Предел отношения многочленов

0, n  m

an x n + ... + a1 x + a0    :на старшую степень х  an
a= lim
x → b x m + ... + b x + b
= 

=  ,n = m
m 1 0  bm
, n>m
an x n + ... + a1 x + a0  0  :на ( х −a )
a lim =  =
x →a b x m + ... + b x + b
m 1 0 0

Замена переменной
lim f ( g ( x ) ) = t = g ( x ) ⎯⎯⎯
x →a
→ b  = lim f ( t )
x →a t →b

Замечательные пределы
sin x tg x arcsin x arctg x
I-ый lim =1 lim =1 lim =1 lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
ln (1 + x ) ex −1
x
 1 1
II-ой lim 1 +  = e lim (1 + x ) x = e lim =1 lim =1
x →
 x x →0 x →0 x x →0 x

Эквивалентность бесконечно малых

→0
sin  
tg  
arcsin  
arctg  
2
1 − cos 
2
ln (1+  ) 

log a (1 +  )
ln a
e − 1 
a − 1  ln a
(1 +  ) − 1 n
n


n
1+  −1
n
Односторонние пределы

lim f ( x ) =  x → a и x  a 
x →a − 0

lim f ( x ) =  x → a и x  a 
x →a + 0

lim f ( x ) = b  lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = b

x →a x →a − 0 x →a + 0

lim f ( x ) не существует  lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )

x →a x →a − 0 x →a + 0
 f ( x) f ( x) f (u ( x )) ( f (u ( x )))
1. С 0 - -
2. kx + b k k  u ( x) + b k  u ( x )

(u ( x ))  (u ( x ))
 −1
3. x x−1  u ( x )

(u ( x )) 2u ( x )  u ( x )
2
4. x2 2x
1 1 1 u ( x )
− −
u ( x)
5.
x x2 u2 ( x)
1 u ( x )
6. x u ( x)
2 x 2 u ( x)
7. sin x cos x sin ( u ( x ) ) cos ( u ( x ) )  u ( x )
8. cos x − sin x cos ( u ( x ) ) − sin ( u ( x ) )  u ( x )
u ( x )
tg ( u ( x ) )
1
tg x
cos 2 ( u ( x ) )
9.
cos 2 x
u ( x )
ctg ( u ( x ) )
1
ctg x − −
sin 2 ( u ( x ) )
10.
sin 2 x
ln a  u ( x )
u( x) u( x)
11. ax a x ln a a a
 u ( x )
u( x) u( x)
12. ex ex e e
1 u ( x )
13. log a x log a u ( x )
x ln a u ( x ) ln a
u ( x )
ln u ( x )
1
14. ln x
x u ( x)
1 u ( x )
15. arcsin x arcsin u ( x )
1 − (u ( x ))
2
1 − x2

1 u ( x )
16. arccos x − arccos u ( x ) −
1 − (u ( x ))
2
1 − x2
u ( x )
arctg u ( x )
1
arctg x
1 + (u ( x ))
17. 2
1 + x2

1 u ( x )
arcctg x − arcctg u ( x ) −
1 + (u ( x ))
18. 2
1 + x2