8¹ @NAP Bcrf``cðe bf @o`ceg

FMGHOXG@COEFP BF TGPRFMFXËG S
XFTOPRFXËG FE @O@CEGP

@XFKGP FE TGPRFMFXËG

Nfregebo @grrgs`osg Aoezçmfz

81-78-8484

7
 

8
 

ËEBC@F
7. CERXOBV@@CÐE…………………………………………………….………………………76
8. @MGPCNC@G@CÐE ..………..………………… ……………………… ..…… ..…………
…………
…….. 6
8.7. @XFKGP @GMCFERFP ‐ BVM@FP……………………………………….……………….
BVM@FP……………………………………….………………. 6
8.7.7. Cearfbcfetf prce`cpg
prce`cpgmm fm Gaug…………………………………...………...……………
Gaug…………………………………...………...……………… …6
  Kgeigr hmge`o……………………………………………………...
hmge`o……………………………………………………... 6
  @rfkg bf `lo`omgtf………………………………………….……. 6
>
8.7.8. Cearfbcfetf
  prce
prce`cpgm
`cpgm mg Mf`
▩ Tgstfmfrg. Mf`lf…………
lf…………
Bfrcvgbgs bf mg ……………………………………..…………..
`rfkg pgstfmfrg9………………………….……. 1
Kusfmceg………………………………………………………..….. 1
  Pounnmf ‐ Pgcet Loeorft ‐ @rfkg `lchoust
`lchoust ……………………..….
 ……………………..…. <
  Mcafrg o Bcpmokçtc`g …………………………………………...…..
Bcpmokçtc`g …………………………………………...…..3
  Nrgeacpgef …………………………………………………………..74
  ▩ Ceamfsg. Bfrcvgbgs bf mg `rfkg ceamfsg9 ………………………………….….. 74
  @rfkg `gtgmgeg ……………………………………………………….. 78
  @rfkg hgvgrfsg o hgvgrocs……………………………………………
hgvgrocs……………………………………………. 78.
  ▩ @rfkg nmgefrg o nmge………………………………………………….………. 70
  ▩ Kcfr……………………………………………………………...…………..... 76
  ▩ Ageg`lf o trung `o`cbg………………………………………………………..
`o`cbg………………………………………………………... 7> .
8.7.0. Cearfbcfetf prce
prce`cpgm
`cpgm fm luf
lufvo……….………………....………………………………….
vo……….………………....………………………………….7>
  ▩ Sfkg `mgrg……………………………………………………………….…71
  ▩ Sfkg bf mckðe……………………………………………………….……..71
  ▩ Kfrfeauf ………………………………………………………….……... 7<
73
  Kfrfeauf nrge`ãs………………………………….………………..
nrge`ãs………………………………….……………….... 87
  Kfrfeauf ctgmcgeo………………………………………………...… 88
  Kfrfeauf suczo………………………………….………………..... 80
8.7.2. Cearfbcfetf prce`cpgm mg kgetfqucmmg.……………………………….……………………. 80
  ▩ Gzù`gr……………………………………………………………………………………….. 82
  ▩ @mgr
@mgrgs
gs…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………… 86
  ▩ Sfkgs………………………………………………………………………………………… 8>
  ▩ Mf`lf………………………………………………………………………………………… 81
8.8. @XFKGP @GMCFERFP -PGMGBGP……………………………………….….…
-PGMGBGP……………………………………….….…………... ………... 81
  ▩ Hf`lgkfm………………………………………………………….
Hf`lgkfm………………………………………………………….83
  ▩ @rfkg kusfmceg………………………………………………
kusfmceg………………………………………………….. ….. 83
8.0. @XFKGP N NXËGP
XËGP ‐ BVM@FP..………………………………………………………..
BVM@FP..………………………………………………………...….. .….. 83
  ▩ Egtg koetgbg…………………………………………………….. 04
  ▩ Rrung `mgrg………………………………………………………... 07
  ▩ Ko`g…………………………………………………………….
Ko`g……………………………………………………………..... 07
8.2. @XFKGP NXËGP ‐ PGMGBGP………………………………………………………….…. 07
  ▩ Mg`toefsg………………………………………………………...
Mg`toefsg………………………………………………………... 07
  ▩ @rfkgs bf kgetfqucmmg…………………………………………..
kgetfqucmmg………………………………………….... 00
 ▩ Tgtã………………………………………………………………. 02
 ▩ Pohrgsgbg………………………………………………………... 0>
8.6. @XFKGP @OKTVFPR
@OKTVFPRGP…………………………………………………………………..
GP………………………………………………………………….. 0>
  ▩ Pgcet-loeorã……………………………………………………….01
  ▩ @rfkg kusfmceg………………………………………
kusfmceg………………………………………………….. ………….. 0<
  ▩ @rfkg kusfmceg bf gvfmmgeg…………………………………….
gvfmmgeg……………………………………..... 0<

0
 

0. RXVNGP………………………………………………………………………………………. 03
2. BC
BCNFX
NFXFE
FE@C
@CGP
GP FERX
FERXF
F NMGE
NMGE,, EGRCM
EGRCMMG
MG,, @XFK
@XFKG
G @GR
@GRGMGE
GMGEG,
G, @XÌK
@XÌKF
F HXÚM
HXÚMÃF,
ÃF, @XFKG
@XFKG
CEAMFPG…………………………….……………………………… ..……………………………………. 03
6. QFHAXGNCG………………………………………………………………………
QFHAXGNCG…………………………………………………………………………………... …………... 24

2
 

  7. CERXOBV@@CÐE
Mgs `rfkgs soe mos probu`tos fkpmfgbos fe pgstfmfrëg `oko fmfkfetos bcnfrfe`cgborfs, fs bf`cr,
sufmfe `okpmfkfetgr o rfmmfegr mgs bcnfrfetfs pgstgs `oescaucfebo rfsumtgbos kuy vgrcgbos
tgeto fe `omor, tfxturg, sghor, ft`. Pf `okpoefe bf lgrcegs, nã`umgs, gzù`grfs, argsgs `okfstchmfs
y otros probu`tos gmckfetc`cos `oko sustge`cgs `okpmfkfetgrcgs.

Tor mo tgeto soe ueg hgsf fsfe`cgm fe pgstfmfrëg y guequf sus fmghorg`coefs sufmfe sfr sfe`cmmgs
rfqucfrfe `cfrtos
lge bf fstgr `ucbgbos,
pfsgbos tgeto por
y kfbcbos `oergzoefs tã`ec`gs
prf`cscðe. Mgs `oko
rfamgslcacãec`gs.
lcacãec`gsRobos mostgkhcãe,
bfhfe, cearfbcfetfs
sfr
gpmc`gbgs `oe prf`cscðe.

Tor eorkg afefrgm mgs `rfkgs sufmfe fstgr mcagbgs por mg g``cðe bfm lufvo, nã`umgs o gmkcbðe.
Mg `mgscnc`g`cðe sf lg fstghmf`cbo fe hgsf gm fmfkfeto prce`cpgm.

8. @MGPCNC@G@CÐE
8.7. @XFKGP @GMCFERFP - BVM@FP
8.7.7. Cearfbcfetf prce`cpgm fm Gaug
 
KGEIGX HMGE@O
Fm kgeigr hmge`o fs fm eokhrf quf rf`chf ueg `rfkg bum`f tokgbg `oko postrf. Bfhf su
eo
eokh
khrf
rf gm lf`
lf`lo
lo bf ququff sf prfp
prfpgrg
grg prce
prce`c
`cpg
pgmk
mkfe
fetf
tf `o
`oe
e cear
cearfb
fbcf
cfet
etfs
fs bf `o`omo
morr hm
hmge
ge`o
`o..
G`tugmkfetf fe Furopg o``cbfetgm, fe mgs rchfrgs mfvgetcegs y bfm sur bfm Kfbctfrrçefo sus
cearfbcfetfs prce`cpgmfs sufmfe sfr, `oe vgrcg`coefs sfaùe mg zoeg, mf`lf y/o mf`lf bf gmkfebrgs
kg`lg`gbgs, gmkcbðe bf grroz, bf kgëz o bf trcao `oko fspfsgetfs, `gefmg fe rgkg y fe pomvo,
pcfm bf mckðe y gzù`gr, guequf fe gmaueos muagrfs sf utcmczg mg afmgtceg `oko fspfsgetf y mg
vgcecmmg fe vfz bf mg `gefmg. Pu gpgrcfe`cg fs mg bf ueg `rfkg hmge`g (kçs fspfsg quf fm yoaur),
bf sghor bum`f y sugvf.

Gsë, sf lghmg bf ue poschmf orcafe arf`orrokgeo, `oe mg gbop`cðe postfrcor fetrf mos pufhmos bf
mg pfeëesumg bf Gegtomcg y fe Orcfetf Kfbco. @oe mgs `oequcstgs kusumkgegs sf lghrëg
bcnuebcbo por fm eortf bf Çnrc`g y sur bf Furopg, g trgvãs hçsc`gkfetf bf mg `o`ceg kfbcfvgm bf
Gm-Çeb
Gm-Çebgmu
gmus,
s, gue
guequf
quf Pc`
Pc`cmc
cmcgg tgk
tgkhcã
hcãe
e pub
puboo sfr ue pue
pueto
to bf cet
cetrob
robu``
u``cðe
cðe fe fm `oe
`oetce
tcefet
fetff
furopfo. Tmgto bf kfsgs sf÷orcgmfs fetrf mos kusumkgefs, nuf ce`orporgbo por mos `o`cefros bf
mgs prce`cpgmfs `ortfs `rcstcgegs bf tobg Furopg.

Cearfbcfetfs Pgmsg y bf`org`cðe

• Gmkfebrgs 064ar. • Nrgkhufsg 864ar.

• Egtg mëqucbg 864km. • Gzù`gr 764ar.
• Gzù`gr 716ar. • Mckðe »uecb.
• Mf`lf 244km. • Nrfsoefs
• Afmgtceg >loigs • Grçebgeos
• Loigs bf kfetg

6
 

 
Fmghorg`cðe

Pf fs`gmbge mgs gmkfebrgs burgetf `ce`o kceutos, sf rfnrfs`ge, sf pfmge y sf trcturge ncegkfetf
ncegkfetf..
Toefkos mg afmgtceg g rfkoio fe gaug nrëg pgrg quf sf ghmgebf. Pf `gmcfetg mg mf`lf `oe mgs gmkfebrgs
komcbgs, sce quf mmfauf g lfrvcr, y sf bfig rfposgr burgetf `ce`o kceutos. Tgsgbo fstf tcfkpo, sf `ufmg g
trgvãs bf ue pg÷o nceo, rftor`cãebomo sohrf ue `ufe`o pgrg gprovf`lgr tobo fm mëqucbo. Pf kfz`mg mg mf`lf
bf gmkfebrgs `oe fm gzù`gr y mg egtg: sf `gmcfetg g nufao kuy sugvf, sf ce`orporg mg afmgtceg fs`urrcbg y
sf
sf hgtf
bfig hcfe `oefemgsfmvgrcmmgs
`ugigr fmã`trc`gs.
nrcaorënc`o burgetf Lukfbf`fkos
`ugtro lorgs ue kombf
`oko `oe gaug,
këecko sf sc
(kfior vcfrtf fe ãmmgmgvëspfrg).
sf lg`f prfpgrg`cðe
Fe fmy
kokfeto bf sfrvcr, sf sukfraf fm kombf ueos cestgetfs fe gaug `gmcfetf y sf vufm`g sohrf mg nufetf bf
sfrvcr.

PGMPG BF NXVRGP

Pf trcturge mgs nrgkhufsgs `oe bfm gzù`gr y fm zuko bf mckðe y sf robfg fm postrf `oe mg sgmsg. Pf bf`org
fm `fetro `oe mgs nrfsgs, mos nrfsoefs tro`fgbos, ueos grçebgeos y loigs bf kfetg nrfs`g.

EORG

• Tgrg quf mg sgmsg rfsumtf kçs nceg pufbfe utcmczgrsf nrgkhufsgs `oeafmgbgs: sf bfs`oeafmge y, ueg vfz
trcturgbgs, sf pgsge por ue `omgbor pgrg fmckcegr mgs tobgs mgs sfkcmmgs, mufao sf kfz`mge `oe fm gzù`gr y
fm zuko bf mckðe.

@XFKG BF @LO@OMGRF

Cearfbcfetfs

• 644 ar Egtg 06% KA

• 644 ar Mf`lf fetfrg .
• 744 a Gzù`gr
• 844 ar Sfkg bf lufvo Kgcg
• 244 ar @ohfrturg
• 7444 ar Mf`lf fetfrg
• 764 a Gzù`gr
  • 704 ar @g`go fe pomvo

Fmghorg`cðe rf`ftg 7

Fmghorgr ueg `rfkg ceamfsg `oe mos `ugtro prckfros cearfbcfetfs y,

y, ueg vfz ncegmczgbg mg `o``cðe, f`lgr mg
`rfkg sohrf mg `ohfrturg pc`gbg y fkumscoegr `oe ueg fspçtumg lgstg quf qufbf mcsg y hrcmmgetf.

Fmghorg`cðe rf`ftg 8

@o`fr mf`lf, gzù`gr y `g`go, y lfrvcr g nufao mfeto bos kceutos. Fenrcgr, g÷gbcr fkumscoegetf y koetgr
fe mg hgtcborg lgstg quf qufbf mg `rfkg fkumscoegbg y hrcmmgetf.

>
 

8.7.8. Cearfbcfetf prce`cpgm mg Mf`lf

@XFKG TGPRFMFXG
Arge `rfkg bf mg pgstfmfrëg `mçsc`g nrge`fsg fmghorgbg prce`cpgmkfetf g hgsf bf mf`lf, gzù`gr,
lgrceg o kgc`feg y yfkgs bf lufvo: fe o`gscoefs lufvos fetfros sc sf prftfebf mcagr kçs
`getcbgb.

Fstg `rfkg fs kuy pgrf`cbg g mg `rfkg ceamfsg, pfro tcfef ueg `oescstfe`cg kçs fspfsg y sf
prfpgrg sustctuyfebo gmauegs yfkgs por ueg pfquf÷g `getcbgb bf nã`umg o lgrceg, mo quf mg
lg`f kçs f`oeðkc`g. Pfaùe mg por`cðe bf mgs yfkgs y mg lgrceg sfrç kçs o kfeos nceg. Rgkhcãe
Rgkhcãe
pufbf sfr fercquf`cbg `oe kgetfqucmmg nuebcbg, mo quf mf `oencfrf kçs hrcmmo y ueg tfxturg kçs
nceg.

Fstg `rfkg scrvf bf rfmmfeos, `ohfrturg y bf`org`cðe pgrg bcnfrfetfs pgstfmfs, tgeto bf hcz`o`los
`oko bf pgstg `loux y bf rfmmfeos pgrg tgrtgs o tgrtgmftgs.

Guequf fe mg g`tugmcbgb sf fmghorge `rfkgs pgstfmfrgs bf bcnfrfetfs sghorfs `oko `lo`omgtf,

`gefmg, `o`o, `gnã, gvfmmgegs, o pcstg`los, mg pfrnukgbg `oe vgcecmmg scauf scfebo `oescbfrgbg

`oko
hçsc`gmgo `mçsc`g.
kgbrf, Veg
pufspf`umcgrcbgb bf mg`oe
g pgrtcr bf fmmg, `rfkg pgstfmfrg
mg gbc`cðe bf fs quffmfkfetos,
otros fs `oescbfrgbg `oko ueg
ohtfefkos `rfkg
bcnfrfetfs
`rfkgs.

  Xf`ftg 8   Xf`ftg 7
  Cearfbcfetfs   Cearfbcfetfs

  644km mf`lf 7 m mf`lf

  0 pzgs yfkgs 6 pzgs yfkgs
  64 ar lgrceg nmoig   044 ar nã`umg bf kgëz
  744 ar gzù`gr   844 ar gzù`gr
  » pcfzg `gefmg fe rgkg   » vgceg vgcecmmg
  Tcfm bf mckðe

 
Fmghorg`cðe rf`ftg7
Hmgequfgr mgs yfkgs `oe fm gzù`gr, garfagr mg lgrceg y mg nã`umg bf kgëz. @gmfetgr mg mf`lf `oe
mg vgceg sce mmfagr g mg fhummc`cðe. G÷gbcr mg mf`lf g mg kfz`mg bf mgs yfkgs sce bfigr bf hgtcr.
@omo`gr eufvgkfetf gm nufao y eo bfigr bf kovfr lgstg quf tfeag fm pueto bfsfgbo.
G bcnfrfe`cg bf mg `rfkg ceamfsg, ãstg `rfkg sc pufbf lfrvcr sce fm pfmcaro bf quf sf `ortf, yg
quf `oetcfef ue kfbco lgrceoso.

 PGMPG BF NXVRGP

Pf trcturge mgs nrgkhufsgs `oe bfm gzù`gr y fm zuko bf mckðe y sf robfg fm postrf `oe mg sgmsg.

1
 

Pf bf`org fm `fetro `oe mgs nrfsgs, mos nrfsoefs tro`fgbos, ueos grçebgeos y loigs bf kfetg
nrfs`g.
 EORG
• Tgrg quf mg sgmsg rfsumtf kçs nceg pufbfe utcmczgrsf nrgkhufsgs `oeafmgbgs: sf bfs`oeafmge
y, ueg vfz trcturgbgs, sf pgsge por ue `omgbor pgrg fmckcegr mgs tobgs mgs sfkcmmgs, mufao sf
kfz`mge `oe fm gzù`gr y fm zuko bf mckðe.

Fmghorg`cðe  rf`ftg 8
Fmghorg`cðe

Trfvcgkfetf tgkczgrfkos mg lgrceg y `ortgrfkos mg pcfm bfm mckðe fvctgebo mgs pgrtfs hmge`gs.
Lfrvcr mg mf`lf iueto `oe mg `gefmg y pcfm bf mckðe. @omgr. Kcfetrgs kfz`mgr mg lgrceg `oe fm
gzù`gr y mgs yfkgs. Kfz`mgr tobo `oe ueg vgrcmmg `oe gmao bf mf`lf grokgtczgbg. Veg vfz
rfsumtf nmucbg ce`orporgr fm rfsto bf mg mf`lf. Toefr gm nufao hgio y rfkovfr lgstg quf fspfsf
`oe gyubg bf ueg vgrcmmg. Gpgrtgr y `omgr.
`omgr.
Tgsgr g otro rf`cpcfetf pmgeo. Ncmkgr
Ncmkgr.. Fenrcgr.

• @XFKG KVPFMCEG (KOVPPFMCEF)

@rfkg pgstfmfrg g mg quf sf mf g÷gbf `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg, guequf fe gmauegs hchmcoargnëgs fs

sckpmfkfetf kgetfqucmmg `rfkgbg, sghcfebo quf mg gmtg rfpostfrëg eos bg `oko `rfkg bf
kgetfqucmmg mg fmghorgbg g pgrtcr bf kfrfeauf ctgmcgeo y kgetfqucmmg `rfkgbg. Fm vo`ghmo
koussfmcef sf gpmc`g fe agstroeokëg por mo afefrgm g prfpgrg`coefs fe mgs quf lgy quf bfstg`gr
su tfxturg kuy bfmc`gbg (`oko por fifkpmo, ueg sgmsg bfrcvgbg bf mg kgyoefsg, ueg sgmsg
bfrcvgbg bf mg lomgebfsg -gkhgs fmghorgbgs g pgrtcr bf mg sgmsg kgbrf g mg quf sf g÷gbf mg
kctgb bf egtg o `rfkg bf mf`lf koetgbg- o ueg ngrsg pgrg qufefmmf). Fm tãrkceo fs fkpmfgbo fe
gegmoaëg bf mg tfmg mmgkgbg kusfmceg, orcacegrcg bf mg `cubgb bf Kosum (Crgj). Mg `grg`tfrëstc`g
prce`cpgm bf mg tfmg fs quf fs kuy bceg, tfrsg y trgespgrfetf, orcacegmkfetf fmghorgbg bf sfbg,
guequf sf fxtcfebf gm gmaobðe o mgeg kuy ncegs.

Cearfbcfetfs

  864 ar `rfkg pgstfmfrg (tfkpmgbg)

  844 ar kgetfqucmmg hcfe nrëg
  84 ar gzù`gr amgs (op`coegm)
 
Fmghorg`cðe

Trfvcgkfetf `ortgkos mg kgetfqucmmg fe pfquf÷os `uhos.

Hgtckos `oe vgrcmmg mg `rfkg `oe mg kgetfqucmmg. Veg vfz lokoafefczgbg, g÷gbckos fm gzù`gr

<
 

amgs `oe mg gyubg bf ue `omgbor pgrg fvctgr mg norkg`cðe bf arukos. Hgtckos lgstg kfz`mgr
por `okpmfto. Rgpgkos
Rgpgkos `oe ncmk g pcfm y `oesfrvgkos fe rfnrcafrg`cðe.

• @XFKG @LCHOVPR ð PGCER LOEOXÃ

@rfkg bf mg pgstfmfrëg nrge`fsg tgkhcãe `oeo`cbg `oko `rfkg pgrg pgstfm o tgrtg Pge Loeorã.
Fm eokhrf mf vcfef por su `rfgbor, ue pgstfmfro nrge`ãs mmgkgbo @lchoust, quf trghgighg fe mg
pgstfmfrëg
pgstf mfrëg bf mg Xuf Pgcet Loeor
Loeorã,ã, bf glë mos bos eokhrfs. Mg `rfkg `lch
`lchoust
oust `oescs
`oescstf
tf fe ueg
`rfkg pgstfmfrg bf vgcecmmg quf sf kfz`mg fe `gmcfetf `oe kfrfeauf, bf prfnfrfe`cg ctgmcgeo,
pgrg gmcafrgr mg tfxturg bf mg `rfkg. Mg propor`cðe fetrf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg y fm kfrfeauf vg g
fstgr bftfrkcegbo bf mo gcrfgbo quf sf bfsff mg `rfkg `lchoust. Mðac`gkfetf, kcfetrgs kçs
kfrfeauf, kçs gcrfgbg qufbgrç mg tfxturg. Mg propor`cðe quf sf sufmf fkpmfgr fs mg kcskg
`getcbgb bf `mgrgs bf lufvo pgrg fm kfrfeauf por mg kcskg `getcbgb bf yfkgs pgrg mg `rfkg
pgstfmfrg. Fe mg g`tugmcbgb fxcstfe vgrcgetfs bf mg `rfkg quf `oescstfe nuebgkfetgmkfetf fe mg
sustctu`cðe bf mg vgcecmmg bf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg por otro sghor, pubcfebo sfr mckðe, `gnã, nrfsg f
ce`muso `lo`omgtf. Ku`los pgstfmfros sufmfe g÷gbcrmf ueg pfquf÷g boscs bf afmgtceg efutrg
pgrg moargr kçs ncrkfzg, sohrf tobo fe mos bëgs bf vfrgeo. Mg @rfkg @lchoust fs cbfgm pgrg
lg`fr tgrtgs `oe hgsf bf hcz`o`lo o agmmftg, pgrg rfmmfegr `rfpfs o pronctfromfs, pgrg sfrvcr `oko

hgsf bf ue postrf bf nrutgs nrfs`gs o mo quf fm pgmgbgr y mg ckgaceg`cðe tf suacfrge.

Cearfbcfetfs Cearfbcfetfs
`rfkg @lchoust kfrfeauf
  Mf`lf 044km
  Gzù`gr 06 a   0 `mgrgs
`mgrgs bf lufvo
  Sfkgs 6 uecbgbfs   724 a gzù`gr
  Lgrceg nmoig 04 a   6 aotgs
aotgs bf zuko bf mckðe
  Tcfm bf mckðe 7/2 bf uecbgb   26 km bf gaug
  @gefmg fe rgkg 7/8 rgkg
  0 loigs bf afmgtceg fe mçkcegs

Fmghorg`cðe
Bfigkos mgs mçkcegs bf afmgtceg fe gaug nrëg, quf sf vgyge lcbrgtgebo kcfetrgs lg`fkos mg
`rfkg. Toefkos mg mf`lf g `gmfetgr `oe mg rgkg bf `gefmg, y `ugebo lcfrvg, gpgrtgkos y
bfigkos quf tfkpmf, tgpgbo, quf cenuscoef `oe mg `gefmg. Pfpgrgkos mgs yfkgs bf mgs `mgrgs, y
hgtckos mgs yfkgs `oe fm gzù`gr y mg lgrceg. To`o g po`o mf g÷gbckos mg mf`lf tfkpmgbg,
hgtcfebo hcfe, pgrg quf eo sf eos lgage arukos. Mf g÷gbckos mgs mgkcegs bf afmgtceg, y
vomvfkos g poefr fstg kfz`mg gm nufao, rfkovcfebo `oestgetfkfetf, lgstg quf fspfsf, fe fsf
kokfeto, gpgrtgkos y rfsfrvgkos.

Tgrg prfpgrgr
prfpgrgr fm kfrfe
kfrfeauf
auf ctgmcg
ctgmcgeo,
eo, , poefk
poefkos
os fe ue `gzo mos 724 a bf gzù`gr y mos 26 km bf

3
 

gaug y mo bfigkos lfrvcr lgstg mos 77<¹ @. @ugebo gm`ge`f mos 744¹ @ poefkos g hgtcr mgs
`mgrgs bf lufvo g vfmo`cbgb kfbcg.

Veg vfz mmfauf fm gmkëhgr g mos 77<¹@ mo vfrtfkos sohrf mgs `mgrgs quf fstçe hgtcfebo (`oe
`ucbgbo, hgigkos mg vfmo`cbgb bf mgs vgrcmmgs) y ueg vfz tobo ce`orporgbo, poefkos mg
kçquceg g kçxckg vfmo`cbgb burgetf fm tcfkpo quf ef`fsctf lgstg quf fenrëf `okpmftgkfetf.

Ohtfebrfkos ue kfrfeauf hcfe ncrkf, `rfkoso y hrcmmgetf.

Fstf kfrfeauf mo vgkos g g÷gbcr g eufstrg `rfkg getfrcor quf tfeëgkos fenrcgebo (bfhf fstgr
g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf, ec nrëg ec `gmcfetf), `oe kovckcfetos fevomvfetfs y sugvfkfetf. Mg
`rfkg @lchoust fstç mcstg. Xfnrcafrgr
Xfnrcafrgr..

• BCTMOKGRF

Rgkhcãe `oeo`cbg `oko `rfkg bcpmokçtc`g, bcpmokgt, bcpmokgtg o `rfkg kgbgkf. Fstg fs ueg
bf mgs `rfkgs kçs gcrfgbgs bf mg pgstfmfrëg. Xfùef fe ueg somg, bos bf mgs argebfs `rfkgs bf mg
pgstfmfrëg, por ue mgbo, mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg quf scrvf bf hgsf y por fm otro, mg `rfkg `lgetcmmy,

qucãe
`rfkg gportg mg tfxturg
`lgetcmmy gcrfgbg
fs vgrcghmf y vgquf mg `grg`tfrczg.
g fstgr Mg propor`cðe
bgbg gm austo fetrf
bfm pgstfmfro mg uso
o gm `rfkg
qufpgstfmfrg
sf mf bã yg mg
mg
`rfkg bcpmokçtc`g. Pus usos soe vgrcgbos y pufbf fkpmfgrsf fe tgrtgmftgs, tgrtgs, rfmmfeo pgrg
pronctfromfs, f`mgcrs o fe pgstfmfs.

Cearfbcfetfs

  864 ar `rfkg pgstfmfrg

844 ar egtg
  84 ar gzù`gr amgs (op`coegm)
 
Fmghorg`cðe
Hgtcko
Hgtc koss `o
`oee vg
vgrc
rcmm
mmgg mg egtg
egtg g kf
kfbc
bcoo pu
pueto
eto (s
(sce
ce qu
quff mm
mmfa
fauf
uf g kokoet
etgr
gr po
porr `o
`okp
kpmf
mfto
to).
).
Ce`orporgkos mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg y `oe gyubg bf ueg mfeaug kfz`mgkos `oe kovckcfetos
fevomv
fev omvfet
fetfs
fs lgs
lgstg
tg cetfa
cetfargr
rgr por `ok
`okpmf
pmfto
to.. G÷g
G÷gbc
bckos
kos fm gzù
gzù`gr
`gr amgs
amgs fe nor
norkg
kg bf mmu
mmuvcg
vcg
gyubçeboeos bf ue `omgbor. Kfz`mgkos hcfe. Rgpgkos `oe ncmk g pcfm y `oesfrvgkos fe
rfnrcafrg`cðe.

• NXGEACTGEF

@rfkg pgstfmfrg g mg `ugm sf mf g÷gbf gmkfebrgs fe pomvo. Fe gmaueos `gsos sf pufbf sustctucr mg
gmkfeb
gmkfebrg
rg por kg
kg`gr
`grroe
roefs
fs bf gmkfeb
gmkfebrg
rg pum
pumvfr
vfrczg
czgbo
bos.
s. Mg fmg
fmghor
horg`c
g`cðe
ðe g`f
g`fptg
ptg ueg pfq
pfquf÷
uf÷gg

74
 

`getcbgb bf fsfe`cg bf gmkfebrgs, tfecfebo ku`lo `ucbgbo fe mg propor`cðe pufsto quf mmfag g
gkgragr fe bfkgsëg. Fm orcafe bfm eokhrf bfvcfef bf ueg ngkcmcg pgtrc`cg rokgeg, Nrgeacpgec,
`ãmfhrf fe mos scamos \C y \CC. Mg sfkçetc`g bfm eokhrf vcfef bfm ctgmcgeo nrgafrf cm pgef quf
scaecnc`g pgrtcr fm pge, fe gmuscðe g quf ue kcfkhro bf mg ngkcmcg fe ãpo`gs mfigegs, burgetf fm
bfshorbgkcfeto bfm rëo Rëhfr, rfpgrtcð bfsbf su hgr`o pge g mos kçs ef`fsctgbos. Tfro eo fs
lgstg fm scao \^CC fe Tgrës, quf ue eohmf kcfkhro bf mg ngkcmcg `rfg ue pfrnukf `oe omor g
gmkfebrgs gkgrags, bc`lo pfrnukf nuf `rfgbo pgrg pfrnukgr mos augetfs hmge`os usgbos fe mg
ãpo`g. Fs prf`csgkfetf fe loeor g fstf omor g gmkfebrgs quf bfighg fm pfrnukf quf sf eokhrg
mg `rfkg `oe fm eokhrf bfm eohmf ctgmcgeo nrgeacpgef. Pf utcmczg `oko rfmmfeo fe ku`lgs tgrtgs,
`oko por fifkpmo fe mg tgrtg bf Xfyfs nrge`fsg, mg Agmff bfs Xocs, tgrtg trgbc`coegm `oko pgrg
eosotros mo fs fm Xos`ðe bf Xfyfs.

Cearfbcfetfs

  » mctro bf mf`lf
  7 lufvo
  0 yfkgs
  744 argkos bf gzù`gr
  14 argkos bf kgetfqucmmg
  64 argkos bf lgrceg
  704 argkos bf gmkfebrg komcbg
  8-0 `u`lgrgbgs bf mc`or bf egrgeig.

Fmghorg`cðe
Toe fe ue `gzo mg mf`lf y fm mc`or bf egrgeig, `gmcfetg lgstg quf mmfauf g fhummc`cðe. Kcfetrgs
tgeto vcfrtf fe ue `ufe`o fm lufvo, mgs trfs yfkgs y fm gzù`gr y hgtf `oe mgs vgrcmmgs lgstg quf
mg kfz`mg hmgequff. Tor otro mgbo, hgtf mg kgetfqucmmg quf tfebrçs nufrg bfm nrcaorënc`o lgstg
tfefrmg g pueto pokgbg.

@ugebo mg mf`lf
bf rfkovfr, fkpcf`fRgkczg
mos lufvos. g lfrvcr,
mg rftërgmg bfm nufao y vcfrtf
lgrceg ce`orporçebomg fe fm `gzo,
tgkhcãe po`o
gm `gzo g po`o y hgtcfebo
y `oetceùg sce bfigr
`oe mgs vgrcmmgs kgeugmfs, mmfvg bf eufvo gm nufao (gm këecko) y sce bfigr bf rfkovfr, `uf`f
lgstg quf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg fspfsf.
Veg vfz tfeag mg tfxturg y bfescbgb bfsfgbg, vcfrtf mg `rfkg fe ue `ufe`o gkpmco f ce`orporg
mg gmkfebrg komcbg y mg kgetfqucmmg, vufmvf g hgtcr `oe mgs vgrcmmg lgstg quf mos cearfbcfetfs
sf uege y ohtfeags ueg `rfkg bf gmkfebrgs lokoaãefg y uecnorkf.
Bfspuãs bfig fenrcgr g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf. Pc vgs g utcmczgrmg bf cekfbcgto yg fstgrç mcstg,
bf mo `oetrgrco, sc vgs g tgrbgr uegs lorgs fe fmghorgr mg tgrtg, rfsfrvg mg nrgeacpgef fe fm
nrcaorënc`o.

77
 

@XFKG CEAMFPG

Fs ueg bf mgs `rfkgs hçsc`gs bf mg pgstfmfrëg y rfpostfrëg cetfreg`coegm. Fs ueg `rfkg mcafrg
quf, fe su vfrscðe hçsc`g, sf fmghorg g pgrtcr bf mg kfz`mg bf mf`lf, gzù`gr y yfkg bf lufvo.
Guequf sf pufbf grokgtczgr `oe vgcecmmg, `lo`omgtf, `gnã, mc`orfs, nrutgs, nrutos sf`os, fsfe`cgs,
ft`.

Pc g mg `rfkg ceamfsg sf mf g÷gbfe otros cearfbcfetfs, fstg tokg fm eokhrf bfm fmfkfeto,
fifkpmo, sc sf mf garfag `grgkfmo sfrç gm `grgkfmo, sc sf g÷gbf `gnã sfrç gm `gnã.

Fs hgsf bf kumtctub bf fmghorg`coefs bum`fs `oko koussfs, lfmgbos y hgvgrocs, fetrf otros.
Rgkhcãe scrvf `oko pueto bf pgrtcbg bf otros bum`fs o postrfs trgbc`coegmfs `oko mgs egtcmmgs,
mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg y mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg. R
Rgkhcãe
gkhcãe sf pufbf sfrvcr `oko postrf.

Gbf
bfkç
kçss bf to
tobo
bo fsto
fsto,, mg `rfk
`rfkgg ceam
ceamfs
fsgg sf utcm
utcmcz
czgg pg
pgrg
rg g`
g`ok
okpg
pg÷g
÷grr y bf`o
bf`org
rgrr po
post
strf
rfss bf
rfstgurgetf. Fstf fs su uso kçs `okùe fe pgësfs `oko fm Xfceo Vecbo, boebf (`gsc) eo fxcstf
po
post
strf
rf qu
quff eo sf g` g`ok
okpg
pg÷f
÷f bf ue hu hufe
fe `lor
`lorrf rftð
tðe
e bf `r`rfk
fkgg ceam
ceamfs
fsgg `g
`gmc
mcfe
fetf
tf.. @g
@gsg
sg
fspf`cgmkfetf hcfe `oe postrfs g hgsf bf nrutg, pufs su bumzor fqucmchrg fm pueto bf g`cbfz bf
gqufmmgs.

Cearfbcfetfs

  7 m. mf`lf
  > pzgs. bf yfkgs
  844 ar gzù`gr
  `/s78 vgcecmmg, `gefmg o mc`or bf su fmf``cðe
 
Fmghorg`cðe

Hgtcr mgs yfkgs `oe fm gzù`gr (hmgequfgr), garfagr mg mf`lf po`o g po`o. @omo`gr gm nufao y eo

bfigr bf kovfr
bfhf lfrvcr lgstg
porquf sf quf mg Tgrg
`ortg. `rfkg gbqucfrg
fvctgr fm pueto
fsto, sf pufbf bf gblfrcrsf
trghgigr g mgkgrëg
g hg÷o `u`lgrg. Mg `rfkg
o g÷gbcr eo
ue po`o
bf nã`umg bf kgëz pgrg sustctucr ueg yfkg.

• @XFKG @GR
@GRGMGEG
GMGEG

Mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg o `rfkg qufkgbg fs ueg fspf`cf bf `rfkg pgstfmfrg o egtcmmg `oe ueg `ostrg
`ruicfetf g hgsf bf gzù`gr `grgkfmczgbo. Bc`f mg mfyfebg quf su cevfe`cðe nuf `oko otros ku`los
postrfs bfhcbo g ue frror, `ugebo fe ue `oevfeto uegs koeigs qucscfroe lg`fr ue nmge pgrg ue
ohcspo quf mgs chg g vcsctgr y `oko sufmf o`urrcr fe gmauegs o`gscoefs, eo mfs
m fs qufbo hcfe `ugigbo.

78
 

Tgrg quf su fkcefe`cg eo fspfrgsf, mgs koeictgs `grgkfmczgroe mg supfrnc`cf y sf mo scrvcfroe,

bgebo orcafe gsë g mg `rfkg qufkgbg. Mfyfebg o eo, mo `cfrto fs quf mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg fs ue
postrf quf austg g `gsc tobo fm kuebo por su sugvcbgb y su toquf `ruicfetf” bf `grgkfmo.

Cearfbcfetfs > pgx

  7 m. mf`lf fetfrg
  < pzgs. bf yfkgs
  744 ar gzù`gr
  84 ar kgc`feg
  Gzù`gr pgrg `grgkfmczgr gm austo
  7 pcfzg `gefmg fe rgkg
  @ortfzg bf mckðe gm austo
  @ortfzg bf egrgeig gm austo

Fmghorg`cðe
@okfezgrfkos `gs`gebo mos lufvos y sfpgrgebo mg yfkg bf mgs `mgrgs. Fstgs eo mgs tcrãcs,
pobãcs gprovf`lgrmgs pgrg otrgs prfpgrg`coefs.
Fe ueg ommg poefkos mg mf`lf g `gmfetgr `oe mg `ortfzg bf mckðe, bf egrgeig y mg rgkg bf
`gefmg. Tor otrg pgrtf fe ue hom kfz`mgkos rfkovcfebo hcfe, fm gzù`gr y mg Kgc`feg,
g÷gbckos mgs yfkgs hgtcbgs y ueckos tobo `oe uegs vgrcmmgs.
@ugebo mg mf`lf rokpg g lfrvcr vfrtfkos mg kfz`mg bf yfkgs, gzù`gr y kgc`feg quf mg
pgsgrfkos por ue `lceo o `omgbor arufso. Xfkovfkos g nufao kfbco y sce pgrgr bf rfkovfr
`oe ueg vgrcmmg pgrg quf eo sf eos pfauf lgstg quf mg kfz`mg vufmvg g lfrvcr bf eufvo.
^om`gkos
^om`gkos fe uegs `gzufmctgs cebcvcbugmfs.
Bfigkos fenrcgr sce tgpgr y fspomvorfgkos `oe fm rfsto bfm gzù`gr quf lghrfkos rfpgrtcbo
fetrf eufstrgs `rfkgs. Xfqufkgkos `oe ue sopmftf bf `o`ceg lgstg quf fm gzù`gr sf
`grgkfmc`f. Pfrvcr nrëg.

• @XFKG HG^GXFPG O HG^GXOCP

Mg `rfkg hçvgrg o hgvgrfsg, `rìkf hgvgrocs fs ueg `rfkg ceamfsg g mg quf sf g÷gbf afmgtceg y
egtg koetgbg, bgebo `oko rfsumtgbo ue postrf nrëo `rfkoso, yg quf ueg vfz prfpgrgbg sf
cetrobu`f fe kombfs cebcvcbugmfs o bf arge norkgto pgrg quf `oig mg norkg y sf fenrëge. Tgrg
bgrmf kçs sghor, loy fe bëg sf sufmf `okpmfkfetgr mg hgvgrocsf `oe purãs bf nrutgs quf mf bge
ue toquf cecaugmghmf. Rgkhcãe fxcstfe gmauegs vgrcg`coefs g`tugmkfetf fe mg quf sf ce`muyf
kfrfeauf g fstf pmgto, sce fkhgrao, eo fs mg rf`ftg orcacegm.

Tfro eo somo sf pufbf tokgr `oko postrf cebcvcbugm sceo quf, tgkhcãe, fs `okùe quf mg `rfkg
hçvgrg sf usf pgrg rfgmczgr otrgs rf`ftgs. Tor fifkpmo, fs `okùe quf bc`lg `rfkg scrvg `oko

70
 

rfmmfeo pgrg pgstfmfs o tgrtgs. Rgkhcãe, sc sf `oeafmg, pufbf `oevfrtcrsf fe ue bfmc`coso y

rfnrfs`getf lfmgbo.

Fstf postrf `mçsc`o fs bf orcafe ce`cfrto, sf bc`f quf sf orcaceð fe fm scamo \C\, ueos graukfetge
quf fs ueg fmghorg`cðe suczg y otros gncrkge quf fs nrge`fsg, fs g Kgrcf-G
Kgrcf-Getocef
etocef @grìkf (71<0-
7<00), `o`cefro, pgstfmfro, agstrðeoko y fs`rctor nrge`ãs, gutor bf vgrcgs ohrgs `umcegrcgs, g
qucfe sf mf gtrchuyf mg gutorëg bf fstf postrf por fstgr ce`mucbo fe su rf`ftgrco.

Cearfbcfetfs 7< rg`coefs

  7 m. mf`lf
76 pzgs. bf yfkgs
  04 ar `omgs bf pfs`gbo
  » ja gzù`gr
  7,6 m egtg pgrg koetgr 00%
  ½ pcfm bf mckðe

Fmghorg`cðe

@oe mg mf`lf, fm gzù`gr, mgs yfkgs y mg pcfm bf mckðe sf fmghorg ueg `rfkg ceamfsg9 Toecfebo mg
mf`lf g lfrvcr `oe mg vgcecmmg, kfz`mgebo mgs yfkgs `oe fm gzù`gr boebf sf garfagrç mg mf`lf y
sf vomvfrç g poefr gm nufao lgstg egpgr
egpgr.. Pf poef g rfkoio fe gaug nrëg mgs `omgs bf pfs`gbo, sf
fs`urrfe y sf sf`ge. Pf bcsufmvfe fe mg `rfkg ceamfsg `gmcfetf mgs `omgs bf pfs`gbo: ueg vfz
bcsufmtg, sf pgsg mg `rfkg por fm `lceo. Bfigkos fenrcgr, rfkovcfebo
rfkovcfebo `oe mg vgrcmmg pgrg quf eo
sf norkfe arukos. Pf koetg mg egtg hcfe `oescstfetf sohrf lcfmo, lgstg quf mg `oafr ue po`o
`oe ueg `u`lgrg eo sf `gcag bf mg `u`lgrg. @ugebo mg `rfkg fspfsf y fstã `gsc nrëg, sf
kfz`mge mg egtg y mg `rfkg `oe sugvcbgb, pro`urgebo quf eo tfeag arukos fe trfs vf`fs. Pf
mmfege `oe `rfkg mos kombfs koigbos y fspomvorfgbos `oe gzù`gr amgs, lgstg fm horbf y sf
poefe fe nrëo lgstg quf `ugif mg `rfkg `oko ueg lorg. Tgrg bfskombfgr, sf sukfrafe
pgr`cgmkfetf mos kombfs burgetf ueos sfauebos fe gaug `gmcfetf: sf hgige mos horbfs `oe fm
bfbo (`oko fm nmge) y sf `omo`ge `oe mg pgrtf ghokhgbg lg`cg grrchg o sf rfpgsge mos horbfs
`oe ue `u`lcmmo. Pf vufm`g fe mg nufetf. Gboregkos `oe `lgetcmmy, kfrkfmgbgs, afmgtcegs y sf
scrvf g`okpg÷gbo bf sgmsgs, `oko `lo`omgtf o ceamfsg.

^grcg`coefs

Fs ueg `rfkg quf sf prfsfetg bf ku`lgs norkgs y `oe kumtctub bf sghorfs9

  Hgvgrocs f`oeðkc`o9 @rfkg ceamfsg `oe afmgtceg g mg quf sf g÷gbfe `mgrgs koetgbgs
(kfrfeauf ctgmcgeo) fe pgrtf o fe su totgmcbgb sustctuyfebo g mg egtg koetgbg.
 Hgvgrocs bf nrutgs9 @rfkg ceamfsg `oe afmgtceg g mg quf sf g÷gbfe zukos bf nrutgs o
`oe`fetrgbos bf nrutgs, fe fm `gso bf sfr nrutgs ç`cbgs sf sustctuyf mg mf`lf por fm zuko bf mg

nrutg, y sf g÷gbf gm ncegm egtg koetgbg.

72
 

 Hgvgrocs bf `lo`omgtf,
 Hgvgrocs `mfrkoet, bcpmokgtf, ncagro, kgrqucsf, ky-quffe, pgeg`lã, eorkgebf, rfmcacfux y
ruhgeã.

@XFKG NMGEFXG O NMGE

Fm nmge fs ue postrf quf sf prfpgrg `oe lufvos fetfros, mf`lf y gzù`gr. Pu orcafe sf rfkoetg g
scamos getfs bf @rcsto, y yg frg fmghorgbo `oe lufvo `oko cearfbcfetf prce`cpgm bf mg rf`ftg, por
nfec`cos, arcfaos y rokgeos, quf fetoe`fs mo mmgkghge Ryropgtceg. Burgetf mg Fbgb Kfbcg sf
`oetceuð `oesukcfebo, sohrf tobo fe @ugrfskg, `ugebo `cfrtos gmckfetos fstghge prolchcbos.

Fm lufvo, gm `o`frsf gm hg÷o Kgrëg, sf `ugig y tokg mg norkg bfm kombf, gbqucrcfebo
gbqucrcfebo ueg tfxturg
mcafrg, afmgtceosg y `rfkosg. Iueto g mos lufvos soe ef`fsgrcos otros cearfbcfetfs quf mf gportfe
sghor, afefrgmkfetf mf`lf grokgtczgbg `oe vgcecmmg, `gefmg o `çs`grg bf mckðe. G pgrtcr bf mg
rf`ftg hçsc`g sf lge cbo g÷gbcfebo vgrcgetfs quf utcmczge zukos y `okpotgs bf nrutgs,
`lo`omgtf nuebcbo, `gnã, qufso `rfkoso o yoaur. S gùe ku`lgs otrgs quf ce`muyfe gmkfebrgs,
pcstg`los, bum`f bf mf`lf y bcvfrsgs nrutgs. Fe tcfkpos bf mos rokgeos, sf fmghorghg `oe kcfm fe
muagr bf gzù`gr y sf sf fspomvorfghg `oe pckcfetg.

Rrgbc`coegmkfetf sf vcfrtf `grgkfmo fe fm kombf, pgrg quf ueg vfz tfrkcegbg mg `o``cðe `ugebo
Rrgbc`coegmkfetf
sf cevcfrtf fm kombf fm nmge qufbf `uhcfrto por fm `grgkfmo. Rgkhcãe sf pufbf prfpgrgr `oe nmge
cestgetçefo cebustrcgm, fm `ugm mmfvg ueg prfpgrg`cðe sckcmgr g mg afmgtceg. Fm ohiftcvo fs ohtfefr
ueg `rfkg lokoaãefg y mcsg fe supfrnc`cf y quf mg hgsf bfm nmge, fm `grgkfmo, qufbf mëqucbo
bfspuãs bf mg `o``cðe. Bf glë mg ckportge`cg bf lg`fr mg `o``cðe gm hg÷o Kgrëg, pgrg fvctgr gsë
quf fm `grgkfmo sf qufkf y bã kgm sghor.

Cearfbcfetfs

7444 ar Mf`lf fetfrg

  7>4
824 ar
ar Sfkg
Lufvobf lufvo
fetfro
844 ar Gzù`gr .
  ^gcecmmg `/s

Fmghorg`cðe

Lfrvcr mg mf`lf y grok

grokgtczg
gtczgrmg
rmg `oe mg vgcecmmg
vgcecmmg.. Gpgrt
Gpgrtf,
f, kfz`mgr mg yfkg
yfkg,, fm lufvo y fm gzù`gr
gzù`gr..
^frtfr mg mf`lf sohrf mg kfz`mg getfrcor. Mmfegr nmgefrgs, fe mgs quf prfvcgkfetf lghrfkos
pufsto fe mg hgsf ue po`o bf `grgkfmo os`uro, y `o`fr gm hg÷o kgrëg g 7<4 ¹@ burgetf 84
kceutos.

76
 

  ^grcg`coefs
•  Nmge `lceo
•  R
 Ro`ceicm
o`ceicmmo
mo
•  Ngmso to`cecmmo
•  to`cecmmo bf nrutgs

@XFKG KCFX
Mg `rfkg Kcfr fs ueg `rfkg
`rfkg mëqucbg quf sf utc
utcmczg
mczg pgrg fmghorgr pgstfmfs bf nrutg quf sf
`oeo`fe `oe fm eokhrf bf `mounoutcs.

Cearfbcfetfs

• 7mctro bf mf`lf
• 764 ar. bf gzù`gr
• 724 ar. bf kgc`feg
• 7< lufvos 244ar.
• 7<4 ar. bf kgetfqucmmg
  • vgcecmmg

Fmghorg`cðe

7. Kfz`mgr mos lufvos `oe fm gzù`gr y g÷gbcr mg kgetfqucmmg pokgbg.

8. Kfz`mg
8. Kfz`mg mg lgrceg bf kgëz `oe 64 ar ar.. bf mf`lf.
0.
0. Cenuscoeg
 Cenuscoeg fm rfsto bf mf`lf `oe mg vgcecmmg.
2.   Kfz`mg mos lufvos quf lgs iuetgbo `oe fm gzù`gr y kgetfqucmmg, `oe lgrceg bf kgëz
2.
kfz`mgbg `oe mg mf`lf.
6. G÷çbf g mg kfz`mg mg cenuscðe bf mg mf`lf `oe mg vgcecmmg.
>. @uãmgmo `oe ue `omgbor `lceo.

RXVNG @O@CBG O AGEG@LF

Fs ueg fkumscðe bf `lo`omgtf fe egtg (o `rìkf nrgå`lf), kfz`mgbg fe `gmcfetf, kuy utcmczgbg fe
pgstfmfrëg `uyg nmucbfz bfpfebf bf mg propor`cðe quf usfkos egtg/`lo`omgtf, quf g su vfz vcfef
kgr`gbg por fm uso quf qufrgkos bgrmf. Mg rf`ftg hgsf fs pgrtfs caugmfs bf egtg y `lo`omgtf. Fs
bf sghor sugvf. Mg egtg fkpmfgbg bfhf tfefr ue `oetfecbo bf por mo kfeos 06-24% bf argsg,
`okfr`cgmczgbg `oko egtg pgrg koetgr. G mg Ageg`lf sf mf pufbf bgr bcstcetos grokgs o
pfrnukfs g÷gbcfebo vgcecmmg, fspf`cgs, `gnã, egrgeig o gmaueg hfhcbg gm`olðmc`g. Pf fkpmfg
`oko `ohfrturg bf hokhoefs, trungs, tgrtgs, tortgs, pgstfmfs, agmmftgs, agmmftctgs, kgsgs ncegs y
kgsgs sf`gs o pgstgs bf tã. Rgkhcãe sf pufbf utcmczgr `oko rfmmfeo gsë mcsg fe tchco o hgtcbg.
@oko vgrcgetf sf pufbf utcmczgr tgkhcãe kgetfqucmmg pgrg quf fm g`ghgbo sfg kçs hrcmmgetf.

7>
 

Fm Ageg`lf (`oescbfrgbo mg fsfe`cg bf mg trung) fs ue tãrkceo nrge`ãs, guequf su pro`fbfe`cg fs

bcs`utcbg. Pf `rff quf fm ageg`lf suracð sohrf fm g÷o 7<64, ueos bc`fe quf provcfef bf Puczg y
otros quf mo cevfetð mg pgstfmfrëg Pcrgubce bf Tgrës.

@ufetge gmaueos mchros quf, `oko tgetgs otrgs `osgs, fm cevfeto bfm ageg`lf fs nruto bf mg
`gsugmcbgb o, kçs hcfe, bf ue bfs`ucbo. Fm eokhrf provfebrëg bf ueg fqucvo`g`cðe `okftcbg
por ue gprfebcz pgstfmfro, qucfe lghrëg f`lgbo por frror egtg `gmcfetf fe ue rf`cpcfetf mmfeo bf
`l
`lo`
o`om
omgt
gtf,
f, po
porr mo qu
quff su kgkgfsfstr
troo mo lghr
lghrëg
ëg trgt
trgtgb
gboo bf ag
ageg
eg`l
`lf,
f, qu
quff sc
scae
aecn
cnc`
c`gg to
toet
eto,
o,
ce
ce`o
`okp
kpft
ftfe
fetf
tf,, fe nrge
nrge`ã
`ãss (p
(pgm
gmgh
ghrg
rg frg
frg usgb
usgbgg pg
pgrg
rg bfsc
bfscae
aegr
gr g ue
uegg pf
pfrs
rsoe
oegg gm
gmao
ao totorp
rpff
kfetgmkfetf). Mfios bf qufbgr ceutcmczghmf, mg `rfkg sf gprovf`lð `oe ãxcto y `oesfrvð fm
eokhrf bfm cesumto, mg kfz`mg bf `rfkg y `lo`omgtf quf fm iovfe lghëg `rfgbo por frror.
 

Cearfbcfetfs
• 044 ar.
ar. bf `lo`omgtf bf `ohfrturg.
• 864 ar. bf egtg pgrg koetgr.
• Tfrnukf (op`coegm)9 mc`or bf egrgeig, hrgeby, trcpmf sf`o,
ft`.

Fmghorg`cðe

Fe ue `gzo vfrtfkos mos 864 ar. bf egtg y mos poefkos gm nufao. @ugebo mg tfefkos `gmcfetf,
gpgrtgkos bfm nufao y g÷gbckos fm `lo`omgtf y fm pfrnukf, sc optgkos por g÷gbcr, rfkovfkos
hcfe lgstg ohtfefr ueg `rfkg lokoaãefg y fenrcgkos.

8.7.0. Cearfbcfetf prce`cpgm fm lufvo

SFKG @MGXG

Sfkg pgstfmfrg nç`cm, o yfkg hmgebg, fs mg quf sf usg `oko `ohfrturg fe tgrtgs `oko “mg Pge
Kgr`os–. G bcnfrfe`cg bf mgs yfkgs burgs quf sf fmghorge `oe gzù`gr y yfkg bf lufvo
hçsc`gkfetf, mg yfkg pgstfmfrg sf prfpgrg `oe lufvos.

Cearfbcfetfs

• 2 lufvos argebfs
• 714 argkos bf gzù`gr
• 764 km bf gaug
• Mg `ortfzg bf kfbco mckðe
• Ve po`o bf `gefmg fe rgkg

71
 

Fmghorg`cðe
7. @okfezgrfkos prfpgrgebo ue gmkëhgr `oe fm gzù`gr y fm gaug. Mo mmfvgrfkos g fhummc`cðe g
nufao kfbco pfro getfs g÷gbcrfkos fm `ortfzg bfm mckðe y ue po`o bf `gefmg. Eo rfkufvgs gsë
moargrfkos ue gmkëhgr bf lcmo nmoio. Fe fstf tcpo bf gmkëhgr mg `getcbgb bf gzù`gr y gaug fs
hgstgetf sckcmgr,
sckcmgr, g kfbcbg quf sf `o`ceg tcfebf g fspfsgr ue po`o.
8. Tgrg
8. Tgrg sghfr sc tcfefs fm gmkëhgr nmoio tokg ue po`o fetrf mos bfbos y sfpgrgrmos tf tcfefe quf
sgmcr ueg fspf`cf bf lcmcmmo kuy nceo.
nceo. Fsto cebc`g fm gmkëhgr
gmkëhgr fstg fe su ueto. Bfigr gm nufao y
kcfetrgs tgeto vgkos g hgtcr mos lufvos. Fm kcsko pro`fso quf sc nufrg pgrg tortcmmg nrge`fsg
hgtckos mos lufvos `oe uegs vgrcmmgs o ue tfefbor `oe kovckcfetos `cr`umgrfs. Mg `mgrg y mg
yfkg bfhfe qufbgr hcfe kfz`mgbgs.
kfz`mgbgs. Eo mf quctgkos oio g eufstro gmkëhgr
gmkëhgr.. @ugebo fm gzù`gr
`rff hurhuigs gpgagkos fm nufao.
0.
0. Glorg
 Glorg somo tfefkos quf cr vfrtcfebo mos lufvos quf tfefkos hgtcbos sohrf fm gmkëhgr quf
lfkos prfpgrgbo. Kfz`mgkos usgebo mgs vgrcmmgs. @omgkos fstg kfz`mg usgebo ue `omgbor,
trghgig mg kfz`mg por fe`ckg bfm `omgbor pgrg quf vgyg pgsgebo g otro rf`cpcfetf. Bf fstg
norkg eos qufbgrç ueg `rfkg bf tfxturg nceësckg.
2.
2. Toefkos
 Toefkos mg kfz`mg quf lfkos pgsgbo por ue `omgbor o tgkcz fe ue rf`cpcfetf gm nufao.
Nufao kfbco prckfro y rfkovfkos sce pgrgr, mufao hgigkos fm nufao. Gm mmfvgr lufvos
tfefkos quf fvctgr quf eos `ugif `oko sc nufrg ueg tortcmmg. Tor fstf kotcvo fs `mgvf quf fm
nufao eo fstã kuy gmto y eo pgrgr bf hgtcr y mufao hgigr ue po`o fm nufao.
6.   G kfbcbg quf vfs quf fstç fspfsgebo mo rftcrgkos bfm nufao. Glorg hus`grfkos ueg
6.
supfrnc`cf nrëg, `oko fm kftgm, fm kçrkom o argecto o fm `rcstgm. @omo`gkos sohrf mg hgebfig bf
kftgm,, o mg fe`ckfrg
kftgm fe`ckfrg mg yfkg pgstfmfr
pgstfmfrg.g. Mg bfigkos rfposgr
rfposgr pgrg quf sf vgyg fenrcgebo
fenrcgebo fe
ueg hgebfig kftçmc`g o sc tcfefs ueg fe`ckfrg bf kçrkom o argecto. Veg vfz nrëo pufbfs
usgrmg pgrg `ohfrturg bf tgrtgs o `up`gjfs y tgkhcãe mg pufbfs `oeafmgr sc tf lg sohrgbo.

SFKG BF MCKÐE

Cearfbcfetfs
• 864 argkos gzù`gr
• 74 argkos rgmmgburg mckðe
• 764 argkos kgetfqucmmg
• 744 argkos gaug
• 24 argkos bf nã`umg kgcz kgc`feg
• 7 puetctg bf `omorgetf gkgrcmmo
• 0 lufvos M

Fmghorg`cðe
7. Toefr ue rf`cpcfetf gm nufao, `oe gzù`gr y kgc`feg mcagbos, pgrg quf eo norkfe arukos9

7<
 

kgetfqucmmg, `omorgetf, rgmmgburg bf mckðe y gaug.

8. Xfkovfr
8. Xfkovfr tobo kuy hcfe y bfigr lfrvcr.
0. Kcfetrgs lcfrvf, sf sg`g ue po`o bf mcqucbo `gmcfetf quf sf mf g÷gbf g mos lufvos y sf hgtfe
0. Kcfetrgs
kuy hcfe.
2. Fe
2.  Fe `ugeto rokpg g lfrvcr g÷gbckos mos lufvos hgtcbos.
6. Xfkovfr
6.  Xfkovfr kuy hcfe `oe vgrcmmg, pgsgebo ãstg por mgs pgrfbfs y noebo bfm rf`cpcfetf pgrg quf
eo sf pfauf.
>.
>. Fe
 Fe `ugeto `okcfe`f g lfrvcr
lfr vcr,, gpgrtgr y poefr fe rf`cpcfetf ge`lo pgrg fenrcgr.

KFXFEAVF
Hçsc`gkfetf mos kfrfeaufs soe `mgrgs koetgbgs bf lufvo `oe gbc`cðe bf gzù`gr. Pfrçe
prf`csgkfe
prf`c sgkfetf
tf mgs `mgrg
`mgrgss mgs rfspoesg
rfspoesghmfs
hmfs bf gtrgp
gtrgpgr
gr mgs hurhu
hurhuigs
igs bf gcrf quf sf probu
probu`fe
`fe fe fm
hgtcbo bgebo vomukfe y fspoeioscbgb. Bfpfebcfebo bf mgs `getcbgbfs bf mg rf`ftg y fm scstfkg
utcmczgbo ohtfebrfkos bcnfrfetfs tcpos bf kfrfeauf.

Fm Kfrfeauf fs ue cearfbcfetf `mgvf fe mg prfpgrg`cðe bf ku`los postrfs, yg sfg `oko rfmmfeo,

`uhcfrtg bf tortgs o pgrg mg fmghorg`cðe bf Puspcros. Fxcstfe trfs tã`ec`gs bf kfrfeauf9 fm
kfrfeauf nrge`ãs, quf fs fm kçs utcmczgbo y sfe`cmmo bf rfgmczgr, fm kfrfeauf  ctgmcgeo gmao kçs
`okpmfio, y fm kfrfeauf suczo, nç`cm bf fmghorgr y kçs fstghmf. Mgs `mgrgs sf koetge g kgeo o
`oe mg hgtcborg fmã`trc`g lgstg quf gboptg ueg tfxturg fspoeiosg y `oe `ufrpo. Gbfkçs sf
pufbfe grokgtczgr `oe bcstcetos `okpoefetfs, vgcecmmg, `gefmg, mckðe, ft`.

EORG

Gmaueos bf mos tru`os pgrg lg`fr ue kfrfeauf `oe ãxcto soe9 g÷gbcr fm gzù`gr bfspuãs bf
koetgr mgs `mgrgs, pufs mgs protfëegs quf ãstgs `oetcfefe (boebf sf cetrobu`f fm gcrf gm hgtcrmgs)
tcfebfe g uecrsf `oe fm gzù`gr y bcnc`umtg mg opfrg`cðe.

Rgkhcãe fs kuy ckportgetf quf eo lgyg rfstos bf yfkg, tgkhcãe `ostgrëg kçs tcfkpo

koetgrmgs. Fssgm
ueg pcz`g bf ef`fsgrco lg`frgetfs
g mgs `mgrgs fm kfrfeauf fe ueg rf`cpcfetf
bf fkpfzgr hgtcr pgrg mckpco y hcfe
bgrmf ue po`osf`o
kçsy bf
rf`orbgr g÷gbcr
vcs`oscbgb y
moargr ue kfrfeauf `oe mg `oescstfe`cg gbf`ugbg y fe kfeor tcfkpo.

KFXFEAVF NXGE@ÃP
Fm kfrfeauf nrge`ãs, fs fm kçs sckpmf, fm kçs hçsc`o y por mo tgeto fm kçs sfe`cmmo bf lg`fr.

Fs hçsc`gkfetf ueg kgsg fspukosg quf sf `oescauf hgtcfebo mgs `mgrgs bf mos lufvos iueto `oe
gzù`gr y quf bg muagr g ueg kgsg hmge`g, sfbosg y hrcmmgetf. Rcfef fm ce`oevfecfetf quf g mgs
po`gs lorgs bf koetgrsf sf hgig.

73
 

Fm kfrfeauf nrge`ãs sf `grg`tfrczg porquf fs bcrf`to, fs bf`cr hgtcr `mgrgs y g÷gbcr gzù`gr y quf
bg muagr g ueg kgsg hmge`g, sfbosg y hrcmmgetf. Rcfef fm ce`oevfecfetf quf g mgs po`gs lorgs bf
koetgrsf sf hgig. Eo lgy `gmor bf por kfbco, yg sfg fe mgs `mgrgs (suczo), yg sfg fe fm gmkëhgr
(ctgmcgeo). Fm `gmor sufmf gyubgr g quf mos otros tcpos bf kfrfeauf sf `oesfrvfe kfior, eo sf
“`gcage– y sfge ncrkfs y buros, pfro tgkhcãe pobfkos `oesfaucr fso fe fm kfrfeauf nrge`ãs sc
`oeo`fkos ue pgr bf tru`os quf gyubgrçe g quf sfg kçs fstghmf.

Trf`csgkfetf por fsg cefstghcmcbgb, sf rf`okcfebg quf sf utcmc`f fesfaucbg bf lg`frsf y gbfkçs
fs fm cbfgm pgrg “sf`gr– fe fm loreo, y lg`fr fsos kfrfeaufs buros, quf eo soe kçs quf
kfrfeauf nrge`ãs bfslcbrgtgbo g hgig tfkpfrgturg, gm gpmc`grmf `gmor mo fstghcmczgkos, guequf
tgkhcãe pcfrbf ue po`o fsg `oescstfe`cg tge tëpc`g bfm kfrfeauf.

Rru`os

Ve tru`o kuy hufeo fs “`gmfetgr– ue po`o fm rf`cpcfetf boebf vgygkos g koetgr, por fifkpmo
`oe ue `gmor rfscbugm bfm orefgbo. Tfro, gtfe`cðe, fs `gmfetgr ue po`o, eo poefrmo gm roio vcvo,
porquf mgs `mgrgs sf `ugigrge y tgkpo`o lghrç kfrfeauf. Fe `oe`muscðe9 fm kfrefauf `oe fm nrëo
eo koetg hcfe.

Fkpmfgr mg sgm ueg

y sf probuz`g y fm hufeg
zuko bf mckðe pgrg rokpfr ue po`o mgs `mgrgs y gyubgr g quf fm gcrf pfeftrf
fkumscðe.

Vtcmczgr kçquceg gyubg fe fm pro`fso porquf mos kovckcfetos sfrçe fevomvfetfs y mg vfmo`cbgb
`oestgetf.

Vsos

Fstf kfrfeauf mo pobfkos usgr pgrg bgr fspoeioscbgb g hcz`o`los, pgrg mgs hgvgrocs o
sckpmfkfetf pgrg `okpmftgr mg koussf.

Cbfgm pgrg lorefgr, y `oe fm quf pobfkos lg`fr bum`fs `oko mg pgvmovg, kfrfeauctos o suspcros,

pmg`gs bf kfrfeauf
prfpgrgbos, `oko uegpgrg tgrtgs
pgvmovg fe ymgpgrg rfmmfeos
quf fm bf `up`gjfs.
kfrfeauf Rgkhcãe
sf bfsf`g fe sfofkpmfg
fm loreo fe otros
`oko hgsf pgrg
mos ngkosos kg`groes.

Cearfbcfetfs

• 2 `mgrgs bf lufvo K (784a)

• 844a bf gzù`gr fe argecmmo nceo
• Veg pcz`g bf sgm
• Vegs aotgs bf zuko bf mckðe

84
 

Fmghorg`cðe
7. ^frtfr fe ueg ommg fm gaug, fm mckðe y mg kctgb bfm gzù`gr fe fm `fetro, cetfetgebo quf eo toquf mos
horbfs. @gmfetgr mg ommg, sce kovfrmg, lgstg quf `okcfezg g hurhuifgr.
8. Kget
Kgetfefr
fefr fm nufao
nufao lgstg
lgstg quf mg tfxturg
tfxturg bfm gmkëhgr
gmkëhgr sfg bf pueto homg kfbcg,
kfbcg, `oe ueg tfkpfrgtur
tfkpfrgturgg bf
fetrf 77< ‐ 784 ´ (824 ‐ 826 ), bfkorg ueos 6 kceutos.
0.
0.   Koetgr mgs `mgrgs fe fm rf`cpcfetf bf mg hgtcborg y `okfezgr g hgtcr. @ugebo `okcfe`f g fspukgr
ghuebgetfkfetf, g÷gbcr mg otrg kctgb bfm gzù`gr po`o g po`o, sce pgrgr bf hgtcr.
2. @oetceugr
2. @oetceugr hgtcfebo lgstg quf mgs `mgrgs fstãe hcfe koetgbgs.
6.
6. @oe
 @oe fm gmkëhgr yg fe su pueto, `okfezgr g hgtcr mgs `mgrgs y fkpfzgr g g÷gbcrmo fe norkg bf lcmo, po`o g
po`o, lgstg quf sf lgyg g÷gbcbo tobo.
>. Pfaucr hgtcfebo lgstg quf fm kfrfeauf sf lgyg fenrcgbo totgmkfetf, quf fstã g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf.

KFXFEAVF CRGMCGEO

Fm Kfrfeauf Ctgmcgeo fs fm kçs bcnë`cm bf lg`fr bf tobos mos kfrfeaufs. Fs fm kçs fstghmf bf
tobos. Pf ohtcfef hgtcfebo mgs `mgrgs g pueto bf ecfvf y g÷gbcãebomf po`o g po`o y sce bfigr bf
hgtcr ue gmkëhgr `gmcfetf quf bfhf fe`oetrgrsf g 77>¹ @ fe norkg bf lcmo. Gm fstgr fm gmkëhgr
`gmcfetf, ”`uf`f‛ ue po`o fm kfrfeauf kgetfecãebosf ncrkf burgetf hgstgetf kçs tcfkpo quf fm

nrge`ãs y fm rfsumtgbo fs ue kfrfeauf kçs hrcmmgetf y buro. Burg vgrcos bëgs sce hgigrsf.
Vsos

Fs fm kçs cebc`gbo pgrg gboregr tgrtgs, Pf utcmczg pgrg lg`fr `rfkgs bfesgs y bf`orgr tgrtgs y
postrfs, pgrg fm koussfs, sunmãs u otrgs prfpgrg`coefs gcrfgbgs porquf fs ku`lo kçs fstghmf y
sf kgetcfef ncrkf, sce somtgr mëqucbo. Fs nç`cm bf lg`fr, pfro lgy quf `ucbgr mg tfkpfrgturg bfm
gmkëhgr.

EORG

Fs ckportgetf fm `oetrom bf mg tfkpfrgturg por mo quf sf rf`okcfebg tfefr ue tfrkðkftro bf

`o`ceg.

Cearfbcfetfs

• 6 `mgrgs bf lufvo
•  844 a gzù`gr
•  6 aaotgs
otgs bf zuko bf mckðe
• Gaug sunc`cfetf pgrg `uhrcr fm gzù`gr

Fmghorg`cðe

87
 

7. ^frtfr fe ueg ommg fm gaug, fm mckðe y mg kctgb bfm gzù`gr fe fm `fetro, cetfetgebo quf eo
toquf mos horbfs. @gmfetgr mg ommg, sce kovfrmg, lgstg quf `okcfezg g hurhuifgr.
8. Kgetfefr fm nufao lgstg quf mg tfxturg bfm gmkëhgr sfg bf pueto homg kfbcg, `oe ueg
tfkpfrgturg bf fetrf 77< ‐ 784 ´ (824 ‐ 826 ), bfkorg ueos 6 kceutos.
0. Koetgr mgs `mgrgs fe fm rf`cpcfetf bf mg hgtcborg y `okfezgr g hgtcr. @ugebo `okcfe`f g
0. Koetgr
fspukgr ghuebgetfkfetf, g÷gbcr mg otrg kctgb bfm gzù`gr po`o g po`o, sce pgrgr bf hgtcr.
2. @oetceugr
2. @oetceugr hgtcfebo lgstg quf mgs `mgrgs fstãe hcfe koetgbgs.
6. @oe fm gmkëhgr yg fe su pueto, `okfezgr
6. @oe `okfezgr g hgtc
hgtcrr mgs `mgrg
`mgrgss y fkpfz
fkpfzgr
gr g g÷gbc
g÷gbcrmo
rmo fe nork
norkgg
bf lcmo, po`o g po`o, lgstg quf sf
s f lgyg g÷gbcbo tobo.
>. Pfaucr hgtcfebo lgstg quf fm kfrfeauf sf lgyg fenrcgbo totgmkfetf, quf fstã g tfkpfrgturg
gkhcfetf.

KFXFEAVF PVCYO

Fm kfrfeauf suczo fs fm quf sf fmghorg hgtcfebo mgs `mgrgs `oe fm gzù`gr fe ue rf`cpcfetf quf sf
fe`ufetrg gm hg÷o kgrëg. Eo bfhf supfrgr mos 64->4¹ @ y ohtfebrfkos ue kfrfeauf cbfgm pgrg
bf`org`coefs y tgkhcãe pgrg rfmmfeos.

Vsos

Fm kfrfeauf suczo tcfef ueg `oescstfe`cg kçs bfesg y sf usg pgrg bf`orgr tgrtgs, prfpgrgr
hgsfs bf pgstfmfs y pgrg rfmmfeo.

EORG

7. Pf pobrëg hgtcr mgs `mgrgs g kgeo, pfro fm tcfkpo bf prfpgrg`cðe sfrëg kgyor.
8. G pfsgr bf quf fs ue kfrfeauf kçs fstghmf quf fm nrge`ãs, `oevcfef fkpmfgrmo sce bfkorg y
`oesukcrmo prce`cpgmkfetf fe fm bëg bf su fmghorg`cðe pgrg quf eo pcfrbg gaug burgetf su
`oesfrvg`cðe.
0. Fs ckportgetf fm `oetrom bf mg tfkpfrgturg por mo quf sf rf`okcfebg tfefr ue tfrkðkftro bf
`o`ceg.

Cearfbcfetfs

• 1 `mgrgs bf lufvo
• 044 a bf gzù`gr
• 6 aotgs bf zuko bf mckðe

88
 

Fmghorg`cðe
7. Toefr ue po`o bf gaug fe ueg ommg y `gmfetgrmg lgstg quf fm gaug lcfrvg.
8. @omo`gr
8. @omo`gr fe`ckg bf mg ommg otro rf`cpcfetf quf sf giustf g su `oetoreo, `oe mgs `mgrgs bf
lufvo y fm gzù`gr.
0. 
0.  Xf
Xfko
kovf
vfrr `o
`oe
e ue
uegg fs
fspç
pçtu
tumg
mg o vg
vgrc
rcmm
mmgg f cr `g
`gmf
mfetg
etgeb
eboo gm hg
hg÷o
÷o kg
kgrërëgg `o
`oet
etro
romg
mgeb
eboo mg
tfkpfrgturg `oe ue tfrkðkftro bf `o`ceg,
`o `ceg, lgstg quf fm gzù`gr sf bcsufmvf, hgtcfebo sce pgrgr
y sce quf sohrfpgsf mos >4 ´, pgrg fvctgr quf mgs `mgrgs `ogaumfe.
2. Tgsgr
2. Tgsgr mg prfpgrg`cðe gm rf`cpcfetf bf ueg hgtcborg `oe vgrcmmgs y bfigr quf sf fenrëf ue po`o.
6. G÷gbcr
6. G÷gbcr mgs aotgs bf zuko bf mckðe y `okfezgr g hgtcr g vfmo`cbgb kfbcg lgstg quf mgs
`mgrgs fkpcf`fe g koetgr, suhcfebo mg vfmo`cbgb bf mg hgtcborg y hgtcfebo lgstg quf fm
kfrfeauf sf fenrëf por `okpmfto y fstã ncrkf y hrcmmgetf.
>. Trohgr sc fm kfrfeauf fstç fe su pueto trgtgebo bf norkgr pc`os `oe mg puetg bf mg vgrcmmg
bf hgtcr y quf, gm bgrmf vufmtg, eo sf `gcag: yg fstç mcsto pgrg su uso.

8.7.2. Cearfbcfetf prce`cpgm mg kgetfqucmmg

@XFKG BF KGERFWVCMMG GM IGXGHF

Rgkhcãe bfeokcegbg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg, scauf scfebo ueg tã`ec`g eo bfkgscgbo
nç`cm bf bokcegr, bfhcbo g mg `o``cðe bf gzù`gr.
Guequf lgy otros kãtobos kçs nç`cmfs, pgrg rfgmczgr ueg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg, ãstg, fs mg quf
bg kfiorfs rfsumtgbos, kçs fstghmf, y gbfkçs, pfrkctf fmghorgr pfquf÷gs `getcbgbfs.
Pu tfxturg fs pfrnf`tg pgrg `uhrcr y rfmmfegr pgstfmfs, por mg ng`cmcbgb `oe quf sf fxtcfebf, y
tgkhcãe tcfef mg `oescstfe`cg gbf`ugbg, pgrg pobfr bf`orgr `oe kgeag pgstfmfrg. Pf pufbf
rfgmczgr somo `oe yfkgs, o `oe yfkgs, y gmaùe lufvo fetfro. Fm kãtobo fs fm kcsko, somo quf
`oe ãstf ùmtcko, eos bg `oko rfsumtgbo, ueg `rfkg kçs nmfxchmf.
n mfxchmf.
Fstç `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg, fstç kuy prfsfetf fe cencecbgb bf postrfs y pgstfmfs.
Tobfkos bfstg`gr por fifkpmo mg tgrtg Ðpfrg, fm pgstfm bf kojg, fm troe`o bf Egvcbgb,

kg`groefs….ft`.

Cearfbcfetfs

• < yfkgs bf lufvo g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf

• 864 a. gzù`gr
• 864 a. kgetfqucmmg (kgetfqucmmg ghmgebgbg)
• 744 km. gaug gproxckgbgkfetf, pgrg fm gmkëhgr
• Grokgs y sghorfs (vgcecmmg, `gnã, mc`or,…) op`coegm

Fmghorg`cðe

80
 

7. Fe fm rf`cpcfetf bfm rohot bf `o`ceg, vgkos g poefr mgs yfkgs bf lufvo, fs ckportgetëscko,
quf ãstgs, fstãe g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf, gsë quf g`orbgros bf sg`gr mos lufvos bf mg efvfrg,
ue rgto getfs bf fkpfzgr g prfpgrgr, mg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg.
8.   Fe ueg
8. ueg `g`g`f
`fro
romg
mg bf g`
g`fr
froo ceox
ceoxcb
cbgh
ghmf
mf,, `omo
`omo`g
`gko
koss fm gz
gzù`
ù`gr
gr,, y g÷gb
g÷gbck
ckos
os fm ga
gaug
ug.. Fs
ckportgetf quf sfg fe fstf orbfe, scfkprf, poebrfkos prckfro fm gzù`gr, y bfspuãs fm gaug.
Mg `getcbgb bf gaug `oko vfcs, fs kuy po`g, eo fs ef`fsgrco mmfegr fe fx`fso, somo mo iusto,
pgrg lukfbf`fr tobo fm gzù`gr. Fs por ãsto, quf os bcao, quf prckfro sf poef fm gzù`gr, y

bfspuãs
0. G
0. fm gaug.
 G nufao sugvf, bfigkos quf rokpg g lfrvcr, y vgkos g `o`cegr ãstf gmkëhgr lgstg gm`gezgr
mos 784¹ @. G mos 774¹ @ gproxckgbgkfetf, poebrfkos g hgtcr mgs yfkgs g vfmo`cbgb kfbcg. Fm
uso bf ue tfrkðkftro fs ùtcm, pfro eo ckprfs`cebchmf. Tgrg `oetromgr mg `o``cðe bfm gzù`gr, y
sghfr sc yg fstç mcsto fm igrghf, hgstg `oe sukfracr ue tfefbor, `ugebo sf rftcrg, sf bfhf norkgr
ue lcmo nceo, eo bfhf aotfgr, fsto cebc`g quf yg fstç mcsto. Fetoe`fs, rftcrgkos fm igrghf bfm
nufao. Bfigkos quf rfposf iusto ue kceuto.
2. Glorg vgkos g g÷gbcr po`o g po`o, ãstf igrghf g mgs yfkgs, sce pgrgr bf hgtcr. Mo lgrfkos
po`o g po`o, gsfaurçeboeos quf `gcag fe norkg bf lcmo nceo, y ……kuy ckportgetf, fm lcmo bfm
gmkëhgr bfhf rfshgmgr por mg pgrfb cetfrcor bfm rf`cpcfetf, y eo bcrf`tgkfetf sohrf mgs yfkgs.
@ugebo fstã totgmkfetf ce`orporgbo, vgkos g suhcr mg vfmo`cbgb bf mg kçquceg, y sfaucrfkos
hgtcfebo, lgstg quf mg prfpgrg`cðe sf fenrëf por `okpmfto.

6. Veg vfz
tfxturg sf lgygfsfenrcgbo,
pokgbg, bf`cr, mo `okfezgkos g ce`orporgr
sunc`cfetfkfetf mg kgetfqucmmg.
hmgebg, `oko Ãstgfmbfhf
pgrg luebcr bfbo,tfefr
pfroueg
eo
bfrrftcbg. Mg crfkos ce`orporgebo `ortgbg fe `uhctos, y argbugmkfetf. @oetceugkos hgtcfebo
lgstg ohtfefr ueg `rfkg sugvf y lokoaãefg. Pc ce`orporgkos mg kgetfqucmmg, `ugebo mg
prfpgrg`cðe tobgvëg fstç gmao `gmcfetf, mo quf o`urrcrç, fs quf mg `rfkg sf vomvfrç mëqucbg, o sf
`ortgrç, gsë quf ku`lo `ucbgbo `oe fstf pgso.
>. @ugebo tfeagkos mcstg mg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg, fs fm kokfeto, sc eos gpftf`f, bf
grokgtczgrmg, por fifkpmo, `oe fxtrg`to bf `gnã, `oe `lo`omgtf, prgmceã, grokg bf vgcecmmg ft`. o
pobfkos bfigrmg gm egturgm.

@XFKG BF KGERFWVCMMG @OE @MGXGP

Mg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg fs ueo bf mos rfmmfeos hçsc`os y kçs trgbc`coegmfs pgrg tgrtgs,
hcz`o`los, tortgs y pgstfmfs, tgkhcãe sf utcmczg `oko `ohfrturg o bf`org`cðe, ueg bf sus
vc
vcrtu
rtubfs
bfs fs quf sf pufpufbf
bf grokgt
grokgtczg
czgrr `gs
`gscc `oe `ug
`ugmqu
mqucfr
cfr cea
cearfb
rfbcfe
cfetf.
tf. Mo kçkçss lgh
lghctu
ctugm
gm fs
garfagrmf vgcecmmg y `lo`omgtf, pfro lgy quf gprovf`lgrsf bf tobgs mgs poschcmcbgbfs y rfgmczgr
bcstcetgs `rfkgs bf kgetfqucmmg `oe sghorfs bf nrutgs, bf fspf`cgs, bf mc`orfs, ft`.

Mg rf`ftg bf `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg fs ueg fmghorg`cðe sfe`cmmg pfro ue tgeto bfmc`gbg, lgy
bcstcetgs vfrscoefs bf su fmghorg`cðe, sckpmfkfetf `oe kgetfqucmmg gaug y gzù`gr, g÷gbcfebo
lufvos, sðmo `mgrgs o sðmo yfkgs, gbfkçs bf mos cearfbcfetfs `oe mos quf qufrgkos bgr ue
eufvo sghor. Fstg prfpgrg`cðe `oescstf fe ue kfrfeauf ctgmcgeo gm quf sf mf garfag kgetfqucmmg
pokgbg.

82
 

Cearfbcfetfs

• 7 tgzg bf gzù`gr (844 argkos)

• 7/2 tgzg bf gaug (>8``)
• 2 `mgrgs
• 7/2 tgzg bf gzù`gr (64
( 64 argkos)
• 864 argkos bf kgetfqucmmg pueto pokgbg

Fmghorg`cðe

7. Toefr fe fm hom bf mg hgtcborg mgs `mgrgs iueto `oe mg `ugrtg tgzg bf gzù`gr. Xfsfrvgr.
Xfsfrvgr.
8.
8. Gpgrtf,
 Gpgrtf, poefr fe ueg `g`fromg mos 844 argkos bf gzù`gr y mg 7/2 tgzg bf gaug. Mmfvgr gm
nufao y `ugebo rokpf lfrvor sf fkpcfzg g hgtcr mgs `mgrgs g pueto ecfvf.
0. Bfigr
0. Bfigr lfrvcr fm gmkëhgr lgstg quf mg supfrnc`cf sf mmfef bf amohos `lc`os y fm gmkëhgr fstã
gmao fspfso. Gproxckgbgkfetf
Gproxckgbgkfetf mmfvg 74 kceutos fe fm nufao.
2. Xftcrgr y vom`gr fm gmkëhgr fe norkg bf lcmo sohrf mgs `mgrgs hgtcbgs g ecfvf scfkprf `oe mg
hgtcborg prfebcbg. Ve bftgmmf ckportgetf fs vfrtfr fm gmkëhgr bfsbf fm horbf bfm rf`cpcfetf y
eo fe fm `fetro.

6. kgetfqucmmg
mg Pfaucr hgtcfebo lgstgsfquf
kcfetrgs mg prfpgrg`cðe
`oetceùg fstã tchcg. Fe fstf pueto sf ce`orporg bf g trozos
`oe fm hgtcbo.
>. Fs ckportgetf quf fm kfrfeauf fstã `gsc g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf getfs bf garfagr mg
kget
kg etfq
fquc
ucmm
mmg.
g. Pc ga
garf
rfag
agko
koss mg kg kget
etfq
fquc
ucmm
mmgg `u
`uge
gebo
bo fm kfkfrfrfea
eauf
uf gù
gùee fs
fstç
tç `g
`gmc
mcfet
fetff mg
kgetfqucmmg sf bfrrctf y fm rfsumtgbo eo fs fm kcsko.

@XFKG BF KGERFWVCMMG @OE SFKGP

Rgkhcãe bfeokcegbg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg, scauf scfebo ueg tã`ec`g eo bfkgscgbo
nç`cm bf bokcegr, bfhcbo g mg `o``cðe bf gzù`gr.

Guequf lgy otros kãtobos kçs nç`cmfs, pgrg rfgmczgr ueg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg, ãstg, fs mg quf bg
kfiorfs rfsumtgbos, kçs fstghmf, y gbfkçs, pfrkctf fmghorgr pfquf÷gs `getcbgbfs.

Pu tfxturg fs pfrnf`tg pgrg `uhrcr y rfmmfegr pgstfmfs, por mg ng`cmcbgb `oe quf sf fxtcfebf, y
tgkhcãe tcfef mg `oescstfe`cg gbf`ugbg, pgrg pobfr bf`orgr `oe kgeag pgstfmfrg. Pf pufbf
rfgmczgr somo `oe yfkgs, o `oe yfkgs, y gmaùe lufvo fetfro. Fm kãtobo fs fm kcsko, somo quf `oe
ãstf ùmtcko, eos bg `oko rfsumtgbo, ueg `rfkg kçs nmfxchmf.

Fstç `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg, fstç kuy prfsfetf fe cencecbgb bf postrfs y pgstfmfs.
Tobf
Tobfko
koss bf
bfst
stg`
g`gr
gr por
por fifk
fifkpm
pmoo mg tg
tgrt
rtgg Ðp
Ðpfrg
frg,, fm pg
pgst
stfm
fm bf ko
kojg
jg,, fm tr
troe
oe`o
`o bf Eg
Egvc
vcbg
bgb,
b,
kg`groefs….ft`.

86
 

Cearfbcfetfs

• < yfkgs bf lufvo g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf

• 864 a. gzù`gr
• 864 a. kgetfqucmmg (kgetfqucmmg ghmgebgbg)
• 744 km. gaug gproxckgbgkfetf, pgrg fm gmkëhgr
• Grokgs y sghorfs (vgcecmmg, `gnã, mc`or,…) op`coegm

Fmghorg`cðe

7. Fe fm rf`cpcfetf bfm rohot bf `o`ceg, vgkos g poefr mgs yfkgs bf lufvo, fs ckportgetëscko,
quf ãstgs, fstãe g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf, gsë quf g`orbgros bf sg`gr mos lufvos bf mg efvfrg,
ue rgto getfs bf fkpfzgr g prfpgrgr, mg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg.
8.   Fe ueg
8. ueg `g`g`f
`fro
romg
mg bf g`
g`fr
froo ceox
ceoxcb
cbgh
ghmf
mf,, `omo
`omo`g
`gko
koss fm gz
gzù`
ù`gr
gr,, y g÷gb
g÷gbck
ckos
os fm ga
gaug
ug.. Fs
ckportgetf quf sfg fe fstf orbfe, scfkprf, poebrfkos prckfro fm gzù`gr, y bfspuãs fm gaug.
Mg `getcbgb bf gaug `oko vfcs, fs kuy po`g, eo fs ef`fsgrco mmfegr fe fx`fso, somo mo iusto,
pgrg lukfbf`fr tobo fm gzù`gr. Fs por ãsto, quf os bcao, quf prckfro sf poef fm gzù`gr, y
bfspuãs fm gaug.

0.
0. G
 G784¹
mos nufao
@. sugvf, bfigkos
G mos 774¹ quf rokpg g lfrvcr,
@ gproxckgbgkfetf, y vgkosgghgtcr
poebrfkos `o`cegr ãstf gmkëhgr
mgs yfkgs lgstgkfbcg.
g vfmo`cbgb gm`gezgr
Fm
uso bf ue tfrkðkftro fs ùtcm, pfro eo ckprfs`cebchmf. Tgrg `oetromgr mg `o``cðe bfm gzù`gr, y
sghfr sc yg fstç mcsto fm igrghf, hgstg `oe sukfracr ue tfefbor, `ugebo sf rftcrg, sf bfhf norkgr
ue lcmo nceo, eo bfhf aotfgr, fsto cebc`g quf yg fstç mcsto. Fetoe`fs, rftcrgkos fm igrghf bfm
nufao. Bfigkos quf rfposf iusto ue kceuto.
2. Glorg vgkos g g÷gbcr po`o g po`o, ãstf igrghf g mgs yfkgs, sce pgrgr bf hgtcr. Mo lgrfkos
po`o g po`o, gsfaurçeboeos quf `gcag fe norkg bf lcmo nceo, y ……kuy ckportgetf, fm lcmo bfm
gmkëhgr bfhf rfshgmgr por mg pgrfb cetfrcor bfm rf`cpcfetf, y eo bcrf`tgkfetf sohrf mgs yfkgs.
@ugebo fstã totgmkfetf ce`orporgbo, vgkos g suhcr mg vfmo`cbgb bf mg kçquceg, y sfaucrfkos
hgtcfebo, lgstg quf mg prfpgrg`cðe sf fenrëf por `okpmfto.
6. Veg vfz sf lgyg fenrcgbo, `okfezgkos g ce`orporgr mg kgetfqucmmg. Ãstg bfhf tfefr ueg
tfxturg pokgbg, fs bf`cr, mo sunc`cfetfkfetf hmgebg, `oko pgrg luebcr fm bfbo, pfro eo
bfrrftcbg. Mg crfkos ce`orporgebo `ortgbg fe `uhctos, y argbugmkfetf. @oetceugkos hgtcfebo
lgstg ohtfefr ueg `rfkg sugvf y lokoaãefg. Pc ce`orporgkos mg kgetfqucmmg, `ugebo mg
prfpgrg`cðe tobgvëg fstç gmao `gmcfetf, mo quf o`urrcrç, fs quf mg `rfkg sf vomvfrç mëqucbg, o sf
`ortgrç, gsë quf ku`lo `ucbgbo `oe fstf pgso.
>. @ugebo tfeagkos mcstg mg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg, fs fm kokfeto, sc eos gpftf`f, bf
grokgtczgrmg, por fifkpmo, `oe fxtrg`to bf `gnã, `oe `lo`omgtf, prgmceã, grokg bf vgcecmmg ft`.
O pobfkos bfigrmg gm egturgm.

@XFKG BF KGERFWVCMMG @OE MF@LF

8>
 

Cearfbcfetfs

• < yfkgs bf lufvo g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf

• 864 a. gzù`gr
• 864 a. kgetfqucmmg (kgetfqucmmg ghmgebgbg)
• 744 km. gaug gproxckgbgkfetf, pgrg fm gmkëhgr
• Grokgs y sghorfs (vgcecmmg, `gnã, mc`or,…) op`coegm

Fmghorg`cðe

7. Fe fm rf`cpcfetf bfm rohot bf `o`ceg, vgkos g poefr mgs yfkgs bf lufvo, fs ckportgetëscko,
quf ãstgs, fstãe g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf, gsë quf g`orbgros bf sg`gr mos lufvos bf mg efvfrg,
ue rgto getfs bf fkpfzgr g prfpgrgr, mg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg.
8.   Fe ueg
8. ueg `g`g`f
`fro
romg
mg bf g`
g`fr
froo ceox
ceoxcb
cbgh
ghmf
mf,, `omo
`omo`g
`gko
koss fm gz
gzù`
ù`gr
gr,, y g÷gb
g÷gbck
ckos
os fm ga
gaug
ug.. Fs
ckportgetf quf sfg fe fstf orbfe, scfkprf, poebrfkos prckfro fm gzù`gr, y bfspuãs fm gaug.
Mg `getcbgb bf gaug `oko vfcs, fs kuy po`g, eo fs ef`fsgrco mmfegr fe fx`fso, somo mo iusto,
pgrg lukfbf`fr tobo fm gzù`gr. Fs por ãsto, quf os bcao, quf prckfro sf poef fm gzù`gr, y
bfspuãs fm gaug.

0.
0. G
 G784¹
mos nufao
@. sugvf, bfigkos
G mos 774¹ quf rokpg g lfrvcr,
@ gproxckgbgkfetf, y vgkosgghgtcr
poebrfkos `o`cegr ãstf gmkëhgr
mgs yfkgs lgstgkfbcg.
g vfmo`cbgb gm`gezgr
Fm
uso bf ue tfrkðkftro fs ùtcm, pfro eo ckprfs`cebchmf. Tgrg `oetromgr mg `o``cðe bfm gzù`gr, y
sghfr sc yg fstç mcsto fm igrghf, hgstg `oe sukfracr ue tfefbor, `ugebo sf rftcrg, sf bfhf norkgr
ue lcmo nceo, eo bfhf aotfgr, fsto cebc`g quf yg fstç mcsto. Fetoe`fs, rftcrgkos fm igrghf bfm
nufao. Bfigkos quf rfposf iusto ue kceuto.
2. Glorg vgkos g g÷gbcr po`o g po`o, ãstf igrghf g mgs yfkgs, sce pgrgr bf hgtcr. Mo lgrfkos
po`o g po`o, gsfaurçeboeos quf `gcag fe norkg bf lcmo nceo, y ……kuy ckportgetf, fm lcmo bfm
gmkëhgr bfhf rfshgmgr por mg pgrfb cetfrcor bfm rf`cpcfetf, y eo bcrf`tgkfetf sohrf mgs yfkgs.
@ugebo fstã totgmkfetf ce`orporgbo, vgkos g suhcr mg vfmo`cbgb bf mg kçquceg, y sfaucrfkos
hgtcfebo, lgstg quf mg prfpgrg`cðe sf fenrëf por `okpmfto.
6. Veg vfz sf lgyg fenrcgbo, `okfezgkos g ce`orporgr mg kgetfqucmmg. Ãstg bfhf tfefr ueg
tfxturg pokgbg, fs bf`cr, mo sunc`cfetfkfetf hmgebg, `oko pgrg luebcr fm bfbo, pfro eo
bfrrftcbg. Mg crfkos ce`orporgebo `ortgbg fe `uhctos, y argbugmkfetf. @oetceugkos hgtcfebo
lgstg ohtfefr ueg `rfkg sugvf y lokoaãefg. Pc ce`orporgkos mg kgetfqucmmg, `ugebo mg
prfpgrg`cðe tobgvëg fstç gmao `gmcfetf, mo quf o`urrcrç, fs quf mg `rfkg sf vomvfrç mëqucbg, o sf
`ortgrç, gsë quf ku`lo `ucbgbo `oe fstf pgso.
>. @ugebo tfeagkos mcstg mg `rfkg bf kgetfqucmmg nrge`fsg, fs fm kokfeto, sc eos gpftf`f, bf
grokgtczgrmg, por fifkpmo, `oe fxtrg`to bf `gnã, `oe `lo`omgtf, prgmceã, grokg bf vgcecmmg ft`.
O pobfkos bfigrmg gm egturgm.

8.8. @XFKGP @GMCFERFP

@GMCFER FP ‐ PGMGBGP

HF@LGKFM

81
 

Mg hf`lgkfm fs ueg `rfkg bf orcafe nrge`ãs quf sf fmghorg `oe mf`lf y lgrceg. Pf utcmczg
lghc
lghctu
tugm
gmkf
kfet
etff pg
pgrg
rg `u
`uhr
hrcr
cr pm
pmgt
gtos
os bf vf
vfrb
rbur
urgs
gs y pgpgst
stgg `o
`oko
ko `g
`gef
efmo
moef
efss o mg
mgsg
sg÷g
÷gs,
s, qu
quff
postfrcorkfetf sf argtcege fe fm loreo. Fs gbfkçs mg hgsf `oe mg quf sf fmghorge eukfrosgs
sgmsgs. Fs hgstgetf sckpmf y sfe`cmmg bf prfpgrgr. Pf fmghorg pgrtcfebo bf ue roux hmge`o, fsto
fs, ueg kfz`mg g pgrtfs caugmfs bf kgetfqucmmg (o argsg fe afefrgm) y lgrceg quf sf sonrëf sce
bfig
bfigrr qu
quff to
tokf
kf `omo
`omorr. Fstf
Fstf roux
roux sf bc
bcmu
muyf
yf post
postfr
frco
cork
rkfe fetf
tf `o
`oe
e mf`l
mf`lff lgst
lgstgg gm
gm`g
`gez
ezgr
gr mg
`oescstfe`cg bfsfgbg.

@urcoscbgbfs y rf`okfebg`coef
rf`okfebg`coefs.
s.

Poe kuy ckportgetfs mgs propor`coefs bfpfebcfebo bf mo quf sf vgyg g prfpgrgr. Eo fs mo

kcsko ueg `rfkg quf ueg sgmsg. Mgs kfbcbgs soe kfeorfs bfpfebcfebo bfm `ufrpo quf qucfrgs
bgrmf g mg hf`lgkfm. Pcfkprf pobfkos `orrfacr `oe ue po`o kçs bf lgrceg. Fstf fs fm
cearfbcfetf quf lg`f bf fspfsgetf pgrg prfpgrgr ueg hf`lgkfm kçs fspfsg o tobo mo `oetrgrco,
g÷gbcr mf`lf pgrg lg`frmg kçs sugvf o mëqucbg.

Mg sgmsg hf`lgk
hf`lgkfmfm tokg su eokh
eokhrfrf bfm buquf bf Hf`lgk
Hf`lgkfm,
fm, quf nuf kgyorb
kgyorboko
oko bfm rfy \C^
\C^..
Gpgrf`f por prckfrg vfz `oe fstf eokhrf fe Mf @ucscecfr Nrgeáocs, puhmc`gbo fe 7>67 por
Nrgeáocs Tcfrrf Mg ^grfeef
^grfeef `o`cefro bf Ec`omgs @lgmoe bu Hmã, kgrquãs bf Vxfmmfs, guequf fstg
prckfrg rf`ftg fs hgstgetf bcnfrfetf g mg quf `oeo`fkos g`tugmkfetf, fs kçs hcfe ueg vfmoutã
bf tfrefrgfe`oe
sckcmgrfs ueg ctgmcgeos
mchros hufeg `getcbgb bf egtg. Fxcstfe
bfm Xfeg`ckcfeto. sce fkhgrao
Guequf mg hgsf bfrfnfrfe`cgs getfrcorfs
mg hf`lgkfm bf ssgmsgs
fs mg mf`lf, gmsgs
fe mg
getcaug rf`ftg ãstg eo sf fkpmfghg fe su prfpgrg`cðe.

Cearfbcfetfs (ue mctro)

• 7 mctro bf mf`lf fetfrg
• 786 ar. bf kgetfqucmmg o g`fctf bf omcvg vcrafe fxtrg
• 786 ar. bf lgrceg bf trcao
•  Veg pcz`g
pcz`g bf eufz
eufz `os`gbg
• Pgm y pckcfetg rf`cãe komcbg

Fmghorg`cðe
Rgkczgkos mg lgrceg `oe ue `omgbor. Fstf pgso fs kuy ckportgetf pgrg quf mufao eo sf
probuz`ge arukos. Toefkos fe ue `gzo g `gmfetgr g nufao kfbco fm mctro bf mf`lf burgetf 2-6
kceutos sce quf mmfauf g lfrvcr. Fstf pgso fs pgrg mufao g`fmfrgr fm pro`fso bf prfpgrg`cðe bf
mg sgmsg. Fe otro `gzo cetrobu`ckos mg kgetfqucmmg y mg `gmfetgkos g nufao hgio lgstg quf sf
bfrrctg, tcfef quf toregr g ue `omor gvfmmgeg y sg`grç ue po`o bf fspukg quf pobfkos quctgr
sc qufrfkos. Mufao g÷gbckos mg lgrceg tgkczgbg. Fm pro`fso sf mmgkg roux, fs fm eokhrf quf
tcfef fstf pgso o kfz`mg bf lgrceg y kgetfqucmmg, quf eos gyubgrç g mcagr mg hf`lgkfm.
Bfigkoss quf sf kfz`mf lgstg qu
Bfigko quff norkfe pfquf
pfquf÷gs
÷gs kgsg
kgsgss bf toeo boborgbo.
rgbo. Fs
Fsto
to fs kuy
ckportgetf porquf sc mg lgrceg qufbg `rubg mg hf`lgkfm sghrç ku`lo g lgrceg y eo fs mo quf
qufrfkos. Fe fm pgso getfrcor lf utcmczgbo kgetfqucmmg, pfro sc qufrfkos pobfkos utcmczgr g
kfbcbgs caugmfs kgetfqucmmg y g`fctf bf omcvg. Fm g`fctf mf bg ue toquf fspf`cgm. Tobãcs prohgr

8<
 

g vfr sc os austg.

Toe ue po`o bf g`fctf bf omcvg fe ueg `gzufmg g nufao sugvf. G÷gbf mg lgrceg y rflðagmg
rfkovcfebo `oe ueg vgrcmmg. G÷gbf po`o g po`o mg mf`lf fvgporgbg (o mf`lf) sce bfigr bf
rfkovfr `oe mg vgrcmmg. G÷gbf ueg pcz`g bf sgm y sc sf bfsfg, ue po`o bf pfrficm pc`gbo. @o`ceg
mg hf`lgkfm lgstg quf fspfsf y fstã g pueto.

@XFKG
  KVPFMCEG
Veg sgmsg kusfmceg sgmgbg fs ueg vfrscðe muiosg, mcafrg, sugvf y kuy rc`g bf ueg sgmsg lomgebfsg
`mçsc`g. Pce fkhgrao, fm `mçsc`o tcfef ueg por`cðe kuy afefrosg bf `rfkg hgtcbg `ucbgbosgkfetf
bohmgbg fe ãm, mo quf mo lg`f sckpmfkfetf prf`coso.

Cearfbcfetfs

  8 yfkgs bf lufvo
  864 km bf mf`lf
  Gaug
  Pgm
  Tckcfetg
 
Fmghorg`cðe

Fe fm vgso bf mg hgtcborg g÷gbckos mgs yfkgs bf lufvo y mg mf`lf. Rgpgkos y mc`ugkos.

Pgmpckfetgkos y `omgkos g ue `gzo `oe bos bfbos bf gaug lcrvcfebo y ue hom fe`ckg.

@o`cegkos mg kusfmceg gm hg÷o Kgrëg burgetf 84-86 kceutos sce bfigr bf rfkovfr, lgstg quf
fspfsf. Xfsfrvgkos `gmcfetf lgstg mg lorg bf sfrvcr.

8.0. @XFKGP NXËGP BVM@FP ‐ NXËGP

EGRG KOERGBG

Mg egtg koetgbg, o tgkhcãe `oeo`cbg fe otros pgësfs `oko `rfkg hgtcbg, eo fs otrg `osg quf
`rfkg bf mf`lf o egtg `oe ue por`fetgif bf argsg, këecko, bfm 06%, g mg quf sf g÷gbf gzù`gr,
quf lg scbo hgtcbg pgrg `oesfaucr ce`orporgr gcrf qufbçeboeos ueg `rfkg bf `oescstfe`cg
fspfsg quf fs kuy usgbg fe `o`ceg pgrg mg fmghorg`cðe bf arge eùkfro bf rf`ftgs bum`fs pfro
tgkhcãe sgmgbgs. Pf pufbf grokgtczgr `oe pfrnukfs, gm`olomfs, grokgs, fsfe`cgs, `omorgetfs,
ft`.

EORG

83
 

@ugebo sf sohrfkoetg tokg ue `omor gkgrcmmfeto y pfrbfrç mg fkumscoe bf mëqucbo-argsg. Mg

egtg eo bfhf hrcmmgr y bfhf gaugetgrsf fe fm hgtcbor. Rcfef ueg vcbg `ortg bf gproxckgbgkfetf
82 lorgs y trges`urrcbo fsf tcfkpo, pcfrbf fm sufro y ghsorhf sghorfs bf mg efvfrg

Cearfbcfetfs
• 7m egtg g 8¹@ `oe ue këecko bfm 06% bf kgtfrcg argsg

•  764-844a bf gzù`gr

Fmghorg`cðe
Getfs bf `okfezgr g hgtcrmg, fs ckportgetf quf mg kftgkos fe fm `oeafmgbor burgetf ueos 04
kceutos pgrg quf fstã kuy nrëg. Bfm kcsko kobo, tfefkos quf fenrcgr mgs vgrcmmgs y, g sfr
poschmf, fm rf`cpcfetf boebf mg vgkos g koetgr. Burgetf fm hgtcbo quf lgrfkos `oe ueg
hgtcborg bf vgrcmmgs prfstgrfkos gtfe`cðe gm vomukfe y `oescstfe`cg quf vg gbqucrcfebo mg
egtg, yg quf, sc eos pgsgkos, pufbf g`ghgr `oevfrtcbg fe kgetfqucmmg. @okfezgkos por mg
vfmo`c
vfmo`cbg
bgbb këe
këeckg
ckg pgr
pgrgg guk
gukfetg
fetgrmg
rmg pgu
pgumgt
mgtceg
cegkfe
kfetf.
tf. Veg vfz sfk
sfkck
ckoet
oetgbg
gbg g÷g
g÷gbck
bckos
os fm
gzù`gr y sfauckos hgtcfebo lgstg quf fstã hcfe cetfargbo. @ugebo mg egtg fstã ncrkf y sf
gaugetf fe mg vgrcmmg bfm hgtcbor yg fstgrç koetgbg.

@XFKG BF KO@G

Mg `rfkg bf ko`g, o sckpmfkfetf ko`g, fs ue bum`f trgbc`coegm g hgsf bf `gnã, cbfgm tgeto pgrg
bf`orgr tgrtgs y `up`gjfs `oko pgrg sfrvcr fe vgsos `oko sc bf ue koussf sf trgtgrg. Pf
fmghorg g hgsf bf kgetfqucmmg o egtg o `rfkg bf mf`lf, gzù`gr y g vf`fs ue mc`or, guequf fs fm
`gnã fm quf mf bg su eokhrf.

Vsos

Cbfgm pgrg lg`fr ku`los postrfs `oko ue sfe`cmmo lfmgbo (somo lgy quf `oeafmgr), `oko pgrg
sfrvcr fe vgsos `oko sc bf ue koussf sf trgtgrg, pgrg bf`orgr ueg tgrtg bf vgcecmmg o ueos
`up`gjfs `gsfros, pgrg rfmmfegr tgrtgs, pgstfmfs, loigmbrfs, hu÷ufmos…

EORG

Tgrg ng`
Tgrg ng`cmc
cmctgr
tgr mg fmg
fmghor
horg`c
g`cðe
ðe bf mg `rf
`rfkg
kg pgs
pgstfmf
tfmfrg,
rg, tf g`o
g`oesf
esfigk
igkos
os quf utc
utcmc`
mc`fs
fs vgr
vgrcmm
cmmgs
gs
fmã`trc`gs o hgtcborg fmã`trc`g. Xf`ufrbg quf fm gzù`gr amgss fs gzù`gr pumvfrczgbg, sc eo tcfefs
pufbfs usgr gzù`gr eorkgm pfro fetoe`fs, vf garfaçebomg po`o g po`o gsfaurçebotf quf sf
bcsufmvf y sf cetfarg por `okpmfto fe mg egtg.

04
 

Cearfbcfetfs

• 044 km bf egtg o `rfkg bf mf`lf

• 7 `u`lgrgbctg bf `o÷g` o wlcsjy
• 24 ar. bf gzù`gr amgss
• 8 `u`lgrgbgs argebfs bf `gnã somuhmf tcpo efs`gnã

Fmghorg`cðe

7. Fe ue hom poefkos mg egtg `oe fm gzù`gr y hgtckos.

8. G
8. G `oetceug`cðe, g÷gbf po`o g po`o fm `gnã y fm mc`or. ^f gmtfregebo fstos bos cearfbcfetfs y
scauf hgtcfebo lgstg cetfargr y ohtfefr ueg kfz`mg `rfkosg.
0. Mg
0. Mg pgsgkos g mg efvfrg y mg bfigkos fenrcgr
fenrcgr..

RXVNG @MGXG

Cearfbcfetfs

• 864 ar bf `ohfrturg efarg

• 7444 km bf egtg mëqucbg 08% KA (pgrg koetgr)
• 764 ar bf gzu`gr argeo (op`coegm)

Fmghorg`cðe

Lfrvcr mg egtg iueto fm gzù`gr sc fs fm `gso. Fe ue rf`cpcfetf ce`orporgkos mg `ohfrturg

tro`fgbg, o nuebcbg. Gm grrge`gr fm lfrvor mg egtg ce`orporgkos ueg pfquf÷g `getcbgb `oe mg
gyubg
gyu bg bf ueg fspçtu
fspçtumg
mg o `u`lgr
`u`lgrgg bf kgbfrg
kgbfrg.. @ug
@ugebeboo fsg kfz
kfz`mg
`mg fstf hcf
hcfe
e nus
nuscoe
coegb
gbgg
ce`orporgkos fm rfsto bf egtg fe trfs vf`fs, scaucfebo fm kcsko kãtobo pgrg su kfior
fkumscðe. Tgsgr por fm `omgbor y bfigr pfrbfr fm `gmor. Xfposgr fm nrco posctcvo burgetf 82l
gprox. Fs prfnfrchmf getfs bf koetgr `oe mgs vgrcmmgs, cetrobu`cr fe fm `oeafmgbor burgetf 04k
pgrg ng`cmctgr su hgtcbo ðptcko.

8.2. @XFKGP NXËGP - PGMGB

PGMGBGP
GP

MG@ROEFPG

Mg mg`toefsg fs ueg kgyoefsg quf sustctuyf fm lufvo por mg mf`lf y quf `gbg vfz fs kçs
utcmczgbg. Tor ue mgbo, fs kuy rf`okfebghmf pgrg mgs ãpo`gs bf `gmor, fe mgs quf mg sgmkoefmmg
fs ueg gkfegzg pgrg mos lufvos nrfs`os.

07
 

Gbfkçs, lgy quf tfefr fe `ufetg quf mg mg`toefsg fs ueg sgmsg `cfe por `cfe mchrf bf amutfe, yg
quf ec fm g`fctf ec mg mf`lf (g eo sfr quf sf qucfrg utcmczgr vgrcfbgbfs kuy fspf`cgmfs bf
`ugmqucfrg bf gkhos probu`tos) `oetcfefe amutfe.

Mg bcnfrfe`cg fetrf mg kgyoefsg y mg mg`toefsg eo sðmo fstç fe sus cearfbcfetfs. S fs quf guequf
fm sghor bf gkhgs sfg kuy pgrf`cbo, mo `cfrto fs quf mg mg`toefsg, sohrf tobo sc sf lg lf`lo `oe
g`fctf bf acrgsom y eo `oe g`fctf bf omcvg, fs kuy hmge`g. Tor fmmo, lgy ce`muso `o`cefros quf eo
bubge fe optgr por f`lgrmf gmaùe `omorgetf pgrg `gkhcgr su toeo.

Fm g`fctf sufmf sfr ue pueto bf bfsfe`ufetro kuy nrf`ufetf fe bcs`uscoefs fe toreo g mg

kgyoefsg y `oe mg mg`toefsg eo fs bcnfrfetf. Fm g`fctf quf kçs nrf`ufetfkfetf sf utcmczg pgrg
prfpgrgr
prfpgrgr gkhgs sgmsgs fs fm bf acrgsom,
acrgsom, pfro sc sf qucf
qucfrf
rf gpostgr por fm bf omcvg, tfebrç quf sfr
kuy sugvf, yg quf fe `gso `oetrgrco pufbf qufbgr ueg rf`ftg bfkgscgbo nufrtf.

Gbfkçs, `oevcfef
`oevcfef sf÷gmgr tgkhcãe quf mg mg`toefsg pufbf sfr ueg pfrnf`tg hgsf pgrg ue nceo nceo
gmc omc. Hgstg `oe g÷gbcr mg `getcbgb bf gio pc`gbo quf qufrgkos pgrg bgrmf fsf toquf fspf`cgm.
Fstg sgmsg, `oe gio o eo, pufb
pufbff sfr g`okpg÷g
g`okpg÷getf
etf cbfgm pgrg uegs pgtgtg
pgtgtgss `o`cb
`o`cbgs
gs o nrct
nrctgs,
gs, ueg
fesgmgbcmmg, `grefs gm loreo, pfs`gbos…
p fs`gbos…

G mg lorg
`ortgr. bf prfpgrgr
Gkhgs mg mg`toefsg,
sgmsgs `oescstfe ãstg prfsfetg
fe kfz`mgr `oe mgfmhgtcborg,
kcsko prohmfkg quf mg`oe
pfro tgkhcãe kgyoefsg9 sf ypufbf
pg`cfe`cg g ue
rctko kuy `oe`rfto, fm g`fctf `oe mg mf`lf
mf `lf o fm lufvo.

Fe `gso bf quf sf `ortf, fm kfior `oesfio fs fe ue rf`cpcfetf mckpco, g÷gbcr g`fctf g pgrtf bf mg
mg`toefsg `ortgbg y fkpfzgr g hgtcr bf eufvo. @ugebo mg kfz`mg fkumscoef, fs fm kokfeto bf
g÷gbcr fm rfsto bf mg`toefsg `ortgbg po`o g po`o
p o`o kcfetrgs, g mg vfz, sf scauf hgtcfebo.

  Cearfbcfetfs
(pgrg 044ar)
  744 km bf mf`lf fetfrg g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf
  844 km bf g`fctf sugvf (omcvg sugvf o acrgsom)
  Pgm gm austo
  Yuko bf mckðe o vcegarf gm austo

Fmghorg`cðe
Toe mg mf`lf fe fm vgso bf mg hgtcborg o fe ue tgrro: sc usgs ueo bf `rcstgm `oe tgpgbfrg, pufbfs
augrbgrmo bcrf`tgkfetf gmmë. Hgtf mg mf`lf burgetf ue kceuto y kfbco gproxckgbgkfetf, g
vfmo`cbgb kfbcg (sc qucfrfs poefrmf gio, mfvgetg fm hrgzo y g֍bfmo gm noebo glorg, iusto getfs
bf fkpfzgr). Fkpcfzg g÷gbcfebo fm g`fctf g lcmo -tgkpo`o lg`f ngmtg quf sfg kuy nceo- sce
kovfr mg hgtcborg bfm noebo: pufbfs ce`mcegr ue po`o fm vgso pgrg vfr kfior fm `gkhco bf
tfxturg, bf mëqucbo g fkumscðe. @ugebo fstã hcfe fkumscoegbo yg pobfkos g÷gbcr mg sgm, fm

08
 

mckðe o fm vcegarf y fm g`fctf fe kgyor `getcbgb, suhcfebo y hgigebo mg hgtcborg pgrg

fkumscoegr y kfz`mgr tobg mg mg`toefsg.

TGRÃ
Fs ueg pgstg pgrg uetgr quf sf fmghorg `oe lëagbo bf `frbo, afefrgmkfetf, o `frbo, guequf
tgkhcãe sf pufbf lg`fr `oe otros geckgmfs `oko fm ighgmë, `cfrvo, pgto y pfrbcz, g mg quf sf mf
g÷gbfe otros cearfbcfetfs, trgtgbos `oe `gmor pgrg quf propor`coefe mg tfxturg y `oescstfe`cg
`grg`tfrëstc`g. Fm sghor bfm pgtã sufmf fstgr `grg`tfrczgbo por fm lëagbo quf sf utcmczg, pfro eo
por fmmo fs fm cearfbcfetf quf kçs ghuebg, pufs tgkhcãe sf mf g÷gbf `gref, vës`frgs y argsgs bf
bf bcstcetos geckgmfs, sohrf tobo bf `frbo, gbfkçs bf lgrcegs, mf`lf o fspf`cgs.
fspf` cgs.

Fs ue probu`to `oe ue gmto ecvfm bf `gmorëgs, argsgs sgturgbgs y `omfstfrom, por fso fs
rf`okfebghmf `oesukcrmo kobfrgbgkfetf.

Rgkhcãe fxcstfe vfrscoefs vfaftgrcgegs, quf soe kçs sgmubghmfs, pfro eo sf pgrf`fe fe ghsomuto
pfro caugmkfetf sfbu`fe eufstro pgmgbgr, pubcfebo fmfacr fetrf kumtctub bf cearfbcfetfs `oko
mgs hfrfeifegs, mos `lgkpc÷oefs, fm tonu, ft`., y `okhcegrmos `oe fspf`cgs y nrutos sf`os,
potfe`cgebo sus `ugmcbgbfs eutrctcvgs y su sghor
sghor..

Vsos

Fm pgtã fs ue gmckfeto quf pufbf sfrvcr tgeto pgrg cetrobu`crmo `oko pgrtf bf ueg rf`ftg gm
`o`cegr, o `oko gpfrctcvo o g`okpg÷gkcfeto. Tor su tfxturg, fm pgtã sf pufbf uetgr fe agmmftgs
o sohrf fm pge, `oevcrtcãebosf fe ue pfquf÷o pmgto pgrg ghrcr ho`g getfs bf ueg `okcbg. Fs ueg
hufeg op`cðe pgrg gmcvcgr gm fstðkgao `ugebo lgy lgkhrf y eo pufbfs fspfrgr gm pmgto nufrtf.

Fmghorg`cðe

7. Trf`gmfetgkcfeto. Pf `uf`f mcafrgkfetf fm lëagbo y gm

`gref
8. pgrg
8.   Tc`gbo.. moargr
Tc`gbo oboo uetuoscbgb.
Rob sf pc
pc`g
`g ku
kuyy nc
nceo
eo iu
iuet
etoo gm rf
rfst
stoo bf
cearfbcfetfs quf `okpoebrçe fm probu`to ncegm.
0.
0. Tufstg
 Tufstg fe kombfs. Mg pgstg sf `omo`g fe tgrrcegs pgrg fm
scaucfetf pgso.
2. @o``cðe. Fm pgtã sf `uf`f g ueos 16-<4¹ @ fe fm `fetro bf mg tgrrceg pgrg quf mgs protfëegs sf
`ogaumfe.
6. Fenrcgkcfeto. Pf pumvfrczg gaug nrëg pgrg quf mos kombfs sf fenrëfe.
>. Gboreo. Fm toquf ncegm, quf sf lg`f `oe fspf`cgs o nrutg sohrf mg quf sf `omo`g ueg bfmagbg
`gpg bf afmgtceg, quf protfaf fm pgtã y fvctg quf mg argsg sf ferge`cf.

POHXGPGBG

00
 

Mg sohrgsgbg fs ue probu`to trgbc`coegm bf mgs Csmgs Hgmfgrfs, guequf tgkhcãe fs fmghorgbo fe

otrgs pgrtf mg pfeëesumg. Tobfkos bfncecrmo `oko ue fkhutcbo `rubo `urgbo, bf `omor os`uro,
`oe tfxturg rf`cg pfro uetuosg y `oe sghor potfetf, fmghorgbo g pgrtcr bf `grefs sfmf``coegbgs
bf `frbo hgmfgr (ce`mucbos somokcmmo, pgmftcmmgs, igkoefs y moko), to`ceo, kgaro o argsg, kuy
pc`gbgs y `oebckfetgs `oe pckfetðe, pckcfetg efarg y sgm. Pf fkhutf fe trcpg y prfsfetg ueg
mgrag kgburg`cðe.

Bftrçs bf fstf ho`gbo sf fs`oebfe ku`los g÷os bf lcstorcg. Bf lf`lo,

lf `lo, mgs prckfrgs rfnfrfe`cgs
g bc`lo fkhutcbo bgtge bfm scamo \^, guequf eo nuf lgstg \^C `ugebo fstf gbqucrcð ueg
ckportge`cg eotghmf fe mg agstroeokëg bf mg csmg y, por tgeto, su `oesuko sf afefrgmczð.
@urcosgkfetf, mg tã`ec`g `oe mg quf sf fmghorg fstf probu`to fs ckportgbg bf Pc`cmcg. Fe fstg
`c
`cub
ubgb
gb ct
ctgm
gmcg
cgeg
eg tf
tfeë
eëge
ge mg `ostu
`ostukh
khrf
rf bf `oes
`oesfrv
frvgr
gr mo
moss gm
gmck
ckfe
feto
toss `o
`oe
e ue prpro`
o`fb
fbck
ckcf
cfeto
eto
bfeokcegbo "sorprfssg", quf `oescstëg fe fm pc`gbo bf mg `gref pgrg su postfrcor fkhutcbo.
Arg`cgs gm guaf bfm `okfr`co kgrëtcko, bc`lg tã`ec`g vcgið g Kgmmor`g y otrgs rfacoefs bf mg
Tfeëesumg Chãrc`g, boebf mg tokgroe prfstgbg y `okfezgroe g poefrmg fe prç`tc`g. Bf lf`lo,
lgy eukfrosos fe`mgvfs pfecesumgrfs boebf scaufe `rfgebo su propcg vgrcfbgb bf sohrgsgbg.

G pgrtcr bfm scamo \^CC sf fe`ufetrge kùmtcpmfs rfnfrfe`cgs gm uso bf mg sohrgsgbg fe mg

ag
agst
stro
roeo
eokë
këgg hg
hgmf
mfgr
gr,, gu
gueq
equf
uf eo sfr
sfrçç lgst
lgstgg fm scam
scamoo \^C
\^CCC
CC `u
`uge
gebo
bo sf rfgm
rfgmc`
c`ff ue
uegg bf mg
mgss
gportg`coefs kçs ckportgetfs fe `ugeto g mg prfsfetg`cðe sf rfncfrf9 mg cetrobu``cðe bfm
pckfetðe, cearfbcfetf quf onrf`f gm probu`to su g`tugm y `grg`tfrëstc`g `omorg`cðe roig. Fm
pckfetðe, gm caugm quf otrgs nrutgs y vfrburgs quf `okfkos lghctugmkfetf, fs orcacegrco bf
Gkãrc`g. Bf lf`lo, lgy `oestge`cg por fs`rcto bf quf @rcstðhgm @omðe fetrfað, `oko pgrtf bf
ueg onrfebg, pckfetðe y otros gmckfetos bf pro`fbfe`cg gkfrc`geg g mos Xfyfs @gtðmc`os fe fm
g÷o 7230. Pfrëge mos nrgcmfs Afrðeckos bf Sustf y Augbgmupf mos quf cec`cgrëge su `umtcvo y,
postfrcorkfetf, mo fxpgebcrëge por tobg mg afoargnëg pfecesumgr. Mg sohrgsgbg, por tgeto, nuf
hmge`g -y eo roig- kcfetrgs eo sf bfs`uhrcfroe mgs cekfesgs poschcmcbgbfs `umcegrcgs bfm
pckfetðe. G pgrtcr bf fstf kokfeto, mg sohrgsgbg eo fxpfrckfetg bfkgscgbos `gkhcos y sf
`oevcfrtf eo sðmo fe ueo bf mos gmckfetos kçs trgbc`coegmfs bf mgs Csmgs Hgmfgrfs, sceo tgkhcãe
fe ue vfrbgbfro fkhgigbor agstroeðkc`o.
Vsos

Tufbf `okfrsf `rubg o nrctg. Fetrg fe mos cearfbcfetfs bf eukfrosos pmgtos kgmmorqucefs f,
ce`muso,
ce`mu so, fe mg rfpostfrëg.
rfpostfrëg. Fm kobo kçs trgbtrgbc`coe
c`coegm
gm bf `oesukc
`oesukcrr mg sohrgsgbg
sohrgsgbg,, y `oko kfior sf
bcsnrutg su `grg`tfrëstc`o sghor, fs fxtfebcbg sohrf ueg afefrosg rfhgegbg bf pge, kfior
grtfsgegm, y g`okpg÷gbg bf otros gmckfetos `oko kcfm, kfrkfmgbg bf gmhgrc`oquf o gzù`gr,
cbfgmfs pgrg `oenfrcrmf kgtc`fs bum`fs. Pce fkhgrao, fstf fkhutcbo aourkft fs kuy vfrsçtcm y
gbkctf
gbk ctf kçs prfprfpgr
pgrg`c
g`coef
oefss `um
`umceg
cegrcg
rcgs,
s, `oe mgs qufquf,, gbf
gbfkç
kçs,
s, gbqucf
gbqucfrf
rf au
austo
stoss bcn
bcnfrf
frfetf
etfss y
sorprf
sorprfebf
ebfetf
etfs.
s. Fe fmg
fmghor
horg`c
g`coef
oefss `gm
`gmcfe
cfetfs
tfs,, prfsfe
prfsfetg
tg otros
otros kgt
kgtc`f
c`fs:
s: `oe `gb
`gbgg arg
argbo
bo,, ag
ageg
eg
cetfescbgb y potfe`cg austgtcvg. Mg sohrgsgbg pufbf ckprckcr `oetuebfe`cg g ue grroz `oe
vfrburgs, `oenfrcr ue `oetrgstf sgmgbo g ue hrco`lf bf qufso nuebcbo o norkgr ueg rc`g

02
 

kfrkfmgbg iueto `oe kgezgegs o lcaos. Fe rfgmcbgb, lgy tgetgs norkgs bf `gsgrmg `oko
pgmgbgrfs.

Cearfbcfetfs

• Ve 04->4% bf `gref kgarg por ue 24-14% bf to`ceo

• 84-04 ar.
ar. bf sgm por jcmo bf pgstg
• >4 ar. bf pckfetðe por jcmo
• 74 ar. pckfetðe pc`getf por jcmo bf pgstg
• 74 ar. pckcfetg hmge`g komcbg por jcmo bf pgstg
  • Mgs trcpgs pufbfe sfr egturgmfs o bf nchrg bf `omçafeo,
fstgs ùmtckgs pgrg pcfzgs bf kfeos bf 644 arar..

Fmghorg`cðe

Fe prckfr muagr, sf fmghorg fm propco fkhutcbo9 mg `gref bf `frbo pc`gbg fs kfz`mgbg `oe mos
otros cearfbcfetfs y fm fkhutcbo fe mgs trcpgs.

Rrgbc`coegmkfetf,
kf`çec`g
kf`çec utcmczgeboofmueg
`g utcmczgeb pc`gbo
kçqusfcegrfgmczghg
kçquceg trctu g gkgeo
trcturgbor
rgborg pfroproargkg
quf fstç g`tugmkfetf
proargkgbg sf fmghorg
bg pgrg ohtfe
ohtfefr bf norkg
fr pgrtë
pgrtë`umgs
`umgs
cenfrcorfs g > kk.

G `o`oet
etce
ceug
ug`c
`cðe
ðe,, sg
sgzo
zoeg
egrr mg `g
`gref
ref,, g÷gb
g÷gbcr
cr mg
mgss fspf`
fspf`cg
cgs,
s, fkhu
fkhutc
tcrr mg kg
kgsg
sg fe mg
mgss tr
trcp
cpgs
gs
prfvcgkfetf mckpcgs (bfmagbgs o arufsgs) `oe vcegarf, sgm y ghuebgetf gaug, gprftgebo hcfe
mg `gref pgrg quf eo qufbf gcrf y sf gtge por sfpgrg`coefs bfm mgrao bf ueos 84 g 86 `k.
Fe ueg sfauebg ngsf, sf bfsgrrommg fm `urgbo, mg kgburg`cðe y bfsf`gbo bfm probu`to. Burgetf
fstg ngsf sf probu`f ueg mfetg trgesnorkg`cðe bfm probu`to quf `oescstf fe mg nfrkfetg`cðe
bf mg kgsg, mg `ugm
` ugm vg pfrbcfebo pgrtf bf mg lukfbgb cec`cgm, tobo mo `ugm `oe`fbf gm fkhutcbo
su tfxturg y sghor tëpc`os bf mg Pohrgsgbg bf Kgmmor`g.

Rcpos bf sohrgsgbg
Mos tcpos bf sohrgsgbg vcfefe bfncecbos por fm tcfkpo bf `urg`cðe y por fm tgkg÷o. Tobfkos
fe`oetrgr9

• Moeageczg9 Xfmmfeg ue cetfstceo bfmagbo, fs mgrag y fstrf`lg. Pf `oesukf getfs quf fm rfsto.
• Pfkcrrczgbg y rczgbg9 Tgrg mg prckfrg sf usge mgs pgrtfs kçs ncegs bfm cetfstceo arufso, y
pgrg mg rczgbg, mgs kçs arufsgs.
• Hunftg9 Fkhutf mg vficag bf mg orceg y pfsg fetrf 7 ja y 7,6 ja.
• @umgeg9 Mg norkg `urvg `grg`tfrëstc`g fs porquf sf rfmmfeg fm ùmtcko fxtrfko bfm cetfstceo
arufso. Tfsg fetrf 8 y 0 ja.
• Tomtrù9 Fstç lf`lg `oe fm `cfao bfm cetfstceo arufso y pfsg bf 8 g 2 ja.

06
 

• Hcshf9 Veg sohrgsgbg acagetf, ue fstðkgao bf `frbo rfmmfeo. Bf fetrf 2 y 04 ja, sf sufmf
`okfr g pgrtcr bfm vfrgeo, `ugebo fstç `urgbg.
• Rgrrcegs9 Pce fevomtorco. Egbg quf vfr `oe mgs quf fe`oetrgkos, lcpfrargsgs, pgrg uetgr.

Rrgbc`coegmkfetf mg norkg bf `oesfrvgr mg Pohrgsgbg fe mg csmg bf Kgmmor`g lg `oescstcbo fe

`omagrmg fe mg bfspfesg bf `gsg. Pf trgtg bfm muagr kçs gpropcgbo, yg quf fs nrfs`o, sf`o y `oe
hufeg vfetcmg`cðe, y sf fe`ufetrg protfacbo bf mg muz bcrf`tg y bf mos omorfs bf otros gmckfetos.
Bgbgs fstgs `oebc`coefs, mg Pohrgsgbg bf Kgmmor`g sf `oesfrvg cekfiorghmfkfetf burgetf
kfsfs.

8.6. @XFKGP @OKTVFPRGP

@XFKG @LCHOVPR ð PGCER LOEOXÃ

@rfkg bf mg pgstfmfrëg nrge`fsg tgkhcãe `oeo`cbg `oko `rfkg pgrg pgstfm o tgrtg Pge Loeorã.
Fm eokhrf mf vcfef por su `rfgbor, ue pgstfmfro nrge`ãs mmgkgbo @lchoust, quf trghgighg fe mg
pgstfmfrëg
pgstfmfrëg bf mg Xuf Pgcet Loeor
Loeorã,
ã, bf glë mos bos eokhrfs. Mg `rfkg `lch
`lchoust
oust `oescs
`oescstf
tf fe ueg
`rfkg pgstfmfrg bf vgcecmmg quf sf kfz`mg fe `gmcfetf `oe kfrfeauf, bf prfnfrfe`cg ctgmcgeo,
pgrg gmcafrgr mg tfxturg bf mg `rfkg. Mg propor`cðe fetrf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg y fm kfrfeauf vg g
fstgr bftfrkcegbo bf mo gcrfgbo quf sf bfsff mg `rfkg `lchoust. Mðac`gkfetf, kcfetrgs kçs
kfrfeauf, kçs gcrfgbg qufbgrç mg tfxturg. Mg propor`cðe quf sf sufmf fkpmfgr fs mg kcskg
`getcbgb bf `mgrgs bf lufvo pgrg fm kfrfeauf por mg kcskg `getcbgb bf yfkgs pgrg mg `rfkg
pgstfmfrg. Fe mg g`tugmcbgb fxcstfe vgrcgetfs bf mg `rfkg quf `oescstfe nuebgkfetgmkfetf fe mg
sustctu`cðe bf mg vgcecmmg bf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg por otro sghor, pubcfebo sfr mckðe, `gnã, nrfsg f
ce`muso `lo`omgtf. Ku`los pgstfmfros sufmfe g÷gbcrmf ueg pfquf÷g boscs bf afmgtceg efutrg
pgrg moargr kçs ncrkfzg, sohrf tobo fe mos bëgs bf vfrgeo. Mg @rfkg @lchoust fs cbfgm pgrg
lg`fr tgrtgs `oe hgsf bf hcz`o`lo o agmmftg, pgrg rfmmfegr `rfpfs o pronctfromfs, pgrg sfrvcr `oko
hgsf bf ue postrf bf nrutgs nrfs`gs o mo quf fm pgmgbgr y mg ckgaceg`cðe tf suacfrge.

Cearfbcfetfs Cearfbcfetfs
`rfkg @lchoust kfrfeauf
  Mf`lf 044km
  Gzù`gr 06 a   0 `mgrgs
`mgrgs bf lufvo
  Sfkgs 6 uecbgbfs   724 a gzù`gr
  Lgrceg nmoig 04 a   6 aotgs
aotgs bf zuko bf mckðe
  Tcfm bf mckðe 7/2 bf uecbgb   26 km bf gaug
  @gefmg fe rgkg 7/8 rgkg
  0 loigs bf afmgtceg fe mçkcegs

Fmghorg`cðe
Bfigkos mgs mçkcegs bf afmgtceg fe gaug nrëg, quf sf vgyge lcbrgtgebo kcfetrgs lg`fkos mg

0>
 

`rfkg. Toefkos mg mf`lf g `gmfetgr `oe mg rgkg bf `gefmg, y `ugebo lcfrvg, gpgrtgkos y
bfigkos quf tfkpmf, tgpgbo, quf cenuscoef `oe mg `gefmg. Pfpgrgkos mgs yfkgs bf mgs `mgrgs, y
hgtckos mgs yfkgs `oe fm gzù`gr y mg lgrceg. To`o g po`o mf g÷gbckos mg mf`lf tfkpmgbg,
hgtcfebo hcfe, pgrg quf eo sf eos lgage arukos. Mf g÷gbckos mgs mgkcegs bf afmgtceg, y
vomvfkos g poefr fstg kfz`mg gm nufao, rfkovcfebo `oestgetfkfetf, lgstg quf fspfsf, fe fsf
kokfeto, gpgrtgkos y rfsfrvgkos.

Tgrg
gaug prfpgrgr
prfpgrg r fm kfrfe
y mo bfigkoskfrfeauf
auflgstg
lfrvcr ctgmcg
ctgmcgeo,
eo, , poefk
poefkos
mos 77<¹ os fe uegm`ge`f
@. @ugebo `gzo mosmos
724744¹
a bf@gzù`gr y mosg 26
poefkos km mgs
hgtcr bf
`mgrgs bf lufvo g vfmo`cbgb kfbcg.

Veg vfz mmfauf fm gmkëhgr g mos 77<¹@ mo vfrtfkos sohrf mgs `mgrgs quf fstçe hgtcfebo (`oe
`ucbgbo, hgigkos mg vfmo`cbgb bf mgs vgrcmmgs) y ueg vfz tobo ce`orporgbo, poefkos mg
kçquceg g kçxckg vfmo`cbgb burgetf fm tcfkpo quf ef`fsctf lgstg quf fenrëf `okpmftgkfetf.

Ohtfebrfkos ue kfrfeauf hcfe ncrkf, `rfkoso y hrcmmgetf.

Fstf kfrfeauf mo vgkos g g÷gbcr g eufstrg `rfkg getfrcor quf tfeëgkos fenrcgebo (bfhf fstgr
g tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf, ec nrëg ec `gmcfetf), `oe kovckcfetos fevomvfetfs y sugvfkfetf. Mg
`rfkg @lchoust fstç mcstg. Xfnrcafrgr
Xfnrcafrgr..
@XFKG KVPFMCEG

@rfk
@rfkgg pg
pgst
stfm
fmfr
frgg g mg qu
quff sf mf g÷gb
g÷gbff kg
kgetf
etfqu
qucm
cmmg
mg,, gu
gueq
equf
uf fe gm
gmau
aueg
egss hc
hchm
hmco
coar
argn
gnëg
ëgss fs
sckpmfkfetf kgetfqucmmg `rfkgbg, sghcfebo quf mg gmtg rfpostfrëg eos bg `oko `rfkg bf
kgetfqucmmg mg fmghorgbg g pgrtcr bf kfrfeauf ctgmcgeo y kgetfqucmmg `rfkgbg. Fm vo`ghmo
koussfmcef sf gpmc`g fe agstroeokëg por mo afefrgm g prfpgrg`coefs fe mgs quf lgy quf bfstg`gr
su tfxturg kuy bfmc`gbg (`oko por fifkpmo, ueg sgmsg bfrcvgbg bf mg kgyoefsg, ueg sgmsg
bfrcvgbg bf mg lomgebfsg -gkhgs fmghorgbgs g pgrtcr bf mg sgmsg kgbrf g mg quf sf g÷gbf mg
kctgb bf egtg o `rfkg bf mf`lf koetgbg- o ueg ngrsg pgrg qufefmmf). Fm tãrkceo fs fkpmfgbo fe
gegmoaëg bf mg tfmg mmgkgbg kusfmceg, orcacegrcg bf mg `cubgb bf Kosum (Crgj). Mg `grg`tfrëstc`g
prce`cpgm bf mg tfmg fs quf fs kuy bceg, tfrsg y trgespgrfetf, orcacegmkfetf fmghorgbg bf sfbg,
guequf sf fxtcfebf gm gmaobðe o mgeg kuy ncegs.

Cearfbcfetfs Cearfbcfetfs
@rfkg pgstfmfrg @rfkg kusfmceg
  7 m mf`lf
  6 pzgs yfkgs   864 a kgetfqucmmg
  044 ar nã`umg bf kgëz   Veg pcz`g bf sgm
  844 ar gzù`gr
  » vgceg vgcecmmg
 

01
 

Fmghorg`cðe
Fmghorgkos mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg. Tgrg fmmo `gmfetgkos mg mf`lf fe ue `gzo lgstg quf fstã
tfkpmgbg. Fe ue hom kfbcgeo, hgtckos mgs yfkgs bf lufvo `oe fm gzù`gr lgstg quf hmgequffe.
G÷gbckos mgs lgrcegs tgkczgbgs y kfz`mgkos lgstg quf norkfe ueg kgsg sugvf. F`lgkos mg
sgm y mg vgcecmmg y kfz`mgkos hcfe. @oafkos kfbco vgso bf mf`lf tfkpmgbg y mg g÷gbckos po`o
g po`o g mg kfz`mg bf yfkgs. Xfkovfkos hcfe y f`lgkos tobg mg kgsg gm rfsto bf mg mf`lf.
Mmfvgkos g fhummc`cðe y rfkovfkos `oestgetfkfetf lgstg quf fspfsf. Glorg fkpfzgkos `oe mg
kusfmceg, rftcrgebo bfm nufao mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg y bfiçebomg fenrcgr ue rgto g÷gbckos mg kctgb
bf mg kgetfqucmmg. Kfz`mgkos hcfe y bfigkos quf sf fenrëf lgstg quf tfeag tfkpfrgturg
gkhcfetf. G÷gbckos fm rfsto bf mg kgetfqucmmg y hgtckos lgstg quf qufbf ueg `rfkg sugvf.
Mcstg pgrg utcmczgr
utcmczgr..

KVPFMCEG
@XFKG KVPFMC EG BF G^FMMGEG
G^FMMGEG

Pfaucr mg kcskg fmghorg`cðe quf `oe mg `rfkg kusfmceg lgstg fm kokfeto bf fenrcgr mg `rfkg.
Koet
Ko etgr
gr fe mg hg
hgtc
tcbo
borg
rg mg sf
sfau
aueb
ebgg pg
pgrt
rtff bf kg
kget
etfq
fquc
ucmm
mmgg iu
iueto
eto `o
`oe
e fm pr
prgm
gmce
ceãã y g÷gb
g÷gbcr
cr
argbugmkfetf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg yg nrëg. @oetceugr hgtcfebo lgstg ohtfefr ueg tfxturg mcafrg

Cearfbcfetfs Cearfbcfetfs
(pgrg 864ar bf prgmceã) @rfkg kusfmceg
  786 a gzù`gr   864 a kgetfqucmmg
  786 a gvfmmgegs   Veg pcz`g bf sgm
  016 a `rfkg pgstfmfrg

Fmghorg`cðe
Tgrtckos bf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg yg fmghorgbg. Tgrg fm prgmceã, prckfro lgrfkos fm `grgkfmo. Fe
ueg sgrtãe `gmcfetf, crfkos g÷gbcfebo fm gzù`gr lgstg ohtfefr fm `grgkfmo. Mo poebrfkos `oe
mgs gvfmmgegs y bfigrfkos quf sf fenrëf. Fe ue rohot bf `o`ceg mo trcturgrfkos lgstg ohtfefr
ueg pgstg. Crfkos rfkovcfebo yg quf sf crç lg`cg mgs pgrfbfs, y bf fstg kgefrg ohtfebrfkos
fm prgmceã tobo caugm. Tgrg mg kusfmceg bf gvfmmgeg, g÷gbckos g mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg y bfiçebomg
fenrcgr ue rgto mg kctgb bf mg kgetfqucmmg. Kfz`mgkos hcfe y bfigkos quf sf fenrëf lgstg quf
tfeag tfkpfrgturg gkhcfetf. @ugebo tfeagkos nrëg mg `rfkg, ce`orporgkos fm rfsto bf
kgetfqucmmg y mg pgstg bf gvfmmgegs, kfz`mgrfkos hcfe lgstg ohtfefr ueg `rfkg lokoaãefg.
Xfsfrvgr fe nrëo.

0<
 

0. RXVNGP

Mgs trungs bf `lo`omgtf soe uegs homctgs hmgebctgs quf sf lg`fe `oe ageg`lf bf `lo`omgtf. Mg
ageg`lf fs ueg kfz`mg bf egtg y `lo`omgtf nuebgkfetgmkfetf quf por su `oescstfe`cg sugvf
sf pufbf kobfmgr fe homctgs quf sf grokgtczge bf bcvfrsgs norkgs y sf rf`uhrfe `oe vgrcgbos
cearfbcfetfs tgkhcãe.

Fm `oenuso eokhrf bf trungs vcfef por su sfkfigezg `oe mgs trungs egturgmfs quf soe loeaos.
Mgs trungs bf `lo`omgtf sf cevfetgroe fe Nrge`cg, `oko tgetgs otrgs prfpgrg`coefs rfpostfrgs, g
prce`cpcos bfm scamo \C\. Guequf sce bubg sf lge lf`lo popumgrësckgs fe ku`lgs otrgs pgrtfs
bfm kuebo.

Fe mg rf`ftg hçsc`g eo fs ckprfs`cebchmf ec mg kgetfqucmmg ec fm gzù`gr ec fm mc`or, pfro mos trfs mf

g÷gbfe `ugmcbgbfs gm probu`to. Mg kgetfqucmmg lg`f fm rfsumtgbo ue poqucto kçs uetuoso, gm
gukfetgr mg argsg totgm, fm gzù`gr sugvczg fm sghor bfm `lo`omgtf y fm mc`or mf gportg ue grokg
gbc`coegm. Fm mc`or pufbf sfr roe, jcrs`l o ce`muso `lgkpçe. Mo kçs `mçsc`o fs quf tobo fm
`lo`omgtf fkpmfgbo sfg gkgrao, pfro sf pufbf vgrcgr mg propor`cðe y sustctucr mg kctgb bfm
`lo`omgtf por `lo`omgtf `oe mf`lf, por fifkpmo.
 

2. BCNFXFE@CGP FERXF NMGE, EGRCMMG, @XFKG @GRGMGEG, @XÌKF HXÚMÃF, @XFKG

CEAMFPG.
Guequf mos cearfbcfetfs soe mos kcskos (mf`lf, gzù`gr, yfkg bf lufvo y nã`umg),
mgs `getcbgbfs eo mo soe y por mo tgeto, mg `oescstfe`cg y fm sghor `gkhcge. Mg
prce`cpgm bcnfrfe`cg
bcnfrfe`cg fetrf fmmgs rfscbf fe mg `getcbgb bf nã`umg bf kgëz (Kgc`feg fs
mg kgr`g `okfr`cgm kçs `oeo`cbg) y fm eùkfro bf yfkgs fkpmfgbgs.

M gs
gs eg
egtt ccmm mmgg s s ooe
e k ç s m ë qu
qu cb
cb g s,
s, s u ` rfk
rfkgg fs k ççss b um
um ``ff y eo m m ffvv g g zù
zù ``gg r
`grgkfmczgbo.
`grgkfmczg bo. Mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg fs ue po`o kçs fspfsg y su `rfkg fs kfeos bum`f
pgrg `okpfesgr fm gzù`gr `grgkfmczgbo bf mg supfrnc`cf. Otrg bcnfrfe`cg fs fm sghor.
Afefrgmkfetf mgs egtcmmgs sf `o`cege `oe vgcecmmg, kcfetrgs quf mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg
sf grokgtczg `oe `gefmg y mckðe o fe o`gscoefs tgkhcãe
tgkhcãe `oe mg pcfm bf egrgeig. Mg
`rfkg kçs pgrf`cbg g mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg fs mg `rìkf hrumãf bf orcafe Nrge`ãs. Mg
bcnfrfe`cg fs quf mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg sf fspfsg `oe lufvo y gmkcbðe bf kgëz y mg
`rìkf hrumãf sf rfgmczg `oe egtg y lufvos, y sf `o`ceg fe ue loreo g hg÷o Kgrëg
pgrf`cãebosf kçs g ue nmge. Gkhgs sf fspomvorfge `oe gzù`gr y sf qufkge. Pf
pobrëg bfncecr mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg `oko kçs bfmc`gbg y sugvf quf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg
yg quf fstg ùmtckg mmfvg lgrceg pgrg fspfsgrmg, kcfetrgs quf mg `rfkg `gtgmgeg sf
fspfsg `oe gmkcbðe bf kgëz. Pf mg pobrëg `mgscnc`gr tgkhcãe `omo`çebomg fe ue
muagr cetfrkfbco fetrf mg `rfkg pgstfmfrg y mg `rìkf hrumãf.

Rob
obgs
gs mg
mgss `rf
`rfkg
kgss `okp
`okpgrt
grtfe
fe ueg kc
kcsk
skgg hg
hgsf
sf mç`
mç`tfg
tfg qu
quff rf
rfsum
sumtg
tg feb
febumz
umzgb
gbgg y
grokgtczgbg, gsë `oko prfsfe`cg bfm lufvo fe norkg `okpmftg o bf mg yfkg. G

03
 

pgrtcr
pgrt cr bf gquë
gquë fm çrho
çrhomm af
afef
efgm
gmða
ðac`
c`oo bf mg
mgss `r
`rfk
fkgs
gs sf hc
hcnu
nur`
r`gg fe nu
nue`
e`cð
cðee bf
cearfbcfetfs, g`ghgbos y tã`ec`gs bf `o``cðe.

Egtcmm
Egtc mmgs
gs99 Mgs egtcmmgs soe ue postrf mç`tfo kuy fxtfebcbo fe mg agstroeokëg
fspg÷omg. Pf trgtg bf ueg `rfkg fmghorgbg `oe mf`lf, yfkgs bf lufvo, gzù`gr y
grokgs `oko mg vgcecmmg o fm mckðe. @oetcfef ueg `getcbgb kobfrgbg bf gmkcbðe,
mo quf mg lg`f gmao `mgrg y mcafrg.

@rfk
@r fkgg @gtgm
@gtgmgeg
geg99 @oescstf fe ueg `rfkg tcpo pgstfmfrg `oe hgsf fe yfkg bf
lufvo quf sf sufmf `uhrcr `oe ueg `gpg bf gzù`gr `grgkfmczgbo fe su supfrnc`cf
pgrg
pg rg gp
gpor
ortg
tgrr ue `oet
`oetrg
rgst
stff `rui
`ruicf
cfet
etf.
f. Pf `okf
`okf bu
burg
rget
etff to
tobo
bo fm g÷
g÷oo pf
pfro
ro fs
`ostukhrf fm bëg bf Pge Iosã, `fmfhrgbo fm 73 bf kgrzo. Lgstg lg`f po`o frg, fe
afefrgm, ue postrf bf ncfstgs. @oetcfef ueg `getcbgb kfbcg bf gmkcbðe, bf norkg
quf fs hgstgetf fspfsg y pfrkctf mg `ohfrturg y fm qufkgbo.

@rìkff Hr
@rìk Hrúm
úmìfìf99 Mg @rì@rìkfkf hrú
hrúmãf
mãf (f
(fe
e nrg
nrge`ã
e`ãss "`
"`rfk
rfkgg qu qufkg
fkgbg"
bg")) fs ue po postr
strff
` rfk
rfkoo ssoo q u
uff ` oes
oescc st
st f fe u eg ` rfkrfk g t cp
cp o p ggss ttfm
fmfr
frgg ` u
uyg
yg s uupp ffrn
rncc ` ccff s f lg
fs
fspo
pomv
mvor
orfg
fgbo
bo bf gz gzù`
ù`grgr `oe
`oe fm nce
nce bf ququfk
fkgrgrmo
mo y oh ohtf
tfef
efrr gs
gsëë ueuegg nc nceg eg `g
`gpg
pg
`rui
`ruicf
cfet
etff bf `g `grg
rgkf
kfmo mo.. Pf scrv
scrvff af
afef
efrg
rgmk
mkfe
fetf
tf tf tfkpkpmgmgbo
bo o nrnrëo
ëo fe `g `gzu
zufm
fmgs
gs
cebcvcbugmfs. Pf grokgtczg g kfeubo `oe vgcecmmg, ue mc`or, ft`ãtfrg.

Mg `rfkg ceamfsg   fs ueg `rfkg mcafrg quf, fe su vfrscðe hçsc`g, sf fmghorg g

pgrtcr bf mg kfz`mg bf mf`lf, gzù`gr y yfkg bf lufvo (tgkhcãe pufbf mmfvgr nã`umg
fe ueg pfquf÷g propor`cðe). Guequf sf pufbf grokgtczgr `oe vgcecmmg, `lo`omgtf,
`gnã
`g nã,, mc`o
mc`orf
rfs,
s, nr
nrut
utgs
gs,, nrut
nrutos
os sf`o
sf`os,
s, fsfe
fsfe`c
`cgs
gs,, ft
ft`.
`. Pf fk
fkpm
pmfg
fg `o
`oko
ko sg
sgms
msgg pg
pgrg
rg
g`okpg÷gr pmgtos bum`fs y tgkhcãe bf hgsf pgrg lg`fr lfmgbos.

Mg `rfkg ceamfsg fs bfmc`gbg fe su fmghorg`cðe yg quf fm fx`fso bf `gmor pufbf

`ugigr mgs yfkgs bf lufvo y `ortgr mg `rfkg, fstropfgebo fm rfsumtgbo.

Nmge9 Pf rfgmczg `oe mf`lf, gzù`gr y lufvo. Fe su `okposc`cðe

`okposc`cðe eo mmfvg eceaùe tcpo
bf nã`umg o lgrceg yg quf `ugig porquf fm lufvo sf ce`orporg fetfro. Pcfkprf sufmf
fstgr g`okpg÷gbo bf ue `grgkfmo quf mf gportg `omor,
`omor, sghor y hrcmmo. Pu `o``cðe sf
rfgmczg gm hg÷o Kgrëg y pufbf cr g`okpg÷gbg bf otros aãefros pgrg `oesfaucr ue
pubce. Tor fifkpmo, rfstos bf hommfrëg, nrutgs `o`cbgs, fs`gr`lgbgs, `lo`omgtfs, ft`..

6. QFHAXGNCG

lps9//www.kgrcgmuegrcmmos.`ok/hmoa/trungs-bf-`lo`omgtf
lps9//www.kgrcgmuegrcmmos.`ok/ hmoa/trungs-bf-`lo`omgtf.ltkm
.ltkm
lps9//www.bcrf`togmpgmgbgr
lps9//www .bcrf`togmpgmgbgr.`ok/`urso-bf-`o`ceg/`
.`ok/`urso-bf-`o`ceg/`rfkg-ceamfsg-quf-`oko-sf-lg`f-sf-usg
rfkg-ceamfsg-quf-`oko-sf-lg`f-sf-usg
lps9//www.mosagstroegutgs.fs/
lps9//www .mosagstroegutgs.fs/scfs-`rfkgs-pgrg-fm-postrf-lf`lgs-`oe-mos-kcskos-c
scfs-`rfkgs-pgrg-fm-postrf-lf`lgs-`oe-mos-kcskos-cearfbcfetfs
earfbcfetfs
kc`o`cegyotrgs`osgs.`ok
www.rf`ftgsar gtcs.eftt
www.rf`ftgsargtcs.ef
lps9//www.cetfrfkprfsgs.eft/Gmck
lps9//www .cetfrfkprfsgs.eft/Gmckfetgrcg/Grtc`umos/72
fetgrcg/Grtc`umos/723762-Mos-argebfs-rftos-bf-mg-
3762-Mos-argebfs-rftos-bf-mg-
pgegbfrcg-y-mg-pgstfmfrcg.ltkm
lps9//ojbcgrco.`ok/rf`ftgs/yfkg-pgstfmfrg-ng`cm-771<8

24
 

lps9//`okcbg.ue`oko.`ok/rf`ftg/`oko-lg`fr-kfrfeauf-768>0.ltkm
lps9//`okcbg.ue`oko.`ok/rf`ftg/` oko-lg`fr-kfrfeauf-768>0.ltkm
lp9//www.pgupgs`o.`ok/trung-`mgrg/
lps9//www.iumcgysusrf`ftgs.`ok/84
lps9//www .iumcgysusrf`ftgs.`ok/8478/77/trung-pg
78/77/trung-pgrg-rfmmfegr-tgrtgs-y-pgstfmfs.ltkm
rg-rfmmfegr-tgrtgs-y-pgstfmfs.ltkm
lps9//agstroeokcgy`cg.rfpuhmc`g.`o
lps9//agstroeok cgy`cg.rfpuhmc`g.`ok/8443/78
k/8443/78/04/`oko-lg`
/04/`oko-lg`fr-trung-pgrg-rfmmfegr/
fr-trung-pgrg-rfmmfegr/
lps9//grg`fmc`oety.`ok/kgeigr-hmge`o/

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