lc`or`r ufd`rstofdkfi ofd dkoifmsks.

1
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

8.  Dksruptkv` H`bovkmur Dksmrd`rs

O.  Ybot ks Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r=
Dkoifmstkl A`otur`s ma Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r
?>
Ollmrdkfi tm tb` Dkoifmstkl ofd \totkstkloc Jofuoc ma J`ftoc Dksmrd`rs (D\J-KQ-TX) ,
Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ks d`akf`d hy o ‖r`lurr`ft pott`rf ma f`iotkvkstkl,
f`iotkvkstkl, bmstkc`,
dksmh`dk`ft ofd d`akoft
d`akoft h`bovkmr” tmwords
h`bovkmr” tmwords por`fts mr mtb`r outbmrktk`s amr o jkfkjuj ma 1
??
jmftbs . Tm quockay amr MDD, kt just mllur jmr` ar`qu`ftcy tbof ks mhs`rv`d kf lbkcdr`f
mr odmc`sl`fts ma lmjporohc` oi` ofd d`v`cmpj`ftoc c`v`c ofd just skifkakloftcy oaa`lt
tb` aufltkmfkfi olod`jkloccy, smlkoccy mr mllupotkmfoccy. Dkoifmsks ma MDD ks fmt jod`
ka tb` ohmv` h`bovkmrs mllur du` tm o ^sylbmtkl mr Jmmd Dksmrd`r, Lmfdult Dksmrd`r mr
Oftksmlkoc ^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r (kf kfdkvkduocs mv`r ?2 y`ors ma oi`).

Amr dkoifmsks ma MDD, ot c`ost 4 ma tb` 2 syjptmjs just mllur r`iucorcy7

  Cmskfi t`jp`r
  Oriukfi wktb oducts
  Oltkv`cy d`aykfi mr r`auskfi tm lmjpcy wktb oducts'/
o ducts'/ `cd`rs” r`qu`sts mr ruc`s
  D`ckh`rot`cy offmykfi p`mpc`
  Hcojkfi mtb`rs amr bks jkstoe`s mr jksh`bovkmr



 
 
H`kfi tmulbymrmrr`s`ftauc
H`kfi ofiry `oskcy offmy`d hy mtb`rs
  H`kfi spkt`auc mr vkfdkltkv`

@xpr`sskmfs ma Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r kflcud`7

  Q`rhoc oiir`sskmf (os mppms`d tm pbyskloc oiir`sskmf ma Lmfdult
 Lmfd ult Dksmrd`r)
  ^`rskst`ft stuhhmrff`ss


  X`skstofl` tm dkr`ltkmfs


   Fmt wkcckfi tm ikv` kf, lmjprmjks` mr f`imtkot`



  D`ckh`rot` mr p`rskst`ft t`stkfi ma ckjkts



MDD lbkcdr`f joy sbmw kfohkckty tm `fioi` kf pcoy quk`tcy, dksrupt tb` pcoy oltkvkty ma
mtb`rs ofd `v`f hr`oe tmys. Tb`y joy ocsm cke` tm droi tb`kr j`oc tkj`s ofd akibt mv`r
ammd mptkmfs. X`h`cckmf joy orks` kf t`rjs ma p`rsmfoc opp`orofl`, byik`f`, tkj`
slb`duc`s. Lmfacklts ar`qu`ftcy orks` wktb por`fts, t`olb`rs mr p``rs. ^or`ft ofd lbkcd t`fd
tm hrkfi mut tb` wmrst kf `olb mtb`r wb`f tb`y or` kf lmfacklt. Of kjpmrtoft aoltmr tm fmt`
ks tbot jofy MDD lbkcdr`f dm fmt lmfskd`r tb`js`cv`s tm h` d`akoft mr mppmsktkmfoc, hut
a`ct tbot tb`kr h`bovkmrs w`r` gustkakohc` ikv`f tb` ufoll`ptohc` lcokjs mr sktuotkmfs. Tbus,
j`dkloc proltktkmf`rs sbmucd h`tt`r ufd`rstofd tbks os kt joy pr`s`ft tb` ufd`rcykfi lous`
ma tb` dksmrd`r (`.i. cole ma cmv`, woft ma ott`ftkmf ot bmj`).

Oi` ofd I`fd`r

MDD ks usuoccy `vkd`ft prkmr tm oi` 2 ofd fmt cot`r tbof `orcy odmc`sl`fl`. MDD ks jmr`
lmjjmfcy s``f kf joc`s wbm or` bkibcy s`fsktkv`, dkaakluct h`kfi smmtb`d kf tb`kr pr`-
slbmmc y`ors mr or` bkibcy r`oltkv`. Oat`r puh`rty, tb` fujh`rs s``j tm h` jmr` `quockz`d
 h`tw``f joc`s ofd a`joc`s.

9
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

^r`voc`fl`
Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ks pr`dmjkfoftcy pr`s`ft kf tb` bmj` durkfi kft`roltkmfs
wktb p`mpc` tbot tb` MDD lbkcd efmws w`cc. Kt joy fmt h` oppor`ft kf tb` slbmmc mr
lmjjufkty s`ttkfi, mr durkfi lckfkloc `xojkfotkmf. B`fl` aojkcy j`jh`rs h`lmj`
kjpmrtoft smurl`s ma kfamrjotkmf amr tb` `orcy d`t`ltkmf ma MDD.

Mfs`t
Mfs`t ks typkloccy iroduoc, mllurrkfi mv`r jmftbs mr y`ors. MDD syjptmjs t`fd tm
kflr`os` wktb oi`. MDD ks o lmjjmf oft`l`d`ft amr lbkcdbmmd mfs`t ma LD, `sp`lkoccy
ojmfi joc`s. Bmw`v`r, jofy lbkcdr`f wktb MDD dm fmt `fd up d`v`cmpkfi LD.

Dkoifmstkl \tudk`s
\tudk`s just h` dmf` tm `fsur` tbot tb` dksruptkv` h`bovkmr ks fmt du` tm mtb`r lous`s.
Tbyrmkd studk`s sbmucd h` lmfdult`d tm `fsur` tb`r` or` fm byp`rtbyrmkd mr bypmtbyrmkd
lmfdktkmfs. F`urmcmikloc studk`s tm osl`rtokf tbot tb`r` or` fm mriofkl hrokf prmhc`js.
^sylbmcmikloc t`stkfi sbmucd h` lmfdult`d tm ruc` mut ikat`df`ss, hmrd`rckf` r`tordotkmf,
?8
ofd ofxk`ty dksmrd`rs, ofd oss`ss c`orfkfi ohkcktk`s .

2
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

H.  Ybot ks Lmfdult Dksmrd`r=

Dkoifmstkl A`otur`s ma Lmfdult Dksmrd`r
Lmfdult Dksmrd`r lbkcdr`f or` ocsm d`akoft, mppmsktkmfoc ofd bmstkc`. Bmw`v`r, Lmfdult
Dksmrd`r ks o jmr` s`rkmus h`bovkmroc prmhc`j lmjpor`d tm MDD os Lmfdult Dksmrd`r ks
d`akf`d hy o s`t ma p`rskst`ft  h`bovkmr tbot ‖vkmcot`s tb` hoskl rkibts ma mtb`rs mr jogmr
?<
oi`-opprmprkot`
oi`-opprmprkot` smlk`toc fmrjs mr ruc`s” . Tm h` dkoifms`d wktb Lmfdult Dksmrd`r, tb`r`
f``ds tm h` skifkakloft jocaufltkmfkfi mf tb` olod`jkl, smlkoc mr mllupotkmfoc or`fo5 ofd
lrkt`rko sbmucd fmt h` aucakcc`d kf Oftksmlkoc ^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r amr kfdkvkduocs oi`d ?2
ofd ohmv`. Tb`r` ocsm f``ds tm h` ot c`ost < pr`s`ftkfi syjptmjs kf tb` post ?8 jmftbs
ofd ot c`ost ? syjptmj kf tb` post 1 jmftbs7

Oiir`sskmf tm p`mpc` ofd ofkjocs

?.  mat`f hucck`s, tbr`ot`fs, mr kftkjkdot`s mtb`rs
8.  mat`f kfktkot`s pbyskloc akibts
<.  bos us`d o w`opmf tbot lof lous` s`rkmus pbyskloc borj tm mtb`rs (`.i., o hot,
 hrkle, hrme`f hmttc`, efka`, iuf)
4.  bos h``f pbyskloccy lru`c tm p`mpc`
0.  bos h``f pbyskloccy lru`c tm ofkjocs
1.  bos stmc`f wbkc` lmfarmftkfi o vkltkj (`.i., juiikfi, purs` sfotlbkfi, `xtmrtkmf,
orj`d rmhh`ry)
9.  bos amrl`d smj`mf` kftm s`xuoc oltkvkty

D`ckh`rot` D`strultkmf ma prmp`rty

2.  bos d`ckh`rot`cy `fioi`d kf akr` s`ttkfi wktb tb` kft`ftkmf ma louskfi s`rkmus
dojoi`
;.  bos d`ckh`rot`cy d`strmy`d mtb`rs' prmp`rty (mtb`r tbof hy akr` s`ttkfi `.i.
sjosbkfi lor wkfdmws, slbmmc vofdocksj )

D`l`ktaucf`ss mr tb`at
?>. bos hrme`f kftm smj`mf` `cs`'s bmus`, hukcdkfi, mr lor
??. mat`f ck`s mr hr`oe prmjks`s tm mhtokf immds mr aovmrs mr tm ovmkd d`hts mr
mhckiotkmfs (k.`., "lmfs" mtb`rs)

 bos wktbmut
?8. hut stmc`f kt`js ma fmftrkvkoc
hr`oekfi vocu`amri`ry)
ofd `ft`rkfi5 wktbmut lmfarmftkfi o vkltkj (`.i., sbmpckatkfi,

\`rkmus vkmcotkmfs ma ruc`s

?<. mat`f stoys mut ot fkibt d`spkt` por`ftoc prmbkhktkmfs, h`ikf h`amr` oi` ?< y`ors
?4. bos ruf owoy armj bmj` mv`rfkibt ot c`ost twkl` wbkc` ckvkfi kf por`ftoc mr
 por`ftoc surrmiot` bmj` (mr mfl` wktbmut r`turfkfi amr o c`fitby p`rkmd)
?0. mat`f truoft armj slbmmc, h`ikffkfi h`amr` oi` ?< y`ors. Mcd`r lbkcdr`f or` ohs`ft
armj wmre wktbmut immd r`osmf

Mfs`t Typ`s
Lmfdult Dksmrd`r ks dkaa`r`ftkot`d hy < Mfs`t typ`s7

;
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?.  Lbkcdbmmd-Mfs`t Typ`7 mfs`t ma ot c`ost ? lrkt`rkmf lborolt`rkstkl ma Lmfdult

Dksmrd`r prkmr tm oi` ?> y`ors. Tb`r` ks jmr` pbyskloc oiir`sskmf, dksturh`d p``r
r`cotkmfsbkps, ofd pmsskhkckty ma lm-jmrhkd ODBD.
8.  Odmc`sl`ft-Mfs`t Typ`7 ohs`fl` ma ofy lrkt`rko ma Lmfdult Dksmrd`r prkmr tm oi`
?> y`ors. Tb`r` ks c`ss pbyskloc oiir`sskmf ofd jmr`
jm r` fmrjotkv` p``r r`cotkmfsbkps.
<.  Pfsp`lkak`d-Mfs`t 7 oi` ot mfs`t ks ufefmwf

\`v`rkty ma Lmfdult Dksmrd`r

Tb`r` or` < jokf c`v`cs ma s`v`rkty7
?.  Jkcd  “   \yjptmjs or` a`w kf `xl`ss ma tbms` r`qukr`d tm joe` dkoifmsks5
Lmfdult Dksmrd`r tbot lous` jkfmr borj tm mtb`rs `.i. cykfi, truofly, stoykfi
mut oat`r dore wktbmut p`rjksskmf
8.  Jmd`rot` - Fujh`r ma lmfdult prmhc`js ofd s`v`rkty ks h`tw``f "jkcd" ofd
"s`v`r`" `.i. st`ockfi wktbmut lmfarmftkfi o vkltkj, vofdocksj
<.  \`v`r` - Jofy lmfdult prmhc`js kf `xl`ss ma tbms` r`qukr`d tm joe` dkoifmsks5
Lmfdult prmhc`js tbot lous` lmfskd`rohc` borj tm mtb`rs `.i. amrl`d s`x,
 pbyskloc lru`cty, us` ma w`opmf, st`ockfi wbkc` lmfarmftkfi vkltkj, hr`oekfi
ofd `ft`rkfi

Oi` ofd I`fd`r A`otur`s

Lmfdult Dksmrd`r ks jmr` pr`voc`ft kf joc`s. \yjptmjs ma tb` dksmrd`r t`fd tm vory
ollmrdkfi tm oi`, typkloccy wktb tb` jkcd`r syjptmjs opp`orkfi akrst. Bmw`v`r, tb`r` or`
los`s wb`r` kfdkvkduocs `fioi` kf tb` jmr` d`trkj`ftoc olts ot of `orcy oi`.

Joc`s wktb lmfdult dksmrd`r t`fd tm bov` o jmr` lmfarmftotkmfoc opprmolb lmjpor`d tm
a`joc`s. Joc`s wktb LD t`fd tm `xbkhkt akibtkfi, st`ockfi, vofdocksj, ofd slbmmc
dkslkpckf` prmhc`js lmjpor`d tm a`joc`s wbm t`fd tm ck`, pcoy truoft, `fioi` kf suhstofl`
ohus` ofd prmstktutkmf.

^r`voc`fl`
Lmfdult dksmrd`r opp`ors tm h` bkib`r kf urhof tbof ruroc or`os. LD s``js tm `xkst kf ?-
?>% ma lbkcd pmpucotkmf.

Lmurs`
Lmfdult dksmrd`r lof stort mllurrkfi ot pr`slbmmc y`ors, wktb tb` akrst skifkakloft
syjptmjs opp`orkfi armj jkddc` lbkcdbmmd tbrmuib jkddc` odmc`sl`fl`, wktb ror` mfs`t
oat`r oi` ?1. Kf jogmrkty ma kfdkvkduocs, LD wmucd bov` r`jktt`d hy oductbmmd,
 portklucorcy tbms` wktb odmc`sl`ft mfs`t ofd tbms` wktb a`w`r ofd jkcd`r syjptmjs.
Bmw`v`r, tbms` wktb `orcy mfs`t bov` bkib`r rkse amr Oftksmlkoc ^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r ofd
\uhstofl`-r`cot`d Dksmrd`r kf oductbmmd.

Dksruptkv` H`bovkmr Dksmrd`r Fmt Mtb`rwks` \p`lkak`d

Tbks dksmrd`r ks us`d amr lborolt`rkzkfi los`s wktb lmfdult mr mppmsktkmfoc d`akoft
 h`bovkmr ofd suaaklk`ft skifkakloft lckfkloc kjpokrj`ft, hut dm fmt j``t tb` aucc lrkt`rkos
ma MDD ofd LD.

?>
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

<. Ossmlkot`d A`otur`s ofd Dksmrd`rs?4 

Ossmlkotkv` a`otur`s ofd dksmrd`rs vory wktb oi` ofd s`v`rkty ma MDD ofd LD. Kt ks
f`l`ssory tm tr`ot ofy lm-mllurrkfi dksmrd`rs, dks`os`s mr suhstofl` ohus` h`lous` tb`y
lof lous` mr wmrs`f krrktohkckty mr d`akofl` ka c`at uftr`ot`d.

O. ^r`-\lbmmc [`ors
MDD ofd LD lbkcdr`f kf tb`kr pr`slbmmc y`ors mat`f sbmw skifs ma h`kfi `oskcy krrktot`d,
or` byp`rs`fsktkv` tm `xt`rfoc stkjuck ofd or` dkaakluct tm h` smmtb`d.

H. \lbmmc [`ors7 Ossmlkot`d A`otur`s ofd Dksmrd`rs ma MDD ofd LD

?.  Cmw s`ca-`st``j (LD bos oddktkmfoc prmg`lt`d kjoi` ma tmuibf`ss)
tmu ibf`ss)
8.  Mv`r kfacot`d s`ca-`st``j
<.  ^mmr arustrotkmf tmc`rofl`
4.  Krrktohkckty
0.  Jmmd cohkckty
1.  Cmw`r tbof ov`roi` v`rhoc K_ ofd r`odkfi sekccs
9.  C`orfkfi mr lmjjufklotkmf dksmrd`r
2.  Ofxk`ty dksmrd`r
;.  Jmmd dksmrd`r

?>.  \uhstofl`-r`cot`d
??. ^sylbmtkl dksmrd`rdksmrd`rs ma druis, tmhollm, oclmbmc5 kfdkslrkjkfot` us`
?8. ODBD

L. Ossmlkot`d A`otur`s ofd Dksmrd`r ma LD

?.  Ckttc` `jpotby mr lmfl`rf amr tb` a``ckfi, wksb`s, w`cc-h`kfi ma mtb`rs
8.  Jksp`rl`kv` kft`ftkmfs ma mtb`rs os h`kfi jmr` bmstkc` ofd tbr`ot`fkfi, tb`y tb`f
r`spmfd wktb oiir`sskmf tbot tb`y tbkfe ks gustkak`d
<.  Loccmus, cole iukct mr r`jmrs`. @xpr`ss`d r`jmrs` joy fmt h` i`fukf`
4.  Kfamrj mf lmjpofkmfs5 hcoj` mtb`rs amr tb`kr mwf jksd``ds
0.  T`jp`r muthursts
1.  X`lec`ssf`ss ofd rkse-toekfi olts. Ollkd`ft rot`s or` bkib`r kf LD tbof fmf LD
9.  @orcy mfs`t ma s`xuoc h`bovkmr
2.  \uklkd` kd`otkmf, ott`jpt`d ofd lmjpc`t`d suklkd`s ot o bkib`r rot` tbof fmrjoc

??
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

D. Pfd`rstofdkfi ossmlkot`d Ott`ftkmf D`aklkt Byp`roltkvkty Dksmrd`r

ODBD ks o p`rskst`ft pott`rf ma kfott`ftkmf ofd/mr byp`roltkvkty-kjpucskvkty kf lbkcdr`f
ofd ks bkib`r kf kft`fskty ofd jmr` d`trkj`ftoc tbof kt ks amr lbkcdr`f ma skjkcor
d`v`cmpj`ftoc stoi`s5 wktb kjpokrj`fts kf ot c`ost 8 `fvkrmfj`fts sulb os ot bmj`,
slbmmc mr wmre. Tb`s` syjptmjs sbmucd h` pr`s`ft h`amr` tb` oi` ma 9. Opprmxkjot`cy
boca ma lbkcdr`f wktb ODBD bov` `ktb`r MDD mr LD. Tb` rot`s ma ODBD lbkcdr`f wktb
tb`s` MDD mr LD ks bkib`r tbof tbms` wktb mtb`r j`ftoc dksmrd`rs5 wktb bkib`r kflkd`fl`
kf tb` 8 suh-typ`s jore`d hy byp`roltkvkty-kjpucskvkty. ?0 Tbus, kt ks kjpmrtoft amr us tm
ufd`rstofd tb` syjptmjs lmv`rkfi ODBD sm tbot w` lof kd`ftkay kt os o s`porot`
dksmrd`r durkfi dkoifmsks. Tb` syjptmjs ma ODBD or` os amccmws7

Kfott`ftkmf
?.  Aokcur` tm poy lcms` ott`ftkmf tm d`tokcs
d `tokcs mr joe` lor`c`ss jkstoe`s kf toses
8.  Ymre ks dksmriofkz`d, lor`c`ss, dmf` wktbmut tbmuibt5 kfdkvkduocs bov` dkaaklucty
e``pkfi tb`kr ott`ftkmf kf oltkvktk`s ofd akfd kt dkaakluct tm p`rskst uftkc lmjpc`tkmf
<.  Os ka tb` kfdkvkduoc”s jkfd ks `cs`wb`r`, b` ks fmt b`orkfi mr ckst`fkfi tm mtb`rs”
mtb`rs ”
r`qu`sts ofd kfstrultkmfs
4.  Mat`f jmv` armj mf` oltkvkty tm ofmtb`r wktbmut lmjpc`tkmf5 ar`qu`ft sbkats kf
lmfv`rsotkmfs
0.  Aokcur` tm lmjpc`t` tose ks du` tm kfott`ftkmf ofd fmt mtb`r r`osmfs cke` d`akofl`
1.  \trmfi dkscke` mr ov`rskmf tmwords toses tbot r`qukr` s`ca-oppcklotkmf, jmr` j`ftoc
`aamrt, bkib`r lmfl`ftrotkmf mr mriofkzotkmfoc sekccs
9.  Jot`rkocs r`qukr`d amr tose or` mat`f slott`r`d, cmst, lor`c`sscy bofdc`d mr dojoi`d
do joi`d
2.  @oskcy dkstrolt`d hy stkjuck sulb os fmks`s mr `v`fts tbot or` kifmr`d hy mtb`rs
;.  Amri`tauc kf dokcy oltkvktk`s

Byp`roltkvkty
?.  Akdi`tkfi mr squkrjkfi
squkrjkfi kf mf`”s s`ot 
s`ot 
8.   Fmt s`ot`d wb`f `xp`lt`d tm dm sm
<.  Kfopprmprkot` ofd `xl`sskv` lckjhkfi mr ruffkfi
4.  Dkaaklucty `fioikfi kf oltkvktk`s quk`tcy

1.  
0. Os ka ocwoys
Tocekfi ‖mf tb` im” mr ‖prmp`cc`d hy
`xl`sskv`cy h y o jmtmr” 
jmtmr” 
9.  Akdi`t wktb mhg`lts, top tb`kr bofds, sboe` tb`kr c`is mr a``t `xl`sskv`cy
2.  X`stc`ssf`ss
;.  Kjpucskv`7 kjpotk`ft, dkaaklucty d`coykfi r`spmfs`,
r`spmfs` , owoktkfi mf`”s turf5 prmf` tm
ollkd`fts ofd ks r`lec`ss
?>. Kft`rrupt, kftrud` mtb`rs, kfktkot` toces, tmulb tbkfis, iroh mhg`lts kfopprmprkot`cy5
joe` o ammc

B`fl`, ODBD lof h` lcosskak`d kftm < suhtyp`s7 (?) pr`dmjkfoftcy kfott`ftkv`, (8)
 pr`dmjkfoftcy byp`roltkv`-kjpucskv`, (<) lmjhkf`d typ`.

?8
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

@. Pfd`rstofdkfi ossmlkot`d Jmmd Dksmrd`rs

Jmmd Dksmrd`rs kts`ca ks o jogmr tmpkl ofd kt lmv`rs occ typ`s ma d`pr`sskmf ofd jofko.
\kfl` Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r lmv`rs syjptmjotkl pkltur` ma hmtb d`pr`sskmf ofd jofko, ofd
jogmrkty ma lbkcdr`f wktb Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r `xbkhkt oiir`sskv` ofd vkmc`ft h`bovkmrs,
Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r sbocc h` us`d os o r`a`r`fl`.

D`pr`sskmf
D`pr`sskmf kf lbkcdr`f just h` dkaa`r`ftkot`d armj tb` usuoc a``ckfi ma sodf`ss. Kt ks mfcy
wb`f d`pr`sskmf oaa`lts tb` aojkcy, slbmmc ofd smlkoc cka` ma tb` lbkcd, dm`s kt worroft tb`
dkoifmsks. D`pr`sskmf kf lbkcdr`f bos skjkcor syjptmjs wb`f lmjpor`d tm oducts (Tohc`
 h`cmw). Oddktkmfoc syjptmjs kflcud`7 (?) h`kfi a`orauc, ofxkmus, t`fs`5 (8) r`p`ot`d
r`g`ltkmf mr cole ma kft`roltkmf wktb p``rs5 (<) w`oe olod`jkl p`ramrjofl`5 (4) r`stc`ss
wktb kfohkckty tm lmfl`ftrot` mr hmr`dmj5 (0) r`p`ot`d sbmutkfi mr lmjpcokfkfi5 (1)
?1
 pbyskloc lmjpcokfts wktbmut j`dkloc lous` cke` b`odolb` mr stmjolbolb` .

Jofko
Jofko ks lborolt`rkz`d hy s`v`r` krrktohkckty wktb prmcmfi`d t`jp`r muthursts. \yjptmjs
ma oiir`sskmf ks o r`osmf amr tb` ir`ot f``d ma psylbkotrkl bmspktockzotkmfs kf jofkl

lbkcdr`f. Jofko kf lbkcdr`f

akrst jofka`stotkmf ma jofko.ks @c`vot`d
mat`f jkskft`rpr`t`d
jmmd, ackibtos ma
ODBD. ODBD
tbmuibts, ks smj`tkj`s
d`lr`os`d tb`
sc``p ofd
byp`rs`xuockty(kf lbkcdr`f wbm bov` fmt h``f ohus`d mr wktf`ss`d oduct s`xuoc h`bovkmr)
ofd irofdkmskty or` tb` h`st syjptmjs tm dkaa`r`ftkot` jofko ofd ODBD. Huccykfi joy
 h` of oi` sp`lkakl syjptmj ma irofdkmskty, hut pr`loutkmf bos tm h` toe`f amr lmrr`lt
?9
dkoifmsks .

?2
\yjptmjs ma Jogmr D`pr`sskv` @pksmd`, Jofkl, Jkx`d, Bypmjofko @pksmd`s  

Jogmr D`pr`sskv` @pksmd` Jofkl @pksmd`

@xp`rk`fl` ma 0 mr jmr` syjptmjs tbot
 p`rskst f`orcy `v`ry doy amr 8 w``es
?.  Krrktohkckty `.i. ofiry muthurst,
arustrotkmf, hcoj` mtb`rs, `xoii`rot`d
r`spmfs` tm jkfmr kflkd`fts, p`rskst`ft
ofi`r. Oiktotkmf (kfohkckty tm skt stkcc,
 polkfi, bofd wrkfikfi, pucc mr ruh sekf,
lcmtbkfi `tl.)
8.  \odf`ss/d`pr`ss`d/ bmp`c`ssf`ss
<.  Dkskft`r`st kf oltkvktk`s wbklb w`r`
 pr`vkmuscy ma kft`r`st
4.  D`lr`os`d opp`tkt` mr aokcur` tm joe`
w`kibt iokf/ kflr`os`d opp`tkt`/ Lrov`
sw``ts mr lorhmbydrot`
0.  Lbofi`s kf \c``p pott`rf `.i. Kfsmjfko/
Byp`rsmjfko
1.  D`lr`os`d `f`riy, tkr`df`ss, aotkiu` /
Ohfmrjoccy mr p`rskst`ft `c`vot`d jmmd
tbot cost amr ot c`ost o w``e
?.  kfacot`d s`ca irofdkmskty
8.  d`lr`os`d f``d amr sc``p
<.  toceotkv`, pr`ssur`d f``d tm toce
4.  ackibt ma kd`os mr suhg`ltkv` `xp`rk`fl`
tbot tbmuibts or` rolkfi
0.  dkstroltohkckty
1.  kflr`os`d imoc dkr`lt`d oltkvkty mr
 psylbmjmtmr oiktotkmf
9.  `xl`sskv` kfvmcv`j`ft ma pc`osurohc`
oltkvktk`s tbot joy bov` pokfauc
lmfs`qu`fl`s
Jkx`d @pksmd`
\yjptmjs ma hmtb jofkl ofd o Jogmr
D`pr`sskv` @pksmd` tm mllur `v`rydoy amr
ot c`ost ? w``e

?<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

\cmw`d pbyskloc ofd j`ftoc oltkvktk`s Bypmjofko

ofd jut`f`ss ?.  `c`vot`d jmmd mr krrktohkckty amr ot c`ost
9.  \`fs` ma wmrtbc`ssf`ss mr iukct 4 doys
2.  Kjpokr`d ohkckty tm tbkfe, lmfl`ftrot` mr 8.  kflcud` ot c`ost <-4 syjptmjs ma jofko
joe` d`lkskmfs `pksmd`
;.  \uklkd` kd`otkmf
^msskhc`7 hmdy olb`s

Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r
Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r wos vkrtuoccy h`ck`v`d tm h` fmf-`xkst`ft
fmf -`xkst`ft kf lbkcdr`f uftkc o r`vmcutkmf kf
tb
lbkcd psylbkotry kf tb` cot` 8>  l`ftury. Hkpmcor dksmrd`r kf lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`fts ks o
jmr` s`v`r` kccf`ss tbof tbot kf mcd`r t``foi`rs ofd oducts. Jofy lbkcdr`f wktb Hkpmcor
r`jokfs ufdkoifms`d, wbklb ks s`rkmus os tb` cmfi`r tb` hkpmcor dksmrd`r r`jokfs
uftr`ot`d, tb` wmrs` ks tb` cmfi t`rj prmifmsks sulb os tb` bkib suklkd` rot`, wktb os
?;
julb os ?>-?0% ma hkpmcor potk`fts lmjjktt`d suklkd` . 

Hkpmcor K Dksmrd`r
Kfvmcv`s7
?.  Mf` mr jmr` jofkl mr jkx`d `pksmd`s
8.  Mat`f bov` bod mf` mr jmr` Jogmr D`pr`sskv` @pksmd`s
<.  X`lurr`fl` ks kfdklot`d ka tb`r` ks o lbofi` kf tb` pmcorkty ma tb` `pksmd` (`.i.
Jogmr D`pr`sskv` Dksmrd`r `pksmd` tm Jofkl mr Jkx`d `pksmd`) mr of kft`rvoc
 h`tw``f `pksmd`s ma 8 jmftbs wktbmut jofkl syjptmjs

Mtb`r sp`lkaklotkmfs7
Cmfiktudkfoc Lmurs` \p`lkak`rs (wktb mr wktbmut kft`r`pksmd` r`lmv`ry)5 Yktb \`osmfoc
^ott`rf5 Xopkd lylckfi ks mat`f jofka`st`d kf lbkcdr`f prkmr tm mr smmf oat`r puh`rty.

Hkpmcor KK Dksmrd`r
Kfvmcv`s7
?.  ? mr jmr` Jogmr D`pr`sskv` @pksmd` wktb ot c`ost ? bypmjofko `pksmd`s
8.  ^r`s`fl` ma Jofkl mr Jkx`d @pksmd`
Kf Hkpmcor K ofd KK Dksmrd`rs, tb`r` just h` skifkakloft kjpokrj`ft kf aufltkmfkfi ot wmre,
bmj` mr slbmmc s`ttkfi. Tb` syjptmjs sbmucd ocsm fmt h` h`tt`r ollmuft`d amr hy
\uhstofl` Ohus` Dksmrd`r, i`f`roc j`dkloc lmfdktkmfs mr mtb`r Jmmd Dksmrd`rs sulb os
\lbkzmoaa`ltkv` Dksmrd`r ofd or` fmt sup`rkjpms`d mf \lbkzmpbr`fko, D`cuskmfoc
8>
Dksmrd`r, ^sylbmtkl Dksmrd`r  .

Lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`fts sbmw o bkib`r p`rl`ftoi` ma jkx`d syjptmjs, wktb

skjuctof`mus `xpr`sskmf ma d`pr`sskmf ofd jofko mr ropkdcy lbofikfi jmmds. Kfst`od ma
`upbmrko, lbkcdr`f jmr` lmjjmfcy `xbkhkt kft`fs` `jmtkmf cohkckty ofd krrktohkckty. –Tb`
Hkpmcor Lbkcd,‚ o sull`ssauc hmme puhcksb`d hy tb` psylbkotrkst D`jktrk ^opmcms ofd bks
wka`, Gofkl`, kf ?;;;, fmt`d tbot mf` strkekfi syjptmj pr`s`ft wos tb` lrovkfi amr
`xl`sskv` lorhmbydrot`8?.

?4
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Hkpmcor lbkcdr`f or` jmstcy joc`s. O cmfi t`rj study sbmws tbot mf`-tbkrd ma tb` lbkcdr`f
wktb tb` c`ss s`v`r` Hkpmcor KK, mat`f swktlb`s tm tb` jmr` s`v`r` Hkpmcor K os tb`y oi`.
Bmw`v`r, tb`r` or` ocsm lbkcdr`f wbm s``j tm bov` r`lmv`r`d oat`r tb`y h`lmj` oducts,
octbmuib o p`rsmf wbm bos bod o jofkl `pksmd` bos o bkib`r prmhohkckty ma bovkfi
ofmtb`r.

Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks
Kf cot` odmc`sl`fts, hkpmcor dksmrd`r ks mat`f jkstoe`f amr slbkzmpbr`fko ofd lmfdult
dksmrd`r5 wbkc` amr ymufi`r lbkcdr`f ODBD bos h``f dkaakluct tm dkaa`r`ftkot` armj
 hkpmcor dksmrd`r, wktb bkib rot` ma lm`xkst`fl` h`tw``f tb` twm wbklb t`fd tm d`lr`os`
wktb kflr`oskfi oi`. Lbkcdr`f wktb ODBD t`fd tm d`v`cmp hkpmcor dksmrd`r h`tw``f ??
ofd ?8 y`ors mcd, mat`f sbmwkfi d`pr`sskv` syjptmjs akrst. Amr ymutbs wktb jogmr
d`pr`sskmf, ohmut o tbkrd d`v`cmps jofko/hkpmcor dksmrd`r. Tb` jofkl rotkfi sloc` hy
88
Arkstod, Y`cc`r ofd Y`cc`r lof b`cp dkaa`r`ftkot` jofkl ofd byp`roltkv`
b yp`roltkv` lbkcdr`f.  

?0
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

4.  Lous`s ma Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r

8<
Tkcc fmw, tb`r` ks fm mf` d`akfkt` lous`, hut pmsskhc` lmftrkhutkfi lous`s  or`7

 
 Tb` lbkcd”s kffot`
kffot` p`rsmfockty ofd h`bovkmr sulb os lbkcdr`f wktb bkstmry ma dkaakluct
kfaoft t`jp`roj`ft
 
 Tb` aojkcy ofd por`fts” pmmr r`cotkmfsbkp dyfojkls wktb tb` lbkcd sulb os o fmf -
cmvkfi r`cotkmfsbkp, fmt ikvkfi tb` lbkcd suaaklk`ft ott`ftkmf ofd tkj`
 
 ^`rjksskv` por`ftkfi styc`, cole ma hmufdork`s ofd strultur` kf tb` lbkcd”s dokcy cka`
 
 Pfb`octby `fvkrmfj`ftoc lmfdktkmfs sulb os aojkcy kfstohkckty
 
 I`f`tkl Lmjpmf`ft
 
 Hkmcmikloc “ 
Hkmcmikloc  “   hrokf
hrokf kfgurk`s mr dojoi`5 lb`jkloc kjhocofl` kf tb` hrokf
 
 Lbkcd”s owor`f`ss tbot tbrmwkfi toftrujs wkcc i`t bkj wbot b` wofts 
wofts  

Xkse Aoltmrs amr Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r

\kfl` Dksruptkv` H`bovkmroc Dksmrd`rs or` lmjpc`x, s`v`roc rkse aoltmrs joy c`od tm tb`
84
d`v`cmpj`ft ma MDD 7

 
 Ot c`ost mf` por`ft mr skhckfi wktb o bkstmry ma j`ftoc dksmrd`rs7 ODBD, Mppmsktkmfoc

Dksmrd`r mr Lmfdult
Jmmd Dksmrd`r Dksmrd`r, Oftk-smlkoc ^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r, \uhstofl`-r`cot`d mr
(`.i. d`pr`sskmf)
 
 O jmtb`r wbm sjme`s durkfi pr`ifofly
 
 H`kfi o vkltkj mr wktf`ss ma ohus` mr f`ic`lt
 
 Borsb, kflmfskst`ft mr kf`aa`ltkv` por`ftkfi. \mj` luctur`s ofd aojkck`s dm fmt occmw
rmmj amr kfdkvkduoc dkaa`r`fl`s. \mj` por`fts jksufd`rstofd ov`roi` mr kflr`os`d
d`v`cmpj`ftoc mppmsktkmfs os tb` lbkcdr`f”s d`akofl`. Kf`aa`ltkv` por`ftkfi joy c`od
80
tm o pmw`r struiic`, s`ttkfi tb` holedrmp amr mppmsktkmfoc d`akoft dksmrd`r  .
 
 Cole ma sup`rvkskmf
 
 ^mmr r`cotkmfsbkp wktb ot c`ost mf` por`ft `.i. cole ma cmv` ofd lmfl`rf. \mj`tkj`s,
dksruptkv` h`bovkmr ks c`orft os o woy amr iokfkfi oduct
o duct ott`ftkmf.
 
 Aojkcy kfstohkckty sulb os jorktoc dkslmrd, dkvmrl`, juctkpc` jmv`s (jkcktory jmv`s,
lbofikfi slbmmcs mr lbkcd lor` prmvkd`rs ar`qu`ftcy), akfoflkoc prmhc`js, pmmr
r`cotkmfsbkp wktb skhckfis
 
 @xpmsur` tm vkmc`fl` sulb os wotlbkfi vkmc`ft prmirojj`s, pcoykfi vkd`m mr
lmjput`r ioj`s, irmwkfi up kf o vkmc`ft f`kibhmrbmmd
 
 ^``r “ 
^``r  “  r`g`ltkmf
 r`g`ltkmf mr d`ckfqu`ft ossmlkotkmf
 
 \uhstofl` ohus` hy por`ft mr lbkcd `.i. oclmbmc, drui
 
 @orcy kfstktutkmfoc ckvkfi
 
 Cori` aojkcy skz`  

81
Lous`s ma ODBD  
  B`r`dktory7 Ot c`ost 8 i`f`s bov` h``f ossmlkot`d wktb ODBD 
  Hrokf strultur` 
  Hrokf lb`jklocs “ 
lb`jklocs “  f`urmtrofsjktt`rs
 f`urmtrofsjktt`rs 
  C`orfkfi dksohkcktk`s 

?1
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 
 J`dkloc lmfdktkmfs (byp`r mr bypmtbyrmkdksj5 ammd kftmc`rofl`s mr occ`rik`s sulb os
jkce, futs, `iis, sb`ccaksb, wb`ot ofd smyo5 p`ts, jmcd, dust jkt`s, ortkaklkoc ammd,
sw``t`f`rs ofd pr`s`rvotkv`s, loaa`kf` ofd tmhollm sjme`) ofd j`ftoc b`octb
lmfdktkmfs (cke` MDD ofd LD)  
  Tmur`tt`”s syfdrmj` 


  O jmtb`r wbm toe`s oclmbmc ofd drui durkfi pr`ifofly. L`ccpbmf` usoi` durkfi


89
 pr`ifofly ocsm kflr`os` byp`roltkvkty, kfott`ftkmf ofd mtb`r h`bovkmroc prmhc`js  
  C`od ofd mtb`r tmxkl pmksmfkfi 


Xkse Aoltmrs amr Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r

  ‖Oftklkpotkmf” bypmtb`sks “   i`f`s h`lmj` jmr` lmfl`ftrot`d mv`r i`f`rotkmfs,
 hrkfikfi strmfi`r ofd aost`r mfs`t ma kccf`ss mv`r tb` i`f`rotkmfs
  ‖Ossmrtkv` jotkfi” bypmtb`sks “  lmupc`s
  lmupc`s wktb Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r t`fd tm h` ottrolt`d tm
`olb mtb`r, r`suctkfi kf ir`ot`r lmfl`ftrotkmf ma i`f`tkl
i`f `tkl maacmod tm d`sl`fd`fts

?9
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

0.  F`urmcmikloc Lous`s7 Hrokf ohfmrjockt

ohfmrjocktk`s
k`s
Armftoc Cmh`s
Tb` armftoc cmh`s or` f`l`ssory amr mriofkzkfi, kjpucs` lmftrmc, ott`ftkmf ofd kfbkhktkfi
r`spmfs`s tm stkjucotkmf. Tb` pr`armftoc port ma tb` cmh`s ks r`spmfskhc` amr tb` kft`roltkmf
82
ma tbmuibt, `jmtkmfs ofd h`bovkmur  . Tb` jmtmr lmrt`x lmftrmcs tb` hmdy jmv`j`fts,
wbkc` tb` c`at armftoc cmh` ks kjpmrtoft amr sp``lb. Dr. G`st` ofd Dr. J``es” r`l`ft
r`s`orlb amufd tbot j`dkoc pr`-armftoc lmrt`x ks oltkvot`d wb`f octrukstkl h`bovkmr ks
locc`d amr 8;. Tb`y ocsm suii`st`d tbot amr joekfi jmroc d`lkskmfs, l`rtokf hrokf or`os or`
utkckz`d7 tb` rotkmfoc (tb` dmrsmcot`roc pr`armftoc lmrt`x hrokf r`ikmf tbot ks ocsm us`d kf
sustokf`d ott`ftkmf ofd j`jmry), `jmtkmfoc/smlkoc (j`dkoc pr`-armftoc lmrt`x), ofd
<>
lmfacklt owor`f`ss (tb` oft`rkmr lkfiucot`d lmrt`x, ocsm ossmlkot`d wktb kftuktkmf) .

\tudk`s bov` sbmwf tbot lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`ft wktb armftoc cmh` ofd pr`armftoc lmrt`x
kfgurk`s, c`skmfs ofd kjpokrj`fts mat`f suaa`r cmfi-t`rj ufd`skrohc` jmdkaklotkmfs kf
tb`kr h`bovkmrs, `sp`lkoccy tbot tmwords Lmfdult Dksmrd`r, amccmw`d hy kjpucskv`,
<?
uflmftrmccohc` h`bovkmrs . Kfdkvkduocs wktb pr`armftoc aufltkmfoc d`aklkt sulb os cmw`r
f`urmfoc d`fskty, ohfmrjoc pbmspbot` ofd iculms` j`tohmcksj t`fd tm `xbkhkt oiir`sskv`
ofd kjpucskv` h`bovkmr. X`s`orlb hy F`urmslk`ftkst G`of D`l`ty ofd lmcc`oiu`s
lmfakrj`d tbot oiir`sskv` odmc`sl`fts dkd fmt oltkvot` tb` hrokf or`os kfvmcv`d kf jmroc

ofd
tb`krsmlkoc r`osmfkfi
lmftrmc irmup . (tb` porolkfiucot` lmrt`x ofd t`jpmrmpork`toc gufltkmf) lmjpor`d tm
<8

T`jpmroc Cmh`s
T`jpmroc cmh`s or` kjpmrtoft amr b`orkfi ofd j`jmry. \kfl` tb` t`jpmroc cmh`s or`
ckfe`d tm tb` ckjhkl syst`j, tb` t`jpmroc cmh`s s``j tm h` r`cot`d tm `jmtkmfs sulb os
ofi`r, a`or, cust ofd g`ocmusy. G`st` ofd J``es mhs`rv`d tbot tb` f`urmhkmcmiy ma wksdmj
kfvmcv`s o hocofl` h`tw``f tb` f`w`st hrokf r`ikmfs sulb os tb` pr`-armftoc lmrt`x, ofd
tb` jmr` prkjktkv` hrokf r`ikmfs, wbklb ks tb` ckjhkl syst`j.

Dkoiroj ?7 Tb` Cmh`s ma tb` Bujof Hrokf

www.j`d

Dkoiroj 8
AXMFTOC CMH@

T@J^MXOC CMH@

\murl`7 www.psyemcmik.ukm.fm

\murl`7 www.j`d`j.lmj

?2
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ckjhkl \yst`j
Tb` ckjhkl syst`j (Dkoiroj 8.) lmff`lts `jmtkmfs wktb tbmuibts ofd p`rl`ptkmfs. Dr.
Jrs. Lborofgkt Ibmmk stot`d tbot a``ckfis cke` `jpotby, bujkckty, r`ir`t, prkd`,
lmv`tmusf`ss ofd jmroc dkslrkjkfotkmf or` tb` prmdults ma o d`v`cmp`d ckjhkl syst`j
wbklb r`iucot`s jof”s h`bovkmr wktbkf
wktb kf o hmufdory ofd pr`v`ft kt armj h`kfi mv`rcy
rotkmfoc ofd `jmtkmfoc.

Ohbkiokc Jorsb, ^b.D ofd lmcc`oiu`s amufd mut tbot tb`r` wos c`ss ojyidoco oltkvkty kf
ymutbs wktb dksruptkv` h`bovkmrs (MDD ofd LD) ofd ‖loccmus, uf`jmtkmfoc
<<
lborolt`rkstkls” tbof tb`kr
tb`kr lmftrmc irmup, wb`f tb`y w`r` t`st`d amr `jpotby . Tb` soj`
ymutbs ocsm bod c`ss lmjjufklotkmf h`tw``f tb` ojyidoco ofd tb` v`ftrmj`dkoc armftoc
lmrt`x. D`l`ty odd`d tbot tb` ojyidoco ofd v`ftroc strkotuj
v`ftroc strkotuj (wbklb r`spmfds tm a``ckfi
r`word`d) w`r` kft`fs`cy oltkvot`d kf oiir`sskv` odmc`sl`ft hmys kf fmf-`jpotb`tkl
sktuotkmfs wb`f tb`y wotlb`d pokf h`kfi kfacklt`d mf mtb`rs, wbklb suii`st`d tbot tb`y
tmme pc`osur` kf mtb`rs” suaa`rkfis.
su aa`rkfis.

ODBD v`rsus Dksruptkv` H`bovkmrs

Jorsb ocsm `vkd`fl`d tbot ODBD ofd loccmus, uf`jmtkmfoc lborolt`rkstkls bov` dkaa`r`ft
 hkmcmikloc holeirmufd, octbmuib tb`s` kfdkvkduocs sbor` tb` soj` kjpucskv` ofd
krr`spmfskhc` h`bovkmr. ODBD t`sts sbmw sjocc`r hosoc ioficko (f`rv` lcust`rs kfvmcv`d
kf rmutkf` h`bovkmrs) ofd r`dul`d armftoc cmh` oltkvkty kf ODBD<4. Eotyo Xuhko, ^b.D
ofd lmcc`oiu`s lkt`d kf tb`kr r`s`orlb tbot kfbkhktkmf j`dkotkfi pr`-armftoc r`ikmfs s``j
r`dul`d kf ODBD, wb`r`os tb` pmst`rkmr t`jpmroc-pork`toc r`ikmf s``j`d dysaufltkmfoc
<0
kf lmfdult dksmrd`r  .

Dkoiroj 8 

?;
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

<1
F`urmtrofsjktt`r Akfdkfis  
Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r bov` h``f ossmlkot`d wktb kjprmp`r
aufltkmfkfi ma sp`lkoc lb`jklocs kf tb` hrokf locc`d f`urmtrofsjktt`rs. F`urmtrofsjktt`rs
okd hrokf f`rv` l`ccs kf prmp`r lmjjufklotkmf wktb `olb mtb`r. \`rmtmfkf, fmr`pkf`pbrkf`
ofd dmpojkf` or` f`urmtrofsjktt`rs r`cot`d tm `jmtkmfs ofd h`bovkmrs. Yb`f tb`s`
lb`jklocs or` kjhocofl`d mr fmt aufltkmfkfi w`cc, lmjjufklotkmf ofd r`coy ma
kfamrjotkmf wktbkf tb` hrokf joy h`lmj` bojp`r`d, c`odkfi tm h`bovkmroc syjptmjs.

\tudk`s sbmw tbot jmfmojkf` f`urmtrofsjktt`r ohfmrjocktk`s bov` h``f kfdklot`d kf

oiir`sskv`, d`akoft ofd oftksmlkoc kfdkvkduocs. \`rmtmfkf ks r`spmfskhc` amr s`fdkfi skifoc
tm of kfdkvkduoc tm ovmkd borj. \`rmtmfkf dysaufltkmf lous`s o cole ma lopolkty amr
 h`bovkmroc kfbkhktkmf ofd b`fl` c`ods tm `pksmdkl oiir`sskmf. Tb` jokf j`tohmckt` ma
\`rmtmfkf, 0-Bydrmxykfdmc`ol`tkl olkd ( 0-BKOO )  ),, opp`or`d cmw kf oducts wktb `orcy mfs`t
oclmbmcksj ofd vkmc`ft suklkdoc h`bovkmr (\t`kf`r ofd Ykcsmf, ?;;;). Odmc`sl`fts wktb
lmfdult dksmrd`r ocsm bov` o cmw pcot`c`t s`rmtmfkf lmuft (Pfks ofd Lmme, ?;;9). Kf
oddktkmf, 0-BKOO ofd bmjmvofkcckl olkd ks ocsm mhs`rv`d tm h` kfv`rs`cy r`cot`d tm
oiir`sskmf kf o irmup ma MDD hmys (Qof Immz`f `t oc, ?;;;). \tmaa `t. oc (?;2;) r`pmrt`d
ufhocofl`d pcot`c`t jmfmojkf` mxkdos` c`v`cs kf dksruptkv` h`bovkmr dksmrd`rs, wbkc`
cmw`r c`v`cs ma j`tbmxybydrmxypb`fyc icylmc ocsm `xkst kf oiir`sskv` potk`fts (\t`kf`r
ofd Ykcsmf, ?;;;).

Kf ODBD kfdkvkduocs, kt bos h``f mhs`rv`d tbot tb`y mfcy bov` ?>-80% ma tb` c`v`cs ma
Dmpojkf` ofd Fmr`pkf`pbrkf` lmjpor`d tm fmf-ODBD kfdkvkduocs, tbus oaa`ltkfi tb`
<9
stkjucotkmf ofd r`pr`sskmf ma tb` hrokf l`ccs . D`pr`sskmf bos ocsm h``f ckfe`d tm
<2
ohfmrjocktk`s kf f`urmtrofsjktt`rs s`rmtmfkf, fmr`pkf`pbrkf`, ofd dmpojkf` . Cmw c`v`cs
ma \`rmtmfkf bos h``f ckfe`d tm d`pr`sskmf. Cmw c`v`cs ma Fmr`pkf`pbrkf` ks r`cot`d tm
kfott`ftkmf ofd dkstroltkhkckty. Ybkc` cmw c`v`cs ma Dmpojkf` c`ods tm kfohkckty tm lmftrmc
kjpucskv` h`bovkmr, tb` kflr`os` kf dmpojkf` prmdultkmf durkfi vkmc`ft vkd`m ioj`s ks
skjkcor tm tbot sjmekfi jorkguofo, kfg`ltkfi ojpb`tojkf`s mr lmfsujkfi tb` ODD drui,
Xktockf. Lbkcdr`f pcoykfi vkd`m ioj`s or` oddklt`d tm tb` bkib`r c`v`c ma dmpojkf` ofd
<;
loffmt lmfl`ftrot` wktbmut tb`j .

8>
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Dkoiroj <7 F`urmf ofd \yfops`

\murl`7 www.bujofkccf`ss`s.lmj 

4>
Outmfmjkl Akfdkfis  
Lmfdult Dksmrd`r kfdkvkduocs pmss`ss outmfmjkl bypmoltkvkty, wbklb c`ods tm scmw`r
r`spmfs`s tm str`ssauc stkjuck mr ormusocs sulb os tbms` r`qukr`d tm `slop` borj. Xokf` `t
oc (?;;0) dkslmv`r`d tbot ?0 y`or mcd joc`s wktb bkib`r `c`ltrmd`rjoc ofd lordkmvoslucor
ormusoc w`r` c`ss cke`cy tm h` `fioi`d kf lrkjkfoc oltkvktk`s hy oi` 8; tbof tbms` wktb c`ss
r`oltkvkty.

8?
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

4?
1.  ^sylbkotrkl Oss`ssj`ft  

Tb` lurr`ft psylbkotrkl j`tbmd ma oss`ssj`ft iotb`rs kfamrjotkmf armj juctkpc` smurl`s
r`iordkfi tb` j`ftoc ofd h`bovkmroc skifs, syjptmjs ofd rkse aoltmrs ma lbkcdr`f wktb
dksruptkv` h`bovkmroc prmhc`js. H`skd`s dkoifmstkl kft`rvk`ws, kfamrjotkmf lof lmj`
armj rotkfi sloc`s ofd o r`vk`w ma r`lmrds armj tb` slbmmc, b`octblor` ofd j`ftoc b`octb
lckfkls, ofd guv`fkc` lmurt (Yk`f`r `t oc, 8>>4). Lmjjmfcy us`d dksruptkv` h`bovkmr
rotkfi sloc`s kflcud` Tb` Lbkcd H`bovkmr Lb`leckst (Olb`fholb, ?;;8), Kmwo Lmff`rs
Oiir`sskmf Aoltmr (Cmf`y ofd Jkcklb, ?;20) ofd tb` Jmdkak`d Mv`rt Oiir`sskmf \loc`
(Eoy `t. oc, ?;22).
?;22). Tb` t`olb`rs ofd p``rs” pmmr rotkfi ma tb` lbkcd”s h`bovkmr ofd
cke`ohkckty kf slbmmc or` ocsm kjpmrtoft jore`rs ma dksruptkv` h`bovkmrs.

Tm auccy ufd`rstofd tb` `tkmcmiy, tr`otj`ft ofd prmifmsks, efmwc`di` ohmut tb` lmifktkv`
ofd d`v`cmpj`ftoc bkstmry, smlkoc kjpolt sulb os aojkcy s`ttkfi ofd dyfojkls, ofd mtb`r
 hkmpsylbmsmlkoc kfamrjotkmf ks p`rtkf`ft. Ymrekfi wktb oiir`sskv` ofd d`akoft ymufi
 potk`fts ocsm r`qukr` prud`fl` ofd jofoi`j`ft ma h`bovkmrs ma potk`fts sulb os jkss`d
oppmkftj`fts, r`lec`ss h`bovkmr ofd sp``lb ofd pmt`ftkoc c`ioc prmhc`js, wbklb joy h`
tori`t`d tmwords tb` potk`ft mr tb` tb`ropkst.

Lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`fts

 psylbmpotbmcmiy wktb Dksruptkv`
du` tm tb` dkaa`r`ft smlkoc ofdH`bovkmroc Dksmrd`rs
b`octb bkstmrk`s. bov` dkaa`r`ft
\mj` lbkcdr`f, smc`cy
bov` lmfdult dksmrd`r mr mppmsktkmfoc d`akoft dksmrd`r. Mtb`rs or` kfacklt`d wktb ODBD
mr/ofd mtb`r jmmd mr j`ftoc dksmrd`rs sulb os d`pr`sskmf ofd psylbmsks. Tbus, o aucc
d`slrkptkmf ma tb` pr`s`ftkfi ofd fmf-pr`s`ftkfi syjptmjs ma tb` h`bovkmroc dksmrd`r, of
owor`f`ss ma mtb`r pmsskhc` dksmrd`rs, mv`rcoppkfi syjptmjs kf tb` dksmrd`rs ofd lm-
jmrhkdkty f``ds tm h` efmwf. Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks lof b`cp lcosskay ofd dkstkfiuksb tb`
dksmrd`rs (s`` Dkoiroj 4 ofd Tohc` ?).

9.  Tr`otj`ft ma Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult

48
Dksmrd`r  

Tb`r` ks o vork`ty ma tr`otj`ft amr ymutbs wktb dksruptkv` h`bovkmrs. Ollmrdkfi tm Y`kf`r
ofd Duclof (8>>4), tb` s`ttkfis kflcud` kfpotk`ft psylbkotrkl ufkts, r`skd`ftkoc ofd doy
tr`otj`ft l`ft`rs, lmrr`ltkmfoc aolkcktk`s, ofd mutpotk`ft s`ttkfis. Tb`ropk`s ovokcohc`
kflcud`7 h`bovkmroc, lmifktkv`, aojkcy, kfdkvkduoc, irmup, por`ft jofoi`j`ft trokfkfi,
syst`js tb`mry hos`d ofd pborjolmtb`ropy. Kf i`f`roc, o juctk-tr`otj`ft opprmolb mv`r
of `xt`fd`d p`rkmd tbot lmv`rs tb` or`os ma kjpokrj`fts bos of `vkd`ftcy bkib`r lbofl` ma
sull`ss (\t`kf`r, ?;;9). Tb`s` tr`otj`fts ocsm h`f`akt lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`fts suaa`rkfi
armj ODBD ofd jmmd dksmrd`rs.

\ekccs Trokfkfi
Dksruptkv` H`bovkmroc Dksmrd`r lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`fts wktb dkaaklucty kf tb`kr lmifktkv`
ohkcktk`s wkcc ufd`rim tr`otj`fts tbot okd tb`j kf tb`kr lmjjufklotkmf, ofi`r ofd kjpucs`
lmftrmc ofd prmhc`j smcvkfi sekccs (Aoucstklb `t. oc, ?;22). \ull`ssauc opprmolb`s kflcud`

88
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

rmc`-pcoy, jmd`ckfi, r`b`orsoc, ofd s`ca-`vocuotkmf (Eozdkf, ?;29)5 wktb prmhc`j-smcvkfi

sekccs trokfkfi prmvkdkfi jmr` prm-smlkoc h`bovkmr tbof r`cotkmfsbkp tb`ropy.

Aojkcy-Amlus`d Tr`otj`fts
Tmcof `t. oc (?;21) amufd lmfskst`ftcy immd r`sucts armj aojkcy tb`ropy, `sp`lkoccy kf
t`rjs ma h`bovkmroc, strulturoc, strot`ikl ofd lmjjufklotkmf t`lbfkqu`s. Aufltkmfoc
aojkcy tb`ropy tbot kflr`os` r`lkprmlkty, kjprmv` aojkcy lmjjufklotkmf ofd w`cc-h`kfi
tmwords `olb mtb`r bov` immd `jpkrkloc r`sucts (Eozdkf, ?;29), bmw`v`r, tb` `aakloly
stkcc d`p`fds mf tb` s`v`rkty ma tb` dysaufltkmf, tr`otj`ft durotkmf ofd `xt`rfoc smlkoc
suppmrt. ^or`ft jofoi`j`ft trokfkfi tbot ott`jpts tm hr`oe lm`rlkv` por`ftkfi styc` ofd
amst`r prmsmlkoc h`bovkmrs or` ocsm `aa`ltkv`. Ofmtb`r immd proltkl` ks tb` juctk-syst`jkl
opprmolb hos`d mf tb` syst`js tb`mry tbot ott`jpts tm kd`ftkay ofd kfbkhkt dksruptkv`
 h`bovkmrs armj h`kfi r`word`d, ofdof d kjprmv` tb` uphrkfikfi ma tb` lbkcd (B`fii`cc`r `t.
oc, ?;;2).

^``r ofd \lbmmc-hos`d Kft`rv`ftkmfs

Kfktkoc studk`s sbmw tbot smlkoc sekccs prmirojj`s tbot s``e tm kjprmv` p``r r`cotkmfsbkps
(Hk`rjof ofd Aurjof, ?;24), os w`cc os olod`jkl sekccs prmirojj`s tbot r`dul` slbmmc
drmp-mut rot`s lof b`cp cmw`r tb` rkse ma oftk-smlkoc h`bovkmrs (E`ccoj `t. oc, ?;;?).
^or`fts ofd t`olb`rs bov` tm wmre skd` hy skd` tm updot` `olb mtb`r mf mhs`rvotkmfs, os
w`cc os akfdkfi woys tm b`cp `flmuroi` tb` lbkcdr`f ofd b`cp tb`j i`t hole mf trole.

8<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

2.  Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks

Lbkcdr`f dkspcoykfi syjptmjs ma o dksmrd`r f``d tm h` lb`le`d amr mtb`r pmsskhc`

dksmrd`rs tm pr`v`ft jksdkoifmsks. Ollmrdkfi tm tb` D\J-KQ-TX Bofdhmme ma
Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks, psylbkotry fmsmcmiy lof joe` aurtb`r hr`oetbrmuib kf tb` study
ofd lcosskaklotkmf ma oiir`sskmf. H`cmw ks o skjpckak`d dkoifmsks j`tbmd, kf lbrmfmcmikloc
4<
mrd`r, d`rkv`d armj D`lkskmf Tr`` amr h`bovkmr prmhc`js
prm hc`js kf o lbkcd mr odmc`sl`ft 7

Dkoiroj 47 D`lkskmf Tr`` amr Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks

H`bovkmr ^rmhc`j Dkoifmsks

  Du` tm tb` dkr`lt `aa`lt ma o suhstofl` ohus`7 Fm  

  Du` tm tb` dkr`lt `aa`lt ma o j`dkloc lmfdktkmf7 Fm  
  Ossmlkot`d wktb cmw K_ ofd kjpokrj`ft kf odoptkv` aufltkmfkfi7 Fm  

[`s
Mllurrkfi os port ma o pott`rf Lmfdult Dksmrd`r  (oi` ?2 ofd h`cmw)  
ma oftksmlkoc h`bovkmr  
 Fm
[`s H`bovkmr mllurs jmr` [`s
^ort ma o pott`rf ma f`iotkvkstkl, ar`qu`ftcy tbof typkloc amr lbkcd Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft
bmstkc` ofd d`akoft h`bovkmr   ma tbot oi` ofd lous`s lckfkloccy Dksmrd`r  
skifkakloft kjpokrj`ft 

 Fm  Fm
 Fm J`ftoc Dksmrd`r
[`s [`s
^ort ma o pott`rf ma kfott`ftkmf Mllurs kf ot c`ost 8 sktuotkmfs
ofd/mr byp`roltkvkty  ofd lous`s lckfkloccy skifkakloft Ott`ftkmf - D`aklkt

kjpokrj`ft ofd dkstr`ss5 mfs`t Byp`roltkvkty Dksmrd`r  

 Fm  h`amr` oi` 9 

 Fm
[`s
Kf tb` lmft`xt ma `c`vot`d, Jofkl, Bypmjofkl mr Jkx`d @pksmd`, Jogmr D`pr`sskv`
d`pr`ss`d mr krrktohc` jmmd @pksmd`, Dystbjkl Dksmrd`r, Lylcmtbyjkl Dksmrd`r  
 Fm
[`s
Kf tb` lmft`xt ma o d`cuskmf mr \lbkzmpbr`fko, \lbkzmpbr`fkamrj, \lbkzmoaa`ltkv`,
bocculkfotkmf kf tb` ohs`fl` D`cuskmfoc, Hrk`a ^sylbmtkl Dksmrd`r  
ma jmmd dksturhofl`

84
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

44
Tohc` ?7 Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks ma MDD, LD ofd ODBD  

Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks ma Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r

Mtb`r pmsskhc` dkoifmsks X`osmfs amr kts dkoifmsks
? Fmfpotbmcmikloc mppmsktkmfoc h`bovkmr Fmf lckfkloccy skifkakloft ofd typkloccy fmf p`rskst`ft
typkloc ma l`rtokf d`v`cmpj`ftoc stoi`s
8 Odgustj`ft Dksmrd`r Jocodoptkv` r`spmfs` tm str`ssmr ofd dm`s fmt j``t
MDD lrkt`rkos
< Lmfdult Dksmrd`r Jmr` s`v`r`5 jore`d oiir`sskv` ofd oftksmlkoc
h`bovkmrs. MDD fmt dkoifms`d ka lrkt`rkos amr LD or` j`t
4 Mppmsktkmfoc h`bovkmr kf Jmmd mr Mllurs kf Jmmd Dksturhofl`s mr kf pr`s`fl` ma d`cuskmfs
^sylbmtkl Dksmrd`r ofd bocculkfotkmfs
0 Mppmsktkmfoc h`bovkmr kf Ott`ftkmf Mllurs s`lmfdorkcy du` tm prmhc`js ma kfott`ftkmf ofd
D`aklkt Byp`roltkvkty Dksmrd`r byp`roltkvkty
1 Mppmsktkmfoc h`bovkmr kf J`ftoc C`ss s`v`r` ofd ollmjpofk`d hy kft`cc`ltuoc
X`tordotkmf d`v`cmpj`ft d`coy
9 Oftksmlkoc ^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r Kf kfdkvkduocs mv`r oi` ?2
Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks amr Lmfdult Dksmrd`r
Mtb`r pmsskhc` dkoifmsks X`osmfs amr kts dkoifmsks
? Dksruptkv` h`bovkmr kf Mppmsktkmfoc Amlus`s mf f`iotkvkstkl ofd d`akoft tbot or` c`ss s`v`r`
D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd fmt oftksmlkoc. MDD fmt dkoifms`d ka lrkt`rko amr
Lmfdult Dksmrd`r or` aucakcc`d
8 Dksruptkv` h`bovkmr kf ODBD Byp`roltkv`, fmf-oftksmlkoc kjpucs` lmftrmc syjptmjs
< Oftksmlkoc du` tm ^sylbmtkl Dksmrd`r Kf r`spmfs` tm d`cuskmfs mr bocculkfotkmfs
4 Oftksmlkoc h`bovkmr kf Jofkl @pksmd` Ollmjpofk`d hy `c`vot`d mr krrktohc` jmmd5 mllur jmr`
durkfi lkrlujslrkh`d p`rkmds ma dksturhofl`
0 Odgustj`ft Dksmrd`r Lous` ks o psylbmsmlkoc str`ssmr os lmjpor`d tm o jmr`
s`v`r` lbrmfkl h`bovkmr kf Lmfdult Dksmrd`r
1 Lbkcd mr odmc`sl`ft oftksmlkoc h`bovkmr C`ss s`v`r`
s`v`r` tbof Lmfdult Dksmrd`r ofd ks fmt port ma
lbrmfkl pott`rf ma LD (ksmcot`d oftksmlkoc olts)
9 ‒Oiir`sskv`
‒Oiir`sskv`‛‛  h`bovkmr amr kfdkvkduocs Fm ufd`rcykfi dysaufltkmf kf kfdkvkduoc. ‒Oiir`sskmf‛ wos
armj wor-rovoi`d mr bkib-lrkj` or`os f`l`ssory amr survkvoc ofd prmt`ltkmf
2 Oftksmlkoc ^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r Kf kfdkvkduocs mv`r oi` ?2
Dkaa`r`ftkoc Dkoifmsks amr ODBD
Mtb`r pmsskhc` dkoifmsks X`osmfs amr kts dkoifmsks
? Oi`-opprmprkot` h`bovkmrs kf lbkcdr`f Dm`s fmt c`od tm skifkakloft lckfkloc kjpokrj`fts sulb os
vkskmf mr b`orkfi prmhc`js
8 Pfd`rstkjucotkfi `fvkrmfj`ft Du` tm hmr`dmj
< Kfott`ftkmf kf MDD Armj ufwkcckfif`ss tm lmfamrj tm mtb`rs' d`jofds
4 Kjpucskvkty kf Lmfdult Dksmrd`r Ks ossmlkot`d wktb o pott`rf ma oftksmlkoc h`bovkmr
0 Kfott`ftkmf mr byp`roltkvkty kf ^`rvoskv` Jore`d d`a`lt kf smlkoc r`cotkmfs, s`rkmus d`coys kf
D`v`cmpj`ftoc Dksmrd`rs cofiuoi`, r`strklt`d rofi` ma h`bovkmrs ofd kft`r`sts
1 Kfott`ftkmf du` tm j`ftoc dksmrd`rs Psuoccy mllur oat`r oi` 9. ODBD ks fmt dkoifms`d ka
kfott`ftkmf ks h`tt`r ollmuft`d hy j`ftoc dksmrd`rs sulb
os \lbkzmpbr`fko mr mtb`r ^sylbmtkl Dksmrd`r
9 Kfott`ftkmf mr byp`roltkvkty lou
lous`d
s`d hy \bmucd r`jkt mfl` suhstofl` mr j`dklotkmf ks r`jmv`d
\uhstofl` Ohus` mr j`dklotkmfs (`.i. ofd ks dkoifms`d wktb \uhstofl`-r`cot`d Dksmrd`rs mr
hrmflbmdkcotmr) ufefmwf skd` `aa`lts ma j`dklotkmfs

80
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

40
;.  ^borjolmtb`ropy  
Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`rs or` ‖h`bovkmroc dksmrd`r” ofd
 psylbmtrmpkl druis bov` fmt kfdklot`d ofy lmfskst`ft `aa`ltkv`f`ss kf prmvkdkfi o
41
 p`rjof`ft lur` . Bmw`v`r, tb`s` psylbmtrmpkl druis or` stkcc us`d tm tr`otj`ft wktb tb`
kft`ftkmf ma r`dulkfi oiir`sskmf ofd dksruptkv` h`bovkmr. ^sylbmtrmpkl j`dklotkmfs lof
jkcdcy s`dot` ofi`r. Tb` pmsskhc` odvoftoi`s ma occ j`dklotkmfs bov` tm h` w`kib`d
oiokfst tb` lmfs`qu`fl`s ma toekfi tb` j`dklotkmfs, wbklb lof r`suct kf s`rkmus dojoi`
ofd p`rjof`ft skd` `aa`lts. H`cmw ks o ckst ma j`dklotkmfs us`d tbot lof h` ot c`ost
 portkoccy `aa`ltkv` kf r`dulkfi tb` syjptmjs ma oiir`sskmf
oiir`sskmf ofd ofi`r kf lbkcdr`f.

Oftkpsylbmtkl J`dklotkmfs 
Oftkpsylbmtkl druis or` mat`f us`d tm tr`ot olut` ofd lbrmfkl oiir`sskmf, tm r`dul`
toftrujs ofd s`dot` ODBD, MDD, LD ofd Kft`rjktt`ft @xpcmskv` Dksmrd`r, Jogmr
D`pr`sskv` Dksmrd`r, Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r, \lbkzmpbr`fko, Hmrd`rckf` ^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r
lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`fts. Bocmp`rkdmc, of mcd`r oftkpsylbmtkl drui amr `xojpc`, bos
 prmv`f `aa`ltkv` kf r`dulkfi oiir`sskmf, toftrujs ofd `xpcmskv`f`ss (Y`rry ofd Ojof,
49
?;90) . Bmw`v`r, f`w`r oftkpsylbmtkl druis or` kflr`oskficy us`d amr tr`otj`ft ma
s`rkmus oiir`sskmf os tb`y or` c`ss prmf` tm s`rkmus skd` `aa`lts cke` tordkv` dysekf`sko.

Xksp`rkdmf`, o f`w`r
lmfdult dksmrd`r drui,
ymutbs wos aor
(Akfdckfi `t.h`tt`r tbof42.pcol`hm
oc, 8>>>) kf oXksp`rkdmf`
Bmw`v`r, sjocc dmuhc`-hckfd
ofd jofyt`st ma
mtb`r
occmpotbkl j`dklotkmfs” `aa`lt t`fd tm w`or maa ot fkibt, tbus louskfi jofy por`fts tm tm
s`orlb amr oct`rfotkv` smcutkmfs tm pucc tb`kr lbkcdr`f tbrmuib tb` fkibt.

Tohc` 87 Oftkpsylbmtkl \yjptmjs Tr`ot`d ofd Drui \kd` @aa`lt

Drui Foj`s X`cot`d \yjptmjs tr`ot`d Lmjjmf \kd` @aa`lts

Oftkpsylbmtkl J`dklotkmfs   Bocculkfotkmfs   Y`kibt iokf (0>-?>>ch
  Bocdmc (bocmp`rkdmc) “ 
(bocmp`rkdmc) “     D`cuskmfs kf t``foi`rs, hut
mcd`r, bkib pmt`fly   ^orofmko uflmjjmf wktb
  Xksp`rdoc (rksp`rkdmf`)   Pfohc` tm e``p trokf ma I`mdmf mr Ohkckay)
 “  f`w`r,
 f`w`r, otypkloc tbmuibt   \`dotkmf, sc``pkf`ss ofd

  Wypr`xo (mcofzopkf`) -  

Oiktotkmf aotkiu`
mrkikfoc  
 Ofi`r ofd krrktohkckty  
 Juslc` stkaaf`ss
  \`rmqu`c (qu`tkopkf`) “ 
(qu`tkopkf`) “    
 Qkmc`fl` ofd  
 Dry jmutb
f`w`r, otypkloc Oiir`sskmf  
 Lmfstkpotkmf
  I`mdmf (zkproskdmf`) “ 
(zkproskdmf`) “     Byp`roltkvkty  
 Hcurr`d vkskmf
f`w`r, otypkloc   Kjpucskvkty  
 Prkfory r`t`ftkmf
  Ohkckay (orkpkprozmc`) “ 
(orkpkprozmc`) “     Jofko (kfohkckty tm urkfot`) mr
f`w`r, otypkloc   Kfsmjfko urkfory b`sktotkmf
  Tbmrozkf` : Tbmrozkf` fmt foj`d amr  
  Fous`o
(lbcmprmjozkf`) “ 
(lbcmprmjozkf`)  “   Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r ofd  
 \tmjolb ups`t
mcd`r, cmw pmt`fly ODBD  
 Dkzzkf`ss
:\lbkzmpbr`fko ocsm us`  
 \uf s`fsktkvkty ma sekf5
Lcmzorkc (lcmzopkf`)  hurfs ofd rosb`s

81
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Jmmd \tohkckz`rs 
Jmmd stohkckz`rs or` us`d amr lbkcdr`f wktb MDD, LD, Jogmr D`pr`sskv` Dksmrd`r,
Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r, \lbkzmpbr`fko, Hmrd`rckf` ^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r ofd Kft`rjktt`ft
@xpcmskv` Dksmrd`r. Cktbkuj mr oftklmfvucsofts or` us`auc amr lmjmrhkd hkpmcor ofd
lmfdult dksmrd`r (Orr`dmfdm ofd Hutc`r, ?;;4) ofd kf cmw`rkfi oiir`sskmf ofd `xpcmskv`
 h`bovkmr kf lbkcdr`f wktb h`bovkmroc
h`bov kmroc dksmrd`r ofd f`urmcmikloc kjpokrj`fts (D`Cmfi ofd
Ocd`rsbma, ?;29). Bocmp`rkdmc ofd Cktbkuj Lorhmfot` or` `aa`ltkv` kf r`dulkfi
 h`bovkmroc prmhc`js kf tr`otj`ft-r`skstoft bmspktockz`d lbkcdr`f wktb lmfdult dksmrd`r
(Lojph`cc `t. oc, ?;24, ?;;0). Lorhojoz`pkf`”s h`f`akts or` stkcc ufl`rtokf (Lu`vo `t. oc,
4;
?;;1) , wbkc` Qocprmot` wos `aa`ltkv` kf ymutbs wktb `xpcmskv` t`jp`r ofd jmmd
lbofi`s.

Jmmd stohkckz`rs, kf lmjhkfotkmf wktb psylbmstkjucofts bov` h``f prmv`f tm h` lckfkloccy

soa` ofd `aa`ltkv` kf tb` tr`otj`ft ma ODBD kf lbkcdr`f wktb jofko lmjpor`d tm tb` smc`
us` ma psylbmstkjucofts wbklb joy trkii`r oaa`ltkv` `pksmd`s kf tb`s` lbkcdr`f.
^sylbkotrkl jofoi`j`ft ks r`qukr`d kf oddktkmf tm j`dklotkmfs `sp`lkoccy durkfi tb`
odmc`sl`ft p`rkmd ma o hkpmcor lbkcd.

Tohc` <7 Jmmd \tohkckz`rs \yjptmjs Tr`ot`d ofd Drui \kd` @aa`lt

Jmmd \tohkckz`rs X`cot`d Lmjjmf \kd` @aa`lts

\yjptmjs
tr`ot`d
  @seocktb, Cktbmhkd (cktbkuj)   Jofko   \`dotkmf, aotkiu`, c`tboriy


  D`poemt` (vocprmot`)   Oiktotkmf   Dkzzkf`ss



  T`ir`tmc (lorhojoz`pkf`)   Ofi`r ofd    Fous`o



  @qu`trm (lorhojoz`pkf`)
krrktohkckty   Pfst`ody wocekfi “ 
 wocekfi “  `xl`pt
 `xl`pt Cktbkuj
  Trkc`ptoc (mxlorhox`pkf`)
  Qkmc`fl` ofd   Qmjktkfi (`xl`pt Tmpojox)

  Cojkltoc (cojmtrkikf`)
  Tmpojox (tmpkrojot`) oiir`sskmf   Tr`jmr (`xl`pt Cojkltoc)


  Byp`roltkvkty   Y`kibt iokf (`xl`pt Trkc`ptoc & Tmpojox)




  Kjpucskvkty 
  Dkorrb`o (`xl`pt Trkc`ptoc & Tmpojox)
 
 D`pr`sskmf  
 B`odolb`s (`xl`pt D`poemt`, T`ir`tmc,
 
 Kfsmjfko @qu`trm)
  Lmfauskmf (`xl`pt Cktbkuj, Cojkltoc)


  Lmfstkpotkmf (T`ir`tmc, @qu`trm, Cojkltoc)



Mtb`r lmjjmf syjptmjs7

  Cktbkuj
Cktbkuj “ 
 “  `xl`sskv`
 `xl`sskv` tbkrst, ar`qu`ft urkfotkfi, d`bydrotkmf
  Cojkltoc
Cojkltoc “ 
 “  kfsmjfko,
 kfsmjfko, rosb (fmf c`tboc)
  Tmpojox  “   j`jmry dkaaklucty, hurfkfi mr prkleckfi s`fsotkmf mf tb` sekf (por`stb`sko),
f`rvmusf`ss, w`kibt cmss
  Tmpojox ofd Trkc`ptoc “ 
Trkc`ptoc “  \cmw`d
 \cmw`d tbkfekfi, scurr`d sp``lb, hcurr`d mr dmuhc` vkskmf

89
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Oftkbyp`rt`fskv`s
Oftkbyp`rt`fskv`s or` us`d kf MDD, ODBD* ofd Kft`rjktt`ft @xpcmskv` Dksmrd`r.
Lcmfkdkf` ks prmv`d tm h` ohc` tm r`dul` oiir`sskmf kf ODBD lbkcdr`f wktb lmjmrhkd
0>
MDD mr LD (Lmffmr `t oc, 8>>>) . ^rmprofmcmc, mf tb` mtb`r bofd, wmres w`cc kf
cmw`rkfi oiir`sskmf kf lbkcdr`f ofd odmc`sl`fts wktb lbrmfkl hrokf kjpokrj`fts ofd
r`skstoft tm mtb`r pborjolmcmikloc j`tbmds.

Tohc` 47 Oftkbyp`rt`fskv`s \yjptmjs Tr`ot`d ofd Drui \kd` @aa`lt

Oftkbyp`rt`fskv`s X`cot`d \yjptmjs tr`ot`d Lmjjmf \kd` @aa`lts

Ocpbo 8 Odr`f`rikl   Byp`roltkvkty
   \cmw`d b`ort rot`
X`l`ptmr Oimfksts (Ocpbo   Oiktotkmf
   Cmw hcmmd pr`ssur`
 “  Oimfksts)
  Oimfksts)   Ofi`r ofd krrktohkckty
   Dkzzkf`ss
Lotopr`s* (lcmfkdkf`)5 mr   Qkmc`fl` ofd oiir`sskmf
   Aotkiu`, w`oef`ss mr sc``pkf`ss
T`f`x* (iuofaolkf`)   Kjpucskvkty
   Dry `y`s ofd jmutb kf Ocpbo
H`to Odr`f`rikl X`l`ptmr   Ofxk`ty
 Oimfksts
Oftoimfksts (H`to   Tr`jmrs
   Xor` hut fmf c`tboc skd` `aa`lts7


Hcmle`rs)
Kfd`roc CO (prmprofmcmc)5 mr
  Jmtmr tkls fous`o,
 hod lmfstkpotkmf,
dr`ojs, d`pr`sskmf5 kfsmjfko,
T`fmrjkf (ot`fmcmc) Ocpbo-Oimfksts7 vmjktkfi5 H`to
Hcmle`rs7 dkorrb`o, cole ma hr`otb

Ojpb`tojkf`s
Ojpb`tojkf`s or` wkd`cy pr`slrkh`d amr lbkcdr`f wbm cole ott`ftkmf mr bov` ODBD, os kt
tr`ots tb` syjptmjs ma pmmr lmfl`ftrotkmf ofd fmt dkoifmsks. Tb`y or`, bmw`v`r, fmt us`d
tm tr`ot ofxk`ty os tb`y t`fd tm kflr`os` ofxk`ty ofd oiktotkmf. Tb` h`f`akts ma
Ojpb`tojkf`s or` tbot tb`y kjprmv` lmfl`ftrotkmf ofd olod`jkl p`ramrjofl`. D`spkt`
tb` sull`ss, Ojpb`tojkf`s wkcc fmt h` ohc` tm jmdkay tb` h`bovkmr ma lbkcdr`f wbm
d`ckh`rot`cy r`skst tb` drui”s `aa`lts. Du` tm tb`kr `aakloly, tb`s` druis bov` h``f ohus`d
 hy lmcc`i` stud`fts ofd por`fts wbm us`d tb`j tm kjprmv` tb`kr mwf mr tb`kr lbkcdr`f”s
olod`jkl p`ramrjofl`, wktbmut lmfl`rf amr tb` skd` `aa`lts tb` druis lous`. \mj`
oddklt`d stud`fts
stud`fts `v`f us`d kt tm olbk`v` o ‖bkib” stot`.

Xktockf, amr `xojpc`, ks ohc` tm kflr`os` tb` prmdultkmf ma f`urmtrofsjktt`rs Dmpojkf`

ofd Fmr`pkf`pbrkf` tm fmrjoc rofi`, tbus kflr`oskfi ott`ftkmf ofd r`dulkfi kjpucskvkty.
Xktockf, wbklb ks lmjjmfcy pr`slrkh`d amr ODBD lbkcdr`f, t`fd tm oiirovot` prmhc`js kf
Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r lbkcdr`f ofd joe` tb`j fostk`r ofd jmr` oiir`sskv`.

ODBD lbkcdr`f or` amufd tm dm h`tt`r wb`f tb`r` ks of occ-rmufd`d tr`otj`fts, rotb`r
tbof gust h`kfi tr`ot`d tbrmuib j`dklotkmfs. @xojpc`s kflcud` lbofi`s kf tb` t`olbkfi
opprmolb, t`olb`r tm stud`ft rotkm, h`bovkmr jmdkaklotkmf prmiroj ofd bovkfi o h`tt`r
bmj`wmre study spol` ofd bmj` rmutkf`. B`fl`, tbms` wbms` tr`otj`ft prmiroj
kflcud`s mfcy stkjucoft j`dklotkmf r`jokf ot o bkib rkse amr vofdocksj, p`tty lrkj`,
oclmbmc ofd drui ohus` . 
0?

82
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Tohc` 07 Ojpb`tojkf`s \yjptmjs Tr`ot`d ofd Drui \kd` @aa`lt

Drui Foj`s X`cot`d Lmjjmf \kd` @aa`lts

\yjptmjs tr`ot`d
Ojpb`tojkf`s   ^mmr   Kfsmjfko
  Xktockf mr rktockf CO lmfl`ftrotkmf    Cmss ma opp`tkt`
(j`tbycpb`fkdot`)   Kfott`ftkmf    Y`kibt Cmss
  Lmfl`rto (j`tbycpb`fkdot`)   Dkstroltkmf    \tuft`d irmwtb
  J`todot` LD (j`tbycpb`fkdot`)   Cmw `f`riy    Krrktohkckty, ofi`r,
  J`tbyckf @X (j`tbycpb`fkdot`)   Tkr`df`ss  oiktotkmf, vkmc`fl`
  D`xodrkf` (d`xtrmojpb`tojkf`)   \c``pkf`ss    D`pr`sskmf
  D`xtrm\tot (d`xtrmojpb`tojkf`)   Ofxk`ty
  Odd`rocc RX   Kflr`os`d b`ort rot`
(d`xtrmojpb`tojkf`)   Kflr`os`d hcmmd
  Amlockf (d`xj`tbycpb`fkdot`)  pr`ssur`
Fmr`pkf`pbrkf` r`uptoe`   Byp`roltkvkty    Fous`o
kfbkhktmr   ^mmr ott`ftkmf   \tmjolb ups`t


\trott`ro (otmjmx`tkf`) 
 
 
D`lr`os`d opp`tkt`
Kfsmjfko
Ymres kf skjkcor woy os Trklylckl   Dry jmutb
d`pr`sskmf j`dklotkmfs. X`qukr` 1   Lmfstkpotkmf
w``es tm toe` `aa`lt   Dkzzkf`ss

Mtb`r pmsskhc` skd` `aa`lts ma ojpb`tojkf`s kflcud` jmtmr tkls, s`kzur`s ofd pmsskhcy
 psylbmsks tbot joy h` r`smcv`d mfl` j`dklotkmf ks dkslmftkfu`d.
d kslmftkfu`d. Bmw`v`r, jmtmr tkls lof
smj`tkj`s h`lmj` o p`rjof`ft lmfdktkmf. Lor` sbmucd ocsm h` toe`f wb`f o lbkcd wktb
lordkol lmfdktkmf ks put mf Odd`rocc RX ofd \trott`ro. Xor` hut pmt`ftkoccy s`rkmus skd`
`aa`lts ma \trott`ro kflcud` kflr`os`d hcmmd pr`ssur` ofd b`ort
b` ort rot`.

OftkD`pr`ssoft J`dklotkmfs
OftkD`pr`ssoft J`dklotkmfs or` us`d tm tr`ot Kft`rjktt`ft @xpcmskv` Dksmrd`r, Jogmr
D`pr`sskv` Dksmrd`r, Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r, I`f`rockz`d Ofxk`ty Dksmrd`r, Hmrd`rckf`
^`rsmfockty Dksmrd`r, ODBD*. Tb` lmjjmf skd` `aa`lts ofd syjptmjs tr`ot`d or` ikv`f
kf Tohc` 1 h`cmw. Du` tm tb` bkib lmjmrhkdkty h`tw``f lmfdult dksmrd`r ofd d`pr`sskmf,
oftkd`pr`ssofts or` lmjjmfcy pr`slrkh`d amr sulb los`s. Kf o sojpc` ma hmys wktb
lmjmrhkd jogmr d`pr`sskv` dksmrd`r ofd lmfdult dksmrd`r, kjkprojkf` wos amufd tm
r`dul` lmfdult dksmrd`r syjptmjs (^uki-Oftklb, ?;28). Trozmdmf` wos t`st`d tm h`
`aa`ltkv` kf tr`otkfi oiir`sskv` lbkcdr`f (Ibozzkudkf ofd Oc`ssk, ?;;8). Kf lmjmrhkd
ODD ofd lmfdult dksmrd`r los`s (\kj`mf `t. oc, ?;21), os w`cc os lmjmrhkd ODBD,
08
suhstofl` us` ofd lmfdult dksmrd`r los`s (Xkiis `t. oc, ?;;2) , tr`otj`ft wktb
 huprkmprkmf kjprmv`d tb` h`bovkmr.

\`rmtmfkf r`uptoe` kfbkhktmrs, typkloccy us`d os oftkd`pr`ssofts, or` suppms`d tm bov`

oftkoiir`sskv` `aa`lts. Bmw`v`r, kf of mp`f trkoc, fm pmsktkv` `aa`lts w`r` d`jmfstrot`d

8;
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

0<
ofd v`rhoc oiir`sskmf wos s``f tm bov` rks`f (Lmfstoftkfm `t. oc, ?;;9) . Jmr` studk`s
f``d tm h` lmfdult`d tm h`tt`r r`s`orlb tb` `aakloly ma oftkd`pr`sskmf druis mf lmfdult
dksmrd`r.

Tohc` 17 OftkD`pr`ssofts \yjptmjs tr`ot`d ofd Lmjjmf \kd` @aa`lts

OftkD`pr`ssofts \yjptmjs tr`ot`d Lmjjmf \kd` @aa`lts

\`c`ltkv` \`rmtmfkf X`uptoe`   Ofi`r      Fous`o 


Kfbkhktmrs (\\XK)   Oiktotkmf    \tmjolb ups`t 



  ^rmzol (acumx`tkf`)   \c``p prmhc`js    Dry jmutb 



  ^oxkc (pormx`tkf`)    Fkibtjor`s du` tm   D`lr`os`d opp`tkt`



  Wmcmat (s`rtrockf`) troujo  (`xl`pt X`j`rmf &

  Cuvmx (acuvmxojkf`)   Opp`tkt` prmhc`js  Trklylckl
  L`c`xo (lktocmproj)   \od mr d`pr`ss`d jmmd  Oftkd`pr`ssofts) 
  C`xoprm (`slktocmproj)   Ofxk`ty, f`rvmusf`ss,   \c``pkf`ss `xl`pt amr


Lmjhkf`d \`rmtmfkf ofd a`oraucf`ss  Y`cchutrkf RC 

Fmr`pkf`pbrkf` X`uptoe`   ^ofkl ottoles  \\XK
Kfbkhktmrs   Mhs`sskmfs `.i. `otkfi    Kfsmjfko 


  @aa`xmr RX(v`fcoaoxkf`)   Lmjpucskmfs    Dkorrb`o 



 

  Lyjhocto
Dmpojkf` (ducmx`tkf`)
X`uptoe`
 
 

Cmw
^mmr `f`riy, aotkiu`du`
lmfl`ftrotkmf   Amr

Fmf \\XK
  Lmfstkpotkmf
Kfbkhktmrs tm d`pr`ss`d mr   Dkzzkf`ss (`xl`pt amr
  Y`cchutrkf RC ofxkmus jmmds  Y`cchutrkf RC)
(huprmprkmf)   Bmp`c`ssf`ss 
   Kflr`os`d opp`tkt` ofd
^r`syfoptkl Ocpbo   \uklkdoc tbmuibts 
 w`kibt iokf (`xl`pt
Odr`f`rikl Oftoimfkst amr Dmpojkf` ofd
  X`j`rmf (jkrtozopkf`) :Tmarofkc, ^oj`cmr, @covkc, \`rmtmfkf X`uptoe`
Trklylckl Oftkd`pr`ssofts \kf`quof ofd Ofoarkc fmt Kfbkhktmrs, ofd
  Tmarofkc (kjkprojkf`) amr Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r Y`cchutrkf RC)
  ^oj`cmr (fmrtrkptyckf`)   *Y`cchutrkf RC “ 
RC “  
  @covkc (ojktrkptyckf`) :Occ us`d amr ODBD B`odolb`, kfsmjfko,
  \kf`quof (dmx`pkf) `xl`pt Ofoarkc r`stc`ssf`ss

  Ofoarofkc(lcmjkprojkf`) 
  Trklylckl
\`rmtmfkf X`uptoe` :D`syr`c us`d amr Oftkd`pr`ssofts “ 
Oftkd`pr`ssofts  “ 
Kfbkhktmrs kfsmjfko ofd fkibtjor`s  hcurr`d vkskmf, urkfory
  D`syr`c (trozodmf`)  kf troujotkz`d lbkcdr`f, r`t`ftkmf & b`sktotkmf
Jmfmojkf` Mxkdos` wktb mr wktbmut d`pr`sskmf     D`syr`c
 D`syr`c “ 
 “  b`odolb`
  b`odolb`
Kfbkhktmr (JOM-K)   JOM-K
 JOM-K “  “  Kfsmjfko,
 Kfsmjfko,
  ^orfot` (trofyclyprmjkf`) juslc` pokf ofd
   Fordkc (pb`f`czkf`) stkaaf`ss
  @cd`pryc (s`c`ikckf`) 

Kf 8>>4, por`fts lcokj`d tbot \`c`ltkv` \`rmtmfkf X`uptoe` kfbkhktmrs lous`d tb`kr
odmc`sl`fts tm ott`jpt mr lmjjkt suklkd`. Bmw`v`r, Dr. Guckm Cklkfkm”s r`s`orlb prmv`d
04
tbot \\XK oltuoccy r`dul` suklkd` rot`s kf Pfkt`d \tot`s . Os smmf os tb` `f`riy c`v`c ma
 potk`fts or` r`stmr`d tm pr`-d`pr`sskmf p`rkmd, wbklb wkcc toe` ohmut 1 w``es, occ

<>
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

syjptmjs kflcudkfi suklkdoc kd`otkmf wkcc h` r`smcv`d. B`fl`, por`fts sbmucd wotlb tb`kr
lbkcdr`f kf tb` kfktkoc stoi` ma tb`kr tr`otj`ft wb`f tb` d`pr`sskmf syjptmjs stkcc `xkst.

Xor` hut pmt`ftkoccy p`rjof`ft mr s`rkmus skd` `aa`lts ma7

?.  \`rmtmfkf ofd Fmr`pkf`pbrkf` X`uptoe` Kfbkhktmrs “ 
Kfbkhktmrs  “  kflr`os`d
 kflr`os`d hcmmd pr`ssur`
8.  Dmpojkf` X`uptoe` Kfbkhktmrs “ 
Kfbkhktmrs “  mv`r
 mv`r r`lmjj`fd`d dms`s kflr`os` s`kzur`s
<.  X`j`rmf
X`j`rmf “  “  Oirofucmlytmsks
 Oirofucmlytmsks (r`dul`d prmdultkmf ma wbkt` hcmmd l`ccs)
4.  Trklylckl Oftkd`pr`ssofts “ 
Oftkd`pr`ssofts “  B`ort
 B`ort lmjpcklotkmfs5 mv`rdmsoi` kf suklkd` ott`jpts
0.  \`rmtmfkf X`uptoe` Kfbkhktmrs “ 
Kfbkhktmrs “  B`ort
 B`ort lmjpcklotkmfs ofd ^rkopksj
1.  JOM-K  “   Tyrojkf`-Kfdul`d Byp`rt`fskv` Lrksks tbus ks ror`cy us`d os lbkcdr`f
loffmt `ot tyrojkf`s rklb ammd sulb os lb``s`, j`ot, h`ofs, pklec`d prmdults,
 poleoi`d smups, mrofi` pucp ofd oclmbmc

^sylbmtb`ropy, fmt gust ^borjolmtb`ropy

Kt ks lrulkoc tm ufd`rstofd tb` skd` `aa`lts ma j`dklotkmfs us`d kf tr`otkfi oiir`sskv` ofd
mppmsktkmfoc lbkcdr`f amr bmj`mpotbkl dmltmrs os l`rtokf syjptmjs wkcc tb`f h`
ufd`rstmmd os pmsskhcy du` tm tb` skd` `aa`lts ma j`dklotkmfs ofd joy tb`f h` ikv`f c`ss
kjpmrtofl` durkfi los` toekfi.

Ollmrdkfi tm Dr. @ckzoh`tb G. Xmh`rts, j`dklot`d lbkcdr`f wktb Lmfdult Dksmrd`r stkcc
lmftkfu` tm `xbkhkt oiir`sskv` ofd bmstkc` h`bovkmrs os fm j`dklotkmf lof t`olb o lbkcd
tb` dkaa`r`fl` h`tw``f jmroc ofd kjjmroc h`bovkmr. B`fl`, kt ks lrulkoc tm lmupc`
j`dklotkmfs wktb h`bovkmroc trokfkfi. Tb` `orck`r tb` lbkcd ks stort`d mf tb` h`bovkmroc
 prmiroj, tb` bkib`r or` tb` lbofl`s amr sull`ss.

<?
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

00
?>. ^rmifmsks  

Tb` lckfkloc r`sucts sbmw tbot jmr` s`v`r`, lbrmfkl lmfdult dksmrd`r toe`s o cmfi`r tkj`
tm tr`ot tbof jkcd mf`s (Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf, ?;;4). Oiir`sskv` lmfdult
dksmrd`r bos o wmrs` prmifmsks wktb studk`s sbmwkfi boca ma hmys lmftkfukfi tm bov`
oiir`sskv` h`bovkmr `v`f 8 y`ors oat`r tr`otj`ft5 wktb kfdklotmrs cke` akr`-s`ttkfi, `orcy-
mfs`t, aojkcy kfstohkckty ofd cole ma ott`ftkmf ollmuftkfi amr tb` wmrs` prmifmsks (\t`wort
ofd E`csm, ?;29). Mtb`r aoltmrs cke` oftksmlkoc
oftksmlkoc h`bovkmrs kf juctkpc`
juctkpc` s`ttkfis cke` slbmmc,
bmj` ofd lmjjufkty, os w`cc os bovkfi o rofi` ma oftksmlkoc h`bovkmrs ocsm wmrs`f tb`
 prmifmsks (Xutt`r ofd Ikcc`r, ?;24).

01
??. ^r`v`ftkmf  

Jmaaktt ofd Lospk (8>>?) suii`st tbot `orcy kft`rv`ftkmf ofd tr`otj`ft ma lbkcdr`f wktb
f`urmd`v`cmpj`ft kjpokrj`fts ks b`cpauc. ^r`v`ftkmfs tori`t`d ot tb` rkse aoltmrs joy
jktkiot` tb` prmhc`j. @orcy `aamrts ot b`cpkfi lbkcdr`f wktb por`ft trokfkfi kft`rv`ftkmf,
olod`jkl ofd sekccs trokfkfi, slbmmc ofd lmjjufkty-hos`d kft`rv`ftkmfs lof b`cp st`j
tb` tkd`s oiokfst dksruptkv` h`bovkmrs (Y`kf`r `t. oc, 8>>4). Immdwkf odvks`d `orcy
kft`rv`ftkmf amr lbkcdr`f wktb lmfdult dksmrd`r ot 0 mr 1 y`ors mcd, os mppms`d tm oi` ??
ofd ohmv`, os tb` lbofl`s ma tb` t``foi`rs `ft`rkfi lrkjkfoc gustkl` syst`j wkcc kflr`os`,
c`odkfi tm c`ss sull`ssauc kft`rv`ftkmf.

?8. Xkibt ^or`ftkfi 

Pphrkfikfi ma tb` lbkcd kfvmcv`s jofy p`rsmfoc lbmkl`s ofd ks kfacu`fl`d hy tb` luctur`
ofd post `xp`rk`fl`s ma tb` por`fts. Kf mur doy ofd oi`, tb` ckf` h`tw``f rkibt ofd wrmfi
bos h`lmj` hcurr`d. Jofy por`fts bov` ocsm amrimtt`f tb` aolt tbot tb`y or` tb` akrst a`w
i`f`rotkmfs tm hrkfi up tb`kr lbkcdr`f wktb tb` cot`st t`lbfmcmik`s tbot lmj` wktb tb`kr

mwf s`t ma lcmut. H`st por`ftkfi t`lbfkqu`s `ftokc tb` us` ma skjpc`, y`t tkj`c`ss proltkl`s.
Cmvkfi o lbkcd lmj`s `oskcy amr jmst por`fts, hut fmt dkslkpckfkfi o lbkcd. O por`ft f``ds
tm h` ohc` tm mhg`ltkv`cy ufd`rstofd o sktuotkmf ofd h` ohc` tm kfstkcc dkslkpckf`, wbklb ks
mat`f tkj`s colekfi kf tb` uphrkfikfi. Amr `xojpc`, por`fts lof jmfktmr ofd kfstkcc jmr`
dkslkpckf` mv`r t`c`vkskmf ofd lmjput`r usoi`. Tb`r` sbmucd h` o tkj` ckjkt os tm bmw
jofy bmurs o lbkcd lof h` occmw`d tm wotlb tb` t`c`vkskmf mr sura tb` f`t. Bmw`v`r, kf
mrd`r tm dm tbot, por`fts ocsm f``d tm immd `xojpc`s sm tbot tb`y lof kfluclot` tb`kr
lbkcdr`f wktb tb` rkibt vocu`s hy proltklkfi wbot tb`y pr`olb.

Jofy por`fts ocsm dm fmt ikv` tb`kr lbkcdr`f suaaklk`ft jmfktmrkfi, wbklb or` lrulkoc amr
tb`kr immd uphrkfikfi. Tbks ks `sp`lkoccy skfl` kf jofy lmuftrk`s, hmtb por`fts wmre ofd
tbus dm fmt bov` tkj` mr `f`riy tm poy ott`ftkmf tm tb`kr lbkcdr`f. Tb`y dm fmt, amr
`xojpc`, hmtb`r ohmut tb` typ` ma hmmes r`od, kft`rf`t skt`s sura`d mr tb` ark`fds tb`kr
lbkcdr`f bofi mut wktb5 tbus, r`fd`rkfi tb`kr lbkcdr`f susl`ptkhc` tm f`iotkv`
f `iotkv` kfacu`fl`s.

<8
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Oct`rfotkv` Jofoi`j`ft

?<.. Oct
?<  O ct`
`r fot
fotk v` Tr`
Tr `otj`fts
fts
@v`ry syst`j ma j`dklkf` bos tb`kr odvoftoi`s ofd dksodvoftoi`s, ofd tb`kr `aakloly kf
b`cpkfi lbkcdr`f wktb dksruptkv` h`bovkmrs. Oct`rfotkv` tr`otj`fts or` soa` ofd foturoc,
ofd lof h` us`d kf lmfgufltkmf wktb occmpotbkl jmd` ma tr`otj`fts. \kfl` smj` ma tb`s`
syst`js wmre skjkcorcy tm bmj`mpotby, kt ks h`st fmt tm us` smj` ma tb`j kf lmfgufltkmf
wktb bmj`mpotby os bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dk`s jkibt h`lmj` c`ss `aa`ltkv`. Amr `xojpc`,
Holb acmw`r r`j`dk`s, oyurv`dkl ofd Lbkf`s` j`dklkf`, ofd strmfi sj`cckfi mkcs sbmucd
try fmt tm h` us`d kf lmfgufltkmf wktb bmj`mpotby os kt joy oct`r tb` j`ftoc ofd pbyskloc
stot` ma tb` potk`fts, b`fl` lbofikfi tb` lmfstktutkmfoc mr syjptmjotkl pkltur` ma tb`
 potk`ft r`qukr`d kf bmj`mpotbkl los` toekfi.

<<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?4.. H olb A cmw`

?4 cmw`r X `j`dk `s

Holb acmw`r @ss`fl`s or` soa` ofd foturoc r`j`dk`s tbot dm fmt bov` skd` `aa`lts. Tb`y
i`ftcy hrkfi tb` jkfd ofd hmdy hole tm b`octb hy fucckaykfi f`iotkv` j`ftoc ofd
`jmtkmfoc stot`s. Dkaa`r`ft `ss`fl`s lof h` lmjhkf`d tm ikv` dkaa`r`ft r`sucts. Holb
09
acmw`rs prmv`d `aa`ltkv` kf ODBD los`s . H`cmw ks o ckst ma acmw`r r`j`dk`s7

Tohc` 97 Holb Acmw`r r`j`dk`s ofd syjptmjs tr`ot`d

ODBD, Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r

H``lb Lrktkloc ofd gudi`j`ftoc
Lb`rry ^cuj D`sp`rot` ofd d`strultkv` kjpucs`s5 uflmftrmccohc` `jmtkmf (`.i.ofi`r)
ofd jkfd5 kjpucskv`5 vkmc`ft5 kftmc`rohc`5 tbmuibts ma ekcckfi5 sbrk`ekfi,
tbrmwkfi tbkfis, hktkfi, slr`ojkfi, toftrujs, uflmftrmccohc` lrovkfis,
 h`dw`ttkfi, d`pr`sskmf & hkpmcor dksmrd`r  
Lb`stfut hud Cole ma mhs`rvotkmf5 oftk-smlkoc5 dksmh`dk`ft5 kjpucskv`5 r`lec`ss5 a``cs
cke` ruffkfi owoy5 couibs ot r`prkjofds5 ODBD amr kfott`ftkv`f`ss,
j`ftoc burrk`df`ss ofd byp`roltkvkty5 hkpmcor dksmrd`r  
Bmccy Botr`d5 r`v`fi`auc5 suspklkmus5 g`ocmus ofd `fvkmus5 krrktohc`5 ofi`r
`oskcy5 cole ma cmv` 
Xmle Xms` A`or5 oiir`sskv` ofd vkmc`fl` 
Qkf` Lru`c, kfs`fsktkv`, ufsyjpotb`tkl, jofkpucotkv`, ir``dy, `imkstkl, kfstkcc
a`or kf mtb`rs5 s``es r`v`fi`5 vkmc`ft5 tbr`ot`f mtb`rs  
L`rotm Cole ma amlus7 ufd`rtoe` jofy oltkvktk`s hut p`rs`v`r` kf fmf`  
Bmrfh`oj Hmr`dmj5 prmlrostkfotkmf5 loffmt lmfl`ftrot`5 d`v`cmpj`ftoc mr
c`orfkfi dksohkcktk`s 
Kjpotk`fs Toces ofd jmv`s v`ry aost5 ov`rskmf tm lmjpofy5 krrktohc`, `oskcy
maa`fd`d5 Jofko5 Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r  
Q`rvokf @xtr`j` j`ftoc `f`riy5 jkfd gujps ob`od ma m a hmdy5 byp`roltkv`  
Ykcd Mot Cole ma lmfl`ftrotkmf5 dohhc`s kf tmm jofy tbkfis 
Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r ofd D`pr`sskmf
\lc`roftbus Dmuhc` jkfd`df`ss5 jmmd swkfis 
I`ftkof J`coflbmckl `sp`lkoccy oat`r o s`thole5 p`sskjkstkl5 dmuhtauc 
Imrs` & \w``t bmp`c`ssf`ss, r`skifotkmf ofd d`spokr  
Lb`stfut
Justord D`pr`sskmf wktb fm r`osmf 

<4
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?0 .  yurv`d
?0. Oy
 O urv`do
Oyurv`do ks mf` ma tb` mcd`st ofd jmr` bmckstkl syst`j ma j`dklkf` kf tb` wmrcd, dotkfi hole tm
jmr` tbof 0>>> y`ors. Ollmrdkfi tm Oyurv`do, bujof hmdy (jklrmlmsj) ks o jkfkotur` v`rskmf
02
ma tb` ufkv`rs` ofd wb`f kf o b`octby stot` ks s`ca-lmrr`ltkfi skjkcor tm tb` jolrmlmsj . Dr.
Bobf`joff, tb` amufd`r ma Bmj`mpotby, ks sokd tm bov` jod` o cmt ma kfv`stkiotkmfs kftm
0;
Oyurv`do, tbus tb` skjkcorktk`s kf tb` 8 syst`js . Bmj`mpotby, cke` Oyurv`do, h`ck`v`s kf tb`
ufkqu`f`ss ma kfdkvkduocs kf tb`kr tr`otj`ft ofd tbot dks`os`s or` syjptmjs ma tb` ufd`rcykfi
kfhocofl` kf tb` hmdy.

Oyurv`do pbkcmsmpbkz`s tbot `v`rytbkfi kf tb` ufkv`rs` ks jod` up ma 0 hoskl `c`j`fts, wbklb
or` `ortb, wot`r, akr`, okr ofd `tb`r. @ortb r`pr`s`fts tb` smckd jott`r, ofd ks stohc` ofd
uflbofikfi sulb os tb` hmf`s. Yot`r r`pr`s`fts lbofi`, ofd tb` ckqukd stot` sulb os hcmmd ofd
mtb`r acukds kf mur hmdy. Ybkc` akr` ks tb` kffot` pmw`r tbot trofsamrjs smckd kftm ckqukd, ofd
ckqukd kftm ios ofd hmfds otmjs tmi`tb`r. Kt ks r`spmfskhc` amr mur dki`stkmf, ott`ftkmf, a``ckfis
ofd tbmuibts. ^msktkv`cy, kt ks ossmlkot`d wktb lmjpr`b`fskmf ofd kft`ccki`fl`, wbkc` f`iotkv`cy kt
ks r`spmfskhc` amr ofi`r, botr`d, lrktklksj, lmjp`tktkv`f`ss, ofd g`ocmusy. Okr r`pr`s`fts ios,
wbklb ks dyfojkl ofd jmhkc` ofd ks amufd kf hr`otbkfi, f`uroc kfpucs`s, pucsotkmfs ma tb` b`ort.
@tb`r ks tb` `jpty spol` kf wbklb `v`rytbkfi bopp`fs. \pol` ks amufd kf vorkmus hmdy ports cke`
jmutb, fms`, iostrmkft`stkfoc trolt ofd psylbmcmikloccy, kt r`pr`s`fts
1> ar``dmj, p`ol`, cmv`,
lmfslkmusf`ss ofd f`iotkv` `jmtkmfs ma kfs`lurkty, ofxk`ty
ofx k`ty ofd a`or  .

Tb`s` 0 `c`j`fts or` lmjhkf`d kf < hoskl dmsbos (`f`rik`s), foj`cy Qoto (jod` ma `tb`r ofd okr),
Eopbo (jod` ma wot`r ofd `ortb) ofd ^ktto (jod` ma akr` ofd wot`r). D`p`fdkfi mf mur
lmfstktutkmf (hmdy typ` ofd p`rsmfocktk`s), tb`s` < hoskl `f`rik`s kft`rjkfic` wktb ? mr 8 ma tb`s`
`f`rik`s dmjkfotkfi mv`r tb` mtb`rs. Yb`f Qoto ks lbrmfkloccy oiirovot`d mr kflr`os`d, kt c`ods
1?
tm jmr` r`stc`ssf`ss ofd ODBD . Ybkc` oiir`sskmf, ofi`r, mppmsktkmfoc d`akoft dksmrd`r,
lmfdult dksmrd`r or` du` tm oiirovotkmf mr kflr`os` ma ^ktto kf tb` hmdy. J`jmry prmhc`js or`
usuoccy du` tm o Eopbo stoifotkmf mr of kflr`os` kf Qoto. Ofd, d`pr`sskmf lof h` du` tm of
kjhocofl` ma `ktb`r ma tb` < dmsbos d`p`fdkfi mf tb` syjptmjs. Tbus, kf mrd`r hrkfi tb` hmdy
 hole tm hocofl`, kt ks f`l`ssory tm r`dul` tb` `xl`sskv` dmsbo ofd lmftrmc tb` dmsbos tbrmuib
oyurv`do r`j`dk`s (wbklb joy dkaa`r d`p`fdkfi mf wb`tb`r kt ks o lckfkloc mr bmj` tr`otj`ft).
B`fl` amr h`bovkmroc dksmrd`rs, kt ks lrulkoc tm kd`ftkay tb` lmjmrhkd dksmrd`rs, kf mrd`r tm
ufd`rstofd tb` dmsbo kjhocofl` kfvmcv`d.

Oyurv`do Bmj` Tr`otj`ft ma Oiir`sskv`, bmstkc` ofd d`akoft h`bovkmr

  Dk`t - o pktto-polkaykfi dk`t ks r`lmjj`fd`d amr ofi`r ofd bmstkckty 

^ktto-polkaykfi dk`t7 Ovmkd bmt, spkly ofd a`rj`ft`d ammd, loaa`kf`, lktrus ofd smur arukt.
Toe` skjpc` ofd hcofd ammd ofd lmmckfi (fmt kl`) drkfes.
Qoto-polkaykfi dk`t7 Ovmkd hktt`r, pufi`ft, ostrkfi`ft ammd ofd drkfes. \w``t, smur ofd soct
ammd ofd drkfes or` immd.
Eopbo-polkaykfi dk`t7 Ovmkd ammd tbot ks sw``t, smur ofd socty. Lmfsuj` ammd tbot ks pufi`ft,
 hktt`r ofd ostrkfi`ft.

<0
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

  E``p Lmmc  “ 
“   oo pktto hmdy sbmucd ovmkd bmt hotbs, mr i`t mv`rb`ot`d armj `x`rlks`s. @x`rlks`
durkfi tb` lmmc`r port ma tb` doy
  Mkc Jossoi` “  Hbrkfiorog
 Hbrkfiorog mr lmlmfut mkc ruhh`d mf tb` slocp mr smc`s ma tb` a``t h`amr` imkfi
tm h`d lof b`cp r`dul` pktto. Y`orkfi smles mr puttkfi tmw`c mf tb` pkccmw lof pr`v`ft
stokfkfi
  \ofdocwmmd Mkc  “   pcol` o drmp ma tb` sofdocwmmd `ss`ftkoc mkc mf tb` ‖tbkrd `y`” or`o

   h`tw``f
B`rhoc t`otb` “ 
`y`hrmws, ofd tucsk
  Lbojmjkc`,
Lbojmjkc`, mf tb`(bmcy
tbrmot, hr`osthmf`,
hoskc), fov`c,
rms` p`toc t`jpc`s
pmwd`r lof ofd wrkststmi`tb`r os t`o.
h` toe`f
Drkfe kt < tkj`s o doy
  Ib`` Fosyo “   “  Cuhrklot`
 Cuhrklot` sjocc ojmuft ma hrobjk
hrobjk ib`` kfskd` tb` fmstrkcs,
fmstrkcs, ofd i`ftcy kfboc`
  Hr`otbkfi @x`rlks`s (^rofoyojo)  “  “  Tb`r`
 Tb`r` or` vorkmus typ`s ma hr`otbkfi `x`rlks`s tbot wkcc
b`cp wktb vorkmus dmsbos ofd dks`os`s. Tb` oflk`ft s``rs bov` dkslmv`r`d tb` r`cotkmfsbkp
 h`tw``f tb` rkibt ofd c`at hr`otb lylc`. Mf`Mf ` hr`otb`s jmr` `oskcy tbrmuib o portklucor skd` ma
tb` fmstrkc kf `v`ry 40 tm ;> jkfut`s. Hr`otbkfi
Hr`otbkfi h`tt`r tbrmuib tb` rkibt fmstrkc, amr `xojpc`,
wkcc oltkvot` tb` rkibt, lr`otkv` ofd a`jkfkf` skd` ma tb` hrokf. \bktock ^rofoyojo (Lmmckfi
Hr`otb) kfvmcv`s lurckfi tb` tmfiu` kftm o tuh` wktb tb` (mp`fkfi ma tb` tuh` aolkfi tb`
mp`fkfi ma tb` jmutb. Kfboc` tbrmuib tb` tuh` ofd `xboc` tbrmuib tb` fms` (e``pkfi jmutb
lcms`d). Ka mf` bos dkaaklucty lurckfi tb` tmfiu`, mf` lof lc`flb tb` t``tb ofd pr`ss tb` tmfiu`
oiokfst tb` t``tb h`amr` kfbockfi. Dm o r`p`tktkmf ma ?8.

  [mio pmstur`s  “   Dm tb` Loj`c, Lmhro, Lmw, Hmot, Imot, Hrkdi` pms`s ofd Jmmf \ocutotkmf.
Ovmkd tb` \uf \ocutotkmf, B`od-stofd ofd mtb`r kfv`rt`d pms`s. [mio bos `vkd`ft j`rkts amr
18
b`cpkfi ODBD, `sp`lkoccy wb`f j`dklotkmfs w`or maa kf `v`fkfi .

ODBD Oyurv`dkl X`j`dk`s7 \uvorfo Hbosjo, \uvorfo Jockfk Qosoft, ^oflbo Tketo Ibruto
Iuiiucu, Qksbotkfdue Qotk, ^kppock (^kp`r cmfiuj), Qolbo (Olmrus locojus), Eopkeollbu
(Julufo prurk`fs), Osbwoiofdbo (Yktbofko smjfka`ro) ofd Gymtksbjotk (L`costrus
1<
 pofklucotus) .

  Tm r`dul` kfott`ftkv`f`ss ofd kjprmv` j`jmry ofd mriofkzotkmfoc sekccs7 Hrobjk

(Holmpo jmffk`rk), Jofdueporfk (L`ft`cco oskotklo) ofd \bofebpusbpk (Lmfvmcvucus
 pcurkloucks)
  Tm r`dul` byp`roltkvkty7 Gotojofsk (Fordmstolbys gotojofsk) ofd ror`cy, \orpoiofdbo
(Xoucwmako s`rp`ftkfo)
  Amr kjprmvkfi hrokf aufltkmf7 Lbkroyto (\w`rtko lbkroto), Iudulbk (Tkfmspmro lmrdkamcko),
Ojocoek (@jhcklo maaklkfocks) ofd Justo (Lyp`rus
(L yp`rus rmtufdus).

<1
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Dkoiroj 07 [mio ^ms`s

<9
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?1 .  r mjotb`
?1. Or
 O b`rr opy  
Ormjotb`ropy ks of oflk`ft b`ockfi j`tbmd uskfi hmtofkloc pcofts ofd tb`kr ohstrolts. Tb`
`ss`ftkoc mkcs lof h` `xtrolt`d armj dkaa`r`ft ports ma tb` pcofts. Dkaa`r`ft mkcs lof h` lmjhkf`d
kf vorykfi prmpmrtkmfs tm prmdul` tb` d`skr`d b`octb `aa`lt. Tb`y lof `ktb`r h` jossoi`d mr toe`f
kf tbrmuib kfbocotkmf. Tb`s` `ss`ftkoc mkcs im tbrmuib tb` `pktb`ckoc tkssu`s sulb os tb` sekf, fosoc

 possoi`s,
tb` i`f`roccufis ofd iostrm-kft`stkfoc
lkrlucotkmf
14 trolt ofd
. X`l`ft r`s`orlb`s tb`fprmv`f
bov` p`f`trot`
tbottb` cyjpbotkl ofd
ormjotb`ropy hcmmd amr
ks us`auc syst`j kftm
tr`otkfi
10
lbkcdr`f wktb h`bovkmroc ofd `jmtkmfoc dksmrd`r  .

Gust cke` kf oyurv`do, tb`r` or` dkaa`r`ft `ss`ftkoc mkcs tm sukt dkaa`r`ft dmsbos ofd iufos (tb` <
typ` ma quocktk`s ma Qoto, ^ktto ofd Eopbo).

@ss`ftkoc Mkcs tm Hrkfi Qoto hole tm @qukckhrkuj

?.  Jmmdy “ 
 “   H`fzmkf,
H`fzmkf, h`riojmt, lcory soi`, `c`jk, arofekfl`fs`, i`rofkuj, rms`wmmd 
8.  Pfamlus`d “  Hoskc,
 Hoskc, lypr`ss, c`jmf, c`jmfiross, rms`, rms`jory, p`tktirokf 
<.  \c``pc`ss (kfsmjfko)  “   Hoskc, lbojmjkc`, cov`fd`r, jofdorkf, mrofi`, f`rmck, rms`,
rms`jory, tbyj` 

@ss`ftkoc Mkcs tm hrkfi ^ktto hole tm @qukckhrkuj

?.  Ofiry  “   Hmroi`, lordojmj, lbojpo, lmrkofd`r, hcu` lbojmjkc`, cmtus, juse, rms`,
soaarmf
8.  \tuhhmrf “  Cov`fd`r
 Cov`fd`r ofd p`pp`rjkfd
<.  Mpkfkmfot`d “  Gosjkf`
 Gosjkf` ofd yorrmw
4.  Burtauc  “ 
“  Bkfo,
 Bkfo, mud juse, i`rofkuj ofd yorrmw
0.  Dmjkf``rkfi “  Ojh`r
 Ojh`r ofd i`rofkuj
1.  Arustrot`d “  Hrobjk
 Hrobjk ofd imcd lbojmjkc`
9.  Krrktohc` “  H`fzmkf,
 H`fzmkf, arofekfl`fs`, Xmjof lbojmjkc`, rms`, cov`fd`r, ycofi ycofi  

@ss`ftkoc Mkcs tm hrkfi Eopbo hole tm @qukckhrkuj

?.  D`pr`ss`d “   H`riojmt,
H`riojmt, c`jmfiross, i`rofkuj, lcory soi`, irop`arukt, mrofi`, p`tktirokf
8.  Dkskft`r`st “  Cov`fd`r,
 Cov`fd`r, lbojpo, mrofi`, h`riojmt, log`put, potlbmuck
<.  Ottolb`d “  Jkft,
 Jkft, ikfi`r, jyrtc`
4.  Pfl`rtokf (cmw s`ca -`st``j) “ 
 “  [cofi
 [cofi ycofi, kjjmrt`cc`, p`tktirokf, gosjkf`
0.  X`skstoft “  Irop`arukt,
 Irop`arukt, ckj`, h`riojmt, lbojmjkc`
1.  \od “ 
 “  H`fzmkf,
 H`fzmkf, gosjkf`, rms`, rms`wmmd, lcory soi`, j`cksso, f`rmck 

<2
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?9.. L bk
?9 bkf`
f`s`
s` J `dk lkf`
lk f`
Lbkf`s` J`dklkf` bos prmv`f `aa`ltkv`f`ss kf tr`otkfi lbkcdr`f wktb ODBD, `fur`sks ofd mtb`r
 p`dkotrkl dks`os`s, octbmuib tb`r` ks o cole ma doto mf tr`otj`ft ma lbkcdr`f wktb Mppmsktkmfoc
D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r.

Ollmrdkfi tm Lbkf`s` J`dklkf`, o lbkcd”s hmdy ks jokfcy lmjpms`d ma yofi 

ma  yofi  (josluckf`
  (josluckf` `f`riy)
ofd c`ss ykf
c`ss  ykf (a`jkfkf`
 (a`jkfkf` `f`riy). Os o r`suct, kf ODBD los`s, yofi mv`rdmjkfot`s tb` kfsuaaklk`ft
ykf, louskfi of ufs`ttc`d b`ort spkrkt ofd o cole ma ott`ftkmf. Tb` lous`s or` h`ck`v`d tm h` vork`d,
rofikfi armj lmfi`fktoc d`a`lts, wrmfi dk`t, kfgury mr troujo  “   hcmlekfi tb` qk (`f`riy),
mhstrultkfi j`rkdk`fs (`f`riy pmkfts), dksturhkfi ykf-yofi hocofl`, ofd jocfmurksbkfi tb` b`ort
ofd tb` jkfd.

Tb` tb`rop`utkls tbus ck` kf hocoflkfi ykf ofd yofi. Akrstcy, tr`otj`ft sbmucd amlus mf tmfkaykfi
tb` ekdf`y, wbkc` lmflurr`ftcy tr`otkfi tb` b`ort ofd tb` hrokf. Tmfkaykfi ma ekdf`y j`tbmds
kfvmcv` r`jmvkfi b`ot armj b`ort, fmurksbkfi tb` ckv`r ofd hrokf, tmfkaykfi tb` spc``f, lc`orkfi
 pbc`ij ofd hcmmd stosks. \`lmfdcy, r`iucotkfi ykf ofd yofi tbrmuib r`pc`fksbkfi tb` d`aklk`ft
ofd r`jmvkfi tb` `xl`ss ma `ktb`r `f`riy. Druis ma hktt`r ofd lmcd-fotur` sbmucd h` us`d c`ss os
tb`y or` c`ss `aa`ltkv` amr
11 byp`roltkv` potk`fts. Tb`r` or` < jokf dkaa`r`ftkoc syfdrmj`s ofd
ollmjpofykfi tr`otj`fts 7

@xl`sskv` yofi ma ckv`r ofd ykf d`aklk`fly ma ekdf`y

Jokf syjptmjs7 ODBD, krrktohkckty, kjp`tumus, wkcd wktb cole ma s`ca lmftrmc, b`ot ma lb`st,
 pocjs ofd smc`s, dry jmutb ofd tbrmot, fkibt sw`ot, cke`s lmcd drkfe, r`d tmfiu` wktb ckttc` mr fm
aur, ropkd pucs` tbot ks `ktb`r tbr`ody mr tout

Tb`rop`utkls7 Fmurksb ykf ofd trofqukckz` jkfd

^r`slrkptkmf ofd druis7 Xodkx X`bjoffko` ^ro`poroto, Xbkzmjo Dkmslmr`o`, Arultus Lmrfk,
Arultus Cylkk, ^mrko, ^costruj T`studkfks, \`j`f Hkmto`, Ms Drolmfks Amsskcko, Xodkx
Icylyrrbkzo` ^ro`poroto

Jocfmurksbj`ft ma jkfd du` tm ykf d`aklk`fly ma tb` b`ort ofd spc``f

Jokf syjptmjs7 ODD, sbmrt hr`otb, sw`otkfi, pocpktotkmf, r`stc`ss sc``p wktb fkibtjor`,
stutt`rkfi, poc` ofd cust`rc`ss lmjpc`xkmf, poc` r`d tmuib wktb tbkf, wbktksb aur, a``hc` ofd w`oe
 pucs`

Tb`rop`utkls7 Tmfkay b`ort ofd spc``f, locj tb` jkfd

^r`slrkptkmf7 Xodkx Icylyrrbkzo` ^ro`poroto, Arultus Trktklk C`vks, Arultus Wkzkpbk Guguho`,
Loucks ^mcyimfk Juctkacmrk, Xodkx ^o`mfko` Ocho, Xodkx \ocvko` Jkctkmrrbkz`o, Xodkx
^s`udmst`ccorko`, Ms Drolmfks Amsskcko, Lmflbo Mstr`o`, Xodkx ^mcyioco`, Xbkzmjo ^kf`ccko`,
Joif`tktuj

<;
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

^bc`ij ofd b`ot oaa`ltkfi tb` b`ort du` tm dojpf`ss ofd b`ot ollujucotkmf
ODBD, kjp`tumus, wkcd wktb cole ma s`ca-lmftrmc, b`otkf`ss ma lb`st, b`orthurf, kfsmjfko, pmmr
opp`tkt`, dore urkf`, tbkrst, lmfstkpotkmf, krrktohc` hmw`cs, r`d tmfiu` wktb y`ccmwf`ss, tbkle ofd
ir`osy aur, sckpp`ry ofd ropkd pucs`

Tb`rop`utkls7 Lc`orkfi b`ot ofd pbc`ij, kfdulkfi dk`r`sks ofd locjkfi tb` jkfd

^r`slrkptkmf7 Buofickof Y`fdof D`lmltkmf wktb mtb`r kfir`dk`fts cke` ^`rklorpkuj Lktrk
X`tklucoto`, Xbkzmjo ^kf`ccko`, ^mrko, Loucks Hohhuso` kf To`fkoj, Or`so`jo luj Hkc`, Arultus
Trklbmsoftbks, Arultus Ouroftkk, Xbkzmjo Lmptkdks, Xbkzmjo Olmrk Irojkf`k, Lmflbo
Joriorktka`ro Psto

Jmdkaklotkmfs ma `olb tr`otj`ft or` prmvkd`d d`p`fdkfi mf mtb`r lmflmjktofts pr`s`ft sulb os
t`fd`fly amr lmcd, r`stc`ssf`ss ofd lmfstkpotkmf. Mtb`r lmjhkfotkmfs ma druis bov` ocsm h``f
lr`ot`d amr us`.

Kf o study hy [ofi Bmfi, ODBD lbkcdr`f toekfi hmtb Lbkf`s` ofd Y`st`rf j`dklotkmfs sbmw`d
bkib`r lur` ofd oj`ckmrotkmf rot`s (98.8% ofd ;4.4% r`sp`ltkv`cy), julb cmw`r syjptmjs
r`opp`orofl` (?<.;%), ofd c`ss s`v`r` skd` `aa`lts (pmmr opp`tkt` ofd sc``pkfi dkaaklucty)
19
lmjpor`d
rof tm oBmfi-xkfi,
ofd ^`fi lmjporksmftb`
irmup toekfi
outbmr smc`<>Y`st`rf
tr`ot`d los`s maj`dklotkmfs
ODBD wktb. oKflcosskloc
tb` ortklc` hy Wbom
amrjuco _k-
ma Iuk
Wbk Tofi. 2 ma tb` los`s w`r` sull`ssauccy tr`ot`d (kf 8-< lmurs`s wktb 9 doys `quoc tm o lmurs`)
 hy tb` outbmr, wbkc` ?9 sbmw`d jore`d kjprmv`j`ft, < h`loj` h`tt`r ofd 8 sbmw`d fm
12
kjprmv`j`fts5 r`suctkfi kf o tmtoc oj`ckmrotkmf rot` ma ;<.<% . Ollmrdkfi tm tb` Gmurfoc ma
Trodktkmfoc Lbkf`s` J`dklkf`, imtu emco, eovo eovo, Oskof mr \kh`rkof ikfs`fi, seucclop ofd
lbojmjkc`, w`r` prmv`f us`auc amr ODBD du` tm tb`kr `aakloly kf kjprmvkfi hrokf ofd f`rvmus
1;
syst`j b`octb . Kf ofmtb`r study, Qollorko s``ds w`r` top`d mf tm `or olupufltur` pmkfts ma <<
lbkcdr`f, ; sbmw`d jore`d `aa`lt, wbkc` ?; sbmw`d smj` `aa`lts5 wktb tmtoc oj`ckmrotkmf rot` ma
24.2%9>. Ybkc` kf o los` study, o lbkcd wos lur`d wktb Cku Y`k Dk Buofi Tofi Gko Y`k (\kx Acovmrs
X`bjoffko D`lmltkmf wktb Odd`d Acovmrs)9?.

Olupufltur`
Olupufltur` ks tb` kfs`rtkmf ma v`ry akf` f``dc`s mf tb` hmdy”s suraol` tm stkjucot` tb` hmdy”s
aufltkmfkfi, smj`tkj`s kf lmfgufltkmf wktb `c`ltrkloc stkjucus mr b`ot. Kts jokf us` ks tm
stkjucot` tb` J`rkdkofs (mr Lboff`cs), wbklb or` sp`lkoc potbwoys wb`r` `f`riy acmws tbrmuib.
98
Olupuftur` b`cps r`stmr` tb` `f`riy hy hocoflkfi tb` ykf ofd yofi. Dr. Lbko Lboy ^uoy, o
Lbkf`s` J`dklkf` dmltmr kf \kfiopmr`, tmcd ma olupufltur`”s `aa`ltkv`f`ss kf lurkfi o t``foi`r
wktb d`akoft h`bovkmr.

H`skd`s olupufltur`, tb`r` or` mtb`r fmf-kfvoskv` j`tbmds cke` olupr`ssur`, wbklb stkjucot`s
tb` j`rkdkof pmkfts tbrmuib akfi`rs mr bord hocc-sbop`d kfstruj`fts.  

4>
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?2 .  `dk totk mf
?2. J
 J`
J`dktotkmf ks o dkslkpckf` ma tb` jkfd, wb`r` mf` im`s h`ymfd o lmfslkmus aufltkmfkfi jkfd tm o
d``p`r stot` ma owor`f`ss ofd lmfslkmusf`ss5 cmfi t`rj proltkl` b`cps mf` `c`vot` armj tb` stoi` ma
lmfl`ftrotkmf tm lmft`jpcotkmf ofd `v`ftuoccy tm j`dktotkmf. Kt ks mat`f ossmlkot`d wktb r`ckikmfs,
tbmuib kt ks ocsm h` amr fmf-r`ckikmus purpms`s. J`dktotkmf ofd ymio or` sbmwf tm bov` ir`ot pmt`ftkoc

kf kjprmvkfidksmrd`rs
 h`bovkmuroc o p`rsmf”s
dksmrd`rs9<. psylbmsmlkoc h`bovkmur os port ma tb` psylbkotrkl tr`otj`ft ofd kf los`s ma

\lk`ftksts bov` amufd mut tbot r`iucor j`dktotkmf kflr`os`s tb` hrokf ofd l`r`hroc skz`, wktb
skifkakloftcy jmr` ir`y jott`r (sulb os kf tb` rkibt armftoc lmrt`x). Tb` (rkibt) bkppmlojpus, wbklb ks
r`spmfskhc` amr c`orfkfi ofd j`jmry, ofd mtb`r ports r`cot`d tm `jmtkmfs or` ocsm cori`r 94. J`dktotkmf
tbus kflr`os`s tb` lmfl`ftrotkmf ofd b`cp p`mpc` h`tt`r lmftrmc tb`kr `jmtkmfs, i`f`rot` immd
`jmtkmfs, r`dul` str`ss ofd str`fitb`fs tb` kjjuf` syst`j. \kfib `t. oc, bov` ocsm `aa`ltkv`cy us`d
j`dktotkmf kf b`cpkfi potk`fts sbkat `jmtkmfoccy ormuskfi tbmuibts mr sktuotkmf tm o hmdy port tbot ks
`jmtkmfoccy f`utroc sulb os tb` a``t, tbus b`cpkfi lmftrmc oiir`sskv` h`bovkmur 90. Dokcy `fqukry mr
outm-`vocuotkmf
outm-`vocuotkmf ma mf`”s h`bovkmr   wkcc ocsm hrkfi ohmut of owor`f`ss ma mf`”s d``ds, ofd tbus b`cp
e``p f`iotkv` d``ds kf lb`le.

Kf j`dktotkmf, kt ks r`lmjj`fd`d tbot mf` akfds o quk`t spmt (pr`a`rohcy tb` soj` mf` `v`rydoy), e``p
tb` `y`s boca-lcms`d mr auccy lcms`d, skt strokibt ofd r`cox tb` hmdy h`amr` stortkfi tb` j`dktotkmf.
Hr`otbkfi J`dktotkmf ks o skjpc` j`dktotkmf j`tbmd tbot amlus`s mf tb` hr`otb` imkfi kf ofd mut.
Ckibt (Gymtk) J`dktotkmf ks o ufkv`rsoc j`tbmd ma j`dktotkmf tbot ks ocsm `osy ofd soa`, wktb
t`stkjmfkocs mf h`tt`r h`bovkmurs ofd olod`jkl r`sucts. ^or`fts ofd t`olb`rs lof ocsm iukd` tb`
lbkcdr`f kf kt.

Ckibt J`dktotkmf
  Ioz` ot mr kjoikf` o acoj` mr imcd`f ckibt. Toe` tb` ckibt j`ftoccy kft
kftm
m ymur amr`b`od,
 h`tw``f ymur jkd-hrmw. Kjoikf` tbot ckibt akcckfi up ymur `ftkr` jkfd, `xpofdkfi ofd
 h`lmjkfi hrkibt`r. Tb` ckibt hrkfis p`ol` tm tb` jkfd ofd akcc kt mfcy wktb immd
tbmuibts.
  Tb` ckibt acmws dmwf tm tb` b`ort wb`r` kt mp`fs up cke` o cmtu
cmtuss kf hcmmj. Tb` ckibt akccs

  tb`
Tb`b`ort
ckibt wktb cmv` tb`
p`rvod`s ofdckjhs.
immd `jmtkmfs/a``ckfis,
mf cy r`jmvkfi
Tb` c`is wkcc mfcy hrkfi mf` occ doref`ss.
tm tb` rkibt ofd immd pcol`s,
wbkc` tb` orjs ofd bofds wkcc mfcy dm rkibt ofd immd d``ds.
  Tb` ckibt jmv`s up tm tb` tmfiu` ofd jmutb, ofd tb` jmutb wkcc sp`oe sw``tcy ofd
smatcy, ofd soy mfcy sp`oe trutb.
  Tb` ckibt lmftkfu`s tm osl`fd tm tb` `y`s, ofd tb` `y`s wkcc mfcy s`` immd.
  Tb` ckibt tb`f akccs tb` `ors, ofd tb` `ors wkcc mfcy b`or immd.
  Tb` ckibt jmv`s hole tm tb` b`od, ofd kt ks tb`f s`ft tm tb` `ftkr` aojkcy, ark`fds,
lmjpofkmfs, os w`cc os ‖`f`jk`s” ofd tb` `ftkr` bujofbu jof rol`.
  Tb` ckibt ks `xt`fd`d tm tb` hkrds, tr``s, ofkjocs, ofd occ ckvkfi h`kfis ofd tb`f tm tb`
`ortb ofd tb` `ftkr` ufkv`rs`. Joy occ h`kfis
h `kfis h` akcc`d wktb ckibt ofd cmv`.
  Drow tb` ckibt hole kftm tb` b`ort ofd wb`f mf` ks r`ody, scmwcy mp`f tb` `y`s.

4?
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?;.. X`kek
?; X`kek
X`kek ks o fmf-r`ckikmus foturoc b`ockfi j`tbmd d`v`cmp`d mrkikfoccy hy Jkeom Psuk kf ?;88 oat`r
91
8? doys ma r`tr`ot tbot kfvmcv`d aostkfi, j`dktotkmf ofd proy`rs . B` iokf`d tb` r`v`cotkmf tm
t`olb p`mpc` bmw tm b`oc tb`js`cv`s ofd mtb`rs hy tb` –coykfi ma bofds‚ ohmv` tb` jogmr
99
lboeros (`f`riy pmkfts kf tb` hmdy) . Oat`r ottuf`j`ft, tb` b`oc`r wkcc h` ohc` tm lmfdult tb`
iukd`d cka` amrl` tbrmuib tb` b`oc`r bofds tm tb` potk`ft”s jogmr lboeros, tb`r`hy s``ekfi tm hrkfi

tb` `f`riy ofd tb` p`rsmf hole tm b`octby `qukckhrkuj.

X`kek ks o foturoc, skjpc` ofd soa`

j`tbmd tm tr`ot o p`rsmf os o wbmc`
kflcudkfi bks j`ftoc, `jmtkmfoc,
spkrktuoc ofd pbyskloc. Ojmfist tb`
jofy h`f`akts ma X`kek or` r`coxotkmf
ofd o a``ckfi ma r`guv`fotkmf, p`ol`
ofd w`cc-h`kfi. H`cmw ks o
d`slrkptkmf ma bmw hocofl`d lboeros
lof bov` o pmsktkv` kjpolt mf o
 p`rsmf”s b`octb7 
b`octb7 

\murl`7 www.kft`rfotkmfocbmckstkllmurs`s.lmj

Lboeros Cmlotkmf Lmcmr Ossmlkot`d Osp`lts ma B`ockfi

Bkib`r  Ohmv` tb` Ybkt`/pkfe Bkib`r spkrktuoc lmfslkmusf`ss
lboero lrmwf
Lrmwf Tmp ma tb` b`od Qkmc`t Lmfslkmusf`ss, vocu`s, `tbkls, wksdmj, aoktb,
ufd`rstofdkfi
Tbkrd @y` L`ftr` ma Kfdkim Kftuktkmf, owor`f`ss, kft`cc`ltuoc ofd `jmtkmfoc ohkcktk`s
amr`b`od
Tbrmot Tbrmot or`o J`dkuj Lmjjufklotkmf, s`ca-`xpr`sskmf, wkcc ofd d`lkskv`f`ss
Hcu`
B`ort L`ftr` ma lb`st J`dkuj Cmv`, p`ol`, lmjposskmf, `jmtkmfoc w`cc-h`kfi,
Ir``f/ d`vmtkmf
pkfe
\mcor  Ohmv` tb` fov`c [`ccmw J`ftoc aufltkmfkfi, pmw`r, lmftrmc, s`ca-`st``j,
^c`xus lmuroi`
\olruj Cmw`r Mrofi` \`xuoc `f`riy, `jmtkmf, r`cotkmfsbkps, lr`otkvkty, rkse
ohdmj`f, toekfi, p`rsmfoc pmw`r
s`xuoc mriofs
Xmmt Hos` ma spkf` X`d Lmff`ltkmf tm aojkcy ofd bujofkty, survkvoc ofd
92
s`lurkty, kfstkflt, irmufdkfi, jot`rkoc w`cc-h`kfi  

48
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 8> .  udrr os
 8>. J
 Jud
Judros or` oflk`ft bofd i`stur`s tbot lof b`cp hrkfi tb` `f`rik`s ma tb` hmdy, jkfd ofd
`jmtkmfs kftm `qukckhrkuj. @olb akfi`r ks suppms` tm r`pr`s`ft `olb `c`j`ft7 tbujh  “  akr`5  akr`5 kfd`x
 “   okr, jkddc`  “   spol`, rkfi  “   `ortb, ckttc`  “   wot`r5 tbus sp`lkakl pmstur`s ocsm b`cp hrkfi kftm
 hocofl` tb` 0 `c`j`fts. Tb`r` or` stkcc jofy pmstur`s tbot or` fmt kflcud`d b`r`.

Iyof Judro Ps`7 (?)

 hrokf (8) Judro ma efmwc`di`
^r`v`fts kfsmjfko (<)- B`cps
Kjprmv`s
Kjprmv`s j`jmry ofd
psylbmcmikloc sborp`f
ofd tb`
`jmtkmfs
 prmhc`js cke` ofi`r, byst`rko ofd d`pr`sskmf (4) B`cps kf kftmxklotkmf
9;
ofd oddkltkmf (0) Oltkvot`s ^ktuktory ofd `fdmlrkf` icofds  

J`tbmd7 Tkps ma tb` tbujh ofd kfd`x akfi`r tmulb `olb mtb`r, wbkc`
tb` mtb`r akfi`rs r`jokf str`tlb mut. Fm tkj` durotkmf
^rktbvk Judro Ps`s7 (?) Hocofl`s tb` `ortb `c`j`ft kf tb` hmdy (8) Kjprmv`s hmdy
`qukckhrkuj (<) X`jmv` pbyskloc w`oef`ss (4) Kflr`os` tmc`rofl` ofd
 potk`fl`

J`tbmd7 Tkps ma rkfi akfi`r ofd tbujh tmulb `olb mtb`r, mtb`r <
akfi`rs r`jokf mutstr`tlb. Fm sp`lkakl tkj` durotkmf

Qoyu Judro Ps`s7 (?) B`cps f`rvmus okcj`fts (8) Kjprmv`s hocofl` ma okr `c`j`ft
kf hmdy (<) X`dul`s olb`s ofd pokfs (4) X`dul`s ios kf stmjolb

J`tbmd7 E``p tb` kfd`x akfi`r ot tb` hos` ma tb` tbujh, pr`sskfi tb`
tbujh oiokfst kt, wbkc` mtb`r akfi`rs or` e`pt strokibt. ^roltkl` ot c`ost
40 jkfut`s dokcy. Amr h`tt`r r`sucts proltkl` amr ot c`ost 8 jmftbs

\uryo Judro Ps`s7 (?) D`lr`os`s `ortb `c`j`ft kf tb` hmdy (8) X`dul`s ofxk`ty ofd
j`ftoc b`ovkf`ss (<) B`cps dki`stkmf (4) X`dul`s lbmc`st`rmc ofd
w`kibt (0) B`cps tbyrmkd icofd aufltkmf

J`tbmd7 H`fd tb` rkfi akfi`r ofd pr`ss hos` ma tb` tbujh oiokfst kt,
wbkc` mtb`r akfi`rs r`jokf strokibt. ^roltkl` 0-?0 jkfut`s twkl` dokcy

Oeosb Judro Ps`s7 (?) X`jmv`s arustrotkmf (8) Ps`auc amr b`ort dks`os`s
2>
(<) \tr`fitb`f hmf`s (4) ^r`v`fts fosoc ofd mroc
m roc lovktk`s  

J`tbmd7 Gmkf tkps ma jkddc` akfi`r ofd tbujh, wbkc` mtb`r akfi`rs
r`jokf strokibt. ^roltkl` ?0 jkfut`s `olb doy

4<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Boekfo Judro Ps`s7 (?) Kjprmv`s lmfl`ftrotkmf ofd j`jmry (8) ^rmjmt`s lm-
mp`rotkmf h`tw``f c`at ofd rkibt hrokf

J`tbmd7 Gmkf tb` tkps ma tb` lmrr`spmfdkfi akfi`rs ma `olb bofd

tmi`tb`r. ^roltkl` amr ?0 jkfut`s

Pdof Judro Ps`s7 (?) @fbofl`s aufltkmfkfi ma f`rvmus syst`j (8) X`ar`sb`s
 hmdy (<) Lur`s lb`st ofd fov`c prmhc`js (4) @fbofl`s `f`riy
acmw tbrmuibmut hmdy

J`tbmd7 E``p tb` ckttc` akfi`r strokibt, wbkc` tb` mtb`r akfi`rs
ofd tbujh gmkf ot tb` tkp. Fm sp`lkakl durotkmf

Qyof Judro Ps`s7 (?) \tr`fitb`fs f`rvmus syst`j (8) X`iokf b`ot kf hmdy
(<) Hocofl`s `f`riy kf hmdy

J`tbmd7 Gmkf tb` tkps ma tb` kfd`x ofd jkddc` akfi`rs wktb tkp ma
tb` tbujh, wbkc` c`ovkfi tb` mtb`r akfi`rs strokibt. ^roltkl` amr
8> jkfut`s

Opofo Qoyu Judro Ps`s7 (?) \tr`fitb`fs b`ort ofd fmrjockz`s pocpktotkmf
(8) r`iucot`s `xlr`tmry syst`j (<) oj`ckmrot` iostrkl prmhc`js

J`tbmd7 Tb` tkps ma tb` jkddc` ofd rkfi akfi`rs tmulb tb` tkp ma
tbujh, wbkc` tb` kfd`x akfi`r tmulb`s tb` hos` ma tbujh ofd
ckttc` akfi`r r`jokfs strokibt. B`ort ofd hcmmd pr`ssur` potk`fts tm
 proltkl` ?0 jkfut`s twkl` dokcy

2?
(o)  ^urf Iyof Judro  - \kt lrmss-c`ii`d. E``p bofds kf 'Iyof'I yof Judro' ^mstur`. E``p tb` rkibt
bofd f`or lb`st r`ikmf. E``p c`at bofd cykfi mf c`at ef``.

Ps`s7 (?) Kflr`os`s wksdmj ofd kft`ccki`fl` (8) X`dul`s krrktohkckty (<) Kjprmv`s j`jmry (4)
Kjprmv`s `c`ltrmjoif`tkl oltkvkty ma tb` hrokf (0) Lc`ors tb` hmdy”s
hmd y”s ouro 
ouro 

(h) DB[OOF JPDXO - \kt lrmss-c`ii`d.

lrmss-c`ii`d. E``p hmtb bofds kf ‖Iyof Judro” ^mstur` mf ymur
cop. Xkibt pocj sbmucd h` r`stkfi ohmv` c`at pocj kf Iyof judro

Ps`s7 (?) Kflr`os`s p`ol` ofd locjf`ss (8) Kflr`os`s lmfl`ftrotkmf (<) B`cps kf j`ftoc
okcj`fts cke` d`pr`sskmf

44
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 8?.. B ypfmt
 8? ypfmtb`r
b`roopy
Bypfmtb`ropy, cke` j`dktotkmf, amlus`s mf imkfi kftm tb` s`ca. Bypfmtb`ropy, bmw`v`r, bos o
trokf`d bypfmtb`ropkst wbm b`cps kfdul` tb` potk`ft kftm o d``p suhlmfslkmus stot` tm b`cp tb`
 potk`ft uflmv`r ofd oddr`ss post ofd lurr`ft j`ftoc mr `jmtkmfoc kssu`s ossmlkot`d wktb tb`
sktuotkmf ot bofd. Tb` bypfmtb`ropkst wkcc tb`f prmvkd` iukdofl` ofd suii`stkmfs tm r`smcv` tb`
kssu`s ofd skfl` kt ks lorrk`d mut kf tb` bypfmtkl stot`, tb` potk`ft ks suppms` tm h` ohc` tm r`ikst`r

kt h`tt`r tboftmkfb`cp
tb`js`cv`s tb` wktb
woekfi
tb`stot`. \mj`Bypfmtb`ropy
prmir`ss. prmirojs ocsmbos
trokf p`mpc`
jofy tm p`ramrj
sull`ss`s wktbs`ca-bypfmsks mf
b`cpkfi p`mpc`
wktb prmhc`js rofikfi armj sjmekfi oddkltkmfs tm `jmtkmfoc dksmrd`rs.

28
88. \m
 \muf
  ufd
d ofd J usk
usk l Tb`
Tb`rr opy   
Juskl Tb`ropy ks tb` us` ma juskl tm b`cp r`olb mut tm potk`fts tbrmuib ‖pbyskloc, `jmtkmfoc,
2<
j`ftoc, smlkoc, o`stb`tkl ofd spkrktuoc” j`ofs ofd b`cp tb`j bov` h`tt`r b`octb . Mv`r tb`
d`lod`s, jmr` r`s`orlb`s or` i`f`rotkfi pmsktkv` r`pmrts mf bmw Juskl Tb`ropy or` b`cpkfi
lbkcdr`f wktb prmhc`js kf s`ca-r`strokft, ofocyzkfi, prmvkdkfi opprmprkot` smlkoc r`spmfs`s,
kft`roltkmf(\trottmf ?;2;5 Ark`dcofd`r, ?;;4). X`sucts ocsm kfdklot` tbot stud`fts wktb prmhc`js
amrjkfi ofd jokftokfkfi r`cotkmfsbkps wktb mtb`rs, ofd tb`kr surrmufdkfis ocsm sbmw`d
kjprmv`j`ft kf s`ca-lmfakd`fl` ofd s`ca-wmrtb. Ollmrdkfi tm Bofsbujoe`r (?;2>), juskl lof
b`cp ymufi lbkcdr`f h`tt`r olqukr` cofiuoi`s, r`od, d`v`cmp kft`cc`ltuoccy, lr`otkv`cy ofd
 p`rsmfoccy(?;2>). Hmys
Hm ys wktb h`bovkmuroc prmhc`js or` ohc` tm i`t kft`r`st`d kf juskl, ofd cot`r
mp`f up ofd sbor` tb`kr kssu`s (Guck`t Ocvkf, ?;90).

Juskl tb`ropy lof b`cp r`dul` ofxk`ty (B`fdrkles `t oc., ?;;;), kflr`os` `jmtkmfoc
r`spmfskv`f`ss (Yoss`rjof, ?;98) ofd b`cps wktb kjpucskv` h`bovkmur, s`ca-lmftrmc (Coyjof `t
oc., 8>>8), j`ftoc ofd pbyskloc
p byskloc lm-mrdkfotkmf (Jmft`ccm, ?;;1). Ar`` kjprmvksotkmf c`ts tb`
tb`ropkst tm ufd`rstofd tb` kft`rfoc prmhc`js ma tb` lbkcd (T`rvm, 8>>0), ofd occmws kt tm h`
dkr`lt`d ot o f`utroc ‖mhg`lt” (Hruslko, ?;29). \tud`fts wktb h`bovkmroc mr `jmtkmfoc dksmrd`r ks
mhs`rv`d tm h` jmr` lmmp`rotkv` ofd `ftbuskostkl, ofd dkd h`tt`r tbof stud`fts wbm mfcy
 portklkpot`d kf v`rhoc tb`ropy (Bokf`s, ?;2;).

Kf oddktkmf,
wmrd Dr.ofd
mr juskl Josoru @jmtm
dkspcoy amufd
kt kf tb` mut tbot wot`r ks
d`-lrystocckzotkmf ohc` tmYb`f
prml`ss. ohsmrh`xpms`d
tb` vkhrotkmfoc pott`rf
tm pmsktkv` wmrdsmamr
o
lcosskloc juskl (post`d mf wot`r akcc`d p`trk-dksb`s), wot`r lrystocckz`s kftm h`outkauc acmw`ry
 pott`rfs5 wbkc` f`iotkv` wmrds mr fmf-lcosskloc juskl sulb os j`tocckl mr bord rmle juskl lous`
24
lrystocs tm amrj rkikd strultur`s . \tudk`s sbmw tbot b`ovy j`toc rmle jmr` oiir`sskv` ofd
20
vkmc`ft h`bovkmr wb`f lmjpor`d tm lcosskloc juskl tbot c`ods tm cmw`r pucs` rot` ofd bkib`r K_ .
^cofts `xpms`d tm lcosskloc juskl ocsm ir`w tocc`r, bov` jmr` acmw`rs ofd `v`f ir`w tmwords tb`
juskl5 wbkc` pcofts `xpms`d tm j`tocckl mr rmle juskl mat`f r`lmrd`d pmmr irmwtb, ofd `v`f
wkct`d5 tbus d`jmfstrotkfi bmw kjpmrtoft wmrds ofd smufds or` tm b`octby ckvkfi skfl` bujof ks
9>% jod` up ma wot`r. B`fl`, r`ckikmus proy`rs ofd immd tbmuibts ocsm b`cp ikv` immd `f`ri`tkl
kjprkfts tm tb` hmdk`s.

40
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

21
8<. Futrktkmf
Futrktkmf  
Yktb ODBD ofd mtb`r h`bovkmroc dksmrd`rs, futrktkmf ofd dk`t sbmucd h` mf` ma tb` akrst
tr`otj`ft j`tbmds tm h` lmfskd`r`d. X`s`orlb`s sbmw tbot tb`r` or` ckfes h`tw``f futrktkmf, dk`t
ofd h`bovkmr. \uppc`j`ftory vktojkfs, `ss`ftkoc aotty olkds ofd jkf`rocs, amr `xojpc`, b`cp
r`dul` vkmc`fl` ofd oftk-smlkoc h`bovkmr ojmfist ymufi oduct prksmf`rs (I`slb `t. oc, 8>>8).

Tb`r` ks dk`ts
futrktkv` ocsm bov`
skifkakloft kjprmv`j`ft
h``f kjpc`j`ft`d kf kf
2?<lmfdult, kft`ccki`fl`
stot` guv`fkc` mr/ofd
aolkcktk`s olod`jkl?;;?).
(\lbm`ftboc`r, r`sucts oat`r

O skifkakloft fujh`r ma ODBD lbkcdr`f or` d`aklk`ft kf `ss`ftkoc aotty olkds, wbklb or`
kjpmrtoft amr tb` irmwtb ofd aufltkmfkfi ma hrokf ofd f`rv` tkssu`s. Aotty olkds, cke` Mj`io-<
ofd Mj`io-1 wbklb loffmt h` prmdul`d hy tb` hmdy, bov` o immd `aa`lt amr lbkcdr`f wktb
29
c`orfkfi dksohkcktk`s sulb os r`odkfi ofd wrktkfi . DBO (Dmlmsob`xo`fmkl Olkd), mf` ma tb`
`ss`ftkoc mj`io-< aotty olkds, bos o immd `aa`lt mf c`orfkfi ofd d`pr`sskmf, o d`aklk`fly ma
wbklb ks ossmlkot`d wktb oiir`sskmf ofd bmstkckty (Bmrrmles, ?;;;). Tyrmskf`, of ojkfm olkd us`d
tm prmdul` dmpojkf` ofd fmr`pkf`pbrkf`, ks sbmwf tm h` c`ss kf ODBD lbkcdr`f. Tyrmskf` lof
 h` kflr`os`d tbrmuib suppc`j`fts, hut ks fmt r`qukr`d ka ufd`r l`rtokf j`dklotkmfs.

22
Kf t`rjs ma jklrm-futrktkmf, zkfl, krmf, joif`skuj, loclkuj ofd lmpp`r    d`aklk`fly bos h``f
ckfe`d tm ODBD, oiir`sskmf ofd vkmc`fl` kf lbkcdr`f wktb 2; h`bovkmroc dksmrd`rs (Xms`f `t. oc,
?;205 \`v`r `t. oc, ?;;95 Hrmpby, ?;215 Yotts, ?;;>) . Tbus o suppc`j`ft ma tb` jklrm-
futrk`fts kf tb` dk`t ks f`l`ssory wb`f tb`y or` colekfi. Bkib`r jkf`roc kftoe`, cke` loclkuj, ocsm
r`dul` tb` tmxkl `aa`lt ma b`ovy j`tocs cke` c`od (Yocsb `t. oc, ?;;9). \tromhrot, ?;;2, prmv`d
tbot ODBD lbkcdr`f r`qukr` joif`skuj suppc`j`ft. Bkib lmpp`r ofd cmw sucpbur dk`t ocsm
;>
r`sucts kf ODD syjptmjs sulb os cole ma lmfl`ftrotkmf ofd pmmr j`jmry .

Mckimoftki`fkl dk`t (A`kfimcd dk`t), wbklb `ckjkfot`s ammd tbot prmjmt` occ`rik`s, kjprmv`d tb`
lmfdult ma 84% ma tb` lbkcdr`f wktb ODBD ofd lmfdult dksmrd`r gust os w`cc lmjpor`d tm 44%
wbm kjprmv`d uskfi Xktockf (\lbkjdt, ?;;9)5 wbkc` icylmfutrktkmfoc suppc`j`fts cke`
sollborkd`s r`dul`d tb` s`v`rkty ma syjptmjs ossmlkot`d wktb ODBD, MDD, LD ofd skd` `aa`lts
ma r`cot`d stkjucoft j`dklotkmfs (Dyejof, ?;;2). Kf oddktkmf, o ir`ot`r kftoe` ma
 pbmspbotkdycs`rkf` (o jokf lmjpmf`ft ma tb` l`ccucor j`jhrof`s), kflr`os`s syfoptkl
lmjjufklotkmfs ofd dmpojkf` prmdultkmf ofd `aaklk`fly, tbus fmrjockz` hrokf aufltkmf ofd c`od
tm mv`r ;>% kjprmv`j`fts kf potk`fts wktb h`bovkmroc
h`b ovkmroc dksmrd`rs.

41
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 84.. H k mlb`j
 84 lb`jk l Tk ssu` \oct
\octss
Hkmlb`jkl l`cc socts or` kfmriofkl socts wbklb or` ar`qu`ftcy us`d ocmfiskd` bmj`mpotby
r`j`dk`s, ofd lof h` us`d os suppc`j`fts wb`f tb` hmdy sbmws o d`aklk`fly. Tb`y or`
dkslmv`r`d hy Dr. \lbu`ssc`r, o I`rjof bmj`mpotb. B` amufd mut tbot tb`r` `xkst ?8 kfmriofkl
socts ma krmf, loclkuj, joif`skuj, pmtosskuj, smdkuj ofd quortz wbklb or` aufdoj`ftoc

lmjpmf`fts r`qukr`d
kfmriofkl tkssu` socts hy
kf tb`
tb` hmdy
hmdy ofd tbusr`suct
wmucd amr cka` sust`fofl`.
kf kccf`ss. TbusOfy kjhocofl` tb`s`
hy suppcykfi kf tb`socts
ojmuft ma
kf tb`
rkibt quoftkty, b`octb wmucd h` r`stmr`d. Tb`s` kfmriofkl socts or` pr`por`d tbrmuib trkturotkmf,
;?
wb`r`hy tb`y or` jkx`d kf pr`d`t`rjkf`d quoftktk`s wktb jkce suior ofd jod` kftm pkccs .

;8
Hkmlb`jkl l`cc socts or` immd jmmd r`iucotmrs ofd hrokf tmfkl . Fotkv` X`j`dk`s, o c`odkfi
foturoc j`dklkf` jofuaoltur`r wktb immd t`stkjmfkocs, r`lmjj`fd`d tb` us` ma Eock
;<
^bmspbmrkluj, Fotruj Jurkotkluj ofd Loclor`o ^bmspbmrkluj amr ODBD . Kt ocsm
r`lmjj`fd`d tb` us` ma Fotruj \ucpburkluj, Fotruj ^bmspbmrkluj ofd Eock ^bmspbmrkluj os
suppc`j`fts amr p`mpc` wktb jmmd kjhocofl` ofd oiir`sskmf os tb` socts wkcc b`cp r`dul`
;4
krrktohkckty ofd sodf`ss, ofd prmjmt` o b`octby c`v`c ma s`rmtmfkf .

H`cmw or` `xojpc`s ma hkmlb`jkl l`cc socts tbot or` immd amr lbkcdr`f wktb h`bovkmroc mr jmmd
dksmrd`rs7

Eock ^bmspbmrkluj (Eock ^bms / ^mtosskuj ^bmspbot`)  “   O f`rv` futrk`ft immd amr hrokf,
f`rv`, juslc`s ofd hcmmd v`ss`c. Kt lof ocsm b`cp wktb f`rv` acukd ofd ir`y jott`r prmdultkmf. Kt
bos o locjkfi ofd smmtbkfi `aa`lt ofd ks us`d kf t`fskmf, krrktohkckty, d`pr`sskmf, byst`rko,
 prmstrotkmf ofd sc``pc`ssf`ss.

Fotrkuj \ucpburkluj (Fot \ucpb/ \mdkuj \ucpbot`) - Yot`r r`iucotmr ofd l`cc lc`ofs`r.
X`dul` a``ckfis ma sodf`ss, bmp`c`ssf`ss, ofi`r ofd roi`.

Fotrkuj ^bmspbmrkluj (Fot ^bms/ \mdkuj ^bmspot`)  “  Olkd  Olkd r`iucotmr amr tb` l`ccs, jokftokf
 pB hocofl` kf mur hmdk`s. B`cps osskjkcot` aot r`qukr`d amr b`octby aufltkmfkfi ma hrokf.

Fotrkuj Jurkotkluj (Fot Jur/ \mdkuj Lbcmrkd`)  “   Yot`r dkstrkhutmr. Jokftokfs wot`r
 hocofl` kf tb` l`ccs, tbus suppmrtkfi hrokf l`ccs os kt c`ods tm prmp`r j`tohmcksj ofd osskst kf
r`jmvoc ma tmxkfs. Fot Jur sbmucd fmt h` lmfaus`d wktb bmus`bmcd soct.

Loclor`o ^bmspbmrkluj (Locl ^bms/ Loclkuj ^bmspot`)  “  O

 O futrktkv` tmfkl tbot b`cps irmwtb
kf lbkcdr`f. Kt i`f`rot`s f`w l`ccs kf tb` hmdy.

49
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

80. Bmj`mpotby  
Bmj`mpotby ks o bmckstkl syst`j ma j`dklkf` dkslmv`r`d hy o I`rjof ^bysklkof Dr. \oju`c
tb
Bobf`joff kf tb` ?2   l`ftury. Kt tr`ots o p`rsmf os o wbmc`, hos`d mf tb` spkrktuoc, j`ftoc,
`jmtkmfoc ofd pbyskloc syjptmjs ma tb` p`rsmf. Bmj`mpotby r`j`dk`s or` pr`por`d armj
s`c`lt`d mr wbmc` ports ma pcofts, jkf`rocs, j`tocs, mriofkl suhstofl`s ofd ofkjocs. Tb`r` or`

ocsm fmsmd`s
tkssu`s sulb ostbot
pus.or`
Tb`bmj`mpotbkl
r`j`dk`s or`r`j`dk`s pr`por`d
ohc` tm `aa`lt lur`armj bujof
du` tm jmrhkd
tb` Cow mr bujof
ma \kjkcor, –C`t dks`os`d
cke`s h`
lur`d hy cke`s‚,
cke`s‚, wb`r` o skle p`rsmf lof h` tr`ot`d hy tb` soj`, hut dkcut`d ofd pmt`ftks`d amrj
ma tb` suhstofl` tbot prmdul`d tb`  soj`
 soj`   ekfd ma syjptmjs kf o b`octby p`rsmf wb`f toe`f kf
lrud` amrj. Kf lcosskloc Bmj`mpotby”s Cow ma \kjpc`x, mfcy o skjpc` ofd skfic` drui sbmucd h`
 pr`slrkh`d. Tb` Cow ma Jkfkjuj stot`s tbot mfcy tb` c`ost r`qukr`d ojmuft ofd dms` ma tb`
r`j`dy sbmucd h` us`d tm hrkfi tb` hmdy hole tm b`octb. Tb` jmr` dkcut`d r`j`dk`s ocsm c`od tm
ir`ot`r j`dklkfoc pmw`r.

Bmj`mpotby s``es tm hrkfi tb` hmdy”s vktoc amrl` hole tm `qukckhrkuj hy stkjucotkfi tb` hmdy”s
mwf d`a`fl` j`lbofksj. Bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dk`s lof h` us`d tm tr`ot olut` mr lbrmfkl dks`os`s.
Ollmrdkfi tm Bobf`joff, lbrmfkl dks`os`s wkcc fmt b`oc mf tb`kr mwf5 ka c`at uftr`ot`d, tb`
;0
 potk`ft wkcc suaa`r wktb kt bks wbmc` cka` . H`bovkmroc dksmrd`rs kf lbkcdr`f or` lmfskd`r`d lbrmfkl
 prmhc`js os tb`y or` cmfi-stofdkfi ofd t`fd tm bov` o iroduoc mfs`t. Tb`y or` d``p-s`ot`d
dks`os`s tbot oaa`lt tb` j`ftoc ofd `jmtkmfoc pcof`s. Amr lbrmfkl dksmrd`rs, o lmfstktutkmfoc ofd
kfdkvkduockz`d opprmolb tm dks`os`s ks r`qukr`d, wbklb toe`s kftm ollmuft tb` jkfd, `jmtkmf,
 p`rsmfockty, hmdy, cka`styc`, cka` `xp`rk`fl`s, kdkmsyflrosk`s ma tb` potk`ft. B`fl`, hy cmmekfi ot
tb` tmtockty ma syjptmjs, tb` bmj`mpotbkl dmltmr ks tbus ohc` tm s`c`lt tb` jmst suktohc` r`j`dy
amr tb` potk`ft. @v`f ka twm p`mpc` or` suaa`rkfi armj tb` soj` h`bovkmroc dksmrd`r, tb` r`j`dy
odjkfkst`r`d amr `olb mf` joy h` dkaa`r`ft ka tb` tmtocktk`s ma syjptmjs dkaa`r. Yb`f
odjkfkst`r`d, tb` lurotkv` oltkmf storts kjj`dkot`cy, tbmuib amr lbrmfkl los`s, tb` lur` wkcc
foturoccy toe` o cmfi`r tkj` tbof olut` los`s.

\mj` por`fts joy a`or tbot Bmj`mpotby wkcc c`od tm o lmjpc`t` lbofi` kf tb` p`rsmfockty mr
j`ftockty ma tb` lbkcd ka tb` r`j`dy ks odjkfkst`r`d amr lbkcdr`f wktb h`bovkmroc, j`ftoc mr jmmd
dksmrd`rs. Tb` ofsw`r ks ‖fm”, os tb` lbkcd”s kffot`
kffot ` lborolt`r wkcc r`jokf, hut tb` t`fd`fly
tmwords kffot` mr olqukr`d f`iotkv` `jmtkmfs ofd h`bovkmrs sulb os krrktohkckty, lurskfi mr
 h`otkfi p`mpc` wkcc h` dkjkfksb`d mr lur`d ka tb` r`j`dy s`c`lt`d ks tb` skjkckjuj (tb` jmst
jotlbkfi r`j`dy tbot sotksay tb` tmtockty ma tb` syjptmjs). B`fl`, of oltkv` lbkcd wkcc fmt
 h`lmj` of kfoltkv`
kfo ltkv` lbkcd, ofd of `xtrmv`rt`d
`x trmv`rt`d lbkcd wkcc fmt h`lmj` kftrmv`rt`d. Yb`f o lur` mr
of kjprmv`j`ft ks `aa`lt`d, tb` lbkcd, wkcc, bmw`v`r bov` o s`fs` ma lmftrmc, w`cc-h`kfi ofd
locjf`ss tm b`cp bkj lmp` wktb dokcy aufltkmfkfi ot bmj`, slbmmc mr tb` mutskd` `fvkrmfj`ft.

H`f`akts
Bmj`mpotby ks soa` os suhstofl`s tbot or` tmxkl kf tb`kr lrud` amrjs or` r`fd`r`d fmf-pmksmfmus
ofd fmf-occ`rikl tbrmuib tb` prml`ss ma dkcutkmf5 wbmc` jmc`luc`s ma tb` suhstofl`s tbus lmucd
fmt h` d`t`lt`d kf tb` r`j`dk`s. Bmj`mpotby lof ocsm h` us`d ocmfiskd` mtb`r j`dkloc syst`js
sulb os occmpotby, olupufltur`, foturmpotby, pbyskmtb`ropy, joif`tkl tb`ropy ofd jossoi`. Kt
dm`s fmt bov` ofy skd` `aa`lts os kt s``es tm hrkfi ohmut o i`ftc` ofd p`rjof`ft lur` kf o p`rsmf.
Kt ks ocsm `lmfmjkloc ofd r`odkcy ovokcohc`.

42
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 81.. B mj`mpotby L
 81 Loos`
s`-T
-Tooek fi
Yb`f o potk`ft opprmolb o bmj`mpotbkl dmltmr, tb` dmltmr bos tm mhs`rv` skifs (tbot lof h` s``f,
b`ord, a`ct hy tb` dmltmr), qu`stkmf tb` potk`ft (suhg`ltkv` syjptmjs os p`rl`kv`d hy tb` potk`ft)
mr tb` p`rsmf wbm loj` wktb bkj (mhg`ltkv` syjptmjs os mhs`rv`d hy lor`toe`rs, aojkcy mr
t`olb`r) ofd toe` fmt`.

Kf tr`otkfi tb` p`rsmf os o wbmc`, kt ks kjpmrtoft tm kd`ftkay tb` lmfstktutkmf   ma tb` kfdkvkduoc
wktb `jpbosks mf tb` pbyskloc,  j`ftoc ofd `jmtkmfoc joe`-up  ma tb` kfdkvkduoc ofd tb`
r`cot`d jkosj ofd dkotb`sks.

o.  ^byskloc Lmfstktutkmf

^byskloc joe`-up ma o p`rsmf ks kjpmrtoft amr lbrmfkl los`s, tb` dmltmr sbmucd d`t`rjkf`7
k.  Lmcmr ma bokr, sekf ofd `y`s
kk.  Hmdy prmpmrtkmf7 dkstrkhutkmf ma aots kf tb` hmdy, hcmot`df`ss, `jolkotkmf (spr`odkfi
upwords mr dmwfwords5 opp`tkt`)
kkk.  Tmfiu`7 lmcmr, aurry mr sjmmtb
kv.  \ekf7 b`octb, irmwtbs `.i. jmc`s ofd worts, dkslmcmrotkmf `.i. hkrtbjore, ar`lec`s

h.  Mhs`rvotkmf
Tbrmuib tb` `y`s ofd mtb`r aolkoc `xpr`sskmf ma tb` lbkcd, tb` dmltmr wkcc h` ohc` tm mhs`rv` tb`
ossmlkot`d t`fd`flk`s ofd `jmtkmfs (ofd kts kft`fskty ofd durotkmf)7 stuhhmrff`ss, sborpf`ss,
;1
jocklkmusf`ss, botr`d, sodf`ss, dkssotksaoltkmf, krrktohkckty .

Tbrmuib tb` hmdy jmv`j`fts ofd sp``lb, tb` dmltmr lof mhs`rv` tb` d`ir`` ma r`stc`ssf`ss,
byp`roltkvkty, r`oltkvkty, oiir`sskv`f`ss, d`strultkv`f`ss, `xtrmv`rt`df`ss, coslkvkmusf`ss ofd tb`
jmtmr lmmrdkfotkmf (d`v`cmpj`ftoc stoi`). Amr `xojpc`, smj` lbkcdr`f bov` jmr` upp`r tbof
cmw`r ckjh r`stc`ssf`ss.

Mhs`rvotkmfs lof b`cp forrmw dmwf tb` lbmkl` ma tb` r`j`dk`s sulb os kf byp`roltkvkty, tb`r` or`
r`j`dk`s tbot pmkft tm jmr` upp`r tbof cmw`r `xtr`jktk`s jmv`j`fts.

Yb`f tb` lbkcd ks ocr`ody lmjkfi wktb o h`bovkmroc prmhc`j, kt wmucd h` `osk`r tm kd`ftkay tb`
 prmhc`js. Bmw`v`r, tb`r` joy h` lbkcdr`f wbm lmj` amr tr`otj`ft ma olut` dks`os`s sulb os o
lmcd ofd tb` lor`toe`r aokcs tm j`ftkmf tb` lbkcd”s mhs`rv`d h`bovkmroc prmhc`j. Kf tbks sl`forkm,
kt ks pmsskhc` amr o dmltmr tm r`lmjj`fd tbot tb` lbkcd lmj` amr o lmfstktutkmfoc oss`ssj`ft tm
tr`ot tb` lbkcd”s lbrmfkl h`bovkmroc mr
h`bovkmroc mr `jmtkmfoc prmhc`js.

l. Dkr`lt _u`stkmfkfi  
H`skd`s mhs`rvotkmf, lmfstktutkmfoc opprmolb tm
opprmolb tm los`-toekfi ocsm r`qukr`s tb` dmltmr tm h` owor`
ma s`v`roc aoltmrs tbot f``d tm h` kd`ftkak`d kf oiir`sskv` lbkcdr`f7
?.  Kd`ftkaykfi tb` lous` ma tb` h`bovkmroc mr j`ftoc dksmrd`r, wb`tb`r kt ks7
o.  Kffot` mr du` tm of `xt`rfoc lous`
 h.  B`r`dktory
B`r`dktory “ 
 “  aojkcy”s b`octb bkstmry
l.  Okcj`fts armj dks`os`s, kfgurk`s, vollkfotkmfs ofd j`dklotkmfs ma post ofd pr`s`ft

4;
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

d.  ^rmvmekfi aoltmrs  “   wb`tb`r tb`r` ks ofy aojkcy turhuc`fl`s ofd dyfojkl
 prmhc`js, hod p``r kfacu`fl`, str`ss, slbmmc prmhc`js
8.  Mfs`t  “  Yb`f
 Yb`f kt akrst mllurr`d, wb`tb`r tb` potk`ft ks suaa`rkfi armj o lbrmfkl mr olut` 
 hmut ma tb` h`bovkmroc
h`b ovkmroc mr j`ftoc dksmrd`r, ks kt sudd`f mr iroduoc, tb` durotkmf, bmw
b mw cmfi
tb` potk`ft bod tb` kccf`ss, tb` p`rkmdklkty ofd r`lurr`fl`s. @xojpc` ma olut` wmucd
kflcud` sudd`f vkmc`ft muthurst ma ofi`r. @xojpc` ma o lbrmfkl h`bovkmroc prmhc`j
wmucd h` lmfstoft dksmh`dk`fl` tmwords por`fts
<.  J`ftoc-@jmtkmfoc \tot`  “   t`jp`roj`ft5 a`ors5 bmp`s ofd ospkrotkmfs5 cke`s ofd dkscke`s5
s`fsktkvkty tm pokf, kfgury, fmks`, tmulb, h`kfi lorrk`d5 s`fsktkvkty tm mtb`r”s pokf,  aojkcy
turhuc`fl`, t`c`vkskmf prmirojj`s, stmrk`s5 r`oltkmf tm ott`ftkmf/lmfsmcotkmf/irk`as5
kjoikfotkv`
;9
4.  H`bovkmroc ofocysks  
O.  \mlkohkckty7 opprmolbohc`, smlkohc`, odoptohc`, o c`od`r/amccmw`r, kft`roltkv` wktb
ymufi`r lbkcdr`f mr p``rs, lr`otkv`, lmjp`tktkv`, oiir`sskv`5 bks ottktud` tm ofkjocs,
tmys, hcofe`t, strofi`rs, durkfi pcoy, h`kfi ocmf`
H.  Kfd`p`fd`fl`7 r`spmfskhkckty r`oltkmf tm fmt i`ttkfi wbot b` wofts
L.  Oltkvkty7 c`v`c, r`spmfskv`f`ss, kft`fskty, rbytbjklkty, dkstroltkhkckty, ott`ftkmf spof,
 p`rs`v`rofl`, pott`rfs (a``d, pcoy, sc``p)
D.  D`strultkhkckty7 hr`oekfi tbkfis, burtkfi mtb`rs, r`spmfskhkckty, r`oltkmf tm fmt i`ttkfi
wbot b` wofts
0.  Kft`cc`lt  “   lmjjofd mv`r tb` 0 s`fs`s
s`fs`s (ckfiukstkl/cmikl/ekf`stb`tkl/spotkoc/juskloc)
(ckfiukstkl/cmikl/ekf`stb`tkl/spotkoc/juskloc) ofd
ohkckty mr kft`r`st kf vorkmus suhg`lts
1.  ^byskloc I`f`rocs  “  “  Dk`t
  Dk`t (opp`tkt`, lrovkfis ofd ov`rskmfs, tbkrst), sc``p (pott`rf, jmmd
mf woekfi, sc``p pmsktkmf, ckibt/b`ovy, r`osmf amr kfsmjfko), dr`ojs, w`otb`r oaa`ltkmfs,
 p`rspkrotkmf (ports, sj`cc), urkf` ofd stmmc5 Jmdockty  “   tkj` wb`f mr aoltmrs tbot lous`
tb` syjptmjs tm h` h`tt`r mr wmrs`
9.  D`v`cmpj`ftoc Bkstmry - Jmtb`r's d`slrkptkmf ma pr`ifofly, cohmr, hkrtb, hr`osta``dkfi
ofd b`r `jmtkmfs5 d`ftktkmf, c`orfkfi tm toce, woce, lmjpr`b`fd, juslucmse`c`toc
d`v`cmpj`ft, tmkc`t trokfkfi
2.  Aojkcy `fvkrmfj`ft  “   cka`styc`, r`cotkmfsbkp wktb aojkcy j`jh`rs, dkvmrl`, aojkcy
jmv`j`fts, r`ckikmf, akfoflkoc stohkckty
;.  Lmflmjktofts “  mtb`r
 mtb`r ufr`cot`d syjptmjs ollmjpofykfi tb` jokf lmjpcokft
?>. Mtb`r `xkstkfi dks`os`s ofd pbyskloc t`fd`flk`s 

Tb` dmltmr f``ds tm kd`ftkay ohmut 0-1 (ofd o joxkjuj ma ohmut 2- ?> amr lbrmfkl los`s) e`y
syjptmjs armj tb` los`. E`y syjptmjs lof kflcud` j`ftoc i`f`rocs, pbyskloc i`f`rocs,
^_X\ (p`luckor, qu``r, ror` mr strofi`) syjptmjs ofd portklucors  ma tb` dks`os`.
Lmjjmf syjptmjs ma tb` portklucor dks`os` sbmucd h` ruc`d mut os tb`s` or` amufd kf jmst
 potk`fts ofd okcj`fts ofd ks prmdul`d kf tb` prmvkfis ma jofy r`j`dk`s. Kfst`od, prkmrkty
sbmucd h` ikv`f tm lborolt`rkstkl syjptmjs wbklb or` ufusuoc ofd dkstkfltkv` ofd or` amufd
kf a`w potk`fts ofd kf tb` prmvkfis ma a`w r`j`dk`s “ 
r`j`dk`s “  amr
 amr `xojpc`, tb` s`fsotkmf ma lmhw`hs
 h`amr` tb` aol`. Lborolt`rkstkl syjptmjs lof `ktb`r mllur wb`f `xp`lt`d syjptmjs or` fmt
 pr`s`ft mr wb`f uf`xp`lt`d syjptmjs or` pr`s`ft.

0>
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Mpkfkmfs ma @jkf`ft Bmj`mpotbs

 89.. B obf`j
 89 obf`joff ofd mtb`r
tb`r jost`r
st`r s mf J `fto
ftocc ofd @j
@ jmtk
tkmfo
mfocc D k s`os`
s`os`ss
Bobf`joff kf bks Mriofmf wrmt` jofy kjpmrtoft pmkfts amr tb` tr`otj`ft ma dks`os`s ma tb`

j`ftoc ofd
lcosskak`d os `jmtkmfoc
o s`porot` c`v`cs.
lcoss maB` tbmuibt
jocody UOpb.tbot8?>Z,
j`ftoc ofd `jmtkmfoc
amr tb`y dks`os`s
or` smc`cy tb` j`ftocsbmucd fmt h`
syjptmjs ma
;2
tb` wbmc` p`rsmf.
p`rsmf.  J`ftoc ofd `jmtkmfoc dks`os`s or` ‖oct`r`d stot` ma tb` dkspmsktkmf ofd jkfd”
UOpb. 8?8Z r`suctkfi armj o d`rofi`j`ft kf tb` cka` amrl`. Jofy ma tb` j`ftoc ofd `jmtkmfoc
dks`os`s st`j armj lmrpmr`oc dks`os`s kf wbklb tb` syjptmjotkl d`rofi`j`ft ma tb` jkfd ofd
dkspmsktkmf ks kflr`os`d wbkc` lmflurr`ftcy, tb` lmrpmr`oc syjptmjs dkjkfksb tm tb` pmkft tbot tb`
;;
kccf`ss s``j`d mf`-skd`dcy st`jjkfi armj jkfd mr dkspmsktkmf UOpb. 8?0Z . B`fl`, kt ks
kjpmrtoft tm akfd mut tb` `ftkr` syjptmjs ma tb` lmrpmr`oc dks`os` h`amr` kt wmrs`f kftm o mf`-
skd`d j`ftoc dks`os`.

Tm d`lkpb`r wb`tb`r o j`ftoc dks`os` ks i`fukf`cy orkskfi armj o lmrpmr`oc dks`os` mr ks o r`suct
ma lmrrupt mr jocproltkl`s, hod `dulotkmf, f`ic`lt, sup`rstktkmf mr kifmrofl`, mf` sbmucd ikv`
immd, ark`fdcy odvkl` ofd lmfsmcotkmf tm tb` potk`ft. Ka tb` potk`ft kjprmv`s, os wkcc h` tb` los` kf
olut` j`ftoc dks`os`s UOpb. 881Z, tb` cott`r lous`s or` tb` r`osmf amr tb` pmmr j`ftoc lmfdktkmfs.
Amr r`oc jmroc mr j`ftoc dks`os`s, bmw`v`r, tb` dks`os` wmucd h` oiirovot`d hy tb` ohmv` lor`
ofd suppmrt ikv`f, sulb tbot o jocklkmus lbkcd wkcc h`lmj` jmr` jocklkmus ofd o d`akoft lbkcd
wkcc h`lmj` jmr` dksmh`dk`ft UOpb. 884Z. Tb`r` or` ocsm lmrpmr`oc dks`os`s tbot dm fmt
d`i`f`rot` kftm mf`-skd`d j`ftoc dks`os`s, hut or` lmfstoftcy `xlkt`d hy f`iotkv` `jmtkmfs5 kf
tbms` los`s, tb` hmjhordj`ft ma f`iotkv` `jmtkmfs `v`ftuoccy c`od tm o ir`ot`r d`strultkmf ma tb`
lmrpmr`oc hmdy.

B` tb`f pmkft`d mut tbot tb` `aakloly ma tb` bmj`mpotbkl syst`j mv`r mtb`r j`dklkfoc syst`j
stofds mut jmr` lc`orcy kf lbrmfkl j`ftoc ofd `jmtkmfoc dks`os`s UOpb. 8??Z. Kf oddktkmf,
Bobf`joff ocsm j`ftkmf`d tbot mfcy oftkpsmrkl r`j`dk`s lof prmvkd` o p`rjof`ft lur` amr tb`
lbrmfkl j`ftoc mr `jmtkmfoc dks`os`s wb`f tb`y or` lbms`f hos`d mf tb` skjkcorkty
tb`  skjkcorkty ofd  tmtockty ma
tb` `ftkr` p`rsmf5 wbkc` Olmfkt`, H`ccodmffo, \trojmfkuj, Bymslyojus, J`rlury bov` h``f
kd`ftkak`d hy bkj os us`auc amr prmvkdkfi t`jpmrory r`ck`a amr lbrmfkl ofd olut` los`s UOpb. 88?Z.

E`ft h`ck`v`s tbot dks`os`s ottole tb` vktoc amrl` akrst os o ‖spkrktuoc `ftkty” ofd cot`r
cot` r jofka`st
kts`ca armj tb` kfskd` mut tbrmuib tb` lmrpmroc hmdy. Ollmrdkfi tm I`mri` Qktbmuceos, jofy
s`rkmus j`ftoc dksmrd`rs kflcudkfi ofxk`ty f`urmsks ofd lmjpucskv` f`urmsks tbot jkcckmfs ma
Y`st`rf`rs suaa`r or` vkrtuoccy fmf-`xkst`ft kf lmjjufktk`s tbot dm fmt bov` oll`ss tm
vollkfotkmfs ofd jmd`rf j`dklkf`. B` suii`st`d tbot tb` lmfv`ftkmfoc j`dklkf` bov`
suppr`ss`d dks`os`s ofd lous`d tb` dksmrd`rs tm im d``p`r kftm tb` l`ftr` ma tb` mriofksjs,
oaa`ltkfi tb` f`rvmus syst`js. Os tb` rojpoft usoi` ma lmfv`ftkmfoc j`dklkf` lmftkfu`s, jmr`
kflurohc` dks`os`s cke` OKD\ wkcc r`suct ofd b` `v`f pr`dklt`d tbot ka tbks lmftkfu`s, jmst ma tb`
?>>
bujof pmpucotkmf wkcc h` oaacklt`d wktb j`ftoc dks`os`s kf tb` autur` .

0?
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 82.. B obf`
 82 bf`j
joff m
mf
fFFo
otur
tur`` ma Lbr
L brm
mfkl
fk l D s`os`?>? 
Dkk s`o
Lbrmfkl dks`os`s or` cmfi t`rj dks`os`s ma ot c`ost o a`w w``es cmfi. Kt lof `v`f str`tlb tm y`ors
ofd d`lod`s. Bmj`mpotbkl tr`otj`ft lof occ`vkot` ofd r`stmr` o potk`ft”s b`octb tm o immd vktoc
stot`. Tb` immd stot` mat`f joe`s p`mpc` mhckvkmus tm tb` dks`os`s tbot bov` y`t r`or`d tb`kr aucc
 hcmwf stot`s, `sp`lkoccy wb`f lmupc`d wktb kjprmv`d ckvkfi lmfdktkmfs ofd immd w`otb`r.
\mj`tkj`s, o wrmfi dk`t, o lbofi` ma w`otb`r, o vkmc`ft mr sudd`f sbmle tm tb` hmdy ofd jkfd

lof
joylous` tb`jmr`
h` `v`f r`opp`orofl`
mr gust osmadkaakluct
mf` mr jmr` syjptmjs,
tm tr`ot. kf oddktkmf
Yb`f kfktkoc tm aokc
r`j`dk`s mtb`rtmf`w
lur`lmflmjktofts tbot
tb` lmftkfumuscy
r`opp`orkfi syjptmjs ofd f`w lmflmjktofts `aa`ltkv`cy amr lbrmfkl fmf-v`f`r`oc dks`os`s, mf`
just susp`lt o d``p`r ufd`rcykfi potbmcmiy
potbmcmi y r`a`rr`d tm os jkosj.

Bobf`joff bod o v`ry sull`ssauc proltkl` wktb `xl`cc`ft r`sucts, bmw`v`r, tb`r` w`r` los`s tbot
kjprmv`d lmfskd`rohcy, hut dkd fmt olbk`v` tmtoc lur`. B` r`ocks`d tbot bks potk`fts bod of ktlb,
wbklb tb`y mat`f amrimt mr aokc`d tm lmfa`ss, iov` bkj o c`od kftm o d``p s`ot`d dks`os` wbklb b`
locc`d ^smro. Bobf`joff ocsm mhs`rv`d tbot jofy dks`os`s cke` `xl`sskv` s`fsktkv`f`ss,
`xl`sskv` mr fmf-`xkstkfi s`xuoc d`skr`s, j`ftoc ofd `jmtkmfoc syjptmjs ma r`tordotkmf, roi`,
d`pr`sskmf, jofko or` occ dkaa`r`ft jofka`stotkmfs ma ^smro. Tbks c`d bkj tm tb` dkslmv`ry ma <
 hoskl jkosjs (‖dks`os` pr`dkspmsktkmfs”), ^smro, \ylmsks ofd \ypbkcks, wbklb or` tb` hoskl
 hukcdkfi hcmles ma occ dks`os`s5 wktb ^smro h`kfi tb` jmst kjpmrtoft, jmst kfa`ltkmus ofd jmst
jksufd`rstmmd mf`..
mf`.. Dks`os`s cke` \lohk`s, Imfmrrb`o ofd \ypbkcks c`ov` ‖kjprkfts” kf tb` hmdy,
wbklb ks efmwf os ‖olqukr`d jkosj” ka tb` kfa`ltkmf mllurs kf tb` soj` i`f`rotkmf5 ka kt wos
trofsjktt`d tm tb` autur`
autur` i`f`rotkmf, kt ks locc`d ‖kfb`rkt`d jkosj”. E`ft, cot`r lmftkfu`d
?>8
Bobf`joff”s wmre ofd lot`imrks`d tb` r`j`dk`s kftm tb` < jkosjs . \kfl` tb`f, mtb`r jkosjs
bov` h``f prmir`sskv`cy odd`d, sulb os Tuh`rlucor ofd Lofl`r jkosjs.

Tb`s` jkosjs bov` smj`tkj`s h``f suppr`ss`d hy kfopprmprkot` tr`otj`fts tbot tb`y r`jokf
ufdkslmv`r`d5 ot tkj`s, of olut` dks`os`, o sbmle mr o irk`a, vkmc`ft `jmtkmfs mr mtb`r pbyskloc
ofd j`ftoc lbofi`s lof c`od tm tb` s``jkfi dksopp`orofl` ma tb` jkosjotkl syjptmjs. Tb`
dksopp`orofl` ma jkosjotkl syjptmjs sulb os l`rtokf sekf `ruptkmfs, dm`s fmt j`of tbot tb`
jkosj bos h``f b`oc`d kft`rfoccy.

82.? Lur` ma Lbrmfkl Dks`os`

82.?.o. \ylmsks
\ylmsks ks o v`f`r`oc dks`os` ma Imfmrrbm`o tbot kjp`d`s tb` cka` amrl` ofd qukle`fs cka`
 prml`ss`s. Kt usuoccy akrst jofka`st os `xlr`sl`fl`s mf i`fktocs ofd c`ods tm o t`fd`fly ma
mv`rirmwtbs ofd mv`rprmdultkmf. \ylmsks, wbklb prmdul` tb` c`ost fujh`r ma lbrmfkl dks`os`s, ks
jmstcy lur`d hy Tbugo. Tbugo lof h` oct`rfot`d wktb Fktrkluj Olkduj tbot just h` ikv`f o cmfi
`fmuib tkj` tm wmre. @xt`rfoc oppcklotkmfs or` uff`l`ssory ufc`ss amr lbocc`fikfi los`s, wbklb
lof h` ikv`f Tbugo c`ov` tkfltur`. J`dmrrbkfuj lof h` us`d amr kfb`rkt`d los`s. Jkf`roc
r`j`dk`s f``d tm amccmw tbrmuib amr oftk-psmrkloc tr`otj`fts.

X`j`dk`s amr \ylmsks7 Oior., ocuj., ocujf., ofol., oft-l., oft-t., opks., orof., Ori-j., Ori-f.,
ost`r., our-j., our., hor-l., hry., locl., lorh-of., lorh-s., lorh-v., loust., lboj., lkffh., lmf., ducl.,
`upbr., a`rr., ac-ol., iropb., b`p., kmd., eock-l., Eock-s., colb., cyl., jofi., J`d., j`rl., j`z., Fot-s.,
 ?><

 Fkt-ol., p`tr., pbyt., pucs., sohkf., sors., s`l., s`c., \`p., skc., \topb., sucpb., Tbug.  

08
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

82.?.h. \ypbkcks
\ypbkcks ks o v`f`r`oc dks`os`, wbklb c`ods tm tb` d`strultkmf ma cka` amrl`. \ypbkcks tr`otj`ft ks
usuoccy lmjpcklot`d hy psmro, wbklb joe`s lur` dkaakluct. Os cmfi os sypbkcks” `xt`rfoc lboflr`
bos fmt h``f lbofi`d hy `xt`rfoc j`dklotkmf, tr`otj`ft tbrmuib bmj`mpotby sulb os trkturot`d
j`rlury wkcc h` `osk`r. Cu`skfuj ofd \kpbkckfuj or` ir`ot amr suppr`ss`d mr kfb`rkt`d los`s.
Tb`s` fmsmd`s f``d tm h` oct`rfot`d wktb o jkf`roc r`j`dy tm `fsur` tbot oftk-psmrkloc tr`otj`fts
or` lorrk`d mut.

X`j`dk`s amr \ypbkcks  7 Ori-j., Ors-k., ors-s-a., ors., osoa., Our-j-f., Our-j., Our., hod., h`fz-
ol., locl-k., locl-s., lorh-of., lorh-v., lkffh., lc`j., lmf., lmr-r., lrmt-b., ac-ol., iuok., b`p., kmd.,
eock-or., eock-hk., eock-lbc., Eock-k., Eock-s., colb., c`d., J`rl-l., J`rl-k-a., J`rl-k-r., J`rl., j`z.,
 Fkt-ol., p`tr., pb-ol., pbms., ^byt., sors., \kc., stopb., \tkcc., suc-k., sucpb., \ypb., tbug.

82.?.l. ^smro
Bobf`joff foj`d ^smro os tb` d``p`st, lbrmfkl dks`os` stot` wb`r` tb`r` ks o bui` dksruptkmf kf
tb` cka` amrl` lmjkfi armj wktbkf (`fdmi`fmus), r`suctkfi kf iroduoc jofka`stotkmf ma pbyskloc
syjptmjs ofd scmwkfi dmwf ma cka` prml`ss`s. Tbks kflopolkty ma tb` cka` amrl` tm b`oc ks jokfcy
du` tm b`r`dktory lous`s. Kfktkoccy, r`j`dk`s armj tb` pcoft ofd ofkjoc ekfidmj w`r` us`d,
bmw`v`r, Bobf`joff r`ockz`d tbot tb`s` r`j`dk`s w`r` fmt strmfi `fmuib tm b`oc tbks stot` ma
dks`qukckhrkuj. B`fl`, r`j`dk`s armj tb` jkf`roc ekfidmj w`r` utkckz`d os oftk-psmrkl
?>4
r`j`dk`s .

Amr psmro tbot dm fmt bov` `xt`rfoc pr`s`ftotkmfs, ks stkcc cot`ft mr bos d`v`cmp`d kftm mtb`r amrjs
ma lbrmfkl dks`os`, tb` lur` r`qukr`s tb` us` ma jmr` tbof mf` oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy. Mv`r tb` y`ors,
ka tb` `ruptkmf mr ktlb r`l`d`s, kt j`ofs tbot tb` psmro bos odvofl`d kft`rfoccy.

\mj`tkj`s, tb` potk`ft joy aol` olut` dks`os`s mr o r`-mllurr`fl` ma o pr`vkmuscy `xkstkfi
syjptmj, r`iordc`ss, tb` dmltmr sbmucd stkle tm tb` oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy pr`slrkh`d ofd occmw kt tm
akfksb kts oltkmf. Tb` r`-mllurr`fl` ma o pr`vkmuscy `xkstkfi syjptmj joy h` du` tm bmj`mpotby
`xlktotkmf, wbklb prmv`s tbot tb` r`j`dy ks wmrekfi. Amr ufdurohc` kft`rruptkfi syjptmjs tbot
bov` f`v`r mllurr`d prkmr tm toekfi tb` bmj`mpotby r`j`dy, kt sbmucd fmt h` toe`f ckibtcy, os kt
j`ofs tbot tb` oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy lbms`f joy h` kflmrr`lt ofd sbmucd h` lrmss lb`le`d wktb of
oftkdmt` mr o jmr` suktohc` oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy. Bmw`v`r, ka tb` usuoc `xkstkfi syjptmjs or`
oiirovot`d (wmrs`fkfi ma syjptmjs) mf tb` akrst a`w doys, hut i`ts h`tt`r iroduoccy, kt j`ofs
tbot o d`akfkt` lur` ks toekfi pcol`.

Ka tb` syjptmjs lmftkfu` tm oiirovot` wktb tb` soj` mr kflr`os`d kft`fskty mf suhs`qu`ft doys,
kt j`ofs tbot tb` dms` ma tb` oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy ks tmm ir`ot ofd kt joy c`od tm o jmr` s`v`r` ofd
skjkcor lbrmfkl dks`os`. Kf tbks los`, of oftkdmt` mr ofmtb`r oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy sbmucd h`
 prmvkd`d, amccmw`d hy tb` amrj`r oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy kf o bkib`r pmt`fly, ka kfdklot`d. Ka tb` soj`
syjptmjs tbot bov` h``f oj`ckmrot`d mr `rodklot`d w`r` tm rks` oiokf, wktbmut ofy f`w
syjptmjs, tb`f o jmr` suktohc` dms` ma tb` r`j`dy sbmucd h` ikv`f. Tb` dmsoi` ma o r`j`dy
sbmucd ocwoys h` ikv`f tb` tkj` tm ruf kts aucc h`f`aklkoc lmurs`, ofd fmt h` kft`rrupt`d hy

ofmtb`r r`j`dy.
H`ccodmffo, Occ ofd
\ucpbur oftk-psmrkl,
Ors`fkl) kflcudkfi
sbmucd h` tbms`
ikv`f sbmrt
ot c`ostoltkfi mf`s
<> doys tm kf
olt olut` dks`os`s
kf lbrmfkl (cke`
dks`os`s.

0<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

@v`f tb` sjocc`st dms`, wkcc prmvkd` o h`f`aklkoc `aa`lt tm tb` potk`ft. \mj`tkj`s, o ar`qu`ft
r`p`tktkmf ma dms`s lof h` kfgurkmus tm tb` potk`ft.

Tb` h`st oftk- psmrkl

 psmrkl r`j`dk`s” `aakloly or` ckjkt`d kf los`s wb`r` p
potk`fts
otk`fts suaa`r ir`ot `jmtkmfoc
dksturhofl`s du` tm sudd`f mr hod `xp`rk`fl`s lmjkfi tb`kr woy, `sp`lkoccy tbms` tbot tb`y bov`
fm pmw`r mv`r.

X`j`dk`s amr ^smro7 Oior., ocuj., oj-l., oj-j., ofol., oft-l., ors., our., our-j., hor-l., hmr., locl.,
lorh-of., lorh-v., loust., lc`j., lmcml., lmf., lupr., dki., ducl., `upb., iropb., iuog., b`p., kmd., eock-
l., cyl., joi-l., joi-j., jofi., j`z., jur-ol., fot-l., fot-j., fkt-ol., fktrkuj, p`tr., pbms., pb-ol.,
 pcot., sors., s`p., skc., stoff., sucpb., suc-ol., zkfl.

82.8. Mtb`r ^mkft`rs amr Lur`

Jkosjotkl
Jk osjotkl syjptmjs kflcudkfi j`ftoc mf`s, dkaa`r ollmrdkfi tm mf`”s lmfstktutkmf. O p`rsmf
wktb o sofiukf` t`jp`roj`ft amr `xojpc`, joy suaa`r armj ptbksks ka tb` ktlb ks suppr`ss`d.
Mtb`r psmrkl syjptmjs kflcud` kfsotkohc` bufi`r, bokr aocc, `ryskp`cos, ov`rskmf tm worj lmme`d
ammd, jkce ofd j`ot, tbkrst, vkvkd dr`ojs ofd fkibtjor`s, stojj`rkfi, lmckl, j`ftoc ofd jmmd
dksturhofl`s ma occ ekfds cke` j`coflbmcy, kfsofkty, ofxk`ty, a`oraucf`ss, jofko ofd jmmd
lbofi`s.
Ott`ftkmf just h` ikv`f tm tb` akrst tkj` ma kfa`ltkmf, tb` durotkmf ma lmjpc`t` kft`rfoc
d`v`cmpj`ft ma tb` jkosj ofd tbkrdcy, kts `xt`rfoc jofka`stotkmf. Yb`f`v`r tb`r` ks of `xt`rfoc
jkosjotkl jofka`stotkmf mf tb` sekf, tb` bmj`mpotb just ocwoys akrst lur` tb` potk`ft ma tb`
dks`os` armj wktbkf5 ofy `xt`rfoc j`dkloc tr`otj`ft wktbmut lmfsujkfi o bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dy
wkcc c`od tm lbofi`s kf tb` `xt`rfoc jofka`stotkmf, tbus r`fd`rkfi tb` jkosj tm s``e mtb`r
survkvoc mutc`ts sulb os tbrmuib tb` prmdultkmf ma ufwoft`d s`lmfdory syjptmjs.

Os syjptmjs stort i`ttkfi w`oe`r, tb` bmj`mpotb just lmftkfu` tr`otkfi `v`f tb` sjocc`st
r`jfofts ma ofy syjptmjs, os f`ic`lt wkcc lous` o f`w lbrmfkl dks`os` tm `j`ri`.

82.<. Kft`rj`dkot` dks`os`

Yb`f o potk`ft ks bovkfi of `pkd`jkl mr kft`rj`dkot` dks`os`, tb` oftk-psmrkl tr`otj`ft joy bov`
tm h` dkslmftkfu`d t`jpmrorkcy, wbkc` tb` fmf oftk-psmrkl tr`otj`ft stort`d. Ka tb` kft`rj`dkot`
dks`os` ks fmt tmm s`v`r`, kfbocotkmf ma tb` fmf oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy ks pmsskhc`. Ka o potk`ft aokcs tm
i`t hole tm b`octb oat`r tb` kft`rj`dkot` dks`os` ks tr`ot`d wktb fmf oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy, of oftk-
 psmrkl r`j`dy lof `fbofl` tb` r`lmv`ry. Tb` oftk-psmrkl
oftk -psmrkl tr`otj`ft wb`f r`stort`d, just toe` kftm
ollmuft tb` f`w tmtockty ma syjptmjs.

Amr lmfstktutkmfoc tr`otj`ft, tb`r` or` tkj`s wb`f olut` syjptmjs lrmp up sulb os s`v`r` lmuib,
wbkc` tr`otkfi tb` potk`ft. Kf tbms` los`s, olut` kft`rlurr`fts or` pr`slrkh`d, wbklb or` fmf-d``p
oltkfi ofd fmf-jkosjotkl ofd wkcc fmt kft`ra`r` wktb tb` j`lbofkls ma tb` d``p`r-oltkfi
?>0
lmfstktutkmfoc r`j`dy .

04
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

82.4. X`j`dy Kftoe` Odvkl`

Oat`r toekfi tb` j`dklkf` tb` potk`ft sbmucd e``p stkcc amr ot c`ost of bmur wktbmut sc``pkfi. \c``p
d`coys tb` oltkmf ma tb` r`j`dy. Amr tb` r`j`dy tm wmre jmr` strmficy, kt lof h` stkrr`d kf wot`r
ofd s`rv`d. Kf lbrmfkl dks`os`s, Bobf`joff mhs`rv`d tbot o spmmfauc ma tb` smcutkmf ka ikv`f ot
c`ost dokcy mr `v`ry 8 doys bost`f tb` lur`. Tb` dms` ma oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy sbmucd fmt h` ikv`f o
a`w doys prkmr tm ofd durkfi tb` mfs`t ma j`fs`s, hut lof h` ikv`f ot c`ost 4 doys oat`r tb`

j`fs`s `fd. uftkc

ma tb` ckjhs H`skd`s lmfsujkfi
kt h`lmj`s dry. ofd kfbockfi, o r`j`dy lof ocsm h` ruhh`d mf tb` b`octby ports

82.0. Cka`styc` Odvkl` hy Bobf`joff

O ymufi ofd strmfi potk`ft wkcc r`lmv`r julb aost`r tbof of mcd`r potk`ft. O lbkcd wbm t`fds tm
 h` jmr` s`d`ftory sbmucd h` `flmuroi`d
`flmu roi`d tm woce jmr` mat`f kf tb` mp`f
mp `f okr. \tud`fts sbmucd h`
dkslmuroi`d armj r`odkfi hmmes ofd wotlbkfi mtb`r j`dko tbot `xlkt` tb` s`fs`s. Kf tr`otkfi tb`
jmr` s`rkmus lbrmfkl mr j`ftoc dks`os`s, j`ftoc wmre ofd r`odkfi sbmucd h` ckjkt`d tm ovmkd
strokfkfi.

Durkfi tb` lmurs` ma tb` j`dklotkmf, stkjucofts cke` lmaa`` ofd oclmbmc, os w`cc os t`o or`
strmficy dkslmuroi`d ka o sull`ssauc lur` ks d`skr`d. Mtb`r strmfi tostkfi kfir`dk`fts cke` mfkmfs,
 p`pp`r, lktrkl olkd, vkf`ior,
vkf`i or, b`rhs, mcd lb``s`, wbksey, hrofdy
hrofd y ofd tmhollm sbmucd h` ovmkd`d os
w`cc. \trmfi sj`cckfi p`rauj`s sbmucd fmt h` us`d.
us`d .

82.1. Lmjporksmfs ma Jkosjs

?>1
@olb jkosj bos kts mwf j`ftoc ofd pbyskloc jofka`stotkmfs. H`cmw ks o d`slrkptkmf 7

Tohc` 27 Lmjporksmfs olrmss Jkosjs

^smro \ylmsks \ypbkcks Tuh`rlucor

H`bovkmr ofd \`caksb, a`orauc, Oriuj`ftotkv`, Lru`c, vkmc`ft, A`orc`ss,
j`ftoc ofxkmus, f`rvmus, rud`f`ss, d`strultkv`, kfdkaa`r`ft, fmf-
jofka`stotkmfs r`stc`ss, d`l`ktauc, kroslkhkckty, roi`, krrktohc`, ofxkmus, d`skr`
sodf`ss ofd  g`ocmus, botr`d, cmotb`, amr lbofi`, rkse-
d`pr`sskmf, cmquolkmus,  p`rv`rt`d ofd toekfi.
krrktohc`, cole suspklkmus, j`of, lof borj mtb`rs Pfr`strokf`d
lmfl`ftrotkmf, jkslbk`vkmus, ofd tb`js`cv`s.  posskmfs ofd
jocklkmus (psmro- s`ca-l`ft`r`d ofd Bocculkfotkmfs  p`rv`rt`d
sypbkcmsylmtkl), luffkfi wktb o ofd d`ckrkujs. lrovkfi amr s`x.
w`orkf`ss ma cka` t`fd`fly tm borj Lof mfcy Qolkccotkmf ma
(psmro-sypbkcktkl), (`jmtkmfoccy) r`j`jh`r post tbmuibts.
kccuskmfs wktb mtb`rs ofd tm lbrmfmcmikloc Kft`ccki`ft hut
 pmmr j`jmry borj ofkjocs, `v`fts lor`c`ss
d`cuskmfs wktb
oltkv` j`jmry

00
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

^ol` ma Oltkmf Byp`roltkv` \cmw ofd jmd`rot`, Xopkd, jmd`rot`

kfskdkmus, tbmuib ropkd ofd mr kfskdkmus.
kflmmrdkfotkmf kfskdkmus or` D`p`fds mf
 pmsskhc` dmjkfofl` ma
 psmrkl mr
sypbkcktkl

A`ors Jofy
j`ftoca`ors du` tm \mj` a`ors du` tm A`ors
s`caksbf`ss, jofka`st`d. fmt Dmis
ofkjocsofd mtb`r
r`stc`ssf`ss ofd suspklkmf sulb os Ofiuksb
oppr`b`fskmf ma  pmv`rty
jksamrtuf`
\mlkoc Ov`rskmf tm @xtrmv`rts hut Kftrmv`rt wktb Opp`or icmmjy
Kft`roltkmf  p`mpc` ofd sbmw cole ma ir`ot d`skr` tm ofd skc`ft5 dm fmt
lmjpofy, lmfakd`fl` `slop` armj cke` tm h`
strofi`rs. Dkscke` smlkoccy mtb`rs ofd odvks`d
 h`kfi ocmf` tb`js`cv`s. r`iordkfi tb`kr
Cmf`cy, b`octb
uftrustkfi ofd
cole lmfakd`fl`.
Ducc ofd coles
 p`rl`ptkmf
T`jp`roj`ft Lbofi` Ofi`r oiirovot`d Akx`d kd`os5 Krrktohc` ofd
t`jp`roj`ft  hy lbofi` ma mhstkfot`. a`orauc. Kjpotk`ft
wktbmut o lous`. w`otb`r `.i. D`pr`sskmf hut ofd quorr`csmj`.
Ofi`r oct`rfot` tbufd`rstmrj e``p tm J`ftoc
wktb t`oraucf`ss. tb`js`cv`s. syjptmjs cke`
Lry wb`f Lmcd-hcmmd`d. ofi`r oiirovot`d
d`pr`ss`d ofd oat`r sc``p. Yoe`
mtb`rs wkcc efmw. up dkslmft`ft`d.
\mj` or` skc`ft
wb`f d`pr`ss`d.
Lmjpcokf`r ma
cka`
D`otb A`or d`otb ^cof d`otb hut \uklkdoc Dkssotksaoltkmf
ottolb`d tm cka` tbmuibts. c`od tm suklkdoc
\ypbkcks-sylmsks kjpucs`,
c`ods tm lborolt`rks`d hy
lmjpc`t`d kfdkaa`r`fl`
suklkd`s
^byskloc Ktlb, hurf, Lotorrboc Lofl`rs, Lbofikfi,
Jofka`stotkmfs kfacojjotkmf, dkslbori`s ofd tujmurs,  p`rkmdkloc,
c`odkfi tm irmwtbs `.i. worts ucl`rotkmfs r`lurr`ft
lmfi`stkmf syjptmjmcmiy5
bo`jmrrboi`s

01
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

D`skr`s & D`skr`s7 sw``t, D`skr`s7 soct, D`skr`s7 D`skr`s7

Ov`rskmfs smur, aotty, oclmbmc, aotty stkjucofts, spkly kfdki`stkhc`,
kfdki`stkhc`, spkly j`ot, p`pp`r, j`ot, lmcd ammd, aotty, t`o,
ammd  pufi`ft ofd smur tbkfis. Tmm tmhollm, j`ot,
s`osmf`d ammd lmcd mr tmm bmt soct. Tmm bmt mr
Ov`rs`7 jkce, ammd lmcd ammd

ammd ammd, lmcd Ov`rs`7

 hmkc`d j`ot, Ov`rs`7
wkf`, jkce, spkl` ofd j`ot
ofkjoc Ov`rs`7
storlby ammdj`ot,
 prmdults
Jmdocktk`s 3 wkft`r, durkfi 3 lmcd, w`otb`r 3fkibt, sufs`t tm 3 tbufd`rstmrjs,
sc``p5 6 foturoc lbofi`s, sufrks`, foturoc fkibt, jkce,
dkslbori`s ofd bujkdkty5 6 dkslbori`s, arukts, aotty ammd,
sufrks` tm sufs`t irmwtbs mr r`turf `xtr`j` lcms`d rmmj5 6
ma jofka`stotkmfs t`jp`rotur`, mp`f okr, dry
tbufd`rstmrjs, w`otb`r,
jmv`j`ft, `pkstoxks
sujj`r,
worjtb5 6
sufrks` tm
sufs`t, lbofi`
ma pmsktkmf, lmcd,
ohfmrjoc
dkslbori`,
cue`worj
w`otb`r
Lru`cty  Fm r`oc lru`cty, J`ftoc tmrtur`s, Hmdkcy ossoucts, \mj` lru`cty,
 hut d`l`ktaucf`ss rud`f`ss, ofi`r ekcckfis,  pbyskloc mr
`xkst armj trkac`s c`od  pbyskloc tmrtur`s j`ftoc tmrtur`
tm ossoucts
Lrkjkfockty D`l`ktauc. Aokc`d Luffkfi, h`f`akts Dofi`rmus. Lmjjkt tm o
lrkj` du` tm pmmr ot `xp`fs` ma ^byskloccy lrkj`, hut aokc tm

mriofksotkmf mtb`rs
wktbmut
h` ottoles
bovkfi
tm r`ocks` turf
Aokc tm p`mpc`. up pcofs.
lbofi` tb` mr
 pr`s`ft lmfs`qu`fl` Kfdkaa`r`ft hut ks
o rkse toe`r
H`bovkmroc ODBD, Lmfdult Jmstcy Lmfdult ODBD, Lmfdult
^rmhc`js Dksmrd`r Mppmsktkmfoc Dksmrd`r ofd Dksmrd`r, Hkpmcor
D`akoft Dksmrd`r. Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r Dksmrd`r
Lmfdult Dksmrd`r

09
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?>9
Tohc` ;7 Jkosjotkl Y`kibtoi` ma X`j`dk`s  

 .  .
 .  .  .      b  .      t  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .      t  .
     b  .  .  .
    f     r     l  .      c  .
 .     l     p      t     s     j     r  .     s      b  .     l     l     o
    v
   -     s      b     j     b     f      t
    o
    m     o     o     s      c      c     j     f     u     o     p     p     m     l     l     r      t    -     x  .     m  .     p     o     p
    r      c
    o      t
    `
    r     r
    l     i     f     r     `     o     o     o     o      b     u     `     y     o     y     `      k     u     p      b      h      c      t     u     o     `
     O      O      O     O      H     L      L      L      L      L      L     B      B      C      C      J     F      F      M     ^      ^      \      \      \      T      Q
^smrkl   8 ? 8 < < <C 8 8 < 8 8 < 8 8 <C < 8 < < < 8 8 8 <C 8 <
\ylmtkl   ? 8 8 < > < ? ? < 8 8 8 < < < 8 <C 8 8 8 < <C < 8 < <

\ypbkcktkl   ? ? 8 ? ? 8 > < 8 8 8 < ? 8 8 <C <C ? 8 < ? 8 ? < 8 >

Tuh`rlucor    8 < ? 8 < <C 8 8 < ? ? 8 8 < < < < 8 ? <C ? 8 ? < < 8  

 Fmt`7 C “ cc`odkfi
`odkfi oftk-jkosjotkl r`j`dy5 ?:+(c`ost), 8:++, <:+++(jmst)

Jmst r`j`dk`s or` juctk-jkosjotkl, `xl`pt amr fmsmd`s, wbklb t`fd tm oddr`ss o sp`lkakl
?>2
jkosj .

82.9. X`jmvkfi Mhstolc`s kf Lmfstktutkmfoc Tr`otj`ft

Oftk-jkosjotkl r`j`dk`s or` pr`slrkh`d wb`f tb`r` or` mhstolc`s tm p`rjof`ft lur`, `v`f tbmuib
tb` rkibt lmfstktutkmfoc r`j`dy bos h``f lbms`f hos`d mf skjkckjuj. Tm r`jmv` tb` hcmleoi`,
of oftk-jkosjotkl bmj`mpotby r`j`dy ks stkcc lbms`f hos`d mf tb` lcosskloc j`tbmd ma

bmj`mpotby s`c`ltkmf ma skjkckjuj ofd tmtockty ma tb` potk`ft. Kjpmrtofl` ks ikv`f tm `fsur` tbot
tb` oftk-jkosjotkl r`j`dy `xbkhkt skifkakloftcy tb` jkosj ma tb` potk`ft. \mj`tkj`s, o skfic`
jkosj ks dmjkfoftcy s``f kf o los`, wbkc` ot mtb`r tkj`s, dkaa`r`ft jkosjs lof `j`ri` ot
dkaa`r`ft stoi`s ma tr`otj`ft.

Amr `xojpc`, o lbkcd wktb ODBD ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r bos o Q`rotruj Ochuj lmfstktutkmf ofd
oat`r lmfstktutkmfoc pr`slrkptkmf, jmst ma bks syjptmjs bov` h``f occ`vkot`d. Bmw`v`r, ka b` stkcc
`xbkhkt smj` syjptmjs sulb os coslkvkmusf`ss ofd kfdkaa`r`fl`, ofd tb` tmtockty s``j`d tm h`
 pr`dmjkfoftcy ma Tuh`rlucor jkosj. O strmfi mr c`odkfi Tuh`rlucor oftk-jkosjotkl r`j`dy
sbmucd h` pr`slrkh`d, sulb os ^bmspbmrus, wbklb ka jotlb`s tb` lurr`ft tmtockty ma syjptmjs,
wkcc r`suct kf o p`rjof`ft lur` kf tb` potk`ft.

02
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

^mt`ftksotkmf?>; 
8;. ^mt`ftksotkmf

^mt`ftksotkmf kflr`os`s tb` dyfojkl `aa`lt ma tb` bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dy ofd r`dul`s tb` tmxkl
`aa`lt ma tb` drui kf kts lrud` amrj. Tbrmuib pmt`ftksotkmf, suhstofl`s tbot or` mrkikfoccy
 pmksmfmus h`lmj`s soa` amr kft`rfoc lmfsujptkmf kf bmj`mpotbkl b`ockfi.

^mt`ftksotkmf lmjprks`s ma 8 ports7 kf sullusskmf, smcuhc` suhstofl`s or` jkx`d kf wot`r mr

oclmbmc or` sboe`d vkimrmuscy5 kf trkturotkmf, fmf-smcuhc` suhstofl`s or` irmufd`d ofd jkx`d kf
coltms`. \boekfi ofd irmufdkfi ma tb` suhstofl` ocsm b`cp kflr`os` tb` dyfojkl `aa`lt ma tb`
suhstofl`s.

Tb`r` or` jofy pmt`fly sloc`s d`p`fdkfi mf tb` usoi` ma tb` r`j`dy. ^mt`flk`s or` lcosskak`d
kftm cmw, j`dkuj ofd bkib. Cmw pmt`flk`s or` i`f`roccy armj _(jmtb`r tkfltur`) tm ?8L,
j`dkuj or` ?8L tm 8>>L, wbkc` bkib or` 8>>L ofd upwords. Bobf`joff wos sotksak`d wktb tb`
tb
r`sucts armj pmt`ftks`d r`j`dk`s wktb <>L h`kfi bks jmst `xt`fskv`cy us`d pmt`fly, wbkc` 8>>  
tb ??>
ofd ?>>>  w`r` ocsm us`d wb`f r`qukr`d . Kf tb` cost y`ors ma bks cka`, Bobf`joff dkslmv`r`d
ofd ocsm us`d tb` CJ pmt`fly wbklb ks o bkib ofd i`ftc` pmt`fly.

D`lkjoc sloc`, amr `xojpc`, ks d`fmt`d hy R mr D. D`lkjoc sloc` ma ?R ks pr`por`d hy jkxkfi

mf` port ma tb` suhstofl` wktb ; ports ma tb` j`dkuj (wot`r, oclmbmc mr coltms`). 8R j`ofs tbot
tb` suhstofl` ks pmt`ftks`d twkl`, hy toekfi mf` port ma tb` ?R suhstofl` ofd jkxkfi kt kf ; ports
ma tb` j`dkuj, b`fl` r`olbkfi tb` pmt`fly ma ?7 ?>> ma tb` suhstofl` ofd tb` j`dkuj
r`sp`ltkv`cy. L`ftkskjoc sloc`, amr `xojpc`, ks d`fmt`d hy L. ?L ks pr`por`d hy jkxkfi mf` port
ma tb` mrkikfoc suhstofl` kf ;; ports ma tb` j`dkuj. 8L ks toekfi mf` port ma tb` ?L suhstofl` ofd
jkxkfi kt kf ;; ports ma tb` j`dkuj, tbus olbk`vkfi o ?7 ?>,>>> rotkm ma tb` suhstofl` ofd tb`
j`dkuj r`sp`ltkv`cy ofd sm amrtb.

<>. ^msmcmiy
^msmcmiy “  pmt`fly
 pmt`fly s`c`ltkmf

^msmcmiy lmjprks` ma tb` dmsoi`, pmt`fly s`c`ltkmf, amrj ofd r`p`tktkmf ma tb` r`j`dy lmj`s
s`lmfd tm s`c`ltkfi tb` skjkckjuj. ^msmcmiy pcoys of kjpmrtoft rmc` os o p`rjof`ft, ropkd ofd
i`ftc` lur` r`qukr`s tb` lmrr`lt skjkckjuj ofd tb` jmst suktohc` pmt`fly s`c`ltkmf, dmsoi` ofd
usoi`. ^mt`fly s`c`ltkmf kfvmcv`s tb` lbmmskfi ofd uskfi tb` jmst suktohc` pmt`fly amr tb`
dks`os` ot bofd. Ollmrdkfi tm E`ft, o skjkckjuj wkcc olt olrmss o s`rk`s ma pmt`flk`s, wbkc` o
 portkoccy skjkcor r`j`dy wkcc mfcy olt kf ? mr 8 pmt`flk`s wktb tb` `aa`lt ma lbofikfi tb`
syjptmjotkl pkltur` ma o p`rsmf.

Bmj`mpotbs r`jokf dkvkd`d mv`r pmt`fly s`c`ltkmfs, wktb smj` aovmrkfi bkib`r ofd mtb`rs
???
suppmrtkfi cmw`r pmt`flk`s . Hm`ffkfibous`f wrmt` tbot bkib pmt`flk`s kflr`os`s tb` spb`r` ma
oltkmf ofd lur`s lbrmfkl, os w`cc os olut` kccf`ss`s jmr` ropkdcy. Jmd`rf, sull`ssauc bmj`mpotbs
or` ohc` tm us` tb` cmw`st tm tb` bkib`st pmt`fly d`p`fdkfi mf tb` los`5 wktb 1L, <>L, 8>>L, ?J,
?>J, LJ ofd tb` CJ sloc` h`kfi tb` jmst lmjjmfcy us`d pmt`flk`s ot pr`s`ft.

Kt ks i`f`roccy oir``d tbot amr olut` los`s tbot kfvmcv` mriofs mr tkssu`s, os w`cc os amr s`rkmus
 potbmcmikloc lmfdktkmfs, cmw pmt`flk`s or` r`lmjj`fd`d5 wbkc` lbrmfkl los`s (`sp`lkoccy tbms`

0;
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

wktb jore`d j`ftoc ofd p`luckor syjptmjs) or` h`st lur`d hy bkib`r pmt`flk`s. Xmh`rts odvks`
oiokfst uskfi bkib pmt`flk`s kf los`s wb`r` skjkcorktk`s or` ufl`rtokf. Ollmrdkfi tm Lcms`,
lbkcdr`f sbmucd h` ikv`f j`dkuj tm bkib`r pmt`flk`s5 s`fsktkv` ofd kft`ccki`ft kfdkvkduocs, os
w`cc os tbms` ufd`r tb` kfacu`fl` ma druis sbmucd h` ikv`f bkib`r pmt`flk`s. E`ft, o pmpucor
 prmpmf`ft ma bkib pmt`flk`s mhs`rv`d tbot <>L tm 8>>L sbmucd h` ikv`f amr s`fsktkv` wmjof ofd
lbkcdr`f, ofd occmw tkj` amr kjprmv`j`fts h`amr` h`kfi ikv`f ?J mr ?>J. ?>J tm JJ ks

 h`f`aklkoc amr lbrmfkl

ofd lmftkfu`d os cmfi dks`os`s kf c`ss s`fsktkv`
os kjprmv`j`fts cost. p`rsmfs5 ?>J, amr `xojpc`, sbmucd h` ikv`f akrst

A`rik` Ymmds ofd I`mri` Qktbmuceos, bmw`v`r, odvks`d oiokfst bkib pmt`flk`s `sp`lkoccy kf
s`fsktkv` ofd lmfstktutkmfoccy w`oe kfdkvkduocs os kt joy c`od tm strmfi ofd ufr`qukr`d
oiirovotkmf mr prmvkfi. Bkib pmt`flk`s ocsm olt amr o cmfi`r p`rkmd. Tbus Qktbmuceos r`lmjj`fd
 pmt`flk`s ma ?8R
?8 R tm 8>>L
8 >>L kf tb`s` kfdkvkduocs. B` ocsm stot`d tbot lbkcdr`f wktb s`v`r` prmhc`js
ofd jockifoflk`s sbmucd h` ikv`f cmw pmt`flk`s, ofd fmt jmr` tbof 8>>L. Hut amr lbkcdr`f
suaa`rkfi armj olut` kccf`ss`s, o pmt`fly fmt c`ss tbof 8>>L sbmucd h` ikv`f.

Xogof \ofeorof aurtb`r odds tbot fmsmd`s ofd l`rtokf j`dklkf`s olt h`tt`r kf 8>>L ofd ohmv`.
Bmw`v`r, ka o hmw`c fmsmd` bos h``f ikv`f kf tb` < jmftbs h`amr`, tb`f kt ks h`tt`r tm amccmw up
wktb o cmw pmt`fly wbklb lof h` ikv`f dokcy. O skfic` bkib dms` ks ocsm r`lmjj`fd`d kf olut`
dks`os`s, wbkc` bkib pmt`flk`s ma o r`j`dy lof h` r`p`ot`d r`iucorcy kf olut` pbos`s ma o lbrmfkl
dks`os`. Ka o potk`ft ks ocr`ody toekfi o bkib pmt`fly r`j`dy ofd ks kjprmvkfi, o cmw pmt`fly ma o
drui lof h` pr`slrkh`d amr sup`raklkoc syjptmjs. \ofeorof ocsm j`ftkmf`d tbot dkaa`r`ft
 pmt`flk`s prmdul` dkaa`r`ft pbyskmcmikloc `aa`lts. Amr `xojpc`, \kckl`o kf cmw pmt`fly
`flmuroi`s suppurotkmf, hut olts mtb`rwks` kf bkib pmt`flk`s. Qktbmuceos j`ftkmf`d tbot l`rtokf
j`dklkf`s cke` Colb`sks ofd Ouruj, wbklb bov` o t`fd`fly tmwords pbyskloc potbmcmikloc
lmfdktkmfs, sbmucd h` r`strklt`d tm <>L mr 8>>L, ufc`ss tb` kfdkvkduoc ks ar`` ma pbyskloc
syjptmjs. Kf los`s ar`` armj pbyskloc potbmcmikloc lmfdktkmfs, bkib`r pmt`flk`s armj <>L tm Lj
lof tbus h` pr`slrkh`d.

Jofy bmj`mpotbs f``d tm r`lmfskd`r tb` pmt`fly s`c`ltkmf ofd h` lmjamrtohc` wktb v`ry cmw
ofd v`ry bkib pmt`flk`s, `sp`lkoccy kf los`s wb`r` tb`y or` l`rtokf ma tb` skjkckjuj, h`amr` tb`y
stort lbofikfi r`j`dk`s tm `aa`lt o lur`.

1>
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

<?. X`p`rtmrkoc
X`p`rtmrkoc Ofocysks

X`p`rtmry ks o bmj`mpotbkl tmmc d`v`cmp`d tm b`cp bmj`mpotbs s`c`lt o skjkckjuj hos`d mf tb`
ruhrkls prmvkd`d kf tb` r`p`rtmrk`s. O ruhrkl ks o wmrd mr s`t ma wmrds us`d hy tb` r`p`rtmry
amufd`r tm d`slrkh` syjptmjs. Dkaa`r`ft r`p`rtmrk`s bov` h``f d`v`cmp`d mv`r tb` y`ors. E`ft”s
lmjpc`t` r`p`rtmry, amr `xojpc`, ks mf` ma tb` jmst lmjpr`b`fskv` r`p`rtmry tbot kflcud`s jofy
d`tokc`d ruhrkls ofd tb`kr ossmlkot`d r`j`dk`s tbot or` irod`d ollmrdkfi tm tb`kr lurotkv` pmw`r.
Lmjput`r smatwor`s sulb os XODOX, mf tb` mtb`r bofd, lmftokf tb` dkaa`r`ft r`p`rtmrk`s ofd
akfdkfis ma w`cc-efmwf bmj`mpotbs ofd kts t`lbfmcmiy joe`s akfdkfi o skjkckjuj c`ss tkj`
lmfsujkfi. O r`p`rtmrkoc ofocysks r`qukr`s tb` s`c`ltkmf ma tb` jokf pr`s`ftkfi lckfkloc
syjptmjs ofd e`yfmt`s armj tb` r`p`rtmry, ofd tb`f akfdkfi tb` skjkckjuj hos`d mf tb` tmtoc
vocu` ofd lmuft ma tb` r`j`dk`s. Tb` tmtoc vocu` ma o r`j`dy ks tb` suj ma slmr`s ma occ tb`
ruhrkls us`d kf tb` los` toekfi, wbkc` tmtoc lmuft j`osur`s tb` fujh`r ma ruhrkls tb` r`j`dy
sotksak`s. Tb` r`j`dy wktb tb` bkib`st mr bkib`r vocu` ofd lmuft sbmucd h` bkibcy lmfskd`r`d os
tb` skjkckjuj, ka kt jotlb`s tb` tmtockty ma tb` syjptmjs jmst ollurot`cy.

X`p`rtmry ofocysks ma E`ft bos h``f d`v`cmp`d

d `v`cmp`d wktb tb` s`c`ltkmf ma ruhrkls jm
jmst
st lmjjmfcy s``f
kf los`s ma dksruptkv` h`bovkmroc dksmrd`rs os p`r tb` amccmwkfi tohc`s. 89 r`j`dk`s jmr` suktohc`
amr dksruptkv` h`bovkmroc dksmrd`rs ma MDD ofd LD or` kflcud`d. Tb`y or` ocsm studk`d amr tb`kr
 pmsskhc` us` kf ODBD, jmmd ofd mtb`r j`ftoc dksmrd`rs cke` psylbmtkl dksmrd`r. \mj` ma tb`
ruhrkls d`slrkh`d kf MDD, lof h` us`d kf LD ofd mtb`r dksmrd`rs ofd vkl` v`rso, ofd or`
kfdklot`d wktb o *5 mtb`rs tbot dm fmt bov` o * kfdklotkmf lof ocsm h` us`d kf LD ofd mtb`r
dksmrd`rs, d`p`fdkfi mf kjpmrtofl` ma syjptmjs. V d`fmt`s syjptmjs kfdklot`d kf mtb`r
dksmrd`rs ofd bov` h``f `cohmrot`d `cs`wb`r`. Irodkfi syst`j uskfi fujh`rs bov` h``f us`d
ofd r`pr`s`ft E`ft”s r`p`rtmry7 Hmcd amfts (<) h`kfi tb` jmst r`pr`s`ftotkv` r`j`dk`s5 ktockls (8)
ofd fmrjoc amfts (?). \mj` r`p`rtmry ofocysks armj Hormccm `t. oc ofd Hm`rkle` bov` ocsm h``f
us`d amr r`a`r`fl` ofd or` d`fmt`d hy tb` c`tt`r ‖x”, wktbmut dkaa`r`ftkoc irodkfi.  Kf los`s wb`r`
tb`r` ks o lmjhkfotkmf ma 8 mr jmr` ruhrkls, tb` bkib`r irodkfi ma `olb r`j`dy ks lmfskd`r`d. Kf
oddktkmf, tb`r` joy smj` mv`rcoppkfi syjptmjs h`tw``f tb` dkaa`r`ft dksmrd`rs. Hut tb`y or`
j`ftkmf`d kf ollmrdofl` tm lbrmfmcmikloc mrd`r ofd wkcc h` hrk`a`d oiokf wb`f f`l`ssory.

Kt ks tm h` fmt`d tbot tb`r` or` mtb`r `xkstkfi r`j`dk`s kf `olb r`p`rtmry tbot lof ocsm h`
lmfskd`r`d ollmrdkficy. Tb`r` or` ocsm sp`lkakl ruhrkls, wbklb or` fmt prmvkd`d kf tb` tohc`s,
sp`lkoccy kfdklot`d amr tb` kfdkvkduoc (tb` ^_X\) sulb os o sp`lkakl jkfd syjptmj (cke`
r`stc`ssf`ss h`amr` stmrj), `jmtkmf, pbyskloc i`stur` cke` o d`skr` tm pucc mf`”s bokr mr pbyskloc
i`f`rocs, jmdocktk`s, d`cuskmf mr bocculkfotkmf tbot f``d tm h` strmficy lmfskd`r`d kf los` toekfi.
toekf i.

1?
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Tohc` ?>7 Xuhrkls amr Dksruptkv` H`bovkmroc Dksmrd`rs ofd tb`kr ossmlkotkv` dksmrd`rs &
a`otur`s

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 .     l     v      b     j      b     f      t
    f     r     l  .      c .     l      t     s     j     r      b  .     s     o   -     s     o
    m     o     o     s      c      c     j     f     u     o     p     p     m     l     l     s     r   -     x  .     m  .     p     o      c    p     `
    r     r
    l     i     f     r     `     o     o     o     o      b     u     `     y     o     y     y     `      t      k     u     p      b      h     o      t
     c      t     r     u     o     `
     O      O      O     O      H      L      L      L      L      L      L     B      B      C      C      C      J      F      F      M     ^      ^     \      \      \      T      Q
Lmfdult Dksmrd`r
Aoflk`s, `xoctotkmf ma
Coslkvkmusf`ss ? ? 8 8 ? ?
Akibt, wofts tm ? ? ?
Akr`, wofts tm s`t
tbkfis mf x x x x x x x
Irmwckfi cke` o dmi 8 ? ?
Botr`d ? 8 < 8 ? 8 ? ? ?
Ekles 8 8 8 8
Ekcc, d`skr` tm ? ? 8 ? ? ? ? 8 < 8 ? ? 8 8 8 8
Ekcc, tbr`ot`fs tm5 Ekcc,
amr o sckibt maa`fl` 8 8 8 8
Ec`ptmjofko +
st`ockfi ? x x ? ? 8 ? ? ? ?

Efmles b`od oiokfst

tbkfis x x ? ? ? x x x x x x x
Coslkvkmusf`ss ? 8 8 < < 8 ? ? ? ? < < 8 8 8
Couibkfi, sordmfkl < 8 8 ? 8 ? ?
C`wdf`ss (mhsl`f`) ? 8 8 8 8 ? ? ? 8 ? ? ?
Ck` + uftrutbauc +
d`l`ktauc + aocs` +
p`rakdkmus x x x x x x x x x x x ? x x x x ?
Jkslbk`vmus 8 < 8 8 8 8 8 8 < 8 8 8
Jmroc a``ckfi, wofts
ma 8 ? ?
^ucckfi Bokr  x x x x x x
Xoi`, aury* 8 < 8 8 < ? 8 < ? 8 ? < 8 < 8 8 < 8 ? < 8 ? <
\lrotlb`s wktb bofds

+ ckj` ma`xl`ss`s,
\`xuoc wocc ? ? ?
j`ftoc syjptmjs
armj ? ? < < 8 ? < < < ?
\brk`ekfi ? ? 8 ? ? 8 < 8 8 8 < 8 < ? ? ? 8 ? < 8 ? <
\pkts kf aol`s ma
p`mpc` ? < 8 8 ? ? ? ? 8 8
\trkekfi ? ? 8 8 < 8 ? < ? 8 ? 8 8 8
Tbr`ot`fkfi x x 8 <
Tbrmwkfi ? ? ? ? ? < ?
Qkmc`ft, v`b`j`ft ? 8 ? < ? ? ? ? 8 ? ? < ? 8 ? ? < 8 < 8 8 8
Ykcdf`ss ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8 8

18
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

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 .  .  .  .     p      b  .  .  .  .     l
 .     l     v  .      b     j      b     f      t
    f     r     l  .      c .     l      t     s     j     r     s      b  .     s     o   -     s     p     `     o
    m     o     o     s      c      c     j     f     u     o     p     p     m     l     l     s     r   -     x  .     m  .     o     p
    l     i     f     r     `     o     o     o     o      b     u     `     y     o     y     y     `      t      k     u     p      b      h     r      c
    o      t
     c      t
    r     r
    u     o     `
     O      O      O     O      H      L      L      L      L      L      L     B      B      C      C      C      J      F      F      M     ^      ^      \      \      \      T      Q
Ossmlkotkv` A`otur`s ma MDD ofd LD
Lmfakd`fl`, woft ma
s`ca  < ? ? ? ? ? ? 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Dkslmuroi`d 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8 8 8
@imtksj 8 8 ? 8
Krrktohkckty < 8 8 8 < < ? 8 < < 8 < 8 < ? 8 < < 8 < < 8 < 8 8
Jmmd Lbofi`ohc`,
Qorkohc` 8 ? 8 8 8 ? 8 ? ? < 8 ? ? ? ? 8 ? ? ?
\tmjolb, D`skr`s
oclmbmckl drkfes ? < ? ? 8 < ? < 8 8 ? 8 <
\tmjolb, D`skr`s
tmhollm + sjmekfi ? ? ? ? 8
Mtb`r Ar`qu`ftcy Ossmlkot`d A`otur`s ma MDD ofd LD
Dr`ojs, fkibtjor` 8 ? ? 8 8 ? 8 ? ? ? 8 8 ? ? ? <
A`or, fkibt 8 8 8 < 8 ? ? 8 ? 8 ? ? ? 8
Bofdc`s i`fktocs 8 ? ? 8 8 8
Josturhotkmf,
dkspmsktkmf ? ? < ? 8 8 < 8 ? ?
\c``p, r`stc`ss < ? ? < < 8 ? 8 8 < 8 8 8 < ? 8 8 < ? 8 ? 8 < ?
T``tb, irkfdkfi, 8 ? < < ? ? 8 8 8 8 8
Prkfotkmf,
kfvmcuftory, fkibt ? ? < < 8 ? < 8 ? 8 ? ? 8 < ? 8 8 ? 8 < ?
Ossmlkotkv` A`otur`s ma LD
D`cuskmfs,
kjoikfotkmfs,
bocculkfotkmfs,
kccuskmfs 8 ? ? 8 < 8 8 ? ? < 8 8 8 8 8 ? 8 8 ? 8 8 < ? ?
Kfdkaa`r`fl`, opotby,
`tl 8 8 8 8 8 8 ? ? 8 ? ? 8 8 8 8 8 ? < < ? < ? 8 ? 8
\boj`c`ss ? ? ? ? < ? ? < 8 8 8

\uklkdoc, dkspmsktkmf 8 8 ? 8 ? 8 < 8 8 ? 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ?

\uspklkmus < 8 < 8 ? < ? 8 8 < < 8 8 8 8 8 8 ? < < 8
V ofi`r, kroslkhkckty5 lmuroi`mus + oudolkty5 b``dc`ss

1<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

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 .  .      b  .      t  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .      t  .
 .  .     p      b
     t     s     j     r  .  .     s  .  .     l     v
 .     l      b     j      b     f      t
    f     r     l  .      c .     l      b  .     s     r     o   -     s  .     p     p     `     o
    m     o     o     s      c      c     j     f     u     o     p     p     m     l     l     s     `      t   -     x  .     m     o
    r      c
    o      t     r     r
    l     i     f     r     `     o     o     o     o      b     u     `     y     o     y     y      k     u     p      b      h
     c      t     u     o     `
     O      O      O     O      H     L      L      L      L      L      L     B      B      C      C      C      J     F      F      M     ^      ^      \      \      \      T      Q
Ossmlkotkv` Dksmrd`rs ma MDD ofd LD
Ott`ftkmf D`aklkt Dksmrd`r (Kfott`ftkmf)
Amri`tauc 8 ? 8 ? 8 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ? ? 8 < ? < ? ? < < ? ? ? 8 ?
Lmfl`ftrotkmf,
dkaakluct 8 8 < ? ? ? 8 < ? 8 8 < < 8 8 < ? < ? 8 8 ?
J`jmry, w`oef`ss
ma  8 ? 8 < < ? ? < ? 8 < < < < ? < < 8 8 < < 8 8 8 8 <
J`jmry, w`oef`ss,
b`ord, amr wbot bos ? ? < 8 ?
J`jmry, w`oef`ss
ma, cohmr, amr j`ftoc +
aotkiu`, armj ? ? ? ?
J`ftoc `aamrt
Tbmuibts, wofd`rkfi 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Ymre, ov`rskmf tm
j`ftoc 8 ? ? ? 8 ? ? ? 8 8 8 < < ? 8 8
B``dc`ss
X`odkfi Dksmrd`rs

Jkstoe`s r`odkfi ? 8 8 ?
J`jmry, w`oef`ss
ma, r`od, amr wbot bos
? ? < < 8 8 8 ? <
Lmfl`ftrotkmf,
dkaakluct, studykfi,
r`odkfi, `tl., wbkc` ? x ? ? ? ? x x < x ?
X`odkfi, ov`rs` tm 8 8
Jotb`jotkls Dksmrd`rs
Jkstoe`s kf
loclucotkfi 8 ? 8
Kfohkckty amr x x x x x x x x
Yrktkfi @xpr`sskmf Dksmrd`r 
Jkstoe`s wrktkfi, kf 8 ? < < ? ? ? ?
Mjkttkfi c`tt`rs +
syccohc`s + wmrds 8 8 ? ?
Trofspmskfi c`tt`rs ? 8 ?
Kfohkckty amr wrktkfi +
jkstoe`s wrktkfi +
lmfauskmf wbkc`
wrktkfi x x x x x x x x x x x x x
 

14
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 .  .
 .  .      b  .      t  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .      t  .
 .  .     p      b
     t     s     j     r  .  .     s  .  .     l     v
 .     l      b     j      b     f      t
    f     r     l  .      c .     l      b  .     s     r     o     x  .   -     s     p     `
 .     p     o      c     o
    m     o     o     s      c      c     j     f     u     o     p     p     m     l     l     s     `   -
     t     m     o      t     r     r
    r     u     o     `
    l     i     f     r     `     o     o     o     o      b     u     `     y     o     y     y      k     u     p      b      h
     c      t
     O      O      O     O      H      L      L      L      L      L      L     B      B      C      C      C      J     F      F      M     ^      ^     \      \      \      T      Q
Ossmlkotkv` Dksmrd`rs ma MDD ofd LD
\p``lb Ofd Cofiuoi` Dksmrd`r 
Jkstoe`s kf sp`oekfi 8 8 ? ? 8 8 ? ? ? 8 8 ? ? ?
Jkstoe`s kf ? ?
\p``lb, lmfaus`d x ? ? 8 x x 8 8 ? x x x x ? x
\p``lb, kflmb`r`ft 8 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ? < < ? ? < ? < 8
\p``lb, cmud ? 8 8 8
\p``lb, ufkft`cckikhc`
? ? < < ? 8 <
ODBD Yktb byp`roltkvkty
Jkfd, i`stur`s,
irospkfi mr r`olbkfi
ot smj`tbkfi ? ? 8 8 8 ? ? < ?
Jkfd, rufs ohmut ? ? 8 8 ? 8 < ? < 8 ? <
Cmquolkty ? ? ? ? 8 ? 8 ? ? 8 < < ? ? 8 8 8 ? < ? ? 8
Lckjh, d`skr` tm x x
@xtr`jktk`s7
r`stc`ssf`ss ? < ? ? 8 8 ? < ? 8 < ? < <
r`stc`ssf`ss, upp`r
ckjhs ? ? ? ? < ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8
r`stc`ssf`ss, bofd 8 ? ? ? 8 ? ? ? <
sboekfi, upp`r ckjhs
8 ? ? ? <
r`stc`ssf`ss, c`i ? ? 8 < 8 8 8 8 ? ? 8 8 ? 8 8 8 <
r`stc`ssf`ss, a``t ? 8 ? 8 8 8 8
\boekfi cmw`r ckjhs
+ c`i ? 8 ?
 Owewordf`ss, cmw`r
ckjhs, efmles
oiokfst tbkfis +
stujhckfi wb`f
wocekfi < 8 < 8 8 ? ? 8 ?
ODBD Yktb Kjpucsktkvkty
Burry 8 8 8 ? 8 ? 8 ? 8 ? < 8 ? 8 < < ?
Kjpucskv` 8 ? ? ? ?
Kjp`tumus ? 8 ? 8 < < < ? 8 8
Kjpotk`fl` 8 ? 8 ? 8 < 8 8 8 8 ? ? ? < ? ? < ?
 Ofsw`rs bostkcy ? ? ? ? 8
\p``lb, bosty ? ? 8 8 < < < ? ? < ? 8
B``dc`ss ? 8 ? ? 8 8 ? ? ? 8 8 8 ? 8 8 ?
Lmuroi`mus +
 Oudolkty ? ? ? 8 ? ? ?  

10
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 .  .
 .  .      b  .      t  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .      t  .
 .     p      b  .  .     s  .  .     l
 .     l     v      b     f      t
    f     r     l  .      c .     l  .      t     s     j     r      b  .     s     o   -     s  .      b     j
    p     `
    p     o      c     o
    m     o     o     s      c      c     j     f     u     o     p     p     m     l     l     s     r   -     x  .     m     r     r
    l     i     f     r     `     o     o     o     o      b     u     `     y     o     y     y     `      t      k     u     p      b      h     o      t
     c      t     r     u     o     `
     O      O      O     O      H     L      L      L      L      L      L     B      B      C      C      C      J     F      F      M     ^      ^     \      \      \      T      Q
Ossmlkotkv` Dksmrd`rs ma MDD ofd LD
Jmmd Dksmrd`rs - D`pr`sskmf
Lmjotms` ? ? 8 < 8 8 8 ? 8 8 8 8 8 ? < < 8 8 8 8 <
D`spokr  8 ? < ? < ? 8 ? ? ? ? < 8 8 8 ? ? ? 8 8 8
I`stur`s, Yrkfikfi
tb` bofds 8 8 8
^rmstrotkmf ma jkfd ? 8 ? 8 ? < 8 < < ? < < ? < 8 <
_uk`t, dkspmsktkmf 8 8 8 ? ? 8
X`prmolb`s, bkjs`ca  8 8 8 8 ? 8
\odf`ss, j`ftoc
d`pr`sskmf < ? < < 8 < 8 8 < < 8 8 8 < < < < 8 ? 8 8 8 8 < ? <

\c``p, sc``pc`ssf`ss 8 8 ? < < < 8 8 8 < 8 < < < 8 < 8 < < < < < ? < 8 ?

\cmwf`ss + jmtkmf kf 8 ? ? ? ? ? 8 < ?

\tmjolb, Opp`tkt`,
dkjkfksb`d ? ? ? ? 8 ? ? 8 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
\tmjolb, Opp`tkt`,
kflr`os`d 8 8 ? < 8 < ? ? 8 ? ? ? 8 < ? 8 8 < 8 < ? 8 ? < ? <
\tmjolb, D`skr`s,
hr`od + postry +
storlb 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ? 8 ? ?
\tmjolb, D`skr`s,
Lrov` sw``ts ? 8 < ? ? ? 8 <
Toce, kfdkspms`d tm,
d`skr` tm h` skc`ft,
tolkturf 8 8 ? 8 8 8 ? ? 8 ? ? 8 8 ? 8 ? 8 8 ? < ? 8 8 < 8 <
VLmfl`ftrotkmf, dkaakluct5 suklkdoc dkspmsktkmf

Jofko
Lb``raucf`ss, ioy,
boppy 8 ? ? ? 8 ? ? ? < < 8 ? 8 8 8 8 ? ? ? 8 8 8
D`cuskmf, ir`ot
p`rsmf, ks 8 ? ? ? ? ? ?
Jofko, jodf`ss ? x 8 < < 8 8 8 8 8 < 8 < < < 8 8 ? < 8 8 <
Kd`os ohufdoft,
lc`orf`ss ma jkfd ? ? ? 8 8 8 ? ? ? ? ? < 8 ? ? ? 8 ? < ? ? 8 ?
Doflkfi ? ? 8 8 ? 8 <
V\c``p, sc``pc`ssf`ss5 cmquolkty5 lmfl`ftrotkmf, dkaakluct5 coslkvkmusf`ss
 

11
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 .  .
     b  .      t  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .      t  .
 .  .  .     p      b  .  .  .  .     l
 .     l     v  .      t
    f     r     l  .      c .     l  .      t     s     j     r     s      b  .     s     o   -     s  .      b
    p     j      b     f
    `     o
    p     r     r
    m     o     o     s      c      c     j     f     u     o     p     p     m     l     l     s     `     r   -     x  .     m     o      c
    l     i     f     r     `     o     o     o     o      b     u     `     y     o     y     y      t
     k     u     p      b      h     o      t
     c      t     r     u     o     `
     O      O      O     O      H      L      L      L      L      L      L     B      B      C      C      C      J      F      F      M     ^      ^      \      \      \      T      Q
Ossmlkotkv` Dksmrd`rs ma MDD ofd LD
Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r 
D`cuskmfs,
kjoikfotkmfs,
bocculkfotkmfs,
kccuskmfs 8 ? ? 8 < 8 8 ? ? < < 8 8 8 8 ? 8 8 ? 8 < < ? ?
Jmmd Oct`rfotkfi 8 ? 8 ? ? 8 ? < ? ? ? ? 8 ?
VJmmd, lbofi`ohc`, vorkohc`5 ofd mtb`r syjptmjs ma d`pr`sskmf, jofko, bypmjofko
Ofxk`ty Dksmrd`r 
 Ofxk`ty < ? 8 < < < < 8 < 8 8 8 8 8 < ? 8 < 8 8 < 8 8 8 < 8 <
Lb`st, pocpktotkmf,
b`ort < < < 8 < 8 ? 8 8 8 8 8 < < ? < 8 < 8 < 8 ? 8 < ? <
Lb`st, pokf ? 8 < < < ? 8 < 8 8 8 8 8 8 ? 8 ? < ? 8 8 8 8
Lbkcckf`ss ? 8 < 8 < < < < 8 ? < ? < 8 < < ? 8 < ? < 8
D`cuskmfs, ufr`oc,
`v`rytbkfi s``js +
p`rsmf, tbkfes sb` ks
smj` mtb`r  8 ? ? ?
A`or, d`otb < ? < 8 < ? ? 8 8 8 8 < 8 < 8 8 8 < ? ? ? 8
I`f`rocktk`s, b`ot,
acusb`s ma  ? ? < < ? ? ? ? < < ? 8 < 8 ? < <
I`f`rocktk`s,
tr`jhckfi `xt`rfoccy 8 8 8 < 8 8 8 ? 8 ? 8 ? 8 < ? 8 < 8 8 < 8 8 ? < < 8 8
^`rspkrotkmf 8 8 ? 8 8 < ? 8 ? ? ? < 8 ? < 8 ? < < < ? ? ? 8 ? <
X`spkrotkmf, dkaakluct 8 8 < < 8 8 8 ? < 8 < < ? < < 8 8 8 8 < < 8 ? 8 < < <
\ekf, fujhf`ss ? < ? ? 8 8 ? ? ? ?
\ekf, prkleckfi 8 ? ? < ? ? <
\tmjolb, fous`o 8 8 8 < < 8 8 8 8 < < < ? 8 8 ? 8 8 < ? 8 8 ? ? < ? <
Tbrmot, lbmekfi 8 ? 8 < 8 8 < < 8 8 < < < ? ? 8 ? ? < 8 < 8
Q`rtkim < < ? 8 < < 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 < ? 8 8 < < < ? ? 8 < ? 8
^sylbmtkl Dksmrd`r 
D`p`fdkfi mf tb` dksmrd`r, syjptmjs lof kflcud` Vjmmd dksmrd`rs ofd bov` sp`lkakl d`cuskmfs ofd bocculkfotkmfs
Jmdocktk`s

Tbkrst
Tbkrstc`ss < ?
? 8 8
< 8 <
8 8
8 8
? <
? < 8 8
? 8 8 ?
8 < 8
? 8
? <
8 <
? 8 8
? <
? <
? < <
?
 

19
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

<8. Tb`
Tb` Tbr`` Ekfidmjs
Bobf`joff wos tb` akrst tm kfktkot` tb` study ma tb` dkaa`r`fl` h`tw``f tb` jkf`roc, pcoft ofd
ofkjoc ekfidmj, ofd tm akfd lmjpc`j`ftory r`cotkmfsbkps h`tw``f tb` ekfidmjs. Mtb`r
lmft`jpmrory bmj`mpotbs `xpofd`d mf tb` r`s`orlb tm uflmv`r tb` lborolt`rkstkl syjptmjs ma
irmup r`j`dk`s kf tb` ekfidmjs. Dr. Dovkd Ckttc`, bmw`v`r, bkibckibts tb` f``d tm e``p kf amlus
tb` tmtocktk`s ma tb` potk`ft”s syjptmjs, kf mrd`r
kf  mrd`r fmt tm ikv` rks` tm sp`lucotkmf mr st`r`mtypkfi.
B` dm`s olefmwc`di` tbot o p`rsmf o dkaa`r`ft stoi` ma tr`otj`ft joy r`qukr` dkaa`r`ft ekfidmjs
ma r`j`dk`s.

Dr. Dovkd Ckttc` mhs`rv`d tbot pcofts ufd`rim ropkd trofsamrjotkmf ofd or` tbus skjkcor tm olut`
dks`os`s ofd jkosjs. Jkf`rocs or` stohc` ofd lbofi` mfcy oat`r c`fitby p`rkmds, tbus or` skjkcor
tm lbrmfkl dks`os`s ofd jkosjs. Ofkjoc r`j`dk`s, mf tb` mtb`r bofd, h`kfi aostkfi oltkfi ofd
ropkdcy d`strultkv`, or` sukt`d amr ropkdcy d`strultkv` olut` ofd lbrmfkl dks`os`s. Ckttc` ocsm
j`ftkmf`d tbot tb` pcofts ofd ofkjocs jmst sukt`d amr lbrmfkl dks`os`s or` tbms` tbot or` jmst
oaa`lt`d hy jkf`rocs os kf tb` los` ma Cylmpmdkuj ofd Loclor`o Lorh Mstr`oruj. \ucpbur,
Cylmpmdkuj ofd Loclor`o Lorh Mstr`or uj uj or` tbr`` r`j`dk`s a`otur`d kf Bobf`joff”s oftk -
 psmrkl r`j`dk`s. I B. Lcore` suii`st`d tbot tb`s` tbr`` r`j`dk`s, wbklb or` kflkd`ftoccy armj
??8
dkaa`r`ft ekfidmjs, sbmucd amrj tb` hosks mf bmw bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dk`s sbmucd h` irmup`d .

Ollmrdkfi tm Dr. Xogof

Xogof \ofeorof, kccf`ss r`sucts wb`f mf` ma tb` ekfidmjs” lborolt`rkstkls
mv`rtoe`s tb` bujof `c`j`ft. ^otk`fts armj tb` pcofts ekfidmj usuoccy dkspcoy o b`kibt`f`d
s`fsktkvkty ofd r`oltkvkty5 wbkc` of ofkjoc ekfidmj potk`ft”s kssu` ks tbot ma lmjp`tktkmf ofd of d
survkvoc, ofd mat`f toces ma h`kfi tb` vkltkj mr oiir`ssmr5 cost hut fmt c`ost, o jkf`roc ekfidmj
 potk`ft”s lmfl`rf ks wktb bks strultur` ofd lbocc`fi`s tm bks strultur`. Oat`r osl`rtokfkfi tb`
ekfidmj, jmstcy tbrmuib mhs`rvotkmf ma bofd i`stur`s rotb`r tbof wmrds kf o s`jk-bypfmtkl stot`,
tb` `jmtkmfoc stot` ks d`t`rjkf`d tm akfd tb` r`j`dy tbrmuib tb` suh-lot`imrk`s wktbkf tb`
??<
ekfidmj .

Yktbkf tb` jkf`roc ekfidmj, amr `xojpc`, lbkcdr`f armj tb` olkds suh-lot`imry or` cke` tb` olkd
suhstofl`s wbklb or` krrktohc`, ohuskv`, sorlostkl, vkfdkltkv`, or` bkibcy r`oltkv` tm lrktklksjs ofd
bov` o t`fd`fly tm st`oc. Tb`y cmme lborjkfi, hut lof h` akcc`d wktb botr`d, wbklb or` fmt
r`smcv`d hy opmcmik`s5 kfst`od tb`y or` sodkstkl ofd wkcc `fsur` tb`y i`t tb`kr v`fi`fl`. Tmm
julb j`ftoc wmre wkcc ocsm lous` d`hkckty. Lbkcdr`f ufd`r tb` spkd`rs suh-lot`imry ufd`r tb`
ofkjoc ekfidmj, or` byp`roltkv` (wktb jofy bofd jmv`j`fts), burrk`d, luffkfi, g`ocmus, ofd
or` bkibcy s`fsktkv` tm juskl, fmks` mr vkhrotkmfs, cke`s tm gujp, lckjh, bkd` ofd dofl`, t`os`,
??4
bov` o a`or mr kft`r`st kf spkd`rs, a`or ma d`otb, h`kfi tropp`d, ofd or` bkibcy s`xuoc . Lbkcdr`f
ufd`r tb` sfoe`s suh-lot`imry or` bkibcy g`ocmus, quorr`csmj`, s`lr`tkv`, suspklkmus, or`
??0
jocklkmus ofd d`strultkv` wktb o a`or mr bovkfi
bovkf i tb` d`skr` tm ekcc mr pmksmf mtb`rs .

X`j`dk`s amr Oiir`sskmf ofd Qkmc`fl`

Ollmrdkfi tm ^opopbkckppmu I`mri`, r`j`dk`s wktb bkib`st kft`fsktk`s ma vkmc`fl` or`7 Byms.,
\troj., H`cc., B`p., Q`rot., Ofol., Cyl., Fux Qmj., Our., Fkt. ol., Lboj., Colb., J`rl., \topb.,
amccmw`d hy mtb`r r`j`dk`s.

12
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

B` j`ftkmf`d tbot Byms, \troj ofd H`cc. or` lmjpc`j`ftory tm `olb mtb`r ofd tbus, lof h` us`d
??1
tmi`tb`r kf o los` (8 mr < ma tb` r`j`dk`s lmjhkf`d) .

Tb` j`ftoc ofd pbyskloc `xpr`sskmfs ma vkmc`fl` or` `xpcokf`d h`cmw, wktb tb` ^_X\ r`cot`d tm
tb` vkmc`ft `xpr`sskmfs. Tb` r`j`dk`s or` ocsm lot`imrkz`d ollmrdkfi tm tb` ekfidmj tb`y h`cmfi.

??9
Jkf`roc Ekfidmj  
??2
<8.? Ors`fkl Ochuj  

Dksmrd`rs7 ODD wktb byp`roltkvkty, MDD5 Cofiuoi` ofd sp``lb dksmrd`rs, stojj`rkfi

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + Fmf d`strultkv`

Ofxkmus ofd h`lmj`s tmm r`spmfskhc`. A`orauc  “   kccf`ss, dore, tbk`v`s, h`kfi ocmf`, wofts
lmjpofy5 loutkmus ohmut d`ockfis5 irohs p`mpc` tm a``c soa`. Bkd` ufd`r h`d, woe`s up wktb a`or
ofd gujps mut ma h`d. \`fsktkv`  “   lmfl`rf`d ohmut bmw mtb`rs p`rl`kv` bkj. ^`ra`ltkmfkst  “  
wofts `v`rytbkfi kf mrd`r, pcofs amr `v`rytbkfi. Krrktohc` “ 
Krrktohc`  “  wofts
 wofts tm h` lorrk`d quklecy. X`stc`ss “ 
X`stc`ss  “  
wofts tm h` lorrk`d hy dkaa`r`ft p`mpc`. \`caksb ofd `oskcy ofi`r`d. D`cuskmf ma huis kf h`d ofd
tbk`v`s kf tb` rmmj. Bkts bks b`od oiokfst tb` wocc, ottoles mtb`rs. Lru`c ckor wbm ks g`ocmus,
stkfiy ofd st`ocs. F`rvmus tkls, `fur`sks, `flmpr`sks, irkfds t``tb, fokc hktkfi. \`fsktkv` tm sj`ccs
ofd fmks`s.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, skps sjocc quoftkty ma wot`r ot sjocc kft`rvoc5 d`skr` worj ammd ofd drkfes,
jkce, olkds ofd lmaa``5 hurfkfi pokfs 6 worjtb

Jmdocktk`s7 3 (wmrs` hy) lmcd, w`t w`otb`r, oat`r jkdfkibt5 lmcd drkfes, mr ammd, s`osbmr`5 6
(h`tt`r hy) b`ot, b`od `c`votkmf, worj drkfes

<8.8 Loustkluj

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb byp`roltkvkty, MDD, LD5 cofiuoi` dksmrd`r5 d`pr`sskmf

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + By`roltkv`/Bypmoltkv` + Fmf-d`strultkv` + @jolkot`d

\cmw tm woce ofd toce. Yoft tm h` lorrk`d. \`fsktkv` tm fmks`5 `oskcy stortc`d. A`or7 fkibt, h`kfi
ocmf`, strofi`rs5 trkac`s joe` bkj lry. X`stc`ss, hut jmtkmfc`ss hy a`or. \yjpotb`tkl tmwords
suaa`rkfi ma mtb`rs, lof put bkjs`ca kf mtb`rs” pmsktkmf os b` efmws kt lof ocsm bopp`f tm bkj.
X`vmcutkmfory ofd loffmt stofd kfgustkl`. Kd`ockstkl, dkltotmrkoc ofd d`akoft. \od bujmr wktb
wmrry. Ovmkds rkses. Cmfi stofdkfi j`coflbmcy, kfsmjfko, sudd`f a`or, arkibt, gmy, roi`. F``ds
lmfstoft jmv`j`ft, wbklb dm`s fmt joe` bkj h`tt`r. Joy h`lmj` ckor ofd oforlbkst, wktb
t`fd`fly tm st`oc. @fur`sks, `flmpr`sks ofd f`rvmus tkls. Y`kibt cmss, d`spkt` immd opp`tkt`.
T`fd`fly tm worts ormufd fokcs.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, tbkrsty

1;
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Jmdocktk`s7 3dry, lmcd wkfds, jmtkmf ma v`bklc`5 6 dojp, w`t w`otb`r, worjtb, b`ot ma h`d

<8.< Lupruj J`tocckluj

Dksmrd`r7 LD5 sp``lb ofd cofiuoi` dksmrd`r5 jofko

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

 F`rvmus ofd uf`osy,

uf` osy, a`or smlk`ty ofd e``ps dkstofl` armj mtb`rs, ov`rskmf tm lbofi`. Jocklkmus,
boppy wb`f mtb`rs or` suaa`rkfi. Cke`s tm kjktot` `v`rymf`. Xoi` ottoles ofd jofko5 vkmc`ft,
 hkt`s, h`ots, t`ors tbkfis, byst`rkloc, sudd`f d`skr` tm kfgur`, sbrk`e, slr`oj, ekle ofd `slop`.
Toces kflmb`r`ftcy, w``ps, ks spkt`auc. \tkaa wb`f h`kfi lorrk`d. \mj`tkj`s yk`cdkfi, mtb`r tkj`s
stuhhmrf ofd dkltotmrkoc (outbmrktotkv`). Dkcki`ft. ^mmr j`jmry. [mufi j`f oi` pr`jotur`cy du`
??;
tm vkl`s cke` oclmbmc, suhstofl` ohus` ofd cot` fkibts. Lmfvucskmfs .

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, tbkrsty, sposjs & lrojps, d`skr` amr worj ammd ofd drkfes

Jmdocktk`s7 3h`amr` j`fs`s, vmjktkfi, lmftolt5 6lmcd wot`r, p`rspkrotkmf

<8.4 B`por \ucpburks Loclor`uj 

Dksmrd`r “ 
Dksmrd`r “   ODD
ODD wktb kjpucskv`f`ss5 MDD ofd LD5 sp``lb dksmrd`r cke` stojj`rkfi

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

Lbkcdr`f wbm lof skt ofd dm fmtbkfi. Ov`rskmf tm pcoy. Krrktohc` ofd mv`rs`fsktkv` tm tb` sjocc`st
 pbyskloc (tmulb, lmcd, droat ma okr, aokft armj pokf) mr psylbmcmikloc jott`rs. A``cs b` ks mf tb`
`di` ma o j`ftoc hr`oe dmwf. Bypmlbmfdrkol. Ofxkmus wktbmut o lous` ofd dkslmft`ft`d.
H`lmj`s a`rmlkmuscy ofiry, d`akoft, mppmsktkmfoc, kjpucskv` ofd bosty amr tb` sckibt`st r`osmf5 ks
vklkmus tm mtb`rs. \p`oes ofd drkfes kf o burry. Q`rhoccy ohuskv` ofd quorr`csmj`. Qkmc`ft,
d`strultkv` ofd pbyskloccy ohuskv` “ 
ohuskv` “  ekles
 ekles ofd bkt, wktb kjpucs` tm ekcc, `v`f cmv`d mf`s5 tbr`ot`f
wktb efka`. Lru`c ofd sodkstkl  “   sotksaoltkmf ot mtb`rs” suaa`rkfis, hut ekfd tm ofkjocs. Lmcd-
 hcmmd`d jurd`r`r wbm ekccs wktbmut iukct5 ekcc p`mpc` wktb pc`osur` (B`rkfi). \`t tbkfis mf akr`.
akr`.
\uklkdoc tbmuibts, dm fmt a`or d`otb. @fur`sks.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, tbkrsty, mv`rs`fsktkv`, smur sj`cckfi, prmdul` suppurotkmfs, puruc`ft dkslbori`s

Jmdocktk`s7 3dry lmcd wkfds5 lmmc okr5 drouibt, J`rlury, tmulb, cykfi mf pokfauc skd`5 6 dojp
w`otb`r, wroppkfi b`od, worjtb, oat`r `otkfi

<8.0 J`rlurkus \mcuhkcks 

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb kjpucskvkty, MDD, lmfdult dksmrd`r, j`jmry w`oef`ss, r`odkfi ofd

cofiuoi` dksmrd`rs, stojj`rkfi

9>
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi/Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv` + Tbkf

\lrmaucmus wktb tkssu`s t`fdkfi tm kfacojjotkmf ofd d`strultkmf. Jofy a`ors7 (o) b` wkcc olt mf
kjpucs`s “ 
kjpucs`s  “   tm
tm tbrmw tbkfis ot, bkt mr ekcc cmv`d mf` (h) kfsofkty ot fkibt (l) ovmkd p`mpc` “ 
p`mpc` “  h`lmj`
 h`lmj`
suspklkmus ofd bkd` owoy5 `v`rymf` ks of `f`jy wbm wofts tm burt bkj. Ofxkmus wktb ir`ot
r`stc`ssf`ss7 lmfstoft d`skr` amr lbofi`, trov`c ofd `slop`5 oiktotkmf5 oweword wktb kft`rfoc

bostkf`ss
oiir`sskv`ofd scmwbkjs`ca
oiokfst r`spmfs`5
ofdburrk`d
mtb`rs -ofd ropkd sp``lb
kftmc`roft wktb scmw ofiry
tm lmftrodkltkmf5 ofsw`rs.
ofd D`strultkv` ofd
vkmc`ft ottoles5
suklkdoc ofd bmjklkdoc5 d`skr` tm stoh ofd ekcc ofymf` wktb efka` 5 spkts mf p`mpc`”s aol`5
dksr`sp`ltauc ofd r`s`ftauc os o smlkoccy jorikfocks`d p`rsmf. @oskcy `xlkt`d  “   armj dkaa`r`ft
stkjucotkmfs5 f`rvmus couibkfi oct`rfot` wktb w``pkfi. Dmjkfotkfi. \by ofd `jhorross`d kf
smlkoc sktuotkmfs, ror`cy `xpr`ss `jmtkmfs ofd hcusb `oskcy5 ov`rs` tm h` cmme`d mr tmulb`d, y`t
bov` kflckfotkmf tm lotlb strofi`rs hy fms`. Byp`rs`xuoc  “   `oskcy `xlkt`d wktb `rmtklksj,
coslkvkmusf`ss. Lmjjkts s`xuoc lrkj`s cke` rop`. ^rmf` tm vkl`s cke` iojhckfi, druis ofd
oclmbmc. Lmfslk`fl`  “   iukcty, ofxkmus ofd r`jmrs`auc, suklkdoc. \`caksb ckor wbm ks rud`.
^`ra`ltkmfkst (Josk @ckzocd`)  “   lr`otkv`5 lof d`strmy fotur` kf mrd`r tm r`hukcd kt h`tt`r. Turfs
armj skd` tm skd` ofd jmofs5 duccf`ss wktb ov`rskmf tm pcoy

I`f`rocktk`s7 Lbkccy ofd tbkrsty wktb jmkst jmutb5 Maa`fskv` ofd prmaus` dkslbori`s

Jmdocktk`s7 3 worjtb, sufs`t tm sufrks`, fkibt, w`t, dojp w`otb`r, cykfi rkibt skd`, p`rspkrkfi

<8.1 Fktrkl Olkduj

Dksmrd`rs7 MDD ofd LD

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv` + C`of

C`of, rkikd akhr`s, hruf`tt`. Dore lmjpc`xkmf, bokr ofd `y`s. \ufe`f `y`s. Jks`rohc` mf occ c`v`c
 “  dksoppmkft`d5
  dksoppmkft`d5 ofxk`ty mf b`octb jott`rs `sp`lkoccy lofl`r ofd c`odkfi tm d`otb5 d`pr`sskmf ofd
suklkdoc tbmuibts hut dm`s fmt lmjjkt suklkd` du` tm a`or ma d`otb. Krrktohc`  “  lrktkloc
  lrktkloc ma mtb`rs
ofd tb`js`cv`s5 mtb`rs dm fmt `fgmy bks lmjpofy5 krrktot`d hy jkstoe`s ofd dm`s fmt cke`
lmfsmcotkmf5 lurs`s, w``ps5 krrktot`d hy fmks`. Qkmc`ft ofi`r. Dkskflckf`d tm wmre. F`v`r amrikv`s
`v`f wktb opmcmik`s. Kfdkaa`r`ft tm mtb`rs. Mppmsktkmfoc, wkcc kfgur` ofd pcoy rmuib. Mhstkfot`,
jkslbk`vmus, bot`auc, lmrrupt ofd vkfdkltkv`. @fur`sks ofd hkt`s tb` fokcs. T`fd`fly tm worts

I`f`rocktk`s7 Lbkccy, tbkrstc`ss5 `xlmrkotkfi, tbkf, maa`fskv` dkslbori`s, dkrty5 spckft`r cke` pokfs

Jmdocktk`s7 3 `v`fkfi ofd fkibt, lmcd lckjot`, ofd bmt w`otb`r5 6 rkdkfi kf v`bklc`s

<8.9 ^bmspbmrus

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb byp`roltkvkty ofd kjpucskvkty5 MDD ofd LD

9?
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi/Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + Fmf d`strultkv` + Tocc

T occ ofd stmmpkfi

Cole ma ott`ftkmf armj bmj` ofd tbus joe`s sup`raklkoc ark`fds mutskd`. Byp`rs`fsktkv`  “   a``c
mtb`rs” `jmtkmfs (lcokrvmyoft, kftuktkv`)5
kftuktkv`)5 s`fsktkv` tm fmks`, mdmur, ckibt ofd mtb`r kjpr`sskmfs.
Mhs`rvoft. Ofxkmus ofd a`orauc ma `v`rytbkfi ormufd, ibmsts ofd h`kfi ocmf`. Yoe`s up ot fkibt
ofd im`s strokibt tm por`fts. Yoft ma syjpotby. Mp`f, `xtrmv`rt`d, oaa`ltkmfot`, lr`otkv` ofd bos

c`od`rsbkp quockty.
rud`, vkmc`ft, D`skr` tmquorr`csmj`,
dksmh`dk`ft, h` b`cd ofd orrmioft5
joif`tkz`d. Yb`fspkt`s,
strke`s, oiktot`d, h`lmj`s
hkt`s oiir`sskv`,
ofd sw`ors. Bov` hmcd,
wkcd,
vkmc`ft roi`s. X`stc`ss, just jmv` ohmut lmfstoftcy. Byp`rs`xuoc wktb josturhotkmf.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, tbkrsty, hurfkfi5 rov`fmus bufi`r durkfi a`v`r

Jmdocktk`s7 3tmulb, pbyskloc ofd j`ftoc `x`rtkmf, twkckibt, worj ammd ofd drkfe, lbofi` ma
w`otb`r, i`ttkfi w`t kf bmt w`otb`r, `v`fkfi, cykfi mf c`at mr pokfauc skd`5 tbufd`rstmrj,
osl`fdkfi stokrs5 6dore, cykfi mf rkibt skd`, lmcd ammd, lmcd, mp`f okr, wosbkfi wktb lmcd wot`r,
sc``p

<8.2 ^cujhuj j`tocckluj

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD, MDD, LD5 d`pr`sskmf

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Bypmoltkv` + Tbkf (Jorosjus)

X`stc`ss7 bosty. Ohs`ft-jkfd`d. Cmquolkmus ofd quorr`csmj`. @oskcy krrktot`d, rud` ofd d`akoft “ 
d`akoft  “  
mppms` smlkoc fmrjs5 cmv`s toekfi rkses ofd `fioikfi kf slofdocmus ofd prmbkhkt`d oltkvktk`s
(iojhckfi owoy occ h`cmfikfis). \urposs bks ckjkts ofd im`s oiokfst tb` cow. Qkmc`ft - ottoles
bkjs`ca (stoh) ofd mtb`rs. Coslkvkmus ofd ufaoktbauc. H`lmj`s jmr` lmcd. D`pr`ss`d wktb a`or ma
 h`kfi jurd`r`d. \lbmmc lbkcdr`f wbm or` s`ft armj mf` slbmmc tm ofmtb`r du` tm cole ma
dkslkpckf`. @flmpr`sks ofd f`rvmus tkls5 stupmr stot` wktb scmwf`ss kf r`spmfs` du` tm d`pr`sskmf,
wktb j`ftoc w`oef`ss ofd cmss ma wmrds. ^byskloccy w`oe wktb ropkd `jolkotkmf wb`f kcc.
^orocysks, otrmpbk`s ofd IKT prmhc`js.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, Tbkrsty

Jmdocktk`s7 3fkibt, jmtkmf5 6ruhhkfi, bord pr`ssur`, pbyskloc `x`rtkmf

<8.; \ucpbur

Dksmrd`rs7 ODD wktb kjpucskv`f`ss5 MDD ofd LD5 sp``lb ofd cofiuoi`
cof iuoi` dksmrd`rs

Oxks7 Opprmolbohc` + Byp`roltkvkty + Fmf d`strultkv` + @jolkot`d

@ jolkot`d wktb hki h`ccy

Dkrty ofd mcd cmmekfi wktb acohhy sekf. X`stc`ss ofd sc``pc`ssf`ss5 ekles lcmtb`s maa ot fkibt.

@fgmy
\`caksb.h`kfi wktb tm
T`fd`fly mcd`r lmjpofy
w``p, sodf`ssofd
ofdr`s`ft wb`f fmt
h` arkibt`f`d h`kfi tr`ot`d
(slr`ojs). Yoftswktb
tm h`prkvkc`i`s ma s`lur`.
b`cd tm a``c oducts.

98
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

@v`rytbkfi s``js h`outkauc5 hmosts ohmut bks tbkfis. X`ckikmus oaa`ltkmfs, kjoikfotkv`, ofocytkloc,
ortkstkl. @xtrmv`rt`d, gmvkoc, bmw`v`r, ks kjpotk`ft. Ov`rs` tm pcoy ofd pbyskloc wmre - tkr`d, ot ??
oj, kfdmc`ft. @flmpr`sks, `fur`sks, irkfds tb` t``tb ofd hkt`s bks mwf fokcs.

I`f`rocs7 Bmt, tbkrsty, bufiry ot ??oj, dr`od ma hotbkfi, sc``ps wktbmut lmv`r, hurfkfi
dkslbori`s, hurfkfi a``t

Jmdocktk`s7 3 ot r`st, stofdkfi, worjtb kf h`d, wosbkfi, hotbkfi, kf jmrfkfi, ?? o. j., fkibt,
armj oclmbmckl stkjucofts. 6 dry, worj w`otb`r, cykfi mf rkibt skd`, armj drowkfi up oaa`lt`d
ckjhs

^coft Ekfidmj
<8.?> Olmfktuj Fop`ccus

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb byp`roltkvkty ofd kjpucskv`f`ss5 r`odkfi ofd sp``lb dksmrd`rs,
stojj`rkfi5 MDD

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi/Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv` + Aot

X`stc`ss ofd burrk`d5 lbofi`s pmsktkmf ar`qu`ftcy. Ofxkmus wktb byp`rs`fsktkvkty. A`or ma d`otb,
dore, a`or tm c`ov`, tm h` kf soj` pcol` wktb jofy p`mpc`, tm h` kfgur`d. Ofytbkfi arkibt`fs5
fkibt t`rrmr. Loutkmus ofd suspklkmus ma surrmufdkfis. Jkslbk`vmus. Lbkcd ma tb` mtb`r `xtr`j` ks
 hmcd, mppmsktkmfoc, rud`, dksmh`dk`ft, ofiry, oiir`sskv` ofd quorr`csmj`7 hkt`s, tbrmws ofd
 hr`oes kt`js. @fur`sks.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, kft`fs` hurfkfi tbkrst5 lrov`s amr oclmbmc, olkdkl ofd hktt`r drkfes
d rkfes

Jmdocktk`s7 3lmcd, dry wkfd, worj rmmj, `v`fkfi, fkibt, cykfi mf oaa`lt`d skd`, juskl,
tmhollm5 6 mp`f okr

<8.?? Oiorklus Juslorkus

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb byp`roltkvkty5 LD5 X`odkfi, sp``lb ofd cofiuoi` dksmrd`rs

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi + Byp`roltkv`

Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv` + Tbkf (sc`fd`r)

Oct`rfot` krrktohkckty ofd d`pr`sskmf. Ofiry wktb bkjs`ca ofd mtb`rs. Oiir`sskv` ofd tbr`ot`fkfi
 “   us`s amrl`, d`akoft. Lmcd, lru`c5 cke`s tm h` f`or akr`. @fgmys ofd f``d dofl` kf bks cka`.
@xl`sskv`cy hmcd wktb `xoii`rot`d ofd v`fi`auc h`bovkmr. Muthurst ma lrykfi. Pfkjpmrtoft
tbkfis lous`s sodf`ss. D`coy`d jkc`stmf`s du` tm scmw`r hrokf d`v`cmpj`ft5 j`ftoc w`oef`ss.
Kftmxklot`d cmme5 kflmmrdkfotkmf h`tw``f jkfd ofd hmdy. \oys ammcksb tbkfis, pm`try ofd
 prmpb`lk`s. Dm`s fmt r`spmfd tm mtb`rs. Lof h`lmj` kfdkaa`r`ft5 stuhhmrf ofd prmud. Ov`rs` tm
tmulb, j`ftoc ofd pbyskloc cohmr. A``cs cke` kl` f``dc`s mf tb` sekf wktb stkfikfi s`fsotkmf.
Juslc`s jmv` kfvmcuftorkcy, tr`jmrs, f`rvmus tkls. @fgmys stmrk`s mf ock`fs, ibmst mr bmrrmr
stmrk`s, joe`s up mut ma tb` wmrcd stmrk`s tm ottrolt ark`fds.

9<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, dkv`rs` syjptmjs, sp``lb cole lcorkty

Jmdocktk`s7 3 mp`f lmcd okr, oat`r `otkfi, oat`r lmktus, kf lmcd w`otb`r, h`amr` o tbufd`rstmrj,
 pr`ssur` mf dmrsoc spkf`5 6 jmvkfi scmwcy

<8.?8 Ofolordkuj Mrk`ftoc`

Dksmrd`rs7 ODD wktb kjpucskvkty5 MDD, LD

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

Bord oiokfst mtb`rs du` tm kfa`rkmrkty lmjpc`x ofd cole lmfakd`fl`, c`odkfi tm roi`, oiir`sskmf
ofd lru`cty. Kfktkoccy, h`ikfs wktb w`oe j`jmry ofd cot`r prmir`ss`s tm vkmc`fl`. @oskcy krrktot`d
ofd maa`fd`d - sp`oe rud`cy wktb krmfy, h`ckttckfi mtb`rs. Hcoj`s mtb`rs ofd fmt bkjs`ca. E``ps o
dkstofl` armj mtb`rs os a`or `v`ryhmdy ks of `f`jy5 tbkfes mtb`rs or` r`spmfskhc` amr bks pckibt.
X`stc`ss ofd f`rvmus. Bord (fmt pmrtroy`d kf armft ma dmltmr, bord`r tbof J`d.), dm`s fmt lor`
ohmut mtb`rs” a``ckfis wb`f sp`oekfi5 lurs`
lu rs` ofd sw`or amr sckibt`st krrktotkmf. Duoc p`rsmfockty7
bos o immd skd` ofd of `vkc skd` tbot ose bkj tm dm wrmfi. Kfd`lkskmf h`tw``f rkibt ofd wrmfi5
oiir`sskmf ofd p`ol`5 vocu`s kf i`f`roc. Lru`c wktbmut r`jmrs`, sodkstkl, j`rlkc`ss, jocklkmus
ofd smlkoccy jocodgust`d “ 
jocodgust`d  “  tmrj`ft
 tmrj`ft ofkjocs, kjpucs` tm ekcc, ottole wktb vkmc`ft s`xuoc cofiuoi`5
wktb kjj`dkot` d`jofds. Ottoles wb`f kf lmjpofy mr wb`f vkltkjs or` d`a`fs`c`ss. A`or b`
wkcc h` vkmc`ft ofd mut ma lmftrmc  “   strke`s ofd burt mtb`rs, `v`f uskfi o efka`. Tbrmws efka`
owoy. A`or ma `xojkfotkmfs. Lmftrodkltmry r`oltkmf7 couibs ot s`rkmus jott`rs ofd r`jokf s`rkmus
ot gme`s. X`ckikmus a`rvmur, wktb mhs`sskmf tm sov` bks smuc. A``cs ohofdmf`d ofd ksmcot`d.
@xtr`j` los`s c`od tm slbkzmpbr`fko. Mcaoltmry ofdof d b`orkfi bocculkfotkmf. \`fsktkv` tm drouibts.

Lbkcdr`f or` mat`f lbkcd ohus` vkltkjs wb`r` tb` por`fts or` ohuskv`, bkibcy lrktklkoc, mv`r strklt,
sbmws bkib `xp`ltotkmfs ofd ikv`s s`v`r` pufksbj`fts. Tb` lbkcd `v`ftuoccy h`lmj`s sboj`c`ss
ofd dkspcoy oftk-smlkoc h`bovkmr. B` h`lmj`s kfdkaa`r`ft ofd sbmws botr`d tmwords por`fts.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy5 Lmfstoft tbkrst5 Cmss ma opp`tkt` wktb vkmc`ft bufi`r5 syjptmjs im armj rkibt
tm c`at5 Y`di`-cke` pokf

Jmdocktk`s7 3 oppcklotkmf ma bmt wot`r5 6oat`r `otkfi, cykfi mf skd`, ruhhkfi

<8.?< H`ccodmffo

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb kjpucskv`f`ss, MDD ofd LD5 sp``lb ofd cofiuoi`
cof iuoi` dksmrd`rs

Oxks7 Opprmolb (Yktbdrow durkfi kccf`ss) + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

Ir`ot t`ors
spkts, kft`fskty
ofdma syjptmjs.
tbrmws @xpcmskv`
tbkfis, ofi`r wktb
strke`s, efmles tb` vkmc`fl`7
vb`od,
kmc`fl`7
s`tslckjhs, puccs
akr` ofd (bokr),
st`ocs. Aol`hkt`s cke` o dmi,
h`lmj`s r`d

94
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

(du` tm rusb ma hcmmd) ofd arkibt`fkfi. Xoi` ks strmfi wktbmut jockl` (cke` \troj.) ofd stmps
sudd`fcy. Ort`rk`s pucsot` durkfi roi`. Couibt`r ottoles. Toces aost. X`stc`ss. Y``ps `oskcy. A`or
ma dmis, kfs`lts, hcole ofkjocs ofd wmcv`s, os w`cc os kjoikfory tbkfis cke` ibmsts, bmrrkhc` aol`s.
Kf dks`os`d stot`, lof prmdul` d`cuskmfs, d`ckrkujs ofd bov` ufstmppohc` vkmc`fl`. D`skr` tm
`slop` armj bmj`. Irkfds t``tb. @fur`sks, tkls

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, tbkrsty (ir`ot tbkrst amr lmcd wot`r)5 syjptmj lmj`s ofd im`s sudd`fcy5
strowh`rry tmfiu`

Jmdocktk`s7 3 r`prmolb, drouibts (uflmv`rkfi b`od), bokr lut, tmulb, gor, fmks`, oat`r fmmf, cykfi
dmwf. 6 s`jk-`r`lt

<8.?4 Lojpbmro

Dksmrd`r7 ODD5 LD

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Bypmoltkv` + D`strultkv`

Jkfd ofd j`jmry ocjmst fmf-`xkst`ft, r`tordotkmf, dm`s fmt ofsw`r qu`stkmfs. D`ckrkuj wktb
roi` ofd jofko. Yofts tm gujp mut ma h`d mr wkfdmw. \lr`ojs ofd ose amr b`cp. Ofxkmus ofd
ocjmst cmskfi lmfslkmusf`ss. Lmfauskmf lmj`s wktb vkmc`fl`, h`lmj`s lmcd ofd wofts tm
uflmv`r, lmcd ofd mp`f okr. D`strmys lcmtb`s. D`skr` tm ekcc. \`xuoccy ormus`d.

I`f`rocs7 Ir`ot `xboustkmf ofd prmstrotkmf

Jmdocktk`s7 3 jmtkmf, fkibt, lmftolt, lmcd okr5 6worjtb

<8.?0 Bymslyojus Fki`r

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb kjpucskv`f`ss5 MDD, LD5 sp``lb dksmrd`r, stojj`rkfi

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

Ckibt bokr`d lbkcdr`f wbm or` krrktohc`, f`rvmus, byst`rkloc. X`stc`ss ofd sc``pc`ss. A``cs ufcmv`d.
G`ocmus “ 
G`ocmus  “   skhckfis5
skhckfis5 c`ods tm lbofi`d p`rsmfockty - lbkcd h`lmj`s kftrmv`rt`d ofd bord. \``j os ka
kt bos stmpp`d `xkstkfi. Yoft r`v`fi`, hut loffmt, tbus h`lmj` `jmtkmfc`ss ofd lmcd. Psuoccy
 posskv`, hut wktb quorr`csmj` mppmrtufkty, vkmc`fl` orks`s wktb ofi`r, hktkfi, hr`oekfi, strkekfi,
ekcckfi, strofickfi5 lurs`, jmles, scofd`r. \ovoi`. \trmfi d`skr` tm ekcc. Coslkvkmus jofko wktbmut
a``ckfis  “   `xpms` fudkty ofd pcoy wktb i`fktocs, skfis mhsl`f` smfis. \boj`c`ss toces ofd
 h`bovkmr. Dkzzykfi couibt`r, ot `v`rytbkfi. \uspklkmus. A``cs amrsoe`f. A`or ma cmf`ckf`ss, ma
 h`kfi pmksmf`d, smcd, hktt`f, ma bovkfi tbkfis tbot w`r` ikv`f tm bkj h`kfi toe`f owoy.
Kflmb`r`ft toces ma kjoikfory tbkfis. X`aus`s tm `ot. @oskcy oiktot`d, trk`s tm `slop`. Kfgur`s

bkjs`ca kft`ftkmfoccy, suklkdoc. @fur`sks, `flmpr`sks, tkls.

90
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, tbkrsty

Jmdocktk`s7 3fkibt, durkfi j`fs`s, oat`r `otkfi, cykfi dmwf5 6 stmmpkfi

stmmpkf i

<8.?1 Cylmpmdkuj Lcovotuj

Dksmrd`r7 MDD ofd LD5 c`orfkfi dkaakluctk`s, r`odkfi, lmuftkfi ofd wrktkfi prmhc`js5 ODD wktb
kjpucskvkty

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi (@jolkot`d)/ Opprmolbkfi (Mh`s`) + Byp`roltkv` + Fmf d`strultkv`

\`rkmus, loutkmus ofd f`v`r sjkc`s. Cole s`ca-lmfakd`fl` - kfs`lur` ofd lmwordcy, a`or
r`spmfskhkckty, ov`rskmf tm pcoy5 ovmkds sktuotkmfs wb`r` b` bos tm sbmw bks a`ors. Olts dkltotmrkoc
wktb cmv`d mf`s ofd ‖kfa`rkmr” mf`s, wbkc` sbmwkfi pc`osoft p`rsmfo tm mutskd`rs `sp`lkoccy
sup`rkmrs. A`or ma outbmrkty, doref`ss, fmks`s, ibmsts mr kjoikfory tbkfis. Xud` tm por`fts wbm
or` tmm smat. T`fd tm bov` dkaakluct r`cotkmfsbkp wktb aotb`r (Josk @ckzocd`). @xpr`ss bks ofi`r hy
vkmc`fl`7 vkmc`ft roi`, slr`ojs, lurs`s, bkts aojkcy ofd w`oe`r mf`s. Byp`rs`fsktkv` tm
kjpr`sskmfs, loffmt tmc`rot` gme`s, a``cs b` ks ocwoys rkibt ofd loffmt tmc`rot` lmftrodkltkmf.
Mhstkfot`, r`s`ftauc, s`caksb ofd maa`fskv`, dksmh`dk`ft, mppmsktkmfoc. Krrktohc`, ekles ofd pusb`s
 p`mpc` ofirkcy. Yofts tm h` ocmf`, hut a`or smcktud`7 wofts tm h` f`or aojkckor p`mpc` ofd fmt
strofi`rs. Yoe`s up jks`rohc`, sc``ps occ doy ofd lrk`s occ fkibt5 couibs mr w``ps kf sc``p

Kft`cc`ltuoccy strmfi hut pbyskloccy w`oe lbkcdr`f wktb f`rvmus tkls, `fur`sks, `flmpr`sks, IKT
dks`os`s, cmmes mcd`r wktb wrkfec`s ofd `orcy wbkt` bokr

I`f`rocs7 Bmt5 tbkrsty5 Loprklkmus opp`tkt` wktb rov`fmus bufi`r ot tkj`s5 lrov`s sw``ts, worj
ammd ofd drkfes. X`d sofd kf urkf` (lrk`s h`amr` urkfotkfi)5 rkibt skd`d syjptmjs

Jmdocktk`s7 34-2pj, rkibt skd`, ohmv` dmwfwords5 b`ot, worj rmmj5 worj oppcklotkmfs (`xl`pt
tbrmot ofd stmjolb)5 6 jmtkmf, jkdfkibt, worj ammd ofd drkfes, lmcd, h`kfi uflmv`r`d
uflmv `r`d

<8.?9 Jotrklorko Lbojmjkcco

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb kjpucskv`f`ss, MDD

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

Opp`orofl`7 Ckibt hrmwf bokr5 mf` lb``e r`d ofd tb` mtb`r lb``e poc`

Byp`rs`fsktkv` ofd krrktohc`  “   `oskcy offmy`d, s`fsktkv` tm pokf (mf tb`js`cv`s, mtb`rs), h`amr`
j`fs`s5 dm`s fmt woft p`mpc` f`orhy, dkscke`s h`kfi toce`d tm, ofsw`rs lurtcy, dm`s fmt woft tm
 h` tmulb`d5 kjpotk`ft. Hktt`r ofd vkmc`ft “ 
vkmc`ft  “  bos
  bos tm h` dkstrolt`d lmfstoftcy5 lbkcd w``ps ofd mfcy

stmps wb`f
tb` tbkfi lorrk`d
tbot mr or` kfslr`ojs,
wos maa`r`d, o jmvkfi lor. Lof
lurs`s, h`lmj`
ekles hcu`
mr `v`f ofd
bkts tb`aokft armjmrw``pkfi.
por`fts Tb`ybokr
dmltmr, puccs tbrmw
ma

91
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

mtb`rs. Tb`y w``p durkfi sc``p. Kcc-bujmr`d “ 

Kcc-bujmr`d  “  wofts
  wofts jofy tbkfis, aurkmus wb`f fmt ikv`f, hut
wb`f ikv`f, r`g`lts tb`j5 ufsotksak`d ofd `oskcy hmr`d. Ofiry ofd quorr`csmj` - Mv`r strokf`d
oat`r ofi`r mr lmaa`` ohus`. A`or ma wkfd. Pflmftrmccohc`  “  stmps
  stmps hr`otbkfi mr storts lmfvucskmf
wb`f kf ofi`r, bkts b`od oiokfst wocc. Dkaakluctk`s r`odkfi, wrktkfi ofd sp`oekfi. A``cs ufaokrcy
tr`ot`d (Josk @ckzocd`). Fmlturfoc t`rrmr ofd `fur`sks

I`f`rocs7 Yorj ofd tbkrsty, `xl`sskv` tbkrst amr lmcd drkfes, sc``py, hut sc``pc`ssf`ss5 worj
sw`ots ohmut b`od

Jmdocktk`s7 3 b`ot, ofi`r, mp`f okr, wkfd, fkibt5 6 h`kfi lorrk`d, worj w`t w`otb`r

<8.?2 Fux Qmjklo

Dksmrd`rs7 ODBD wktb byp`roltkvkty ofd kjpucskv`f`ss5 MDD ofd LD5 cofiuoi` dksmrd`rs,
stojj`rkfi

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv` + Tbkf

Ojhktkmus ofd lopohc`. Q`ry krrktohc`  “   p`ra`ltkmfkst, slmcds ofd akfds aouct kf mtb`rs, h`amr`
j`fs`s. Kjpotk`ft ofd kjpucskv`5 loffmt stofd mppmsktkmfs. G`ocmus, d`akoft, vkfdkltkv`, lru`c,
j`coflbmckl ofd r`stc`ss. ^r`a`r cmf`ckf`ss ofd dm`s fmt cke` tm h` cmme`d ot, y`t irohs p`mpc` amr
woft ma s`lurkty. _uorr`csmj`  “  trk`s
  trk`s tm suppr`ss ofi`r hut c`od tm ofi`r muthr`oe wktb sbmuts,
lurs`, tbrmw, hr`oe ofd t`or mhg`lts ot sckibt`st prmvmlotkmf. Cmst ma s`ca-lmftrmc ofd w``p armj
krrktohkckty. Qkmc`ft ofd d`strultkv` “ 
d`strultkv`  “  ohuskv`
  ohuskv` (jmr` s`ca-lmftrmcc`d tbof B`por), hkt`, bkt, ekcc mr
s`t akr` mf p`mpc`. A`or  “   kf d``p`r stoi` wktb w`oef`ss ofd d`pr`sskmf. Ofxkmus wktb
mv`rs`fsktkvkty tm occ `xt`rfoc stkjuck, kfgur`d prkd` (maa`fd`d hy kffml`ft wmrds), pokf, fmks`,
ckibt, tmulb, droats ma okr. \uklkdoc tbmuibts “ 
tbmuibts  “  wktb
 wktb efka`, iuf mr aocckfi maa hoclmfy.
hoclmf y.

I`f`rocktk`s7 Lbkccy5 tbkrsty

Jmdocktk`s7 3jmrfkfi, j`ftoc `x`rtkmf, oat`r `otkfi, tmulb, spkl`s, stkjucofts, forlmtkls, dry
w`otb`r, lmcd5 6 r`ar`sbkfi fop, `v`fkfi r`st, dojp w`t w`otb`r

<8.?; Mpkuj

Dksmrd`rs7 MDD, LD, Jofko

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv`/Bypmoltkv` + D`strultkv`

Lbkcd cmmes wrkfec`d ofd mcd amr bks oi`. Ckibt bokr wktb cox juslc`s. Cole ma jmrocs, wkcc ck`
ofd st`oc. @oskcy `xlkt`d ofd oiktot`d wktb ir`ot kjoikfotkmfs. Byp`rs`fsktkv`, stortc`s hy tb`
sjocc`st fmks`, ckibt, mdmr mr oltkmf5 mtb`rwks` wkcc h` ufa``ckfi. @xlkt`j`ft `jmtkmfoccy mr

kft`cc`ltuoccy
bocculkfotkmfs. wktb
A`or, `upbmrko, lmuroi`
arkibt ar``z`s ofd
bkj ofd a``ckfi
sbmle tbotofy
kfktkot`s fmtbkfi
dks`os`lof bkfd`r Qkmc`ft
mr r`oltkmf. bkj. Fkibt
roi`

99
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

wktb oiir`sskmf  “   hkt`s, sw`ors, slr`ojs. Lmfvucskmfs oat`r arkibt mr roi`. G`ocmus, rosb,
kflmfskd`rot`, jocklkmus, lru`c, wkcd, byst`rkloc, couibs tmm julb ofd kfopprmprkot`cy. @slop`s.
3tmulb. @fur`sks, `flmpr`sks,

I`f`rocs7 Bmt, ir`ot stupmr ofd sw`ot, bmt sw`ot mf lmv`r`d or`os, pokfc`ssf`ss kf usuoc pokfauc
syjptmjs

Jmdocktk`s7 3b`ot, durkfi ofd oat`r sc``p5 6lmcd tbkfis, lmfstoft wocekfi
w ocekfi

<8.8> \topbysoirko

Dksmrd`rs7 ODD wktb kjpucskv`f`ss ofd lmfdult dksmrd`r

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

_uk`t ofd s`rkmus. @oskcy ofi`r`d ofd maa`fd`d  “   kffml`ft mr trkvkoc oltkmf ofd wmrd maa`fds
bkj5 suppr`ss`d ofi`r ofd roi` c`ods tm krrktohkckty5 lof suhdu` roi` ofd orrkv` bmj` tr`jhckfi
ofd tkr`d. @xpcmskv` roi` - tbrmwkfi tbkfis ot p`mpc` wbm maa`fd tb`j. \trmfi s`xuoc d`skr`  “  
suppr`ss`d5 storts josturhotkfi ot o ymufi oi`5 sby ma mppmskt` s`x.  Byp`rs`fsktkv`
 Byp`rs`fsktkv`   - sckibt`st
j`ftoc mr jmroc kjpr`sskmfs5 tmulb5 pbyskloc kfgurk`s5 s`ca `st``j `oskcy kfgur`d, a``cs b` dm`s
fmt d`s`rv` tb` ufaokr tr`otj`ft armj mtb`rs ofd wkcc akfd o lbofl` tm r`turf tb` tr`otj`ft. Ir`ot
kfdkifotkmf ma mtb`rs ofd bkjs`ca5 tmrj`fts ofd r`prmolb mf`s`ca ma bks post d``ds. Jmst los`s
bov` bkstmry ma por`fts mr `cd`rs wbm ohus` tb` lbkcd. Y``pkfi armj slmcdkfi mr pufksbj`ft.
Ov`rs` tm outbmrkty. Xud`. A`or  “   cms` s`ca lmftrmc. Kcc-bujmr`d - lry amr tbkfis, y`t wb`f
r`l`kv`d, jmv` mr tbrmw owoy tb` mhg`lts tbot w`r` ikv`f5 woe`s up wofts `v`ryhmdy ofd
`v`rytbkfi mut5 loccs jmtb`r mat`f

I`f`rocktk`s7 Lbkccy, Tbkrstc`ss5 Lofkf` bufi`r `v`f wb`f aucc5 Lrov`s7 sw``ts, jkce

Jmdocktk`s7 3ofi`r, kfdkifotkmf, irk`a, jmrtkaklotkmf, cmss ma acukds, s`xuoc `xl`ss`s, tmhollm,
c`ost tmulb5 6 oat`r hr`oeaost, worjtb, r`st ot fkibt

<8.8? \trojmfkuj

Dksmrd`rs7 ODD, LD, stojj`rkfi5 d`pr`sskmf, jofko

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi/Yktbdrowkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

Jmst vkmc`ft r`j`dy. Lbkcd wktb pbyskloc ofd j`ftoc oiktotkmfs du` tm arkibtauc ofd hod
`xp`rk`fl`s. Dkaaklucty ma lmfl`ftrotkmf. Arkibt`f`d mr a`orauc7 ma ofkjocs5 ot fkibt kf h`d5 ma
 h`kfi kfgur`d5 ma suaa`rkfi. Xoi` oct`rfot`s wktb d`pr`sskmf ofd vkmc`ft h`bovkmr. A`or ma bks
vkmc`fl` h`lous` ma kts kft`fskty7 kfgur`s, slrotlb`s, hr`oes tbkfis, hkt`s, spkts, t`ors, strke`s ofd
`v`f ekccs. Dm`s fmt cke` tm h` lmftrodklt`d. Kfdkaa`r`ft tm pbyskloc pokf. Lmfvucskmfs. \`xuoc
oiir`sskmf7 tmulb`s wmj`f”s holes mr hr`osts5 dkspcoys ofd d`skr`s tm h` fud`. \``j quk`t wb`f

fmt ofiry. cmquolkmus5

@xtr`j`cy A``c c`tborikl kf oct`rfot`
lrk`s dkaakluct wktb
sktuotkmfs mr wb`f
couibt`r5 tb`y
ammcksb sp`oe ofd
h`bovkmr ohmut o hod `xp`rk`fl`.
r`spmfs`s. \orlostkl,

92
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

 h`is, squ`oes, lurs`s, toces tm ‖ofi`cs”, skccy i`stur`s. X`ckikmus. A`or ma d`otb, dore,
d`otb, dore, h`kfi ocmf`5
bmcds mf tm mtb`rs tm a``c jmr` s`lur`. Tb` pupkcs dkcot` wb`f slmcd`d mr pufksb`d5 r`d, bmt aol`,
wktb lmcd `xtr`jktk`s5 r`d lb``es wktb wktb jore`d hmufdork`s. Arkibt`fkfi ofd lmfauskfi
bocculkfotkmfs7 jkl`, sfoe`s ofd mtb`r ofkjocs,
ofkjocs, d`vkcs5 fkibt t`rrmrs. Trk`s tm `slop`.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy

Jmdocktk`s7 3dore ofd h`kfi ocmf`, cmmekfi ot hrkibt mr sbkfkfi mhg`lts, oat`r sc``p, mf
swoccmwkfi. 6 hrkibt ckibt,
ckibt, lmjpofy, worjtb

<8.88 Q`rotruj Ochuj

Dksmrd`rs7 MDD ofd LD

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi + Byp`roltkv` + Fmf d`strultkv`

d `strultkv`

^rmud ofd wofts tm h` tb` h`st ofd lmfskd`r`d rklb (mr h` tb` f`xt tm a``c prmt`lt`d). Acott`rs ofd
sbmws oaa`ltkmf tm mtb`rs. Lof ck` ofd lb`ot5 pr`t`fds tm h` kcc tm i`t syjpotby. Ykcc r`suct tm
ufslrupucmus j`ofs tm i`t mhg`lt ma d`skr`5 oiirovot`d hy cmss ma mhg`lt. X`stc`ssf`ss pbyskloccy
mr j`ftoccy. Pftojohc`, aucc ma tbmuibts ofd ocwoys mf tb` jmv`. J`ftoccy lurkmus wktb immd
ufd`rstofdkfi ma tbkfis. Tb`y woft tm h` lmfstoftcy kf jmtkmf ofd prmf` tm dojoikfi tbkfis.
Jocklkmus, bord, stuhhmrf, lrktkloc, rud`, g`ocmus ofd mppmsktkmfoc5 tb`y a``c tb`y d`s`rv` jmr`.
Tb`y lurs` ofd woft tm h`ckttc` mtb`rs. Yb`f burt, tb`y e``p quk`t mr tb`y h`lmj` vkmc`ft ofd
strke`. Bov` tb` uri` tm dm hod. Kf r`ckikmus d`ckrkuj, tb`y or` fmt vkmc`ft. Kf roi`, tb`y bov` tb`
d`skr` tm ekcc, t`or, lut tbkfis. Lof bov` r`p`tktkv` h`bovkmr. Byp`rs`xuoc wktb s`xuoc jofko5
sbmw tb`kr i`fktocs ofd cole dkslr`tkmf. Kf psylbmsks, tbkfe tb`y or` Lbrkst mr Fopmc`mf.
Yb`f slmcd`d mr pufksb`d, lof h` kfdkaa`r`ft ofd bord.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy5 tbkrsty5 Qmjkt5 d`skr` amr kl`, soct ofd smur tbkfis. @fur`sks, `flmrpr`sks, irkfds
t``tb durkfi sc``p ofd hkt`s fokcs. F`rvmus tkls.

Jmdocktk`s7 3 `v`fkfi, fkibt5 w`t, lmcd w`otb`r. 6 wocekfi ofd worjtb

Ofkjoc Ekfidmj

<8.8< Loclor`o Lorhmfklo

Dksmrd`rs7 ODD, LD5 cofiuoi` ofd jotb`jotkls dksmrd`r

Oxks7 Yktbdrowkfi + Bypmoltkv` + Aot

\trmfi f``d amr s`lurkty ofd stohkckty, ofd b`fl` bmcd mf tm p`mpc` mr mhg`lts tbot or` aojkckor tm
bkj (a``c prmt`lt`d ofd suppmrt`d). \tuhhmrf ofd oiir`sskv` tm por`fts ot bmj`, hut a`orauc

mutskd`.
fmt h`kfi\`fsktkv` tm slmcdkfi, rud`f`ss
kf f`w `fvkrmfj`ft. \cmw ofdofd r`prmolb.
ov`rs` Lbofi`
tm pbyskloc ks tbr`ot`fkfi
jmv`j`fts. ofd ka
\otksak`d ks hoskl
ovmkd`d hy
f``ds

9;
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

or` j`t, dm`s fmt pursu` odv`ftur` ofd posskmf. X`stc`ss. A`or ma `v`rytbkfi7 ma suaa`rkfi,
bufi`r, kccf`ss, sod mr t`rrkhc` stmrk`s. Fkibtjor`s7 slr`oj oat`r jkdfkibt ofd fmt `oskcy smmtb`d.
Lrk`s lmfstoftcy. Yb`f d`stohkckz`d, h`lmj`s dksturh`d, krrktot`d, ofiry ofd `jmtkmfoc7 hkt`s,
spkt`s, ohc` tm ekcc. \cmw psylbmjmtmr d`v`cmpj`ft ofdo fd t``tbkfi.

I`f`rocs7 Lbkccy, tbkrsty, b`od sw`ot, lrov`s `iis, fokc hktkfi wktb a``ckfi ma ohofdmfj`ft.

Jmdocktk`s7 3 `x`rtkmf, j`ftoc mr pbyskloc, osl`fdkfi, lmcd, wot`r, wosbkfi, jmkst okr, w`t
w`otb`r, aucc jmmf, stofdkfi5 6 dry w`otb`r ofd lckjot`, cykfi mf pokfauc skd`

<8.84 Loftborks
Dksmrd`rs7 LD

X`stc`ssf`ss wktb lmfstoft jmtkmf. \udd`f cmss ma lmfslkmusf`ss mr stupmr wktb r`d aol`. A`orauc
ofd lmfaus`d jkfd wktb strofi` tbmuibts mv`rwb`cjkfi bkj. Acmmd`d wktb `fdc`ss tbmuibts tbot
joe`s bkj a``c os ka bks jkfd wos pmss`ss`d hy of `xt`rfoc `ftkty. Julb `xlkt`j`ft, vkmc`fl`
ofd roi` wktb byp`rs`xuockty (skjkcor tm Byms. ofd ^bms.). \kfis ofd toce lmftkfumuscy ofd
wkcdcy ohmut coslkvkmus tmpkls, urkf` ofd ao`l`s. Qkmc`ft, s`xuoc `xlkt`j`ft ofd coslkvkmus
tbmuibts ollmjpofy kfacojjotkmf ma i`fktocs. Dks`os`d ports c`od tm `xlkt`j`ft ma tb` port.
Kfsmc`ft ofd rud`. \bkfy mr hrkibt tbkfis, drkfe wot`r mr tmulb ma coryfx oiirovot` lmfdktkmf.

I`f`rocs7 Hurfkfi

Jmdocktk`s7 3tmulb, opprmolb, urkfotkfi, lmcd wot`r mr lmaa``5 6ruhhkfi

<8.80 Colb`sks Juto

Dksmrd`rs7 MDD ofd LD

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv` + @jolkot`d5 \p``lb, cofiuoi`, wrktkfi

dksmrd`rs

^r`lmlkmus ofd ckv`cy. Owor`f`ss wktb ohkckty tm v`rhoccy strke`  “   g`stkfi, l`fsmrkmus, sborp.
Loffmt h`or outbmrkty ofd r`strkltkmfs. @fgmys trklekfi mtb`rs. Ir`ot cmquolkty, gujps armj mf`
suhg`lt tm ofmtb`r. G`ocmus ofd `fvkmus “  wktbmut
  wktbmut r`osmf5 tmwords skhckfi. ^mss`sskv`. @imtksj “ 
@imtksj  “  
wofts tm h` tb` l`ft`r ma ott`ftkmf. \uspklkmus ofd r`s`ftauc, vkfdkltkv` ckor ofd jofkpucotmr.
\`xuoc - stort josturhotkmf `orcy. Tb`y or` r`v`fi`auc, hktt`r ofd lof burt mtb`rs. Dkaakluct
lmfl`ftrotkmf - ducc ofd kfdmc`ft. X`stc`ss sc``p ofd dr`oj wktb irmofkfi ofd jmofkfi. Ofxkmus
os ka lmjjktt`d o wrmfi. Jkslbk`vmus “ 
Jkslbk`vmus “  lrowcs
 lrowcs mf acmmr ofd spkts mat`f. X`ckikmus kfsofkty. Cmv`
amr ofkjocs `.i. lots. Mv`roltkv` jkfd wktb `xl`sskv` 
`xl`sskv`   r`oltkmfs
r`oltkmfs “ 
 “  qukle
 qukle tm r`spmfd5 hkt`s5 kfgur`s
mtb`rs. Drkfes oclmbmc. D`skr` dore hcu` lmcmr. Kfdmc`ft, lb``rc`ss  “   a``cs ohofdmf`d5 por`fts
t`fd tm h` ohuskv` ofd kfsuctkfi. Oweword wktb bofds ofd c`is

2>
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

I`f`rocs7 Bmt ofd tbkrsty5 C`at skd`d syjptmjs5 hcu` ofd purpc` opp`orofl`5 s`fsktkv` tm tmulb
`sp`lkoccy tbrmot, ohdmj`f5 dm`s fmt cke` tkibt lcmtb`s5 tr`jhckfi tmfiu`5 sc``p mf rkibt skd`

Jmdocktk`s7 3 durkfi ofd oat`r sc``p, c`at skd`, sprkfi, worj hotb, pr`ssur` mr lmfstrkltkmf, bmt
drkfes, lcmskfi `y`s5 6 dkslbori`s, worj oppcklotkmfs

<8.81 Cysskf (Bydrmpbmhkfuj)

Dksmrd`rs7 MDD

Oxks7 Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv`

Dkaakluct lmfl`ftrotkmf. \tuhhmrf. Ir`ot a`or ma wot`r `sp`lkoccy ruffkfi wot`r5 dkscke`s hotbs,
lbme`s wb`f drkfekfi wot`r, a`or swkjjkfi. A`or ma h`lmjkfi jod. Yoe`s up wktb ofi`r.
Loffmt amri`t post `v`fts `sp`lkoccy wb`f rkdkluc`d, wkcc mf` doy strke` hole ot p`mpc` wbm
maa`fd. Ohfmrjoc s`xuoc d`skr`. @jmtkmfoc mr t`rrkhc` f`ws joe`s bkj wmrs`. \pkts, irmwcs,
?8> ?8?
slrotlb, hore, lrowc, oiir`sskv` . Xoi` amccmw`d hy swkat r`p`ftofl`. Bkd` kf tkibt pcol`s.  

I`f`rocs7 Ov`rskmf tm wot`r, cke`s lmcd wot`r5 `xl`sskv` sockvo tbot ks stkley, wkcc spkt kt mut

Jmdocktk`s7 skibt mr smufd ma wot`r5 hrkibt, dozzckfi ckibt5 v`bklc` rkdkfi5 fmks`
f mks`

<8.89 Tor`ftuco Bkspofklo

Dksmrd`rs7 Lmfdult dksmrd`r, byp`roltkvkty wktbmut ODD

Oxks7 Opprmolbkfi + Byp`roltkv` + D`strultkv` + @jolkot`d

X`stc`ssf`ss mf occ c`v`cs. Burrk`d, dm`s fmt e``p quk`t. Xuf h`tt`r tbof woce (joe`s syjptmjs
wmrs`) ofd cmv` tm dofl`. Lmfstoft fmf-rbytbjkl ofd ohrupt jmtkmf ma orjs ofd c`is wktb
kflopolkty amr wmrtbwbkc` pursukts5 juslc`s lmftrolts. Bost` lof h` prmdultkv`. \cy ofd
jocklkmus, s`caksb, dksbmf`st, jkslbk`vmus. Qkmc`ft `jmtkmfs ofd r`oltkmfs  “   oiir`sskv`,
d`strultkv`, vkmc`ft roi` (dm`s fmt woft tm h` tmulb`d). T`ors lcmtb`s, hr`oes ofd tbrmws tbkfis.
Xmccs mf acmmr, strke`s ofd slr`ojs. Byst`rko tbot c`ods tm jofko  “  sckibt`st
  sckibt`st `xlkt`j`ft krrktot`s
bkj ofd lous`s smrrmw. \`fsktkv` tm juskl juskl  “   dofl`s ofd skfis wktb `xl`sskv` gmy. Ofxkmus  “  
kft`fs` f`rvmusf`ss pbyskloccy ofd j`ftoccy5 Mv`rs`x`d  “   `xtr`j` s`xuoc `xlkt`j`ft wktb
amfdckfi ma i`fktocs ofd josturhotkmf. Coslkvkmus, puccs mut lcmtb`s tm `xbkhkt hmdy. Dksmh`dk`ft
 “  dm`s
 dm`s fmt mh`y
mh` y ruc`s, r`aus`s tm `ot. Oriuj`ftotkv`. @fur`sks

I`f`rocktk`s7 Tbkrsty/Tbkrstc`ss5
Tbkrsty/Tbkrstc`ss5 sudd`f ofd vkmc`ft mfs`t5 lrov`s row ammd5 ov`rskmf tm lmcmrs r`d,
ir``f, y`ccmw, hcole

Jmdocktk`s7
s``kfi mtb`rs6bovkfi
mp`f okr, juskl,
prmhc`j   hrkibt lmcmrs, ruhhkfi oaa`lt`d or`os5 3 jmtkmf, lmftolt, fmks`,

2?
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

<<. Bmj`mpotbkl
Bmj`mpotbkl `aakloly

Kf tb` post, tb`r` w`r` fmt jofy studk`s d`tokckfi tb` `aakloly ma bmj`mpotby kf tr`otj`ft ma
lbkcdr`f wktb h`bovkmroc ofd jmmd prmhc`js. Bmw`v`r, jofy r`l`ft studk`s ofd bmj`mpotbkl
dmltmrs d`ockfi wktb p`drkotrkls bov` prmv`f tbot bmj`mpotby dm`s kjprmv` tb` h`bovkmr ofd
jmmd ma ymufi potk`fts. Drs. Gudytb X`klb`fh`ri-Pccjof ofd Xmh`rt Pccjof, bov` tr`ot`d mv`r
<,>>> lbkcdr`f wktb c`orfkfi ofd h`bovkmroc prmhc`js, jmstcy wktb ir`ot sull`ss. Tb`y bov`
`v`f outbmr`d s`v`roc hmmes cke` Xoi`-Ar`` Ekds, Xktockf-ar`` Ekds ofd ^rmzol Ar``, lktkfi jofy
los` `xojpc`s ma tb`kr sull`ss.

Kf ?;;4, Lmrtkfo pr`s`ft`d o s`rk`s ma 8> los`s ma lbkcdr`f wktb `fur`sks ofd h`bovkmroc prmhc`js,
tr`ot`d wktb Kc`x, o pcoft d`rkv`d r`j`dy. Tb`y r`pmrt`d o 0>% kjprmv`j`ft kf tb` `fur`sks ofd
?88
 h`bovkmroc syjptmjs . Bmw`v`r, tb` study wos sokd tm cole lmftrmc.

Kf 8>>0, tb` @urmp`of Gmurfoc ma ^`dkotrkls puhcksb`d o lckfkloccy lmftrmcc`d trkoc study kfvmcvkfi
18 ODBD lbkcdr`f. @olb lbkcd ks ikv`f of kfdkvkduockz`d lmfstktutkmfoc bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dy.
Tb` j`dklkf`s us`d kflcud`d Loclor`o Lorhmfkluj (?0), \ucpbur (2), Lbojmjkcco (0),
Cylmpmdkuj (0), \kckl`o (0), B`por \ucpb (4), Fux Qmjklo (4), Lbkfo (<), Kifotko (<) ofd
J`rlurkus (<), Lopskluj (?), Loustkluj (?), Bymslyojus (?), ^bmspbmrus (?), ^bmspbmrkl Olkd
(?), \`pko (?) ofd \topbysoirko (?)5 wktb pmt`fly ma _< tm CJ pmt`fly. Fm mtb`r tr`otj`fts w`r`
occmw`d durkfi tb` study, wktb prmir`ss j`osur`d ot 4 w``e kft`rvocs.

Mfcy lbkcdr`f wktb ot c`ost o 0>% kjprmv`j`ft mf of ODBD rotkfi sloc` jmv`d mf tm tb`
s`lmfd pbos` ma tb` study, wbklb wos o trkoc wktb o pcol`hm irmup. Tb` lbkcdr`f wkcc tb`f `ktb`r
r`l`kv` tb`kr bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dy mr h` ikv`f o pcol`hm kf tb` hckfd`d trkoc. Durkfi tb` s`lmfd
 p`rkmd ma tb` lrmssmv`r pbos`, tb` irmups w`r` `xlbofi`d, wktb tb` lbkcdr`f r`l`kvkfi tb`kr
bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dy.

Tb` r`sucts sbmw`d tbot tb` bmj`mpotbkl j`dklkf` dm`s lmftkfu` tm kjprmv` tb` lbkcdr`f”s
?8<
 h`bovkmrs, wbkc` tb` pcol`hm dkd fmt bov` ofy `aa`lt . 

Kf tb` Hrktksb
ODBD w`r` tb`Bmj`mpotbkl Gmurfoc
r`j`dk`s lkfo, ma ?;;9,
strojmfkuj ofd kt stot`d tbotfki`r 
b ymlyojus
bymlyojus tb` ?84
jmst
. `aa`ltkv` tr`otj`fts amr

28
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

<4. Los` \tudk`s

<4.? \kfiopmr` Aolucty ma Bmj`mpotby Ar`` Lckfkl Los`s

Occ tb` h`cmw 0 los`s bov` h``f iotb`r`d armj tb` \kfiopmr` Aolucty ma Bmj`mpotby vmcuft``r
lckfkl”ss dotohos` ofd or` los`s lmfdult`d hy tb` mtb`r dmltmrs, wbkc` tb` f`xt 0 los`s or` toe`f
lckfkl”
armj hmme ofd kft`rf`t smurl`s. Tb` wrkt`-up
wrkt`-up r`pr`s`fts tb` outbmr”s h`st kft`rpr`totkmf ma tb`
los`s ofd dm`s fmt iuoroft`` kts olluroly. Tb` outbmr ks ocsm ufohc` tm ose aurtb`r qu`stkmfs fmr
oss`ss tb` s`v`rkty ma `olb syjptmj kf tb` los`s. Tb` foj`s ma tb` potk`fts bov` h``f lbofi`d
amr lmfakd`ftkockty r`osmfs. O r`pmrtmrkoc ofocysks ma tb` e`y fmt` syjptmjs wos lmfdult`d hy
tb` outbmr ofd ‖vocu` ofd lmuft” kf tb` r`pmrtmrkoc r`suct ma r`j`dk`s d`fmt` tb` tmtoc slmr` ma occ
tb` syjptmjs ofd tb` fujh`r ma jotlbkfi syjptmjs r`sp`ltkv`cy.

Ar`` Lckfkl Los` ?7 Lmfdult Dksmrd`r

Mf ??/2/8>>9, H ks of ?? y`or mcd hmy loj` tm tb` lckfkl wktb bks jmtb`r. B` ks o sbmrt t`jp`r`d
 hmy wbm us`s hod wmrds ofd akibts wktb bks jmtb`r. B` pr`a`rs tm pcoy ofd cke`s ioj`s.
^byskloccy, b` bos bkv`s ofd skfus skfl` b` wos o tmddc`r. B` sfkaas o cmt hut bos fm dkslbori` mr
b`odolb`. B` hotb`s kf bmt wot`r ofd cke`s tm sc``p kf o lurc`d pmsktkmf kf bks okr lmfdktkmf`d
rmmj. B` wos occ`rikl tm prowf ofd h``a.

Mf ?0/;/8>>9, b` wos r`pmrt`dcy h`tt`r oat`r o dms` ma Opks. Hut b` lmftkfu`d tm us` hod wmrds
ofd bofd skifs. Mf 8/??/8>>9, bks jmtb`r r`pmrt`d tbot b` ks lcujsy ofd spkccs t`o mf tohc`. B`
skts wktb ? c`i up mf lbokr mr hmtb wkd` mp`f. B` ks `xtr`j`cy prmvmlotkv` (+++) tm skhckfis,
fd
 hucck`s tb`j wb`f hmr`d. B` wos tb` 8  ma 4 lbkcdr`f kf tb` aojkcy ofd b` loffmt i`t ocmfi wktb
bks mcd`r skst`r. Mfl`, b` us`d o ektlb`f efka` tm try tm ottole bks skst`r oat`r sb` bkt bkj ot tb`
 hole ma bks f`le wb`f b` b ` `ft`r`d b`r rmmj tm wotlb t`c`vkskmf wktbmut p`rjksskmf. Bks jmtb`r
a``c tbot b` ks r`h`cckmus (+++), d`akoft (+++), vkmc`ft(+++) ofd b` akibts wktb bks jmtb`r. B`
lmftkfu`s tm h` fmf-ott`ftkv`, hut pcol` bks ott`ftkmf mfcy mf lmjput`r ioj`s. Kf slbmmc, b`
 hucck`s bks lcossjot`s v`rhoccy ofd pbyskloccy ekles tb`j tmm.

B`
fmt cmv`s lbmlmcot`
bov` julb (+++),
opp`tkt` ofdgufe ammd,
oriu`s j`ot,
tbot wot`r lr`ss
tb` lmmekfi wossmup (+++),
fmt fkl` ofdhut
wosbot`s
tmm v`i`tohc`. B` dm`s
hcofd. B` pr`t`fds
tm `ot tb` v`i`tohc`s, hut spkts tb`j mut. B` drkfes o lup ma wot`r o doy ofd bos fm tbkrst (+++)
`v`f oat`r pcoykfi. B` sc``ps armj ??pj tm 0.?0oj, hut wmucd cke` tm sc``p jmr`. B` wos
mhs`rv`d tm bov` wbkt` lmot`d tmfiu`. Os amr bks aojkcy bkstmry, bks jmtb`r bos ostbjo, psmrkosks,
`lz`jo, vktkckim, wbkc` bks aotb`r sjme`s ot c`ost ? tm 8 stkles ot bmj`. Bks jot`rfoc irofdaotb`r
dk`d ma lofl`r ofd bks pot`rfoc irofdjmtb`r ofd ir`ot-irofdjmtb`r hmtb dk`d ma stmjolb lofl`r.

B` wos ikv`f o dms` ma Tuh`rluckfuj 8>>l kf wot`r ofd 8 drobjs ma \ol Col < pkccs < tkj`s o
doy.

Kf bks f`xt vkskt, bks occ`riy tm prowf ofd h``a wos h`tt`r ofd b` wos o ckttc` jmr` lmmp`rotkv`.
B` ks cke`s tm h` tbofe`d ofd ikv`f ott`ftkmf, b` h`bov`s h`tt`r wb`f ose`d pmckt`cy tm h`bov` mr
dm tbkfis ofd ks wkcckfi tm ckst`f tm bks jmtb`r”s akrj lmjjofd. Bmw`v`r, b` lmftkfu`s tm

2<
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

slr`oj ot bks ymufi`r skst`r wbm vmcuftorkcy lc`or bks lup armj tohc` ofd mp`f bks wkfdmws kf
bks rmmj. B` wos pc`os`d tbot b` dkd fmt bov` tm dm kt bkjs`ca.

Ofocysks  “  ruhrkls
 ruhrkls ma e`yfmt` syjptmjs

J`ftocs7
?.  D`akoft
8.  Lurskfi
<.  Ofi`r, kroslkhkckty
4.  Qkmc`ft

^ortklucors7
?.  Jmutb, dkslmcmrotkmf, tmfiu`, wbkt`
8.  Lotorrb, `xt`fds tm armftoc skfus`s
<.   Fms`, sfuaac`s
4.  \ekf, `ruptkmfs, urtklorko

^byskloc I`f`rocs7
?.  Tbkrstc`ss
8.  Yorj, oj`ckmrot`s

Jmr` kfamrjotkmf f``ds tm h` efmwf ohmut bks p`rsmfockty5 ocsm tb` urtklorko ofd skfus, tb`
 p`rkmdklkty, tb` trkii`rkfi aoltmrs ofd jmdocktk`s.

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? Cylmpmdkuj 84 ?>
8 Fux Qmjklo ?; ;
< Ors`fkl Ochuj ?; 2
4 Hrymfko ?0 9
0 H`ccodmffo ?< 9
1 ^ucsotkcco ?< 9

Kf tbks los`, Cylmpmdkuj j`t tb` lrkt`rko amr occ tb` ruhrkls ofd bos tb` bkib`st vocu`. Tb`r` ks o
f``d tm h`tt`r ufd`rstofd tb` `xt`ft ma bks lcujskf`ss ofd tb` ufd`rcykfi lous` ma bks d`akofl`,
wb`tb`r kt ks jmr` kffot` mr du` tm `xt`rfoc lkrlujstofl`s. Opks (Qocu`, Lmuft7 ??, 0) ks o immd
r`j`dy amr bkv`s ofd lcujskf`ss.

Jkosj

B` bos o jmr` psmro-sylmsks jkosj. Tb` psmro `xpcofotkmf ks bks urtklorko, wktb t`fd`fly ma sekf
kfacojjotkmf ofd lmfi`stkmf ma bks skfus. Tb` sylmsks lmjpmf`ft lmj`s armj bks ofi`r,
kroslkhkckty ofd d`akofl`. Tbus Cylmpmdkuj os o r`j`dy ks suktohc` os kt ks o c`odkfi oftk-psmrkl
r`j`dy, wbklb ocsm rofes bkibcy amr oftk-sylmtkl ofd
of d oftk-tuh`rlucor.

24
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p`rtm

X`p`rtmry
ry us`d7
us`d7 E`ft
E`ft  Dot`7 8<-Joy->;

 Foj`7 H 3-------------- \yjptmjs / Xuhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a Fm7 ?

^i Fm ^i Fm

? \ekf, `ruptkmfs, urtklorko ?<8? 1 Lbkcc, worj, oj`c. ?891

8 Fms `,
`, l
lo
o to
to rr
rr b,
b, `
`x
xt `f
`f ds
ds ttm
m aarr mf
mft oc
oc s
skk f
fu
u s`
s` s <8 0 9 J`ftoc, D`akoft ?9

< \tmjolb, tbkrstc`ss 0<> 2 Fms`, sfuaac`s <0?

4 Jmutb, dkslmcmrotkmf, tmfiu`, wbkt` 4>8 ; Jkfd, lurskfi ?9

0 J`ftoc, ofi`r, kroslkhkckty 8 ?> Jkfd, vkmc`ft ;?

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?> Qocu` Lmuft

?> ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?> Qocu` Lmuft
?> ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` L
Lm
muft

OL@T-OL. ? ? ?  LMF 8 8 8 ? 9 4  FOT-J < ? 8 < ? 8 ?8 1

 OL
 OLMF 8 8 < ? ? ; 0 LM^ < ? ? 0 <  FOT-^ 8 ? < 8
  O@
O@\L 8 8 ? 8 ? 2 0 LMXF 8 ? < 8  FOT-\ ? 8 8 0 <
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 O@TB > >  LMX-X ? ? ? < <  FKT-OL ? ? < < < ? ?8 1
 OI
 OIOX ? ? ? ? ? 0 0  LXML ? 8 ? 4 <  FPR-J < 8 ? < ; 4
OIF ? ? 8 8 LXMT B 8 8 ?  FPR-Q 8 8 ? 8 < ? < 8 < ?; ;
 O
 OC
CC-L ? ? ? < < LXMTT ? ? ? ? 4 4  MCFD 8 ? ? ? 0 4
 OC
 OCM@ ? ? 8 8 LPH ? ? ? MFM\ ? ? ?
 OC
 OCPJ ? ? ?  LP^X 8 8 ? ? 1 4 M^ 8 8 ? ? 1 4
 OJ
 OJHX ? ? ? ? 4 4  L[LC 8 ? ? 4 < MXKI > >
 OJ
 OJ-L ? ? ? ? 8 ? ? ? ; 2  DKI 8 ? < 8 MR-OL ? ? 8 8
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?>> 0  DXM\ ? ? 8 8 ^@TX 8 ? 8 < ? ? 8 ?8 9
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 OFB > >  DPCL < 8 ? 1 < ^B-OL ? < 8 8 ? ; 0
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FT-T ? < 8 1 < @COT 8 ^B[T ? ? ?
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^K\ < < 8 8 ? ??
?? 0  @P^-^@ 8 8 ? ^KL-OL > >
 OX
 OXOF > >  @P^BX ? ? 8 8 ^COT ? ? 8 ? 0 4
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 OXXI-J ? ? ?  A@XX ? 8 8 ? ? 9 0 ^CH 8 ? < 8
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 OXI-F 8 8 ? 0 < A@XX k ? ? ^MDM 8 8 ?
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XK\T > >  A@XX-^ ? ? 8 8 ^\MX 8 8 8 1 <
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 OXF ? 8 ? 8 ? 9 0  AC-OL 8 ? < 8 ^PC\ 8 8 < < ? ? ? ?< 9
 OX
 OX\ < 8 8 < < < 8 ? ?; 2  I@C\ 8 8 ? ? 1 4 ^[
^[XMI > >
 O
 OX
X\-K 8 8 8 1 <  ICMF 8 8 ? XOD-H > >
OX\-J 8 8 ?  IXO^B 8 8 8 ? 9 4 XOF-H ? ? ? ? 4 4
 OX
 OXPJ-T > >  IXOT > > X
XB
B@PJ > >
 O\
 O\OA 8 ? < 8  IPOG ? ? 8 8 XBMD ? ? ?
 O
 O\\OX ? ? 8 8  BOJ ? ? ? < < XBP\-T < 8 8 8 ; 4
O\L-\ ? ? ?  B@CC < ? ? ? 1 4 XPJR ? 8 < 8
OTXM ? ? 8 8  B@^ < ? < < ? ?? 0 XPTO ? ? 8 8
 OP
 OPX ? < 8 < ; 4 B[DX-OL ? ? ? \OHOD < 8 ? < ? ?> 0
HO^T 8 8 ?  B[DX ? 8 ? ? 0 4 \OHKF ? ? ?
 H
 HO
OX-L ? ? ? 8 ? 1 0  B[M\ < 8 8 < ?> 4 \OJH 8 < 0 8
 H@
 H@CC ? 8 < 8 ? ? < ?< 9  B[^@X 8 8 ? \
\O
OFI 8 ? ? 4 <
 H
 H@
@CC-^ > >  KIF ? ? ? < < ; 0 \OFKL > >
 H
 H@@XH ? ? 8 8  KMD ? ? 8 4 < \
\OOX\ ? ? ? < <
 HM
 HMX ? ? 8 8  K^ ? 8 ? 8 ? 9 0 \@L ? ? ?
 HM
 HMQ 8 8 ? ? 1 4  KXK\ ? ? 8 8 \@C ? ? ? < <
 H
 HX
XMJ ? ? 8 8  EOCK-OX 8 ? 8 ? < ; 0 \@^ 8 8 8 < 8 8 ?< 1
 HX
 HX[ 8 ? ? < < < 8 ?0 9  EOCK-HK 8 < 8 9 < \KC ? < 8 ? ? 2 0
 HP
 H PAM ? ? ? < <  EOCK-HX 8 ? < 8 \MC > >
 LO
 LOLT ? ? 8 8  EOCK-L 8 8 ? < < ? ?8 1 \^KI ? < ? ? 1 4
 LO
 L OCL < 8 < 8 ? ??
?? 0  EOCK -K ? 8 8 8 9 4 \
\^
^MFI ? ? ?
 LO
 L OCL-OX > > EOCK-F 8 ? < 8 \TOFF 8 ? < 8
 LO
 LOCL-A > >  EOCK-J > > \TO^B ? 8 < 1 <
 LO
 LOCL-^ ? 8 ? 4 <  EOCK-^ ? ? 8 8 ? 8 ; 1 \TKLT ? ? ?
  LO
LOCL-\ < 8 0 8  EOCK-\ ? < 4 8 \TXOJ ? ? ? ? < 9 0
 LO
 LOC@F > >  EX@M\ 8 8 ? 0 < \TXMFT 8 ? < 8
LOJ^B 8 ? ? 4 < COL-OL ? ? ? \TX[ > >
 LO
 LOFF > >  COL-L ? 8 < 8 \PC^B < ? < < ? 8 ?< 1
 LO
 LOFF-\ ? ? 8 8  COL-D > > \PC-OL 8 ? ? 8 1 4
 L
 LO
OFTB ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1  COLB ? 8 ? 8 ? 9 0 \[J^B > >
 L
 LO
O^\ ? ? ?  COT-J > > \
\[
[^B 8 8 ?
 LO
 LOXH > > COPX ? ? 8 8 TOH ? ? ?
LOXH-OL 8 8 ?  C@D < ? 8 8 2 4 TOX@FT 8 8 8 1 <
LOXH-\ < ? 8 1 <  CKC-T 8 8 ? T@CC ? ? 8 8
 L
 LOOXH-Q 8 8 8 ? 8 ; 0  CKTB > > T@X ? ? ?
 LO
 LOXL > >  CMH > > T
T@
@PLX > >
 L
 LO
OPC ? ? ?  CPFO > > TB@O > >
 L
 LO
OP\T < ? ? 8 8 ? ? ?? 9  C[L 8 < 8 8 < < 8 < 8 8 84 ?> TB@X 8 8 ?
 LB
 LBOJ ? 8 < 8 2 4  C[\\ ? ? ? TBPGO ? 8 ? 8 1 4
 LB
 LB@C ? 8 ? < 9 4  JOI-L ? ? ? < < TPH 8 8 ?
 L BKF ? < 8 ? 8 ; 0  JOI-J ? ? ? Q@XH ? ? ?
LBKF O ? ? ? ? 4 4  JOI-^ > > PXT-P < < ?
LBKF \ 8 ? < 8  JOFL ? ? ? QOC@X ? ? ? ? 4 4
LBCMC < < ?  JOFD > > Q@XOT 8 ? ? ? 8 8 ; 1
LBCMX ? ? 8 8  JOFI 8 ? ? ? ? 1 0 Q@XOT Q ? ? ?
 LK
 LKL ? ? 8 < 9 4  J@D > > Q@XH ? ? ?
 LK
 L KJKL ? ? ? < <  J@XL ? < < ? ? ? ?> 1 QKMC-T ? ? ?
 LK
 LKFO 8 8 ? J@XL KA 8 ? < 8 QKH > >
 LK
 LK\T > >  J@W 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ; 1 ROF > >
 LC
 LCKJ > >  JM\LB 8 ? < 8 WKFL ? ? 8 ? 0 4

 L
 LMMLO ? ? ?  JPXR > >
 LM
 L MLL ? ? ? 8 ? 1 0  JPX-OL ? 8 8 0 <
 LM
 L MAA 8 8 ?  FOGO ? ? ?
 LM
 LMCLB < 8 0 8  FOT-O ? ? 8 ? ? 1 0
 LM
 LMCML 8 8 ? 0 <  FOT-L ? ? 8 ? ? 1 0

20
 

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ar`` Lckfkl Los` 8

I`fd`r7 Joc`, oi` ; y`ors mcd

81/??/8>>0
L i`ts ofiry v`ry `oskcy, `sp`lkoccy wb`f r`prkjofd`d. B` sbmuts o cmt ofd cke`s tm tbrmw
toftrujs. B` ks ofxkmus hmy wbm bos o w`oe j`jmry. B` dm`s fmt cke` tm im tm slbmmc os b` ks
v`ry slor`d ma bks t`olb`r. B` dm`s fmt sc``p w`cc ofd mat`f w`ts bks pofts. B` bos fm opp`tkt`
ofd dm`s fmt cke` tm `ot
` ot arukts ofd v`i`tohc`s.

B` wos ikv`f Irmup X`j`dy ? ofd Lbojmjkcco ? drobj < pkccs < tkj`s o doy. Kf oddktkmf,
r`slu` r`j`dy, Bmrf H`oj ofd Corlb < pkccs < tkj`s o doy.

88/</8>>2
@fur`sks ofd w`oe j`jmry p`rskst. \tr`ss bos kflr`os`d du` tm ^rkjory \lbmmc C`ovkfi
@xojkfotkmf (^\C@). B` ks fmt immd kf bks study ofd ks v`ry sby ofd bmt t`jp`r`d. B` us`s
ohuskv` cofiuoi`, puccs dmwf lbokrs ofd tbrmws tbkfis kf ofi`r. Bks jmtb`r ks krrktot`d hy bks
byp`roltkvkty. Bks jmtb`r sokd tbot b` ks scmw kf bks d`v`cmpj`ft `sp`lkoccy tocekfi cot` os o lbkcd.

^r`slrkptkmf7 Tuh`rluckfuj ?J, ? dms` ikv`f. Ofolordkuj <>l ofd Horyto Lorh<>l, ikv`f <
 pkccs < tkj`s o doy amr mf` w``e

</0/8>>2
B` ks o v`ry fouibty lbkcd wbm ekles kf akts ma ofi`r. B` r`p`ots bkjs`ca, ks v`ry sby ofd mfcy
 pr`a`rs tm toce tm bks jmtb`r. Kf slbmmc, wb`f ofiry
of iry mr `xlkt`d b`
b ` sboe`s bks bofd. Yb`f t`os`d
 hy bks lcossjot`s, b` e``ps quk`t. T`olb`rs kfsuct bkj ofd b` bot`s tm im tm slbmmc. B` cke`s tm
`ot lmcd tbkfis cke` kl` lr`oj, sw``ts ofd dkscke`s arukts ofd futs. Bks opp`t
opp`tkt`
kt` ks pmmr. B` ks o bmt
b mt
 potk`ft. Bks `fur`sks ks h`tt`r.

^r`slrkptkmf7 ? dms` ma \topbysoirko 8>>l kjj`dkot`cy, ofd amccmw`d up hy Holb acmw`r

r`j`dk`s \tor ma H`tbc`b`j ofd Bmccy.

 Fm aurtb`r updot` ks prmvkd`d ohmut bks lmfdktkmf.

Lmfstktutkmfoc Ofocysks - E`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls

J`ftocs7
?.  Jkfd, Ofi`r, kroslkhkckty
8.  Jkfd, J`jmry, w`oef`ss ma
<.  Jkfd, ekles
4.  Jkfd, tbrmwkfi
0.  Jkfd, Tkjkdkty (sby)
1.  Jkfd, Lurskfi

^byskloc I`f`rocs7
9.  Prkfotkmf, kfvmcuftory, fkibt
 21

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

2.  \tmjolb, d`skr`s, sw``ts

;.  \tmjolb, d`skr`s, lmcd ammd
?>. \tmjolb, opp`tkt`, dkjkfksb`d

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? Cylmpmdkuj 8? ;
8 Ors`fkl Ochuj ?1 2
< Fotruj Jur ?4 2
4 \ucpbur ?0 1
0 ^bmspbmrus ?4 1

Tb` r`j`dy wktb tb` jmst jotlbkfi syjptmjs ks Cylmpmdkuj. Cylmpmdkuj ks o tkjkd, ofxkmus
ofd bmt potk`ft wbm j``ts occ tb` ohmv` ruhrkls `xl`pt amr Jkfd, tbrmwkfi. Tkjkdkty sbmucd h`
sp`lkoccy lmfskd`r`d kf tbks los`, os fmt occ potk`fts wbm or` `oskcy ofi`r`d or` sby. Tb` dkspcoy
ma ofi`r joy h` tm bkd` tb` `jmtkmfoc kfs`lurkty ma tb` potk`ft. Ofmtb`r skif ma bks cole ma
lmuroi` ks bks ufwkcckfif`ss tm ott`fd slbmmc h`lous` ma prmhc`js kf lcoss. Kf, oddktkmf, o
Cylmpmdkuj ks ocsm r`stc`ss ofd dkspcoys tb` syjptmj ma bofd sboekfi, wbklb ks amufd kf tb`
 potk`ft. Bks w`oe j`jmry joy h` tb` lous` ma bks cole ma lmfakd`fl`, b`fl`
b`fl ` tkjkdkty ofd ofxk`ty
kf olod`jkl p`ramrjofl`, wbklb `v`ftuoccy jofka`st`d kftm kroslkhc` ofi`r wktb sw`orkfi,
`fur`sks ofd pbyskloc i`stur`s cke` eklekfi, tbrmwkfi ofd bofd
b ofd sboekfi.

Jkosjotkl Ofocysks
B` dkspcoys o jmr` psmro-sylmtkl jkosj du` tm bks a`orauc, f`rvmus t`jp`roj`ft, lmupc`d wktb
bks bmt t`jp`r ofd kroslkhkckty. O bkib`r w`kibtoi` wkcc h` pcol`d mf psmro jkosj du` tm bks
w`oe j`jmry ofd tkjkdkty, wbklb ks cke`cy tb` lous` ma bks prmhc`js. Tbus Cylmpmdkuj os o
r`j`dy ks suktohc` os kt ks o c`odkfi oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy, wbklb ocsm rofes bkibcy amr oftk-sylmtkl.
 29

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p

X`p`rt
`rtmry
mry us`
us`d7
d7 E`f
E`ftt  Dot`7 84/0/8>>;

 Foj`7 L 3--------------\yjptmjs / Xuhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a Fm7 8

^ i Fm ^i Fm

? Jkfd, ofi`r, kroslkhkckty 8 1 Jkfd, lurskfi ?9

8 Jkfd, j`jmry w`oef`ss 14 9 Prkfotkmf, kfvmcuftory, fkibt, 10; 10;

< Jkfd, ekles 1> 2 D`skr`s, lmcd ammd, 420 420

4 Jkfd, tbrmwkfi 22 ; D`skr`s, sw``ts, 421 421

0 Jkfd, Tkjkdkty 22 ?>
?> Opp`tkt`,
 Opp`tkt`, dkjkfksb`d

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>> Qocu` Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>> Qocu` Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>> Qocu` Lmuft
 O
 OL
LMF < 8 8 ? 2 4 L[LC 8 8 ? M^ ? 8 ? ? 8 ? ? ; 9
 O@
 O@\L ? ? 8 8 DK
DKI ? 8 < 8 M
MX
XKI > >
 O@
 O@TB ? 8 < 8 DKM\ > > MR-OL ? ? ?
 O
 OI
IOX ? ? ? < < DXM\ ? ? ? ^OCC 8 ? < 8
 OC
 OCC-L ? ? 8 8 DPCL 8 ? ? 4 < ^@TX < 8 < ? 8 ? ?8 1
 O
 OCCM@ ? ? ? ? 4 4 @CO^\ ? 8 < 8 ^B-OL 8 < ? 1 <
 O
 OC
CPJ 8 8 < 9 < @P^-^@ > > ^BM\ 8 < < 8 < ? ?4 1
 OJ
 OJHX ? < ? 0 < @P^BX > > ^B
^ B[T > >
 O
 OJJ -L ? ? ? ? 8 ? 8 ; 9 A@XX ? < 8 1 < ^KL-OL 8 < 0 8
 O
 OJ
J -J ? 8 < 8 A@XX-^ ? ? ? ? 4 4 ^COT ? < ? 0 <
 O
 OF
FOL < 8 ? < ? ?> 0 AC-OL ? 8 8 ? 1 4 ^CH < < ? 8 ? ?
?>
> 0
 OF
 OFB > > I@C\ ? 8 < 8 2 4 ^MDM 8 8 ?
 O
 OF
FT-L > > ICMF < < ? ^\MX 8 ? 8 8 9 4
 O
 OFFT-T 8 ? < 8 IXO^B 8 8 8 < ; 4 ^PC\ ? 8 8 ? < < ? ?
?<
< 9
 O
 O^
^K\ 8 8 < 9 < IXOT ? ? ? ^[XMI > >
 OX
 OXOF ? ? ? I
IPPOG 8 8 ? XO
XOD-H > >
 O
 OX
XI-J ? 8 ? 4 < BOJ ? ? ? XOF-H ? ? 8 8
 O
 OX
XI-F ? < < < 8 ?8 0 B@CC ? < ? 0 < XB@PJ 8 ? < 8

 O
 OX
XK\T > > B @^ < < 8 2 < XB
XBMD ? ? ?
 OX
 OXF ? 8 ? < 9 4 B[DX 8 8 4 8 XBP\-T 8 8 8 < 8 ? ?8 1
 O
 OX
X\ < < ? 8 8 < ? ? ?
?1
1 2 B[M\ 8 < ? 8 ? ? ?>
?> 1 XPJR ? ? ?
 OX
 OX\-K 8 ? < 8 B[^@X ? ? ? XPTO ? ? 8 ? 0 4
 OX
 O XPJ-T ? ? ? KIF < 8 8 ? ? ; 0 \OHOD ? ? 8 8 1 4
 O
 O\
\OA > > KMD 8 ? ? 4 < \OHKF ? ? 8 8
 O\
 O\OX ? ? ? K^ 8 ? ? ? 8 9 0 \OJH > >
 O
 OP
PX < 8 8 8 ; 4 KXK\ ? ? ? \OFI ? ? 8 8
 H
 HO
OX-L ? < < ? ? ? ?
?>
> 1 EOCK-OX ? ? 8 ? 0 4 \OFKL 8 8 ?
 H
 H@@CC 8 < 8 ? ? < ? ?< 9 EOCK-HK ? ? 8 8 \OX\ 8 ? < 8
 H@
 H @CC-^ > > EOCK-HX 8 ? < 8 \@L 8 8 4 8
 H@
 H @XH ? ? 8 8 EOCK-L < ? < ? 8 ? ?? 1 \@C > >
 HM
 HMX ? 8 ? ? 0 4 EOCK -K > > \@^ < < < 8 ? ?8 0
 H
 HMMQ ? ? ? EOCK-J > > \KC ? 8 < 8 ? ; 0
 HX
 H XMJ ? ? ? EOCK-^ 8 < ? 8 ? ; 0 \MC > >
 HX
 H X[ < ? ? < 8 ?> 0 EOCK-\ < ? 8 8 8 ? ??
?? 1 \^KI ? 8 ? ? 0 4
 HP
 HPAM ? ? 8 8 EX@M\ 8 < ? 1 < \^MFI ? < ? 0 <
 L
 LOOLT ? ? 8 4 < COL-L 8 < 0 8 \TOFF 8 8 4 8
 L OCL 8 ? < 8 8 ?> 0 COL-D ? 8 < 8 \TO^B < 8 < ? ? ?> 0
 L
 LOOCL-OX > > COLB ? 8 < 8 \TKLT > >
 L OCL-A > > COT-J > > \TXOJ ? 8 8 8 ? 8 ? ?? 9
 L
 LOOCL-^ 8 ? < 8 C@D 8 ? < 8 \TXMFT 8 ? < 8
 L
 LOOCL-\ 8 ? < 8 2 4 CKC-T ? ? 8 4 < \TX[ ? ? 8 8

 LO
 LOC@F > > CKTB > > \PC^B < 8 < < < ? ?0 1
 LO
 LOFF > > CMH > > \ PC-OL ? 8 ? 4 <
 LO
 L OFF-\ ? ? 8 8 CPFO > > \[J^B 8 8 ?
 L OFTB ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 C[L < < 8 < 8 ? 8 < 8 8? ; \[^B > >
 L
 LO
O^\ 8 8 ? C[\\ ? ? 8 8 TOH ? ? ? < <
 L
 LOOXH ? ? ? JOI-L ? ? ? < < TOX@FT 8 8 ? ? 1 4
 L
 LOOXH-Q 8 8 ? 8 8 8 ? ?8 9 JOI-J 8 8 4 8 T@CC ? ? 8 8
 L
 LOOXL > > JO
J OI-^ < < ? T@
T@X ? ? 8 8
 LO
 L OPC > > JOFL ? ? ? T@PLX > >
 L
 LO
OP\T 8 < 8 < 8 ?8 0 JOFD > > TB@O ? ? ?
 L
 LBBOJ < ? ? 8 9 4 JOFI ? ? ? TB@X > >
 LB
 L B@C ? ? ? < < J@D 8 8 4 8 TBPGO 8 8 8 8 ? ; 0
 L
 LBBKF ? 8 8 ? < ? ?> 1 J@XL ? 8 8 ? ? 9 0 TPH 8 8 8 8 2 4
 LK
 LKL > > J@W 8 8 ? 0 < PXT-P > >
 LK
 LKJKL > > JM\LB 8 ? < 8 QOC@X ? ? 8 8
 LK
 LKFO 8 ? 8 0 < JPXR ? 8 < 8 Q@XOT ? < ? 8 ? 8 ? ?? 9
 L
 LKK\T > > JP
JPX-OL 8 ? < 8 QKH > >
 LC
 LCKJ > > FOGO ? ? ? ROF > >
 L
 LM
MLO 8 ? < 8 FOT-O ? 8 8 ? 1 4 WKFL 8 8 ? ? ? ? 2 1
 LM
 L MLL < < ? FOT-L ? 8 < 8 ? ; 0
 L
 LMMAA ? ? 8 4 < FOT-J < 8 8 ? < ? ? ? ?4 2
 L
LM
MCLB < < ? FOT-^ ? 8 ? 8 ? 9 0
 LM
 L MCML ? ? 8 4 < FOT-\ 8 8 ?

 L
 LM
MF < ? 8 1 < FKT-OL < < ? < < ?< 0
 LM
 LMX-X ? ? ? FPR-J ? < 4 8
 L XML ? ? ? FPR-Q < 8 8 8 ? ? ? ?8 9
 L
 LP
P^X ? ? ? < < MCFD ? 8 < 8
 22

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ar`` Lckfkl Los` <

88/??/8>>2
Joc`, oi` ?4+. D ks fmt kft`r`st`d kf studk`s os b` ks w`oe kf bks studk`s, b`fl` b` dm`s fmt a``c
cke` studykfi. B` cke`s tm study kf o irmup os b` lof tb`f ose ka b` bos o prmhc`j. B` lof
r`j`jh`r wbot b` cke`s kf bks studk`s. B` ks cozy ofd pr`a`rs tm pcoy. B` bos h``f put tm wmre ot
o sbmppkfi jocc ofd bos h``f bordwmrekfi tbus aor. Durkfi bks ar`` tkj`, b` `fgmys ioj`s,
 hose`thocc ofd smll`r os o strke`r. B` i`ts ofiry `oskcy, `sp`lkoccy wb`f slmcd`d. Kf bks b ks vkmc`ft
ofi`r, b` wkcc hr`oe tbkfis. B` ks v`ry rud`, vkmc`ft ofd cke`s tm akibt. Ollmrdkfi tm bks jmtb`r,
bks ark`fds or` ocsm woyword, ofd b` us`s amuc cofiuoi`s wktb bks ark`fds. Ot bmj`, b` dm`s fmt
toce julb ofd ks v`ry jmmdy
jm mdy ofd mhstkfot`. B` a``cs g`ocmus ma bks skst`r, wbmj b` a``cs bos h``f
toe`f lor` ma jmr`. B` cke`s tm ckst`f tm smfis occ tb` tkj` ofd cke`s tm dofl` vkimrmuscy. B` dm`s
fmt jokftokf bks byik`f` ofd bks lcmtb`s or` dkrty ofd b` dm`s fmt cke` tm hrusb bks t``tb. B` bos o
cmt ma bufi`r ofd cke`s tm `ot dry lbkle`f, rkl`, lbkle`f fuii`ts, bmt dmis, tkdhkts, arukts cke`
irop`s, lmcd wot`r, kl`, hut fmt
f mt v`i`tohc` ofd spkl`. B` ks v`
v`ry
ry tbkrsty ofd cke`s tm pkle ot bks ckps.

Kf oddktkmf, b` ocsm bos ucl`rs kf bks jmutb ofd b`odolb`s kf tb` armft ma bks b`od, wbklb or` tb`
jokf r`osmfs ma bks lckfkloc vkskt. Bks b`odolb` ks wmrs` hy bmt suf, ofd h`tt`r hy pr`ssur`.
Mhs`rvotkmf sbmws tbot b` bos wbkt` spmts mf bks fokcs.

^r`slrkptkmf7 J`dmrrbkfuj, Lbkfo

Ofocysks - e`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls

J`ftocs7
?.  Jkfd, jmrms`
8.  Jkfd, g`ocmus
<.  Jkfd, ofi`r, vkmc`ft

^ortklucors7
?.  Jmutb, ucl`rs
8.  B`od, pokf, amr`b`od
<.  B`od, pokf, suf, armj `xpmsur` tm
4.  B`od, pokf, pr`ssur`, oj`c.

^byskloc I`f`rocs7
?.  \tmjolb, opp`tkt`, kflr`os`d
8.  \tmjolb, tbkrst
<.  \tmjolb, d`skr`s, lmcd drkfes

Kt wmucd h` immd tm efmw jmr` ohmut tb` lmfdktkmf ma tb` ucl`rs ofd tb` b`odolb`.
Ybkt` spmts mf fokcs ofd ‖akibt, wofts tm” mfcy i`f`rot` a`w r`j`dk`s ufd`r tb` ruhrkls, b`fl`
tb`y w`r` fmt lmfskd`r`d. Bks portklucors or` b`cpauc os tb`y b`cp forrmw dmwf tb` r`j`dk`s.

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? Fux Qmjklo 8? ?>
 2;

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

8 Loclor`o ?; ;
< Fotruj Jur ?2 2
4 ^bmspbmrus ?2 2
0 Hrymfko ?2 9
1 Colb`sks ?2 9

 Fux Qmjklo lof h` akrst pr`slrkh`d os kt lmv`rs occ ma tb` ohmv` ruhrkls, octbmuib b` dm`s fmt
s``j tm h` lmjp`tktkv` kf bks studk`s, b` wmres bord kf tb` stmr`. Tb`r` ks o f``d tm akfd mut
wb`tb`r b` ks lmjp`tktkv` kf bks spmrts. Bks cole ma lc`ofckf`ss ofd cmv` amr doflkfi ocsm f``ds tm
 h` aurtb`r `xpcmr`d. J`rl (vocu`, lmuft7 ?1,9) ks ofmtb`r r`j`dy
r`j`d y tbot cke`s tm dofl` ofd akibt, hut
kt dkd fmt dkspcoy tb` j`ftoc syjptmjs ma tb` ohmv` ruhrkls. Pfd`r ruhrkl ‖@xtr`jktk`s,
dkslmcmrotkmf, fokcs, wbkt` spmts” or` ocuj, ors., fkt-ol
fkt-ol.,
., s`p., skc., sucpb., hut mfcy ors., fkt-ol., ofd
ocuj. dkspcoy bks mtb`r portklucors. Fkt-ol. ofd ocuj. dkd fmt dkspcoy tb` j`ftoc syjptmjs, wbkc`
b`odolb` ma ors. (vocu` lmuft7
lm uft7 ?9,1) ks fmt h`tt`r hy pr`ssur`.

Jkosj
B` bos o jmr` sypbkcks-sylmsks jkosj os b` bos pbyskloc jofka`stotkmf ma ucl`rs, wbklb ks o
t`fd`fly tm d`strultkmf ofd sypbkcktkl jkosj, y`t ot tb` soj` tkj` b` bos `jmtkmfs cke` ofi`r,
 g`ocmusy wktb o t`fd`fly tmwords sw`orkfi, wbklb ks r`pr`s`ft`d hy sylmsks jkosj. Fux Qmjklo
ks o immd r`j`dy amr sylmsks, hut o c`ss`r oftk-sypbkcktkl r`j`dy5 Fux Qmjklo wos lbms`f os tb`
 pr`s`ftkfi syjptmjs sbmw`d o jmr` sylmtkl t`fd`flk`s ot pr`s`ft.
 ;>

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p

X`p`rtm
`rtmry
ry us`
us`d7
d7 E`f
E`ftt  Dot`7 80/0/8>>;

 Foj`7 D 3-------------- \yjptmjs / Xuhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a Fm7 <

^i Fm ^i Fm

? Jmutb, ucl`rs 482 1 Jkfd, jmrms` 12

8 B`od, pokf, amr`b`od ?08 9 \tmjolb, tbkrst 089

< B`od, pokf, suf, armj `xpmsur` tm ?4; 2 \tmjolb, d`skr`s, lmcd drkfes 424

4 Jkfd, ofi`r, vkmc`ft < ; B`od, pokf, pr`ssur`, oj`c ?40

0 Jkfd, g`ocmusy 1> ?> \tmjolb, opp`tkt`, kflr`os`d 499

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?> Qocu`
?> Lm
Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` Lmuft
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LMF 8 < < < 8 ?< 0 LXML 8 8 4 8 FPR-Q ? < 8 < 8 < 8 ? ? < 8? ?>
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 OIOX 8 8 ? ? ? 8 ; 1 DKI 8 < ? ? 9 4 MXKI > >
 OC
 OCC-L 8 8 ? DKM\ ? ? ? MR-OL ? 8 ? ? 0 4
 O
 OCCM@ ? 8 ? ? 0 4 DXM\ 8 ? ? 4 < ^OCC ? ? ?
  OCPJ 8 8 ? ? ? 8 ; 1 DPCL 8 8 8 8 ? ; 0 ^@TX ? 8 8 ? < ; 0
 O
OJ
JHX > > @CO^\ ? 8 < 8 ^B-OL ? 8 ? 8 8 2 0
 OJ
 OJ-L ? ? ? < < ; 0 @P^-^@ < < 1 8 ^BM\ 8 < ? 8 < < ? < ?
?2
2 2
 O
 OJ
J-J 8 8 ? @P^BX ? ? ? < < ^B[T 8 8 4 8
 OF
 OFOL 8 ? < < 8 8 ? ?4 9 A@XX ? ? < 8 9 4 ^KL-OL ? ? ? ? 8 8 2 1
OFOF ? ? ? < < A@XX-^ ? ? 8 ? 0 4 ^COT 8 ? ? ? 0 4
 O
 OF
FB > > AC-OL 8 ? 8 ? 8 2 0 ^CH ? 8 8 8 8 ? ?> 1
 O
 OF
FT-L < 8 ? ? 9 4 IOCL OL ? ? ? ^MDM 8 8 ? ? 1 4
 OF
 OFT-T ? 8 ? 4 < I@C\ 8 8 4 8 ^\MX 8 8 ? ? < ; 0
 O
 O^
^K\ 8 8 ? 8 9 4 ICMF < ? 8 8 2 4 ^PC\ < 8 < ? ? < < ?1 9
 O
 OXXOF 8 ? < 8 IXO^B 8 8 8 ? 8 < ?8 1 ^[XMI 8 8 ?
 O
 OX
XI-J 8 < 0 8 IXOT ? ? ? < < XOD-H > >
 OX
 OXI-F < 8 8 9 < IPOG ? ? ? 8 0 4 XOF-H ? ? ?
 OX
 OXK\T > > B OJ ? ? ? XB
XB@PJ ? ? 8 8
 OX
 O XF 8 8 ? 0 < B@CC ? ? < 8 ? ? ; 1 XBMD ? ? ?
 O
 OX
X\ < < 8 < < < ?
?9
9 1 B@^ ? < < 8 ? ? ??
?? 1 XBP\-T < 8 ? ? 9 4
 OX
 OX\-K 8 8 4 8 B[DX ? ? ? XPJR ? 8 < 8
 OX
 OXPJ-T ? ? 8 4 < B[M\ ? ? < 8 ? 2 0 XPT O ? ? ? ? 4 4
 O
 O\
\OA ? ? 8 8 B[^@X > > \OHOD ? 8 ? < 9 4
 O
 O\
\OX > > KIF ? ? ? ? 8 1 0 \OHKF ? ? ?
 OP
 OPX < < ? ? 8 ?> 0 KMD < ? < < ?> 4 \OJH ? ? ?
 H OX-L 8 ? 8 8 9 4 K^ 8 ? ? 4 < \OFI ? ? 8 4 <
 H
 H@@CC < ? ? 8 8 < 8 ?4 9 KXK\ 8 8 4 8 \OFKL ? ? ?
 H @CC-^ > > EOCK-OX ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 \OX\ ? ? ? ? 4 4
 H @XH 8 8 4 8 EOCK-HK 8 ? 8 ? 8 ? ; 1 \@L < ? ? 0 <
 HM
 HMX 8 ? 8 0 < EOCK-HX > > \@C 8 ? ? 4 <
 HM
 H MQ ? 8 ? 4 < EOCK-L 8 ? < 8 \@^ ? ? 8 8 8 2 0
 HX
 H XMJ ? ? 8 8 EOCK -K < 8 ? 8 ? ; 0 \KC < < 8 8 ?> 4
 H X[ < 8 < < < < ? ?2 9 EOCK-J > > \MC > >
 HP
 HPAM > > EOCK-^ 8 8 8 ? 9 4 \^KI ? ? 8 ? 0 4
 L
 LO
OLT ? ? 8 8 EOCK-\ 8 8 8 1 < \^MFI ? ? 8 8
 L
 LOOCL ? 8 8 8 8 < 8 8 < ?
?;; ; EX@M\ ? ? ? < < \T OFF ? ? < 8 9 4
 L OCL-OX 8 8 4 8 COL-L > > \T O^B 8 8 < ? ? ? 8 ?8 9
 LO
 LOCL-A > > COL-D 8 8 ? \T KLT > >
  LO
LOCL-^ ? 8 < 8 COLB < 8 < < 8 < 8 ?2
?2 9 \T XOJ 8 ? < ? 9 4
 L OCL-\ ? 8 ? 8 ? < 8 ? ? ?
?4
4 ; COT-J > > \T XMFT ? ? 8 8
 LO
 LOC@F > > C@D 8 8 8 ? 9 4 \T X[ 8 8 ?
LOJ^B ? 8 ? ? 0 4 CKC-T ? ? ? < < \PC^B 8 ? 8 < ? ? < ?
?<
< 9
 LO
 LOFF > > CKTB > > \PC-OL 8 ? ? ? ? 1 0
 L
 LO
OFF-\ > > CMH > > \[J^B > >
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 LOOFTB 8 ? ? 8 ? 9 0 CPFO > > \[^B > >
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 LO^\ 8 < < 8 ? ?? 0 C[L 8 8 ? 8 8 < ?8 1 TOH ? ? ? ? 4 4
 L OXH > > C[\\ ? ? 8 8 TOX@FT < < 8 ? ? ?> 0
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 LOXL > > JOI-J ? < 8 1 < T@X ? ? ? < <
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 LOOPC ? ? 8 8 JOI-^ < ? 4 8 T@PLX 8 8 ?
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LO
OP\T ? < 8 8 2 4 JOFL ? ? ? ? 4 4 TB@O ? ? ?
L@FLB 8 8 ? JOFD > > TB@X 8 8 ? 0 <
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LB
BOJ < < < ; < JOFI ? ? 8 8 TBPGO ? 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ?> 9
 L
 LBB@C ? 8 ? ? 0 4 J@D > > TPH > >
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 LBKF 8 < < 8 < ?< 0 J@XL 8 < 8 < < ? 8 ?1 9 PXT -P > >
 L
LKKL 8 8 ? J@W 8 8 ? ? ? 9 0 QOC@X ? ? ? < <
  LK
LKJKL 8 ? ? 4 < JM\LB > > Q@XOT ? < < ? < ?? 0
 LK
 L KFO 8 < 0 8 JPXR > > QKH > >
 L K\T > > JPX-OL 8 ? ? 8 1 4 ROF > >
 L CKJ > > FOGO ? ? ? WKFL ? ? ? ? 8 8 ? 8 ? ?8 ;
 L
 LMMLO > > FOT-O ? 8 ? 8 1 4
 LM
 L MLL 8 ? 8 8 9 4 FOT-L < 8 8 ? 8 ?>
?> 0
 L
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 L MCML 8 8 ? 0 < FOT-\ ? < 8 8 2 4

 L MF 8 8 ? 8 9 4 FKT-OL < 8 < 8 8 ?8 0
 L
 LMMX-X ? ? ? FPR-J 8 8 ? 8 9 4
 ;?

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ar`` Lckfkl Los` 4

80/1/8>>0
@ ks o ; y`or mcd hmy wos odmpt`d ot ?> doys mcd hy bks jmtb`r”s hrmtb`r os bks aotb`r wos d`oa
d`o a
ofd jut`. B` stort`d tocekfi cot` ot 4 y`ors mcd ofd bos o w`oe j`jmry. B` ks byp`roltkv` ofd
oiir`sskv`. B` bos uflmftrmccohc` ofi`r ofd wmucd h`ot bks jmtb`r ofd mtb`r lbkcdr`f, pkflb ofd
akibt p`mpc`, ofd tbrmws tbkfis. B` h`ots `sp`lkoccy wb`f b` ks dkslkpckf`d ofd wofts tm dm
`xoltcy os b` wksb`s. B` bos fm a`or. B` `fgmys wotlbkfi t`c`vkskmf prmirojj`s ofd dm`s fmt
cke` tm im tm tb` pcoyirmufd. B` bos b`ovy p`rspkrotkmf, jokfcy mf tb` b`od, wbklb ks fmt mdmrmus
ofd wmrs` ot fkibt. B` bos jkce kftmc`rofl`, cke`s tm drkfe `sp`lkoccy smat drkfes, lmcd drkfes, `ots
kl`-lr`ojs, lr`oj hkslukts, arukts ofd dm`s fmt cke` ammd. B` toces kf sc``p smj`tkj`s, ohmut tb`
doy”s `v`fts. Bks t``tb or` d`loy`d du` tm lbmlmcot` kftoe`. B` cke`s rokfy ofd lmcd w`otb`r, ofd
dm`s fmt lmv`r hmdy durkfi sc``p. Bks c`is or` pokfauc, `sp`lkoccy tb` ef`` ofd armft ofec` or`o,
ofd ks wmrs` ot fkibt hut h`tt`r hy
h y pr`ssur`.

Ofocysks - e`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls  

J`ftocs7
?.  Jkfd, mhstkfot`
8.  Jkfd, Ofi`r, Qkmc`ft
<.  Jkfd, strkekfi

^ortklucors
?.  T``tb, lork`s, bmccmw
8.  ^okf, ef``
<.  ^okf, ofec`

^byskloc I`f`rocs
?.  \tmjolb, d`skr`s, lmcd drkfes
8.  I`f`rocktk`s, jkce, oiirovot`s
<.  ^r`ssur`, oj`ckmrot`s
4.  B`od, p`rspkrotkmf, amr`b`od

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? ^bmspbmrus 8> ?>
8 Loclor`o Lorhmfklo ?2 2
< Fux-Qmjklo ?9 ;
4 Lbojmjkcco ?9 2
0 Ors`fkl Ochuj ?1 ;

^bmspbmrus ks tb` r`j`dy wktb tb` bkib`st vocu`. Occ tb` r`j`dk`s bov` i`f`rocktk`s tbot or`
wmrs` ot fkibt ofd bov` j`jmry w`oef`ss. Mtb`r r`j`dk`s tm lmfskd`r kflcud` Loclor`o Lorh.

(Qocu`,
tb` Lmuft7 ?2,2)
pcoyirmufd. os Loclor`o
^bmspbmrus Lorh lbkcdr`f
ofd Loclor`o Lorh. pr`a`r tm st
hmtb `fgmystoy
oy kf armft
`otkfi ma tb` t`c`vkskmf
kl`-lr`oj. t`c`vkskmf tbof im tm
 ;8

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Jkosj
\ypbkcks jkosj ks kfvmcv`d os bks a`ors or` fmt jofka`st`d ofd b` bos of oiir`sskmf
o iir`sskmf wktb tb`
ohkckty tm burt p`mpc`. Ot tb` soj` tkj`, bks syjptmjs or` ocsm wmrs` ot fkibt, wbklb ks o
\ypbkcks trokt. ^bmspbmrus ks suktohc`
suktohc` os kt ks o immd oftk-sypbkcktkl r`j`dy.
 ;<

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p

X`p`rt
`rtmry
mry us`
us`d7
d7 E`f
E`ftt  Dot`7 81/0/8>>;

 Fo
 Fo j`
j` 7 @ 3-------------- \yjptmjs / Xuhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a Fm7 4

^i Fm ^i Fm

? T``tb, lork`s, d`loy`d, bmccmw 4<? 1 Jkfd, strkekfi 24

8 @xtr`jktk`s, pokf, ef`` ?>98 9 Jkfd, ofi`r, vkmc`ft <

< @xtr`jktk`s, pokf, ofec` ?>99 2 B`od, p`rspkrotkmf, amr`b`od 888

4 I`f`rocktk`s, jkce, oiirovot`s ?<1< ; Jkfd, mhstkfot` 1;

0 I`f`rocktk`s, pr`ssur`, oj`ckmrot`s ?<;8 ?> \tmjolb, d`skr`s, lmcd drkfes 424

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>> Qocu` Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?>
?> Qocu` Lmu ft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>> Qocu` Lmuft
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 O@
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 O
 O@
@TB < ? 4 8 LXML 8 ? ? 8 1 4 FKT-OL 8 ? < 8 < 8 8 ?0 9
 O
 OIIOX ? ? ? ? 8 ? 9 1 LP^X ? 8 8 ? 8 2 0 FPR-J ? 8 < 8
 O
OC
CC-L 8 8 4 8 L[LC ? ? ? FPR-Q 8 8 8 ? 8 < ? < ? ?9 ;
 O
 OC
CM@ ? ? ? < < DKI ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 MCFD ? 8 < 8
 OC
 OCPJ ? ? 8 ? < 2 0 DKM\ ? ? ? < < M^ ? < 4 8
 OJ
 OJHX 8 8 ? 0 < DXM\ ? < ? ? 1 4 MXKI > >
 O
 OJ
J -L 8 ? 8 ? ? 9 0 DPCL 8 8 4 8 MR-OL ? ? 8 8
 OJ
 O J-J 8 8 ? @CO^\ ? ? ? < < ^OCC ? 8 < 8
 OF
 O FOL ? ? < < 2 4 @P^-^@ ? < 4 8 ^@T X ? 8 8 0 <
 O
 OFFB > > @P^BX ? ? 8 8 ^B-OL 8 ? 8 8 8 ; 0
 O
OF
FT-L < 8 ? 8 ? ; 0 A@XX ? ? ? ? 4 4 ^BM\ 8 8 8 8 ? < ? < ? < 8> ?>
 OF
 O FT-T 8 ? ? ? 8 9 0 A@XX-^ ? ? ? < < ^B[T ? 8 ? 4 <
 O
 O^^K\ 8 8 8 ? 9 4 AMXJ ? ? ? < < ^KL-OL ? ? 8 8
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  OXI-F ? 8 < 8 2 4 ICMF 8 ? 8 8 ? 8 ?> 1 ^MDM ? ? 8 4 <

 O
 OXXK\T > > IXO^B ? ? ? 8 8 9 0 ^\MX 8 8 8 ? 9 4
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 O
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X\ ? 8 ? 8 ? 8 8 8 < ?
?1
1 ; IPOG 8 8 ? 8 ? 2 0 ^[XMI 8 8 ?
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XPJ-T > > B@CC ? ? ? ? ? 8 9 1 XOF-H ? ? ?
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 O\\OA ? ? ? < < B@^ 8 < 8 8 ; 4 XB@PJ ? ? ?
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 O\OX ? ? ? B[DX ? ? 8 8 XBMD 8 8 4 8
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 H OX-L 8 8 ? 0 < B[^@X ? ? ? XPJ R ? ? 8 8
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 H@CC < 8 ? ? < ? < 8 ?
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1 2 KIF ? ? 8 ? 8 9 0 XPT O ? ? ? ? 4 4
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H@FW-OL < ? 4 8 K^ ? ? 8 ? 0 4 \OHKF ? ? ? < <
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\OJH ? ? ?
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MX < 8 0 8 EOCK-OX ? ? ? < < \OFI ? ? 8 8
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MQ 8 ? ? ? 8 9 0 EOCK-HK 8 ? 8 8 ? 2 0 \OFKL ? ? 8 8
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OFT B 8 8 8 ? 9 4 CKT B 8 8 ? \PC^B 8 8 ? < ? ? ? 8 ? ?
?4
4 ;
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?11 ; \[^B ? ? ?
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LO
OXH-Q 8 ? 8 ? 8 8 ? ?? 9 C[\\ ? ? ? < < T OH ? 8 < 8
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 L B@C < 8 8 8 ? ? ? ?8 9 JOFD > > T B@O > >
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 LBKF 8 8 < < 8 8 < ?9 9 JOFI ? 8 < 8 T B@X > >
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 LKL 8 ? < 8 J@D ? ? 8 8 T BPGO ? ? ? ? ? 8 9 1
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 LC
 L CKJ > > JPXR ? ? ? Q@XOT ? < ? ? 8 ? < < ?0 2
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MLO > > J
JP
PX-OL 8 ? < 8 QKH > >
 L
 LM
MLL ? 8 8 0 < FOGO > > RO
R OF ? ? 8 8

 L
LMMAA ? ? 8 8 FOT-O ? 8 8 ? 1 4 WKFL ? ? ? 8 ? ? 8 ? ? ?
??
? ;
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LM
MCML 8 < 0 8 FOT-J ? 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ?> 9
 ;4

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ar`` Lckfkl Los` 0
88/4/8>>1

A ks o < y`or mcd hmy wbm bod cot` sp``lb d`v`cmpj`ft. Ot 8 y`ors mcd, wb`f b` woft`d tm
`xpr`ss bkjs`ca, b` us`d tm hofi bks b`od. Yb`f b` wos ? y`ors mcd, b` a`cc dmwf ofd burt bks
b`od ofd stkcc bod o jore mf bks amr`b`od. B` ks v`ry stuhhmrf ofd wmucd stort lrykfi ka b` dkd
fmt i`t bks woy. B` ks v`ry oltkv` ofd loffmt skt stkcc kf mf` pcol` ofd gujp ohmut. B` bos immd
r`t`ftkmf pmw`r ofd lof r`j`jh`r tbkfis w`cc, ks kfquksktkv` ofd olod`jkloccy kft`ccki`ft, hut bks
sp``lb ks fmt v`ry lc`or. B` cke`s tb` mutdmmrs, pokftkfi ofd juskl. Bmw`v`r, bks jmtb`r odjkts
b` bos h`bovkmroc kssu`s. B` cke`s tm lb`w hmmes, put tbkfis kf bks jmutb, hr`oe tmys ofd `v`f
 hkt` ofd bkt. B` bos o a`or ma tb` puhckl
p uhckl tmkc`t, pr`ssur` lmme`r smufd ofd bokrlut. B` wkcc woe`
up kf tb` jkddc` ma tb` fkibt ofd
ofd jmv` tm bks por`fts” rmmj tm sc``p. B` i`ts byp`roltkv` ofd
`xlkt`d kf f`w surrmufdkfis ofd jksh`bov`s. A bos jkce kftmc`rofl` ofd b` loffmt dki`st
lbmlmcot` ofd aotty ammd. B` bod o lo`sorkof hkrtb ofd bos toe`f occ bks vollkfotkmfs. B` bos
b`ovy p`rspkrotkmf, `sp`lkoccy mf bks b`od, amr`b`od ofd f`le. B` lmfstoftcy irkfds bks t``tb ofd
 hkt`s bks fokcs.

^r`slrkptkmf7 B` wos ikv`f ? dms` Fot \ucpb ?J, Eock ^bms <>L, os w`cc os holb acmw`rs L`rotm,
Lbklmry ofd Lb`st fut hud. Loustkluj <>l wos tb`f ikv`f mf ?</0/8>>1.

Mf ?;/0/8>>1, bks jmtb`r j`ftkmf`d tbot

tbo t b` stort`d urkfotkfi kf tb` ckvkfi rm
rmmj
mj ofd bkts ot mtb`rs
wb`f r`prkjofd`d. Mf 81/0/8>>1, bks jmtb`r r`pmrt`d tbot bks sp``lb ks lc`or`r ot tkj`s ofd
wb`f smj`hmdy tmcd bkj fmt tm dm ofytbkfi, b` stmps. B` wos ikv`f ? dms` ma Bymsyjus <>l.
B` h`bov`d w`cc amr 8 doys ofd d`a`lot`d kf tb` pcoyirmufd. Bks d`a`lotkmf wos smur sj`cckfi
ofd b` a`ct `jhorross`d. B` bkts ot bks por`fts ofd b` r`ockz`d b` wos dmkfi smj`tbkfi wrmfi.
B` stort`d uskfi mfcy mf` wmrd, kfst`od ma of `ftkr` s`ft`fl` ofd lmftkfu`s tm urkfot` kf tb`
ckvkfi rmmj, hut c`ss r`iucorcy. Tb`r` ks pbc`ij mf bks lb`st wbkc` b` sc``ps. Mf<?/0/8>>1, b`
wos ikv`f H`ccodmffo 8>>l. Mf 4/1/8>>1, A s``j`d locj`r, lb``rauc ofd fmt wbkfy d`spkt` bks
ruffy fms`. B` wos ikv`f H`ccodmffo 8>>l oiokf. Occ julus dkslbori`s or` lmjkfi mut, hut b`
lmftkfu`d tm h` r`stc`ss ofd wkcc bkt bkjs`ca mfl` mr twkl` o doy. Kf Guf`, b` wos tr`ot`d amr bks
olut` lmuib ofd lmcd. Mf 4/2/8>>1, bks jmtb`r r`pmrt`d h`tt`r cofiuoi` sekccs, h`tt`r lmfl`pts ma
sktuotkmfs, bks wbkfkfi ofd lckfikf`ss bod r`dul`d, bks h`dw`ttkfi bod stmpp`d ofd b` wos tmkc`t
trokf`d. B` wos stkcc byp`roltkv` ofd `xlkt`d ohmut f`w tbkfis, hut fmw b` ckst`fs tm bks por`fts.
B` wos bmw`v`r stkcc oarokd ma imkfi kftm tb` puhckl tmkc`t. B` wos ikv`f o dms` ma Tuh`rluckfuj
8>>l.

Ofocysks - e`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls  

Hos`d mf syjptmjs r`pmrt`d armj 88/4/8>>1-?;/0/8>>1

J`ftocs7
?.  Jkfd, a`or
8.  Jkfd, sp``lb, ufkft`cckikhc`

^ortklucors7
?.  B`od, p`rspkrotkmf, amr`b`od
 ;0

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

8.  Jkfd, strkekfi, efmlekfi bks b`od oiokfst tb` wocc

w occ
<.  T``tb, irkfdkfi
4.  Jkfd, hktkfi
0.  Jkfd, strkekfi
1.  Hcodd`r, urkfotkmf, kfvmcuftory

^byskloc I`f`rocs7
?.  I`f`rocktk`s, ammd, jkce oiirovot`s
8.  I`f`rocktk`s, ammd, aot, oiirovot`s

 F``d tm lmfakrj ka b`od hofikfi syjptmjs p`rskst tm < y`ors mcd, os w`cc os tb` r`osmf h`bkfd
bks a`or ma puhckl tmkc`ts.

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? H`ccodmffo 8> 2
8 \trojmfkuj ?9 2
< Bymslyojus ?1 9
4 Ors`fkl Ochuj ?0 2
0 ^bmspbmrus ?0 2
1 \`pko ?0 1

H`ccodmffo ks tb` r`j`dy wktb tb` bkib`st vocu` ollmrdkfi tm tb` ruhrkl ofoc
ofocysks.
ysks.

Jkosj
B` dkspcoys o psmro-sypbkcks jkosj wktb o strmfi`r psmro jofka`stotkmf du` tm bks a`oraucf`ss.
[`t ot tb` soj` tkj`, bks ohkckty tm lous` pbyskloc borj tm mtb`rs ks pr`s`ft`d tbrmuib sypbkcks
jkosj. H`ccodmfo ks o immd oftk-psmrkl r`j`dy5 tb` lbmkl` ma tbks r`j`dy sbmw`d tbot tb` tmtoc
 pr`s`ftkfi syjptmjs dkspcoy o jmr` psmro tbof sypbkcks jkosj ot pr`s`ft.
 ;1

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p

X`p`rt
`rtmr
mry
y us`d7
us`d7 E`ft
E`ft  Dot`7 89/0/8>>;

 Foj`7 A 3-------------- \yjptmjs / X uhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a Fm7 0

^i Fm ^i Fm

? T``tb, irkfdkfi 4<8 1 Jkfd, strkekfi 24

8 Jkfd, hktkfi ; 9 B`od, p`rspkrotkmf, amr`b`od 888

< I`f`rocktk`s, jkce oiirovot`s ?<1< 2 Jkfd, a`or 48

4 I`f`rocktk`s, ammd, aot oiirovot`s ?<1< ; Jkfd, \p``lb, ufkft`cckikhc` 28

0 Hcodd`r, urkfotkmf, kfvmcuftory 10; ?> Jkfd, strkekfi, efmlekfi bks b`od oiokfst tb` wocc 24

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?> Qocu`

?> Lmuft
Lm ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` Lmuft
Lm ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?>
?> Qocu` Lmuft
  OL
OLMF 8 ? ? 8 8 < ? ?8 9 LMF ? < 8 8 ? ; 0 FOT-^ 8 8 ? ? 8 2 0
 O
 O@@\L > > LMX-X > > FO
FOT-\ 8 ? < 8
 O@
 O @TB < ? ? 0 < LXML ? ? ? < < FKT-OL < 8 8 8 ? ?> 0
 OI
 O IOX ? ? 8 8 LP^X 8 8 8 ? 8 ? 8 ?8 9 FPR-J ? < 4 8
 O
 OCCC-L > > L[LC < < ? FPR-Q ? 8 ? 8 8 ? 8 ? ?8 2
 O
 OC
CM@ ? ? ? D KI 8 ? < 1 < M
MCCFD 8 8 ?
 OC
 OCPJ 8 8 8 1 < DKM\ 8 8 ? M^ ? ? < 8 9 4
 O
 OJ
JHX 8 8 ? DXM\ 8 ? ? ? 0 4 M XKI > >
 OJ
 OJ-L ? ? 8 8 DPCL < ? 4 8 M R-OL > >
 OJ
 OJ-J > > @CO^\
@C ? ? ? < < ^O
^OCC > >
 OF
 OFOL ? ? 8 8 @P^-^@ 8 ? < 8 ^@TX 8 8 ?
 O
 OF
FB > > @P^BX
@P ? ? 8 8 ^
^B
B-OL 8 8 ?
  OFT-L ? 8 ? ? ? 1 0 A@XX < ? ? 0 < ^BM\ ? ? 8 ? < ? < < ?0 2
 O
 OFFT-T ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 A@XX-^ 8 8 ? ^B[T 8 ? 8 0 <
 O
 O^
^K\ < < ? 9 < AC-OL 8 8 ? ^KL-OL ? ? ?
 O
 OX
XOF > > I@C\
I@ 8 8 4 8 ^
^C
COT ? < 4 8
 OX
 OXI-J 8 8 4 8 ICMF 8 ? ? 4 < ^CH 8 ? ? 8 1 4
 O
 OXXI-F < < 1 8 IXO^B ? < 4 8 ^MDM 8 8 4 8
 O
 OX
XK\T > > IXOT 8 8 ? ^ \MX 8 < < 2 <
 OX
 OXF 8 8 4 8 IPOG 8 8 ? ^PC\ 8 < < 8 ?> 4
 OX
 O X\ 8 8 8 < 8 8 ? ? ?0 2 BOJ ? ? ? ^[XMI > >
 O
 OX
X\-K < ? ? 0 < B@CC 8 ? 8 8 ? ? ? ?> 9 XOD-H > >
 OX
 OXPJ-T > > B@^ ? 8 8 8 9 4 XOF-H ? ? ?
 O
 O\\OA ? 8 ? ? 0 4 B[DX 8 ? < 8 XB@PJ ? ? ?
  O\
O\OX > > B[M\ < 8 8 < 8 < ? ?1 9 XBMD ? ? ?
 OP
 OPX ? < 4 8 B[^@X ? ? ? XBP\-T ? < 8 ? 9 4
 H OX-L ? 8 8 0 < KIF ? ? 8 8 < ; 0 XPJR ? ? ?
 H@
 H@CC < < ? < < < < ? 8> 2 KMD 8 ? 8 0 < XPTO ? 8 ? 4 <
 H
 H@@CC-^ > > K^ 8 8 ? 0 < \O
\ OHOD ? ? ?
 H@
 H@XH > > KXK\ 8 8 ? \OHKF ? ? ?
 H
 HM
MX < < ? EOCK-OX ? ? ? ? < 9 0 \OJH ? ? ?
 H
 HMMQ ? ? ? EOCK-HK 8 8 ? \
\OOFI ? ? ?
 HX
 HXMJ ? 8 < 8 EOCK-HX ? 8 < 8 \OFKL 8 8 ?
 H
 HXX[ 8 8 ? 8 ? 8 ?> 1 EOCK-L 8 ? 8 8 9 4 \OX\ < < ?
 H
 HP
PAM ? 8 ? 4 < EOCK -K 8 8 4 8 \@L ? 8 ? 8 1 4
 LO
 L OLT ? 8 8 0 < EOCK-J > > \ @C 8 8 ?
 LO
 LOCL 8 8 < ? 8 < ?< 1 EOCK-^ ? 8 ? ? 0 4 \@^ 8 < 8 < < 8 ?0 1
  LO
LOCL-OX > > EOCK-\ ? ? ? \KC ? ? ? ? ? 0 0
 LO
 L OCL-A > > EX
EX@M\ 8 8 ? \M
\MC > >

 LO
 LOCL-^ 8 < 0 8 COL-L > > \^KI 8 ? < 8
 LO
 LOCL-\ < 8 0 8 COL-D < ? 4 8 \^MFI ? 8 8 8 9 4
 L
 LOOC@F > > COLB 8 ? 8 ? 1 4 \TOFF 8 8 4 8
LOJ^B ? 8 8 ? ? ? 2 1 COT-J > > \TO^B ? ? ? ? 4 4
 L
 LOOFF > > C@D ? < 4 8 \TKLT > >
 L
 LO
OFF-\ ? ? ? CKC-T ? 8 < 8 \TXOJ 8 < ? 8 8 ? < < ?9 2
 L
 LO
OFTB 8 8 8 8 2 4 CKTB > > \TXMFT 8 8 4 8
 LO
 LO^\ ? 8 < 8 CM
CMH ? ? ? \T
\TX[ ? ? 8 8
 LO
 LOXH > > CPFO > > \PC^B 8 < 8 8 ? 8 ?8 1
Lorh-\ 8 ? ? ? ? < ; 1 C[L 8 8 < 8 ? < ? ?4 9 \PC-OL ? 8 < 8
  LO
LOXH-Q ? 8 < 8 ? 8 8 ?< 9 C[\\ ? 8 ? < 9 4 \[J^B > >
 LO
 LOXL > > JOI-L 8 ? ? ? 0 4 \[^B ? ? 8 8
 L
 LOOPC > > JOI-J < 8 ? 8 2 4 TOH ? ? 8 8 ? 9 0
 L
 LOOP\T 8 8 < 8 ; 4 JOI-^ > > TOX@FT ? 8 ? 4 <
 L
 LB
BOJ 8 8 ? ? ? 9 0 JOFL ? ? ? T@CC > >
 L
 LBB@C 8 ? < 8 JOFD > > T@X 8 8 ?
 LB
 LBKF < ? 8 8 ? ; 0 JOFI > > T@PLX > >
 LK
 LKL 8 ? 8 8 ? < ?? 1 J@D > > TB@O
TB > >
 L
 LKKJKL ? ? ? J@XL 8 ? 8 8 8 ; 0 TB@X > >
 LK
 L KFO 8 8 ? 0 < J@W ? ? ? TBPGO ? 8 8 ? 8 2 0
 LK
 LK\T > > JM\LB
JM 8 ? ? 8 1 4 T
TP
PH > >
 LC
 LCKJ > > JPXR ? ? ? PXT-P > >
 LM
 L MLO 8 8 ? JPX-OL 8 ? < 8 QOC@X ? ? 8 8
 L
 LM
MLL 8 8 ? FOGO ? ? ? Q@XOT 8 8 ? 8 8 < 8 ?4 9
 LM
 L MAA ? ? 8 8 FOT-O 8 8 8 8 8 ?> 0 QKH > >
 L
 LM
MCLB ? 8 8 ? 1 4 FOT-L 8 ? 8 ? < < ?8 1 ROF > >
 LM
 LMCML ? ? ? FOT-J 8 ? < ? 8 ; 0 WKFL 8 8 ? 8 8 ; 0  
 ;9

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

<4.8 Mtb`r los`s

?80
Los` 17 Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r  

Hmy oi` ?>7 aokr cmmekfi ,otbc`tkl hukct, lmjjofdkfi vmkl`

@oskcy arustrot`d wb`f jmtb`r toces tm bkj mr ose o qu`stkmf, b` ks kjpmckt` tm bks jmtb`r, `v`f kf
armft ma mtb`r por`fts. Bks skst`r lmjpcokf`d tbot b` gujps mut ofd slor`s b`r kf o hod woy ofd
sb` dm`s fmt trust bkj. Jokf syjptmjs ma oiir`sskmf, krrktohkckty ofd `xpcmskv` roi` stort`d wb`f
b` wos o tmddc`r. B` wos `xtr`j`cy lrofey ofd oltkv` armj hohybmmd. Kfktkoccy, jmtb`r tbmuibt
tbot kt wos b`r pmmr por`ftkfi sekccs. Bmw`v`r, ot < y`ors mcd, wb`f bks juj pkle`d bkj up armj
slbmmc, b` wmucd lmftkfu` tm roft, roi`, slr`oj ofd lry. Bks jmtb`r bod fm lbmkl` hut tm tk` bkj
tm o strmcc`r. Yb`f b` wos 4 ofd bks skst`r wos o f`w hmrf, bks pr`slbmmc lmftolt`d bks jmtb`r
ofd tmcd b`r tbot b`r smf s``j`d byp`roltkv` ofd oiir`sskv`. O d`v`cmpj`ftoc p`dkotrklkof
dkoifms`d bkj wktb Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r ofd pr`slrkh`d Wmcmat, of oftkd`pr`ssoft. Tb`
jmtb`r, bmw`v`r, dkd fmt woft tm c`t o 4 ofd o boca y`ors mcd toe` tb` oftkd`pr`ssoft ofd b`fl`
bod tm bkr` o b`cp`r tm h` wktb bkj aucc tkj` kf slbmmc. Tb` aojkcy ks oaacu`ft. I us`d tm woe` up
`v`ry jmrfkfi wktb vkmc`ft ofi`r. Bks jmtb`r bod tm woe` up ot 4.<>oj, h`amr` I dm`s ot 0oj
sm tbot sb` lof b`ot up bks jkce ofd c`t kt lmmc tm tb` rkibt t`jp`rotur`. Mtb`rwks`, I wmucd burc
kt olrmss tb` rmmj ofd roi` sm cmud tbot kt lous`d bks skst`r ofd por`fts tm i
imm kftm t`ors.

I wos hrmuibt tm o psylbmpborjolmcmikst, wbm pr`slrkh`d Xksp`rdoc, o f`w i`f`rotkmf

oftkpsylbmtkl drui ofd wos ikv`f tb` drui ot fkibt. B` wos ocrkibt kf tb` jmrfkfi ofd h`loj`
ofiry, jks`rohc`, arkibt`fkfi ofd j`of oiokf oat`r Xksp`rdoc wmr` maa kf tb` oat`rfmmf.

fd
@v`f wktb Xksp`rdoc ofd o b`cp`r, I struiic`d kf bks 8  y`or kf pr`-slbmmc. B` wos r`stc`ss ofd
lmfstoftcy lbofi`s oltkvktk`s ofd c`ov`s tb`j uflmjpc`t`d. B` wos tb`f dkoifms`d wktb ODBD.
Xktockf wos pr`slrkh`d ofd kt wmrs`f`d bks h`bovkmr, b`fl` b` wos toe`f maa kt. Kf bks akrst irod`,
b` wos sbkat`d tm o slbmmc amr lbkcdr`f wktb sp`lkoc c`orfkfi f``ds ofd b` wmucd lry occ tb` tkj`.
Bks jmtb`r, tb`f r`ockz`d b` bod d`pr`sskmf. B` wmucd pusb, trkp, puflb ofd ekle bks skst`r
`sp`lkoccy wb`f b` wos mv`rstkjucot`d. B` wmucd roi` tm sbmw bks dkscke` mv`r bmw bks skst`r
lb`w`d b`r ammd ofd pusb b`r pcot` mut ma tb` tohc`. Os o r`suct, tb` aojkcy bod f`v`r h``f mf o

trkp mr bod ofy aojkcy j`ocs tmi`tb`r `v`r.

Kt wos lmjjmf tbot lbkcdr`f mf psylbmtrmpkl druis mat`f i`t d`s`fsktkz`d tm tb`j, ofd b`fl`, I
r`qukr`d o fujh`r ma lbofi`s kf bks psylbmtrmpkl drui us`7 tm D`poemt`, Cojkltoc ofd Ohkckay
r`sp`ltkv`cy.

rd
Kf <  irod`, b` d`jofd`d Jory huy bkj o cmtt`ry tkle`t, wb`f sb` r`aus`d, b` tbr`ot`f`d suklkd`
 hy aolkfi of mflmjkfi lor. Ot tb` psylbkotrkst maakl` f`xt doy, b` spme` v`ry aost ofd wos
tb
byp`rs`xuoc. Kf 0  irod`, kt wos mhs`rv`d tbot I loffmt skt kf bks s`ot ofd lmfstoftcy kft`rrupt`d
tb` lcoss ofd lmucd fmt stmp prmvmekfi bks lcossjot`s. I ks ufd`rw`kibt ofd dkd fmt d`skr` ammd.
B` wos tb`f ikv`f cktbkuj. Ofmtb`r f`w stkjucoft wos pr`slrkh`d wbklb lous`d jofko,
sc``pc`ssf`ss, kfl`ssoft tocekfi, ofd hofikfi mf rodkotmrs ofd b` wos ose`d hy bks slbmmc tm stmp
tb` f`w stkjucoft. Bks syjptmjs oiirovot` kf Joy `v`ry
`v`r y y`or.
 ;2

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

B` tbr`ot`f`d tm bkt bks jmtb`r wktb o stkle. B` `v`f tbr`ot`f`d tm ekcc bks jmtb`r wktb o efka`
ofd sckl` b`r mp`f. Hut, b` opmcmikz`d dkstrouibtcy cot`r. Bks aotb`r tbmuibt tbot kt wos os ka I
bod o d`jmf ‖hcostkfi kts woy mut ma bkj”. Joe` ofkjoc y`ccs wb`f b` ks ofiry. Bks jmtb`r
bmp`s b` wkcc irmw up tm h` o fmrjoc aufltkmfkfi p`rsmf wbm lof lmftrkhut` tm bks smlk`ty.

Ofocysks - e`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls  

J`ftocs7
?.  Jkfd, Ekcc, d`skr` tm
8.  Jkfd, Cmquolkty
<.  Jkfd, Jofko
4.  Jkfd, sodf`ss, j`ftoc d`pr`sskmf
0.  Jkfd, roi`, aury
1.  Jkfd, sp``lb, bosty
9.  Jkfd, vkmc`ft, v`b`j`ft `tl.

^ortklucors7
?.  @xtr`jktk`s, r`stc`ssf`ss

^byskloc I`f`rocs7
?.  \tmjolb, opp`tkt`, dkjkfksb`d

Os tbks los` ks o r`oc cka` stmry d`pkltkfi tb` dokcy cka` ma o Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r potk`ft ufd`r
occmpotbkl j`dklotkmfs, tb` outbmr ks ufohc` tm mhtokf kfamrjotkmf r`iordkfi mtb`r syjptmjs
 p`luckor tm I, ofy
of y portklucors, bks cke`s ofd dkscke`s, tb` jmdocktk`s, bks tb`rjoc ofd mtb`r d`tokcs
r`qukr`d amr o bmj`mpotbkl los`. Tb`r` ks o f``d tm efmw ka tb`r` w`r` lbofi`s kf bks syjptmjs
mv`r tb` p`rkmd ofd wb`f b` wos toe`f maa l`rtokf j`dklotkmfs, wb`tb`r tb` syjptmjs w`r` skd`
`aa`lts ma tb` j`dklotkmfs, mr wb`tb`r tb` syjptmjs w`r` r`p`tktkv` ofd wmrs`fkfi. Kt wmucd h`
b`cpauc tm ocsm akfd mut tb` typ` ma ofkjoc y`cc b` wos joekfi.

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? Bymslyojus 84 ?>
8 \trojmfkuj 84 ?>
< Colb`sks 8? ?>
4 Fux-Qmjklo ?; 2
0 Q`rotruj Ochuj ?; 2

Occ tb` ohmv` or` immd r`j`dk`s amr Hkpmcor Dksmrd`r. Bymslyojus ofd \trojmfkuj or` tb`

r`j`dk`s
tb` ruhrkl wktb tb` ir`ot`st
‖sp``lb, ksvocu`
 us`d, ofd
bosty” ks us`d, lmuft, kf
ors. H`cc.,
ors. H`cc. tbks los`.
Byms., Occ
Colb., tb` r`j`dk`s
 stroj. wmucd
 stroj. lmv`r sc``pc`ssf`ss.
 wmucd `j`ri` r`sp`ltkv`cy. Ka
 ;;

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Jkosj
Tuh`rlucor jkosj ks kfdklot`d kf tbks los` wktb o ir`ot`r sypbkcktkl trokt tbof psmro. Tuh`rlucor
lbkcdr`f or` lmfstoftcy r`stc`ss ofd lbofikfi oltkvktk`s. Tb`y or` ocsm coslkvkmus. Tb` sypbkcktkl
osp`lt ks lmv`r`d hy tb`kr ohkcktk`s tm borj mtb`rs ofd tb`js`cv`s.

Bymslyojus ks o h`tt`r oftk-tuh`rlucor r`j`dy tbof \trojmfkuj.

\ trojmfkuj.
 ?>>

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p

X`p`rt
`rtmry
mry us`
us`d7
d7 E`f
E`ftt  Dot`7 82/0/8>>;

 Foj`7 I 3-------------- \yjptmjs / Xuhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a Fm7 1

^ i Fm ^i Fm

? Jkfd, ekcc, d`skr` tm 1> 1 @xtr`jktk`s, r`stc`ssf`ss ??29

8 \uklkdoc, dkspmsktkmf 20 9 Jkfd, roi`, aury 9>

< Jkfd, cmquolkty 1< 2 Jkfd, coslkvkmusf`ss 1?

4 Jkfd, jofko 1< ; \tmjolb, opp`tkt`, dkjkfksb`d 491

0 Jkfd, sodf`ss 90 ?> Jkfd, vkmc`ft, v`b`j`ft `tl. ;?

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?> Qocu`
?> Lm
Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?>
?> Qocu` Lm
Lmuft
 O
 OL
LMF ? ? < ? 8 ? ; 1 LMF 8 8 8 8 8 ?> 0 FOT-^ 8 8 4 8
 O@
 O@\L 8 ? < 8 LMX-X ? ? 8 8 FOT-\ < < 8 2 <
 O@
 O@TB ? ? 8 4 < LXML ? 8 8 ? ? 9 0 FKT-OL ? < 8 8 ? 8 ? ?8 9
  OIOX ? ? ? < ? ? 2 1 LP^X ? 8 8 8 8 ? ? ?? 9 FPR-J ? 8 ? ? 8 9 0
 OC
 OCC-L ? ? ? < < L[LC 8 8 8 1 < FPR-Q 8 8 ? < 8 < < < ?; 2
 O
 OC
CM@ ? ? ? ? 4 4 DKI ? 8 ? 8 8 2 0 MCFD ? < ? 0 <
 O
 OC
CPJ ? 8 8 8 < ?> 0 DKM\ > > M^ 8 8 8 ? ? < ? 8 ?4 2
 O
OJ
JHX ? ? 8 8 ? 9 0 DXM\ ? 8 ? ? 0 4 MXKI ? < 4 8
 O
 OJJ-L ? 8 ? 4 < DPCL ? 8 8 ? ? 9 0 MR-OL 8 ? ? 4 <
 O
 OJ
J-J 8 8 ? @CO^\ ? ? ? ^OCC > >
 O
OF
FOL ? 8 ? 8 8 8 8 ?
?88 9 @P^-^@ ? ? 8 8 ^@TX ? ? 8 ? < 8 ?> 1
 O
 OF
FB > > @P^BX ? ? ? ^B-OL 8 8 ?
 O
 OF
FT-L 8 ? 8 0 < A@XX < < 8 ? ; 4 ^BM\ 8 ? 8 8 8 8 < ? 8 ?9 ;
 O
 OF
FT-T 8 ? ? ? 0 4 A@XX-^ ? 8 ? 4 < ^B[T 8 8 4 8
 O^
 O^K\ ? 8 ? 8 ? 9 0 AC-OL ? ? 8 ? 0 4 ^KL-OL ? < 8 1 <
 OX
 O XOF ? ? 8 8 I@C\ ? 8 < 8 2 4 ^COT 8 ? 8 < ? ? ?>
?> 1
 OX
 OXI-J 8 8 8 1 < ICMF ? ? ? 8 ? 1 0 ^CH 8 8 ? 8 ? ? ; 1
 OX
 OXI-F ? 8 ? 8 1 4 IXO^B < ? ? 8 < ? ?? 1 ^MDM 8 ? ? 4 <
 O
 OXXK\T > > IXOT ? ? 8 ? 0 4 ^\MX 8 ? 8 < < ?? 0
 O
 OXXF ? 8 8 ? 1 4 IPOG ? 8 < 8 ^PC\ 8 ? < < 8 8 < ?1 9
 O
 OX
X\ 8 8 ? < < < 8 ? ? ?2 ; BOJ ? ? ? ^[XMI 8 8 ?
 OX
 OX\-K 8 ? < 1 < B@CC ? 8 < 8 ? ; 0 XOD-H > >
 OX
 OXPJ-T 8 ? < 8 B@^ 8 8 8 8 ? ? ? ?? 9 XOF-H ? ? 8 8
 O
 O\\OA ? 8 < 8 B[DX 8 8 ? XB@PJ ? ? 8 8
 O
O\
\OX ? ? ? B[M\ < 8 < < 8 ? < < ? < 84 ?> XBMD ? ? 8 8
 O
 OPPX < 8 < ? 8 < ?
?4
4 1 B[^@X ? ? ? < < XBP\-T ? ? < < ? ; 0
OPX-J < < ? 9 < KIF 8 < ? 8 2 4 XPJR ? ? 8 8
  HO
HOX-L ? ? 8 ? ? ? 9 1 KMD 8 ? ? 8 < 8 < ?4 9 XPTO 8 8 ? ? 1 4
 H@
 H@CC ? ? 8 < 8 ? < ? < ?9 ; K^ ? 8 < 8 \OHOD ? ? ? < ? 9 0
 H@
 H@CC-^ > > KXK\ ? ? ? \O
\OHKF ? ? ?
 H@
 H@XH ? ? 8 8 EOCK-OX ? 8 ? 4 < \OJH > >
 HM
 H MX ? ? ? ? 4 4 EOCK-HK ? ? 8 8 \OFI ? ? ?
 HM
 HMQ ? ? ? EOCK-HX 8 < < < ?? 4 \OFKL ? ? 8 8
 H
 HXXMJ 8 8 ? 0 < EOCK-L 8 8 ? ? ? 9 0 \OX\ ? ? ?
 HX
 HX[ 8 ? 8 0 < EOCK -K 8 ? 8 ? 1 4 \@L ? ? ? ? ? 8 ? 2 9
 H
 HP
PAM ? 8 ? 4 < EOCK-J > > \@C 8 8 ? 0 <
  LO
LOLT ? 8 8 0 < EOCK-^ 8 8 ? 8 9 4 \@^ 8 8 < ? 8 8 8 ?4 9
  LO
LOCL ? 8 ? 8 < ? ? 8 ? ?
?44 ; EOCK-\ ? 8 < 8 \KC ? 8 < 8 8 ?> 0
 L
 LO
OCL-OX < < ? EX@M\ ? ? ? < < \MC > >
  LO
LOCL-A 8 8 ? COL-L < < 8 2 < \^KI 8 8 ? ? 1 4
 L
 LO
OCL-^ 8 ? < 8 COL-D 8 8 4 8 \^MFI 8 ? < 8
 LO
 LOCL-\ < ? 4 8 COLB ? 8 < 8 < 8 8 < 8 ? 8? ?> \TOFF ? < 8 8 ? ; 0
 LO
 LOC@F > > COT-J > > \TO^B ? 8 < 8 2 4
LOJ^B ? 8 8 8 8 ? ?> 1 C@D ? ? 8 4 < \TKLT ? ? ?
 LO
 L OFF > > CKC-T ? ? < < ? ; 0 \TXOJ 8 8 < < 8 < < 8 ? < 84 ?>
 LO
 LOFF-\ 8 ? < 8 CKTB > > \TXMFT ? ? ? < <
 LO
 L OFTB ? 8 8 ? < 8 ? ? ?< 2 CMH ? ? 8 8 \TX[ 8 ? < 8
 L
LO
O^\ 8 8 4 8 CPFO > > \PC^B ? ? 8 < 8 < 8 ?4 9
 LO
 L OXH > > C[L < < < < ? < 8 ?2 9 \PC-OL 8 ? ? 4 <
  LO
LOXH-Q ? 8 ? 8 ? 8 ; 1 C[\\ ? ? ? ? 4 4 \[J^B > >
 LO
 L OXL > > JOI-L ? ? ? ? 4 4 \[^B > >
 L
 LO
OPC > > JOI-J ? 8 < 8 TOH ? ? 8 8 ? 9 0
 L
 LOOP\T ? ? < 8 8 ? ?> 1 JOI-^ ? ? ? TOX@FT ? ? 8 ? < ? 8 ? 8 ?4 ;
 L
LB
BOJ < ? 8 1 < JOFL 8 8 ? T @CC ? ? ?
 L
 LBB@C ? ? 8 ? ? ? 9 1 JOFD > > T@X ? ? ? < <
 L
 LB
BKF ? 8 8 < < ? 8 ? ?0 2 JOFI 8 ? < 8 T@PLX ? 8 < 8
 L
LKKL ? 8 ? ? < 2 0 J@D ? ? ? < < TB@O ? ? ? < <
 LKJKL 8 8 < 8 ? ?> 0 J@XL ? 8 < < ? 8 ? 8 ? ?1
?1 ; TB@X ? ? 8 8
 LK
 LKFO ? ? 8 4 < J@W ? < ? ? 1 4 TBPGO ? ? < ? 1 4
 L
LKK\T > > JM
JM\LB ? < ? ? 1 4 TP
TPH > >
LC@J ? 8 < 8 JP
JPXR < < ? PXT-P > >
 LM
 LMLO ? ? 8 8 JPX-OL 8 8 8 1 < QOC@X ? ? 8 8
 L
LM
MLL < 8 ? 8 2 4 FOGO ? 8 < 8 Q@XOT ? 8 < < < 8 < 8 ?; 2
 L
 LMMAA ? ? 8 8 1 4 FOT-O ? < ? 8 9 4 QKH ? ? ?
 L
 LM
MCLB ? 8 ? 8 1 4 FOT-L 8 < ? 8 ? ; 0 ROF > >
  LMCML ? 8 ? ? 8 ? 2 1 FOT-J ? ? < 8 8 ? < 8 ?0 2 WKFL 8 8 ? < < ? ? ? ?4 2  
 ?>?

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

?81
Los` 97 0 y`or mcd hmy wktb ODBD ofd Lmfdult Dksmrd`r  
B bos ODBD syjptmjs skfl` tb` oi` ma 8. Kf d`sp`rotkmf, bks jmtb`r oir``d wktb o psylbkotrkst
kf puttkfi B mf J`todot` \X ofd D`poemt` ka kt b`cp`d bkj aufltkmf kf slbmmc. Kt dkd fmt. Oat`r 0
tkj`s ma bkj h`kfi `xp`cc`d, sb` ott`jpt`d tm bmj`slbmmc bkj, wbkc` lorkfi amr b`r 8 ymufi`r
lbkcdr`f. Bks jmtb`r ocsm stort`d r`dulkfi dms`s ma tb` ohmv` j`dklotkmfs os B wos cmskfi
w`kibt armj d`lr`os`d opp`tkt`, ocmfi wktb suaa`rkfi armj tb` jogmr skd` `aa`lts ma D`poemt`.

\yjptmjs7

?. B` dm`s fmt sc``p cmfi. B` ks owoe` hy 1oj. Yktbmut J`cotmfkf, b` wmucd mfcy h` ohc` tm
sc``p ot ??pj mr jkdfkibt. B` bos f`v`r toe`f fops w`cc. Yb`f b` wos o tmddc`r, b` mfcy fopp`d
amr ?> jkfut`s. Os b` imt mcd`r b` r`aus`d mr lmucd fmt toe` fops. Tb` mfcy woy tm joe` bkj
sc``p ks 0ji ma J`cotmfkf, 8> jkfut`s h`amr` h`d tkj` `v`ry fkibt. Ot oi` 8-<, b` us`d tm bov`
bmrrkhc` fkibtjor`s ofd sc`pt woce`d ocjmst fkibtcy, hut tb`s` bov` skfl` dksopp`or`d.

8. Yb`f fmt mf J`todot`, b` bos of uflmftrmccohc` bufi`r ofd tbkrst - tbks bos h``f o v`ry
jore`d skfl` b` wos hr`osta`d. Mf J`todot`, b` bos fm bufi`r ofd i`ts c`tborikl.

<. B` bos of mhs`sskmf wktb hr`oekfi, i`ttkfi kftm ofd toekfi tbkfis tbot or` fmt bks. Bks jmtb`r
bod tm put lmjhkfotkmf cmles mf b`r poftry h`lous` b` stort`d `otkfi ofy tkj` durkfi tb` doy mr
fkibt. B` c`orf`d bmw tm i`t post tb` lbkcdprmma cotlb`s ofd ocwoys amufd tb` bkdd`f cmle e`ys.
@v`f fmw, b` wmucd study
stud y tb` lmjhkfotkmf cmles ofd akddc` wktb tb`j amr cmfi p`rkmds ma tkj`.
J`ofwbkc`, b` ks ocwoys a`d r`iucorcy.

4. B` bos fm ott`ftkmf spof (fmt `v`f tbot ma bks 8.0 y`ors mcd hrmtb`r). B` loffmt amlus mf wmre
cmfi `fmuib tm `v`f skt dmwf ofd stort kt. B` lof mfcy ikv` `y` lmftolt amr o a`w s`lmfds ofd
tb`f bos tm h` pbyskloccy dkr`lt`d hole tm tb` amlus ma ymur aol`.

0. B` ks `oskcy prmvme`d ofd h`lmj`s v`ry ofiry quklecy. B` ks `xtr`j`cy oriuj`ftotkv`. B` bos
o j`ctdmwf wb`f b` ks wrmfi, cms`s ot ofytbkfi mr ofytbkfi ks lbofi`d. B` bos f`v`r
trofsktkmf`d w`cc. Yb`f b` h`lmj`s ofiry, b`
b ` h`lmj`s vkmc`ft. Ykcc bkt mtb`rs (wktb fm r`iord tm

i`fd`r mr skz`-octbmuib
tbkfis. \oy b`kfopprmprkot`
v`ry rud` ofd bos h``f roks`d tm bov`
tbkfis. tbms`
B` ks v`ryr`iords). \lr`oj
kjpucskv`. Ykcc kf mtb`rs
iroh aol`. Tbrmw
smj`tbkfi, pusb
smj`mf`, mr gust im hmfe`rs wktb cmud fmks`s ofd ks v`ry bord tm locj dmwf. B` ks v`ry stuhhmrf.
X`sksts occ ekfds ma outbmrkty.

1. X`pmrts armj doy lor` wmre`rs kf bks post ofd slbmmc stoaa bov` h``f7 Q`ry d`akoft. Bkts mtb`rs.
X`aus`s tm dm ofy wmre. Loffmt
Loffm t skt stkcc. \t`ocs ofd d`strmys mtb`rs prmp`rty. Bos of kflr`dkhc`
vmlohucory. Ks bkibcy kft`ccki`ft amr bks oi`.

9.B` stkcc w`ts tb` h`d.

* B` wos hmrf <.0 w``es pr`jotur`. B` bod s`v`r` goufdkl` amr o a`w w``es. B` w`kib`d 0 chs.
?4 mz., hut ropkdcy iokf`d w`kibt. Goufdkl` w`ft owoy. B` bos h``f "ov`roi`/ohmv` ov`roi`" kf
w`kibt ofd b`kibt skfl` tb`f. B` bos fmt bod ofy sbmts kf o cmfi wbkc`. Ofd bos f`v`r bod ofy
r`oltkmfs tm ofy j`dklkf`s mr vollkfotkmfs ikv`f kf bks post 0 y`ors. B` bos fm mtb`r dks`os`s,
 ?>8

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

`xl`pt amr bypmspodko, wbklb wos lmrr`lt`d

lm rr`lt`d qukt` sull`ssauccy.

*B` lrov`s ofytbkfi lbmlmcot`. B` bos f`v`r bod suiory drkfes, skfl` Bks jmtb`r f`v`r stort`d
tbot bohkt. Hut b` stkcc oses amr tb`j, occ tb` tkj`. B` ks `sp`lkoccy s`fsktkv` tm cmud juskl,
lrktklksj, lmcd, tb` dore, spkd`rs, stmrjs ofd b`kibts. B` ks mhs`ss`d wktb `c`ltrmfkl ioj`s ofd
lof akiur` tb`j mut quklecy.

* B` bos ror` jmj`fts wb`r` b` ks v`ry ekfd, oaa`ltkmfot`, i`ftc` ofd wofts tm h` o hki b
b`cp`r
`cp`r tm
bks jmtb`r ofd mtb`rs. B` cmv`s ofkjocs.

Ofocysks - e`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls  

J`ftoc7
?.  Jkfd, d`strultkv`f`ss
8.  Jkfd, ec`ptmjofko
<.  Jkfd, s`fsktkv`, fmks`, tm
4.  Jkfd, ofi`r, vkmc`ft
0.  Jkfd, a`or, dore
1.  Jkfd, quorr`csmj`

^ortklucors7
9.  Prkf`, kfvmcuftory

^byskloc i`f`rocs7
2.  \tmjolb, opp`tkt`, rov`fmus, lofkf`, `xl`sskv`
;.  \tmjolb, tbkrst, `xtr`j`
?>. I`f`rocktk`s, durkfi stmrj

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? ^bmspbmrus ?; ;
8 Fux Qmjklo ?2 9
< Cylmpmdkuj ?9 2
4 Hrymfko ?1 2
0 Ors`fkl Ochuj ?1 9

Occ r`j`dk`s or` oiirovot`d hy lmcd, d`skr`s sw``ts ofd cole lmfl`ftrotkmf. ^bmspbmrus ks tb`
r`j`dy wktb tb` bkib`st vocu` ofd lmuft. ^bmspbmrus ks usuoccy smlkohc` ofd ark`fdcy p`mpc`, hut
wb`f tb` vktoc amrl` ks dksturh`d, tb`y lof h`lmj` oiir`sskv` ofd vkmc`ft.

Jkosj
Tuh`rlucor jkosj ks jore`d os b` ks oiirovot`d hy stmrjs ofd volkccotkfi jkfd. B` ks jmr`
sypbkcktkl tbof psmrkl du` tm bks d`strultkv`f`ss, krrktohkckty ofd ohkckty tm borj mtb`rs. Os
 pbmspbmrus ks o c`odkfi oftk-tuh`rlucor r`j`dy ofd o immd oftk-sypbkcktkl mf`, kt wmucd h` o immd

jotlb amr tb` pr`s`ftkfi syjptmjs.

 ?><

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p`rt

X`p`rtmry
mry us`d7
us`d7 E`ft
E`ft  Dot`7 8;/0/8>>;

 Foj`7 B 3- ---- --- --- --- Los` X`a Fm7 9

^i Fm ^i Fm

? Jkfd, d`strultkv`f`ss <1 1 \tmjolb, tbkrst, `xtr`j` 08;

8 Ec`ptmjofko 1? 9 Jkfd, ofi`r, vkmc`ft <

< Jkfd, s`fsktkv`, fmks` 9; 2 Jkfd, quor r`csmj` 9>

4 Pr kf`, kfvmcuftory 10; ; Jkfd, a`or dore 4<

0 \tmjolb, opp`tkt`, r ov`fmus 492 ?> I`f`r ocktk`s, dur kfi stmr j ?4><

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?> Qocu`

?> L muft
Lm ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` Lm
Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?>
?> Q
Qo
ocu` Lmuft
 O
 OLLMF < 8 < < ? 8 ?4 1 LMF < 8 8 ? 8 ?> 0 FOT-^ ? ? 8 8 ? 9 0
 O@
 O@\L 8 8 ? LMX-X ? ? ? FOT-\ 8 8 8 ? 9 4
 O
 O@
@TB ? ? ? LXML 8 8 4 8 FKT-OL < 8 8 8 < 8 ? ?0 9
  OI
OIOX ? 8 ? ? ? 1 0 LP^X 8 ? ? 8 8 8 ?> 1 FPR-J < 8 ? 1 <
 O
 OC
CC-L 8 8 4 8 L[LC 8 8 ? FPR-Q 8 < 8 < 8 < < ?2 9
 OC
 O CM@ ? ? ? DKI 8 < ? 1 < MCFD 8 < 8 ? 2 4
 O
 OC
CPJ ? 8 8 ? ? 9 0 DKM\ > > M^ ? < 8 8 8 ?> 0
 O
 OJJHX ? ? 8 8 DXM\ ? ? ? < < MXKI > >
 O
 OJJ-L ? ? < ? 1 4 DPCL < 8 8 9 < MR- OL ? ? ? ? 4 4
 OJ
 OJ-J 8 ? < 8 @CO^\ 8 8 ? 0 < ^OCC ? ? 8 8
 O
 OFFOL ? 8 ? < 8 ; 0 @P^-^@ 8 8 < 9 < ^@TX 8 < 8 8 < ? ?< 1
 O
 OFFB > > @P^BX > > ^ B-OL ? 8 8 8 9 4
  OFT-L ? ? 8 4 < A@XX 8 ? < 8 ? ? ?> 1 ^BM\ ? 8 < < < ? 8 8 8 ?; ;
 O
 OF
FT-T ? 8 ? 4 < A@XX-^ 8 8 ? ? 1 4 ^B[T 8 8 ?
 O
 O^^K\ ? ? < 8 8 ; 0 AC-OL 8 8 8 ? 9 4 ^KL-OL > >
 OX
 O XOF > > I@C\ ? 8 ? 8 1 4 ^COT ? 8 8 ? 8 2 0
 O
 OXXI-J < < ? ICMF > > ^ CH ? ? ? ? 4 4
 O
 OXXI-F 8 < < 2 < IXO^B ? < 8 8 2 4 ^MDM 8 8 8 1 <
  OX
OXK\T > > IXOT ? ? 8 8 ^\MX < < 8 ? ; 4
 O XF 8 8 ? 8 9 4 IPOG 8 ? < 8 ^PC\ ? 8 < < ? 8 ?8 1
 O
 OX
X\ ? 8 < < < 8 8 ?1 9 BOJ ? ? ? ^[XMI < < ?
 O
 OX
X\-K 8 < < ? ; 4 B@CC 8 8 ? < 2 4 XOD-H > >
 O
 OXXPJ-T > > B@^ 8 ? 8 < 2 4 XOF-H ? 8 8 0 <
 O\
 O \OA ? ? ? B[DX 8 8 ? XB@PJ ? ? 8 4 <
 O
 O\
\OX < ? 4 8 B[M\ 8 ? 8 8 ? ? 8 ?? 9 XBMD ? 8 < 8
 O
 OPPX 8 8 ? < < ? ?8 1 B[^@X ? ? ? XBP\-T ? < 8 8 ? ; 0
 H
HO
OX-L 8 8 ? ? ? ? 2 1 KIF 8 8 8 ? ? < ?? 1 XPJR ? ? ?
  H@
H@CC 8 < < ? 8 ? 8 ?4 9 KMD ? 8 < 8 2 4 XPTO 8 ? ? ? 0 4
 H
 H@
@CC-^ > > K^ 8 8 ? 0 < \OHOD ? < ? 0 <
 H
 H@
@XH 8 8 ? KXK\ > > \OHKF > >
 H MX < 8 ? 1 < EOCK-OX ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 \OJH ? ? ?
 H MQ ? 8 8 0 < EOCK-HK ? ? 8 8 \OFI ? 8 < 8
 H
 HXXMJ 8 ? < 8 EOCK-HX 8 8 ? \OFKL 8 ? < 8
  HX
HX[ ? 8 8 8 < 8 8 8 ?1 2 EOCK-L ? < ? 8 8 ; 0 \OX\ > >
 H
 HP
PAM ? ? 8 ? 0 4 EOCK -K ? 8 ? ? 0 4 \@L 8 8 ? 0 <
 L
 LOOLT ? ? 8 8 EOCK-J > > \ @C
\@ 8 ? < 8
 LOCL ? 8 ? < < 8 ? 8 ?0 2 EOCK-^ 8 8 ? 8 9 4 \@^ ? < < 8 8 ? 8 8 ?1 2
 LO
 L OCL-OX > > EOCK-\ ? ? 8 8 \KC < ? < < 8 ?
?88 0
 L
 LOOCL-A > > EX@M\ 8 ? 8 0 < \
\MMC > >
 L
 LO
OCL-^ 8 < ? 1 < COL-L 8 ? < 8 \^KI 8 8 ? ? 1 4
 LO
 LOCL-\ < < ? ? 2 4 COL-D ? ? 8 8 \^MFI 8 8 8 ? 9 4
 L OC@F > > COLB ? 8 8 ? ? 8 8 ?? 9 \TOFF ? 8 ? ? 0 4
LOJ^B 8 ? 8 ? 8 8 8 ?8 9 COT-J > > \TO^B ? ? < 8 ? < 8 ?< 9
 LO
 L OFF > > C@D ? 8 < 8 \TKLT > >

  LO
LOFF-\ ? ? 8 8 CKC-T ? ? 8 8 \TXOJ 8 ? 8 < 8 < ?< 1
 L OFTB ? 8 ? ? 0 4 CKTB > > \TXMFT ? ? ? 8 0 4
 L
 LO
O^\ ? ? ? ? 4 4 C
CM
MH > > \TX[ ? ? ?
 L
 LO
OXH > > CPFO > > \PC^B ? ? 8 < < ? < ?4 9
LOXH-\ ? 8 ? < ? ? ; 1 C[L ? 8 < < 8 8 8 8 ?9 2 \PC-OL ? 8 ? 4 <
 L OXH-Q 8 8 ? 8 8 8 ? ?8 9 C[\\ 8 ? 8 ? 1 4 \[J^B > >
 L
 LOOXL > > JOI-L ? ? 8 4 < \[^B ? ? 8 8
 L
 LO
OPC ? ? ? JOI-J 8 ? ? 8 1 4 TOH ? ? 8 8
 L OP\T ? 8 < 8 < 8 ? ? ?0 2 JOI-^ ? ? ? TOX@FT 8 ? ? ? ? < < ?8 9
 L
 LB
BOJ 8 ? < < 8 ?? 0 JOFL ? ? 8 8 T@CC ? ? ?
 L
 LBB@C ? 8 ? 4 < J
JO
OFD > > T@
T@X ? 8 < 8
  LB
LBKF < 8 < < ? ?8 0 JOFI ? ? ? T@PLX ? ? ?
 LK
 LKL ? 8 ? 4 < J@D 8 8 8 8 2 4 TB@O ? ? ?
 L
 LKKJKL ? ? ? J@XL 8 8 8 < 8 ? ?8 1 TB@X < ? 4 8
 L
 LKKFO 8 < ? 1 < J@W 8 ? ? ? 0 4 TBPGO 8 8 ? 8 ? 2 0
 L K\T > > JM\LB ? ? 8 ? 8 ? 2 1 TPH 8 8 ?
 L
 LCCKJ > > JPXR > > PXT-P > >
 L
 LM
MLO > > JPX-OL 8 8 ? ? 1 4 QOC@X ? ? ? < <
 L
 LM
MLL 8 8 ? 0 < FOGO > > Q@XOT 8 8 < < ? 8 ?< 1
 LM
 L MAA < 8 ? ? 9 4 FOT- O ? 8 8 ? ? 9 0 QKH > >
 L
LM
MCLB ? 8 8 8 9 4 FOT- L 8 8 8 8 8 < ?< 1 ROF > >
 LM
 LMCML 8 8 4 8 FOT- J 8 < < < ? 8 ? ?0
?0 9 WKFL < ? ? 8 ? ? ; 1
 ?>4

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

LO\@ 2 7 Lmfdult Dksmrd`r

K, o ?< y`or mcd hmy, orrkv`d ot Dr. Pccjof”s lckfkl wktb bks jmtb`r wbm lmfskd`r`d kt os b`r cost
bmp` kf lbofikfi bks h`bovkmr. K wos sby, bod cmw s`ca-`st``j ofd bod dkaakluctk`s joekfi
ark`fds kf bks f`w slbmmc oat`r bks por`fts” dkvmrl`.
dkvm rl`. B` bohktuoccy sokd tbot b` wos stupkd ofd
wmucd fmt ott`jpt ofy `xojkfotkmf (hy gust skttkfi ofd dmkfi fmtbkfi). Bks vkmc`fl` ot bmj` wos
kflr`oskfi ofd bks jmtb`r a`ct uf`osy
uf`os y c`ovkfi bks ymufi`r skhckfis wktb bkj. B` r`s`ft`d lbofi`s
kf pcofs ofd b` wos rud`. B` wos aortkfi mp`fcy, pklekfi bks fms` ofd tbmuibt tbot wos auffy.
B` ocwoys slrotlb`d bks b`od, hkt bks fokcs. B` cmv`d vkmc`fl`, w`opmfs cke` iufs, cykfi ofd
st`ockfi. Bks st`ockfi ks d`ckh`rot` ofd mp`f.

K mfl` tmcd bks jmtb`r tbot b` bod o dore skd` wbklb ks o vmkl` prmjptkfi bkj tm dm hod5 ofd tbot
tb`r` wos o lmfstoft struiic` h`tw``f tb` ‖dore ofd tb` ckibt”. \mj`tkj`s b` ks cke` o sokft
ollmrdkfi tm bks jmtb`r, wbkc` ot mtb`r tkj`s, b` wmucd h` scoppkfi, pusbkfi ofd kfsuctkfi bks
skst`r ofd hr`oekfi b`r tbkfis. Bks sw`orkfi ks smj`tkj`s cmud ofd smj`tkj`s jutt`rkfi.
B` lof h` oiir`sskv` ofd j`of ofd fmt woftkfi tm h` tmulb`d mr toce`d. Mfl`, b` pusb`d bks
jmtb`r ofd irohh`d b`r hy tb` sbkrt ofd tbr`ot`f`d tm ekcc b`r wktb o iuf. Ofmtb`r tkj`, b` wos
`y`kfi of ox` mf tb` acmmr amr vkmc`ft j`of h`amr` bks jmtb`r lbocc`fi`d bkj tm kt ofd lous`d
bkj tm locj dmwf.

Yb`f K wos 4 y`ors mcd, b` d`ckh`rot`cy pusb`d bks hrmtb`r dmwf tb` stokrs. @v`f wktb mtb`r
lbkcdr`f, b` wmucd pusb tb`j owoy, h`lmj` byp`roltkv` ofd slor` tb`j mr im mut tm pc`os` tb`j
os b` r`occy wmucd cke` tm bov` ark`fds.

K dkd fmt furs` os w`cc os mtb`r lbkcdr`f os of kfaoft. Bks pr`slbmmc t`olb`r r`pmrt`d tbot b` bod
jmtmr sekccs d`aklkt. Bks aotb`r us`d tm t`cc bkj tbot b` wos o ‖rmtt`f ekd” ofd wos r`iucorcy
rkdkluc`d hy mtb`r slbmmc lbkcdr`f wbm locc`d
l occ`d bkj o ‖r`tord” ofd wmucd huccy bkj.

B` wos pr`slrkh`d Ofolordkuj mr`kftoc` (jorekfi fut) wbklb wos kfdklot`d amr lbkcdr`f wktb
 pmmr s`ca-`st``j, usuoccy du` tm lrktklksjs ofd ohus`, wbklb lous` o spckt p`rsmfockty (immd
v`rsus `vkc), or` lru`c wktbmut iukct, jocklkmus ofd sw`ors. Amr tb` akrst ?> doys, K”s
K”s h`bovkmr

lmftkfu`d tm h` oiokf
tb`f imt wmrs` lbocc`fikfi.
amr tb` Oat`r
f`xt <wbklb,
w``es.bks jmtb`r
Tb`f, bks fmtkl`d
h`bovkmro hki kjprmv`j`ft
h`iof tm stohkckz`amr
ofd8 b`
w``es, ofd
h`loj`
jmr` lmfslk`ftkmus ofd lmucd `v`f opmcmiks` tm bks skst`r amr bks jksd``ds. Bks cykfi ofd
sw`orkfi stmpp`d. B` fm cmfi`r sjmtb`rs bks aojkcy wktb oaa`ltkmf, hutdm`s bov` t`fd`r
jmj`fts. Bks jmtb`r ks ojoz`d tbot b` lof fmw jokftokf o ark`fdsbkp ma 8 jmftbs cmfi. B` ks
fm cmfi`r slrotlbkfi bks slocp, h`clbkfi mr aortkfi. Bks irofdjmtb`r, t`olb`rs ofd f`kibhmrs or`
surprks`d hy bks hki lbofi`. Bks t`olb`rs sokd tbot b` lmucd lmfl`ftrot` h`tt`r. B` ocsm bod jmr`
ark`fds. Oat`r 9 w``es, bks jmtb`r r`pmrt`d 10% kjprmv`j`fts.

st
Oat`r ?> jmftbs ma bks ?  vkskt, bks jmtb`r r`pmrt`d tbot b` wos 90% h`tt`r. ?< jmftbs oat`r bks
st
?  vkskt, bks jmtb`r wos boppy soykfi tbot sb` bos fm jmr` lmjpcokfts. K ks lmmp`rotkv`, pc`osoft
ofd auf, ofd ohc` tm bofdc` slbmmc wmre. Tb`r` w`r` fm jmr` vkmc`ft muthursts.
 ?>0

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ofocysks - e`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls  

J`ftoc7
?.  Jkfd, d`cuskmfs, vmkl`s, b`or
8.  Jkfd, tbmuibts, twm trokfs ma tbmuibts
<.  Jkfd, lru`cty
4.  Jkfd, ekcc, d`skr` tm ekcc
0.  Jkfd, ec`ptmjofko
1.  Jkfd, jocklkmusf`ss
9.  Jkfd, lmfakd`fl`, woft ma s`ca
2.  Jkfd, lurskfi

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? Ofolordkuj ?4 9
8 Fux Qmjklo ?? 1
< \trojmfkuj ?> 9
4 Bymslyojus ; 0
0 Cylmpmdkuj 2 0

Kf tbks los`, Ofolordkuj bos tb` bkib`st vocu` ofd lmuft. Tbks ks du` tm lborolt`rkstkl
syjptmjs ma bovkfi duoc p`rsmfockty, lru`cty, d`spkt` tb` cole ma doto mf portklucors ofd
 pbyskloc i`f`rocs. Cole ma s`ca-lmfakd`fl` ofd b`orkfi ma vmkl`s or` ocsm prmjkf`ft.

Jkosj
\ypbkcktkl jkosj ks jore`d du` tm tb` lru`cty ofd vkmc`fl` kfvmcv`d wktb tb` tbr`ot tm ekcc bks
mwf jmtb`r. D`cuskmfs, sulb os tbot ma vmkl`s, ks ocsm r`pr`s`ft`d kf sypbkcks jkosj.
Ofolordkuj ks o immd oftk-sypbkcktkl r`j`dy, tbmuib fmt o c`odkfi mf`5 kt wos suaaklk`ft amr
tb` tr`otj`ft hos`d mf tb` tmtockty ma tb` syjptmjs.
s yjptmjs.
 ?>1

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p

X`p`rt
`rtmry
mry us`
us`d7
d7 E`f
E`ftt  Dot`7 <>/0/8>>;

 Foj`7 K 3-------------- \y
\yjptmjs / Xuhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a Fm7 2

^i Fm ^i Fm

? Jkfd, d`cuskmfs, vmkl`s, b`or <4 1 Jkfd, tbmuibts, twm trokfs ma tbmuibts 22

8 Jkfd, ec`ptmjofko 1? 9 Jkfd, ekcc, d`skr` tm 1>

< Jkfd, jocklkmus 1< 2 Lmfakd`fl`, woft ma s`ca ?<

4 Jkfd, lurskfi ?9
0 Jkfd, lru`cty ?9

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?>
?> Qocu` Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` Lmuft
 OL
 OLMF 8 8 ? L MX-X ? ? ? F
FOOT -^ > >
 O@
 O@\L > > L
LX
XML ? ? 8 8 FO
FOT -\ > >
 O@
 O@TB > > LP^X 8 ? < 8 FKT -OL 8 < ? 1 <
 O
 OIIOX ? ? ? < < L[LC > > F PR-J > >
 O
 OC
CC-L > > DKI > > FPR-Q 8 < 8 ? 8 ? ?? 1
 O
 OC
CM@ ? ? ? < < D KM\ > > M
MCCFD ? ? ?
 OC
 O CPJ ? ? ? DXM\ ? ? ? M^ 8 ? ? 8 ? 9 0
 OJ
 OJHX ? ? ? DPCL > > MXKI > >
 O
OJ
J-L ? ? ? < < @CO^\ 8 8 ? MR-OL 8 8 ?
 O
 OJJ-J ? ? ? @P^-^@ > > ^OCC ? ? ? < <
 OF
 O FOL ? 8 < < ? ? < ?4 9 @P^BX > > ^@T X ? ? ? ? ? 0 0
 OF
 OFB > > A@XX > > ^B-OL > >
 OF
 O FT-L > > A@XX-^ > > ^BM\ 8 ? 8 ? 1 4
 OF
 OFT-T > > AC-OL > > ^B[T > >
 O^
 O^K\ > > I@C\ ? ? ? ^KL-OL > >
 OX
 O XOF > > I
ICCMF ? ? ? ^
^C
COT ? 8 < 8
 OX
 OXI-J > > IXO^B > > ^CH ? ? ? ? 4 4
 OX
 OXI-F ? ? ? IXOT > > ^MDM > >

 O
 OX
XK\T > > IPOG ? ? ? ^\MX > >
 OX
 OXF ? ? ? B
BO
OJ > > ^
^P
PC\ ? ? ? 8 0 4
 OX
 O X\ ? 8 8 8 8 ; 0 B@CC > > ^[XMI > >
 OX
 OX\-K 8 8 ? B@
B @^ 8 8 4 8 X
XO
OD-H > >
 OX
 O XPJ-T > > B[DX ? ? ? XOF-H ? ? ?
 O\
 O \OA > > B[M\ ? 8 8 < ? ; 0 XB@PJ > >
 O\
 O\OX > > B[^@X > > XBMD > >
 O
 OPPX 8 8 4 8 KIF ? ? 8 8 XBP\-T ? ? ?
 H
HO
OX-L ? 8 < 8 KM
K MD 8 ? < 8 XP
XPJR > >
 H
H@
@CC ? 8 ? ? ? ? 9 1 K^ ? ? ? XPTO ? ? ?
 H@
 H@CC-^ > > KXK\ > > \OHOD > >
 H@
 H @XH ? ? ? EOCK-OX > > \OHKF > >
 H
 HMMX 8 ? ? 4 < EOCK-HK > > \OJH > >
 HM
 HMQ ? ? 8 8 EOCK-HX 8 8 ? \OFI > >
 HX
 HXMJ > > EOCK-L ? 8 < 8 \OFKL > >
 HX
 HX[ ? 8 < 8 E OCK -K ? ? ? \
\O
OX\ > >
 H
 HPPAM ? ? ? EOCK-J > > \
\@@L ? ? 8 8
 LO
 LOLT > > EOCK-^ > > \@C > >
 LO
 LOCL 8 ? ? 4 < EOCK-\ ? ? ? \@^ ? ? ?
 LO
 LOCL-OX > > E
EXX@M\ > > \
\KKC 8 8 ?
 L
 LO
OCL-A > > COL-L ? 8 8 8 9 4 \MC > >
 L
 LO
OCL-^ > > C
CO
OL-D > > \^KI > >
 LO
 LOCL-\ ? ? ? COLB ? 8 ? ? 0 4 \^MFI > >
 LO
 LOC@F > > COT -J > > \
\TT OFF ? ? ?
 LO
 LOFF > > C@D 8 8 ? \T O^B ? ? ?
 L
 LO
OFF-\ ? ? ? CKC-T 8 8 ? \T KLT > >
 LO
 LOFTB ? ? ? ? 4 4 CKTB > > \T XOJ ? ? < ? ? 8 ? ?> 9
 LO
 LO^\ ? ? ? C
CM
MH > > \T XMFT ? ? ?
 L
 LO
OXH > > CPFO > > \T X[ > >
 L OXH-Q ? ? ? C[L ? ? 8 8 8 2 0 \PC^B ? ? ? < <
 LO
 LOXL > > C[\\ ? ? ? < < \PC-OL ? ? ?
 LO
 LOPC > > JOI-L > > \[J^B > >
 L
 LO
OP\T ? ? ? < < JOI-J > > \[^B > >
 L
 LB
BOJ 8 8 ? JOI-^ > > TOH ? ? ?
 L
 LB
B@C > > J OFL ? ? ? T
TOOX@FT ? ? ?
 LB
 LBKF ? ? 8 4 < J
JO
OFD > > T@CC > >
 L
 LKKL ? ? ? JOFI ? ? ? T@X > >
 L
 LKKJ KL > > J@D ? ? ? T@PLX > >
 L
 LKKFO > > J @XL ? ? ? < < T
TBB@O ? ? ?
 L
 LKK\T > > J@W > > TB@X ? ? ?
 L
 LCCKJ > > J
JMM\LB ? ? ? T
TB
BPGO > >
 LM
 LMLO ? ? ? JPXR > > TPH 8 8 4 8
 LM
 LMLL ? ? ? JPX-OL ? ? ? PXT-P > >
 LM
 LMAA 8 8 ? FOGO > > QOC@X > >
 L
 LM
MCLB > > FOT -O > > Q@XOT ? 8 8 0 <
 L
 LMMCML ? ? ? FOT -L ? ? 8 8 Q
QKKH > >
 LM
 LMF ? ? ? F OT -J ? 8 ? ? 0 4 RO
ROF > >

 W
 WKKFL ? ? 8 8
 ?>9

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

LO\@ ;7 Lmfdult Dksmrd`r + Lbkcdbmmd Mfs`t Ocmp`lko Or`oto  

G, of 2 y`or mcd hmy wos hrmuibt tm Dr. Gowocob \bob amr bokr cmss tr`otj`ft. B` ocsm bod
`ruptkmfs mf tb` b`od wbklb w`r` h`tt`r hy bmt hotb. Durkfi tb` kft`rvk`w, tb` dmltmr amufd mut
tbot G wmucd d`rkv` o cmt ma pc`osur` ekcckfi ckzords, lboj`c`mfs, ofd mtb`r ofkjocs. B` wmucd tk`
ofd bofi tb`j mf tb` dmmr wktb strkfis.
strkfis. B` wos v`ry boppy h`kfi ohc` tm tbrmw tb` kfs
kfs`lts
`lts b`
louibt mf bks ark`fds. G wos ocsm a`orc`ss. B` cke`s ofd jkx`s `oskcy wktb `v`rymf`, `xl`pt amr bks
 hrmtb`r. Of kft`r`stkfi mhs`rvotkmf wos tbot G wos v`ry jkcd ofd i`ftc` kf tb` lckfkl hut wos
d`strultkv` & lru`c, wb`f b` wos c`at tm bkjs`ca. Durkfi tb` los` toekfi ma aojkcy bkstmry, kt wos
lmfv`y`d tbot G”s
G”s aotb`r bod `xpkr`d du` tm b`ort ofd ekdf`y lmjpcklotkmfs. G wos o lbkccy potk`ft
ofd bos o lrovkfi amr socty (8+) ofd pufi`ft ammd, wktb of ov`rskmf tm aksb ofd j`ot. G wos
dkoifms`d wktb Lbkcdbmmd-Mfs`t Lmfdult dksmrd`r5 Jmd`rot` typ`. t yp`.

Tr`otj`ft

Ofolordkuj mrk`ftoc` wos pr`slrkh`d hos`d mf tbks ^_X\ syjptmj ma duoc p`rsmfockty. Bokr
aocc ++, hmkcs +

?.  ?9/4/?;;<7 Ofolordkuj 8>> 8 ^F ?/w``e5 \ol Col ?-?-? * < w``es5 \ol Col 8-8-8 * 9
doys
8.  ??/0/?;;<7 B` wos h`tt`r (66)5
(66)5 Bokr aocc wos cc`ss
`ss (66)

X`j`dy7 \ol Col wos pr`slrkh`d

<. </1/?;;<7 Jmr` kjprmv`j`fts (++). B` wos jmr` oltkv` ofd jmr` lmmp`rotkv`. Lmftkfu`
r`j`dy

4. ?;/1/?;;<7 Ofol 8>> ? dms`5 amccmw`d hy \ol Col

Col amr 8 w``es

0. 81/1/?;;<7 B` wos h`tt`r.

h`tt`r. \ol Col wos pr`slrkh`d 

1. 81/9/?;;<7  Tb`r` w`r` jmr` kjprmv`j`fts ( ++)5 Oiokf bokr aocckfi wos c`ss (++)5
Lbofi` kf h`bovkmr, lbkcd ks locj`r

X`j`dy7 Ofolordkuj 8>> ? ^F5 \.C. ?-?-? * ?0 doys5 \.C. 8-8-8

8-8-8 * ?0 doys

9. ?>/2/?;;<7 B` wos h`tt`r (++)5 Occ rkibt5

rkibt5 Lmmp`rotkv`
Lmmp`rotkv`

X`j`dy7 \ol Col wos ikv`f

2. 4/?>/?;;<7 B` wos h`tt`r (66)5 Occ potlb`s or` aucc

aucc ma bokr, Fm lru`cty, Fm tr
trmuhc`s
muhc`s ot occ,
Ckst`fs tm aojkcy j`jh`rs, Odvks`d tm r`pmrt ofy prmhc`js ka r`qukr`d.

;. 8</4/8>>?7 ^otk`ft bod locc`d up. B` ks akf` fmw. Fm jogmr trmuhc` armj tbot doy tkcc dot`.
 ?>2

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ofocysks - e`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls  

J`ftoc7
?.  Jkfd, tbmuibts, twm trokfs ma tbmuibts
8.  Jkfd, lru`cty
<.  Jkfd, ekcc, d`skr` tm ekcc

^ortklucors7
?.  B`od, bokr hocdf`ss
8.  B`od, `ruptkmfs

^byskloc I`f`rocs7
<.  \tmjolb, d`skr`s, soct tbkfis
4.  \tmjolb, d`skr`s, pufi`ft tbkfis
0.  \tmjolb, ov`rskmf, aksb
1.  \tmjolb, ov`rskmf, j`ot

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

? ^bmspbmrus ?4 9
8 Iropbkt`s ?? 4
< Loclor`o Lorhmfkluj ?> 0
4 \ucpbur ; 0
0 Ors`fkl Ochuj 2 4

Octbmuib ^bmspbmrus bos tb` bkib`st vocu` ofd lmuft, kt dm`s fmt sotksay tb` j`ftoc
syjptmjs ma tb` potk`ft. Ybkc` tb` r`st dm fmt j``t tb` syjptmj ma hocdkfi, `xl`pt amr
Iropbkt`s ofd ^bmspbmrus. Wkfl ofd Ofolordkuj ocsm bov` hocdkfi os o syjptmj.
Ofolordkuj joy fmt bov` o bkib`r vocu` ofd lmuft lmjpor`d tm smj` ma tb` r`j`dk`s ohmv`,
kt dm`s sotksay tb` j`ftoc syjptmjs ma tb` potk`ft tb` jmst ofd sbmucd h` lmfskd`r`d os tb`
jmst jotlbkfi r`j`dy. Jmr` f``ds tm h` efmwf ohmut tb` typ` ma `ruptkmfs mf bks b`od.

Ofolordkuj bos hmkcs mf tb` b`od.

Jkosj
\ypbkcktkl jkosj ks jofka`st`d du` tm bks lru`cty ofd ohkckty tm ekcc ofkjocs wktbmut r`jmrs`.
\kfl` ^bmspbmrus ks o immd oftk-sypbkcktkl r`j`dy, kt sbmucd h` suktohc` hos`d mf tb` tmtockty
ma tb` syjptmjs.
 ?>;

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p

X`p`rt
`rtmry
mry us`
us`d7
d7 E`f
E`ftt  Dot`7 ?/1/8>>;

 Foj`7 G 3-------------- \yjptmjs / Xuhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a F

Fm7
m7 ;

^ i Fm ^ i Fm

? Jkfd, lru`cty ?9 1 \tmjolb, ov`rskmf, j`ot 42?

8 Jkfd, d`strultkv`f`ss <1 9 \tmjolb, d`skr`, soct tbkfis 421

< B`od, bokr hocdf`ss ?8> 2 \tmjolb, d`skr`, pufi`ft tbkfis 421

4 Jkfd, ekcc, d`skr` tm 1> ; \tmjolb, ov`rskmf, aksb 42>

0 Jkfd, tbmuibts, twm trokfs ma tbmuibts 22 ?> B`od, `ruptkmf ??0

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` L
Lm
muft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?>
?> Qocu` Lmuft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` Lmuft
 O
 OL
LMF > > LM
L MX-X 8 8 ? FO
FOT -\ ? ? ?
 O
 O@@\L > > LXML ? ? ? FKT-OL 8 8 8 1 <
 O
 O@@TB > > LP^X ? ? ? FPR-J > >
 O
 OI
IOX ? ? ? ? 4 4 L[LC 8 ? < 8 FPR-Q ? 8 < 1 <
 OC
 OCC-L > > DKI > > MCFD < < ?
 O
 OC
CM@ 8 8 ? D KM\ > > M^
M^ ? ? 8 ? ? 1 0
 O
 OC
CPJ 8 8 ? DXM\ > > MXKI > >
 O
 OJ
JHX > > DPCL ? ? ? MR-OL > >
 OJ
 OJ-L ? ? ? @CO^\ 8 8 ? ^OCC > >
 O
 OJ
J-J > > @P^-^@ > > ^@TX ? < 8 1 <
 O
 OF
FOL < 8 ? ? 9 4 @P^BX > > ^B-OL ? ? ?
 O
 OFFB > > A@XX 8 8 ? ^BM\ ? 8 8 8 < 8 8 ?4 9
 O
 OFFT-L > > A@XX-^ ? ? ? ^B[T ? ? ?
 O
 OF
FT-T > > AC-OL 8 8 4 8 ^KL-OL > >
 O
 O^
^K\ ? 8 < 8 I@C\ > > ^COT 8 ? 8 8 9 4
 O
 OX
XOF > > ICMF > > ^CH ? 8 < 8
 O
OX
XI-J > > IXO^B 8 < < < ?? 4 ^MDM > >
 O
 OXXI-F < < ? I
IX
XOT > > ^\
^\MX 8 8 ?

 OX
 OXK\T > > IPOG > > ^PC\ < < ?
 O
 OXXF 8 8 ? BOJ > > ^[XMI > >
 OX
 OX\ 8 8 ? < 2 4 B @CC ? ? ? X OD-H > >
 O
 OXX\-K 8 ? < 8 B@^ ? 8 8 8 9 4 XOF-H > >
 OX
 OXPJ-T > > B [DX ? ? ? XB
XB@PJ > >
 O
 O\
\OA > > B[M\ 8 < 0 8 XBMD > >
 O
 O\\OX > > B[^@X > > XBP\-T 8 < 0 8
 OP
 OPX 8 8 ? KIF 8 8 ? XPJR > >
 H
 HOOX-L < 8 0 8 KMD 8 8 ? XPTO ? 8 < 8
 H@
 H@CC 8 ? ? 4 < KK^
^ > > \OHOD 8 8 ?
 H@
 H@CC-^ > > KXK\ > > \OHKF > >
 H
 H@
@XH > > EOCK-OX 8 ? < 8 \OJH > >
 H
 HM
MX > > EOCK-HK 8 8 4 8 \OFI 8 8 ?
 H
 HM
MQ 8 8 ? EOCK-HX ? ? ? \OFKL 8 8 ?
 HX
 HXMJ > > EOCK-L 8 ? ? 4 < \OX\ > >
 H
 HXX[ 8 8 ? E
EO
OCK -K > > \@L ? ? 8 8
 H
 HP
PAM ? ? ? EO
EOCK-J > > \@C ? ? ?
 LO
 LOLT 8 8 ? EOCK-^ ? ? 8 8 \@^ 8 < < 2 <
 L
 LO
OCL ? ? < 8 < ?> 0 EOCK-\ ? 8 < 8 \KC 8 < ? 1 <
 L
 LOOCL-OX > > EX@M\ ? ? ? \M
\ MC > >
 LO
 LOCL-A > > C OL-L < 8 0 8 \^KI > >
 LO
 LOCL-^ 8 8 ? COL-D > > \^MFI > >
 L
 LOOCL-\ < ? 8 1 < COLB ? ? 8 8 \TOFF > >
 L
 LO
OC@F > > COT-J > > \TO^B ? < < 9 <

LOJ^B 8 ? < 8 C
C@
@D > > \TKLT > >
 L
 LO
OFF > > C KC-T > > \T
\TXOJ 8 8 4 8
 L
 LOOFF-\ 8 8 ? CKTB > > \TXMFT ? ? 8 8
 L
 LO
OFTB ? ? ? CMH > > \TX[ > >
 LO
 LO^\ > > CPFO > > \PC^B ? < ? ? < ; 0
 LO
 LOXH > > C[L ? 8 8 0 < \PC-OL < < ?
 L OXH-Q 8 < 8 9 < C[\\ ? ? 8 4 < \[J^B > >
 L
 LOOXL > > JOI-L ? 8 < 8 \[
\ [^B 8 8 ?
 LO
 LOPC > > JOI-J > > TOH > >
 L
LO
OP\T ? 8 8 0 < JOI-^ > > TOX@FT 8 8 8 1 <
 L
 LBBOJ ? ? ? JOFL ? 8 < 8 T @CC ? ? ?
 L
 LB
B@C ? ? ? JOFD > > T@X ? ? ?
 LB
 LBKF ? < 4 8 JOFI > > T@
T @PLX ? ? ?
 LK
 LKL ? ? ? J@D 8 8 ? TB@O ? ? ?
 L
 LKKJKL > > J@XL ? 8 < 1 < TB
T B@X > >
 L
 LKKFO > > J@W 8 < 0 8 T
TBBPGO ? ? 8 8
 L
 LKK\T 8 8 ? JM\LB ? ? ? TPH 8 8 ? 0 <
 LC
 LCKJ > > JPXR > > PXT-P > >
 LM
 LMLO > > JP
JPX-OL > > QOC@X > >
 L MLL ? ? ? FOGO ? ? ? Q@XOT 8 < 0 8
 L
 LM
MAA > > FOT-O ? ? ? QKH > >
 L
 LM
MCLB 8 8 ? FO
FOT-L ? ? ? ROF > >
 L
 LM
MCML > > FOT-J 8 < ? 8 2 4 WKFL 8 8 8 ? 9 4
 LM
 LMF 8 8 ? FOT-^ ? ? ? < <

 
 ??>

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Los` ?>7 Ott`ftkmf D`aklkt Dksmrd`r + Mppmsktkmfoc D`akoft Dksmrd`r 

O a`joc` lbkcd, 0 y`ors mcd

E wos sokd tm h` v`ry jkslbk`vmus ofd dksmh`dk`ft. \b` wmucd f`v`r toe` ofy mrd`rs ikv`f hy
tb` t`olb`r mr mtb`rs. \b` wos v`ry d`strultkv`, ofd wmucd mat`f t`or hmmes mr hr`oe b`r tmys. B`r
ottktud` wos v`ry r`v`fi`auc. \b` wmucd mat`f bkt mtb`r lbkcdr`f. Tb` jmtb`r lmjpcokf`d tbot b`r
lbkcd, E, wmucd poss urkf` ofd stmmc dokcy os smmf os sb` wmucd r`olb tb` bmus` stokrlos`. Gust tm
 pr`v`ft tbks, tb` jmtb`r wmucd pkle up E armj tb` slbmmc ofd i`t b`r tm poss urkf` ofd/ mr stmmc
kf slbmmc. X`iordc`ss, E wmucd stkcc poss stmmc ofd urkf` mf tb` stokrlos`, `v`f wb`f tb`r` w`r`
fm oppor`ft r`osmfs.

E wos kft`rvk`w`d s`porot`cy hy Dr. Gowobor \bob ofd s``j`d `xtromrdkforkcy kft`ccki`ft, wktty,
ofd sbmw`d o cmt ma owor`f`ss. Yb`f prmh`d, E r`v`oc`d tbot tb` jmtb`r wmucd ikv` jmr`
ott`ftkmf tm b`r hrmtb`r wbm wos < y`ors ymufi`r. \`lmfdcy, tb`kr jmtb`r wmucd cmle ofd c`ov`
tb`j occ ocmf` kf tb` bmus`. Tbkrdcy, E ocwoys a`ct tbot b`r jmtb`r dkd fmt ikv` b`r tbkfis sb`
d`skr`, ofd wmucd mat`f bkt mr pufksb b`r. B`fl` sb` wmucd kft`ftkmfoccy poss stmmc ofd urkf` tm
toe` r`v`fi`. Tb` lbkcd sokd –kt wos jy woy ma toekfi r`v`fi`
r`v`f i` armj jy jmtb`r, wbm ks fmt
tr`otkfi j` kf tb` rkibt woy‚. 
woy‚.  

Tr`otj`ft

Tor`ftuco bkspofklo  wos pr`slrkh`d os tb` lbkcd sbmw`d typkloc syjptmjkl pkltur` ma h`kfi
sjort ofd wktty, y`t v`ry scy, r`v`fi`auc ofd jocklkmus. Tor`ftuco kfdkvkduocs d`rkv` pc`osur`
armj ikvkfi pokf ofd dkslmjamrt tm mtb`rs.

?.  ^r`slrkptkmf , 84/;/?;287 Tor`ftuco B. 8>>, < dms`s, ? `v`ry fkibt5 \ol Col ?-?-? * 4 w``es

Ouxkccory tr`otj`ft7 Tb` jmtb`r wos odvks`d tm lor` amr E jmr` kft`ccki`ftcy.

8.  Amccmw up, ;/??/?;287 Yktbkf 8 w``es, E stmpp`d posskfi stmmc ofd urkf` mf tb` stokrlos`.
 Fm lmjpcokfts. \ol Col < dms`s < ^F, \ol Col ?-?-? * < w``es
<.  ?</?8/?;287 Krrktohkckty +++5 Jore`d r`stc`ssf`ss5 G`ocmusy du` tm f`iotkv` r`cotkmfsbkp wktb
 hrmtb`r

^r`slrkptkmf 7 Tor`ftuco B. 8>> wos r`p`ot`d wktb < dms`s ? `v`ry fkibt5 \ol Col ?-?-? *4
w``es

Tb` r`j`dy b`cp`d kf amluskfi tb` lbkcd”s kft`ccki`fl` kftm prmp`r us`, tb` lbkcd kjprmv`d
ir`otcy kf b`r olod`jkl p`ramrjofl` ofd r`l`kv`d tb` h`st stud`ft oword y`ors cot`r.
 ???

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Ofocysks - e`yfmt` syjptmjs wktb ruhrkls  

J`ftoc7
?.  Jkfd, jkslbk`vmus
8.  Jkfd, dksmh`dk`ft
<.  Jkfd, d`strultkv`f`ss
4.  Jkfd, strkekfi
0.  Jkfd, jocklkmus

^byskloc I`f`rocktk`s7
?.  @xtr`jktk`s, r`stc`ssf`ss

X`p`rtmrkoc X`suct Qocu` Lmuft

Tor`ftuco
? Bkspofklo ?8 0
8 Fux Qmjklo ?8 0
< \trojmfkuj ?8 0
4 Bymslyojus ?> 0
0 Lupruj ; 0

Kt wkcc h` immd tm efmw ka tb`r` or` mtb`r portklucors mr pbyskloc i`f`rocs. Tor`ftuco Bkspofklo,
 Fux Qmjklo ofd \trojmfkuj bov` tb` bkib`st vocu` ofd lmuft. lm uft. X`iordc`ss, skfl` jkslbk`vmus,
dksmh`dk`fl` ofd d`strultkv`f`ss or` bkibcy jore`d, Tor`ftuco prmv`s tm h` tb` skjkckjuj kf
tbks los` (d`spkt` tb` aolt tbot ‖scy” dm`s fmt opp`or kf tb` ruhrkl ofd Tor`ftuco ks fmt lmv`r`d
ufd`r ruhrkls ‖g`ocmusy” ofd ‖jocklkmus”. Tor`ftuco
Tor`ft uco ks tb` r`j`dy wktb tb` bkib`st vocu` ofd
lmuft ka tb` ruhrkl ‖Jkfd, jocklkmus” ks fmt us`d kf tb` ofocysks. Cole ma lmftrmc mv`r urkfotkmf
ofd d`a`lotkmf ks fmt lmv`r`d kf tbks los` os tb`s` syjptmjs or` dmf` kft`ftkmfoccy, ofd or` fmt
tb` rmmt lous` ma b`r prmhc`js.

Jkosj

Jkosjs kfvmcv`d or` psmro-sypbkcm-sylmtkl wktb o bkib`r `jpbosks mf sypbkcks ofd sylmtkl
jkosjs du` tm b`r jocklkmusf`ss ofd b`r ohkckty tm burt mtb`rs `jmtkmfoccy ofd pbyskloccy. ^smro
ks kfdklot`d kf b`r r`stc`ssf`ss, sypbkcks ks amufd kf b`r d`strultkv`f`ss ofd sylmsks ks jore`d kf
b`r g`ocmusy ofd jkslbk`vmusf`ss. Tor`ftuco Bkspofklo ks o immd r`j`dy amr occ tb` ohmv`
kfdklot`d jkosjs, `sp`lkoccy sylmtkl.
 ??8

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

X`p`rtmry \b``t X`p

X`p`rtm
`rtmry
ry us`
us`d7
d7 E`f
E`ftt  Dot`7 8/1/8>>;

 Foj`7 E 3-------------- \yjptmjs / Xuhrkls -----------------------6 Los` X`a Fm7 ?>

^ i Fm ^ i Fm

? Jkfd, jkslbk`vmus 11 1 Jkfd, jocklkmus 1<

8 Jkfd, d`strultkv`f`ss <1 9

< Jkfd, dksmh`dk`fl` <9 2

4 Jkfd, strkekfi 24 ;
0 @xtr`jktk`s, r`stc`ssf`ss ??29 ?>

? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?
?>
> Qocu` L
Lm
muft ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?> Qocu` Lmuft
?> ? 8 < 4 0 1 9 2 ; ?>
?> Qocu` Lmuft
 O
 OL
LMF ? ? 8 4 < LMCML ? ? 8 8 FOT-J 8 8 4 8
 O
 O@@\L > > LMF ? ? ? FOT-^ > >
 O@
 O@T B > > LMX-X > > FOT-\ > >
 O
 OIIOX 8 ? ? 4 < LXML ? ? ? FKT-OL ? 8 8 0 <
 O
 OC
CC-L ? ? ? LP^X ? 8 8 8 8 ; 0 FPR-J > >
 OC
 OCM@ 8 ? < 8 L[LC > > FPR-Q < ? 8 < < ?8 0
 O
 OCCPJ 8 8 ? DKI 8 8 ? MCFD > >
 OJ
 OJHX ? ? ? DKM\ > > M^ ? ? ? < <
 O
 OJ
J-L 8 ? < 8 DXM\ > > MXKI > >
 OJ
 OJ-J ? ? 8 8 DPCL 8 8 ? MR-OL ? ? ?
 OF
 OFOL < 8 0 8 @C
@ CO^\ ? ? ? ^O
^OCC > >
 O
 OF
FB > > @P^-^@ > > ^@TX ? ? 8 8
 OF
 OFT-L > > @P^BX > > ^B-OL > >
 OF
 O FT-T > > A@XX < < ? ^BM\ ? ? ? ? 4 4
 O^
 O^K\ ? ? ? A@
A@XX-^ > > ^B
^B[T 8 8 ?
 O
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XOF > > AC-OL > > ^KL-OL > >
 OX
 OXI-J 8 8 ? I@C\ > > ^COT ? ? 8 ? 0 4
 OX
 OXI-F > > ICMF 8 8 ? 0 < ^CH ? 8 < 8
 OX
 O XK\T > > IX
IXO^B ? ? ? ^MDM > >
 O
 OX
XF ? ? ? < < IXOT > > ^\MX > >
 O
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X\ 8 < 8 9 < I POG ? ? 8 8 ^PC\ < < ?
 O
 OXX\-K > > BOJ > > ^[XMI > >
 OX
 OXPJ-T > > B@
B@CC ? ? ? XO
XOD-H > >
 O\
 O\OA > > B@^ 8 8 ? XOF-H > >
 O\
 O\OX > > B[
B[DX ? ? 8 8 XB@PJ > >
 OP
 OPX 8 8 ? B[M\ 8 8 < ? 8 ?> 0 XBMD > >
 H
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OX-L ? ? 8 8 B[^@X > > XBP\-T < < ?
 H@
 H@CC ? 8 < ? 8 ; 0 KIF 8 ? < 8 XPJR > >
 H
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@CC-^ > > KMD 8 8 ? XPT O 8 8 ?
 H
 H@
@XH ? ? ? K^ > > \OHOD > >
 H
 HM
MX 8 8 ? KXK\ > > \OHKF > >
 HM
 HMQ ? ? ? EOCK-OX > > \OJH > >
 HX
 H XMJ > > EO
EOCK-HK > > \OFI > >
 HX
 HX[ > > E OCK-HX < < ? \OFKL ? ? ?
 HP
 HPAM ? ? 8 8 EOCK-L 8 8 4 8 \OX\ > >
 LO
 LOLT > > EOCK -K ? ? ? \@L ? ? ?
 L
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OCL 8 ? 8 0 < EO
EOCK-J > > \@
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 LOCL-OX > > EOCK-^ 8 8 ? \@^ ? ? ?
 L
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OCL-A > > EO
EOCK-\ > > \K
\KC < < ?
 LO
 L OCL-^ > > EX@M\ > > \MC > >
 L
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OCL-\ ? ? ? COL-L 8 8 ? \^KI ? ? ?
 LO
 LOC@F > > COL-D > > \^MFI > >
LOJ^B 8 ? < 8 COLB 8 ? 8 0 < \TOFF 8 ? < 8
 LO
 LOFF > > C OT -J > > \T
\TO^B ? ? 8 8
LOFF-K < < ? C@
C@D 8 8 ? \T
\TKLT > >
 LO
 LOFF-\ ? ? ? CKC-T ? ? ? \TXOJ 8 8 8 < < ?8 0
 L OFTB ? ? 8 ? ? 1 0 CKTB > > \TXMFT ? 8 ? 4 <
 LO
 LO^\ ? ? 8 8 CMH > > \TX[ ? ? 8 8
 LO
 L OXH > > C PFO > > \P
\ PC^B ? ? ? < <
LOXH-\ ? ? ? C[L 8 8 < 8 ; 4 \PC-OL > >
 L
 LO
OXH-Q ? ? 8 8 C[\\ ? ? ? \[J^B > >
 LO
 LOXL > > JOI-L ? ? ? \[^B > >
 L
 LO
OPC > > JOI-J > > TOH > >
 LO
 LOP\T ? 8 ? 4 < JOI-^ > > TOX@FT 8 8 < 8 < ?8 0
 L
 LBBOJ > > JOFL > > T@CC > >
 L
 LB
B@C ? ? ? JOFD > > T@X > >
 LB
 L BKF 8 < ? 1 < JOFI ? ? ? T@PLX > >
 LK
 LKL ? ? ? J@D ? ? ? TB@O > >
 LK
 L KJKL > > J @XL 8 ? ? 4 < TB
T B@X > >
 L
 LKKFO > > J@W > > TBPGO > >
 L
 LKK\T > > JM
JM\LB ? ? ? < < TP
TPH 8 8 ?
 L
 LC
CKJ > > JPXR > > PXT -P > >
 L
 LM
MLO > > JP
JPX-OL > > QOC@X > >
 LM
 LMLL ? ? ? FOGO > > Q@XOT 8 8 8 ? 9 4
 LM
 LMAA > > FOT -O ? ? ? QKH > >
 LM
 LMCLB ? ? ? FOT -L ? ? ? < < ROF > >

 W KFL < ? 4 8
 
 ??<

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

<0. Lmflcuskmf

Tb` ohmv` los`s ofd r`s`orlb studk`s d`jmfstrot` tbot bmj`mpotby bos tb` ohkckty tm r`dul` mr
lur` oiir`sskmf ofd mtb`rs syjptmjs ma dksruptkv` h`bovkmroc dksmrd`rs kf lbkcdr`f. J`dkloc
tr`otj`fts cke` occmpotby ofd mtb`r oct`rfotkv` b`ockfi j`tbmds ocsm bov` tb`kr rmc`s tm pcoy kf
b`cpkfi lbkcdr`f wktb tb` ohmv` dksmrd`rs. ^sylbmsmlkoc pr`v`ftkmf, tr`otj`ft ofd kft`rv`ftkmf
sbmucd ocsm h` lmfdult`d lmflurr`ftcy amr o w`cc-rmufd`d tr`otj`ft. ^or`fts, lor`ikv`rs ofd
t`olb`rs just bov` potk`fl` ofd lmftkfu` tm sbmw`r tb`kr cmv` ofd lmfl`rf, hut ot tb` soj` tkj`
kfstkcc dkslkpckf` mf tb`s` lbkcdr`f os tbot wkcc ufdmuht`dcy b`cp tb`j
tb `j kf tb`kr r`lmv`ry.

\yjptmjs d`slrkh`d amr tb` bmj`mpotbkl r`j`dk`s kf Lbopt`r <8 or` usuoccy tb` jmr` `xtr`j`
syjptmjs5 jofy potk`fts joy dkspcoy jkcd`r syjptmjs ofd lborolt`rkstkls. Tbus, kt ks tb`
bmj`mpotb”s
bmj`mpotb ”s rmc` tm
rmc` tm lor`auccy mhs`rv` tb` potk`ft tm `fsur` tbot tb` syjptmjs toe`f kf tmtockty,
jotlb`s tbot ma tb` potk`ft. Durkfi r`p`rtmrksotkmf ofd los` toekfi, jofy tkj`s, tb`r` or` l`rtokf
r`j`dk`s tbot ufaokckficy bov` bkib vocu` ofd lmuft sulb os Cylmpmdkuj ofd Fux Qmjklo. Lor`
just h` toe`f tm `fsur` tbot tb`s` strmfi`r ofd d``p`r oltkfi r`j`dk`s dm fmt ocwoys `fd up kf
tb` akrst rofe kfodv`rt`ftcy. Tbus, p`luckor, kfdkvkduockz`d syjptmjs, j`ftoc syjptmjs, cke`s,
ov`rskmfs ofd jmdocktk`s tbot lot`r tm tb` kfdkvkduocs” oiir`sskmf ofd dksmrd`rs sbmucd h` bkibcy

lmfskd`r`d.
kjpmrtofl`. Ov`rskmf
Tb` `aa`ltofd
ma lrovkfi ma j`dklkf`
occmpotbkl ammd, ufc`ss ks bkibcy
sbmucd jore`d,
ocsm h` toe`f sbmucd toe` osmcmw`r
kftm ollmuft tbot
syjptmjs orkskfi du` tm occmpotbkl j`dklotkmfs or` ikv`f c`ss kjpmrtofl`, lmjpor`d tm tb`
lbkcd”s mtb`r syjptmjs.
syjptmjs.

Bmj`mpotby bos tb` ohkckty tm b`cp tb`s` lbkcdr`f, bmw`v`r, kt bos kts ckjkts. Kt loffmt ufdm hod
j`jmrk`s ofd `xp`rk`fl`s wbklb smj` ma tb` lbkcdr`f bov` imf` tbrmuib. Kts `aakloly ks ocsm
kjp`d`d kf tbot kt loffmt lbofi` tb` `xt`rfoc kfacu`fl`s tbot kjpolt tb` lbkcdr`f mf o dokcy hosks
sulb os o c`ss tbof kd`oc por`ftkfi styc`, uphrkfikfi, p``r kfacu`fl`, `dulotkmf ofd f`kibhmrbmmd.
 F`ktb`r lof kt kfvme` of kjprmv`j`ft, ka tb`r` ks o cole ma owor`f`ss mr o wkcckfif`ss tm lbofi`
mf tb` port ma tb` potk`ft. @v`f tbmuib bmj`mpotbs or` ohc` tm prmvkd` ckst`fkfi `ors ofd
lmjj`ft mf dks`os`s, tb`y or` fmt trokf`d p`rsmff`cs wbm lof prmvkd` prma`sskmfoc psylbmsmlkoc
lmufs`ckfi.

 Fmf`tb`c`ss, tb`r` or` o cmt tbot bmj`mpotby lof stkcc dm amr lbkcdr`f ormufd tb` wmrcd, os kt
r`jokfs o cori`cy ufdkslmv`r`d ofd ufd`rutkckz`d
uf d`rutkckz`d b`ockfi tmmc.
 ??4

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

Hkhckmiropby

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8
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 Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf, Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf. Tose Amrl` mf D\J-KQ.
Dkoifmstkl ofd \totkstkloc Jofuoc ma J`ftoc Dksmrd`rs. 8>>>. Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi,
^u hcksbkfi,
Kfl.
??
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,J?
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 Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf, Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf. Tose Amrl` mf D\J-KQ.
Dkoifmstkl ofd \totkstkloc Jofuoc ma J`ftoc Dksmrd`rs. 8>>>. Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi,
Kfl.
?4
 Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf, Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf. Tose Amrl` mf D\J-KQ.
Dkoifmstkl ofd \totkstkloc Jofuoc ma J`ftoc Dksmrd`rs. 8>>>. Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi,
Kfl.
?0
Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf, Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf. Tose Amrl` mf D\J-KQ.
Dkoifmstkl ofd \totkstkloc Jofuoc ma J`ftoc Dksmrd`rs. 8>>>. Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi,
Kfl.
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bttp7//p`dkotrkls.ohmut.lmj/ls/j`ftocb`octb/o/d`pr`sskmf]stdy]8.btj
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?2
 Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf, Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf. Tose Amrl` mf D\J-KQ.
Dkoifmstkl ofd \totkstkloc Jofuoc ma J`ftoc Dksmrd`rs. 8>>>. Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi,

Kfl.
?;
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8>
 Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf, Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf. Tose Amrl` mf D\J-KQ.
Dkoifmstkl ofd \totkstkloc Jofuoc ma J`ftoc Dksmrd`rs. 8>>>. Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi,
Kfl.
8?
 D`jktrk A. ^opmcms, Gofkl` ^opmcms. Tb` Hkpmcor Lbkcd7 Tb` D`akfktkv`
D`akfktkv` ofd X`ossurkfi Iukd`
tm Lbkcdbmmd”s Jmst Jksufd`rstmmd Dksmrd`r. 8>>9. Hoftoj Hmmes. 
Hmmes.  
88
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dksmrd`r/D\>>1<>/D\@LTKMF:lous`s
84
 Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf, Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl Ossmlkotkmf. Tose Amrl` mf D\J-KQ.
Dkoifmstkl ofd \totkstkloc Jofuoc ma J`ftoc Dksmrd`rs. 8>>>. Oj`rklof ^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi,
^u hcksbkfi,
Kfl.
80 bttp7//furskfilor`pcof.hcmispmt.lmj/8>>9/>0/flp-mppmsktkmfoc-d`akoft-dksmrd`r.btjc
81
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 ??0

Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

89
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82
 Ibmmk, Lborofgkt, Dr. Jrs. Bujof vocu`s ofd B`octb. \otbyo \ok Hmmes ofd ^uhcklotkmfs Trust.
8>>9.
8;
www.stroktstkj`s.lmj/Hr`oekfi%8HF`ws/T`lb%8Hofd%8H\lk`fl`/\tmry/\TK\tmry]<0;;28.
btjc
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Cob`y, H`fgojkf. Lous`s ma Lmfdult Dksmrd`r ofd Guv`fkc` D`ckfqu`fly. Iukcdamrd ^r`ss.
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 bttp7//www.fkjb.fkb.imv/slk`fl`-f`ws/8>>2/lmcd-ufa``ckfi-trokts-ckfe`d-tm-dkstkfltkv`-hrokf-
bttp7//www.fkjb.fkb.imv/slk`fl`-f`ws/8>>2/lmcd-ufa``ckfi-trokts-ckfe`d-tm-dkstkfltkv`-hrokf-
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 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft ps
psylbkotry.
ylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
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 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft ps
psylbkotry.
ylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
4?
 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft psylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
48
G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft psylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
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40
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8>>1. Jorcmw` &
Lmjpofy.
41
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Lmjpofy. G. 1>
Xmh`rts, JD. \bmucd ymu j`dklot` ymur lbkcd”s jkfd= 8>>1. Jorcmw` &
49
 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft ps
psylbkotry.
ylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
42
 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`x thmme ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft p
psylbkotry.
sylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
4;
 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft ps
psylbkotry.
ylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
0>
 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft psylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
0?
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08
 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft ps
psylbkotry.
ylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
0< G`rry
J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft ps
psylbkotry.
ylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
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 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft psylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
01
 G`rry J. Yk`f`r, J. E. (8>>4). T`xthmme
T`xthmm e ma lbkcd ofd odmc`sl`ft ps
psylbkotry.
ylbkotry. Oj`rklof
^sylbkotrkl ^uhcksbkfi, Kfl.
09 bttp7//www.holbacmw`rs`jkfors.lmj/r`s`orlbstud/odbd%8>gloop%8>study.pda
02
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0;
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bttp7//www.bmckstklmfckf`.lmj/oyurv`do/oyv-hosks-bmw-dm-w`-i`t-skle.btj
1>
 Cod, Qosoft. Tb` Lmjpc`t` Hmme ma Oyurv`dkl Bmj` X`j`dk`s. ?;;2. Tbr`` Xkv`rs ^r`ss.
1?
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urv`dkl-B`rhoc-
Tr`otj`ft&kd:?0200;1
14
 Jkcc`r, Ckibt ofd Hryof. Oyurv`do & Ormjotb`ropy.
O rmjotb`ropy. 8>>0. Jmtkcoc Hoforskdoss ^uhcksb`rs
^rkvot` Ckjkt`d
10
 bttp7//www.ymiowkz.lmj/hcmi/ormjotb`ropy/ormjotb`ropy-amr-lbkcdr`f.btjc
11
 Yofi, \bmulbuof. ^`dkotrkls ma Trodktkmfoc Lbkf`s` J`dklkf`. 8>>8. ^uhcksbkfi bmus` ma
\bofibok Pfkv`rskty ma Trodktkmfoc Lbkf`s` J`dklkf`.
19
bttp7//94.?80.?0<.?<8/s`orlb=q:lolb`7stb@EGG^0>[G7www.hcu`pmppy.lmj/law`hstmr`ah/kfd`
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oc+d`akoft+dksmrd`r&ld:8&bc:`f&lt:lcfe&ic:si
12
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bttp7//www.hcu`pmppy.lmj/law`hstmr`ah/kjoi`s/a`otur`s/rr]42.pda
1;
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9>
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bttp7//www.hcu`pmppy.lmj/law`hstmr`ah/kjoi`s/a`otur`s/rr]89;.pda
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bttp7//www.hcu`pmppy.lmj/law`hstmr`ah/kfd`x.laj=aus`oltkmf:a`otur`.dkspcoy&a`otur`]kd:?<<
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98
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Jkgor`s, \bormf & Ebocso, Iurulborof. Tb` psylbmspkrktuoc
ps ylbmspkrktuoc lckfklkof”s bofdhmme. 8>>0.
Bowmrtb pr`ss.
94
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bttp7//www.t`c`iropb.lm.ue/slk`fl`ofdt`lbfmcmiy/slk`fl`/0<80<9</J`dktotkmf-joe`s-p`mpc`-
jmr`-kft`ccki`ft-hy-irmwkfi-tb`-hrokf.btjc
90
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91
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99
 bttp7//www.r`kek.mri/`aoq/YbotKsX`kek.btjc
bttp7//www.r`kek.mri/`aoq/YbotKsX`kek.btjc
92
 www.vkskmfr`kek.lmj
9;
 bttp7//www.b`octbjod.lmj/J`ftoc-B`octb/B`octb-kf-[mur-Bofd-\`v`f-Judros-amr-Ojozkfi-
bttp7//www.b`octbjod.lmj/J`ftoc-B`octb/B`octb-kf-[mur-Bofd-\`v`f-Judros-amr-Ojozkfi-
B`octb-H`f`akts.4;110
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bttp7//www.b`octbjod.lmj/Oct`rfotkv`/Judros-Oiokf-@kibt-Jmr`-Judros-amr-B`octb-
H`f`akts.?<1>82
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bttp7//spkrktuockty.kfdkotkj`s.lmj/ortklc`sbmw/?;0<8>>421.ljs
28
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24 @jmtm, Josoru. Tb` Bkdd`f J`ssoi`s kf Yot`r. H`ymfd Ymrds ^uhcksbkfi. 8>>4.
20
 bttp7//www.olu-l`cc.lmj/dks-odd.btjc
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Golqu`ckf` Tof/ ^I-9;;

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 bttp7//www.a`kfimcd.mri/X`s`orlb/LD.btjc
29
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22
 J`c`tks, Lbrks. B`rhs ofd futrk`fts amr tb` jkfd7 o iukd` tm foturoc hrokf `fbofl`rs. 8>>4.
Ir``fwmmd ^uhcksbkfi Irmup
2;
 Yotekfs, \orob. Futrktkmf X`s`orlb Odvofl`s. 8>>1. Fmvo ^uhcksb`rs.
;> bttp7//www.olu-l`cc.lmj/dks-odd.btjc
;?
 \kfiopmr` Aolucty ma Bmj`mpotby.
Bmj`mpotb y. Akrst Okd Lmurs` C`ssmfs mf Bmj`mpotby, Hkmlb`jkl
Tkssu` \octs ofd Holb Acmw`r X`j`dk`s. 8>>9. \kfiopmr` Aolucty ma Bmj`mpotby.
;8
 bttp7//www.fotkv`r`j`dk`s.lmj/prmdults/hrokf-tmfkl-hrokf-b`octb-kfam.btjc
bttp7//www.fotkv`r`j`dk`s.lmj/prmdults/hrokf-tmfkl-hrokf-b`octb-kfam.btjc
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;4
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bttp7//www.fotkv`r`j`dk`s.lmj/prmdults/jmmd-tmfkl-fmrjoc-s`rmtmfkf-c`v`cs.btjc
;0
 www.ecossk`e`bmj`mpotbk`.fc/@-v`rsk`/txt-pr`s`ftotkmf.btjc
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;1
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 @ss`ftkocs ma ^`dkotrkls
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;;
 www.jcobofos.d`/Ir``es/f`w/Qktbmuceos.btj
?>>
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 bttp7//www.bpotby.lmj/pbkcmsmpby/lbrmfkl-dks`os`s/lbrmfkl-dks`os`s>>.osp#^<
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 www.ecossk`e`bmj`mpotbk`.fc/@-v`rsk`/txt-pr`s`ftotkmf.btjc
?>0
 www.bpotby.lmj/pbkcmsmpby/sb`pp`r-kft`rlurr`ft-r`j`dk`s.osp
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 Hof`rg`o, \uhroto Eujor. Jkosjotkl Dkoifmsks, ^roltkloc Tkps wktb Lckfkloc Lmjporksmfs.
8>>9. H. Gokf ^uhcksb`rs (^) Ctd.
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 Hof`rg`o, \uhroto Eujor. Jkosjotkl Dkoifmsks, ^roltkloc Tkps wktb Lckfkloc Lmjporksmfs.
8>>9. H. Gokf ^uhcksb`rs (^) Ctd.
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j`dklo/tla/ortklc`.pbp
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Pccjof X, X`klb`fh`ri-Pccjof G. (?;;;) Xoi`-ar``
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oiir`sskv` ofd vkmc`ft lbkcdr`f. Xmleckf,
lbkcdr`f. Xmleckf, LO7 ^rkjo ^uhcksbkfi
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?88 www.pobmj`mpotby.lmj/bmj`mpotby]ortklc`.btjc
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 bttp7//www.`bmw.lmj/aolts]4;?9;9>]foturoc-j`dklkf`s-odbd.btjc
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