1

Çàäà÷è
6.91. Íåîãðàíè÷åíûé ñòåðæåíü (−∞ < x < ∞) ñ òåïëîèçîëèðîâàííîé ïîâåðõíî-
ñòüþ íàãðåò äî òåìïåðàòóðû u0 exp(−α x2 ), ãäå α > 0. Êàê áóäåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ òåìïå-
ðàòóðà ñòåðæíÿ ñî âðåìåíåì?
Ðåøåíèå.

Ôóíêöèÿ u(x, t) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåøåíèåì çàäà÷è Êîøè, âêë÷àþùåé îäíîìåðíîå óðàâ-

íåíèå äèôôóçèè
1 ∂ ∂2
u(x, t) − 2 u(x, t) = 0
c ∂t ∂x
(c = const) äëÿ íåîãðàíè÷åííîé ïðÿìîé (−∞ < x < ∞) è íà÷àëüíîå óñëîâèå

u(x, 0) = U0 (x) ,

ãäå
2
U0 (x) = u0 e−α x .
Ðåøåíèå äàííîé çàäà÷è îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ôîðìóëîé Ïóàññîíà
Z +∞
u(x, t) = G(x, ξ, t) · U0 (ξ) dξ ,
−∞

ãäå
(x − ξ)2
 
−1/2
G(t, x, ξ) = (4π c t) · exp −
4ct
 ôóíêöèÿ Ãðèíà.
Èòàê,
+∞
(x − ξ)2
Z  
−1/2 2
u(x, t) = (4π c t) · exp − · u0 e−α ξ dξ
−∞ 4ct
Z +∞  2
−x + 2 x ξ − ξ 2

−1/2 2
= u0 (4π c t) · exp −αξ dξ .
−∞ 4ct
Èñïîëüçóåì ôîðìóëó äëÿ èíòåãðàëà îò ïëîòíîñòè ñòàíäàðòíîãî íîðìàëüíîãî ðàñ-
ïðåäåëåíèÿ: Z +∞
1 2
√ e−ξ /2 dξ = 1 .
−∞ 2π
Äàííóþ ôîðìóëó ìîæíî ïðåîáðàçîâàòü ñ ó÷åòîì ñîîòíîøåíèÿ (êîòîðîå ëåãêî ïîëó-
÷èòü)
α2 β
α ξ − β ξ 2 /2 = − (ξ − α/β)2 ;
2β 2
ñ ïîìîùüþ ëèíåéíîé çàìåíû ïåðåìåííîé ïîëó÷àåì òàêóþ ôîðìóëó èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ:
Z +∞
2 2
p
eα ξ−β ξ /2 dξ = 2π/β · eα /(2β) (Re β > 0) .
−∞

 ðåçóëüòàòå
s
−x2  x 2
 
−1/2 2π 1
u(x, t) = u0 (4π c t) · · exp + ·
2 α + 1/(2 c t) 4ct 2ct 4 α + 1/(c t)
 2

α x2
 
u0
=√ exp − .
1 + 4αct 1 + 4αct
Òàêèì îáðàçîì,

α x2
 
u0
u(x, t) = √ exp − .
1 + 4αct 1 + 4αct