Untπma C≥ Fen-Sa‚Dn Fpyp-T°-J≥: D.El.Ed

Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥
DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.
ska-Ã¿ ˛ 1
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kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2021
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State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
©
Department of Education
Government of Kerala
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sa‚dn A[ym]I ]cn-io-e\ tImgvkv Bb Untπma C≥ FPyp- 123456789
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t°-j≥ (Un.FUv) 2018 ˛ 19 A[y-b\ h¿jw apX¬ Untπma 123456789
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C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥ (Un.F¬.-FU - v) Bbn amdn-bn-cn- 123456789
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5. {io. APn. Un.]n

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k_vPIvSv tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿
{io. APn. Un.]n
dnk¿®v Hmô-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
A°m-Z-anIv tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿
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an´p ]mSmw.
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$ sXøm-Xn-\t¥mXn\-¥n-\-t¥m.....
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sXtøm-Xn-\-t¥m-Xn-\-¥n\w Xmtcm.....
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$ hyXy-kvX-Xcw hmbvØm-cnIƒ tiJ-cn®p sNm√mw
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1234567890 hmbvØmcn ˛ N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßƒ
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1234567890 $ hmbvØm-cn-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw
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1234567890 $ Xmf-{Iaw
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1234567890 \mS≥ Xmfhpw hmb-vØm-cn-Ifpw
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1234567890 Xv. Xmf-{I-asØ hy‡-am-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv apJy-ambpw hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂X
- v.
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1234567890 ‘Xmcn’F∂ ]Z-Øn\v Xmfw, hn[w F∂o A¿Y-
ß-fp-≠v. \mS≥ Kmb-I¿ - am{X-a√- , \¿Ø-Icpw
hmZy-°mcpw ]b‰p hnZy-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂h - cpw \mS≥ ]m´v ˛sk-an-\m¿
]e-Xcw hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ samgn-bp-∂Xv tIƒ°mw. ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ
\mS≥ Km\-ßf - n¬ Xmf-{Iaw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂t- Xm-
$ \mS≥]m´p-I-fpsS Ncn{X{]m[m\yw
sSm∏w KW-{I-aw, am{X XpS-ßn-bh hy‡-am-
°p-hm\pw hmbvØm-cn-I-fn-eqsS ]e-t∏mgpw $ kmaq-lnI PohnXw
km[n-°pw. sIm´p- hm-bvØm-cn, Xp≈¬ hm-bv- $ k-wkvImcw
Øm-cn, ]m´p hmbvØmcn F∂n-ßs\ {]tbmK $ Ncn{Xw
kμ¿`-Øn-\\ - p-kc - n®v hmbvØm-cn-Isf Xcw Xncn- $ \mS≥]m´p-I-fpsS kmlnXyw
°mw. \mS≥ kwKo-Xs - Ø-°p-dn-®p-ff Nn¥-bn¬ $ h¿W\
]m´p hmbvØm-cn-°mWv {]k‡n. Xmf-an´p $ Ae-¶mcw
hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ sNm√n AXv Bh¿Øn®v G‰p- $ _nw_-I-ev]\
sNm-√p-tºm-gp-ff kwKo-Xm-flI - X Bkz-Zn®v Adn- $ \mS≥]m´p-I-fnse kwKoXw
tb-≠X- p-Xs
- ∂-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI kwKo-XØ - ns‚ $ Xmf-h´w
ASn-th-cp-Iƒ tXSp-tºmƒ \mw sNs∂-ØpI $ sNm¬h-Snhv
\mS≥ kwKoX (Folk Song)Ønem-bn-cn-°pw. $ \mS≥]m´p-Ifnse `mj
$ {]mtZ-in-IX
\mS≥]mńs‚ hgn-Iƒ
$ {]tbmK khn-ti-jX
a\p-jys‚ Bi-bm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy cq]- $ emfnXyw
sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv A¿Yc-ln-X-amb hmbvØm- $ Pohn-Xm-\p-`h
- ß
- f
- psS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬/AS-
cn-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw \mS≥]m-´p-Ifpw ISw-I- bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø¬
Y-Ifpw cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬ $ A\p-`-h -Xo-{hX
\n∂pw ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-te°v hmsam-gn-bmbn $ ss\k¿Kn-IX
{]N-cn® \mtSmSn hmMvab kmlnXyw (Oral $ thZ\/BÀmZw
literature) hmMvab kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ (Oral $ {]Xn-tj[w
culture){][m\ LS-I-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv.
8
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\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw/t^mIvtem¿ 123456789
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a\p-jys‚ BZn-a- kw-kvIm-cs - Øbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw Ipdn-®p-ff At\z-jW ]T-\ß - f - n¬ {it≤- 123456789
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b-amWv t^mIvtem¿ ]T\imJ. hneyw tPm¨ tXmwkv 1846˛¬ t^mIvtem¿ F∂-]Zw BZyambn- 123456789
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D]-tbm-Kn-®t- Xm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv khn-ti-jamb PohnX kwkvIm-csØ apgp-h≥ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]T\ 123456789
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taJ-eb- mbn t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w i‡n {]m]n-°p-∂X - v. Hcp Iq´m-bvab
- mbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂X - n-\p- 123456789
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ff khn-tij LS-Iß - ƒ HØp-tN-cp-tºm-gmWv AXv ‘t^mIv’ (Folk) ‘Iq´mbva’ Bbn-Øo-cp-∂X - v. 123456789
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CØcw Iq´m-bvab - psS temdn-s\-°p-dn®v/hn⁄m-\s - Ø-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS ss]XrI 123456789
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]T-\Ø- n\v i‡n ]I-cp-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v. Chn-sS-bmWv \mS≥ ]m´p-If - p-sSbpw \mtSmSn hg-°- 123456789
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ß-fp-sSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-If - p-sSbpw ISw-IY
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\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\ob ]T\w kmaq-lnI kwkvIm-chpw (Social Culture)hmMva-b-kw-kvIm-chpw 123456789
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(Oral culture) ùXnI kwkvIm-chpw (Material culture) tN¿∂v kwkvIm-csØ ka-{K-am-bmWv 123456789
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fnepw AhcpsS ZpxJßfpw thZ-\I - fpw ]¶p-hbv° - p-
$ \mS≥ ]mńs‚ tiJ-cW - hpw Ah-
∂-Xns‚ D]m-[n-bm-bn-´m-Wv, Xmfm-flI - a
- mb hmbvØm-
bpsS ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Khpw hfsc {][m-
cn-Ifpw G‰p-]m-Sp∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff eLp-Km-\ß - f - pw ]m´p- \-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ]g-a-bpsS i‡nbpw
I-fmbpw sNm¬Im-gN v I- f- mbpw \rØ-Km-\ß - f - mbpw ]mSn- `mjm ku-μ-cyhpw kwKo-Xm- fl-I-
bp-≠m-°p-∂X - v. CXv Ahs‚/Ah-fpsS Pohn-X- Im-gvN- Xbpw Pohn-Xm-\p-`h - hpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-
Ifpw A\p-`h - ß
- fpw IqSn-bm-Wv. Pohn-Xm-\p-`h - ß
- fpw ∂- t Xm- s Sm∏w CXv Ncn- { X- ]-chpw
Imgv-N-Ifpw amdp-tºmƒ ]pXnb Iqń-tN¿°-ep-Ifpw kmwkv°m-cn-Ih - p-amb At\z- jWw
]m´p-If- n¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. \mS≥]m´p-If - psS Km\m- IqSn-bm-Wv.
fl-I-Xbpw Xmfm-fl-I-Xbpw {KmaoW ssien-Ifpw $ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏´
{]tbm-Kß - fpw Ae-¶mc Iev]\ - I- fpw A∂sØ a\p- \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ (hwiob/kmap-Zm-
jy-cpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`h - ß- f - psS Imhym-flI - a - mb Bhn- bnI ]m´p-Iƒ,hnt\m-Z∏ - m-´p-Iƒ, ]Wn-
jvIm-ca - mbn amdp-tºmƒ Ah-tbm-tcm∂pw kmw-kvIm- ∏m- ´ pIƒ) tiJ- c n®v \mS≥ ]m´v ˛
cnI Pohn-XØ - ns‚ IqSn AS-bm-fa - mbn amdp-∂p-≠.v AXp- Ah-X-cWw \S-Ømw.
sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \mS≥]m´p-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\h - ¿K-Øns‚ $ \mS≥ ]m´v HmUntbm tIƒ°mw.
Aen-JnX kmlnXyw IqSn-bm-hp-∂p.
{]m‡\ a\p-jy-cpsS B{K-l-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn \mS≥I-ebpw \mS≥]m´pw {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ AXn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ BÀm-Zm-\p-`qXn ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. CXv P\\w apX¬
acWw hsc-bp-ff F√m NS-ßp-I-fnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw \ap°v ImWm≥
Ign-bpw. \mS≥]m´p-If - nse kmaq-lnI ]cm-a¿ihpw \m´-dn-hp-Ifpw `mjm-kh
- n-ti-jX
- I
- fpw kmln-
Xy-aq-eyhpw ]pcm-hrØ km∂n-[yhpw hfsc Bg-Ønepw khn-tij {]m[m-\y-tØmSpIqSnbpw
th¿Xn-cn-®d
- n-tb-≠X
- p-≠v. At∏mƒ am{Xta \mS≥]m´p-If - psS bYm¿Y {]m-[m-\yhpw {]k-‡nbpw
\ap°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.
h¿Ko-I-cWw
\mS≥]m´p-If
- psS h¿Ko-Ic
- Ww Gsd {]bm-kI - c
- a
- m-sW-¶nepw hwiob ]mc-ºcyw, Ah-Xc - W
]›m-Øe- w, CXn-hrØ kz`m-hw, tZi-t`-Zw- , ]m´p-If - psS [¿Ωw, ckm-\p-`qXn XpS-ßn-bh
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9
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1234567890 ASn-ÿm-\Ø- n¬ h¿Ko-Ic - n®p ImWp-∂p-≠v. D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-cø - ¿ tIcf kmlnXy Ncn-{X-
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]qa-I-fmsW lpkv\p¬ Pam¬ s]cp-am≥ IgpØpw sNcn-Øpw-sIm≠v
]p∂m-c-Ømcw anI¥ _ohn Icn-t]mƒ CSØpw he-Øn-´q∂n
tla-ßƒ satØ ]Wn-Nn-Øncw I¨]n-cn-shń Npgp-‰n-S-en¬
B`-c-W-t°mh AWns¥ _ohn hcn-\q¬a-Z\w Xcn™v t\m°pw
\ma-ßƒ FÆn-∏-d-™m¬ Xocm ]hn-g-s∏m≥Np-≠mse s]m≥Nn-cnØpw
\h-cXv\ Nn¶mcw ]qs≠ _ohn s]m≥Nn-cn-Ø-∂-S-®m-b-en¬
Imam-\-°m-gvN°Xp¿∏-sa¥mw ]qam-\-tXhn hc-hp-X-∂n¬
IØpw XJvØn¬ acp≠p _ohn X©-ßƒ Pn∂pw-a-\p-h¿I-≠m¬
ac-X-I-Øp-Inepw sRmdn-™p-SpØv X≥t_m[w hn´p aZ-s∏-Spta
amWn-°-ss°-c-≠-dn™p hoin ˛ _Z-dp¬ap-\o¿lp-kv\p¬ Pam¬˛
♦ A\p-jvTm-\∏
- m-´p-Iƒ
BNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-ambn A\p-jvTn-°p∂ PmXn/aX-]-c-amb I¿Ω-
ßƒ, Bcm-[-\-Iƒ, a{¥-hm-Z-{In-b-Iƒ, D®m-S\ I¿Ω-ßƒ, tZh-tXm-]m-k-\, A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-
amb D’hm-tLm-j-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°p th≠n ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fmWv A\p-jvTm\∏m´p-Iƒ,
tXm‰w ]m´p-Iƒ, k¿∏∏m´p-Iƒ, apSn-tb‰p ]m´p-Iƒ, ]S-b-Wn-∏m-´p-Iƒ, IpØn-tbm-´-∏m-´p-Iƒ,
ItÆ¿]m´v XpS-ßn-bh A\p-jvTm\∏m´p-I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
tXm‰w-]m´v
$ apØ-∏≥ tXm‰w ssIsIm-ń-tbm-a-\-bn-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v
Ht∂Sw ap≠p∂ ]mSn-°p-ddn ssIsIm-ń-tbm-a-\-bn-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v
ap≠n \nh¿∂-hnsS \n¬°p-t∂cw Atøm-¶-c-tam-temØpw sIm≠p sN∂p
Ip™≥ Ipc-temi tIƒ∏m-\p≠v At∏mƒ]-d-bp∂p Aø-¶c
\mep-]p-dhpw Xncn-™p-t\m°n C{X-\-s√mcp s]m\vaI\
Fßm-s\-tc-SØpw Im◊m-\n√ Fhn-Sp-∂p-Inń ]mSn-°p‰n
]nt∂bpw ap≠p∂p ]mSn-°p‰n Xncp-h¿I-S-hn¬ Ipfn-°p-t∂cw
A√-sem-gn-™ßp apßp-t∂cw hoWn‰p Inó\n s]m≥a-I\
Xncp-s\-‰n-°-√ns‚ Xmgvhc-bn¬ Is≠-Sp-Øp-t≈mcp s]m≥a-I∂v
s]m≥a-bn¬ t]me-hnsS \oWv I≠p Ft¥mcp ]m¬sIm-Sp-Øp-sa-bv h-f¿Ømw.
10
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B\-μhpw Bizm-khpw \¬Ip-Ib - mWv CØcw ]m´p-If - psS [¿Ωw. sImbvØp-]m-´v, tX°p-]m-´v,
h≈-∏m-´v, N{I-∏m´v, \pW-∏m´v XpS-ßn-bh Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p.
N{I-∏m´v
XmXbv Xbv Xbv XntØmw ImIw ]d-∂mepw FØm-Ø-ImtS
N{I-sam∂p Nhn-s´-s‚tøm Ipcn-b-ep-Ip-Øn-®mepw FØmØ ImtS
(Xm.........X-bv) tNc s]mf-™mepw FØmØ ImtS
tIfp-]p-©-\-\-s®‚tøm Ffp-h¿°pw Iqsdm-s≈m-sc-fp-h-Æq¿ ImtS
(Xm.........X-bv) Ffp-h-¥p-cp-Øn\v t]mIm-\-s°mt≠
sXøn-Øn-\p-t¥m-Xn\pw Xn\pw Xmtcm Bfpw ASn-bmcpw sh≈-Øn-t°-dntb
sXtøm-Xn-\pt¥m Xn\pw Xn\pw Xmtcm
A[nI hmb-\bv°v
$ \ΩpsS \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ ˛(NBS)
$ ae-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS ˛ Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥ ]n≈
$ tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥ kwKo-Xw -˛ tUm.-Fw.-hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn
$ \mtSmSn hnPvRm-\o-bw- ˛- tUm.-Fw.-hn.hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn
♦ ]g-s©m¬ kmlnXyw
\ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hfsc IrXy-ambpw Ipdn-°psIm≈p∂ Xc-Ønepw Nne¿ ]g-
s©m¬ {]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Bib {]Im-i\w \S-Øp-∂Xv \nßƒ {i≤n-®n-´p-≠m-hpw. Nne ]g-
s©m-√p-Isf \ap°v hymJym-\n®p t\m°mw. \nßƒ°-dn-bm-hp∂ ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°q.
$ A°sc \n¬°p-tºmƒ C°sc ]®
$ ARvP-\-sa-∂Xv Rm\-dnbpw a™-fp-t]mse shfp-Øn-cn-°pw.
11
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]d™p hcp∂ ]g°w h∂n-´p-ff sNm√pI”-sf-∂mWv D≈q¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
km[m-cW P\-X-bpsS A\p-`-h-⁄m-\hpw PohnX ]cn-N-bhpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw B‰n-°p-dp°n
kuμ-cym-fl-I-ß-fm-bn-´mWv Ah cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬ \n∂v ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-
te°v hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn-°p-tºmgpw A¿Y-{K-l-W-Øn\v XS w t\cn-Sp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a-√,
]pXnb Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]pXnb hymJym\ km[y-X-Ifpw Ah Xpd∂p Xcp-∂p-≠v. Ime-
sØbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw hymJy-m\n-°m-\p-ff A\¥ km[y-X-I-fmWv ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-
h-bv°p-∂-Xv. “kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ Xs∂ Imcy-K¿`-ßfpw lrZbkv]r°pw k¿thm-]cn D®m-c-W-
Øn\v AXy-[n-I-amb kuIp-am-cy-Øm¬ kap-√-kn-X-ß-fp-amb A\Xn Zo¿L-hm-Iy-ß-fm-Wh”
F∂mWv {ioI-WvtT-izcw ]fl-\m-`-]n-ff ]gw-s©m-√n\v A¿Yw I¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
♦ ]g-s©m-√p-If
- psS khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ
$ A\p-`-h⁄m\w
$ {]mtZ-in-IX \nco-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw
$ ]mT-t`Zw shfn- ® - Ø n¬ kmam\yP\- ß ƒ P∑w
\¬Inb Nn¥-bpsS cq]-amWv ]g-s©m-√v.
$ PohnX kμ¿`w
"Icn-ºn\v Iºv tZmjw' F∂ hkvXpX
$ AXn-i-tbm‡n A\p-`-h-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jy¿ {Kln-®-
$ \¿Ωw Xv. Xobn-√msX ]pI-bn-√ F∂Xv as‰mcp
A\p-`-h-⁄m-\-amWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
$ hywKym¿Y Na¬°mcw
""ASp°°nS-∂mte cm∏-\n-b-dnbq'' F∂
$ Imhy-ku-μcyw sNm√pw AØ-c-Øn-ep-f-f-XmWv.
$ `mjm khn-ti-jX
- ˛tUm:Fw.hn.-hn-jvWp-\-ºq-Xncn
$ Xmfm-fl-IX
$ emfnXyw
12
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]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ hmsam-gn-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXv, Hmtcm ImesØ kmaq-ly-Po-hnX ImgvN- 123456789
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I-sfbpw Z¿i-\-ß-sfbpw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. F√m ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw kμ¿`-Øn-\-\p-k- 123456789
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cn®v {]tXy-I-amb A¿Yhpw (‘k∂n-lnX kμ¿`w’) kzX-{¥-ambn \n¬°p-tºmƒ kmam-\y- 123456789
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A¿Yw D¬∏mZn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. 123456789
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DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ‘Gńse ]ip ]p√p Xn∂p-I-bn√' F∂ sNm√ns‚ hnime kμ¿`w \¬Ip∂ 123456789
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C√ F∂-Xp-am-W-t√m. CXv Hcp kμ¿`-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn®p t\m°mw. Hcp Hmô-kn¬ tPmen 123456789
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sNøp∂ Hcmƒ ^b-ep-Iƒ t\m°msX Ccn-°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv CXv ]d-bp-∂-sX-¶n¬, Abmƒ 123456789
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sNtø≠ Imcy-ßƒ IrXy-ambn sNøm-Ø-Xn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂p ImWmw. 123456789
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as‰mcp kμ¿`-Øn¬: “\ΩpsS kv{Xo kpc-£-bv°p-th≠n [mcmfw \nb-a-ß-fp-≠v. ]t£ Ah- 123456789
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sbm∂pw kv{XobpsS c£bv°v FØp-∂n-√. Gńse ]ip ]p√p Xn∂p-I-bn-√t√m”.F∂p ]d-bp- 123456789
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tºmƒ \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bmWv {]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ Hcp hy‡n {]tbm-Kn- 123456789
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hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ kam-\-Xbpw ImWmw. Cu k∂n-lnX kμ¿`-ßsf kmam- 123456789
\y-h-¬°-cn-°pI hgn-bmWv hnime kμ¿`-Øn-te-s°-Øp-∂-Xv.

sNm√p-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Ønepw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønepw [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-
≠v. Ch Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw kz¥w `mjm-{]-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ Ch {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww.
]g-s©m-√p-Isf CØ-c-Øn¬ Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏nepw {Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v “Xmf-t_m[w, Imhy-t_m-
[w, Pohn-X-t_m-[w, ss\Xn-I-t_m-[w, ]Z-t_m-[w, ]mc-º-cy-t_m[w XpSßn `mjm-]-chpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Bg-Øn-ep-ff Adnhv Ipń-°mew apXte”D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn
]g-s©m¬ tiJ-c-Ww, ]g-s©m¬ hymJym-\w, ]g-s©m¬ tIfn XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø\ßƒ
\nc-¥cw \SØn Ah-bpsS kmkvIm-cn-I-aqeyw \ne-\n¿ØpIbpw sNømw.
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
 ]g-s©m¬ tiJ-c-Ww, hymJym-\w, ]g-s©m¬ tIfn
 ]g-s©m¬ DZv`-hw, hf¿®, h¿Ko-I-c-Ww˛hmb-\-m°p-dn∏v
A[nI hmb-\bv°v
$ ]g-s©m¬ {]]©w ˛ ]n.-kn.-I¿Ø, Un.kn.-_pIvkv
$ tIcf t^mIve¿ ˛ FUn: -cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv, kabw ]ªn-t°-j≥
$ t^mIvtemdns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw ˛ tUm. tkma≥ISeq¿, Nn¥]ªn-t°-j≥
$ hnZym-`ym-khpw t^mIvtemdpw ˛ tUm. tkma≥IS-eq¿, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥
$ t^mIvtem¿- ˛- cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv, tIcf `mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
$ t^mIvtem¿ kao-]-\-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw˛ tUm: F.Fw.{io[-c≥, ae-bmf ]T-\-K-thjW
tI{μw.
$ ]Xn-\m-bncw ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ ˛ them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn, Un.kn.-_pIvkv
13
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1234567890 $ apSn-b-\mb ]p{X≥ ambn hyRvPn-°p-tºmƒ ]g-s©m√v ]q¿W-ambpw Hmcm-ibw
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1234567890 $ adpI≠w NmSpI shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hym]-Im¿YØn¬ ssien-bpsS Hcp hn`m-K-
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1234567890 `mh-Ønepw hy‡nXzw ]pe¿Øp∂ H∂m-Wv.
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1234567890 $ s\√n-∏Sn ImWpI
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XpS-ßnb ssien-Iƒ hymJym-\n®v A¿Yw ]d-bmw.
ioe-Øn¬ \n∂v P\n-°p-∂-h-bmWv ssien-Iƒ. Npcp°w Nne ]Z-ßƒ sIm≠v hn]p-e-amb
A¿Yhpw ssien-Iƒ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p. ssien-Iƒ hmIym¿YØn-\-∏pdw hywKym¿Y-Øn-\mWv
{]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm ssien-bp-sSbpw A¿Y-sØ-°p-dn®pw BK-as-- Ø-°p-dn®pw Adn-bp-
∂-Xv Ipdn-°vs°m-≈p∂ cq]-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-Ipw. ]pXn-b-Im-eØpw ssien-
Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
]pXp-ssi-en-Iƒ
DZm: ASn-s]m-fn-bm-hpI, tX®p-t]m-IpI
hfsc \∂m-bn-´p-≠v, Kwò-c-am-bn-´p≠v F∂ A¿Y-Øn-emWv ASn-s]m-fn-bm-
hpI F∂v {]tbm-Kn®v hcp-∂-Xv. tX®p-t]m-hpI F∂Xv ]etcmSpw {]Wbw
\Sn®v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
DZm: ‘]q®v sXfn-bpI’

“]q®v sXfn-bpI F∂-ssi-en-bn¬ ]q®v F∂ \mahpw sXfn-bpI F∂ {Inbbpw tNcp-tºmƒ,
]qinb temlw am™p-t]mbn km£m¬ hkvXp {]Xy-£-ambn F∂p-ff hmNym¿Y-a√ clkyw
shfn-s∏-SpI F∂ hywKym¿Y-amWv \ap-°p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv”.
{]h¿Ø\w
IqSp-X¬ ssien-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v hymJym-\n-°mw. ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°mw.
14
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- ƒ ]dbmw 123456789
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cq]-amWv IS¶-Y-Iƒ. IS¶-Y-bn¬ c≠p `mK-ß-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. H∂v tNmZyhpw as‰m∂v DØ-c-hpw. 123456789
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jvWp-ºq-Xncn IS¶-Ybv°v A¿Yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. 123456789
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1. A°sc \n¬°pw Ipým\ 123456789
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tNmsS t]mIpw Ipým\ 123456789
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aosX t]mIpw Ipým\ 123456789
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D: Aºew IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ Ipń-I-fmWv IqSp-X-embpw 123456789
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apXe
ap-ffhcpw IS¶-Y-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Spw. cm{Xn-bn¬ Dd-
h©n ßp-∂-Xn\p apºp-ff ka-b-ØmWv {]mtbW, IS¶-
Y-I-fpsS {]tbm-Kw. hnti-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ipń-Iƒ
2. A°sc \n¬°pw Xq©mWn
H∂n®p tNcp-tºmƒ Hcp hnt\m-Z-sa∂ \ne-bnepw
C°sc \n¬°pw Xp©mWn IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bm-dp-≠v. apØ»n °Y-Iƒ tIƒ°p-
Iqń ap´pw Xq©mWn ∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂, IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xpw a\-
D: I¨t]mfIƒ n\v Dt∑-j-Zm-b-I-am-Wv. ]e tNmZy-ß-fnepw Hcp
IY-bpsS Na-¬°mcw AS-ßn-bX - p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw
3. AΩ I√nepw ap≈nepw Ahsb IS¶-Y-Iƒ F∂v ]d™p hcp-∂-Xv.
tamfv I√ymW∏¥-enepw DØcw Duln-°m-hp∂ \s√mcp tNmZy-amWv IS¶Y-
D: sXßpw sXßn≥ Iƒ. tNmZy cq]-Øn-ep-ff hmIy-ß-fpsS DØcw
{]Xn-tbm-Kn°v ]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmƒ,
]q-°p-ebpw Abmƒ ISw ]d-b-Ww. DØcw In´msX Xm≥ ]cm-
4. Ic-™n-c™p hcp-s∂mcp P-b-s∏-´psh∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-hm-\mWv ISw ]d-bp-∂-
Xv. {]Xn-tbmKn ISw ]d-™m¬ tNmZy-I¿Ømhp
I\y-I-bpsS t]cp-]-d-™m¬ Xs∂ DØcw ]d-bWw
FÆn-sb-Æn-sØm-≈m-bnchp˛ IS¶-Y-Iƒ Hcp ]T\w
samscm-‰-°-Shpw tUm:Fw.hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xn-cn.
D: ag
5. ImSp-sIm-Øn -]m-d -I≠p
]md-sIm-Øn- sh-≈ -I≠p
sh≈-sImØn sh≈w I≠p
D: tXß DS-bv°p-∂-Xv.
IS¶-Y-I-fnse `mj, kmaqly Pohn-Xw, Xmfm-fl-I-X, Imhykuμ-cyw, Hu]ayw XpS-ßnbh ]cn-
tim-[n®v Ah-bnse kmlnXy-]-c-hpw- kmw-kvIm-cnIhpamb {]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
IS¶-Y-I-fpsS hnjb hym]vXn ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn Im¿jn-Iw, ssPhn-Iw,
15
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1234567890 Km¿ln-Iw, imco-cn-Iw, {]Ir-Xn-Iw, k¶o¿Ww F∂n-ßs\ 5 Xc-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-°p-tºmƒ LS-
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1234567890 CØcw h¿Ko-I-cWßƒ a\- n-em-°p-I IqSn sNøptºm-gmWv IS¶-Y-I-fpsS ]T\w ê-{]-Z-am-
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1234567890 ]pXn-b ImeØpw [mcmfw IS¶-Y-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI]Z-ßƒ, imkv{X-]-
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D: _eq¨
XpS-ßnb ]pXnb IS¶-Y-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw.
A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v
$ tIcf t^mIve¿
$ t^mIvtemdns‚ kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
$ IS¶-Y-I-fpsS Hu]-ayw, Imhym-fl-I-X, kmaq-ly-]-c-X, `mjm-k-hn-ti-j-X, F∂nh ]cn-
K-Wn®v {]_‘w Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ ]pXnb IS¶Y-Ifpw ]gb IS¶-Y-Ifpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
$ IS¶Y∏b‰v
16
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XpSßp∂Xv? CØcØnep≈ [mcmfw tNmZyßfmWv inip`mjm]T\ Nn¥bpambn _‘s∏´v 123456789
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IpńbpsS Nncnbpw, Ipń ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ IqP\hpw (cooing) ]eXcw i_vZßfpw (Pev]\w/ 123456789
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babbling) `mjbnte°p≈ hnhn[ L´ßfmbn´mWv `mjm imkv{X⁄∑m¿ hnebncpØp∂Xv. 123456789
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hnhn[ {]mbØnse IpńIsf \nco£n®v `mjmcoXnIfpw khntijXIfpw Is≠Øn 123456789
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A[nI hmb-\bv°v
`mjmimkv{XhnthIw, sI.Fw.{]`mIchmcy¿, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, ]pdw (27-˛29)
hmbn°mw N¿® sNømw:
`mj a\pjysc kw_‘n®nStØmfw Hcp A\p{KlamWv. Bibhn\nabØn\v `mj
D]tbmKn°p∂ Htcsbmcp Pohnbpw a\pjy\mWv. a\pjy≥ `mjm¿P\w XpSßp∂ L´w
GXmWv? P\\w apXse∂pw K¿`ÿiniphmbncn°p∂ Imew apX¬s°∂pw hyXykvX
A`n{]mbßƒ C∂pw \ne\n¬°p∂p.
P\n®v Bdpamkw Ne\ßfneqsSbpw hnhn[ i_v Z ßfneqsSbpw {]XnIcW-
ßfneqsSbpamWv IpńIƒ Bib{]IS\w \SØp∂Xv. Cu ImeL´sØ IpdpI¬ L´w
F∂p hntijn∏n°mw. Bdpamkw Ignbptºmtg°pw IqSpX¬ hy‡ambn Bib
kwthZ\w Bcw`n®ncn°pw. Cu L´sØ sIm™¬L´w F∂p ]dbmw.
GXm≠v H∂c hb mhptºmtg°pw Ipń Hcp kzn®n´mse∂t]mse `mjbnse ]Zßƒ
D]tbmKn®v Bibhn\nabw Bcw`n°p∂p. H‰∏ZØn¬ XpSßp∂ Ipń {ItaW
Zzn]ZØnte°p IS°p∂p. {ItaW IpńbpsS `mjm{]tbmKØnep≠mhp∂ am‰w
hm°pIƒ°XoXamWv . \mep hb mhptºmtg°pw `mjbnse hymIcWØns‚
ASnÿm\hkvXpXIƒ IqSn Dƒs°m≈p∂ coXnbn¬ `mj {]tbmKn°m≥ Ipń ]Tn°p∂p.
k¶o¿Wamb `mjmhkv X pXIƒt]mepw Cu sNdnb {]mbØn¬ IpńIƒ
B¿Pn°p∂sXßs\sb∂Xv A¤pXIcamb hkvXpXbmbn C∂pw Ahtijn°p∂p.
`mjm¿P\Øn\p≈ Ignhv P∑kn≤amsW∂pw A\pIqekmlNcyßfn¬ IpńIƒ°v `mj
kzmbØam°m≥ Ignbpsa∂pw tNmwkvInsbt∏mep≈ ]finX∑m¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p.
inip°fpsS `mjm¿P\coXn hnebncpØptºmƒ c≠p Imcyßƒ hy‡amIp∂p.
$ inip°ƒ `mj kzmwioIcn°p∂Xv A\pIcWØneqsSb√.
$ inip°fpsS `mjm{]IS\tijnsb°mƒ AhcpsS `mjm{KlWtijn hfsc
hnIkn®ncn°pw.
17
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1234567890  inip`mjmL´ßƒ ]cnKWn®v `mjW khntijXIfpw `mjmhnImkhpw
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1234567890 kw_‘n®p≈ hniIe\°pdn∏v Xbmdm°mw.
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1234567890 ]ńI. 1
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1. ssiihmhÿbnse {]Xn{]h¿Ø\ßfpw tNjvSIfpw
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2. P¬∏\ ImeL´w (babbling stage)
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3. eLp]Zßfp]tbmKn°p∂ L´w (beginning of vocabulary)
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1234567890 4. GI ]ZhmIy L´w
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5. ]Zßsf kwLSn∏n®v Bib]q¿Øn hcpØp∂ L´w (combination of words into
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1234567890 6. `mjWIebn¬ ]q¿W kzm[o\X t\Sp∂ L´w
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1234567890 Ahew_w: hnZym`ymk a\x»mkv{Xhpw iniphnImkhpw tUm.sI.Pn.
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cmaN{μ∏Wn°¿, ]n.sI.i¶c\mcmbW≥
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]ńI 2
`mjmL´w XpSßp∂ {]mbw
Ic®n¬ P\\w
IqI¬ 6 BgvNIƒ
Akv]jvS i_vZap≠m°¬ 6 amkw
CuW hyXymkßƒ 8 amkw
H‰∏Zap≈ {]tbmKßƒ 1 h¿jw
c≠p]Zßfp≈ {]tbmKßƒ 18 amkw
]Zßfnse {]Xybßƒ 2 h¿jw
tNmZyßƒ, \ntj[hmIyßƒ 2½ h¿jw
A]q¿hhpw k¶o¿Whpamb LS\Iƒ 5 h¿jw
]IzX h∂ `mjWw 10 h¿jw
hnZym`ymk ]cnh¿Ø\Øn\v HcmapJw˛tIcfimkv{X kmlnXy]cnjØv
]ńIIƒ ]cntim[n®v DZmlcWßƒ Is≠Ønbpw hniIe\w sNbvXpw inip`mjm hnIk\w

kw_‘n® N¿®Iƒ°v hy‡X hcpØmw.
`mjmhnImkw kw_‘n®v {][m\ambpw c≠p Xcw ImgvN∏mSpIfmWv `mjmimkv{XImc∑m¿
apt∂m´phbv°p∂Xv.
1. A\pIcWØneqsSbmWv Ipń `mj ]Tn°p∂Xv.
2. `mj kzm`mhnIambn Ipń B¿Pns®Sp°p∂XmWv.
hyhlmc hmZØns‚bpw LS\m hmZØns‚bpw A\p`h⁄m\ hmZØns‚bpw ASnÿm\-
Øn¬ kvIn∂¿, skmkq¿, sehnkvt{Smkv XpSßnbh¿ A\pIcWØneqsSbpw `mjbpsS
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LS\m]{KY\ØneqsSbpamWv `mj ]Tn°p∂sX∂p ]dbptºmƒ ⁄m\mflI 123456789
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a\x»mkv { XØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ t\mwtNmwkv I n, sshtKmSv k v I n XpSßnbh¿ 123456789
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`mjm¿P\sØ°pdn®mWv ]dbp∂Xv. 123456789
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ChcpsS {][m\s∏´ Bibßƒ Is≠Øn kwhmZ N¿®bneqsS dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°mw. 123456789
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kvIn∂dpsS Bibßƒ 123456789
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$ apXn¿∂hcpsS `mjm{]tbmKsØ A\pIcn®mWv Ipń `mj ]Tn°p∂Xv. 123456789
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tNmwkvInbpsS Bibßƒ 123456789
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$ k¿h`mjm hymIcWw 123456789
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sshtKmSvkvInbpsS Bibßƒ
$ Nn¥bpw `mjbpw XΩnep≈ _‘w
$
$
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$
D®mcWhpw `mjW sshIeyhpw˛N¿®m kqNIßƒ

$ IpńIfpsS kw`mjWØn¬ A\p`hs∏Smhp∂ sshhn[yßƒ Fs¥√mw?
$ {]mtZinI`mj/am\I`mj ChtbmSp≈ ImgvN∏mSv F¥mbncn°Ww?
$ IpńIfn¬ km[mcW I≠phcp∂ `mjWsshIeyßƒ GsX√mw?
$ Ch `mjm¢m pIsf kzm[o\n°p∂Xv Fßs\sb√mw?
amXr`mjm`yk\Øn¬ D®mcWØn\v hfscb[nIw {]m[m\yap≠v . {]tXyIn®pw
aebmfwt]mep≈ A£tcm®mcI`mjbn¬. icnbmb D®mcWw, sX‰msXbp≈ hmb\sb
klmbn°pw. AtXmsSm∏w sX‰pIqSmsX FgpXm\pw icnbmb D®mcWw klmbIamhp∂p≠v.
D®mcWsshIeyw FgpØns\bpw _m[n°pw.
D®mcWmhbhßƒ
`mjmi_vZßfpsS D¬∏mZ\Øn\mbn a‰p PohnIfn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn Hcp {]tXyI
Ahbhhpw a\pjy\n√. izkt\{μnbßfpsSbpw ]√v, \m°v XpSßnb Zlt\{μnb hyqlØns‚
Nne `mKßfpsSbpw klmbtØmsSbmWv a\pjy\v \m\mhn[amb `mjWi_v Z ßƒ
D®cn°m≥ Ignbp∂Xv . izmtkm—zmk {]hrØnIƒ°v hyXnbm\w hcpØns°m≠mWv
D®mcWw km[yam°p∂Xv.
`mjmi_vtZm¬∏mZ\Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ Ahbhßsf Xs∂ Ne\kzmX{¥yw D≈hsb∂pw
Ne\kzmX{¥yw C√mØh/Ipd™h F∂pw c≠mbnXncn°mw.
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1234567890 I.
1234567890 NeIcWw (IcWw)
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1234567890 II ÿncIcWw (ÿm\w)
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1234567890 NeIcWw : D®mcWmhbhßfn¬ XmcXtay\ Ne\ kzmX{¥yw IqSnbhbmWv
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1234567890 NeIcWßƒ AYhm IcWw (Articulator) DZm: \mhv, IogvNp≠v
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1234567890 ÿncIcWw : D®mcWmhbhßfn¬ XmcXtay\ Ne\kzmX{¥yw Ipd™hbmWv
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1234567890 ÿncIcWßƒ AYhm D®mcW ÿm\ßƒ (Point of Articulation) DZm:
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1234567890 ]√v, AÆm°v (Hard palate), ta¬®p≠v apXembh
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D®mcWmhbhßfpw D®mcWÿm\ßfpw
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1234567890 i_vZØns‚ kzX{¥k©mcØn\v `mKnIamtbm ]q¿Wamtbm XS w krjvSn®psImt≠m
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1234567890 IS∂pt]mIp∂ `mKßƒ°v BIrXn hyXymkw hcpØntbm BWv hnhn[ `mjmi_vZßƒ
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]pds∏Sphn°p∂Xv. hnhn[ßfmb `mjmi_vZßfpsS D¬∏mZ\ {]{Inbsb°pdn®v Adnhv
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1234567890 e`n°p∂Xn\v AXn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂ Ahbhßsf∏‰nbpw Adn™ncnt°≠Xp≠v.
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1234567890 taepfn∏√v, tamW (Alveolum), ITn\Xmep (Hard palate), arZpXmep (Soft palate) XpSßnbhbmWv
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D®mcWÿm\ßƒ. Iogv®p≠v, \mhns‚ A{Kw, D]m{Kw, a[yw, aqew XpSßnbhbmWv
1234567890
1234567890 IcWßƒ (Articulators)
1. ]√p-Iƒ 2. Du\v 3. Np≠p-Iƒ 4. \mkm-Zzmcw

5. \mhv 6. Pnlzm{Kw 7. Pnlzm-Xew 8. Pnlzm-aqew
9. arZp-Xmep 10. ITn-\-Xmep 11. Dƒ\m°v
12. IWvT-\m-f-io¿jw 13. \mZ-X-¥p-°ƒ
14. izmk-\mfw
i_v Z w ]pds∏Sphn°m≥ klmbn°p∂ Ahbhßsf°pdn®pw AhbpsS {]h¿Ø\-

ßsf°pdn®pw A[ym]I¿°pw IpńIƒ°pw kmam\y[mcW D≠mbncn°Ww. a\ n¬ cq]w
sIm≈p∂tXm tIƒ°p∂tXm Bb Bibßƒ i_vZcq]Øn¬ BhnjvIcn°pIbmWv
D®mcWØneqsS sNøp∂Xv. izmkKXnsb \nb{¥n®pw D®mcWmhbhßsf DNnXamb
coXnbn¬ Nen∏n®pamWv \mw Hmtcm A£chpw D®cn°p∂Xv . AXpsIm≠pXs∂
D®mcWmhbhßfpsS Ne\ßsf kw_‘n® hy‡amb [mcW icn-bmb D®mcWØn\v
A\nhmcyamWv.
BlmcØn\pw izmtkm—zmkØn\pap]tbmKn°p∂ AhbhßƒXs∂bmWv D®mcWØn\pw
klmbIamhp∂Xv. CXn¬ {]m[m\yw izmtkm—zmk Ahbhßƒ°mWv. D—zmkhmbphmWv
IqSpX¬ i_vZßƒ°p ImcWambnØocp∂Xv.
IWvTw, HmjvTw, Z¥w, aq¿[mhv, Xmep, h¿’w apXemb AwKßfpw AhbpsS `mKßfpamWv
D®mcWØn\v klmbIamb hmKn{μnbßƒ. ChbpsS ÿm\ßfn¬ \mhv X´ptºmgp≠mIp∂
[z\nIfmWv hyRv P \ßƒ. aq°v , sNhn, izmktImiw apXembhbpw D®mcWsØ
klmbn°p∂p. `mjmi_vtZm®mcWØn\v klmbn°p∂ Ahbhßfn¬ Ne\ kzmX{¥yw
D≈Xpw C√mØXpap≠v. \mhn\p Ne\kzmX{¥yap≈t∏mƒ Z¥Øn\p Ne\kzmX{¥yan√.
i_vZap≠m°p∂Xn\mbn D®mcWmhbhßƒ sXmSp∂ `mKsØbmWv D®mcWÿm\w F∂p
]dbp∂Xv . i_v t Zm®mcWØn\v D®mcWmhbhßfpsSbpw D®mcWÿm\Øns‚bpw
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H∂n®p≈ {]h¿Ø\w BhiyamWv . i_v Z ßsf D®mcWmhbhßfpsSbpw D®mcW- 123456789
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ÿm\Øns‚bpw D®mcWcoXnbpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ HmjvTyw, Z¥yw, h¿’yw, aq¿[\yw, 123456789
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IWvTyw, Xmehyw F∂nßs\ Xcw Xncn°mw. 123456789
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D®mcWsshIeyßƒ 123456789
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`mjm`yk\Øn¬ hfsc {]m[m\yap≈XmWv D®mcWw. F∂m¬ ¢m papdnIfn¬ ]e 123456789
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XcØnep≈ D®mcWsshIeyßƒ I≠phcp∂p. am\knIhpw imcocnIhpamb Zu¿_ey- 123456789
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ßfmWv D®mcWsshIeyØn\p≈ {][m\ ImcWßƒ. am\knIsshIeyßƒ, 123456789
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imcocnI\yq\XIƒ, amXrIm]camb D®mcWØns‚ A`mhw, A\h[m\X, D®mcWØn¬ 123456789
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kmZriyap≈ A£cßƒ apXembh D®mcWsshIeyØn\p ImcWamIp∂p≠v. sIm©¬, 123456789
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sIm™, Ahy‡`mjWw, hn°v XpSßnbh Chbn¬s∏Sp∂p. 123456789
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{]mtZ-in-I-`mj 123456789
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tIcfØn¬ ]md»me apX¬ Imk¿tKmUphsc k©cn°p∂h¿°v tIƒ°m≥ Ignbp∂ 123456789
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aebmfw ]eXmbncn°pw. Hmtcm {]tZiØn\pw AhcptSXmb `mjmssienbpw `mjmt`Zhpap≠v. 123456789
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Hcp {]tZiØp]tbmKn°p∂ aebmfw tIcfØns‚ as‰mcp `mKØp≈h¿°v a\ nem- 123456789
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hWsa∂n√. 123456789
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$ F¥q´m ]dbWv? Xriq¿°mcpsS Cu hmIyw \nßfpsS {]tZisØ `mjbnte°p
am‰nt\m°q? hyXymkßƒ Fs¥√mw?
$ tIcfØnse hnhn[ {]tZißfn¬ ]Z/hmIyXeßfn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ hyXym-
kßƒ At\zjn®p Is≠ØpI.
Ipń kwkmcn°p∂Xv AhfpsS hońepw \mńepap≈ `mjbmWv. AXv kwkmcn°p∂Xn\mWv

Ahƒ°p Ignhp≈Xv . AhfpsS `mjmtijnsb kzm[o\n°p∂Xv Ahfpƒs∏´
`mjmkaqlØn¬ \n∂v e`n°p∂ A\p`hßfmWv. BZyL´ßfn¬ Ipń `bclnXambn
\n t¶mNw `mj {]tbmKn°Wsa¶n¬ AhfpsS `mjbn¬Øs∂ kwkmcn°m\p≈
A\phmZap≠mIWw. CXn¬ [mcmfw {]mtZinIt`Zßƒ Dƒt®¿∂psh∂p hcmw. AXp
kzm`mhnIamWv. Ah At∏mƒØs∂ XncpØn am\I`mj kwkmcn°m≥ \n¿_‘n°p∂Xv
IpńIfpsS BflhnizmksØbpw `mjm]T\sØbpw kmcambn _m[n°m\nSbp≠v .
`mjm{]tbmKØn¬ Bflhnizmkw h∂p Ign™m¬ {ItaW am\I`mj ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\pw
Bhiym\pkcWw {]tbmKn°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcw \¬Imhp∂XmWv.
`mjmt`ZßtfmSv ]ptcmKa\]camb \ne]mSv kzoIcnt°≠XmWv. {]mtZinI P\hn`mKØns‚
kmwkvImcnIhpw `mjm]chpamb khntijXIƒ AwKoIcnt°≠Xp≠v. GsX¶nepw Hcp
P\hn`mKØns‚ `mj D¬°rjv S sa∂pw as‰mcnSsØ `mj A]cnjv I rXsa∂pw
hn[n°p∂XpXs∂ P\m[n]Xyk¶ev ] ßƒ°p \nc°p∂X√. `mjbpsS PohØmb
kzcq]amWv {]mtZinIXzw. CXwKoIcn°pI F∂√. sshtZinI`mjbv°p D∂X]Zhn \¬In
amXr`mjsb Ah⁄tbmsS kao]n°p∂Xpw am\I`mjbv°p DXvIrjvSÿm\w \¬In
`mjmt`Zßsf AwKoIcn°mXncn°p∂Xpw Htc at\m`mhØns‚ c≠p apJßfmWv .
{]mtZinIØ\na {]Xnên∏n°p∂ hmbvsamgnt`Zßƒ \ΩpsS `mjbpsS kºØmsW∂v
Xncn®dntb≠Xp≠v. AXn\m¬ am\I`mjbnep≈ `mjm]T\kma{KnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂
Ipń°v {]mtZinIhyhlmc`mjbpsS Poh\pw, i‡nbpw kuμcyhpw Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\pw
Ahkcw e`n°Ww. \mS≥]m´pIƒ, IYIƒ, \mSIßƒ, t\mhepIƒ XpSßnb kmlnXyIr-
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1234567890 XnIfpambn CS]gIp∂XneqsS CXp km[yamIpw. k¿KmflIcN\bnepw Bib{]IS\Ønepw
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Xt‚Xmb ssien cq]s∏SpØnsbSp°p∂Xn\pw CXp klmbIamIpw.
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1234567890 $ D®mcWsshIeyßƒ `mjm¢m pIsf kzm[o\n°p∂sXßs\? Ch ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\v
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1234567890 A[ym]Isc∂ \nebn¬ sNømhp∂ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ Fs¥√mw? klmbI{KŸßƒ
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1234567890 hmbn®v Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.
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1234567890 $ IpńIfpsS `mj \nco£n®v ]ZtImiw \n¿Ωn°mw.
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1234567890 `mjmkn≤m¥ßfnte°v....
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1234567890 ⁄mXrkn≤m¥ßƒ (Cognitive Theories)
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⁄mXrimkv{XØnse apJyhnjbßfnsem∂mWv `mjm]T\w. F¬.Fkv.hntKmSvkvIn,
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1234567890 ]nbmsj, {_qW¿, tNmwkvIn XpSßnb ⁄mXrhmZnIsf√mw Xs∂ `mjm]T\sØ°pdn®v
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AhcptSXmb k¶ev]ßƒ apt∂m´ph®n´p≠v. {]k‡amb GXm\pw Bibßƒ NphsS
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1234567890 1. F¬.Fkv.hntKmSvkvIn
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1234567890 hntKmSvkvInbpsS Thought and Language F∂ ]pkvXIØn¬ Nn¥sbbpw `mjsbbpw Ipdn®p≈
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N¿® AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv iniphns‚ P\\w apX¬ ssiihL´ßfneqsSbp≈ hf¿®sb
tI{μoIcn®psIm≠mWv . iniphns‚ tcmZ\hpw (crying) IqIepw (cooing) Nn¥bpambn
_‘an√mØ `mjbmWv (non-congnitive language). amXm]nXm°fpw Ipńbpw XΩnep≈
_‘sØ ZrVs∏SpØpIsb∂ kmaqly[¿ΩamWv CØcw Nn¥mclnX i_v Z ßƒ
\n¿hln°p∂Xv . CtXmsSm∂n®p Xs∂ `mjbpambn _‘an√mØ Nn¥bpap≠v .
Iºp]tbmKn®v Hcp Ifn∏m´saSp°m≥ {ian°p∂Xpt]msebp≈ \mUot]io{]h¿Ø\ßƒ
CXn\v DZmlcWamWv . BZyhm°v kzmbØam°p∂ thfbn¬ kzX{¥amb Cu
hnImkamXrIIfpsS ka\zbamWv \S°p∂Xv. `mjmhnImkØns‚ hnkvt^mS-\Ønte°mWv
AXp \bn°p∂Xv. iniphn\v Xm≥ ]Tn°p∂ Hmtcm hm°ns‚bpw A¿Ysas¥∂v Adnbm\p≈
B{Klap≠v. Hmtcm A\p`hØns‚bpw (DZm:˛arKime kμ¿in°¬), Xm≥ A`napJoIcn°p∂
Hmtcm hkv X phns‚bpw (DZm:- ˛ N{μ≥) t]sc¥msW∂v Ipń At\zjn°p∂p. Cßs\
kzmwioIcn°s∏Sp∂ Hmtcm Cgbpw as‰m∂ns‚ kzmwioIcWØn\v klmbIambnØocp∂p.
Nn¥bpsSbpw `mjbpsSbpw ka\zbsØ {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂Xn\v hntKmSvkvIn D]tbmKn®Xv
Xmsg ImWp∂ Nn{XamWv.
({]mbw˛h¿jØn¬)
Nn¥mclnXi_vZw
`mjbpw Nn¥bpw XΩnep≈ IqSnt®c¬

`mjmclnXNn¥
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Nn¥sb cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn¬ I≠oj\nwKv {]{Inbsb°mƒ i‡amWv `mj. Nn¥sb 123456789
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cq]s∏SpØp∂Xv `mjsb ]qcnXam°p∂ kwkvImcamsW∂v At±lw A`n{]mbs∏´p. 123456789
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]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw 123456789
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`mjm]T\sØ°pdn®p≈ ]nbmsjbpsS A\pam\ßƒ PRmXrkn≤m¥Øn¬ 123456789
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A[njv T nXamsW¶nepw \nbXamb LS\tbmSpIqSnb `mjmLSIw IpńbpsS 123456789
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a\ neps≠∂v At±lw AwKoIcn®n√. C°mcyØn¬ ]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw 123456789
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kam\cmsW∂v Nne ]T\ßƒ Nq≠n°mWn®n´p≠v. 123456789
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]nbmsjtbm hyhlmchmZnItfm iniphns‚ a\ n\v ss\k¿KnILS\tbm a\ ns‚ 123456789
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{]tXyI taJeIfn¬ A[njvTnXamb Adnthm Iev]n®p \¬Ip∂n√. s]mXptaJebnse 123456789
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]T\{]{InbIƒ `mjm]chpw A√mØXpamb F√mØcw Nn¥bnepw {]tbmKn°- 123456789
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s∏Sp∂p-s≠∂mWv IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv. iniphns‚ {]mcw`Zibnep≈ a\ ns\°pdn®v 123456789
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]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw ]e Imcyßfnepw tbmPn°p∂p≠v. P∑kn≤amb 123456789
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AdnthmSpIqSnb√mØ Hgn™ t…‰v F∂ \nebnemWv hyhlmchmZnIƒ inip-hns\ 123456789
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I≠-Xv. th¿Xn-cn-°m\mhm-ØXpw Ipg-™p-a-dn-™-Xp-amb \nth-i-ß-tfmSp (input) IqSnb 123456789
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\nebnemWv ]nbmsj iniphns\ ImWp∂Xv. c≠p ho£Wßfpw Gsd°psd H∂p 123456789
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Xs∂bmWv.
Im¿antem^v˛kvanØv (Karmiloff-Smith, 1992)
2. Po≥ ]nbmsj (Jean Piaget)

]nbmsj `mj, Nn¥ F∂nhsb _‘n∏n®psIm≠v Nn¥bneqsSbmWv IpńIƒ hfcp∂sX∂pw
`mj AXn\ptijw hcp∂ H∂msW∂pw ]d™n´p≠v . Nn¥bv ° v {]XoImflIcq]w
\¬IpIbmWv `mj. icocØns‚ hf¿®bmWv GXp hep∏Ønepw BIrXnbnepap≈ thjamWv
th≠sX∂p \n›bn°p∂Xv. AXpt]mse Nn¥bmWv GXpXcØnep≈ `mjbmWv Ipń°p
th≠sX∂p \n›bn°p∂sX∂v ]nbmsj hmZn°p∂p. `mj-W-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v Bfl-\n-jvT-
L´w, kmaq-lym-[n-jvTn-X-L´w F∂n-ßs\ c≠p L´-ß-fp-s≠∂v ]obmsj kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
3. sPtdmw Fkv. {_qW¿ (Jerome Seymour Bruner)
hmNntIXc Bibhn\nabØn¬ \S°p∂ bYm¿Y {]{In-bI
- ƒ Fs¥√mamsW∂p Is≠Øm≥
{_qW¿ {ian®n´p≠v . amXm]nXm°fpsS {i≤ £Wn°p∂Xn\p Ipń Ahew_n°p∂
am¿Kßfnsem∂v "Nq≠n°mWn°'emWv.
DZmlcWØn\p Ipń Sn.hn. Nq≠n°mWn°p∂psh∂p IcpXpI. Hcp ]s£ AΩ At∏mƒ
Ipńbpambn Hcp kwhmZØnte¿s∏SpIbpw Sn.hn.{]h¿Øn∏n®p Ipń°v ImWn®psImSp°pIbpw
sNøp∂p. CXns\°mƒ \nKqVamb as‰mcp coXnbmWv IpńbpsS ZrjvSn{]tbmKw. Ipń
Ifn∏m´Øn¬ Xs‚ ZrjvSn ]Xn∏n°p∂p. IpńbpsS t\m´sØ AΩbpw ]n¥pScp∂p. HSphn¬
c≠pt]cpw H∂n®v Ifn∏m´Øn¬ t\mápd∏n°p∂p. IpńbpsS Bhiysa¥msW∂p
a\ nem°p∂ AΩ Ipń°v Ifn∏m´saSpØpsImSp°p∂p.
F√m Bibhn\nabkmlNcyßfnepw Ipń°v kzm¿Y]camb ]¶mfnØamWp≠mhpIsb∂v
CXn\¿Yan√. Hcp ]s£ AΩbpw Ip™pw ]ckv]cw aμlkn°pI am{Xsa sNøp∂p≈p-
sh∂phcmw. Cu hn[Øn¬ BZysØ ]Zw kzmbØam°p∂Xn\p apºpXs∂ inip
Bibhn\nabw sNøm≥ ]Tn°p∂p≠v . ]n∂oSv Ipńbpw AΩbpw amdn amdn ap≥ssI
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1234567890 FSp°p∂Xns‚ ASnØdbn¬ hmNnIamb Bibhn\nabw \S°p∂p. AΩbpambp≈
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CS]gIens‚ DujvafX A\p`hn®nń√mØ iniphns‚ ]n∂oSp≈ `mjm{]IS\Øn\p
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1234567890 kmcamb tIm´w kw`hn°m\nSbp≠v. C°mcyw _uƒ_nbpw (J. Bowlby, 1953) Nq≠n°mWn-
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1234567890 4. t\mw tNmwkvIn (Noam Chomsky)
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1234567890 `mjm]T\sØ°pdn®v ⁄mXrhmZnbmb tNmwkvInbpw \ho-\-amb Bi-b-ßƒ apt∂m´p h®n-
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´p-≠v. 1957˛¬ tNmwkvInb≥ amXrIbnep≈ `mjmimkv{Xw P∑saSpØXp apX¬ P∑kn≤amb
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1234567890 k¿hhymIcWsa∂ BibsØ B[mcam°n Ht´sd ]T\ßƒ \S∂n´p≠v. Ign™ ]e
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ZiIß- f nembn DcpØncn™ph∂ apJy Bibßƒ Xmsg ImWn°p∂ hn[Øn¬
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1234567890 t{ImUoIcn°mw.
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$ a\pjya\ n\p P∑kn≤amb k¿h`mjmhymIcWw (UG) D≠v.
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1234567890 $ `mjsb°pdn®v X\n°p≈ P∑kn≤amb Adnhv F¥msW∂v Hcmƒ°padnbn√.
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1234567890 $ GXm\pw D]LSIßtfmSpIqSnb H∂mWv k¿h`mjmhymIcWw. Hmtcm LSIhpw
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1234567890 `mjbpsS Hcp Iq´w kz`mhßfpambn _‘s∏´hbmWv.
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$ `mjIfpsS s]mXphmb kz`mhßfn¬ \n∂v Nne Xncs™Sp°epIƒ \SØp∂Xns\bmWv
`mjm]T\sa∂p hnh£n°p∂Xv . AYhm P∑kn≤amb `mjmLSIØns‚
]ehn[Ønep≈ kv]jvSoIcWßfmWv (specifications) {]tXyI `mjmhymIcWßƒ.
$ a\ nse `mjmLSIw Hcp {]P\\ {]{InbbmWv (generative process)
⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZw (Constructivism)
⁄mXrkn≤m¥Øns‚ ASnØdbn¬ cq]wsIm≠ Nn¥m[mcbmWv ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-hm-Zw.
Ipń kz¥w Adnhv krjvSn-s®-Sp-°pIbmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂ ImgvN-∏m-SmWv Cu kao-]\w
apt∂m´phbv°p-∂-Xv. ]q¿hm¿Pn-X-⁄m-\-hp-ambpw ap∂-\p-`-h-ß-fp-ambpw _‘-s∏-SpØn Bi-
b-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv Adnhv D¬∏m-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXns\ kz¥w ssh⁄m-\n-IL - S- \
- b
- n-te°v kzmwio-Ic
- n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hna¿i-
\m-flI Nn¥-bnepw {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW {ia-ß-fnepw kPo-h-amb ]¶m-fnØw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw
Ipńsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw {]k-‡hpw kzbw {]tNm-Zn-X-hp-amb ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v
⁄m\-\n¿anXn kao-]\w {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.
kmaqly⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hmZw (Social Constructivism)
⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-Z-Øns‚ Hcp D]-hn-`m-K-amWv kmaqly⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-Zw. `mj ]cn-]-
Iz-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ kmaqlykml-N-cy-ßƒ°p≈ {]m[m\yw CXn¬ Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p.
Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ka-{]m-b-°m-cp-ambpw apXn¿∂-h-cp-ambpw \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ `mjm-hn-
I-k\ - Ø
- n\p Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p. kwhm-Zm-flI
- a- mb kwL-]T - \
- Ø
- ns‚ {]m[m\yw temI-amsI AwKo-
I-cn-°s - ∏´p Ign-™p. CXv kmaq-ly-⁄m-\\ - n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-ZØ
- ns‚ hºn® kzm[o\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
{]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1. `mjm¿P\ {]{Inb Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°pI?
2. `mjm¿P\ {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv `mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-∂-sX∂v DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-
am-°pI?
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3. Ipń°v G‰hpw {]nb-s∏´ Ifn-∏m´w ssIbn¬ \n∂v hoWv s]mń-t∏mbn. Cu A\p-`- 123456789
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hsØ `mjm¿P-\-Nn-¥-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ˛ Ipń `mj D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂p F∂ 123456789
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{]kvXm-h-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Fßs\ hni-Z-am°mw? 123456789
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DZm: Atøm...-A-tΩ... Fs‚ Ifn-∏m´w apgp-h\pw s]mń-t∏m-bn. 123456789
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$ Fs‚ Ifn-∏m´w t]mtb...... 123456789
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4. Fß-s\-bmWv Krl-`m-jbpw {]mtZ-in-I-`m-jbpw `mjm¿P-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX∂v 123456789
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DZm-l-cW klnXw hy‡-am-°p-I. 123456789
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5. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Ipń-Iƒ D®m-c-W-sØ-‰p-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂Xv? AXv ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ 123456789
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am¿K-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? 123456789
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6. D®m-cWmh-b-h-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ÿm\-ßfpw A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿Yn ]Tn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm- 123456789
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≠p≈ KpW-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? Ah ss{]a-dn-¢m-kn¬ GXv Xc-Øn-emWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏- 123456789
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Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv? 123456789
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7. `mj-]-T\w kw_-‘n®v kvIn∂¿, tNmwkvIn, sshtKmSvkvIn F∂n-h-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp- 123456789
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Iƒ ]h¿t]m-bn‚ v {]k-t‚-j-\mbn Xbm-dm-°p-I.
8. `mjm¿P\-Øn¬ Ipńsb BZy-L-´-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv Krl-`m-jbpw {]mtZ-inI
`mj-bp-am-Wv. Ipń-I-fpsS Krl-`m-jbpw {]mtZ-inI `mjbpw ]cn-tim-[n®v {]mtZ-inI
]Z-tImiw Xbm-dm-°p-I.
A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v
hyh-lm-c-hmZw (Behaviourism)
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn-emWv hyh-lm-c-hmZw DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. a\»m-kv{X-Øn¬ hyh-
lm-c-hm-Z-{]-ÿm\w i‡-am-bXv djy≥ a\-»m-kv{X-⁄-\mb ]mhvtemhv \mb-bn¬ \S-Ønb
]T-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv (1902). XpS¿∂v hmSvk¨, tXm¨ssU-Iv, K{Xn, lƒ XpS-ßn-b-hcpw
Cu {]ÿm-\-Øn\p IcpØp ]I¿∂p. hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kw`m-h\ \¬In-
bXv kvIn∂¿ BWv. Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Fs¥√mw sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw Fs¥√mw sNøp-∂n-
s√∂pw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv hyh-lm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\ßƒ \S-tØ-≠-sX∂v kvIn∂¿
hniz-kn-®p.
hyh-lm-csØ Fßs\ \nco-£n-°m-sa∂pw \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-°m-sa∂pw kvIn∂¿ ]d-bp-
∂p. A\p-Iq-e-amb {]_-e\w hgn a\p-jy-hy-h-lm-csØ IqSp-X¬ {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-
sa∂v At±lw hmZn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ kp{]-kn-≤-amb beyond freedom and Dignity (1971) F∂
]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kzmX-{¥yw, A¥ v XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ßƒ B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-
iq-\y-am-sW∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Hcp {]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hy‡n F¥mWp
sNøpI F∂Xv Ah\p `qX-Im-e-Øn¬ F¥p kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. \√-h-cmb hy‡n-Isf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-cpsS hyh-lm-csØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-
bm-sW∂p a\- n-em-t°-≠n-bncn-°p-∂p.
25
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1234567890
1234567890
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1234567890 hyh-lm-ch
- m-ZØ
- nse apJy Bi-bß
- ƒ
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 $ a\p-jys‚ hyh-lmcw t{]c-W-bp-sSbpw (stimulus) {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw (response) {]Xn-
1234567890
1234567890
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1234567890 {]-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv.
1234567890
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1234567890 $ hyh-lmcw am‰n-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ H∂m-Wv.
1234567890
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1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 $ arK-ß-fpsS hyh-lm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w a\p-jys‚ hyh-lm-csØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 ∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°pw.
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 $ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. H∂v t{]c-W-bpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ kwPm-X-am-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 Ip∂ {]Xn-I-c-Whpw (eicited response) at‰Xv t{]c-W-bpsS ê-am-bn-´-√m-sX-bp≈ {]Xn-I-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 c-Whpw (emitted response)
1234567890
1234567890
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1234567890 $ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D≠v. {]Xn-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 D]-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw. Hcp ]pXnb t{]c-W-hgn ]gb {]Xn-I-c-WsØ
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 DW¿Øp∂ ]T-\-sØ-bmWv {]Xn-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
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1234567890 ]mhvtemhv BWv Cu Bibw kw`m-h\ sNbvX-Xv. th´-°m-cs‚ aWw ]nSn® DS≥ ]£n
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 ]d-∂-I-ep∂Xv CXn-\p≈ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
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1234567890
1234567890 Bh-iysØ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp hgn B¿Pn-°p∂ {]Xn-I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]T-\sØ
ho£n-°p-∂Xv D]-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
\mw B{K-ln-°p∂ hyh-lm-c-Øn-\-SpØp hcp∂ hyh-lm-csØ kΩm\w \¬In t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T\w krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kvIn∂-dmWv
Cu Bibw apt∂m-´p-hbv-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-Iq-ehpw {]Xn-Iq-e-hp-amb {]_-e-\-ß-fp-≠v. AXp-
hgn hyh-lm-csØ ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw A√m-Ø-hsb \o°w sNøm\pw Ign-bpw. Zmln-°p-
tºmƒ Sm∏v CS-tØmSp Xncn®v sh≈-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-
W-am-Wv. Sm∏v CS-tØm´p Xncn®v sh≈w e`n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \mw he-tØm´p Xncn®p t\m°pw.
$ hyh-lm-csØ am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne \S-]-Sn-I-fp-≠v.
-˛ hyh-lm-c-e-£y-ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p-I.
˛ A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]_-e-\-ßƒ GsX-√m-am-sW∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-I.
˛ h¿Ø-\sØ am‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I.
˛ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw êw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
˛ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
LS-\m-hmZw
hyh-lm-c-hmZw {]_-e-amb Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv `mj-sb-°p-dn®v Ht´sd Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fp-ambn
k q¿, sehn-kv{Smkv XpS-ßnb `mjm-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS ªqwô¬Upw
A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw cwK-Øp-h-∂-Xv. GXp hmIy-sØbpw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hnt«-jWw sNbvXv AXns‚
GI-Iß - f- mb kz\n-aI
- f
- n¬ FØn-t®-cm-sa∂ ªqwô¬Uns‚ Is≠-Ø¬ A°m-eØv hnkvabw
Df-hm-°nb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. `mj-bpsS LS-\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv
LS-\m-hmZw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏´ Nn¥m-[mc hnImkw {]m]n-®-Xv. `mjm-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hyh-
lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h® Bi-b-ßƒ AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv ªqwô¬Upw Iqćpw
sNbvXXv. 1930˛50 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ _p≤n-a-WvU-esØ apgp-h≥ Iog-S-°p-hm≥ LS-
\m-hm-Z-Øn\p Ign-™p.
26
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a\x-»m-kv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, kaql-im-kv{Xw, ùXn-Ih - mZw XpS-ßnb hnhn-[ß- f
- mb hn⁄m-\t- a- 123456789
123456789
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J-e-Isf kzm[o-\n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p-sh-∂Xv Cu Nn¥m-[m-cbv°v e`n® AwKo-Im-c-sØ-bmWv 123456789
123456789
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ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. F¥n-s\bpw hnt«-jn®v AXns‚ LS-I-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm-sa∂ LS-\m-hm-Z- 123456789
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Øns‚ NphSp ]nSn-®mWv kaq-lØ - ns‚ LS-\, a\- ns‚ LS-\ XpS-ßnb At\z-jW - ß
- f- n-te- 123456789
123456789
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s°√mw Zm¿i-\n-I¿ hym]-cn-®-Xv. Xß-fpsS _p≤n-]-c-amb ta¬t°m-bva-sb-°p-dn®v AXn-cp-I- 123456789
123456789
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hn™ Bfl-hn-izm-ka - p-≈h
- c
- m-bn-cp∂p LS-\m-hm-Zn-Iƒ. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ `mj-sb-°p-dn®v Xßƒ 123456789
123456789
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D∂-bn-°p∂ hmZ-KX - n-Iƒ Zp¿_-ea - m-sW∂v Xncn-®d
- n-bm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™n-√. arK-ßf - psS h¿Ø- 123456789
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\-hy-Xn-bm-\s
- Ø-°p-dn®v \S-Ønb ]T-\ßfmWv Xß-fpsS hmZ-ßsf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv F∂-Xn- 123456789
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\m¬ Ah-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw \yq\-Xb - p-≈X
- mbn hyh-lm-ch - m-Zn-Iƒ°pw tXm∂n-bn-√. 123456789
123456789
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hyh-lm-ck
- n-≤m¥w tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp∂p 123456789
123456789
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bm{¥n-I-ambn hyh-lm-c-ßƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Pohn-sb∂ \ne-bn-emWv hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn¬ 123456789
123456789
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a\p-jys\ ImWp-∂-Xv. A√msX C—m-i-‡nbpw e£y-t_m-[-hp-ap≈ Pohn F∂ \ne-bn-e-√. 123456789
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CXv a\p-jys‚ hyh-lm-csØ Aan-X-ambn efn-X-h¬°-cn-°p∂psh∂mWv hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\p 123456789
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t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ ISpØ hna¿i-\w. hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\pw AXns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ]Sp-Øp- 123456789
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b¿Ønb LS-\m-hm-Z-Øn\pw Hcp t]mse aß-te-‰Xv ⁄mXr-hm-Zn-I-fpsS cwK-{]-th-i-tØm-Sp- 123456789
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Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. 1957˛¬ tNmwkvIn (Nom Chomsky) ]pd-Øn-d-°nb syntactic Structures F∂ {KŸw 123456789
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CXn\p \nan-Ø-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. `mjsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p LS-\m-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h®
coXn-bpsS Aim-kv{XobX sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tNmwkvIn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p. AtXm-
sSm∏w Xs∂ `mjm-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hyh-lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥
Ign-bmØ Ht´sd hkvXp-X-I-fp-s≠∂v At±lw hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
`mj ]Tn-°p-I-sb∂Xv Ipń-bpsS P∑-kn-≤-amb Ign-hm-sW∂ ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv At±lw Xs‚
kn≤m¥w cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX-Xv. XpS¿∂v 1959˛¬ kvIn∂-dpsS verbal Behaviour F∂ IrXn-sb-
°p-dn-®p≈ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb {]_-‘hpw At±lw ]pd-Øn-d-°n. `mj-sb-°p-dn®pw `mjm-]-T-
\-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]n¬°m-eØp \S∂ Ht´sd Kth-j-W-ßƒ°pw kwhm-Z-ßƒ°pw XpS°w
Ipdn-®Xpw tNmwkvIn-bpsS kn≤m-¥-am-sW∂p \n w-ibw ]d-bmw.
hyh-lm-ch
- m-ZØ
- ns‚ ]cn-anXn
]T\sØ°p-dn-®v, hninjym `mjm-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hyh-lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h® Bi-b-
ßƒ a\p-jy-a-\- ns‚ ss\k¿KnI kn≤n-Isf IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂n-s√-∂Xn\m¬ Ah-bp-ambn
s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ ⁄mXr-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p Ign-™ncp-∂n√.
`mj-bp-sSbpw `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-s‚bpw Xmsg sImSpØ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ hyh-
lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂n-s√∂v Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p.
1. a\p-jy\p am{X-ap≈ Ign-hmWv `mj. a‰p Pohn-Iƒ°p e`y-am-Ip∂ H∂√ `mjm-hy-h-ÿ
(language system).
2. ]pXnb kmlNcy-ß-fn¬ A\-¥-amb FÆw ]pXnb hmIy-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw a\-
n-em-°p∂Xn\pw Ipń°p Ign-bpw. A\p-I-cWw hgnbpw {]_-e\w hgn-bp-amWv Cu ]pXnb
hmIy-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-sX∂v Icp-Xm≥ hø. `mj krjvSn-]-c-am-sW-∂Xv AXns‚ X\n-a-
bm¿∂ kz`m-h-am-Wv.
3. c≠p hb p ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ipń `mj ]Tn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂p. A©p-h-b- m-
b-Ip-tºm-tg°pw `mj-]-T\w Gsd-°psd ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂p. A©p hb- p≈ Ipń amXr-`m-j-
27
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1234567890
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1234567890 bpsS hyhÿ kzmwio-Ic - n-®n-cn-°pw. Ah-fpsS `mjm-ka
- q-lh
- p-ambn Bi-bh- n-\n-abw sNøm≥
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
Ahƒ°p Ign-bpw. F√m `mj-Ifpw hfsc k¶o¿W-amb hyh-ÿ-I-fm-sW∂p \ap-°-dn-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 bmw. h¿j-ß-tfm-f-ap≈ Kth-j-W-ßƒ°p tijhpw Hcp `mj-sb-°p-dn®pw ]gp-Xp-I-fn-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 √mØ kn≤m¥w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v [njWm-im-en-If - mb `mjm-im-kv{X-⁄¿ - °p
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 Ign-™n-ń-√. 3+2=5 Ft∂m 3×2=6 Ft∂m D≈ KWn-Xi - mkv{X {]iv\ß - ƒt]mepw \n¿[m-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 cWw sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Ipń-bmWv C{Xbpw sNdnb Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ k¶o¿W-amb
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
`mjm-hy-hÿ kzmb-Øa - m-°p-∂-Xv.
1234567890
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4. Ipń ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂ `mj ]e-t∏mgpw A]q¿Whpw {Ia-c-ln-X-hp-am-Wv. Ah-fpsS `mjm
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 kaq-l-Ønse AwK-ßƒ ]q¿W-amb hmIy-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®√ ]e-t∏mgpw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 \S-Øm-dp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ CXp Ipń-bpsS `mjm-ti-jnsb _m[n-°p-∂n-√. Hcp \n›nX Ime-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ Ah-fpsS `mjm-hy-hÿ kº-∂-am-Ip-∂p. `mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ \ΩpsS Adnhv
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 k¶o¿Whpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-am-Wv. \ap°p e`n-°p∂ `mjm-]-c-amb A\p-`hw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ipjvI-amb hnh-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ k¶o¿W-amb Hc-dnhpw krjvSn-
1234567890
1234567890
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1234567890 °m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXn-\m¬ `mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv \ap°v sXfnhp e`n-®n-ń-√mØ _mly-
1234567890
1234567890
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amb Hcn-S-Øp-\n∂p hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]q¿h-P-∑-kva-c-W-bn¬ \n∂pw FØp∂p F∂ hni-Zo-I-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 c-W-amWv πmt‰m \¬In-b-Xv. a\- ns‚ ss\k¿KnI kz`m-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv F∂mWv
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 tNmwkvIn ]d-™-Xv.
˛hn.-Ip°v (V.COOK, 1998)
5. {]h-N-\- hn-t[-b-amb {]mb-Øn¬-˛-A-Xm-bXv 12-˛18 amk-ß-fn¬ BWv temI-Ønse GXp
a\pjy iniphpw `mj ]Tn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv. kp\n-›n-X-amb L´-ß-fn-eqsS `mjm-]-T\w
apt∂-dp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. c≠p hb- n\pw A©p hb- n\pw CS-bn-emWv `mjm-]T - \w G‰hpw
Xo{h-amb coXn-bn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]{¥≠p hb- n-\p-tijw `mj ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv
aμo-`-hn®p XpS-ßp-∂p. Ipń-bpsS akvXnjvIw ]Iz-am-Ip-∂Xv c≠p hb- n\pw ]{¥≠p
hb- n\pw CS-bn-em-sW-∂Xp {it≤-b-am-Wv.
6. `mj-Iƒ°p Nne km¿h-eu-In-I -kz-`m-h-ß-fp-≠v. LS-\m-]-c-ambn kmZr-iy-ap-≈-h-bmWv
temI-Ønse `mj-I-sf√mw Xs∂. GXm\pw _mly-e-£-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-
amWv c≠p `mj-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xv. Gsd-°psd {]h-Nn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-bmWv
Cu hyXym-k-ßƒ.
apI-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in® hkvXp-X-Iƒ hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv `mj ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-b-I-amb Hcp-
LSIw a\p-jy-ak- vXn-jvIØ
- n¬ Ds≠-∂X - n-te-°m-Wv. Ipń-bpsS a\ v iq\y-amb t…‰v (tabularasa)
t]mse-bm-sW∂pw kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ CXn¬ \nd-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-∂p-
ap≈ tPm¨ tem°ns‚ (John Lock) hmZw icn-b-√. tNmwkvIn Bhn-jvI-cn® `mjm-im-kv{X-
kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ Bcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ a\- nse `mjm-L-S-I-Øns\ `mjm kzmwio-I-cW kwhn-
[m\w (Language Acquistion Device) F∂mWp hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.
`mj-˛-Po-h-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Nn´ sNø-s∏´ kwhn-[m\w
tNmwkvIn-b≥ amXr-I-bn-ep≈ cN-\m-¥-cW- {]-P-\-I- hym-I-cWw (Tranformational Generative
Grammer) DS-se-Sp-ØXp apX¬ apt∂m´ph®n-´p≈ Bi-b-amWv a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ AY-hm, akvXn-
jvI-Øn¬ `mjbv°p th≠n Hcp LS-I-ap-s≠-∂-Xv. C{]-Imcw `mj Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Nn´
sNø-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ hmZsØ km[q-I-cn-°p∂ a‰p-Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
(Ah-ew_w ˛ Jean Athkinson)
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$ P\-\w -sXm´v amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ipń-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-Ibpw Ahsc ]cn-]m-en- 123456789
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°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-tØ≠ 123456789
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Xo{h-amb Bhiyw Ipń°v sNdp-∏-Øn¬ C√. F∂n´pw Ipń-bn¬ t\csØ Xs∂ `mjm- 123456789
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hn-I-k\w \S-°p-∂p. B¥-cn-I-amb `mjm hyhÿ C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kz¥w Imcyw 123456789
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t\m°p-∂-Xn\p Ipń-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ {]mb-Ønepw kml-N-cy-Ønepw am{Xsa 123456789
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`mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-I-bp-≈q. 123456789
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$ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-Øp≈ hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ hf-cp-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw `mjm- 123456789
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]-T-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ kam-\X ]men-°p-∂p. CXp kam-\-amb Hcp B¥-cn-I- 123456789
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hy-h-ÿ-bpsS km∂n[yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ \msf apX¬ Rm≥ `mj kwkm-cn®p XpS-ßp-I-bmWv F∂v Hcp Ipńbpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p- 123456789
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∂n-√. Aß-s\-sbmcp Xocp-am-\-an-√m-sX-Xs∂ `mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ PohnXkml-Nc- y-ßf
- n¬ {]tXyI am‰-ßs - fm∂pw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmgpw `mjm-]T- \w \S-°p- 123456789
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∂p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw {]tXyI kw`-ht- am, kml-Nc - y-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm-\tam A√ inip- 123456789
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hns\ `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂Xv. B¥-cn-I-amb Hcp t¢m°v inip-hns‚ D≈n¬ 123456789
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{]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib
- mWv F∂p tXm∂pw-hn[w P\n®v At©m Btdm amkw Ign-bp- 123456789
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∂Xp apX¬ inip `mj-WØ - n-\m-hi
- y-amb GXm\pw i_vZß - ƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®p XpS-ßp-∂p. 123456789
$ ]Xn-s\´p amk-ßƒ°p apºv hfsc Ipd®p ]Z-ß-tf -Ipń D®-cn-°p-∂p-≈q. ]Xn-s\´p amk-
ßƒ°p tij-am-Is´ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb hnIm-k-amWv Ipń-bpsS `mjm-{]-I-S-\-Øn¬ Zriy-
am-Ip-∂-Xv. akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ hf¿®-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp "kzn®v' {]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßp-∂-
Xn\p th≠n Ahƒ ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv tXm∂p-I.
klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ
1. {]okvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw (H-∂mw-`m-Kw) ˛ Fw.-sI.-in-hi
- ¶
- c- ≥\m-b¿ hnZym¿Yn-an{Xw _p°v Unt∏m, Pq¨ 1990
2. hnZym-`ymk a\»m-kv{Xhpw inip-hn-Im-khpw (H-∂mw-`m-Kw) ˛ tUm. sI.-Pn. cma-N{- μ-∏W
- n-°¿, ]n.-sI.-i¶
- c- \
- m-cm-b-
W≥ hnZym¿Yn-an{Xw _p°v Unt∏m, Pq¨ 1994.
3. B[-p\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ sI.-Fw.-{]-`m-Ic- h
- m-cy¿, im¥m AK-Ãn≥ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ˛ 1994
4. `mjm-imkv{X hnthIw ˛ tUm.-sI.-Fw. {]`m-Ic- h
- m-cy¿ h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw 2013
5. The Language and Mental Development of children - A.F. Watts, George G Harrap & Co. 1944.
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`mjWhpw hmb\bpw
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1234567890 `mjm]T\Øns‚ ASnÿm\ss\]pWnIfn¬ `mjWhpw hmb\bpw teJ\hpw Gsd
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1234567890 {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p. am\knIhnImkhpambn hfsctbsd _‘s∏´XmWv `mjWhnImkw.
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`mjm]T\Øns‚ {]mYanIZibn¬ Xs‚ ap∂nseØp∂ IpńbpsS CØcw tijnIƒ
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1234567890 hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\v A[ym]IhnZym¿YnIƒ [mcW t\SWsa∂Xns‚ BhiyIX
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ChnsSbmWv. Ah¿°mbn {]tXyI`mjWkμ¿`ßƒ Hcp°pIbpw A\mbmkambn `mjWØn-
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1234567890 te¿-s∏Sm≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂Xn\v Nn{Xhmb\ t]mep≈ kt¶Xßƒ ]cnNbs∏SpØpIbpw
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1234567890 thWw. FgpØns‚ Nn{Xcq]Ønep≈ a\ n¬ ]XnbemWv hmb\bpsS BZy ]mTßƒ.
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AXn\p≈ {][m\ D]m[nbmb {Km^nIv doUnßns\°pdn®pw AdnbWw. A£tcm®mcI
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`mjbmb aebmfØn\v khntijamb FgpØpcoXnIfps≠∂pw `mjWcoXnIƒ FgpØns\
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1234567890 kzm[o\n°mdps≠∂pw a\ nem°Ww. AXn\mbn ckIcamb \nch[n {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS,
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1234567890 X{¥ßfneqsS, \nco£WßfneqsS, Is≠ØepIfneqsS e£yt_m[ØnseØm≥
DXIp∂XmWv Cu bqWn‰v.
`mjm-]-T\w
""`mj B¿Pn-°m\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm-\p-ap≈ P∑-kn-≤-amb Ignhv a\p-jy-\p≠v.

ssii-h-Øn¬ Fß-s\-bmtWm amXr-`mj B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xv, B coXn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-thWw `mjm-]-T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. P∑-kn-≤-amb Nn¥m-
ti-jn-Ifpw `mjm-]-T-\-ti-jn-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Hmtcm Ipńbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.
Bi-b-kzo-I-c-W-Øn\v {ihWw F∂ tijnbpw Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-Øn\v `mjWw F∂
tijnbpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hmb-\, FgpØv F∂nh kam-\-amb a‰p c≠p tijn-
I-fm-Wv. Cu tijn-Iƒ t\Sp-∂Xpw {]tbm-K-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. H∂mw ¢mkn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°n-
jvS-s∏´ IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ hcp∂ IY-I-fmWv ]mT-`m-K-ß-fmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
c≠mw Xc-Øn¬ IY-Iƒ°pw Ihn-X-Iƒ°pw ]pdsa hnh-c-W-]m-T-ßƒ, kw`m-j-W-]m-T-
ßƒ, eLp imkv{X-te-J-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bmbn ]mT-ß-fpsS hf¿® km[y-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v''.
Standard 1 H B - 2013
$ H∂v, c≠v ¢m pIfnse A[ym]I klmbnbn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ Cu hcnIƒ Fs¥√mw

BibßfmWv apt∂m´psh°p∂Xv?
`mjbpsS kzm`mhnI cq]w hmsamgnbmWv.ê{]Zamb BibkzoIcWw, Bib {]IS\w
F∂nhbv°v `mj IqSntb Xocq. a\pjy≥ `mj D]tbmKn®pXpSßnbtijw Bbnc°W°n\p
h¿jßƒ Ign-™mWv en]n cq]saSp°p∂Xv. temIØv G‰hpw IqSpXembn BfpIƒ `mj
D]tbmKs∏SpØn Bibhn\nabw \SØp∂Xv hmsamgnbneqsSbmWv . {]mNo\ImeØv
hnZym`ymkw \¬Inbncp∂Xv `mjWcq]Ønembncp∂p.
a\pjyinip `mjmtijn B¿Pn°p∂Xns‚ coXnbpw {Iahpw F¥mWv? IpńIƒ `mj
]Tn°p∂Xv a‰pImcyßƒ ]Tn°p∂Xn¬\n∂pw hyXykvXambmtWm? `mjW kaqlhpambp≈
30
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CS]gIeneqsS apXn¿∂h¿ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ AtX i–ßfpw hm°pIfpw hymIcW-LS\bp- 123456789
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sa√mw Ipńbpw ]pds∏Sphn°p∂p F∂Xn¬ A¤pXIcamb H∂pans√∂mWv tXm∂pI. 123456789
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F∂m¬ `mjI\pw t{imXmhn\pw A\¥amb hmIyßƒ kr„n°m\pw a\ nem°m\pw 123456789
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Ignbpat√m? A\pIcWØneqsStbm ]cnioe\ØneqsStbm CXv km[yamtWm? 123456789
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`mjm ]T\Øn¬ hy‡amb Nne \mgnI°√pIfp≠v. Ah hf¿®bpambn _‘s∏´XmWv. 123456789
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GXpIpńbpw \n›nXamb ]ShpIƒ ]n∂n´psIm≠pam{XamWv `mj kzmbØam°p∂Xv. Hmtcm 123456789
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]Shpw ]n∂nSptºmgpw IpńIfpsS `mjm-]-T-\-Øn¬ G‰°pd®nepIƒ It≠°mw. F∂m¬ 123456789
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]ShpIfpsS {IaØn¬ am‰sam∂pw D≠mhn√. 123456789
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$ `mjm ]T\Ønse Cu \mgnI°√pIƒ bqWn‰v 2se ]ń-I-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 123456789
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]cntim[n°pI. 123456789
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$ kz¥w hońtem, kao]hoSpIfntem D≈ hnhn[{]mb°mcmb IpńIfpsS kw`mjW 123456789
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coXnIƒ \nco£n®v Cu L´ßfpsS `mjm khntijXIƒ Is≠Øm\mIptam? Ic®nepw 123456789
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IqIepsams° `mjmLámbn IW°mt°≠Xpt≠m? \nßfpsS A`n{]mbsa¥mWv? 123456789
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¢m n¬ N¿®sNøpI. 123456789
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Ic®nens‚ ktμiw km¿heuInIamWv. Cw•ojpImcmb c£nXm°ƒ kz¥w IpńbpsS 123456789
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Ic®nens‚ ktμißƒ Xncn®dn™Xpt]mse A\mbmkambn hntZiinip°fpsS
Ic®nenep≈ ktμißfpw Xncn®dnbp∂ps≠∂v dnkvIv \nco£n®n´p≠v.
IqI¬ kz\]YsØ \nb{¥n°m≥ klmbn°p∂p. ImdpIbpw IpanfIfp≠m°pIbpw
sNøp∂Xv `mjWmhbhßfnep≈ t]io \nb{¥WØn\v klmbIamIp∂p.
hnZym`ymk ]cnh¿Ø\Øns\mcmapJw˛tIcf imkv{X kmlnXy ]cn-jØv
`mjWw F∂ kn≤n
18 amkßƒ ]n∂n´ Ipń Akv]„ i–ßfpsS IqsS hyXykvX CuWßfpw ]pds∏Sp-
hn°p∂p≠v. Hcp hb n\pw H∂c hb n\pw CSbv°mWv IpńIƒ H‰∏Zßƒ D®cn°p∂Xv.
Cu kabw Akv]„i–ßƒ kr„n°p∂Xv XpScpIbpw sNøpw. {ItaW AhcpsS Akv]„
i–ßƒ bYm¿Y `mjbmbn hnImkw {]m]n°p∂p. Cu L´Øn¬ GItZiw 15 H‰s∏´
]Zßsf¶nepw Ah¿°dnbmw. CXn¬ BfpIfpsSbpw km[\ßfpsSbpw t]cpIƒ AhcpsS
tiJcØnep≠mhpw. (AΩ, A®, ama, taa, ]q® F∂nßs\)
c≠p ]Zßƒ tN¿Øph®psIm≠p≈ `mjm{]tbmKßfnte°v {]thin°p∂Xv c≠p
hb mhptºmgmWv. hm°pIƒ Iqńt®¿Øp ]dbm≥ XpSßp∂L´w apX¬ `mjm]camb
XbmsdSp∏nemWv (Language readiness) Ah¿. XpS¿∂v \mSIobamb coXnbn¬ AXnthKØn-
emWv Ipń-Iƒ ]ZkºØv h¿[n∏n°p∂Xv. H∂c hb mhptºmtg°pw \qdpIW°n\p ]Zßƒ
Ipń-I-fpsS \nL≠phn¬ D≠mbncn°pw. Ahsb ]e coXnbn¬ Iqńt®¿°m\pw Ah¿°p
Ignbpw. AΩ ÿncambn tPmen°pt]mIp∂ hońse Ipń H∂chb mhptºmtg°pw AΩ
FhnsS t]mbn F∂ tNmZyØn\v, ""AΩ tPmen°v t]mbn'' F∂ hmIycq]Ønep≈ adp]Sn
Xcpat√m? Cu t]mbn F∂ {Inbm]Zw hnhn[\ma]ZßtfmSp tN¿Øv XpS¿hmIyßƒ
\n¿Ωn°m≥ Ipń°p Ignbpw.
AΩ, A®, ama, ]q®, Im° ˛ t]mbn
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1234567890 aq∂chb mhptºmtg°pw AhcpsS `mjWw A\y¿°pt]mepw a\ nem°m≥ Ignbp∂
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hn[Ønembncn°pw. hymIcW_≤amb LS\Ifmbncn°pw Ipń-Iƒ kr„n°p∂Xv. Cßs\
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1234567890 A©phb mb Ipń amXr`mj kzmbØam°n°gn™ncn°pw. F¶nepw `mjm]T\w AhnsS
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1234567890 Ahkm\n°p∂n√. 11, 12 hb phsc ]T\{]{Inb XpScpw. Iuamc{]mbØnseØp∂tXmsS
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1234567890 IpńbpsS `mjm]T\w Gsd°psd ]q¿WamIpw. F∂m¬ ]Zmhen kzmbØam°p∂ {]{Inb
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PohnXImew apgph≥ XpScpIbpw sNøpw. (John William Atkinson-1987)
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1234567890 Hcp hb papX¬ A©v hb phscbp≈ IpńIfpsS kw`mjWw \nco£n®v Xmsg ]dbp∂
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{]mbw D®cn°p∂ i–ßƒ/]Zßƒ/hmIyßƒ
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1234567890 H∂mw ¢m nse Ipń
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1234567890 \memw ¢m nse Ipń
$ Cßs\ kzm`mhnIambn Ipń `mj kzmbØam°pIbpw kzX{¥`mjWw \SØpIbpw

sNøp∂ps≠¶n¬ s{s]adn, A∏¿s{s]adn ¢m pIfn¬ `mjWw ]cnioen∏nt°≠-
Xpt≠m?
$ \nßfpsS ImgvN∏mSpIƒ ]¶phbv°p ...
$ \nßfpsS {]tZisØ Hcp I¿jIsØmgnemfn, GsX¶nepw {]tXyI Xcw sXmgn-
seSp°p∂h¿, Hcp I®hS°mc≥, Hcp lb¿sk°≠dn hnZym¿Yn, hnhn[{]mb°m¿,
hnhn[kapZmb°m¿ F∂nhtcmSv F√mh¿°pw ]dbm≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp hnjbsØ°pdn®v
]dbm≥ Bhiys∏SpI. AXv i–teJ\w sNøpI. XpS¿∂v Ch ho≠pw tI´v Xmsg
]dbp∂ kqNIßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hniIe\w sNbv X v `mjWØnse
sshhn[yßfpw `mjWsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIßfpw Is≠Øn AhXcn∏n°pI.
kqNIßƒ
$ {]mbhyXymkw `mjWsØ kzm[o\n°p∂pt≠m?
$ sXmgn¬taJebpw `mjWhpw XΩn¬ _‘apt≠m?
$ hnZym`ymkw,kmaqlymhÿ,kmwkvImcnI]cnkcw, `qanimkv{X]camb Ahÿ F∂nh
`mjWsØ Fßs\bmWv kzm[o\n°p∂Xv? \nKa\ßƒ {Kq∏pN¿® \SØn t{ImUoIcn®v
AhXcn∏n°pI.
$ Htc ¢m nencn°p∂ IpńIfmsW¶nepw AXn¬ Nne IpńIƒ°v hmNnIamb Bib
{]IS\ßƒ (A\p`hw ]¶nS¬, {]kwKw, tNmZyßƒ, {]`mjWw) ê{]Zambn
\SØm\pw a‰p Nne¿ CXn¬ th≠{X tim`n°mXncn°m\pw ImcWsa¥mWv?
hońse A¥co£w Nne IpńIƒ°v kzX{¥`mjWw \SØm\pw, \n¿`bambn a‰p≈htcmSv
CS]gIm\pw Ahkcw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. BibkzoIcWØn\pw, {]IS\Øn\pw th≠{X Ahkcw
e`n°p∂hcnemtWm `mjWtijn IqSpXembn I≠phcp∂Xv? CØcØn¬ sshhn[yap≈
A\p`hkºØn\pSaIfmWv ¢m nse IpńIƒ. Ah¿°v s]mXphmb A\p`hßƒ \¬Iepw
32
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Ahsc anI® `mjWss\]pWnbp≈hcm°n am‰epamWv `mjW]cnioe\Øns‚ {][m\ 123456789
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e£yw. 123456789
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`mj-W-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw 123456789
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$ ss{]adn ¢m p-I-fn¬ `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ kabw \o°n-h-bv°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? 123456789
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kvIqfn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ipń°v `mj Adn-bmw. {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-ØnseØptºmƒ 123456789
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Ipń `mj ]Tn®p XpS-ßp-I-b√ XpScp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. `mjm imkv{X-⁄-\mb sIbvkvsU- 123456789
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∂ns‚ A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]c- a
- mb Imc-Wß
- f
- m¬ Ipń-If
- psS `mjm-hn-Im-kØ
- n¬ hy‡n- 123456789
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hy-Xymkw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. PohnX kml-N-cy-ßfpw IpSpw-_-km-l-N-cy-ßfpw Cu hyXym-k-Øn\p 123456789
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Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. kmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse 123456789
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Ipń-I-fnepw `mjm-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ hyXymkw ImWmw. 5 ˛ 6 hb- m-Ip-tºmtg°pw kμ¿`-Øn\v 123456789
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tbmPn® ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ipń°v Ign-bp-∂p. CXmWv Ipń°v e`n-°p∂ BZysØ 123456789
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`mjm-kn-≤n-bpw. `mjm-Z-£-Xbp≠mbm¬ am{Xw t]mcm `mj icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {]tbm-Kn- 123456789
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°m\pw Ign-b-Ww. CXn\v \n¿hlWw F∂p ]d-bmw. Ipń-Iƒ°v ka-{]m-b-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ 123456789
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`mjm-\n¿hl-W-Øn\v _p≤n-ap-ń-√. F∂m¬ A]-cn-Nn-X-cmb BfpI-fpsSbSp-Øpw, kμ¿`-ß- 123456789
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fnepw `mjm-\n¿h-lWw {]bm-k-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. `mjm-Z-£-X-tbm-sS-bmWv Ipń-Iƒ kvIqfn¬ hcp- 123456789
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∂-sX-¶nepw Ah-bpsS bYm¿Y \n¿hl-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]e kμ¿`-ß-fnepw Xß-fpsS `mjm-Z- 123456789
£X {]I-S-am-°n-bn-´ps≠-¶nepw `mj Fßs\ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂ t_m[-]q¿h-amb a\-

nem-°¬ Cu {]mb-Øn¬ Ah¿°v AXo-X-am-Wv. AXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°-emWv kvIqfnse `mjm-
[y-b-\-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw.
`mjWw A`ykn°p∂Xns‚ e£yßƒ
$ hnhn[ cq]Ønep≈ `mjWm`yk\ßƒhgn Bibßƒ°v hy‡X \¬In icn-bmb
coXnbn¬ Ah ka¿Yambn {]ISn∏n°m≥ IpńIsf ]cnioen∏n°pI
$ `mjm {]tbmKßfn¬ hcp∂ t]mcmbvaIƒ ]cnlcn°pI.
$ kwhmZcq]Øn¬ BibkzoIcWhpw, Bib{]IS\hpw kpKaam°pI.
$ ASnÿm\tijnIfpsS ]mckv]cyw t_m[ys∏SpØpI.
$ IpńIfpsS `mjm{]tbmKßfnse Zp»oeßsf AI‰n DØa ioeßƒ Dd∏m°pI.
$ `mjm-{]-tbm-K-Z-£X t\SpI.
tIƒhnbpw ]d-®nepw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≠v. ]d-bp-∂-XmWv hmb-\-bpsS BZy-]-Sn. hmbn®p ]cn-N-

b-s∏-´h Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS en]n hyhÿ kzmwio-I-cn-°p-∂p.
{ZpX `mj-Ww, aμ-`m-j-Ww, Bh¿Ø\w Bh-iy-an-√m-sX-bp≈ \o´-ep-Iƒ, Ipdp-°-ep-Iƒ,
ap°nbpw aqfn-bp-ap≈ kw`m-jWw Ch-sbm∂pw `mj-W-Øn\p tN¿∂-X-√.
IpSp_mwKßtfmSpw Iq´pImtcmSpw, hońseØp∂ a‰p≈htcmSpw ]e kμ¿`ßfn¬

CS]gIp∂Xns‚ `mKambn Ahcpambn kwkmcn®v ]e `mjW ss\]pWnIfpw t\Snb
]TnXmhmWv hnZymebØnseØp∂Xv. Cu `mjW ss\]pWnsb hyXykvX kμ¿`ßƒ°pw
(Hu]NmcnIw, A\u]NmcnIw) {]tXyI e£yßƒ°pw A\pKpWamb coXnbn¬
hnIkn∏n°pI F∂XmWv s{s]adnXeØnse `mjW t_m[\Øns‚ e£yw. `mjmt`Zw,
{]mtZinIhyXymkw F∂nhbpsS kzm[o\Øm¬ D≠mhm≥ CSbp≈ D®mcW{]iv\ßƒ
Bflhnizmkw XI¿°msX XncpØpIbpw thWw. CXn\mbn ]eXcØnep≈
`mjWmhkcßƒ ]TnXmhn\v ¢m v apdnbn¬ e`n°Ww.
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1234567890 Ipń°v e`nt°≠ `mjWmhkcßƒ
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1234567890 $ A\p`hßƒ ]¶nS¬ (Ifn, bm{X, BtLmjw, hmb\...)
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1234567890 $ `mjWkm[yXbp≈ IfnIfn¬ G¿s∏S¬
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$ A`n{]mb {]IS\ßƒ
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$ tNmZyßƒ tNmZn°m\pw DØcßƒ ]dbm\pw km[yXbp≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏S¬
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1234567890 $ Hcp hnjbsØ A[nIcn®v kwkmcn°¬
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1234567890 $ C„ap≈Xpw, C„an√mØXpw AXns‚ ImcWßfpw ]db¬
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1234567890 $ H∂mw bqWn‰n¬ ]cnNbs∏´ \mtSmSn hmMvabßƒ ]d™p≈ IfnIƒ, IS¶Ym]b‰v,
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{i≤ samUyqfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnb IYbn¬ IqSmsa∂ {]h¿Ø\w (DÆnbpw sImXpIpw
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1234567890 F∂IY), F∂nßs\ `mjWØn\v {]m[m\yap≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Hcp tiJcw
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1234567890 Xbmdm°pI. AØcw {]h¿Ø\ßƒ kvIqƒ ¢m pIfn¬ s{sSHu´v sNbvXv A\p`hßƒ
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1234567890 `mj-Wm-`y-k-\-Øn-\p-ff am¿K-ßƒ
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Hmtcm A[y-b-\-L-´-Ønepw hyXykvX coXn-I-fmWv `mjWØns‚ A`y-k-\-Øn\v kzoI-cn-
t°-≠-Xv. Ipń-I-fpsS {]mb-Øn\pw Xm¬]-cy-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®p-ff am¿K-ß-fmWv {][m-\-
ambpw kzoI-cn-t°--≠Xv. {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp∂ F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw `mjm-]-c-
amb Ignhv Htc Xc-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v `mjm-]-c-amb Adn-
hnepw hyXymkap≠m-Ipw. Ipń-I-fpsS `mjm-]-cnN-bsØ kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv
A[ym-]-I¿ BZyw sNtø-≠-Xv. AXn-\mbn Hmtcm Ipń-tbmSpw kwkm-cn-°-Ww. XnI®pw A\u-
]-Nm-cnI kw`m-j-W-amWv \S-tØ-≠-Xv. A]-cn-Nn-XXzw ImcWw Nne-t∏mƒ Ipń kwkm-cn-
°m≥ BZyw aSn ImWn-°mw. kvt\l-]q¿W-amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-eqsS Ah-cp-ambn ASp-∏-ap-≠m-
°n-b-Xn\ptijw kwkm-cn-∏n-°p-I. Ipń-Iƒ°v ]cn-N-bhpw CjvS-hp-ap-ff hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m
Fs¥-¶nepw hkvXp-°ƒ ImWn-®p-sImt≠m kwkm-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Smw. Ipń-I-fpsS A\p-`-h-
a-fi-e-Øns‚ hym]vXn, Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ, Bi-b-{I-ao-I-cW]mS-hw, Km¿ln-Im-¥-co-£w, kz`mhw
Ch-sb√mw Ipń-I-fpsS kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ \n∂v A[ym-]-I\v a\- n-em-°mw. `mjm-]-c-amb sshI-
ey-ß-fpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ ]c-ky-ambn Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm hna¿in-°p-Itbm
sNø-cp-Xv. Ah¿ hcp-Øp∂ hymI-c-W-sØ-‰p-Itfm A]q¿W hmIy-ßtfm {i≤n-t°-≠-≠Xn-
√. D®m-cWw, kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ Hgp-°v, hm°p-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnse NmXpcn Ch-bn-em-bn-
cn-°Ww A[ym-]n-I-bpsS {i≤. Ipń kvIqfn-se-Øp∂ BZysØ Ipsd Znh-k-ßƒ Cßs\
kw`m-jW ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. A[ym-]nI Ipń-Iƒ°v tIƒ°m\pw A\p-
I-cn-°m\pw DX-Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬ thWw kwkm-cn-t°--≠Xv. A[ym-]n-I-bpsS `mj ip≤hpw
hy‡hpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ss{]adn ¢m p-I-fnse `mj-Wm-`y-k-\-Øn\v Gsd A\p-
tbm-Py-amb H∂mWv IYm-h-X-c-Ww. IY Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-
°mw. Nn{X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v IY, kw`m-j-Ww, eLp-hn-h-c-Ww, ]m´v F∂nh `mh-\m-]q¿hw
sNøn-°mw. tNmZy-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kqN-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Nn{X-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm\pff Ignhv
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bpw. IYm-hm-b-\-bn-te°v \bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Nn{X-hm-b\ \S-Øm≥
km[n-°pw. Ipń-Iƒ t\Snb Bi-b-ßƒ, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-ßƒ F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-
\mbpw Ch D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. h¿W-∏-In-´m¿∂ Nn{X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XmWv Gsd DØ-
aw. sIm®p Ipń-Iƒ°p th≠nbpff IY-Iƒ°v Gsd {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≠v.
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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\μp aq∂mw ¢m n¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. HmWm-h-[n-°p-tijw ¢m n-se-Ønb Ipń-I-tfmSv So®¿ 123456789
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\nß-fpsS HmWw Fßs\bp≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn ]d-bm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. 123456789
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\μp-hm-Is´ H∂pw an≠msX Fgp-t∂‰v \n∂-tX-bp-f-fp. So®¿ Ahs‚ HmW-sØ-°p-dn-®p- 123456789
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ff Imcy-ßƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ Ah≥ DØcw \¬In. F∂m¬ C‚¿sh¬ 123456789
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ka-bØv Ah≥ Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-c-\mb tKm]p-hn-t\mSv Ahs‚ HmW-°me hnti-j-ßƒ 123456789
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]¶p-h-bv°p-∂Xv So®¿ tIƒ°m-\n-S-bm-bn. Iq´p-Im-c-\p-ambn A\p-`hw ]¶p-h-bv°p-tºmƒ 123456789
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Bi-b{- ]-IS- \
- Ø
- n\v Hcp _p≤n-ap´pw D≠m-bn√. Ipń-Iƒ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\-\n¿ΩmW 123456789
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{]{In-b-bn¬ A[ym-]-I¿ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Ipń-I- 123456789
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fpsS Adn-hns\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-Øn¬ hym]r-X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ Ipń- 123456789
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Iƒ kz¥w Adnhv \n¿Ωn-°p-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v. Xßƒ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂- hkvXpXIsf 123456789
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kvIqfn\p ]pdØp \S-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ipń-Isf A\p-h-Zn-°p-I, 123456789
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ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn®v Hcp icn-bp-Øcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v 123456789
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kz¥w hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw ]d-bp-hm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI. CsX√mw Xß-fpsS Adnhv 123456789
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hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ipń-Isf klm-bn-°p∂ sNdp-sX-¶nepw {][m-\-amb Nph-Sp-I-fm-Wv. 123456789
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_p≤n-]q¿h-amb Duln-°¬ A¿Yh-Ømb Hcp t_m[-t\m-]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv t{]m’m- 123456789
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ln-∏n-°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw XßfpsS ssZ\wZn\m-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m am[y-a-k-º¿°-Øn¬ 123456789
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\nt∂m Ipń-I-fpsS a\- n¬ Nne Bi-b-ßƒ cq]-s∏-ń-´p-≠m-hmw. ]t£, So®¿ {]Xo-
£n-°p∂ hm°p-I-fn¬ Ah {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]‰n-sb∂p hcn-√. Adn-™-Xn-
s‚bpw IjvSn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw CS-bv°p-ff CS-Øn¬ BWv ]pXnb Adnhv krjvSn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kvIqfn\v ]pdØv hońtem kaq-l-Øntem hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ Ic-hn-
cp-Xp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw Adn-hp-Ifpw. Adnhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-ap-
ff A[ym-]nI CXn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. IpńIfpsS hnIm-k-km-[y-X-Iƒ
km£m-XvI-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-hn[w {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬Inbpw tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn®pw
Ahsc \bn-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-bpw.
At\z-j-Ww, ]cy-th-j-Ww, tNmZyw tNmZn-°¬ Unt_-‰p-Iƒ, kn≤m¥ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-
te°pw Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsSbpw krjvSn-bn-te°pw \bn-°p∂ {]tbm-Khpw
Nn¥bpw ˛ Ch-sbms° kPo-hamb CS-s]-S-ens‚ `mK-am-Wv. kvIqfp-Ifn¬, tNmZy-ßƒ
tNmZn-°m\pw At\z-jn-°m\pw X¿°n-°m\pw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm\pw ]pXnb
Bi-b-ßƒ D≠m-°m\pw Hs° Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.
(F≥.-kn.-F^v 2005, 41-˛42)
kwkmc`mjbpsS {]tXyIXIƒ
kwkmc`mjbv°v Hcp {]tXyI kμ¿àp≠v. AXn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂h¿ XΩnep≈ _‘hpw
`mjsb kzm[o\n°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ Cu c≠v LSIßƒ enJnX `mjsb kzm[o\n°p∂n√.
kwkmc`mjbn¬ hmIyßfpw hm°pIfpw Npcp°pIbpw tIƒhn°mcs‚ Xm¬∏cyw, ap∂dnhv
Ch IW°nseSpØv Nne Imcyßƒ {]ISn∏n°msX hnSpIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. Iq´pImtcmSpw
ho´pImtcmSpw kwkmcn°ptºmƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ ]Zßfpw hmIyLS\bpa√ Hu]NmcnI
kw`mjWØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Hu]NmcnI `mjWØns‚ coXnIƒ {ItaW B¿Pn°pI
F∂Xv `mjW ]cnioe\Øns‚ Hcp apJye£yamWv. kwkmc`mj hymIcW]camb Nne
{]tXyIXIfpw {]ISn∏n°p∂p≠v . ]e D]hmIyßƒ Hcp k¶o¿WhmIyØn\IØv
ASßnbncn°pI, ]ehmIyßƒ t{iWnbmbn _‘n∏n®ncn°pI, hmIyßƒ°nSbv ° v
35
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1234567890 _‘]Zßƒ D]tbmKn°pI, HcpImcyw ]dbm≥ Bcw`n®v apgpan∏n°msX as‰m∂nte°v
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t]mIpI XpSßnbhsb√mw kwkmc `mjbn¬ {]ISamWv. `mjm t`ZßfmWv enJnX`mjbn¬
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1234567890 \n∂v kwkmc `mjsb hyXykv X am°p∂ as‰mcpLSIw. `mtjXc khntijXIƒ
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1234567890 BwKyßƒ, apJØv {]ISn∏n°p∂ hnImcßƒ, CuWw, Du∂¬, Xmfw, XpSßnbhbpw
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1234567890 kwkmc`mjbv°v {]tXyI AkvXnXzw \¬Ip∂p.
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1234567890 IpńIsf \√ `mjWØnte°p \bn°m≥
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$ IpńtbmSv [mcmfw kwkmcn°pI.
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$ Ipń°v kwkmcn°m≥ [mcmfw Ahkcw Hcp°pI.
1234567890
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1234567890 $ Ipńsb hońse apXn¿∂htcmsSm∏w Bibhn\nabØn¬ ]s¶Sp∏n°pI.
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1234567890 $ IYIƒ tIƒ∏n°pI. tIÍYIfpw ]m´pIfpw, ]dbm\pw ]mSm\pw Bhiys∏SpI.
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1234567890 {]h¿Ø\ßƒ
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1234567890 ? hnZymebØnse "IpńIfpsS BImihmWn' {]h¿Ø\w `mjWtijnsb
1234567890
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1234567890 hf¿Øptam? Fßs\?
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1234567890 ? ""Un.F¬.FUv . IpńIfpsS BImihmWn''˛\nebØnte°p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ
1234567890
Xbmdm°n AhXcn∏n®v i–teJ\w \SØpI.
? ss{]a-dn-Xe
- Ø
- nse ]mTy-]≤
- Xn A[ym-]I
- k- l- m-bn, ]mT-]p-kvXI
- Ø
- nse ]T-\{- ]-h¿Ø-
\-ßƒ F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n®v `mjm-t_m-[\ - Ø- n¬ `mjW ]cnioe\Øn\v F{X-tØmfw
{]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-s≠∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. (kw`m-j-W-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww,
Ah-X-c-Ww, {]tXy-IX Is≠Ø¬)
? H∂p apX¬ Ggp hscbp≈ `mjm ]mT]pkvXIßfpw, A[ym]I klmbnbpw
]cntim[n®v `mjWkm[yXbp≈ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ ]ńIs∏SpØpI.
? bYm¿Y kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°pI hgn-bmWv kwkm-c-`mj hnI-kn-°p-∂sX-¶n¬
kwkm-c-`mjm hnIm-k-Øn\v ¢mkn¬ \S-Øm-hp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff N¿®
kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
hmb\
$ F¥mWv hmb\?
A£cßƒ tN¿Øv ]dbemtWm? hmbn°ptºmƒ bYm¿YØn¬ F¥mWv kw`hnt°≠Xv.
{]XoIßsf (tImUpcq]Ønep≈ tcJs∏SpØ¬) hymJym\n°emWv (Uo-tImUv sNø¬)
hmb\bneqsS \S°p∂Xv. A®Snt®m FgpXntbm D≈ tcJs∏SpØ¬ AXv Xncn®dnbm≥
IgnbmØ BfpIsf kw_‘n®StØmfw Nn{Xcq]w am{XamWv. A®Snbntem, FgpØntem
ASßnbncn°p∂ Bibw {Kln°emWv hmb\bpsS e£yw. Ipń hmbn°p∂Xv AXnse
BibsØbmWv . tIhew A£cßsftbm, ]Zßsftbm A√. hmb\ an°hmdpw
{]hN\amWv . ]Zßfntem, hmIyßfntem ASßnb Bibw C∂Xmbncn°psa∂v
Duln®psIm≠mWv Ipń hmbn°p∂Xv. CXp ê{]Zambn \S°Wsa¶n¬ BibsØ
th¿Xncns®Sp°p∂ (decoding) {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ IpńIƒ°v [mcmfw A\p`hßƒ In´Ww.
{ihWw, `mjWw hmb-\, teJ\w F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv `mjm-`y-k-\-Øns‚ A\p-]mX{Iaw.
tI´pa\ nem°pI, ]d™v {]ISn∏n°pI F∂nh kzm`mhnI {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv. Hcp a\pjy\v
36
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AXv t\SnsbSp°m≥ t_m[]q¿hamb {]tXyI ]cnioe\ßƒ thWsa∂n√. F∂m¬ Hcp 123456789
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`mjmkaqlØn¬ ]cs° AwKoIcn°s∏´Xpw Ir{Xnaambn \n¿Ωn®Xpamb A£csa∂ 123456789
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Nn{XoIcW ]cnioe\hpw (FgpØv), AXns‚ th¿Xncnhv a\ nem°n Bibw Xncn®dnbp∂ 123456789
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hmb\ F∂ {]{Inbbpw ]cnioe\ØneqsS am{Xta Hcmƒ°v kzmbØam°m≥ IgnbpIbp≈q. 123456789
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Hmtcm A£chpw, Nn”hyhÿbpw Nnc]cnNbØneqsS am{Xta Xncn®dnbm≥ Ignbq. Aßs\ 123456789
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hcptºmƒ AXn\v Hcp {Iaw D≠mhpas√m? apJmapJw ImWptºmƒ Bibßƒ ]ckv]cw 123456789
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ssIamdnbncp∂ a\pjy¿ apJmapJw ImWmØ kμ¿`ßfnepw Bibw ssIamtd≠n 123456789
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h∂t∏mgmbncn°mw ]pXnb kmt¶XnIhnZy hnIkn∏n®ncn°pI. Bibw ssIamdp∂ Bfpw 123456789
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kzoIcn°p∂ Bfpw XΩnep≈ Hcp s]mXpIcmdmWv bYm¿YØn¬ `mj. FgpØn\pw 123456789
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CXp_m[IamWv. tcJs∏SpØens‚ A¿Yw Cßs\bmbncn°psa∂v Hcp`mjmkaqlw 123456789
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D≠m°nb IcmdmWv en]n. 123456789
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ImWp-∂Xpw ImWm-Ø-Xp-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-amWv hmb-\. hmb\ Htc kabw 123456789
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{Inbm-flI ss\]p-Wnbpw kzoI-cW ss\]p-Wn-bp-am-Wv. hmbn-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb BibßfmWv 123456789
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\mw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hmb\ F∂Xv Hcp GI ss\]p-Wn-b-√. Hcp]mSv D]-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ IqSn- 123456789
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t®-cp-tºm-gmWv hmb\ F∂ ss\]pWn ]q¿Wam-hp-∂-Xv.`mjm-]-c-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS {]mtbm- 123456789
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Kn-I-h-i-ß-fn¬ apJy-ÿm-\-amWv hmb-\-bv°p-f-f-Xv. 123456789
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hmb-\-bpsS a\-»m-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
hmb\ F∂ {]{In-bbv°v \mep-L-´-ß-fp≠v. H∂masØ L´w ]Z-ß-fpsS enJnX cq]w a\- n-
em-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. a\- n-em-°nb enJnX cq]-ßsf i_vZ-am°n am‰p-I-bmWv c≠ma-Xmbn
sNøp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm i_vZhpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ {]tXy-I-ambn a\- n¬ IS∂ Bi-b-
ßsf GsX-¶nepw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ GIo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv aq∂m-a-Xmbn sNøp-I. Ah-km\
L´-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn, hmbn® hmIy-Øns‚ hy‡-amb Bi-b-t_m[w D≠m-Ipw. hmb\, am\-knI
{]h¿Ø-\-am-sW-¶nepw Hcp imco-cnI {]h¿Ø\w IqSn-bm-Wv. hmb-\sb klm-bn-°p∂ {][m\
-L-SIw IÆp-I-fm-Wv. kq£va-amb \nco-£-W-Øn-eq-sStb hmbn°m-\m-Iq. Hcp hm°n¬ \n∂v
as‰mcp hm°n-te°v IÆp-Iƒ AXn-thKw \oßp-∂p. Hcp sk°‚ns‚ ]Øn-sem-∂p-k-abw
am{Xta Hcp hm°v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\p]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≈q. IÆp-Iƒ Hcp XhW XcWw sNøp∂
ssZ¿Ly-Øn\v \b-\-hn-kvXrXn (Eyes pan) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp hm°n¬ \n∂v ASp-Ø -hm-°n-
te°v \oßp∂Xn\n-Sb - n¬ IÆp-Iƒ Bhm-°p-Iƒ Xncn-®d - nbm≥ Aev]t- \cw \n¿Øp-∂p. CXn\v
\b-\-tI-{μo-I-cWw (Eye fixation) F∂pw Nne-hm-°p-Iƒ hn´p-t]m-hp-Itbm hmbn-®Xv a\- n-em-
hmsX hcn-Itbm sNøp-tºmƒ apt∂ IS-∂p-t]mb `mK-Øp-IqSn ho≠pw IS∂p t]mIp-∂-Xns\
At[m-K-a\w (Regression) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. \b-\-hn-kvXrXn Zo¿Ln-∏n°pIbpw \b-\-tI-{μo-I-
c-Whpw At[mKa\hpw Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ hmb-\-bn¬ thKX e`n-°pw.
hmb-\-bpsS e£y-ßƒ
$ Bib-{K-lWw
$ hn⁄m\ kºmZ\w
$ Nn¥-bpsS hnImkw
$ kmwkvIm-cnI ]ptcm-KXn
$ kmln-Xym-kzm-Z\w
$ `mjm-`n-hr≤n
37
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1234567890 Xs‚ Np‰p]mSpIsf ka{Kambpw kq£vaambpw t\m°n°mWp∂Xn\pw kmaqlyt_m[Øns‚
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ASnÿm\Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\pw ASnØdsbmcp°p∂ kmwkvImcnI CSs]SemWv
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1234567890 hmb\ F∂pImWmw. hn⁄m\ hnkvt^mS\Øns‚ ImeLámWnXv. hmb\ Hcp tZiØns‚
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{]Xntcm[Øns‚bpw AXnPoh\Øns‚bpw i‡amb Bbp[amWv . A£cPzmebn¬
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1234567890 hmb\bpsS kwkvImcw DuXn°m®nsbSpØm¬ am{Xta kqcytim`bpw,IcpØpapff Hcp Xeapd
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1234567890 hnZymebØn¬ \n∂v cq]s∏SpIbp≈p. hmb\bv°p ]Icw hmb\b√msX a‰v {]h¿Ø\ßfn√.
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1234567890 hmb\bpsS A`yk\w ˛ hyXykvX coXn-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw
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efnXLS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ka{KLS-I-ß-fn-te°v (Bottom-to-top approach), ka{KLS-I-ß-fn¬
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\n∂v efnXLS-Iß - n-te°v (Top-to-bottom approach). A£-cw-˛h
- f - m-°v˛- h
- mIyw F∂ {Ia-Ønep≈
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1234567890 hmb\m ]cn-io-e\w BZysØ kao-]-\-Øn-\pw, hmIyw-˛-hm-°v-˛-A-£cw F∂ {Iaw c≠m-asØ
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1234567890 coXn°pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Bi-bm-h-X-cWcoXnbpw CtX XØzw Xs∂-bmWv ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv.
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1234567890 `mj-bpsS teJ\hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw A£-c-k-¶-e-\-ß-fp-sSbpw coXnbpw bp‡nbpw hy‡-ambn
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1234567890 a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v apt∂m´p t]mImw F∂-XmWv BZysØ kao-]-\-Øns‚ KpWw. AtX
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1234567890 kabw A¿Y-Øn¬ \n∂v thdn´p \n¬°p∂ Hcp Xew CXn-\p-s≠-∂p-≈-Xpw, XnI®pw bm{¥n-
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1234567890 I-am-Im-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-amWv Cu kao-]-\-Øns‚ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ. A¿Y-]q¿Øn-bp≈ LS-I-ß-
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1234567890 fn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xpw AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬∏cyw \ne-
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\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xpw c≠m-asØ kao-]-\-Øns‚ ta∑-I-fmWv.
F∂m¬ Cu coXn-bn¬ hmb\m]cn-io-e\w \¬Im≥ hfsc kq£va-ambn Bkq-{XWw sNbvX
hmb\m kma-{Kn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ t_m[\w Dt±-in® coXn-bn¬ apt∂m-
´p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bmsX hcmw. AXn-\m¬, Cu kao-]\w A\p-h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ, th≠{X ]ptcm-
KXn D≠m-ImØ hnZym¿Yn-Isf klm-bn-°m≥ A£-c-X-e-Ønse t_m[\w \¬IpI F∂
kao-]-\-amWv Cu taJ-e-bnse hnZ-Kv[¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.
A£-ca - m-em-{I-aØ
- n-ep≈ Ah-Xc - Ww (efnXLS-Iß - f - n¬ \n∂v ka-{K-LS- I - ß
- f
- n-te°v t]mIp∂
coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. A£-ca - me ]Tn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \ΩpsS ]c-ºc - m-KX coXn, kzc-ßƒ, hyRvP\ - ß - ƒ
F∂nh thdn-´pw, hyRvP\ - ß- ƒ°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ i_vZ] - c
- a- mbn kam-\a - m-bh Hcp-an®pw a\- n-em-
°p-∂X - n\v CXv klm-bI - a- m-Wv. ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ Cu Adnhv {]k-‡a - s
- √-¶n-epw, kz\-]c- a- mb
KpW-ßsf Bkv]Z- a - m-°n-bmWv A£-ca - me Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬, D®m-cWw
hni-Zo-Ic - n-°m≥ Ffp-∏a - p-≠v. A£-cß - fpw i_vZh- p-am-bp≈ _‘w Dd-®p-In-´p-∂X - n\pw CXv klm-
b-Ia
- m-Wv. AtX ka-bw, Cu coXn AXy-[nIw bm{¥n-Ihpw hnc-kh - p-am-bn-Øo-cm≥ km[y-Xb - p-≈-
Xm-Wv). A£-c-am-e-bv°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ efn-X-am-b-Xn¬ \n∂v k¶o¿W-am-b-Xn-te°v F∂ {Ia-
Øn¬ A£-cß - sf Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv as‰mcp coXn. DZm: d c X \ F∂ {Iaw.
Bi-bm-h-X-cW coXn
a\»mkv{X-]-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmb\ A`y-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-coXn A\p-tbm-Py-
am-Wv. BibmhX-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ BZyw Ipń-Iƒ Imcy-ßƒ apgp-h-\mtbm hn]p-e-amb Xc-Øntem
kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw kq£va-amb Awi-ß-fn-te°v IS-°p-∂p. ÿqe-
Øn¬ \n∂v kq£va-Øn-te-°mWv ]Tn-Xm-hv \-bn°s∏Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ ka-{K-ambn
ImWm\pw a\- n-em-°m-\p-ap≈ hy‡n-bpsS Ign-hmWv Cu coXn-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
hmIy-k-aq-lw, hmIyw, ]Zw F∂o {Ia-Øn¬ A]-{K-Yn®v A£-c-ß-fn-te°v FØp-I-bmWv
sNøp-∂-Xv. A]-{K-Y-\-coXn (Analytical Method) bpsS Xe-amWv Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-co-Xn°v ASn-
ÿm-\w. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk Nn¥-I¿°pw hnZym-`ymk a\»mkv{X-⁄¿°pw Cu coXn-bmWv
kzoIm-cy-ambn ImWp-∂-Xv.
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{imhy-hm-b-\bpw au\-hm-b-\bpw : 123456789
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{imhy-hm-b\: A£-c-kv^p-S-X-tbmsS A¿Yw {Kln®v hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\v {imhy-hm-b\ D]-I-cn- 123456789
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°pw. hm°p-Ifpw hmIy-ßfpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn D®-cn-°p-I, A\p-tbm-Py-amb CuWhpw Du∂epw 123456789
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\¬IpI F∂n-h-sbms° ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m≥ {imhy-hm-b\ Gsd klm-bn-°p-∂p. {]kw-K-I-e-bn- 123456789
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te°v Ipńsb \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw `mhm-fl-I-amb {imhyhmb\ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Gsd kabw 123456789
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Dds° hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂Xv Cu coXn-bpsS {][m\ t]mcm-bva-bm-Wv. 123456789
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au\-hm-b\: Bi-b{- K-lW- Ø
- n-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ D]m-[n-bmWv au\-hm-b\
- . Bi-bhpw Nn¥bpw 123456789
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ChnsS H∂p-tN-cp-∂p. hmbn® `mK-ß-fpsS A¿Yw t\cn´v a\- n-se-Øp∂p F∂-XmWv {][m\ 123456789
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ta∑. apXn¿∂ ¢mkp-I-fn-se-Øp-tºmƒ au\hmb-\-bn¬ Ipń \n]p-W-\m-I-Ww. AXn-\p-XIpw 123456789
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hn[w Xmgv∂ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]cn-io-e\w e`n-°-Ww. 123456789
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ssPhhmb\ 123456789
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]et∏mgpw apXn¿∂h¿ AhcpsS Xm¬∏cyØn\\pkcn®mWv. hmb\ ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xv. 123456789
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kz¥w Bhiyßƒ°\pkcn®v hmbn°m\p≈ Ahkcw Hcp°ns°mSp°Ww. At∏mƒ 123456789
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hmb\tbmSp≈ IpńbpsS Xmev]cyw kzm`mhnIambn hf¿∂p hnIkn°p∂XpImWmw. 123456789
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Xpd∂ hmb\bv°v Ahkcw \¬Ip∂ ssPh]mTßfmWv CXn\mbn Hcpt°≠Xv.
Adnbp∂Xn¬\n∂v AdnbmØXnte°pw kz¥w kwkv I mcØn¬\n∂pw ]pXnb-
kwkvImcØnte°pw bm{XsNøm\p≈ Hcp ]mewt]mse ssPhhmb\ D]tbmK-s∏SpØmw.
hmb\m ]cn-io-e\w ˛ {]mtbm-KnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

ASn-ÿm\Xew: Ipń°v hmb-\-bn¬ Xm¬∏cyw DW¿Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn hnhn-[-Xcw {]h¿Ø-\-
ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Ipń-bpsS {]mbw, am\-kn-I-\n-e, Xm¬cy-ap≈ taJ-e-Iƒ
F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.
{]oss{]-adn Xew: Bdp-h-b phsc-bp≈ Ipń-I-fmWv Cu L´-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. t\cn-´p≈ A£-
c-hm-b\ Ahsc kw_-‘n®v Bim-ky-a-√. [mcmfw {]mKvhm-b\m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Cu L´-
Øn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xv.
$ Nn{X-hm-b\
$ {Iao-I-cn® Nn{X-ßsf IYm-cq-]-Øn-em-°p-I.
$ Nn{X-ß-fmbn {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ IY-Iƒ ]d™p tIƒ∏n-°¬.
$ IY-tIƒ°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v IYm-hm-b-\-bn-te°v Ipńsb \bn-°¬
$ A£-c-Nn-{X-ßƒ
$ A£-c-ß-fpsS Iú-´p-Iƒ
$ hm°p-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw tN¿∂p≈ IY-Iƒ
{]mY-anIXew: tIƒhn-bn¬ \n∂mWv Ipń°v hmbn-°m-\p≈ Xm¬∏cyw P\n-°p-∂-Xv. Ipń
tIƒ°m-\n-jvS-s∏-Sp∂ IY-Iƒ ˛ ]©-X{¥ IY-Iƒ, hn{I-am-ZnXy IY-Iƒ, lntXm-]-tZi IY-
Iƒ, _me-I-Y-Iƒ, tIƒ°m-\n-jvS-s∏-Sp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh ˛ A[ym-]-I-cn¬ \n∂pw
c£n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw tIƒ°m-\p≈ [mcmfw Ah-k-c-ßƒ Hcp-°-Ww.
39
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1234567890 {]mY-anI L´w Xocp-tºmƒ Ipń°v kzX{¥ hmb-\bv°v Ign-b-Ww. h¿Ø-am\∏{X-ßƒ, _me-
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am-kn-I-Iƒ, _me-]w-‡n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh kzX-{¥-ambn hmbn®v Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. IYm-
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1234567890 c-N\ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn \S-Øm\pw Aßs\ hmb-\-bn-te°v
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1234567890 Ipńsb \bn-°m\pw Ign-bpw.
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1234567890 IYm-]q-c-Ww, Bi-b-hn-]p-e-\w, hcn-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿°¬ XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]Tn-Xm-°-
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1234567890 fpsS hmb-\m-tijn hf¿Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
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1234567890 kvIqfn¬ HXp-ßp-∂-h-b-√. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ¢mkvXe {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hoń-te°pw hym]n-∏n-
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t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ipń-Iƒ°v CW-ßp∂ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS tiJcw hoń¬ Hcp-t°-≠Xpw Ah
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1234567890 {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-tI-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
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1234567890 Fensa‚dn ¢m pIfn¬ CØcw Nne hmb\m ]cnioe\ coXnIƒ Dƒs∏SpØmw.
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1234567890 $ kwbp‡hmb\
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$ "Atøm sX‰n' hmb\
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$ {Kq∏v hmb\
$ H‰bv°p≈ hmb\
$ ]qcn∏n®p hmb\
$ Hfn®ncn°p∂Xns\ Is≠Ø¬
$ F{Xh´w Bh¿Øn®p F∂v Is≠Ø¬
$ IYm]m{Xßsf am‰n hmbn°¬
$ At\ym\yw ]qcn∏n®p hmbn°¬
{Km^nIv doUnMv
\Sn-®p -hm-bn-°pI F∂Xv sNdnb Ipń-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. AΩ-bpsS Nn{Xw I≠v
AΩ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xpw, IYm-Nn-{X-ß-fn-eqsS IY ]d-bp-∂Xpw hońse ]{Xw amdp-tºmƒ
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xpw {Km^nIv hmb-\-bpsS BZy ]Sn-bm-Wv. Ipsd t]cn¬ \n∂pw kz¥w
t]cp Is≠-Øp-∂-Xpw, Ipń ]d-bp∂ ]Zw A[ym-]nI Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°p-
∂Xpw ]n∂oSv AXv Is≠Øn ImWn-°p-∂Xpw hmb-\-bpsS BZy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.
hmIy-ß-fnse i_vZ-bq-Wn‰pw AXns‚ enJnX cq]hpw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-ßfpw hmb\m ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Ipń°v e`n-°-Ww.
CØcw {]h¿Ø\ßƒ \SØp∂Xn\papºv ]pkvXIØnse Nn{Xßƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØnbp≈

Nn{Xhmb\ \SØp∂Xv Ipńsb hmb\bnte°p \bn°p∂Xn\v klmbIamIpw.
hmb\bn¬ Bib{KlWw Dd∏m°p∂ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ
hmb\sb t{]m’mln∏n°m\pw AXneqsS Bib{KlWw \S°p∂psh∂v Dd∏p hcpØm\pw
hmbn® `mKsØ Bkv]Zam°n Bib{]IS\Øn\p≈ \nch[n Ahkcßƒ Hcp°Ww
$ \mSImhnjvImcw $ tdmƒtπ
$ ssaanMv $ Nn{Xwhc
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? hnZymebØn¬ hmb\bv ° v {]m[m\yw \¬In \SØp∂ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ, 123456789
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teJ\w
`mjm-ss\]pWnI-fn¬ G‰hpw Ah-km-\-tØXpw k¶o¿Wamb-Xp-amb ss\]p-Wn-bmWv FgpØv
AYhm teJ-\w. ]Z-ßsf {]tXyI {Ia-Øn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-SpØn Hcp hmIy-ap-≠m-°p-
∂-Xn-\p-ff Ign-hmWv Fgp-Øv. A`y-k-\-Øn-eqsS am{Xw e`n-°p∂ Hcp `mjmss\]p-Wn-bmWv
Fgp-Øv. `mj Hcp hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. B hyh-ÿ-bnse Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fmWv i_vZhpw AXv
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ff en]n k{º-Zm-b-hpw. i_vZsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kam\kz`m-h-ap-f-f-
h-bmWv temI-Ønse F√m `mj-Ifpw. F∂m¬ en]n-bn¬ henb hyXymkw D≠p-Xm-\pw.
teJ\hnZy I≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXm-sS-bmWv hnZym-`ymk]c-ambn a\p-jy≥ ]ptcm-K-an®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
CXp-aq-ew, t\Snb Adnhv ]n≥X-e-ap-d-Iƒ°v th≠n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-bv°m≥ km[n-®p.
Bh-iy-Kp-Wß
- ƒ
$ `wKn, thK-X, hy‡-X, A\p-]m-X{- Iaw Ch-bmWv Fgp-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ {]tXy-IX
- Iƒ.
`wKn-bmbn Fgp-Xn-bm¬ t]mcm, thK-Xbpw Bh-iy-ap-≠v. ]cn-io-e\w sIm≠mWv CXp t\tS-
≠Xv. thKw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\v ssIbnse t]in-Iƒ hfsc thKw Nen-°-Ww. hy‡-X-bmWv Fgp-
Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ aq∂m-asØ KpWw. \mw Fgp-Xp-∂Xv A\y¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-
em-bn-cn-°-Ww. \mem-a-tØXv A\p-]m-X-{I-a-am-Wv. A£-c-ß-sf√mw Htc hep∏-Øn¬ Fgp-X-
Ww. A£-c-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb cq]-ßƒ hnIr-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSn-√. hcn-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff
AIew ]men-°-Ww.
teJ-\-Øn¬ Ic-N-e-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw
`mj-bnse a‰p aq∂p ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw t\Sn-b-Xn\p tijta Fgp-Øn-te°p IS-°m-hq. hnc-ep-I-
fpsS hyXy-kvX-amb Ne-\-ßƒ Dd-∏n-°p-I-bmWv BZyw th≠-Xv. Fgp-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-Ip∂
ssIbnse kq£v-a-t]-in-I-sfbpw ÿqet]in-I-sfbpw Nen-∏n-°m≥ {]m]vX-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬
Xe-ß-s\bpw hne-ß-s\bpw Dff hc-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v CjvS-ap-ff coXn-bn¬ hc-bv°m≥
Ah-kcw sImSp-°p-I-bmWv Fgp-Øns‚ BZy L´-Øn¬ sNtø-≠-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw \n›nX
BIr-Xn-Ifpw (hrØw, NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww) Ipń-Iƒ°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hc-bv°m-hp∂ Nn{X-ßfpw
41
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am‰m≥ Ign-bp∂ hn[-Øn-ep-≈ A£c-ßƒ BZyw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ipń-Iƒ°v ck-I-c-hpw, Ffp-
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1234567890 ]cpØ {]X-e-Øn-emWv BZyw A£-cm-`ymkw XpS-tß-≠-Xv. hnc¬ sIm≠v aWen¬ Fgp-Xp-
tºm-gp≠mIp∂ kv]¿ikwth-Z\w A£ccq]-sØbpw AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® Ic-N-e-\-sØbpw
a\- n¬ Dd-∏n-°p-tºmƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv a\»mkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw.
2. t_m¿Un-se-gpØv
aW-ense A`y-k-\-tØm-sSm∏w ZrV-amb hkvXp-hnepw FgpXn ]Tn--°-Ww. AXn-\mbn t_m¿Uv
D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. ZrV-amb hkvXp-hn¬ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ hnc-ep-Iƒ°pw ssIIƒ°pw A[nIw i‡n
Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp-∂p. ssI samØ-Øn¬ Nen-∏n®p thWw t_m¿Un¬ Fgp-Xm≥. Aß-s\-bm-
Ip-tºmƒ ssIbnse ÿqe t]in-Iƒs°m∏w kq£va t]in-Ifpw IqSn Nen-∏n-°m≥ t_m¿Un-
se-gpØv klm-bn-°p-∂p.
3. t…‰n-se-gpØv
ZrV-amb {]X-e-Øn¬ \n∂v an\p-k-amb {]X-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm-\p-ff XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂Xv t…‰n-
se-gp-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. A£-c-ßƒ hep-∏-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm-\m-h-iy-s∏-Smw.
4. IS-em- n-se-gpØv
t…‰n¬ FgpXn ]cn-io-en-®-Xn\v tijw am¿Zh-ap-ff IS-em- n-se-gp-Xn-°mw. thK-Øn¬ `wKn-
bmbn Fgp-Xm-\p-ff Ign-hmWv teJ-\m-`y-k-\-Øns‚ e£yw.
Fgp-Øp-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ
H∂mw ¢m ns‚ NpacpIƒ at\mlcamb Fgp-Øp-cq]ßfm¬ BI¿jIam°Ww. sshhn-[y-
am¿∂ kμ¿`-ßƒ Fgp-Øn-\mbn \¬tI≠--Xp≠v. Ch A¿Y-]q¿W-amb A\p-`-h-am-°n-
Øo¿°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
\¬Imhp∂ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ
$ Nn{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Bibw Is≠Øn ]Z-ßƒ, hmIy-ßƒ F∂nh FgpXm-\-h-k-cw
\¬I¬.
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$ icn-bmb Bte-J\{Iaw ]men®v A[ym-]nI Fgp-Xp-∂Xv ImWm≥ Ah-kchpw amXrI 123456789
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$ Nn{X-ßƒ, kz¥w A\p-`-h-ßƒ F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kzX-{¥-ambn Fgp-Øn-\p- 123456789
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ff Ah-k-cw \¬I¬. 123456789
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$ kzX-{¥-ambn k¿Km-flI cN-\-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p-ff Ah-k-cw \¬I¬. 123456789
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$ XpS-°-Øn¬ Fgp-Øns‚ hSn-hn\pw ]q¿W-Xbv°pw Aan-X-amb Du∂¬ \¬I-cp-Xv. AX- 123456789
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°p∂ ]Tn-Xmhv hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-I, Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I, hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I, Bi-b- 123456789
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sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bp≈ teJ-\-amWv as‰m-∂v. Ch c≠pw A\p-tbm-Py-ambn
GtIm-]n-∏n-°mw.
D≈-S-°hpw Ah-X-cW coXnbpw
Bi-b-]-c-amb D≈-S-°hpw Ah-X-c-W-co-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈ Xpe\w F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂
{]iv\w F√m teJ-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Db¿Øp-∂p-≠v. teJ-\-Øns‚ e£yw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-
am-W-t√m. AXn-\m¬ Hcp teJ-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb hiw AXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈
Bi-b-ß-fmWv F∂v ]d-bmw. AtX kabw ê-{]-Z-amb hn[-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-s√-¶n¬
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v XS- -ap-≠m-Imw. AXn-\m¬ Bi-b-ßƒ GXp coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p
F∂Xpw {][m-\-am-Wv. teJ\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ CXn¬ GXp LS-I-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬I-
W-sa∂v ap≥Iqń Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. Hmtcm teJ-\-Zu-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw kz`m-h-a-\p-k-
cn®v Xocp-am-\nt°≠ H∂mWv CXv.
{]mcw`L´-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb teJ\{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.
$ Hcp {]tXyI Imcyw sNøm-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Fgp-XpI (DZm: ]mN-I-°p-dn-∏v, Hdn-Kman
cq]-ßƒ D≠m-°p-I).
$ hy‡nK-X-amb A-\p-`-h-ßƒ
$ {]IrXn Zriy-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw
$ hy‡n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ hnh-cWw
$ IØp-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn Xbm-dm-°¬
$ tPmen-°p≈ At]£ Xbm-dm-°¬
$ am‰-ßƒ \n¿tZ-in-°¬ (DZm: kvIqƒ \S-Øn-∏n¬, {Sm^nIv \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬...)
$ hm¿Ø Xbm-dm-°pI
$
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d^-d≥kv
1. hnZym-`ymk ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ tIcf imkv{X- km-ln-Xy ]
- c- n-jØv
2. B[p-\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ tUm. sI.Fw. {]`m-Ic- h
- m-cy¿
3. `mjm-imkv{X {]th-inI ˛ tUm. C.hn.-F≥. \ºq-Xncn
4. hmb-\b
- psS temI-tØ°v kvt\l-]q¿hw ˛ ae-∏pdw Ub‰v {]kn-≤o-Ic- Ww
5. hnhn[ A[ym-]I klm-bn-Iƒ ˛
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- ß
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°ƒ sNøp-∂-Xv.
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IY- I - f n- s e- Ø m\pw IY- I - f n- e qsS
Ww, Hme-∏o-∏n, Cfw-Np-≠p-Iƒ, ]qX-
Nn{X-ß-fn-se-Øm\pw Ign-bp∂ cN-\m-
∏m- ´ v , Imt°- I m- t °, A°n- Ø -
hn-ti-jsØ Nn{X-I-Y-Iƒ F∂p-hn-fn-
Øns‚ Ipń- ° - h n- X - I ƒ Cßs\
°mw. 1970 Iƒ°p tijw Nn{X-I-Y-
_me-I-hn-X-I-fpsS \nc- \o-fp-∂p.
Iƒ ]qØp-e-™p. F√m taJ-e-bn-
sebpw H´p-an° IY-Ifpw Nn{X-I-Y-
I-fmbn _me-a-\- n¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®p.
lmkyw _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬
lmkyw _me- k m- l n- X y- Ø n¬ {]tbm- K n- ° p- t ºmƒ
{]tXyIw Hm¿t°-≠Xv ên-Xmwiw Xncn-®-dn™v ckn-
°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v km[n-°Ww F∂-Xm-Wv. Cßs\
Ipń-Isf IpSp-IpSm Nncn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp lmky-ta-Je
_me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-≠v.
49
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1234567890 at\m-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw Ipń-Ifpw s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\hpw
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1234567890 _me-km-ln-Xyhpw
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1234567890 s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w F¥mWv? F¥n-\mWv?
1234567890
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1234567890 imco-cnI hf¿®bv°v Blm-chpw hymbm-a-
1234567890 Hcp hy‡nsb Xs‚ Np‰p-ap-ff {]]-©-hp-
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1234567890 hpw Ah-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse am\-knI
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1234567890 ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ LS-Iß - f - psS Iq´-amWv
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hf¿®bv ° pw hy‡nXz hnIm- k - Ø n\pw
1234567890 s]mXp- h n- ⁄ m- \ w. ]uc- t _m- [ w, {]Ir-
1234567890 A\p-Kp-W-amb kml-N-cy-ßƒ thWw. Ah-
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1234567890 Xnkvt\lw, am\-hn-I-X, \oXn-\ymb t_m[w
1234567890 bn¬ {]ap-J-amb ÿm\w Ipń-I-fpsS ]mT-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 F∂nh Ipń-I-fn¬ hf¿∂p-h-c-Ww. Adn-
1234567890 ]p-kvX-I-ßƒ°pw Ah¿ hmbn-°p∂ B\p-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 hns‚ NnX- d nb \pdp- ß p- I ƒ XΩn- e p- f f
1234567890 Im-enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ°p-ap-≠v. Cu
1234567890
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1234567890 cwK-ØmWv _me-kmln-Xy-Øns‚ {]k‡n _‘w a\- n-em-°p-∂-XmWv ⁄m\-Øns‚
1234567890
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1234567890 G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu DZ-bw. AØcw Hcp DZ-b-Øn-te°v Ipcp∂p
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 a\- p-Isf \bn-°p∂ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw Zriy-
1234567890 taJ-e-bn¬ kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nnbpw Adnhpw
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1234567890
]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p∂Xnep]cn _p≤n-hn-Im-k- ˛-{imhy k©n-I-Ifpw in_n-c-ßfpw AS-ßp-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. H∏w Ipń-I- ∂-XmWv Cu taJ-e-bnse _me-km-ln-Xyw.
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 fn¬ amXr-Im-]-c-amb hy‡n-hn-Im-k-Øn-\p-
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 IqSn _me-km-lnXyw If-sam-cp-°-Ww.
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Ipń-If
- psS kn\n-abpw \mS-Ihpw
Ipń-Iƒ°v th≠n \n¿Ωn-°p∂ \mS-I-ßƒ°pw Ne-®n-{X-ßƒ°pw

hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw IqSn-bp-≠.v Ipń-Iƒ°v th≠n Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ \mS-I-ßƒ, kn\na F∂nh {]tXyI Icp-X-tem-sS-
bmWv Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-te°v th≠n kv{In]v‰v Fgp-Xp∂ kmln-
Xy-Im-c≥ Ipń-I-fp-ambn DcpΩn Pohn®v Ah-cpsS ckm-\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ
GtX-sX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-emWv Xfn-cn-´p-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v a\- n-em-
°n-bmWv cN\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. F¶nte hnP-bn-°q. Ipń-I-fpsS Iem-
hm-k\ hf¿Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Iem-]-c-amb hnhn-[-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kmt¶-
XnI sshKv[yw t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw CØcw _mekmlnXy CS-s]-S-ep-I-
fn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
$ IY, Ihn-X, Poh-N-cn-{Xw, imkv{Xw XpSßn km[m-cW KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ _me-km-ln-Xy-

ß-fp-ap-≠v. _me-km-ln-XysØ kº-∂a - m-°nb {]apJ kmln-Xy-Im-c\
- mb Ip™p-Æn-sbbpw
kvacn-°-Ww. _mekm-ln-XysØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw "Ip™pÆnssienbpw' "Ip™p-
Æn-bp-Khpw' D≠v. _mea-\- p-I-fpsS apgp-h≥ Bfl-ssN-X-\yhpw Bhm-ln-s®-SpØ ]hn-
{Xhpw Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-amb a\- n-\p-S-a-bm-W-t±-lw.
50
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_me-km-lnXyw Bt«-jn-°p∂ hyXykvX taJ-e-Iƒ 123456789
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Xmsg-∏-dbp∂ cq]-tc-J-bn¬ CXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. 123456789
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k¿K- km-lnXyw hn⁄m\ kmlnXyw 123456789
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hn⁄m\tImi-ßƒ hnh-c-
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(H‰°rXnbpw ]c-º-c-bpw)
\mS-Ihpw Xnc-°-Ybpw
- n-bXpw A√m-Ø-
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hnj-b-Nn-{Xo-I-cWw
- w)
d^-d≥kv IrXn-Iƒ
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hbp amb Nn{X-ßƒ

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(IYbpw t\mhepw)
Ne-®n-{X-{]-tabw
(Nn{Xw, i_vZt- e-J\
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Poh-N-cn{Xw
\nL-≠p-°ƒ,
]pkvX-I-ßƒ
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`mtj-Xcw
Bfl-IY
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IhnX
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KZyw
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ß-fS- ß
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(CXpk-a-{K-a√)
_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse `mj
hyXykvX {]mb-Øn-ep-ff Ipń-Iƒ°v, As√-¶n¬ hnhn[ ¢mkn¬ FØnb Ipń-Iƒ°v `mjm-
]-c-ambn GXv \ne-hm-c-ap-≠mIpw F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb [mcW D≠m-I-Ww. `mj-
bnse F√m Xe-ß-sfbpw Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏nepw kv]¿in-®p-sIm-≠m-hWw Cu \ne-hm-csØ
Is≠-Øm≥. A£-c-ßƒ, en]n, kwbp‡ hyRvP-\-ßƒ, ]Z-kw-ln-X, hmIy-L-S-\, ssien-
Iƒ F∂nh `mj-bpsS hnhn[ X´p-I-fn¬ GsXms° {Kln-®p-I-gn™p F∂pw C\n GsXms°
{Kln-°m-\p≠v F∂pw a\- n-em-°-Ww.
_mekm-ln-Xy-Ønse `mj ‘kwkm-c-`m-j-’tbmSv ASp-Øn-cn-°-Ww. AXv Ffp∏w XmZmflyw
{]m]n-°m≥ D]-I-cn-°pw. Ipń-I-fpsS `mj-bn¬ thWw Ipń-I-tfmSv kwkm-cn-°m≥. _me-km-
ln-Xy-Øn¬ AXXv \ne-hm-c-Ønse `mj-I-fn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√-Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS `mj ‘t\tchm
t\tct]m’ coXn-bn-ep-f-f-X-√; _nw_-k-ar-≤hpw NSp-ehpw Bbn-cn°pw B `mj. sNdnb Ipń-I-
fpsS IY-bn¬ ]Z-ßƒ Bh¿Øn-°pw. “ ]≠v ]≠v I¿Wm-SIw I¿Wm-SIw Fs∂mcp cmPyØv
PocIw PocIw Fs∂mcp hnØv \´p'' F∂n-ßs\. _me-km-lnXyØnse `mjbv°v s]mXpth
IrXyX thW-sa-∂n-√. IY-]-d-bp-tºmƒ Ipń-sb IY-bpsS `mK-am-°n-∏-d-bp-∂Xv Ah¿°v
Xm¬∏cyw h¿[n-∏n-°pw. AXp-t]mse kw`m-j-W-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Imw.
efn-X-amb BJym-\-coXn Bbn-cn-°Ww Ipń-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ D]tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv. A[nIw
{]bm-k-an-√m-ØXpw \s√mcp iX-am\w hsc eLp-hmb hnh-c-W-ßƒ DffXpw ITn-\-a-√mØ
]Z-ßƒ \nd-™-Xp-amb ssien-bmWv Ah¿ CjvS-s∏-Sp-I. ‘_¿¿’, ‘Tnw’, ªpw F∂n-ß-s\-bp-
ff i_vZ-_nw-_-ßfpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \ma-hn-ti-j-W-tØmSp IqSn-
b-Xm-bn-cn°pw (DZm:Ip™n-°q-\≥, amWn-Iy-°-√v, aμm-c-°p-cp-hn......) apXn¿∂-h-cpsS `mj-bn¬
D]-tbm-Kn°pw t]mse k¿h\m-a-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ “DÆo-S-®≥ DÆn-
s°¥m sIm≠p-h∂Xv”, “IÆ≥ IÆ‚-Ω-tbmSv ]nW-°am”, Cß-s\-bp-ff {]tbm-K-ß-fmWv
Ah¿°n-jvSw.
51
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1234567890 s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw h® `mj-bmWv Ipń-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ th≠-Xv. cmP-`m-j, cm£-k-
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`m-j, a{¥-hm-Zn-`m-j, Im´m-f-`mj F∂n-ßs\ hyXy-kvX -Ir-{Xna`mj-Iƒ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬
1234567890
1234567890 Bh-iy-am-Wv. ‘lmbv!’, ‘tM’?, ‘AºSm!’, ‘‚tΩm.......’ Cßs\ Nn”-ß-tfm-sSbpff `mjbpw
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1234567890 ‘]f-]f an∂p∂ ]´p-Ip-∏m-bw’, ‘sXfp-sXsf sXfn™ ]pg-sh≈w’ F∂n-ßs\ Bh¿Øn-°p∂
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1234567890 `mjbpw ‘ae-tbmfw Db-c-ap-ff cm£-k≥’, ‘Dcp-fn-t]m-ep-ff IpS-h-bdv’ F∂n-ßs\ AXn-i-
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1234567890 tbm‡n-`mjbpw _me-km-ln-XysØ Ipń-I-fpsS CjvS-ta-J-e-bm°nØo¿°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-
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b-an-√.
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1234567890 _me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ
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1234567890 sNdnb Ipń-Iƒ°v arK-ßfpw ]cn-NnXhkvXp-°fpw Pohn-Ifpw IYm]m{Xß-fm-Ip-∂X- mWv CjvSw.
1234567890
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1234567890 Ch-sc√mw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hbpw BI-Ww. arK-ßƒ°p-Xs∂ Akm-[m-c-W-Xz-ap-≠m-bm¬ Ipń-
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1234567890 Iƒ°v Gsd CjvS-am-Ipw. IÆn¬ \n∂v Xo ]mdp∂ IpXn-c, ]d-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ B\, hmep
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\ofp∂ Ipc-ß≥ XpS-ßnb hntijkz`m-h-ap-ff IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ _me-km-lnXyIrXn-I-fn¬
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1234567890 km[m-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. ]£n-Iƒ, arK-ßƒ, Ipń-Iƒ, Aeu-In-I-cmb tZh-∑m¿, cmPm-°-∑m¿, Acq-
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1234567890 ]n-Iƒ, AZr-iy¿, Hcw-Kpew am{X-ap-ff a\p-jy¿ Cßs\ \ofp∂q _me-km-lnXyIYm-]m-{X-
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1234567890 ßƒ. AXp-t]mse ]mh-°p-ń°pw πmhn-e-°m-fbv°pw sXmń-ense sIm®-\p-P\pw Hmtc ]cn-K-
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1234567890 W-\-bmWv Ipń-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ambn amdntbm IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ IqsS
k©-cnt®m BWv Ah¿ cN\ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.
]g-bI- m-es
- Øbpw AXns‚ {]uVn-sbbpw IY-If - n¬ ImWp-∂Xv Ipń-Iƒ°v CjvSam-W.v cmPm-hv,
{]`p, sIm´m-cw, cYw, aWn-am-fn-I Ch-sbms° CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. sIm®pa\p-jy¿ _me-
km-ln-Xy-Ønse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wv. \tc-{μ-\m-Yns‚ CØn-cn-°p-™\v F{X Bcm-[-
I-cm-Wv. kpPm-Xbpw Im´m-\-bpw, DÆn-°p-´\pw IY-I-fn-bpw, \ºq-cy-®\pw a{¥hpw XpSßn F{X-
Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sf-bp-amWv sIm®p-Ip-ń-Iƒ s\t©‰n emfn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse
\nc-h[n IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-f-f-Xv. AØcw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS
{kjvSm-°-sfbpw cN-\-I-sfbpw Is≠Øp-∂Xv ck-I-c-amb Hcp {]hrØn Bbn-cn-°pw.
tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

_me-km-ln-Xy-ta-J-ebv°v DW¿hpw IcpØpw ]I-cm≥ 1981˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ ÿm]-\-amWv
tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v. ChnsS \n∂mWv ae-bm-f-Ønse {]kn≤ _me-km-
ln-Xy-am-kn-I-bmb "Xfncv' {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ°mbn \nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ßfpw B\p-
Im-en-I-ßfpw tIcfk¿°m-cns‚ kmwkvIm-cnIhIp-∏n\v Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Cu ÿm]\w
{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. F´v hmey-ambn {]kn-≤oI-cn® _me-ssI-cfn hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-amWv C≥Ãn-
‰yq-ńs‚ apJykw-cw-`w. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ°v A\p-_-‘-ambn D]-cn-hm-b-\-bv°p-ff cN-\-Ifpw
{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. A£-c-ssI-c-fn, Z¿i-\-ssI-c-fn, Ncn-{X-ssI-c-fn, imkv{X-ssI-c-fn, hn⁄m-
\-ssI-cfn F∂n-ßs\ `n∂-]-c-º-c-I-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw IrXn-Iƒ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
{]kn-≤o-I-cn®v Ign™p. temI-¢m-kn-°p-I-fpsS ]p\-cm-Jym-\-ß-fmb hniz-ssIcfn ]c-ºc Gsd
{]kn-≤-am-Wv.
ae-bm-f-Ønse _me-km-lnXy cN-\sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n _me-km-lnXy ]pc-
kv°m-c-ßfpw Ipń-I-fn¬ hmb\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Xfncv hmb\ a’-chpw _me-
km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. kwÿm\ kmwkv°mcnI hIp∏v a{¥nbmWv CXns‚
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52
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Øn¬ Ah¿°v Hmtcm {]mb- ae-bmf kmln-Xyw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS
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53
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54
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1234567890 1. F¥mWv Ipń-If- psS kmlnXyw? FUn-‰¿-˛F
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1234567890 kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v \hw-_¿ ˛1983.
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1234567890 2. _me-km-lnXyw XØzhpw Ncn-{Xhpw FUn-‰¿-˛tUm:Ipcymkv Ipº-f°
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3. _me-hn-⁄m\ kmln-Xy-cN
- \ ˛ ]me.-sI.-Fw.-amXyp
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2004
4. Ipń-If- psS a\ pw _me-km-ln-Xyhpw ˛tUm:{]`m-Ic- ≥ ]g»n
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2018
5. F\n°v G‰hpw CjvSs- ∏´ _me-km-lnXy IrXn ˛No^v FUn-‰¿-˛k
- n.-Pn.-im-¥I
- p-am¿
kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
6. ae-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L´- ß
- f- n-eq-sS-˛s- {]m-^.-Fc- p-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-ff
Id‚v _pIvkv 2006
7. kºq¿W ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Nc- n-{Xw-˛F
- U
- n-‰¿ s{]m^.-]∑
- \ cma-N{- μ≥\m-b¿
Id‚v _pIvkv 2008
***********
56

Untπma C≥ Fen-Sa‚Dn Fpyp-T°-J≥: D.El.Ed

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Untπma C≥ Fen-Sa‚Dn Fpyp-T°-J≥: D.El.Ed

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Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥

DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

5. {io. APn. Un.]n

1. tUm. Fw.F. kp[o¿

1. tUm. tPmfn. Fkv

bqWn‰v 4 ˛ Ip´nIfpsS kmlnXyw

bqWn‰v 2 ˛ \ΩpsS `mj˛ Ihn-Xbpw Ihn-Xm-t_m-[-\hpw

bqWn‰v 3 ˛ \ΩpsS `mj ˛ KZyhpw KZy-t_m-[\

bqWn‰v 4 ˛ Iebpw kmlnXyhpw

bqWn‰v 2 ˛ `mjm]T\Øns‚ Bcw`w

bqWn‰v 3 ˛ `mjWhpw hmb\bpw

bqWn‰v 4 ˛ Ip´nIfpsS kmlnXyw

\mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ Xmf-an´p ]mSp-tºmƒ hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ {][m-\-am-W-t√m. hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ Xmf-

sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´hbmWv ]Wn-∏m-´p-Iƒ. sXmgn-ens‚ Bbmkw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n

\y-h-¬°-cn-°pI hgn-bmWv hnime kμ¿`-Øn-te-s°-Øp-∂-Xv.

DZm: ‘]q®v sXfn-bpI’

]´nIIƒ ]cntim[n®v DZmlcWßƒ Is≠Ønbpw hniIe\w sNbvXpw inip`mjm hnIk\w

D®mcWhpw `mjW sshIeyhpw˛N¿®m kqNIßƒ

1. ]√p-Iƒ 2. Du\v 3. Np≠p-Iƒ 4. \mkm-Zzmcw

i_v Z w ]pds∏Sphn°m≥ klmbn°p∂ Ahbhßsf°pdn®pw AhbpsS {]h¿Ø\-

Ipń kwkmcn°p∂Xv AhfpsS hońepw \mńepap≈ `mjbmWv. AXv kwkmcn°p∂Xn\mWv

`mjbpw Nn¥bpw XΩnep≈ IqSnt®c¬

2. Po≥ ]nbmsj (Jean Piaget)

""`mj B¿Pn-°m\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm-\p-ap≈ P∑-kn-≤-amb Ignhv a\p-jy-\p≠v.

$ H∂v, c≠v ¢m pIfnse A[ym]I klmbnbn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ Cu hcnIƒ Fs¥√mw

$ Cßs\ kzm`mhnIambn Ip´n `mj kzmbØam°pIbpw kzX{¥`mjWw \SØpIbpw

£X {]I-S-am-°n-bn-´ps≠-¶nepw `mj Fßs\ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂ t_m[-]q¿h-amb a\-

tIƒhnbpw ]d-®nepw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≠v. ]d-bp-∂-XmWv hmb-\-bpsS BZy-]-Sn. hmbn®p ]cn-N-

IpSp_mwKßtfmSpw Iq´pImtcmSpw, ho´nseØp∂ a‰p≈htcmSpw ]e kμ¿`ßfn¬

hmb\m ]cn-io-e\w ˛ {]mtbm-KnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

CØcw {]h¿Ø\ßƒ \SØp∂Xn\papºv ]pkvXIØnse Nn{Xßƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØnbp≈

IY-Iƒ Nn{X-cq-]-Øn¬ hcnI F∂p-

Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n \n¿Ωn-°p∂ \mS-I-ßƒ°pw Ne-®n-{X-ßƒ°pw

$ IY, Ihn-X, Poh-N-cn-{Xw, imkv{Xw XpSßn km[m-cW KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ _me-km-ln-Xy-

hbp amb Nn{X-ßƒ

tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

_me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ¢mkv dqw km[y-X-Iƒ

ae-bm-f-Ønse {]apJ Zn\-∏-{X-ßƒ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-\mbn {]tXyIw t]Pp-Iƒ Xs∂ am‰n

(]q¿W-a-√. CXp-t]mse At\Iw

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