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EDOs homogêneas.
Existência e unicidade de solução
Método de Euler
1
EDOs homogêneas EDOs homogêneas: forma de EDO
Uma EDO homogênea (sempre de primeira ordem) é
dy ⇣y⌘ dy
=f ou = (x, y), com (kx, ky) = (x, y). (1)
dx x dx
Ainda pode ser dada na forma diferencial
M (kx, ky) M (x, y)
M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0, = . (2)
N (kx, ky) N (x, y)
Exemplo:
(x2 + y 2 )dx + (x2 xy)dy = 0. [N = x2 xy, M = x2 + y 2 ] (3)
Nesse caso:
dy M x2 + y 2 1 + u2 y
= = = , u⌘ . (4)
dx N x2 xy 1 u x
Para resolver, então, trocamos de variável: u = xy ou y = ux. Temos:
x (x)
⇢
y y (xy)+2 y)2
(x +
exp
= a exp = a
x x
, a = e C.
IEDO
EDOs homogêneas são transformações de EDO separáveis
EDOs homogêneas são transformações de EDOs separáveis
dy du
dy = udx + xdu ! =u+x ,
dx dx
du
x + u = f (u),
dx
du dx
= ,
u f (u) x
Z
du
= ln |x| + C.
u f (u)
1+u2
No exemplo anterior tivemos f = 1 u
, assim
1 1 1 u
= 1+u2
= ,
u f (u) u+ 1 u 1 + u
Z
1 u
du = ln |x| + C,
1+u
Z ✓ ◆
2
1+ du = ln |x| + C,
1+u
p 3
-3
3
-3-2 -2-1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 2 3
3
3 -3
33 3
-3 x2
-2 if x < 0.
-2 -1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 2 3
3
3
3
2 0 p
y = 20 |y|, y(0) = 0. 2 2 2
y = 2 |y|,
2
y(0) = 0.
2 2 22 2 2 2
0
x2 ( 2if x 0, 0 0 0
y(x) = 0
2x if x 0,
0 0 00 0 0 0
-2 -2 -2 -2
-2 -2 -2 -2
-2 -2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3 -3
-3 -3 -3 -3
-3 -3 -2 -3 -1 -2 0 -1 10 1 2 2 3 -3 3
-3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -1 -1 0 0 11 22 -3 3 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0 = 1/x. p p
p
Campo
Figure Figure
de1.10:
1.10:
Figure 1.10:
direções
Slope Slope
para
Slopefield field
0
fieldofofyy =0 of y
= //x.
11 Campo
Figure
Figure
Figure deSlope
1.11:
1.11: direções
1.11: Slope
Slope para
field
fieldfield of y0 0 =
0 =y2 =|y|
of yof 2 |y|
|y|with
2 with withtwo
two two
solutions satisfying y(0)
= 0.==0. 0.
solutions
solutions satisfying
satisfying y(0)y(0)
What we see here is a significant problem for trying to represent physical situations. In
Theorem 1.5.2 (Picard’s theorem on existence and uniqueness)
non-linear equations. Thankfully, we do still get a result, which is known as
rem∗ . `
If f (x, y) is continuous (as a function of two variables) and @f
@y
exists and is contin
1.5.2 (Picard’s theorem on existence
near some and(xuniqueness)
0 , y0 ), then a solution to
proximatey0 =graph
f (x,ofy),
the solution
y(x0 )by=connecting
y0 . the points (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ),
first two steps of the method see Figure 1.13 on the following page.
1 2 3
0.0 0.0
-1 0 1 2 3
0.0
efor Aproximamos
solved
any iin= closed aform,
0, 1, 2, 3,derivada no pontodo(x
wecompute
. . ., we should i, yi) para
! that. Buti0 = 0,1,2,3,…:
what
y2
if we have an
wo steps of Euler’s method with h = 1 for the equation y = 3 with initial
solved in closed form? What if we want to find the value of the
. xi+1 = xi + h, yi+1 = yi + h f (xi , yi ).
lar x? Or perhaps we want to1.6. produce a graph
NUMERICAL of the solution
METHODS: EULER’StoMETHOD
outAqui
his
OD
o passo
section
by hand ha deve
weforwill learn
few serabout
pequeno
steps, theebasics
but the igual para
formulas
59
todos
lendi themselves
of numerical
here =approximation
0,1,2,3,…: very
into a looping structure for more involved processes. The line segments
3.0
-1 0 1 2 3
3.0 Error
ximate graph of the solution. Generally it is not ∗
exactly theh solution.
Approximate
See y(2) Error Previous error
for approximating a solution is Euler’s method . It works as follows:
next pagek for the 1 1.92593 1.07407
e slope
Error2.5
(x plot
= fError , y ).ofThe
0 0
the real
Previous error
solution
slope is the and the approximation.
change in y per
0.5
unit change
2.5
0.04965
= 1, y0 + h f (x0 , y0 ) = 1 + 1 · 12/3 = 4/3 ⇡ 1.333,
0.51779
y1 =
Table 1.1:2 Euler’s method approximation of y(2) where of y 0 = y2/3, y(0) = 1.
0.0 0.0
0.02528 -1
0.50913
0 1 2 3