2549

ISBN 974 – 451 – 937 – 1

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........... . . 2549
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.
. .

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2
1 ……………………………………. 56
3
2 ………………………………………... 57
4
3 .......................................... 58
5
4 ............... 59
6
5 ..................................................... 60
7
6 ………………... 61
8
7 ................................ 62
9
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10
2 ………………………………………… 64
11
3 …………………………. 65
12
4 ………. 66
13
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14
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15
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17
2
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18
3
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4
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5
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31
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 1

( . 2546 : 17)
–6
4 60 6
80 ( . 2537 : 7 – 8) (Bloom)
6
6
5 (
. 2535 : 1)

( . 2546 : 18 –19)
(John
Dewey) (learning by doing) (Piaget)
(Bruner)
( . 2538 : 235)
 2

( . . . . : 4)
(international
institute for management development–IMD)
. . 2541 (the world competitiveness yearbook. 1998)
46
8 43
( . 2546 : 2 .
2546)
( . 2546 : 2 . 2546)

. . 2537 – 2541
4

4
20

( . 2546 : 3)
18
2542 4 24
 3

( . 2546 : 3)
9 “
” “ ” 3
1.
2.

3.

( 9 . . 2545 - 2549. 2545 : 10

-11)

( . 2538 : 3)

( . 2527 : 355)

( . 2537 : 169)
 4

6
7

1.

2. (norms)

1.

2.
 5

1. 2
2 2548 1
2,939 ( 1. 2547 : 1)
2. 2
2 2548 1 375
(multi - stage random sampling)
3.
7
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.
4.1 (validity)
4.1.1 (content validity)
4.1.2 (construct validity)
4.2 (difficulty)
4.3 (discrimination)
4.4 (reliability)
4.5 (norms)

1. 5-6
2 2
 6

2.

5
7
2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.
 7

4.

4.1 (validity)

4.1.1 (content validity)

(IOC : index of-item-objective congrucnce)

4.1.2 (construct validity)
(traits)

(item-total correlation)
,
(Pearson s product - moment correlation coefficient)
4.2 (difficulty)

4.3 (discrimination)

4.4 (reliability)

KR-20 - (Kuder - Richardson procedure)

5. (norms)

(normalized T-score)
 2

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
2.
2.1
2.2
3.
4.
5.
5.1
5.2
6.
 9

3-5

1.

(2546 : 31)
3-5

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
 10

2.

(2546 : 32 - 35)

3-5

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
 11

-
-
-
- /
-
- “ ”“ ”
-
- 20

3.

(2546 : 10)

3-5

2
 12

(2546 : 10 - 14)

1.
1.1
-
-
-
1.2
-
-
-

-
1.3
-
1.4
-
2.
2.1
-
-
-
2.2
-
- /
 13

2.3
-
-
-
2.4
-
3.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.
4.1
-
-
-

-
-
4.2
-
-

-
-
 14

-
/
4.3
-
-
- / /
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.4
-
-
-
-
4.5 ( / )
-
-
-
-
-
4.6
-
-
-
-
 15

2546
(2546 : 14)

3-5
1.

2.

3.

4.

4.
 16

(2546 : 41)
3-5

4.1
4.1.1

4.1.2

4.1.3

4.1.4

4.1.5
4.2
4.2.1

4.2.2
5

4.2.3

4.2.4

4.2.5

4.2.6
 17

4.2.7

4.2.8

4.2.9

4.2.10

4.3
3-5

1.
1.1

1.2
20
1.3
40 - 60
1.4

2.

2.1
 18

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7
 19

( . 2546 : 35 - 43)

1.

(2537 : 100 -101)

13
(2540 : 88)

(2543 : 3)

(2547 : 13)
 20

2.

( . 2546 : 25 ;
. 2542)
13
(The American Association for the Advancement of Science : AAAS) 13

8
1. (observing)
2. (inferring)
3. (classifying)
4. (measuring)
5. (using Number)
6. (communication)
7. (predicting)
8. (space/space relationships and
space / time relationships)
5

9. (identifying and controlling variables)

10. (formulating hypothesis)
11. (defining variables operationally)
12. (experimenting)
13. (interpreting data and making
conclusion)
 21

( . 2546 :
26 ; . 2522 : 1-19)

AAAS (American Association

for the Advancement of Science) 13

13

1. (observing)
2. (measuring)
3. (classifying)
4. (space/space
relationships and space/time relationships)
5. (using numbers)
6. (organizing data and
communication)
7. (inferring)
8. (predicting)

9. (formulating hypothesis)
10. (identifyling and controlling variables)
11. (experimenting)
12. (defining operationally)
13. (interpreting data and making
conclusion)
.
 22

(Newman. 1981 : 320 - 321)

(2527 : 367 - 383)

(2531 : 11)

(2537 : 14)

(2538 : 12)

(2539 : 1)

(2541 : 18)

13
8 5
 23

1.

(observation)

3
( ) ( .
2544 : 1)
(2537 : 24)

(2542 : 15)

(2544 : 90)

(2535 : 5)

3
 24

1.
2.
3.

(Neuman. 1978 : 26)

1.
2.
3.

(2546 : 27)
 25

1.

2.

3.

2.

(2542 : 56)

(2543 : 20)

(
)
(2544 : 44)

(2545 : 44)
 26

(2547 : 21)

(2546 : 28)
(measuring)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

3.

(2546 : 28)
(classification)

( )
 27

1.
2.
3.
(2538 : 63 - 64)

4.

(2538 : 64)

(2544 : 4)
3

(2546 : 29)
 28

1.
2. 2 3
3. 2 3
4. 2 3
5.
6.

5.

(2546 : 29)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(2544 : 7)
 29

6.

(2538 : 64)
(communication)

(2535 : 5)

(Neuman. 1981 : 27 - 28)

(2546 : 29)

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
 30

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

(2538 : 65) (inferring)

(2535 : 6)

(2536 : 68)

( . 2531 : 200 – 201 ; Eggen and

others. 1979 : 22 - 27) 4
1.
2.
 31

3.
4.
(2546 : 31)

1.

2.

( . 2546 : 37 - 39 ; .
2527 : 756 ) 6
1.

2.

3.
 32

4.

5.
6.

( . 2546 : 37 - 39 ;
. 2528 : 15)

1.
2.
3.

Goodwin W.L. and Goodwin L.D. ( . 2539 : 16 ;

Goodwin W.L. and Goodwin L.D. 1993)

1.
2.
3.
4. 1
5.
6.
7.
( . 2546 : 38 - 39 ;
2542 : 15)
1.

2. (Choice)

3.
 33

4.

( . 2539 : 16 ;
. . . .)
(Test For The Primary Level)
1-3

1.

2.

3.

10

1.
(Judge. 1975 : 407- 413) 5-6
3 1 Montessori 2
2 S-APA
 34

1 3 Montessori S-APA
1 2
.05 1 2 3
.05
(Barvfaldi and Dictz. 1975 : 127-132)
( 3 )
( 2 ) 1, 2, 3, 4 6
1, 4 6
2

(Porcher. 1982 : 3006 – A – 3007 - A)

4 2

1.
2.

3.
4.

(Atkinson. 1987 : 228)

1-3 6 20
2

(Ross. 1988 : 193 - 204)

 35

(Scharman. 1989 : 715 - 204)

2.
( . 2539 : 30 ; .
2534) 8
2529 9

1-10
9 0.52 - 0.67
0.60 - 0.70 0.61 - 0.86
0.74 - 0.91
(2535 : 70)

(2536 : )
5-6
7
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
2

0.32 - 0.80 0.21 - 0.59

 36

0.55 - 0.86
0.01

0.01
(2537 : )

30 15 “
” 15
“ ”

(2537 : )

30 15
15

(2538 : 16)

.05
(2539 : )
4

2 359
4 0.25 - 0.82
0.13 - 0.82 0.71 - 0.79
(2540 : )

4-5 15
 37

15

(2541 : 105)

.01
(2542 : )

.01

.01
(2546 : 92)

(5 )
0.01

7
 38

7
1

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

7 10 70
5
2
3 1 3 2
2 3 2 30
 39

(X) 1 (X)
1 0

27
- (Kuder - Richardson) KR -20

(item - total correlation)

,
(Pearson s product moment correlation
coefficient)
 40

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1

1.3.2

7 1.4
7 2.
1.
2. 1.
3. 2.
3.
4. 4.

5. 5.
6. 6.

7. 7.

1
 3

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

2 2
2548 1 2,939
( 1. 2547 : 1)

2 2
2548 1 375
(multi–stage random sampling)
1.
(Yamane. 1973 : 866)
1.1 1 95
10 97
200
1.2 2 95
10 97
 42

200
1.3 95
5 353
375
2.
1( 1. 2547 : 1) 3
1 - 120
121 - 400
401
3. 1
2
4. 1
2
5. 1 2

5.1 1 2 200
1,145 1,382
412 :
: 39 % : 47 % : 14 %
5.1.1 78
5.1.2 94
5.1.3 28
5.2 375
1,145 1,382
412 : :
39% : 47% : 14%
5.2.1 145
5.2.2 176
5.2.3 54
 43

/ 1 2

40 - -
38 - -
- 39 -
- 39 -
- - 50
- - 40
- - 35
- - 20

28 - -
22 - -
22 - -
10 - -
22 - -
- 20 -
- 16 -
- 15 -
- 22 -
- 21 -
- - 30
- - 25
 44

1( )

/ 1 2

- - 22
- - 17
- - 15
- - 16
- - 17
- - 18
- - 16

10 - -
11 - -
7 - -
- 13 -
- 5 -
- 10 -
- - 10
- - 11
- - 11
- - 10
- - 6
- - 6
200 200 375
 45

7 7
10 70 30
35
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

7
1.
4 (X)

(X)
 46

2.
4 (X)

(X )

3.
4 (X)

(X) ( )
 47

4.
4
(X )

(X)

5.
4 1
(X )

(X)

2 4
5 3
 48

6.

(X)

(X)

7.

(X)

(X)
 49

2
 50

1.

1.1
1.2 (norms)
2.

3.
7
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.
4
7 10
5.

4 7 10 70
(X)
6. (content
validity) 4
 51

3
+1 -1
0
(IOC) 0.70 (Innes and
Straker. 2003 : 5 ; Thorn and Deizt. 1989.)
7.
200
8. 1
27
0.20 0.80 0.20
9. 1
2 200
10. 2
27
0.20 0.80 0.20
7 10
11. 375

11.1 (reliability)
(Kuder Richardson) KR-20
11.2 (construct validity)
(item-total correlation)
(Pearson, s product moment correlation coefficient)
12. (norms)
(normalized -T - sore)
( . 2545 : 116-120)
13.
 52

1.

2.

3.

1. (content validity)
(IOC : index of item -
objective congrucnec) ( . 2539 : 246)
2. 27
( . 2538 : 115)
3. 27
( . 2538 : 216)
4. (construct validity)
(item - total correlation)
,
(Pearson s product - moment correlation coeffcient)
( . 2536 : 168)
5. (reliability)
(Kuder Richardson) KR-20 ( . 2538 : 168)
6. (norms)
( . 2545 : 116 - 120)
 4

1.
2.
3.

n
k
X
S.D.
SEmeas
rtt
p
r
rxy
 54

1.

1.1
1.2 1
1.3 2
1.4
1.5
2. (norms)

1.

1.1. (content validity)

7

4
3
(IOC) 0.70

7 1
0.40 1.00 2 0.40 1.00
3 0.80 1.00
4 0.60
 55

1.00 5 1.00 6
0.20 0.60
7 0.20
1.00
( )
1.2 1

7 12 84
(IOC)
200
27
0.20
0.80 0.20 2-8
 56

2
1

p r

54 38 0.85 0.29
54 29 0.76 0.46
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 31 0.78 0.42
54 39 0.86 0.27
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 18 0.66 0.66
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 25 0.73 0.53
54 27 0.75 0.50

2
1 12 0.66 0.86
0.27 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20
10

2
1
2 10
 57

3
2

p r

54 31 0.78 0.42
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 24 0.72 0.55
54 31 0.78 0.42
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 35 0.82 0.35
54 34 0.81 0.37
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 25 0.73 0.53
54 27 0.75 0.50

3
2 12 0.67 0.82
0.35 0.64 0.20
0.80 0.20
10

2
1
2 10
 58

4
3

p r

54 25 0.73 0.53
54 38 0.85 0.29
54 29 0.76 0.46
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 31 0.78 0.42
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 18 0.66 0.66
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 34 0.81 0.37

4
3 12 0.66
0.85 0.29 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20
10

2
1
2 10
 59

5
4

p r

54 38 0.85 0.29
54 35 0.82 0.35
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 26 0.74 0.51
54 26 0.74 0.51
54 18 0.66 0.66
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 25 0.73 0.53
54 26 0.74 0.51

5
4 12
0.66 0.85 0.29 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20
10

2
1
2 10
 60

6
5

p r

54 31 0.78 0.42
54 31 0.78 0.42
54 22 0.70 0.59
54 32 0.79 0.40
54 28 0.75 0.48
54 28 0.75 0.48
54 36 0.83 0.33
54 37 0.84 0.31
54 32 0.79 0.40
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 25 0.73 0.53
54 27 0.75 0.50

6
5 12 0.68 0.84
0.31 0.63 0.20
0.80 0.20
10

2
1
2 10
 61

7
6

p r

54 26 0.74 0.51
54 29 0.76 0.46
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 31 0.78 0.42
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 18 0.66 0.66
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 35 0.82 0.35
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 36 0.83 0.33

7
6 12
0.66 0.83 0.33 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20
10

2
1
2 10
 62

8
7

p r

54 28 0.76 0.48
54 29 0.76 0.46
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 37 0.84 0.31
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 18 0.66 0.66
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 36 0.83 0.33

8
7 12 0.66
0.84 0.33 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20
10

2
1
2 10
 63

1.3 2

7 10 70
200
27

0.20 0.80 0.20

9 – 15

9
1

p r

54 29 0.76 0.46
54 21 0.69 0.61
54 21 0.69 0.61
54 28 0.76 0.48
54 22 0.70 0.49
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 18 0.66 0.66
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 26 0.74 0.51

9
1 10 0.66 0.76
0.46 0.66 0.20 0.80
0.20
10
 64

10
2

p r

54 14 0.63 0.74
54 12 0.61 0.77
54 16 0.64 0.70
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 29 0.76 0.46
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 24 0.72 0.55
54 26 0.74 0.51

10
2 10 0.61 0.77
0.44 0.77 0.20
0.80 0.20
10
 65

11
3

p r

54 27 0.75 0.50
54 22 0.70 0.59
54 28 0.76 0.48
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 16 0.64 0.70
54 18 0.66 0.66
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 26 0.74 0.51
54 17 0.65 0.68
54 28 0.76 0.48

11
3 10 0.64
0.76 0.48 0.70
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
 66

12
4

p r

54 26 0.74 0.51
54 28 0.76 0.48
54 24 0.72 0.55
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 25 0.71 0.57
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 24 0.72 0.55
54 13 0.62 0.75
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 18 0.66 0.66

12
4 10
0.62 0.76 0.48 0.75
0.20 0.80
0.20
10
 67

13
5

p r

54 31 0.78 0.42
54 31 0.78 0.42
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 28 0.76 0.48
54 28 0.76 0.48
54 24 0.72 0.55
54 32 0.79 0.40
54 22 0.70 0.59
54 20 0.68 0.63
54 18 0.66 0.66

13
5 10 0.66
0.79 0.42 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
 68

14
6

p r

54 17 0.65 0.68
54 29 0.76 0.46
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 31 0.78 0.42
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 30 0.77 0.44
54 18 0.66 0.66
54 16 0.64 0.70

14
6 10
0.64 0.78 0.42 0.70
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
 69

15
7

p r

54 26 0.74 0.51
54 28 0.76 0.48
54 23 0.71 0.57
54 29 0.76 0.46
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 16 0.64 0.70
54 19 0.67 0.64
54 24 0.72 0.55
54 27 0.75 0.50
54 20 0.68 0.63

15
7
10 0.64 0.76 0.46 0.70
0.20 0.80 0.20

10
 70

1.4 (construct validity)

(item–tolal correlation) (Pearson,s Product moment

correlation coefficient) 16 - 22

16
1

rxy
0.58 **
0.53 **
0.63 **
0.54 **
0.62 **
0.67 **
0.56 **
0.53 **
0.56 **
0.47 **
** 0.01

16
0.01 0.47 0.67
 71

17
2

rxy
0.48 **
0.49 **
0.58 **
0.50 **
0.55 **
0.57 **
0.51 **
0.39 **
0.41 **
0.44 **
** 0.01

17
0.01 0.39 0.58
 72

18
3

rxy
0.57 **
0.37 **
0.52 **
0.54 **
0.56 **
0.64 **
0.58 **
0.29 **
0.31 **
0.36 **
** 0.01

18
0.01 0.29 0.64
 73

19
4

rxy
0.30 **
0.54 **
0.29 **
0.32 **
0.54 **
0.68 **
0.51 **
0.68 **
0.59 **
0.49 **
** 0.01

19
0.01 0.29 0.68
 74

20
5

rxy
0.52 **
0.54 **
0.45 **
0.41 **
0.51 **
0.38 **
0.59 **
0.62 **
0.69 **
0.39 **
** 0.01

20
0.01 0.38 0.69
 75

21
6

rxy
0.53 **
0.36 **
0.52 **
0.47 **
0.59 **
0.58 **
0.56 **
0.32 **
0.32 **
0.32 **
** 0.01

21
0.01 0.32 0.59
 76

22
7

rxy
0.52 **
0.43 **
0.59 **
0.50 **
0.47 **
0.38 **
0.51 **
0.43 **
0.58 **
0.55 **
** 0.01

22
0.01 0.38 0.59
 77

1.5

375 (Kuder Richardson) KR – 20

23

23 7

n k X S.D. rtt SEmeas

1. 375 10 10 8.10 2.23 0.77 0.12
2. 375 10 10 9.23 1.35 0.65 0.07
3. 375 10 10 8.68 1.68 0.64 0.09
4. 375 10 10 8.42 1.83 0.67 0.09

5. 375 10 10 9.20 1.40 0.69 0.07

6. 375 10 10 8.76 1.59 0.60 0.08

7. 375 10 10 9.03 1.46 0.66 0.08

23 7
8.10 9.23 1.35 2.23
0.07 0.12
0.77 0.65
0.64
0.67
0.69
0.60 0.66
 78

2. (norms)

2.1 (norms)

24 – 30

24 1

T
10 64
9 58
8 51
7 45
6 39
5 32
4 26
3 19
2 13
1 7
0 1
24 1
0 10 T1 T64
 79

25 2

T
10 55
9 49
8 44
7 38
6 33
5 27
4 22
3 17
2 11
1 6*
0 1*
*

25 2
2 10 T11 T55
 80

26 3

T
10 60
9 54
8 48
7 42
6 36
5 30
4 24
3 18
2 12
1 6*
0 1*
*

26 3
2 10 T12 T60
 81

27 4

T
10 62
9 55
8 49
7 43
6 37
5 31
4 25
3 19
2 12
1 6
0 1*
*

27 4
1 10
T6 T62
 82

28 5

T
10 55
9 50
8 44
7 39
6 33
5 28
4 22
3 17
2 11
1 6
0 1*
*

28 5
1 10 T6 T55
 83

29 6

T
10 59
9 53
8 47
7 41
6 35
5 30
4 24
3 18
2 12
1 6*
0 1*
*

29 6
2 10 T12 T59
 84

30 7

T
10 56
9 50
8 45
7 39
6 33
5 28
4 22
3 17
2 11
1 6*
0 1*
*

30 7
2 10 T11 T56
 85

( . 2520 : 53)
T65

T55-T65

T45-T55

T35-T45

T35

T35 T45 T55 T65

2.2

2.2.1
2.2.2

2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8
( )
 5

1.

2. (norms)

2 2
2548 1 2,939

2
2 2548 1
375

1.
2.
3.
4.
 87

5.
6.
7.

1.
1.1
7
0.20 1.00
1 1 0.40 2 4
0.40 0.60 4
1 0.60 6 12
0.20 0.60 7 2 0.20
0.60

1.2 1
1.2.1 12
0.66 0.86 0.27 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
2
1.2.2 12 0.67
0.82 0.35 0.64
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
2
 88

1.2.3 12
0.66 0.85 0.29 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20

10 2

1.2.4 12
0.66 0.85 0.29 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20

10 2
1.2.5 12
0.68 0.84 0.31 0.63
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
2
1.2.6 12
0.66 0.83 0.33 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20

10 2
1.2.7 12
0.66 0.84 0.31 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20

10 2

1.3 2
1.3.1 10
0.66 0.76 0.48 0.66
 89

0.20 0.80 0.20

10
10
1.3.2 10
0.61 0.77 0.44 0.77
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
10
1.3.3 10
0.64 0.76 0.48 0.70
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
10
1.3.4 10
0.62 0.76 0.48 0.75
0.20 0.80 0.20

10 10
1.3.5 10
0.66 0.79 0.42 0.66
0.20 0.80 0.20
10
10
1.3.6 10
0.64 0.78 0.42 0.70
0.20 0.80 0.20

10 10
 90

1.3.7 10
0.64 0.76 0.46 0.70
0.20 0.80 0.20

10 10
1.4

0.29 0.69 0.01

7

1.5

- KR - 20
7 0.77
0.65
0.64
0.67 0.69
0.60
0.66
2. (norms)
(normalized T-score)
2.1

2.1.1 0
10 T1 T 64
2.1.2 2 10
T11 T55
2.1.3
2 10 T12 T60
 91

2.1.4
1 10 T6 T62
2.1.5 1
10 T6 T55
2.1.6
2 10 T12 T59
2.1.7
2 10 T11 T56

( . 2520 : 53)
T65

T55-T65

T45-T55

T35-T45

T35

T35 T45 T55 T65

2.2
 92

( )

7 1
2 3 4
5 6
7

1.
1.1
7
(IOC)
0.70 11 0.40
1
2 2
0.70 8
0.40 0.60 4

3 0.70 12
4 11
0.60 1
5
0.70 12 6
0.70 12
 93

7
10 2

(Rovinelli and
Hambleton) (Torn and Deitz)
0.70 (Innes and Straker. 2003 : 5 ; Thorn and Deizt. 1989)
1.2
1
7 0.66
0.86 , 0.67 0.82, 0.66 0.85, 0.66 0.85, 0.68 0.84, 0.66 0.83 0.66
0.84 0.29 0.66, 0.35 0.64, 0.29
0.66, 0.29 0.66, 0.31 0.63, 0.33 0.66, 0.31 0.66
10 0.20 0.80
0.20 7
0.20 0.80 0.20
( . 2536 : 179 – 181)

2 7 0.66
0.76, 0.61 0.77, 0.65 0.76, 0.62 0.76, 0.66 0.78, 0.64 0.76, 0.64
0.76 0.46 0.66, 0.44 0.77, 0.48 0.70,
0.48 0.75, 0.40 0.66, 0.42 0.70, 0.46 0.70
0.20 0.80 0.20
 94

10

7 1
2 1

2
2

1.3

0.29 0.69 0.01

7

(2546 : 103)
0.24 0.73
1.4

KR-20
7 0.77, 0.65, 0.64, 0.67, 0.69, 0.60 0.66
1 0.77
(2538 : 209)
0.70 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 7 0.60 0.69
( . 2526 : 178) (2539 : 102)
0.60
 95

2. (norms)
(normalized T – Score)
7

7
0 10 T1 T64

( . 2520 : 53)
T65

T55-T65

T45-T55

T35-T45

T35

T35 T45 T55 T65

 96

1.
1.1

2( 5-6 )

1.2

1.3 2
1

2.
2.1

2.2
 98

. 2544. :
, 2546.
. 2546. : ,
2546.
.

3–4
2537. 2537.
.
. . .( ).
: ,
. 2541.
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.
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 99

.
. ..
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.“ ,”

7. :
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. . 5. : ,
2537.
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. 10 ( 2).
: , 2525.
.
5-6 . . . : ,
2536.
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12 2537. . ., 2537.
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. . : , 2536.
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 100

. . 3. : ,
2542.
.
181 - 25. : , 2527.
.
1-8. 5. : , 2538.
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- , 2540.
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.“ ,”
. 2. , 2538.
. . : , 2539.
. . 4. : , 2538.
. . 3. : ,
2536.
.
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: , 2546.
.
.“ ,” . 12(135) : 158 - 168 ;
2537.
.
. . . ., 2535.
. . :
, 2542.
, . 9 . . 2545 - 2549.
: , 2545.
. . : ,
2544.
 101

.
. :
, 2543.
. 1.
: , 2531.
1. 2547
. 10 2547. http ://www.skz
2. go.th / whan / data 47-10 / 09.xls.
. .
: , 2535.
. 2542. :
, 2542.
. “ ,”
. 116 - 120. :
, 2545.
.
“ ”.
. .( ). :
, 2537.
. . : , 2535.
.
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.

2. . .( ). :
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 102

.
. . .
( ). :
, 2538. .
.
.
. .( ). :
, 2531. .
.
. . . : ,
2539.
Atkinson, Representational Intelligence I 1 to 3 year old Children : An Oberrational Study.
Dissertation Abstracts, 1987.
Innes, E.V and L. Straker. “Good Validity,” Validty of Work Related Assessments, :
Retrieved June 18, 2003, from the world wide web ; //home Earth Link – nct/-
medtox/analysis.//
Judge, J. “Observational Skill of Children in Montessori and Research in Science
Process Approach Classes, ” Journal of Research in Science Teaching.
12 (4) : 407 - 413 ; October, 1975.
Neuman, Donald. Experience in Science for Young Children. New York : A Division of
Litton Educational Publishing Inc., 1978.
. Exploring Early Chilhood : Readings in Theory and Practice. New York :
Macmillan, 1981.
Porcher, M.A. “A Deseciptive Study of Sciencing Behavior in Sclected Kindergarten
Classes, ” Dissertation Abstracts International. 24 (7) : 3006 - A - 3007 - A ;
January, 1982.
Ross, A. “Sex – Test Interactions in the Measurement of an Integrated Process Skill, ”
Research in Science and Teachnological Education. 6 : 193 - 204 ; 1988.
 103

Scharmann, L.C. “Developmental Influences of Science Process Skill

Instruction, ” Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 26 : 715 - 726 ;
November.
Yamane, T. Statistics ; An Introductory Analysis. 3nd ed. New York : Harper & Row,
Publishers, 1973.
105
 106

1. . .

2. .

3.

4.
1

5.
1

6.

7.
107
 108

32

( )
IOC
1 2 3 4 5
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 0 +1 +1 +1 0.80
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 0 +1 +1 +1 0.80
0 -1 +1 +1 +1 0.40
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
 109

( )
IOC
1 2 3 4 5
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
-1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0.60
+1 0 +1 +1 +1 0.80
+1 0 +1 +1 +1 0.80
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.60
0 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.40
+1 +1 0 +1 +1 0.80
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 -1 +1 +1 0.60
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
 110

( )
IOC
1 2 3 4 5
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 0 +1 0.80
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
0 +1 +1 +1 +1 0.80
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 0 +1 +1 0.80
0 +1 +1 +1 +1 0.80
 111

( )
IOC
1 2 3 4 5
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 -1 +1 +1 +1 0.60
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 0 +1 +1 +1 0.80
 112

( )
IOC
1 2 3 4 5
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
 113

( )
IOC
1 2 3 4 5
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.60
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.60
+1 +1 -1 +1 -1 0.20
+1 +1 -1 +1 -1 0.20
0 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.40
0 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.40
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.60
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.60
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.60
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.60
+1 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.60
0 +1 +1 +1 -1 0.40
 114

( )
IOC
1 2 3 4 5
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 0 +1 +1 0.80
0 +1 +1 +1 +1 0.80
+1 -1 +1 +1 -1 0.20
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
+1 +1 +1 +1 0 0.80
+1 +1 +1 +1 0 0.80
+1 0 +1 +1 +1 0.80
+1 +1 +1 +1 0 0.80
+1 0 +1 +1 0 0.60
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 1.00
115
 116

1.
5

2.

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6
 117

2.7

2 (5 - 6 )

7
1 10 5
2 10 5
3 10 5
4 10
5
5 10 5
6 10
5
7 10
5
 118

1.
1.1 (Content Validity) 7

(IOC) 0.20
1.00 0.70

1.2
27

1.2.1 1 1
12 0.66 0.86 0.27
0.66 2 12 0.67 0.82
0.35 0.64 3 12
0.66 0.85 0.29 0.66 4
12 0.66 0.85
0.29 0.66 5 12 0.68 0.84
0.31 0.63 6 12
0.66 0.83 0.33 0.66 7
12 0.66 0.84
0.31 0.66 0.20
0.80 0.20 2 10

1.2.2 2 1
10 0.66 0.76 0.48
0.77 2 10 0.61 0.77
 119

0.44 0.77 3 10
0.64 0.76 0.48 0.70 4
10 0.62 0.76
0.48 0.75 5 10
0.66 0.79 0.40 0.66 6
10 0.64 0.78 0.42 0.70
7 10 0.64 0.76
0.46 0.70 0.20 0.80
0.20 3
10
1.3 (construct validity)
(item-total correlation)
(Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient)
0.01 7
1.4
375
KR-20
0.77 0.65
0.64
0.67
0.69 0.60
0.66
1.5 (norms)
(normalized T – score)
1.5.1

1 T1 T64
2 T11 T55
3 T12 T60
 120

4
T6 T62
5 T6 T55
6
T12 T59
7
T11 T56

1.
1.1
1.2
5
1.3

1.4
1.5
2.
2.1

2.2
2.3
 121

2.4

2.5

3.
3.1
3.2

1
0 1

33 - 40
 122

33 1

T
10 64
9 58
8 51
7 45
6 39
5 32
4 26
3 19
2 13
1 7
0 1

34 2

T
10 55
9 49
8 44
7 38
6 33
5 27
4 22
3 17
2 11
1 6*
0 1*
*
 123

35 3

T
10 60
9 54
8 48
7 42
6 36
5 30
4 24
3 18
2 12
1 6*
0 1*
*

36 4

T
10 62
9 55
8 49
7 43
6 37
5 31
4 25
3 19
2 12
1 6
0 1*
*
 124

37 5

T
10 55
9 50
8 44
7 39
6 33
5 28
4 22
3 17
2 11
1 6
0 1*

38 6

T
10 59
9 53
8 47
7 41
6 35
5 30
4 24
3 18
2 12
1 6*
0 1*
*
 125

39 7

T
10 56
9 50
8 45
7 39
6 33
5 28
4 22
3 17
2 11
1 6*
0 1*
*
 126

( . 2520 : 53)
T65

T55-T65

T45-T55

T35-T45

T35

T35 T45 T55 T65

127
 128

:
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:
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:

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:
 129

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:

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 130

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:

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:

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 132

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:

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:

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 133

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 139

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 141

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2 4
5 3
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5 2
4 3

6 7
5 8

6 9
5 7
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7 8
6 9

6 7
8 9

11 10
12 9
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14 12
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11 13
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13 12
15 14
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2549
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7 1
2 3 4
5 6
7

375
2 2 2548
1

0.20 1.00 0.70

0.61 0.78
0.42 0.77

0.29 0.69 0.01 0.60

0.69 T1 T64
 183

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TESTS TO MEASURE SCIENE PROCESS SKILL

FOR CHILDHOOD STUDENTS

AN ABSTRACT
BY
PRAPAPORN THAPPAITOON

Presented to Thaksin University In partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the Master of Education degree in Educational Measurement
May 2006
Copyrighted by Thaksin University
 184

This study aimed to develop tests of skills in scientific process for childhood students
consisting of seven following tests: test 1, skill in observation; test 2, skill in measurement; test 3,
skill in classification; test 4, skill in identifying relations between dimensions; test 5, skill in the
use of numbers; test 6, skill in transmitting meaning from data; and test 7, skill in drawing
conclusion from data. The tests were checked for quality with reference to content validity,
construct validity, difficulty, discriminative power, and reliability, and their norms and manuals
were constructed. The sample consisted of 375 students of childhood grade 2 of the schools
under Songkhla Educational Zone 1 in the second term of the 2005 academic year. The findings
of the study were as follows.
In terms of content validity as considered by experts, the tests showed correspondence
index values from 0.20 to 1.00 between the tests and indicative behaviors. The items for which
correspondence index values were lower than 0.70 were improved by the researcher under the
experts’ advice to gain in content validity. The difficulty values of the tests were from 0.61 to
0.78, and their discriminative-power values were from 0.42 to 0.77. The construct validity of the
tests by means correlation coefficient, showed internal correspondence values between item
scores and total-test scores from 0.29 to 0.69, being statistically significant at the 0.01 level. The
reliability of the tests ranged in value from 0.60 to 0.69. The normal T scores were from T1 to T64.
 185

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