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A. Charron and R. M. Harrison, «Primary Particle Formation from Vehicle Emissions )2 (
during Exhaust Dilution in the Roadside Atmosphere,» Atmospheric Environment, vol. 37 (2003),
pp. 4109-4119.
J. P. Shi [et al.], «Sources and Concentration of Nanoparticles (<10 nm diameter) in the )3 (
Urban Atmosphere,» Atmoshperic Environment, vol. 35 (2001), pp. 1193-1202.

D. W. Pope [et al.], «An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six US Cities,» )4 (
New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 329 (1993), pp. 1753-1759.
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Climate,» Royal Meteorological Society Quarterly Journal, vol. 64 (1938), pp. 223-240.
26
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HPvvF )vvzvvf IQOvvtvvy G Y (vv\(vv}vvyG %
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S. W. Matthews, «What's Happening to our Climate?,» National Geographic, vol. 150 (1976), )7(
pp. 5576-5615.
S. Schneider and L. E. Mesirow, The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival (New York: )8(
First Delta, 1977).
L. Ponte, The Cooling Has the Next Ice Age Already Begun? Can we Survive it? (New York: )9 (
Prentice Hall, 1975).
27
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,(Barbra Streisand) Ov 9vTv GQvAvS GQv<Q9v<h ,(Robert Redford) OQ ! * (vpOQ JQv<hQ {vDv|
dB >vvv $ Ph .VGQvvvgvvvAvvvS:G e (vvvGvvv! #vvv| +

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1977).
R. A. Kerr, «Pushing the Scary Side of Global Warming,» Science, vol. 316 (2007), pp. 1412- )11(
1415.
R. S. Lindzen, «Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific )12 (
Consensus,» Proceedings of the OPEC Seminar on the Environment, 13-15 April 1992 (1992).
28
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29
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C. R. De Freitas, «Are Observed Changes in the Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the )14 (
Atmosphere Really Dangerous?,» Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 50 (2002), pp. 297-327.
S. Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery, Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years )15 (
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Christopher Booker and Richard North, Scared to Death: From BSE to Global Warming: How )16(
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P. J. Michaels and P. C. Knappenburger, «Human Effects on Global Climate,» Nature, )18 (
vol. 384 (1996), pp. 522-523.
Wall Street Journal (11 June 1996). )19 (
Wall Street Journal (12 June 1996). )20 (
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M. Parry [et al.], «Adapting to the Inevitable,» Nature, vol. 395 (1998), doi: 10.1038/27316. )21 (
Br D. Bray and H. von Storch, «Climate Science: An Empirical Example of Postnormal )22 (
Sscience,» Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 80 (1999), pp. 439-456.
D. Holland, «Bias and Concealment in the IPCC Process: The «Hockey Stick» Affair and its )23 (
Implications,» Energy and Environment, vol. 18 (2007), pp. 951-983.
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Indur M. Goklany, The Improving State of the World: Why We're Living Longer, Healthier, More )26(
Comfortable Lives on a Cleaner Planet (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2007).
Stephen Moore and Julian Simon, It's Getting Better all the Time: 100 Greatest Trends of the )27 (
20th Century (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2000).

Julian L. Simon, Population Matters: People, Resources, Ennvironment and Immigration (New )28 (
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993).
B. Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Rreal State of the World )29 (
(Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
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Comfortable Lives on a Cleaner Planet (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2007).
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È rnqvist, [et al.], «Response of the Rhine-Meuse System (West-Central Netherlands) to the )70 (
Last Quaternary Glacio-eustatic Cycles; FIRST Assessment,» Global and Planetary Change, vol. 27
(2000), pp. 89-111.
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M. R. Rampino, and S. Self, «Volcanic Winter and Accelerated Glaciations Following the )72 (
Toba Super Eruption,» Nature, vol. 359 (1992), pp. 50-52.

N. Mikkelsen and A. Kuijpers, «The Climate System and Climate Variations,» Geological )73 (
Survey of Denmark and Greenland (2001).

M. L. Filippi, and M. R. Talbot, «The Palaeolimnology of Northern Lake Malawi Over the )74 (
Last 25 ka Based on the Elemental and Stable Isotopic Composition of Sedimentary Organic Material,»
Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 24 (2005), pp. 1303-1328.

From: D. Simberloff, «Flagships, Umbrellas, and Keystones: Is Single-Species Management )75 (
Passe in the Landscape Era,» Biological Conservation, vol. 83 (1998), pp. 247-257.
55
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Northwestern Russia Derived from a Multidisciplinary Study of a Lake-Sediment Sequence from
Pichozero, Southeastern Russian Karelia,» The Holocene, vol. 14 (2004), pp. 732-746.
U. C. Mu
È ller [et al.], «Cyclic Climate Fluctuations during the Last Interglacial in Central )77 (
Europe,» Geology, vol. 33 (2005), pp. 449-452.
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Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation over the Last 110,000 Years,» Journal of Geophysical Research,
vol. 102 (1997), pp. 26345-26366.
P. A. Mayewski [et al.], «Changes in Atmospheric Circulation and Ocean ice Over the North )79 (
Atlantic during the Last 41,000,» Science, vol. 263 (1994), pp. 1747-1751.
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!
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)212 (
Bv v s v Av yG MQv Av tv h . O;v v }v yG {v =v s 800 e9v f hv Qv S
+
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W9v vWv v v vy9v v< hv vpO Ov vs OGQv vAv v<:G G Pv v $ fC ,vv}vvy9vvgvvyGh
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)214 (
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)216 ( )215 (
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)217 (
H Uv tv av yG J;v Gv S Qv v dv @h . e 9v }v | Qv v Dv wv < 300
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Qvvavv}vvy 9vv< f6G ?vvtvvavv vv}vvyG hvvAvv}vvAvv@
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e 9v f )vyE 1400 e9v f #v| hv zv av y G Q9v =v i OGOv fC [v s9v v @ Uv wv gv h " * .O;v +v }v yG {v =v s 975 e9v f
{v v=v vs 1700 e9v vf hv vzv vav vzv vy )vv!OC + ! + +

H9v v v vTv v G hv v| Qv v v vjv vZv vyG jOv v v vzv vGv vyG Qv vZv vgv vyG ?v v v v}v v v v " +$ 1860
.)1750 vvvvv 1645 ( (Maunder minimum) QvvvvvjvvvvvY }G !

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QGQv Av I:G (v $ xv yP f9v vh ,e .H 450 e9v f )vyE +

O;v v }v y G {v =v s 450 e 9v f #v | +
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d9v v}v vV d9v v=v vF #vv|h ,?v v Ov v * *(vvTvvyG !

(Lapland) Ov v ;v v<: ?v vtv vav v v v| " #vv| JPv vLC J9v v 9v v v v< hv v| !+
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Climate in the Ross Sea,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 103 (2006), pp. 10213-
10217.
David Keys, Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World (London: )223 (
Century, 1999).
M. G. L. Baillie, «Dendrochronology Raises Questions about the AD 536 Dust-Veil )224 (
Event,» The Holocene, vol. 4 (1994), pp. 212-217.
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D. Maas, John Lydus and the Roman Past: Antiquarianism and Politics in the Age of Justinian )226 (
(London: Routledge, 1992).
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*(vv"vvTvvyG }G + ! " ,vvp (

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?vv Q9vvGvvV J9vvtvvzvvJvvy 9vv vvp9vv Ovv vvwvvSG J9vvSGQO dOvv@h . ?vv}vvzvvdvv}vvy G Q vvZvvgvvyG
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)231 (
JQvvv vvvc Ch . VQvvvgvvvyG W Q9vvvGvvvV W BvvvZvvvs9vvv vvv@h
C. Mango, Byzantium, the Empire of New Rome (New York: Scribner, 1980). )227 (
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J. J. Blackford and F. M. Chambers, «Proxy Records of Climate from Blanket Mires: )229 (
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84
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* ( #v wvvyh
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+
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k
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,vv}vvy9vvf ,vv!(vvv " * ! +

)236 ()235 (
, QGQvvAvvIG ?vv vv|RC d;vvL 9vv 9vv}vvy G IQ9vv]vvI Bvv}vv Ovvtvvy . ?vv vvTvv}vvWvvyG
+%!
I Q9vv]vvI Q9vv vv vv G fE d (vvtvv@ J9vvI GQvvAvvsG ?vv}vvC .,vv}vvy9vvf OGQvvAvv<G I QvvAvvp d;vvL 9vv vv vvzvvf %+ ,vv]vvsh
* #vwvyh ! ,vp + #v| ! 9v*9v}vyG
)237 (
9v 9v }v yG IQ9v ]v I JQv tv Av pG 9v }v y 9v _ , AGPv jv yG e 9v dv JGQv v jv @ Hv Av
+
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?v}vzvdv}vy G Q vZvgvy G Bv 9vv !
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q
+
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fOvvv}vvvyG Q9vvv vvv vvv G >vvv=vvvS jPvvvyG &vvv@GP a9vvvqvvvGvvvyG (vvv$ GPvvv $h .{vvv*(vvv_
,vp + $ ,vp " #vf &vAvzvGvS )vavS(vyG

)238 (
Bv =v v Av yG H9v ]v Ev Mv y G J9v gv tv v Av Tv | J9v SGQO 9v }v v .
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. ?" S 210 9 7O| ,AyG (De Vries-Suess solar cycle) U*(S-U*Qp jO ?+T}WyG IQhOyG )235(
D. A. Hodell [et al.], «Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya Lowlands,» )236 (
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L. E. Wright and C. D. White, «Human Biology in the Classic Maya Collapse: Evidence )237 (
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85
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S. M. Garn and W. R. Leonard, «What Did our Ancestors Eat?» Nutrition Reviews, vol. 47 )323(
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W. Behringer, «Climate Change and Witch-Hunting. The Impact of the Little Ice Age on )324 (
Mentalities,» History Department, the University of York <http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/hist/staff/
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Nunn, Climate, Environment and Society in the Pacific during the Last Millennium. )336 (
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I. D. Campbell and J. H. McAnrews, «Forest Disequilibrium Caused by Rapid Little Ice )343 (

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uvvzvvJvv@ JGQvvF9vv_ J9vvS9vv vvs JQvv vvcC Ovvtvvp ,9vv vvSOvvI gQ vvZvvAvv % " ( *
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+
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, bvvvtv vp ,vvvFQ9vvvMvvyG A9vvv]vvvqvvvyG ,vvvp {v vwv vWvvvAvvv * fC &vvv"vvvwvv}vvv* Qvv+vvvdvvv! (vv$h ,3 (He ) e
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+ +
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(+ +% +"
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,vvvTvvv}vvvWvvvyG " (vvv+vvvzvvv+vvv$ * }G
3 )409 ( )408 ( )407 ()406 (
(He ) e9vvvdvvv vvvyG e ^vvvgvvv< HQvvvTvvvAvvv h 9vvv}vvvv . VQ
Y9vvvs ,vvvp ( "

?vvvyh9vvvavvvAvvv}vvvy G JGA vvvAvvv vvvyG Ovvv vvvf " ,vvvTvvv+vvvFQ {vvvwvvvWvvv<h ,VQ }G uvvv}vvvf #vvv| ,vvvzvvvY}G
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?v v @6G Q9v =v jv yG J9v }v v Tv F fE + .(v Gv yG Q9v =v i J9v }v v Tv F + ,vp &vY9vZvAv|G #vwv}v*h +
, bv v Jv }v yG
.f9vvTvv! G SCQ QvvgvvV Qvvavvs #vv| ?vv8vv}vvyG ,vvp OvvIGh (vvJvv! kvvzvv=vv@ VQ }G )vvyE A9vv]vvqvvyG #vv|
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, Q9vvv=vvvjvvvy G J9vvvp9vvv\E >vvv=vvvTvvv< #vvv|RvvvyG ?vvv*GOvvv< " &vvvAvvvzvvvAvvvv ,vvvp
Pvvv vvv| OGORvvv * VQ }G (
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! %Wy Gh
)410 (
. J 9= P }yG h >
+ " +
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k
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e 9vdv vyG hvavtvy
k
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OGORvv vvp , ,vvTvv+vvavv"vvjvv}vvyG Uvv}vvWvvy G d9vvGvv}vv< GOvvF QvvC vvAvv z * "
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I Ovvv OvvvV ?vvv Q9vvv=vvvjvvvyG J9vvv}vvv vvvTvvvGvvvyG g Pvvv e O9vvvZvvv@ KOvvvJvvv h . W9vvvWvvv vvvy G LhC
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. Q 9=j yG J 9 } TF + #| GO R| f * (w Ay J9 = P}yG h >! %W yGh J9 = w *( wyG h | ?f QTyG
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e 9v vdv v v vyG {v vLG O #vv| Q9v v=v vjv vzv vy Qv vLB QOv vZv v| ,vv@zvv*
e GRvvJvvyGh Uvv}vvWvvyG #vv+vv< +
~vv vvjvvy G GPvv $ *
hvvtvv h .LhQvv=vvyG *
IQvvFGO Q9vv=vvi ~vv OvvS {vvLGO Uvv}vvWvvyG
J9vvv=vvvwvvv *(vvvwvvvyGh (
>vvvvG vvvwvvvy G Qvvv}vvv@h .QvvvAvvv+vvv<(vvvFh Nvvv*Qvvv}vvvyG #vvv+vvv< , J9vvv=vvvwvvv *(vvvwvvvzvvvy +
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f (v +v zv | 2.5 #v | Qv Dv vC c9v v " $h .LhQv =v yG *

jQv FGO ~v Ov Tv y G d;v L #v | %
>v v Wv yG J9v <9v v Tv Gh + !
,T +FQ ,$ h ,T }Wy G " ,p !
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. Q 9= jzy QOZ | e9 d yG > P|
)vyE ?vp9v\ +
9v<( Q9v=vjvyG J9v}v vTvF fE ?Q9v=vjvyG #v| +
?vzv vzvs Qv O9vtv| * #v| uvzvtvyG GP9v}vzvp
g OQv@ Ev vI + ,vTv}vWvyG Y9v gvV G Uv wvgv @ j (vGvyG a;vjv yG ,vp +

)Ov vzvGv yGh A9v}v yG JGQv vav s +
I QvAvp f Eh .A9v}vyG +
JGQv vavtvy rvC9vwv@ Rvv GQv| ,v$ Q9v=vjvy G J9v}v vTvF fE 9v}vv + .A9v]vqvyG )vyE
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Qv v v v=v vv ,vv!9vvvQvv< ! #vv|
Q9v vGv vqv v G " +
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(Vesuvius) S vvvv vvvvp vvvvTvvvvp ,1883 ,(Krakatoa) G vvvv@9vvvvv GQvvvvv ,d9vvvvDvvvv}vvvvyG {vvvv vvvv=vvvvS ( + )vvvvzvvvvf(
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k k
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9v]v C rv v]v + * &v"vwvyh ,>vTvJvp (vGvyG )vyE GQ9v=vi rv v]v + * :h .Q9vWvAv!:G hvSGhh hvavtvAv|
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( * &"w }* +*
)414 (
. >v wy G O Q = fC (Sulphate aerosols) 9 A Q=v G PG PQ
+
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?v v dv Wv @ h ?v v Tv }v Wv y G M 9v Qv y G I v s >v Tv Jv <h ,IQv Gv }v yG YGQP {v L GO ,vTv}vWvyG "
e 9v dv v yG hv s (v|
>vvavvtvvy G HvvzvvC ,vvph Ovv!;vv"vv*Qvvi Ovv+vvzvvF ,vvp j (vvGvvyG Q9vv=vvjvvyG #vv+vv< ?vvs;vvf c9vv vv " $h .J9vv=vv!Pvv}vvyG
* + + }G ,v<(v"vGvyG
)416 ( )415 (
. e9v f 100000 {v v ?v QhO JGQv v jv @ hv | I Qv v L e 9v f 420000 d;v L
" #v +v< $Ov|C %

)417 (
. OQ9v =v y G N9v v }v yGh Q9v =v jv yG e9v f 800000 9v ?v s;v f KOv IC J9v SGQO JQv v cC
* !
9vv Ovv 9vvwvvS vv vvp ( " ,vvp ,vvy9vv}vvWvvyG >vvavvtvvyG ,vvp ?vv*(vv"vvTvvyG Q9vvGvvV }G J9vvtvvzvvI J9vvS GQO Bvv vv vv<h "+
"
~vGv vyG Q9v=vi ,vp a;vAvL: G #v+v< (
?vs;vf O vFh fC (Arctic of Fennoscandia) 9v Qv v=v vSh * ++
k
,vavgv@h }G (v}v!h ,vTv}vWvyG " ,vTv}vWvyG " ,vp
)418 (
9v|9vf 22 IQhO . Q9vGvV W 9vWv vyGh , e9vdv vyG
k
b Qv Av Mv v y + ,v}vGv"vyG Q9v =v jv y G # *
v | Ov Rv }v y I Pv p9v ! ,vTv}vWvyG ,vTv+vav"vjv}vyG d9v Gv }v y G J9v S 9v wv gv : !
.VQ } G )z f ,}G" yG Q 9=j yG #| O*G RA| b s 9T @ c9 "$h +
, ? T} WyG J 9f 9 pOyG
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A9v v=vy I Ov vF+ #vv9v|C ?v*Ov+vzvGvyG KvF9vqvZvyG fE
k
! "*
>vvvavvvtvvvyGh Ovvv ;vvv vvv Qvvvi Ovvv vvvzvvvF >vvvy+ ,vvvp 9vvv]vvv C * &vvvp9vvvWvvvAvvvvG #vvvwvvv}vvv* (1850 - 1280) Qvvv vvvjvvvZvvvyG +
Q (vvvZvvvgvvvyG QG QvvvAvvvIG ,vvvp {vvvsC jQvvvJvvv< PG PQh {vvvsC ,vvv\QC "$
Q9vvv=vvvi c9vvv vvv f 9vvvvh .,vvv<(vvv"vvvGvvvyG
>v y Qv v dv h % * .Qv +v jv Zv yG +
jOv v zv Gv yG Qv Zv gv yG ,v p c 9v v "$ f9v v 9v }v | )1300 vvvvv 900( )v av S(v yG
,vp * *
Q9v=vjvyG Ov Rv h .OQv<C "
N9v v}vyG f9vv , (vGvyG ,vp QvDvvC Q9v=vi c9v v "$ f9vv 9v}vzvv &v!C Ov+vzvGvyG
q
#vv+vv< 9vv| JGQvvAvvqvvyG ,vvp (vvGvvyG ,vvp O(vvF(vv| (vv$ 9vv}vvf IQvv| #vv+vvTvv}vvL ?vv*OvvzvvGvvAvvyG ahQvvdvvyG
*
)419 (
. ? OzG AyG
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QGQvAvI:G HvAv v "* ~vy h .Q9v=vjvyG #v| Ov*Rv|h QvDvvC QvJvZv@ xvyP #v| HvAv v h "* .IQv+vtvp ?v+v@9v=v! +
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9v }v | )v zv fC #vv*Qv Wv gv yG f Qv tvvyG ,vvp ,v <(v "v Gv yG >v avvtv y G Ov v zv F + ,vvp ?v *Q9v =v jv yG J9vv=v SQv Av yG Bv 9v v h !
9v | )vzvf I Qv | #v+vC;vC Ov*Rv* Q9v =v jv y G i (vAvJv| dGRv * :h .Qv Wv f hv S9vAv yG fQv tv yG ,vp &v+vzvf !
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(vvGvvyG ,vvp ,vv\Q}G ! * " }G ,vvp &vv+vvzvvf

)420 (
Q9vv=vvjvvyG A9vvtvv< I Ovv| Bvv 9vvv 9vv}vvyh . ?vv OvvzvvGvvAvvy G ?vv vv|R f9vvv
)vvzvvf OvvI Gh Q9vvGvvqvv G ! #vv| "

N 9vv vv}vvyG ,vvp QvvC vv|* fC ,vv\QC ,vv!9vvvQvv< Q9vv=vvjvvy #vvwvv}vv* ;vvp ,IQvv vvZvvs +
#v+vvGQv< I Ovf #v| *
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,9v =v Qv tvv@ Ov IGh Bv s h ,vvp
+"+!
15 J9v v v v 9v}vDvyG ,vp f9vv h .1963 e9vf ?vC ;vC 9v v vp 9v}v< , %+ #v*QvWvgvyG fQvtvyG J9v v v vAvS +"+ ,vp
k k
.N9 "}y G Q +j@ R + q JAy ? + p9v gP $ #w@ ~yh .1983 e9f 9 %" | ?C ;C ,GQ =v GQ 9 Gq G+ !
{vvv}vvvAvvvJvvv| KvvvVQvvv| (vvvGvvvyG )vvvyE VQ }G LQ9vvvL #vvv| + !

Qvvv}vvvAvvvTvvv}vvvy G Q9vvv=vvvjvvvy G H9vvv vvvTvvv G fE
#vvwvvyh ,bvvtvvp LhQvv=vvyG I QvvFGO Q9vv=vvi ~vv OvvS * #vv| Q9vv=vvjvvyG GPvv $ ,vv@zvv* :h .VQ }G OGQvvAvv<:
k k
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JGQhO uv vpG (vvAvv@h .VQ } G (vvF ,vvp Q9v v=v vi )vvyE f (vvy(vvJvvAvv*h f (vvsQvvAvvJvv* QGhRv vyG A : |vv%vvp
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? =y zy G Y QP } Gh HzD yG JGQ v
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141
Kv =v YC +
rv v v : ,v$ *
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C. A. Perry and K. J. Hsu, «Geophysical, Archaeological and Historical Evidence Support )684 (
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Z. -S. Kin and S. Xian, «Multi-Scale Analysis of Global Temperature Changes and Trends )688 (
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pp. 115-121.
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J. L. Kirschvink, A. T. Maine and H. Vali, «Palaeomagnetic Evidence Supports a Low )713 (
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A. Lazcano, «The RNA World, its Predecessors, and its Descendents,» in: Early Life on )714 (
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D. Raup, Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991). )729 (
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M. T. Rosing, «C-13 Depleted Carbon Microparticles in> 3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary )731 (
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(1997), pp. 259-262.
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220
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G. E. Williams, «Precambrian Permafrost Horizons as Indicators of Palaeolimate,» )793 (
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JQv}vAvSG ?v8vpGO ?v Ov vzvF * + #v+v< 9v| ?vzvAv=v| ahQvc )vyE hvFQ ~vC ,{v *(v_ OvzvGv@ )vyE 9v$Ovgv<
.e 9f f (+ z| 420 vvvvv 450 { =s j ( !9 C O zG@ A ,G | { =s #+"T yG #| #+*;}y G J 98|
)e 9v f f (v +v zv | 730 )v yG(v I {v =v s( (Sturtian Qlaciation) y ,v @Q(v Av Tv yG Ov zv Gv Av yGz f9v v
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222
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Y. Godderis [et al.], «The Sturtian «Snowball» Glaciation: Fire and Ice,» Earth and )803 (
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223
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60
K. Knie [et al.], « Fe Anomaly in Deep-Sea Manganese Crust and Iimplications for a )805 (
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P. Goldreich, «History of the Lunar Orbit,» Reviews in Geophysics, vol. 4 (1966), pp. 411- )808 (
439.
G. E. Willimas, «Precambrian Tidal and Glacial Eustatic Clastic Deposits: Implications )809 (
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224
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A. J. West, A. Galy and M. Bickle, «Tectonic and Climate Controls on Silicate Weathering,» )811 (
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vol. 359 (1992), pp. 117-122.
225
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*
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70 Q (vJv| )vzvf VQ }G O(vF(v< (High-Tilt Earth Theory) VQ ~vy ,vy9vgvyG +
f ;v v}vyG
I Qv wv v VQ }G ?v *Qv dv "v y fEh .^v qv Mv "v | Y9v qv @QG #v }v \ ++

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9vv| KGOvvI vv< f;vvZvvqvv vv| "
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J9v FQO )v ZvvsC d;v Lh ,?v fQv Tv < ^v qv Mv Gh Qv Jvv=v yG Kv av S i ! (v Av Tv | hv qv @QGh ,?v fQv Tv <
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G. E. Williams, «Geological Constraints on the Precambrian History of Earth's Rotation )813 (
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226
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231
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S. Kelley, «The Geochronology of Large Igneous Provinces, Terrestrial Impact Craters, )838 (
and their Relationship to Mass Extinctions on Earth,» Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 164
(2007), pp. 923-936.
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237
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Pacific Region at 2.7 Ma: Clues to Causality,» Geology, vol. 26 (1998), pp. 1027-1030.
K.-H. Baumann and R. Huber, «Sea-Surface Gradients between the North Atlantic and )894 (
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P. B. deMenocal, «Plio-Pleistocene African Climate,» Science, vol. 270 (1995), pp. 53-59. )895 (
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Fe Activity on Earth,» Physics )896 (
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D. M. Smith, «The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager Observation )898 (
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D. A. Burney and T. F. Flannery, «Fifty Millennia of Catastrophic Extinctions after )904 (
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>vvv=vvvTvvv< f 9vvvv ,vvvTvvv+vvvFQvvvyG +

Qvvv vvvjvvvAvvvy G #vvvwvvvyh ,I QGQvvvJvvvy G ?vvvF QO ,vvvp +
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L9v Av ! G Y9v qv @ QG ?v =v Tv ! f(vwv@ ,CO2 vvvvy G i (vAvJv| rv f9v ]v @ GP v p { .;v +v zv s Ov *GRv Av }v yG CO2 vv vvyG
,vp 80 )vyE 50 #v+v< " (

?v =v Tv v yG f v wv @ 9v }v v v < ,?v 8v }v yG "+ ,vp 50 )vyE 30 #v+v< H9v Wv f ~vy ,vp9vZvyG
1895 #v| >v y }G d9v =v F ,vp "
J9v =v v yG YG (v!C + *
OOv f Qv v jv Av ~v y h .Q9v Gv V}G )vyE "
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fE ,1920 Pv v | ?vv " *(v 8v | f9v Av FQO d9v =vvGvvy G ~v }v s I QGQv I J9v FQO JOGORGh .GPvv$ 9v "v |(v * )v yE
o
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#v| ?v8v}vyG ,vp59 )vzvf 9v%v"v| 11 BvzvZvIh , J9v vF9vwvyG YG " (v!C OOvf ,vp +
GQv vjv@ #v+vC;vDvyG #v|
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143 ?vvvv=vvvvTvvvv vvvv< O9vvvv ORG 9vvvv vvvv vvvv| I OvvvvIGh ,vvvvp f 9vvvvvh , QvvvvDvvvvvC YG (vvvv!}G
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. Y 15.57 dOvgv| 0.68 ?v=vTv v< YG v fGOvtvp bvS 30 vvv yG ~v}vtvyG JQv vc Ch
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9vvvQvvJvv@ ,9vv\ GQvvtvv G {vv=vvF J9vv vvF9vvwvvyG IQ9vvTvvL :h
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#vvvvvf * " $h .,vvvvv@9vvvvv=vvvvv"vvvvvyG Y(vvvvv"vvvvvAvvvvvzvvvvvy 9vvvvv+vvvvvzvvvvvJvvvvv|
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( (vvvvv+vvvvvavvvvvyGh "
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k k k q
.9 }zs z@h 9 %y IQG $h ,Y ( "Ay G ,p IO 9 R >=T * * I QGQJyG
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q
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.?G \9 "yG Q9 GV }G )y E ?=T ! CO2 vvvyG #|
(v$ 9v }v zv Dv |h ? ,v!(vv + +
QGQv Av IG {v Zv I GPE ?v v zv tv Jv y G {v v Y9v Jv }v zv y KOv Jv v S jPv y G 9v | +
% + ( ( !+ "$ (vzvgvyG ,vp
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Ov tv yh . 9v v y ?v av v Tv < ?v < v FC Ov F v @ :h ?v <Q9v ]v Av | J9v 9v v < c9v v ,e d9v Jv yG
(vvvv}vvvv! )vvvvzvvvvf +
hvvvvqvvvv@Qvvvv}vvvvyG CO2 v vvvvvyG Rvvvv vvvvvQvvvv@ Q9vvvvCB ,vvvvp EvvvvJvvvv=vvvvyG #vvvv| I Ovvvvf O (vvvvtvvvvf BvvvvGvvvvAvvvv C !
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300 vvv v< IO9vv Rvvy G RRvvgvv@h . J9vv| , 9vv vvF9vvAvv Eh {vv vvY 9vvJvv}vvyG
,vvp 20( C4 J9vv=vvIh ,)?vv8vv}vvyG ,vvp 49( C3 J9vv=vvI (vv}vv! j (vvGvvyG CO2 vvv vyG ,vvp ppmv
QhPv Gv yGh ,)?v 8v }v yG ,v p +(

44( J9v v y v tv =v yG ,)?v 8v }v yG ,v p 24( Nv v av =v yGh+ &v vG(v qv yGh , )?v 8v }v yG
CO2 vvvy G fC Qvv PvAv ! fC >vGv h * .)?v8v}vyG ,vp 37( Q9v]vMvyGh ,)?v8v}vy G ,vp 48( J9v QOvy Gh !
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D. Eamus, «Responses of Field Grown Trees to CO2 Enrichment,» Commonwealth Forestry )951(
Review, vol. 75 (1996), pp. 39-47.
L. Eklundh and L. Olsson, «Vegetation Index Trends for the African Sahel 1982-1999,» )952 (

H. Saxe, D. S. Ellsworth and J. Heath, «Tree and Forest Functioning in an Enriched CO2 )953 (
Atmosphere,» New Phytologist, vol. 139 (1998), pp. 395-436.

S. P. Long [et al.], «Food for Thought: Lower than Expected Crop Yield Stimulation with )954 (
Rising CO2 Concentrations,» Science, vol. 312 (2006), pp. 1918-1921.
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scenario, Used by the Stern Review as the Base Case, are also far Higher than in any other scenario.
Stern Review, p. 72, footnote 43. )956 (
S. P. Long [et al.], «Food for Thought: Lower than Expected Crop Yield Stimulation with )957 (
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G. Laschewski and G. Jendritzky, «Effects of the Thermal Environment on Human )962 (
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M. J. Dobson, «Malaria in England: A Geographical and Historical Perspective,» )971 (
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P. F. Ruseell, «World-Wide Malaria Distribution, Prevalence and Control,» American )975 (
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T. Ekblom, «SueÂdoises de l'Anopheles manulipennis et leur ro
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267
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C. Dunn, Malaria in Ceylon: An Enquiry into its Causes (London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, )980(
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S. J. Franks, S. Sim and A. E.Weis, «Rapid Evolution of Flowering Time by an Annual )1013 (
Plant in Rsponse to a Climate Fluctuation,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
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Contemporary Microevolution to Pattern and Process,» Genetica, vol. 112 (2001), pp. 145-164.
D. N. Reznick and C. K. Ghalambor, «The Population Ecology of Contemporary )1015 (
Adaptations: What Empirical Studies Reveal about the Conditions that Promote Adaptive Evolution,»
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M. E Smith, A. R. Carroll and E. R. Mueller, «Elevated Weathering Rates in the Rocky )1017 (
Mountains during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum,» Nature Geoscience, vol. 1 (2008), pp. 370-374.
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H. Staudigel [et al.], «Large Scale Sr, Nd and O Isotopic Anomaly of Altered Oceanic )1026 (
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278
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T. Simkin, and L. Siebert, Volcanoes of the World: A Regional Directory, Gazetteer, and )1030(
Chronology of Volcanism during the Last 10,000 Years (Tuscon, AZ: Geoscience Press, 1994.)
R. J. Tilling, «Hazards and Climatic Impact of Subduction-Zone Volcanism: A Gobal )1031 (
and Historical Perspective,» in: Gray E. Bebout [et al.], eds., Subduction Top to Bottom, Geophysical
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R. I. Tilling, «Volcano Hazards,» in: Marti and Ernst, eds., Volcanoes and the Environment, )1032 (
pp. 55-89.
279
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GOv F 9v gv Qv S Qvv v jv AvvyG dOv gv | f9v vh .e9vvf 2000 I Qv Av p OGOv Avv|G e 9v f f
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280
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P. Molnar, «Closing of the Central American Seaway and the Ice Age: A Critical )1040 (
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Fe Activity on Earth,» Physics )1041 (
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K. Knie [et al.], «Indication for Supernova Produced
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B. D. Marsh, «Magma Chambers,» Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 17 )1042 (
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L. A. Morgan [et al.], «Exploration and Discovery in Yellowstone Lake: Results from )1043 (
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281
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(Krakatoa) G vvv@9vvvv GQvvvv h )1815( (Tambora) GQ vvv=vvv|9vvv@ {vvvDvvv| JGQ9vvvGvvvqvvv G Bvvv 9vvvv ( ! !
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J9vvgvvqvv@Qvv|h )1982 ( )El Chichon( f (vvwvv+vvV dEh , )1980 ( (Mt St. Helens) 9vv vv vvzvv vv "+ +$
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S. Self [et al.], «Magma Volume, Volatile Emissions and Stratospheric Aerosols from the )1045 (
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286
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)1080 ( )1079 (
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kv zv =v h .QvAv +v|hQv wv +v| 0.5 dOv gv }v <h ,Qv Av v |hQv wv v | 1.0 + +
?vvvgvvvV }G +
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+z ! ( + }G ,vvp (vvwvv@ ,vvAvvyGh + *
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Qv v v vC v vAv v< ?v v RG v vAv v| f9v v v vI ^v vgv v< f Ov vs , ?v v v vMv v Q9v vAv vy Gh
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)}d f
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.
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+! ! * ?v+vp9vqvWvyG ,vp
)1091 ( )1090 ()1089 ( )1088 (
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>vv=vvS f9vvv ,?vv ;vv vv ! +$ !

Bvv 9vvS {vv=vvF f9vvvQvv=vvy 1980 e9vvf Q9vvGvvqvv G ! )vvAvvI &vv!C VQvvAvvp G Ovvs h
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k k
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!
Bv 9v v ,Q9v Gv qv :G ! #v | Bv tv zv av G ! ,vvAvvyG +* +
, xvv v Av Qv =vvwvvyG ^v }v I JG Qv v av s (RT) A9v tv < I QvvAvvp
OGQvAv<G &v"v| HvAv ! +

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k
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fC hvvs (vvAvv}vvyG #vv| &vv!C :E ,9vv vv=vvTvv + ! + +
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d (vI 9v$Q9vWvAv!G Ov gv < ?v *(vGvyG (Aerosol Clouds) JGPGPQv yG e v v i dhRv @h (+ .{vsC f (vwv@
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G. A. Zielinski [et al.], «A 110 000-Yr Record of Explosive Volcanism from the GISP2 )1094 (
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A. M. Vogelmann, T. P. Ackerman and R. P. Turco, «Enhancements in Biologically )1095 (
Effective Ultra-Violet Radiation Following Volcanic Eruptions,» Nature, vol. 359 (1992), pp. 47-49.
S. C. Porter, «Pattern and Forcing of Northern Hemisphere Glacier Variations during the )1096 (
Last Millennium,» Quaternary Research, vol. 26 (1986), pp. 27-48.

T. J. Crowley and K. -Y. Kim, «Modelling the Temperature Response to Forced Climate )1097 (
Change over the Last Six Centuries,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26 (1999), pp. 1901-1904.
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291
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J. M. Palais and H. Sigurdsson, «Petrologic Evidence of Volatile Emissions from Major )1104 (
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Forcing,» Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol. 39 (1988), pp. 115-139.

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Hydrografisk-Biologiska Komm, Skrifter 4 (1914), pp. 1-25.

H. H. Lamb, «Volcanic Dust in the Atmosphere with its Chronology and Assessment of )1109 (
its Meteorological Significance,» Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series A vol. 266
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293
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S. Self, and A. J. King, «Petrology and Sulfur and Chlorine Emissions of the 1963 )1110 (
Eruption of Gunung Agung, Bali, Indonesia,» Bulletin of Volcanology, vol. 58 (1996), pp. 263-286.
R. B. Strothers, «Climatic and Demographic Consequences of the Massive Volcanic )1111 (
Eruption of 1258,» Climate Change, vol. 45 (2000), pp. 361-374.
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G. J. S. Bluth [et al.], «Global Tracking of the SO2 Clouds from the June 1991 Mount )1112 (
Pinatubo Eruptions,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 19 (1992), pp. 151-154.

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J. Hansen [et al.], «A Pinatubo Climate Modeling Investigation,» in: Giorgio Fiocco, )1114 (
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C. R. Harington, The Year without a Summer? World Climate in 1816 (Ottawa: Canadian )1115 (
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W. J. McGuire, «Changing Sea levels and Erupting Volcanoes: Cause and Effect?,» )1140 (
300
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B. Van Wyk de Vries and P. W. Francis, «Catastrophic Collapse at Stratovolcanoes )1145 (
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301
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302
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A. G. Dawson, D. Long and D. E. Smith, «The Storegga Slides: Evidence from Eastern )1157 (
Scotland for a Possible Tsunami,» Marine Geology, vol. 82 (1988), pp. 279-293.
J. M. Sauber and B. F. Molnia, «Glacier Ice Mass Fluctuations and Fault Instability in )1158 (
Tectonically Active Southern Alaska,» Global and Planetary Change, vol. 42 (2004), pp. 279-293.
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A. Berger and M. F. Loutre, «TheÂorie astronomique des paleÂoclimats,» Comptes Rendus )1162 (

J. Tian [et al.], «Astronomically Modified Neogene Sediment Records from the South )1163 (
China Sea,» Pleooceanography, vol. 23 (2008), PA3210, doi: 10.1029/2007PA001552.

M. A. Maslin and A. J. Ridgewell, «Mid-Pleistocene Revolution and the «Eccentricity )1164 (
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Evidence,» Geological Society London Special Publications, vol. 247 (2005), pp. 19-34.
N. G. Pisias and T. C. Moore, «The Evolution of Pleistocene Climate: A Time Series )1165 (
Approach,» Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 52 (1981), pp. 450-458.
D. Kroon [et al.], «Oxygen Isotope and S Million Years,» in: A. H. F. Robertson [et al.] )1166 (
eds., Proccedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 160 ([n. p.]: Ocean Drilling Program,
College Station, 1998), pp. 181-189.
W. F. Ruddiman, «Orbital Forcing Ice Volume and Greenhouse Gases,» Quaternary )1167 (

18
R. Von Grafenstein [et al.], «Planktonic qO Records at Sites 976, 977, Alboran Sea: )1168 (
Stratigraphy, Forcing and Paleooceanographic Implications,» in: R. Zahn, M. C. Comas and A. Klaus,
eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 161 ([n. p.]: Ocean Drilling Program,
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M. Mudelsdee and K. Stattegger, «Exploring the Structure of the Mid-Pleistocene )1169 (
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pp. 499-511.
M. A. Maslin and A. J. Ridgewell, «Mid-Pleistocene and the «Eccentricity Myth»,» in: M. )1170 (
J. Head and P. L. Gibbard, Early-Middle Pleistocene Transitions: The Land-Ocean Evidence, Geological
Society (London: Special Publications 2005), vol. 247, pp. 19-34.
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S. M. Joannin [et al.], «Changes in Vegetation and Marine Environments in the Eastern )1171 (
Mediterranean (Rhodes, Greece) during the Early and Middle Pleistocene,» Journal of the Geological
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D. J. Large, «A 1.16 Ma Record of Carbon Accumulation in Western European Peatland )1172 (
during the Oligocene from Ballymoney Lignite, Northern Ireland,» Journal of the Geological Society of
London, vol. 164 (2007), pp. 1233-1240.
G. Roe, «In Defense of Milankovitch,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 33 (2006), )1173 (
L24703, doi: 10.1029/GL027817.
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Press, 1990),
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D. B. Karner and R. A. Muller, «A Causality Problem for Milankovitch,» Science, )1175 (
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Dioxide,» Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 94 (1989), pp. 11129-11136.

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J. A. Dosdswell, G. S. Hamilton and J. O. Hagen, «The Duration of the Active Phase on )1181 (
Surge-Type Glaciers: Contrasts between Svalbard and other Regions,» Journal of Glaciology, vol. 37
(1991), pp. 388-400.
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J. A. Dowdeswell [et al.], «The Mass Balance of Circum-Arctic Glaciers and Recent )1182 (
Climate Change,» Quaternary Research, vol. 48 (1997), pp. 1-14.
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A. Weidick [et al.], «The Recession of the Inland Ice Margin during the Holocene )1183 (
Climatic Optimum in the Jakobhavn Isfjord Area of West Greenland,» Palaeogeography,

Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 82 (1990), pp. 289-299.
E. W. Domack [et al.], «Late Holocene Advance of the Mu
È ller Ice Shelf, Antarctic )1184 (
Peninsula: Sedimentologic, Geochemical, and Paleontological Evidence,» Antarctic Science, vol. 7
(1995), pp. 159-170.
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Monitoring,» Progress in Physical Geography, vol. 26 (2002), pp. 76-95.
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S. K. Mitra and D. McLean, «Work Hardening and Recovery in Creep,» Proceedings of )1219 (
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Crystalline Rock Creep,» International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 32 (1995), =
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A. Nesje and S. O. Dahl, Glaciers and Environmental Change (London: Arnold, 2000). )1240 (
328
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R. P. Ackert [et al.], «Patagonian Glacier Response during the Late Glacial-Holocene )1241 (
Transition,» Science, vol. 321 (2008), pp. 392-395.

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W. S. Broecker and S. Hemming, «Climate Swings Come into Focus,» Science, vol. 294 )1245 (
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40 39
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15
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331
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A. A. Prokopenko [et al.], «Continental Response tp Heinrich events and Bond Cycles in )1252 (
Sedimentary Record of Lake Baikal, Siberia,» Global and Planetary Change, vol. 28 (2001), pp. 217-226.
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D. C. Leuschner and F. Sirocko, «The Low-Latitude Monsoon Climate during )1254 (
Dansgaard-Oeschger Cycles and Heinrich Events,» Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 19 (2000), pp. 243-
254.
D. M. Holland [et al.], «Acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbrae Triggered by Warm )1255 (
Subsurface Ocean Waters,» Nature Geoscience, vol. 1 (2008), pp. 659-664.
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Z. Gedaloff and D. J. Smith, «Interdecadal Climate Variability and Regime-Scale Shifts )1296 (
in Pacific North America,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 28 (2001), pp. 1515-1518.
K. M. Hinkel [et al.], «The Urban Heat Island in Winter at Barrow, Alaska,» International )1297(
Journal of Climatology, vol. 23 (2003), pp. 1889-1905.
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2000,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 13 (2006), L11707, doi: 10.1029/2006GL26510.
344
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N. Scafetta and B. J. West, «Phenomenological Solar Contribution to the 1900-2000 )1299 (
Global Surface Warming,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 33 (2006), 10.1029/2005GL025539.

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345
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<http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/06/080620-north-pole.html>. )1306 (
O. M. Johannessen [et al.], «Arctic Climate Changes: Observed and Modeled )1307 (
Temperature and Sea-Ice Variability,» Tellus, A 56 (2004), pp. 328-341.

<http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news.cfm?release=2007-131>. )1308 (
R. Przybylak, «Temporal and Spatial Variation of Surface Air Temperature over the )1309 (
Period of Instrumental Observations in the Arctic,» International Journal of Climatology, vol. 20 (2000),
pp. 587-614.
R. Przybylak, «Changes in Seasonal and High-Frequency Air Temperature Variability in )1310 (
the Arctic from 1951 to 1990,» International Journal of Climatology, vol. 22 (2002), pp. 1017-1033.
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Maritime Arctic 1875-2000,» Journal of Climate, vol. 16 (2003), pp. 2067-2077.

E. Hanna and J. Capellan, «Recent Cooling in the Southern Coastal Greenland and )1312 (
Relation with the North Atlantic Oscillation,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 30 (2003), 10.1029/
2002GL015797.
346
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<http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/08/15/goddard_arctic_ice_mystery>. )1313 (
<http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/cmb/sst_analysis>. )1314 (
I. V. Polyakov [et al.], «One More Step toward a Warmer Arctic,» Geophysical Research )1315 (
Letters, vol. 32 (2005), doi: 10.1029/2005GL023740.

R. R. Dickson [et al.], «The Arctic Ocean Response to the North Atlantic Oscillation,» )1316 (
Journal of Climate, vol. 15 (2000), pp. 2671-2696.

I. V. Polyakov and M. A. Johnson, «Arctic Decadal and Interdecadal Variability,» )1317 (

I. V. Polyakov [et al.], «Long Term Ice Variability in Arctic Marginal Seas,» Journal of )1318 (
Climate, vol. 16 (2003), pp. 2078-2084.

<http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/IMAGES/current.365.south.jpg>. )1319 (
K. M. Hinkel [et al.], «The Urban Heat Island in Winter at Barrow, Alaska,» )1320 (
International Journal of Climatology, vol. 23 (2003), pp. 1889-1905.
347
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Press Release, US National Science Foundation, « Contrary to their Expectations, Scientists )1321(
on a Research Cruise to the Arctic Ocean have Found Evidence that the Gakkal Ridge, the World's Slowest
Mid-Ocean Ridge, may be Volcanically Active. A Few Years ago Submarine Exploration of the Arctic Ocean
under the Polar Ice cap Found some 15 Large Geothermal Vents along the Arctic Fracture Zone, and
Evidence of the Recent Outflow of Lava. 'We Found more Hydrothermal Activity on this Cruise than in 20
Years of Exploration on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge', Said Charles Langmuir, Scientist from Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory at Columbia University (28 November 2001).
R. A. Sohn [et al.], «Explosive Volcanism on the Ultraslow-Spreading Gakkal Ridge, )1322 (

J. Snow [et al.], «Magnatism and Hydrothermal Activity in Lena Trough, Arctic Ocean,» )1323 (
Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, vol. 82 (2001), p. 193.
348
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354
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357
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F. Remy and M. Frezzotti, «Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Balance,» Comptes Rendus )1365 (
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A. G. Fountain and J. S. Walder, «Water Flow through Temperature Glaciers,» Reviews )1366 (
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T. C. Bartholomaus, R. S. Anderson and S. P. Anderson, «Response of Glacier Basal )1367 (
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358
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359
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H. A. Fricker [et al.], «An Active Sub-Glacial Water System in West Antarctica Mapped )1376 (
from Space,» Science, vol. 315 (2007), pp. 1544-1548.

<http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17257>. )1377 (
<http://data.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/gistemp/do_nmap.py?year_last=2007&month_last )1378 (
=09&sat=4&sst=1&type=trends&mean_gen=1212&year1=1951&year2=2004&base1=1=1951&
base2=2006&radius=1200&pol=pol>.
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! * }G )vvvvvvvvvzvvvvvvvvvf * +
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361
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363
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C. J. Pudsey and J. Evans, «First Survey of Antarctic Sub-Ice Sediments Reveals Mid- )1408 (
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S. Raper and R. Brathwaite, «Low Sea Level Rise Projections from Mountain Glaciers )1410 (
and Ice Caps under Global Warming,» Nature, vol. 439 (2006), pp. 311-313.
366
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D. Lu
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the Past 800,000 Years,» Nature, vol. 453 (2008), pp. 383-386.
367
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Greenland Ice sheets from Grace,» Global and Planetary Change, vol. 53 (2006), pp. 198-208.
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E. Rignot, «Changes in Ice Dynamics and Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet,» )1423 (
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368
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370
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Study of Ghiacciaio del Calderone (Central Apennines, Italy),» Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research,
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J. Oerlemans [et al.], «Modeling the Response of Glaciers to Climate Warming,» Climate )1442 (
Dynamics, vol. 14 (1998), pp. 267-274.
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Change in Tropical Africa,» Science, vol. 298 (2002), pp. 589-593.
373
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North Africa Monsoon Domains,» Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 126 (1994), pp. 435-456.
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375
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C. J. Caseldine, «The Extent of Some Glaciers in Northern Iceland during the Little Ice )1457 (
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.52 vvvv 39 U , T q & ! QOZCG )1462(
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+
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.,g +=_ Q|C + (y G # | & !E h
)1471 (
d O = A } y G jO z G y G hF G Q A y G h eO t A y G f C K \ G . QWf
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k
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378
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Vise V. Yu. 1946: Na «Sibiryakove» I «Litke» cherez ledovite moray. Izdatel'stvo )1477 (
Glavsevmorputi.
Barr, The First Soviet High-Latitude Expedition, p. 216. : H9Av #|
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F. Nansen, Farthest North (Westminster: Archibald Constable, 1897). )1478 (
Joint Expedition «Investigation of Environmental Radioactivity in Waste Dumping Areas )1479 (
of the far Eastern Seas,» Results from the first Japanese-Korean-Russian Joint Expedition 1994, pp. 1-62.
B. J. Birkeland, «Temperaturvariationen auf Spitsbergen,» Meteorologische Zeitscrift Juni )1480 (
(1930), pp. 234-236.
O. Humlum, «Late-Holocene Climate in Central West Greenland: Meteorological Data )1481 (
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380
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$ ! ,vvvv!(vvvvwvvvvyG #vvvv| }G + % ,vvvv<(vvvv"vvvvGvvvvyG

)1491 (
g Pvvvv Bvvvv 9vvvvvh . QGQvvvvAvvvvI:G Qvvvv=vvvvv Qvvvv vvvvjvvvvAvvvvyG Ovvvv vvvvWvvvvAvvvvS ,
?v tv <9v S J9v SGQOv y ?v qv y 9v Mv | ,v<(v"vGvyG + +

Ov }v Gv Av }v yG bv v Jv }v yG Ov v zv F fGOv tv p #vf J9v IGQv Av s :G
+ "$ #vwv* + + " }G + #v|R Pv"v| &v!C "+

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. 1996 vvvvv 1987
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Geology, vol. 161 (1999), pp. 59-68.
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Approach,» EOS Trans, vol. 87 (2006), p. 52.

D. E. Harrison and M. Carson, «Is the World Ocean Warming? Upper Ocean )1510 (
Temperature Trends, 1950-2000,» Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol. 37 (2006), pp. 174-187.
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N. J. Shakelton [et al.], «The Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphic Record of the Late )1511 (
Pleistocene,» Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, vol. 280 (1977), pp. 169-182.
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and Antarctic Cryosphere Expansion,» Science, vol. 305 (2004), pp. 1766-1770.
Ian Wilson, Before the Flood (London: Orion, 2001). )1514 (
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from Models of Glacio-Hydrostatic Rebound,» Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 153
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Reconstructions from the British Isles since the Last Glacial Maximum,» Journal of Quaternary Science,
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E. Niskanen, «On the Upheaval of Land in Fennsoscandia,» Isostatic Institution )1546 (
International Association of Geodesy Publication, Helsinki (1939).

V. Eitner, «Geomorphological Response of the East Frisian Barrier Islands to Sea-Level )1547 (
Rise: An Investigation of Past and Future Evolution,» Geomorphology, vol. 15 (1996), pp. 57-65.
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Netherlands,» (2007). <http://www.geo.citg.tudelft.nl/vanbaars/research/dikes/historicaloverview.pd>.
H. N. Van Lier and F. R. Steiner, «Review of the Zuiderzee Reclamation Works: An )1549 (
Example of Dutch Physical Planning,» Landscape Plan, vol. 9 (1982), pp. 35-59.
J. M. Sharp and S. J. Germiat, «Risk Assessment and Causes of Subsidence and )1550 (
Inundation along the Texas Gulf Coast,» in: R. Paepe, R. W. Fairbridge and S. Jelgersma, eds.,
Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought (London: Kluwer, 1990), pp. 395-414.
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S. Gilbert and R. W. Horner, The Thames Barrier (London: T. Telford, 1984). )1560 (
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Geography of the District (London: A. Brown and Sons, 1912).

C. Green and J. N. Hutchinson, «Relative Land and Sea Levels at Great Yarmouth, )1562 (
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C. Green, «East Anglian Coastline Levels since the Roman Times,» Antiquity, vol. 35 )1563 (
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Probabilistic Prediction Methods,» Geomorphology, vol. 40 (2001), pp. 253-269.
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403
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404
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Ä o Southern Oscillation: )1583 (
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P. D. Komar, «El Nin
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C. R. Sloss, C. V. Murray-Wallace and B. G. Jones, «Holocene Sea-Level Change on the )1640 (
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18
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M. Allen, «New Ideas about Late Holocene Climate Variability in the Central Pacific,» )1648 (
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Series, vol. 117 (1995), pp. 159-172.
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C. Lyell, Principles of Geology, being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the )1656 (
Earth's Surface, by Referene to Causes Now in Operation (London: John Murray, 1837).
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C. Darwin, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (New York: D. Appleton and Co., )1658 (
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G. Neef, and H. H. Veeh, «Uranium Series Ages and Late Quaternary Uplift in the New )1659 (
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G. Neef and C. Hendry, «Late Pleistocene-Holocene Acceleration of Uplift Rate in )1660 (
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pp. 357-365.
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M. L. Bender [et al.], «Uranium-Series dating of the Pleistocene Reef Tracts of Barbados, )1664 (
West Indes,» Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 90 (1979), pp. 577-594.
D. Branagan, T. W. Edgeworth David: A Life (Australia: National Library of Australia, 2005). )1665 (
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G. Digerfeldt and M. D. Hendry, «An 8,000 Year Holocene Sea-Level Record from )1669 (
Jamaica: Implications for Interpretation of Caribbean Reef and Coastal History,» Coral Reefs, vol. 5
(1987), pp. 165-169.
A. C. Neimann and P. J. Hearty, «Rapid Sea-Level Changes at the Close of the Last )1670 (
Interglacial (Substage 5) Recorded in Bahamian Island Geology,» Geology, vol. 24 (1996), pp. 775-778.
C. R. Sloss, C. V. Murray-Wallace and B. G. Jones, «Holocene Sea-Level Change on the )1671 (
M. A. Toscano and J. Lundberg, «Early Holocene Sea-Level Record from Submerged )1672 (
Fossil Reefs on the Southeast Florida Margin,» Geology, vol. 26 (1998), pp. 255-258.
425
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M. A. Toscano and J. Lundberg, «Submerged Late Pleistocene Reefs on the Tectonically- )1673 (
Stable S. E. Florida Margin: High-Precision Geochronology, Stratigraphy, Resolution of Substage 5a
Sea-Level Elevation, and Orbital Forcing,» Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 18 (1999), pp. 753-767.
K. R. Ludwig [et al.], «Sea-Level Records at Approximately 80 ka from Tectonically )1674 (
Stable Platforms; Florida and Bermuda,» Geology, vol. 24 (1996), pp. 211-214.
S. D. Smith and E. P. Jones, «Evidence of Wind-Pumping of Air-Sea Gas Exchange )1675 (
Based on Direct Measurements of CO2 Fluxes,» Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 90 (1985), pp. 869-
875.
426
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L. Endersbee, «Carbon Dioxide and the Oceans,» Focus, vol. 151 (2008), pp. 20-21. )1676 (
T. Volk and Z. Liu, «Controls of CO 2 Sources and Sinks in the Earth Scale Surface )1677 (
Ocean: Temperature and Nutrients,» Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 2 (1988), pp. 73-89.
427
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E. Eriksson, «Possible Fluctuations in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide due to Changes in )1678 (
the Properties of the Sea,» Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 68 (1963), pp. 3871-3876.
R. Revelle and H. E. Suess, «Carbon Dioxide Exchange between Atmosphere and Ocean )1679 (
and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 during the Past Decades,» Tellus, vol. 9 (1957),
pp.18-27.
G. Skirrow, «The Dissolved Gases-Carbon Dioxide,» in: J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow, eds., )1680 (
Chemical Oceanography, 2 nd
ed. ([New York]: Academic Press, 1975), vol. 2.
Z. Jaworowski, T. V. Segalstad and V. Hisddal, «Atmospheric CO2 and Global Warming: )1681 (
A Critical View, Second Revised Edition,» Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddelelser, vol. 119 (1992), pp. 1-76.
428
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P. H. Abelson, «Uncertainties about Global Warming,» Science, vol. 247 (1990), p. 1529. )1682 (
R. Key, «The Dangers of Ocean Acidification,» Scientific American (March 2006), pp. 58-65. )1683 (
.O Z A G Og < #| )t=* 9| :(Stubble) ?|GP@G

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Jaworowski, Segalstad and Hisddal, «Atmospheric CO2 and Global Warming: A Critical )1684 (
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429
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.IQvvvGv vqv v"v v}v vyG Q9vvvJvvv=vvvy G BvvvJvvv@ #vvv+vvvvGQvvv=vvvyG +

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)1695 ()1694 ( )1693 (
Q9vvWvvAv :G Rv vGQv }v y d fEh GPvv . QvvJvv=v yG Y9v s
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= J. E. Dixon [et al.], «An Experimental Study of Water and Carbon Dioxide Solubilities in )1695 (
430
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% " (vvvMvvvZvvvyG #vvv| + $
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+! (
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&y )! O C ,yhC ( AJ| Q*OtA < ,s9 =y G * $O G Q A< G h 9% f9 q @Q G

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+ "+ +
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k
+ "+ #vv| + + * %
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I Q9vvJv y G hvv vv<9vv v vvyG fE CO2 IQv vvjvvY J9v vv}vvv 9vv]vv Ch ,9v vv< ?v av =vv@ Qvv}vvyG , IQ9vvJvvyG
+* % * + * * +%
)1703 (
. xv v Av Qv =v wv yG ^v }v Ih CO2 HQv Tv @ 9v v =v =v Tv ,?v v ]v }v I ?v Qv Jv =v yG ?v QGQv I hQOv v v yG
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3
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431
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.f9 T! G &q+]* 9}|
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}G Q(vvMvvY + + "+ (vvtvvV #vv|
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VQ I QhO I O9vvf E ?vv vvzvv}vvf fE . IQ9vvJvvyG hvv vv<9vv vv vvyGh R9vvjvvy G b CO2
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Y bvvtvvp ?vv8vv}vvyG 15 ?vv vv FQvv}vv yG {vvDvv}vv @h . VQ j
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.IQvvv%vvvZvvv"vvv}vvvyG Q (vvvMvvvZvvvyG #vvv| IQO9vvvZvvvyG e (vvvGvvvJvvvyG a9vvvgvvv\C J9vvv8vvv| jh9vvvTvvv * H (vvvtvvvDvvvyG

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* +
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433
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C *
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.(Coccolithophoridae)
G. M. Fillippelli, «The Global Phosphorus Cycle: Past, Present and Future,» Elements, )1725 (
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434
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)1730 (
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435
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+ !
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H. D. Holland, The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans (Princeton, NJ: )1740 (
M. I. Budyko, A. B. Ronov and A. L. Yashnin, History of the Earth's Atmosphere (Berlin; )1741 (
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O. Bartdorff [et al.], «Phanerozoic Evolution of Atmospheric Methane,» Global )1742 (
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F. Nunes and R. D. Noriss, «Abrupt Reversal of Ocean Overturning during the )1743 (
Palaeocene/Eocene Warm Period,» Nature, vol. 439 (2006), doi, 10.1038/nature04386.
438
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(
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.,a+ T=@ h {% S jQ@ ( +=}w yG LP ( }"yG f p { ,y9 Ay9 < h
Bv s v y G ( ,v p 9v %v !C :E (pH5.6) A ,v Wv yG +
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k
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f O9vvvvgvvvv}vvvvy G hvvvv| 9vvvv vvvvF9vvvv vvvv}vvvv vvvvv {vvvvf 9vvvvqvvvvAvvvv@ h VQ }G ( &vvvv+vvvvp
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P. N. Pearson and M. R. Palmer, «Middle Eocene Seawater pH and Atmospheric Carbon )1744 (
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D. K. Pak and K. G. Miller, «Paleocene to Eocene Benthic Foraminiferal Isotopes and )1746 (
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439
" *(vvvzvvvs + + )vvvyE ( (
)1752 ()1751 ()1750 (
HvvvAvvv vvv@ h . ?vvv g9vvv vvv}vvvv J9vvvavvv vvvJvvv}vvvyG {vvvLOvvv@h O vvvgvvv@ ,Q vvvMvvvZvvvy Gh
hvvv| Q9vvvavvv| }G +
g9vvv vvv| {vvvf9vvvqvvv@ #vvv| % !}G
Q9vvv vvv BvvvJvvv@ (Transient salts) ?vvvzvvvtvvvAvvv vvv}vvvyG M ;vvv| " }G
k
+ + (
?v vJvavTvyG g9v v}vyG {vgvGv< j vGvy G CO2 vv vv yGh ,9v v 9v<hP M ;v| +! }G gPv $ fRG (vAv@h ,Q (vMvZvyG
&vv*(vvAvvJvv* #vv| Ovv*Rvv| )vvzvvf ( ,vvWvvyG *(vvzvvs
)1753 (
9vv}vv| CO2 ?vv<QvvAvvyG j vvAvvJvv@h . A ^vvgvv< ?vvJvvy9vv|h ?vv
?v }v dv C! ,vp CO2 #v| +

IQv v =v v ?v v }v v+ ,v%vAv"v@ ,?v *(vGvAvyG +
JGQh Qv v S d;v L h , j (vGvyG a;v jv yG
( ( )vzvf Qv%v"vyG ! ,vp ,vzvwvyG * %"

)1754 (
hvsG v|h ,~vSG v}vyG ?v}vdv C HGPv}vy G CO2 Ov}vAvgv h . Qv v vyG
)yE (J @ ( < Q wy G %"yG ! ,p +

)1755 (
. CO2 d O s HG P } y G f f 9v f E h , Q e9d g 9 }yG
a ;vvvjvvvyG #vv| CO2 ?v vy GRE )vvvzvvvf #vv+vv"vvvTvvyG +

JGQ9vvv vvvzv v| Pvvv v v| ?vvv" *(vvGvvvAvvyG ?vv+vvzvvv}vvvf {vvv}vvvgv v@
+ (vMvZvyG ,vp &v"v*RvMv@h (

)1758 ( )1757 ()1756 (
RvqvJv@ : CO2 ?vyGRE ?v vzv}vfh . Q ?v<QvAvyGh j vGvyG
!
Bv v 9v vv , )vvzvvfC CO2 i v vAv vJv v|h ( )vvzvvfC !
I QGQv vJv vyG ?v vFQO Bv v 9v vv 9v v}v vzv vvh , Ov vzv vGv vAv vy G )vvzvvf
(vvvv+vvvvTvvvvy9vvvvwvvvvyG !(vvvv<Qvvvvv
)1759 (
?vvvv<QvvvvAvvvvyG PvvvvLC fRGh Ovvvvsh . YQvvvvSC e J9vvvv J9vvvv=vvvvS QvvvvAvvvv< CO2 ?vvvvyGRE
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+ - 2+ - +
CO2+ H2O= H2CO3; H2CO3= H + HCO3 ; 2Ca + 2HCO3 = 2CaCO3 + 2H ; )1758 (
+ + +
2KAlSi3O8 + 2H + H2O = Al2Si2O5 (OH)4 + 2K + 4SiO2; 2NaAlSi3O8 + 2H + H 2O =
+ + 2+
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2Na + 4SiO2 ; CaAl2Si2O8 + 2H + H2O = Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + Ca ;
+ 3+ +
KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 + 3Si(OH)4 + 10H = 3Al + K + 6SiO2 + 12H2O; CO2 + CaSiO3 =
CaCO3 + SiO2; CO2 + FeSiO3 = FeCO3 + SiO2; CO2 + MgSiO3 = MgCO3 + SiO2
= J. C. B. Walker, P. B. Hays and J. F. Kasting, «A Negative Feedback Mechanism for the )1759 (
440
! (vvGvvyG ,vvp + + (
)1760 (
HvvAvv h . j a ;vvjvvyG CO2 QGOvvYE CO2 vvv vy I9vv vvJvvyG h g9vv vv}vvyGh Q vvMvvZvvy Gh
GPvv $ KOvvJvv * ~vvy GPE )vvAvvIh .VQ}G KvvavvS I QGQvvJvvy Ovv| }G {vv *(vv_ QGQvvtvvAvvSG GPvv $ #vv|
+ }9 < }G *(_ "$ ( w+ S &! {p , F(y (+G yG
)1761 (
. A9 I O| { QGQtAS G c9 f , Q GQ tAS :G
+
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,9vv vv vvp hvv}vvGvvAvv@h ?vv<Pvvf A9vv| JGQvv vvJvv< + ,vvp Q9vvavv| }G +
g 9vv vv| jQvvGvv@
(vvvJvvv@ *(vvvzvvvtvvvyG + + ,vvvWvvvyG

)1763 ( )1762 (
j , ?vvv xvvvzvvv@ ?vvvY9vvvMvvv<h ,JGQvvv vvvJvvv=vvvyG fC Qvvv vvvi . A ^vvvgvvv<
k
(vwv@ " + ! (v+vJvyGh " #v|
)1766 ()1765 ( )1764 (
f 9v |Ov v fh . I Qv v =v wv y G J9v G ?v }v F9v gv y G J9v v F9v wv yG 9v pGOv YC
k
+ * + + + ( + +
)1767 (
?v <Pv gv yG JGQv v Jv =v zv y fE . ?v Qv v Av wv =v yG Qv v i I9v v Jv y G J v }v @ ,GOv F ?v v ]v }v I JGQv v Jv =v yG
k
+ &v=vV + (v+vTvy9vwvyG #v|
)1768 (
g 9v v| IOvvGQvyG h C I OvvGQvyG Q9vJv=vyG h JGQv vJv=vyG ^vgv=vyh e 9v]vF9vp
hv ]v < #vf dRv gv }v <h .)O(vS}G Qv Jv=v yG +

, d9v Dv }v yG {v v =v S )vzvf( #v+vGvTvv}9v< +
I Qv v tv p )vzvqvS
* .#v+v"vTvyG + *(vzvs + + +
)1769 (
CO2 {v RCh JGQ9v vzv}vy ?v J9vav vJv}vyG Bv vtv< , IO9vI I Qv vZvs KGOvIC
+!
, ?v v 9vFQv}vyG O (v+vJvyGh , aGOvY }G ,vp e(v+vTvy9vwvyG J9v !(v<Qvv fO9vgv| J9v=vS QvAv< HG Pv}vyG
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+
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CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O = 2(HCO3) + Ca
- 2+
,J9a J Gh + C
T. K. Lowenstein and R. V. Demicco, «Elevated Eocene Atmospheric CO2 and its )1769 (
Subsequent Decline,» Science, vol. 313 (2006), p. 1928.
441
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#v| * + "+
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+
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J. M. Hall-Spencer [et al.], «Volcanic Carbon Dioxide Vents Show Ecosystem Effects of )1770 (
Ocean Acidification,» Nature, vol. 453 (2008), doi: 10.1038/nature07051.

* (
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+ CaSiO3 = CaCO3 + SiO2; CO2 + FeSiO3 = FeCO3 + SiO2; CO2 + MgSiO3 = MgCO3 + SiO2
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+
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2NaAlSi3O8 + 2H+ + H2O = Al 2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2Na + 4SiO2; CaAl2Si2O8 + 2H + H 2O =
2+
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + Ca
R. S. Arvidson, M. Guidry and F. T. Mackenzie, «The Control of Phanerozoic )1773 (
Atmosphere and Seawater Composition by Basalt-Seawater Exchange Reactions,» Journal of

Geochemical Exploration, vol. 88 (2005), pp. 412-415.
2+ + + -
Ca + H2O + CO2 = CaCO3 + 2H ; H + (OH) = H2O. )1774 (
442
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Bvv=vvDvv@ Nvv Q9vvAvvy G 9vv vvy .
,Q (vvMvvvZvvvyG ,vvvp &vv!RvvMvvv@h j (vvGvvvyG +

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.f6G #| Q+Dw < )zf C f (w* fC j ( Gy G CO2 i (A J| L9A J *
K. L. Bice, B. T. Huber and R. D. Norris, «Extreme Polar Warmth during the Cretaceous )1776 (
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443
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*
.86 B Q =w yG /87 B Q =w yG h 18 * _GTv}Gh 13 f(<QwyG QF9d! )1782(
.] H 9 A w y G G P $ # | U| 9 B G { Z q y G [ , O +z @ G ] E Q d ! G . ?+ T + F Q y G J GO z G A y G # f dR g }< )1783 (
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Sr/
87
Sr,
13
C and
18
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444
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G. Meyers, «Variation of Indonesian Flowthrough and the El Nin

Ä o/Southern Oscillation: )1821 (
Pacific Low-Latitude Western Boundary Currents and the Indonesian Flowthrough,» Journal of
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Relation to El NinÄ o/Southern Oscillation,» International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 17 (1996),
pp. 2533-2548.
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E. M. Rasmusson and T. H. Carpenter, «Variations in Tropical Seas Surface )1823 (
Temperature and Surface wind Fields Associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Nin
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Ä o, La NinÄa and the Southern Oscillation (San Diego: Academic Press, )1824(
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Ä o/Southern Oscillation Activity at Millennial )1826 (
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PDO over the Past 400 Years inferred from Paleoclimate Records,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 33
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461
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D. Douglas and J. Christy, «Limits on CO2 Climate Forcing from Recent Temperature )1828 (
Data of Earth,» Energy and Environment (2008) Arvix preprint arXiv 0809.0581.
N. N. Saji [et al.], «The Dipole Mode of the Tropical Indian Ocean,» Nature, vol. 401 )1829 (
(1999), pp. 360-363.
D. B. Enfield and D. A. Mayer, «Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Variability )1830 (
and its Relation to El NOscillation,» Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 102 (1997), pp. 929-945.
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JGQhOvvvvv< bvvvvv=vvvvv@Qvvvvv@ (vvvvv"vvvvv+vvvvv! dE KGOvvvvvIC fC iQvvvvvL C J9vvvvv Qvvvvvdvvvvv * ! MQvvvvvAvvvvvtvvvvv@h .#vvvvv*Qvvvvv+vvvvvjvvvvvAvvvvv}vvvvvyG
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k k
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D. A. Walker, «More Evidence Indicates Link between El Nin

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S. Solomon [et al.] eds., «Climate Change 2007,» in: The Physical Science Basis- )1892 (
Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
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Parameters in a Two-Dimensional Model,» Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 104 (1999), pp. 30559-
30569.
D. W. Waugh and T. M.Hall, «Age of Stratospheric Air: Theory, Observations and )1894 (
Models,» Reviews in Geophysics, vol. 40 (2002), pp. 1-10.

J. Austin and F. Li, «On the Relationship between the Strength of the Brewer-Dobson )1895 (
Circulation and the Age of Stratospheric Air,» Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 33 (2006), L17807.
A. Engel [et al.], «Age of Stratospheric Air Unchanged within Uncertainties Over the Past )1896 (
30 Years,» Nature Geoscience, vol. 2 (2009), pp. 28-31.
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E. Kasatkina [et al.], «Stardust Component in Tree Rings,» Dendrochronologica, vol. 24 )1974 (
(2007), pp. 131-135.
P. Pichler and W. Oberhuber, «Radial Growth Response of Coniferous Tress in an Inner )1975 (
Alpine Environment to Heat-Wave of 2003,» Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 242 (2007), pp. 688-
699.
R. B. Myneni [et al.], «Large Season Swings in Leaf Area of Amazonian Rainforests,» )1976 (
515
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B. R. Helliker and S. L. Richter, «Subtropical to Boreal Convergene of Tree-Leaf )1977 (
Temperatures,» Nature, vol. 454 (2008), pp. 511-514.
516
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U. Buntgen [et al.], «Summer Temperature Variations in the European Alps, A. D. 755- )1978 (
2004,» Journal of Climate, vol. 19 (2006), pp. 5606-5623.

A. BraÈuning, «Tree-Ring Evidence of «Little Ice Age» Glacier Advances in Southern )1979 (
Tibet,» The Holocene, vol. 16 (2006), pp. 369-380.

D. J. Hallett and L. V. Hills, «Holocene Vegetation Dynamics, Fire History Lake Level )1980 (
and Climate Change in the Kootenay Valley, Southeastern British Columbia, Canada,» Journal of
Paleolimatology, vol. 35 (2006), pp. 351-371.
517
q o
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Rutile TiO2, Imenite FeTiO3, Zircon ZrSiO4. )1981 (
L. G. Peterson [et al.], «Rapid Changes in the Hydrological Cycle of the Tropical Atlantic )1982 (
during the Last Glacial,» Science, vol. 290 (2000), pp. 1947-1951.
P. A. Mayewski [et al.], «Holocene Climate Variability,» Quaternary Research, vol. 62 )1983 (
(2004), pp. 243-255.
518
! #v*QvWvgvyG + +
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C. Smith [et al.], «Reconstructing Hemisphere-Scale Climates from Multiple Stalagmite )1992 (
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J9vav vJv}vyG + )vyE Q9v v % !} G !

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,vvvS9vvvSC AGPvvvi &vvv!Eh .e9vvvS Qvvv+vvvih ?vvvJvvvFGQ :h &vvvy f (vvvy (
: R9vvvi f vvv<QvvvwvvvyG Ovvv vvvTvvvvC + ,vvv!9vvvC
R. G. Hilton [et al.], «Tropical-Cyclone-Driven Erosion of the Terrestrial Biosphere from )2060 (
Mountains,» Nature Geosciene, vol. 1 (2008), pp. 759-762.
536
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)2064 (
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~v vsQv vyG GPv v $ f9v vv 9v v}v v<Qh .bv v+v vJv v}v vyG + j (vvGvvyG a;v vjv vyG + j (vvzvvgvvyG IQv vWv vtv vy G e9v vdv v ! ,vvp
k k
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k k
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K. E. Trenberth, J. R. Christy and J. G. Olson, «Global Atmospheric Mass, Surface )2061 (
Pressure, and Water Vapour Variations,» Journal of Geophysical Research, 93D (1988), p. 10925.
k
.# _ * { [9Ay9<h ,9"_ 5.14x 10 (@G a;jyG )2062(
12 15
3 x 10 CO2 ? zAv f p j
E. H. Oelkers and D. R. Cole, «Carbon Dioxide Sequestration: A Solution to a Global )2063 (
Problem,» Elements, vol. 4 (2008), pp. 305-310.

N. H. Batjes, «Total Carbon and Nitrogen in the Soils of the World,» European Journal of )2064(
Soil Science, vol. 47 (1996), pp. 151-163.
C. -L. Ping [et al.], «High Stocks of Soil Organic Carbon in the North American Arctic )2065 (
Region,» Nature Geoscience, vol. 1 (2008), pp. 615-619.
538
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.?+! Og }yG uF 9 sO yG ,p IO ( F( }yG CO2 R9ih ,Q (MZ yG
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GPEh . j a;vvvjvvvyG Yh OvvvZvvvyG gPvvv CO2h f9vvvDvvv vvv}vvvyG Pvvvqvvv vvv h ,?vvv8vvvpGO
H. D. Holland, The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans (New York: Wiley, 1978). )2066 (
T. J. Shepherd, A. H. Rankin and D. H. M. Alderton, A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion )2067 (
Studies (Glasgow: Blackie; New York: Distributed in the USA by Chapman and Hall, 1985).
J. G. Ramsay, «The Crack-Seal Mechanism of Rock Deformation,» Nature, vol. 284 )2068 (
(1980), pp. 135-139.
R. H. Sibson, J. M. M. Moore and A. H. Rankin, «Seismic Pumping-a Hydrothermal )2069 (
Fluid Transport Mechanism,» Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 131 (1975), pp. 653-659.
R. H. Sibson, «Brecciation Processes in Fault Zone: Inferences from Earthquake )2070 (
Rupturing,» Pure and Applied Geophyiscs, vol. 124 (1986), pp. 159-175.
539
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. JG hvvvvv<QC {vvvvvsC j vvvvvGvvvvvyG a;vvvvvjvvvvvyG CO2 vvvvvvvzvvvvvy (Risidence Time)
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Bv Qv FC ,xv yP )vvyE ?v p9v \E .JG(v "v S 5 IQv Av p d;v L ,J9v avvJv }v yG
+! +
CO2 f9vvvh ,?vv vv 9vvDvvy G ?vv vv}vvy9vvgvvyG HQvvJvvyG Ovvgvv< 9vv| A9vv vv=vvy G IO9vvfE d;vvL ?vv vvf9vv vvY uvv_9vv vv| " + " "
k
, 9v <h QhC HQv i d9v }v V ,vp +
J9v S9v v tv yG g Pv $ *
Bv Qv FC 9v }v v v <h "+ .9v gv s(v Av | Ov *GRv Av }v yG j (vGv yG
J. C. Pales and C. D. Keeling, «The Concentration of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in )2092 (
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544
+ "
?v vvf9v v Zv y G uv _9v vv}v yG " #v f +
I Ovv v gv < f (v wvv@ ,vvv G(v y 9v !h9v | ?vv}v s ,v p +
S9v v s ?v av Jvv| Bv TvvS v @ z
#vv| +
I Qvv vv=vvv J9vv vv}vvv G+ (vvy 9vv!h9vv| f9vvv Qvv< QOvvYC &vv"vv+vvf (
Bvvs vvyG ,vvph .CO2 vvv vzvvy I QOvvZvv}vvyG
,v !9v vQv =v yG ! $ #v | #v +v vGQv <

)2096 (
~v @ , Y: Ov : G d;v L h . jGh 9v iQv LC {v gv qv @ 9v }v v ,CO2
{vvvGvvvS ,vvvp I(vvvGvvvp "$

c9vvv vvv ! %
Bvvv 9vvvwvvvp ,Qvvv vvvVC ?vvvgvvv]vvv=vvvy (Observatory) OvvvYQvvv}vvvy G kvvv Qvvvqvvv@ *
(
?vvf vv}vvGvv| ,vvp f6G J G (vvGvvp "$
c 9vv vv +
Uvv vvyh .J9vvS9vv+vvtvvyG !
e GOvvgvv G IQvvAvvp BvvzvvDvv| J9vv 9vv vv=vvyG !+
( y 9! h 9| !+
)2097 (
. G J9 9 <
1959 e9vf j (vGvyG ( ("

CO2 i vAvJv}vy j v vTvyG bvS vAv}vy G fE yG vy 9v ( ( !(v|z Qv*Qvtv@ d9vs
,vp %
J9vavJv| 9v v@ QvF C J9vS9v vs + #v| 15 ppmvvvvv < {vsC xvy P f 9vv h ,315.93 ppmv f9vv
351.45 )vvyE G(vvy 9vv!(vv| ,vvp S9vvtvv}vvy G CO2 OGORGh .?vv"vvTvvyG Uvvqvv"vvy 9vv<hQhC HQvvi d9vv}vvV
+ }G + (vv$ + ,vvp
)2098 (
{vv=vvs ?vv vv<hQh J9vvS9vv vvtvvyG {vvDvv| 1989 S9vv vvs fEh . 1989 {vvFGhC ppmv
k
+
, S9v v tv yG uv FGQv _ ,vp J;v wv Wv | O (vFh )vzvf dOv @ ,vAvyG , yQv p (vwv"vAv<z *
?v tv Qv av < 9v |9v f 35
+
?v vF9vZvI + + + +
Gh ?v vF9v v}v vwvy G J9vS 9v vtvyG fQ9vtv@ 9v|Ov vf h " .J9v!9v+v=vzvy ?v+vF9vZvI G ?vzv|9vgv}vyG ,vph
k
+
S9v vs f vp , xvyP { )vyE ?vp9v\E .?vs;vf O9vGv E * #vwv}v* * + +
: ,?vDv OvJvy G ?v vp9v vav}vy G J9vS9v vtvy9v< +
k
* &vvy ! }G + * G(v y 9vv!h9v |
)2100 ()2099 (
^vvgvv< 9vv]vv C Bvv 9vvvh , AGQvv}vvJvvyG BvvJvv@ ?v gvvV {vv vvzvvJvvAvv< ~v Avv
* ( %yG , p + +
)2101 (
. R 9 jy G HG Q W A SG ? t Q azy J9S 9 s
k k
+
?v vzv}vfh J9v=v vzvy " ,vzv+vzvyG {vzvJvAvy G Qv vjv h + * .9v+v}vS(v|h 9v+v|(v* yG (vy 9v!h9v|z HvF9vAv ! Qv+vjvAv@
+
(Traffic) Qvvvv vvvvTvvvvyG {vvvvgvvvvqvvvv * ! + %" (
9vvvv}vvvvv ,J9vvvv 9vvvv vvvv=vvvvyG Q9vvvv vvvv vvvvy G A vvvv\ d;vvvvL ,vvvvF(vvvv]vvvvyG +
>vvvv vvvvvQvvvvAvvvvyG
S. Ryan, «Quiescent Outgassing of Mauna Loa Volcano 1958-1994,» in: J. M. Rhodes )2096 (
and J. P. Lockwood, «Manua Loa Revealed: Structure, Composition, History and Hazards,» American
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nd
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C. D. Keeling, and T. P. Whorf, «Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air )2100 (
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545
{vGvTv@h .gG(vAvJv| Ov*Rv@h I Ov vgv<+ #v+vvGQv< #v| "
CO2 vvv yG ?vyR9v vyG M9v QvyG {vtv v@ h * " .?vf9v"vZvyGh
k
+ " %
?v v zv }v f aGRv v Av SG >v =v Tv < {v sC CO2 Qv v dv yG Ov gv < J9v f9v S d;v L 9v v y9v f ?v v Gv Av }v yG M9v Qv yG + % *
,vv$ !+
e 9v vMv vy G J9v v 9v v v v=v vyG fEh .J9v v<9v vjv vyGh Qv vwv vTv vyG >v vZv vs d (vvtvvI ,vvp ,vvF(vv]vvyG +
>v v v vvQv vAv vyG
"$ ,vvvph )vvvyE #vvv| "+ } (

q
8784 c9vvv v v f 9v vv ,2004 e9v vf .iQv vLC ?vvvf9v vS J9vvv v v v vf hvvv<Q bv vS v vAv v|
k k
!+
, J9vv 9vv vv< fh Ovv< ?vv vv vvf 1102 c 9vv vv "+ "$ + +
Bvv vvtvv< ,?vv vvy6G A9vvavvL }G >vv=vvTvv<h .;vv}vvAvvJvv| 9vvS9vv+vvs
)v zv f}G )v yE ?v%v Gv Av}v yG * "+

q
,(Upslope Winds) M9v Qv yG >v =v Tv < {v }v gv Av Tv @ ~v y ?v v v f 1085 h
!+ $ #v|RvyG #v| ,vp Qv+v=vv Qv+vjv@ ?v"v+vf ( +

q
J9v 9v v =v yG g Pv Bv zv }v gv Av SG Ov sh , ?v f9v S 655 vvvvy f v wv v p
+ "+ * + }G + ,vp
q
, ?v f9v Tv< ?vf 9vS Qv v jv@ ?v v vf 866 vvvvy f9vv h .IPCC Qv QvtvAvy ?v v }vSQvy G e9vsQ ?vi9v v Y
% "w yh
)2102 (
. {} gAT @ ~ y 9
*(v "v S #vv| + ( ! + "+

q
uv zv gv Av @ ?v {v sC JGOOQv Avv< JG Qv v jvv@ CO2 v vvvy fC G v y 9v h9v | J9v S9v v s Bv v v <
(vvGvvyG " ( ! ( ,vvp +

)2103 (
I O9vvf h . j {vvtvv vvyGh f vv<Qvvwvvy G V9vvqvvMvv Gh ,f vv<QvvwvvyG QO9vvZvv| JGQvv vvjvvAvv<
k
+
GRv vvQv@ (v+v!(v*/fGQv*RvI *
{v Qv<C/f9vTv v + ! #v+v< (
?vgvsG vyG IQvAvqvyG d;vL {v=vtv}vyG A G v vyG {vZvqv (% *
n k
"
rvZv vyG Q9vGvVCh J9v@9v=v ! #v| ?v+v}vS(v}vyG +
JG Qv vjvAvy G Ov}vAvTv@h .CO2 vvv zvy 9v\9vqvMv G QvDvvC !
+
hvvvv vvvv<QvvvvyG ,vvvvp CO2 PvvvvL vvvv@ z ,vvvvAvvvvyG +
(Decedious) ?vvvv vvvv]vvvvqvvvv vvvvyG ?vvvv vvvv\Q " + }G IQvvvvwvvvvzvvvvy ,vvvvy9vvvv}vvvvWvvvvyG
,vph .?vAv+v}vyG "
J9v=v vyG IO9v| d;vJv}v\ G >v=vTv< A9vAvWvyGh rv QvMvyG * ,vp g QOvZv@h rv vZvy Gh +
+ }G ,vy9v}vWvyG " + #v+v=v* * + ! Qv%vV
q
CO2 vvvvzv y ?v v \Q IQv wv zv y rv Zv v yG ^v v qv Mv @ ,{v Qv <C/ f9v Tv v {v v
%" *
?v yGRE 9v v v wv }v h ,j v Gv y G a;v jv yG ( ,vp CO2 hv | ?v fQv Tv < {v f9v qv Av @ ?v gv v =v av y G fC :j v Gv yG + (
q k k
)v}vS *
Ov tv zv p ,IOv Ov F G Q9v =v LC Bv Tv v y gPv h + $ .GOv F +
IQv v Zv s IQv Av p ,vp &v"v| +
IQv v =v v J9v v }v v +
.( }"yG ~ S (}< #|RyG GP $ #+"T yG a: 6 f (f QGR}yG
+ ,vvph + ,vvp "$ (vvwvv@

)2104 (
. {vv vvzvvJvvAvvyG AGQvvF E (Sampling ) f9vv vvAvvf:G A9vvavvLC c 9vv vv f Ovvs
, ?vy hRvgv| QRvF ,vp +

h C , ?v vzvI9vS uv_ 9v v| " ,vp (
~vy9vgvyG d vI f6G S9v vtvy G J9vavJv| QvWvAv v@h + "
+ !
?vvvGvvv vvvAvvv hC ,vvvF9vvv+vvvIC K (vvvzvvv@ )vvvyE VQvvvgvvvAvvv * fC fh Ovvv< AG (vvv%vvvyG ,vvvp CO2 S9vvv vvvtvvvy xvvvyPh +
.j(vvGv yG a;vvjv yG ,vvp + (
CO2 vv vvzv y ?vv v qvvzvvL i vvAvvJvv| Uvv v S vvAv y ,xv yPh + z .,vvf9vv"v ZvvyG W9vvWv vvzvvy "
d (vI Nv qv v "* jPv yG , ?v Tv <9v v yG + #v| (%
Ov }v Av Tv }v yG AG v v y G fC ,v$ J9v S9v v tv yG g Pv + $ ,vp ?v zv wv Wv }v y Gh
<ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/in-situ>. )2102 (
B. R. Litner [et al.], «Seasonal Circulation and Mauna Loa CO2 Variability,» Journal of )2103 (
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Z. Jaworowski, T. V. Segalstad and V. Hisdal, «Aospheric CO2 and Gobal Wrming: A )2104 (
Critical Review,» 2
nd
546
.J 9a +J}y G ,p CO2 HhP * #+ I CO2 #| 10 ppm )yG( I O tq * Q 9J =yG
k n o
fC ,v$ Qv=vv }G ?vzvwvWv}vy Gh .IOhQv< QvDvvC bv+vJv}vyG f9vv GPE CO2 #v| Ov*Rv}vyG Ovtvqv *
+
rvv vv_ hvv| (Overlaps) {vvLGOvvAvv * CO2 vvv vzvvy AGQvv}vvJvvyG BvvJvv@ ?vvgvvV }G U9vvZvvAvv|G rvv vv_ +
#v +v FhQv Av +v "v yG + + }Gh
)2105 (
. CFCsh Ov v Tv vCh ,f 9v Dv v }v yGh ,fhRh , A9v }v yG Q9v Mv < U 9v Zv Av |G
k k
"
Q9vMv< ?vyGREh U9v vAvs : GOQ9v< G ARvF AG Qv}vJvyG BvJv@ ?vgvV }G JGOvgv| ^vgv=vy f vp xvyPvy {
k
rvvWvvwvvy G ~vvAvv h * .9vv]vv*C &vv]vvgvv< +
dGRvv vvp OQ9vv=vvyG A9vv}vvyG ,vvp HhPvv * CO2 vvvvy G fC Qvv vvi + .A9vv}vvyG
CFCs {vvvvvDvvvvv| JGR9vvvvvi fEh .CO2 9vvvvv vvvvv % !zvvvvvvh % +

, 9vvvvv vvvvvS 9vvvvv vvvvvsh JG R9vvvvvjvvvvvy G gPvvvvv $ +
?vvvvv vvvvvtvvvvv< #vvvvvf
j (vGvyG a;v jv yG #v| +
Q9v v zv }v y G ,vp % ! #v|
AGRv FC 9v v C ~v iQv yG )vzvf ,)f (v<QvvhQ(vzvphQ(vzvv(
% ! )vvAv I
9vv v C +
,Qv vv=v v {v wv Wv < Qv }vvI }G Bv Jvv@ ?v gv V }G U9v Zv Avv|G )v zvvf %*
IQOv s 9vv v Ov y fC :E
?vv *(vvGvvyG JGR9vvjvvyG {vvv S9vv vvs QvvGvv + * ~vvy 9vv|h .CO2 #vv| f (vv+vvzvv}vvyG ,vvp z
A GRvvF vvv {vvGvvTvv@
k
+ *
J;v vzv Jv@ hv | Ov OvV QPvJv < {v |9v gvAv yG >vGv * &v!{vp ,CO2 R9vi hv | 9vgv | fB ,vp iQvL }G
k
" ( "
hv| 9v v|G Rv@ yQvp vwv vAv<z ?vtv Qv_ Bvzv}vgvAvSG GPEh * .AGQv}vJvyG BvJv@ ?vgvV}G +"
J9v v vtvAv< jQvGv@
U9vvZvvAvv|G HvvF9vvAvv ! f (vvwvv@ Ovvtvvp ,?vvsO9vvZvv}vvzvvy AGQvv}vvJvvy G BvvJvv@ ?vvgvvV }G +

rvv vv_ U9vvZvvAvv|G
,vp f6G ,v$ AGQv }v Jv y G Bv Jv @ CO2 e 9v s QC fE .Qv Dv vC ?v s(v C(v| ,AG Qv }v Jv yG Bv Jv @ ?v gv V }G

k
J9v=vC E g Pv $ "*
?vy9vJvyGh 9v v Ovy {v vp % .9v|9vf ( " *
50 {v=vs yQvp vwv vAv<z ?vtv Qvav< {vGvTv}vyG i vAvTv}vyG (
k k
+
?? \ 9} yG 9|9 f 50vvvvyG d;L ;g p hq@ QG Os CO2 fC )zf uza|
BvvJvv@ ?vvgvvV }G +
J9vvS9vv vvs fE 2001 e 9vvf IPCC vvv vzvvy Evvy9vvDvvyG ~vv *(vvtvvAvvyG Qvv*Qvvtvv@ d9vvs
q o
J9vS 9v v tv yG {v + $9vGv@ #vwv}v*h %+
, bv tv p 9v v vzvf O9v}v Av f: G d (vgv* ,vAvyG ,v$ CO2 v vvvzvy AGQv}v JvyG
k
,vp * " *(vGvyG + #v+v=v@ }G
q )2106 (
,CO2 GOv G Rv@ 1812 Pv v| ?v CO2 J9vS9v vs :h . ?vtv<9vTvyG iQvL
CO2 J9vS9v vs {v + $9vGvAv@ fC IPCC JQ9vAvLG Ovs h .yG(vy 9v!h9v|z J9vS 9v vs + ,vp Qv%vdv* 9v}vv
#v+v< Bvs vyG ( ,vp {vLGOvAvyG #v| ~viQvy G )vzvfh ,90,000 )vzvf 9v$OOvf Ov*Rv* ,vAvyG +
?vtv vsO vvvv yG
{v $9vGv@ ~v@ GPEh .yG(vy 9v!h9v|z ,vp AGQv}vJvyG BvJv@ ?vgvV }G +

J9vS 9v vs h yQvp (vwv"vAv<z *
?vtv Qv_
" * "% %+
?v Wv s9v v | ~v Ov tv Av y ?v F9v I c9v v v p ,9v v v zv f bO9v Zv }v yG ?v v Mv Q9v Av yG J9v 9v v =v yG + * !+ #v| +
I Qv v =v v ?v v }v v +
. > T J p B } Y 9} ! Eh ,Q Tq@ c 9 + "$ #w* ~yh .I O+F U ( ZM yG GP % < ?+ !;tf
B. P. Briegleb, «Longwave Band Model for Thermal Radiation in Climate Studies,» )2105 (
Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97 (1992), pp. 11475-11485.

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Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. T. Houghton, G.
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547
q
* !+
?vtv Qvav< ?vzvzvJv| IQ9v Av Mv| J9v 9v v< ,IPCC Qv Qv tv @ {v=vs 9v| K9vJv<C Bv |Ov Mv AvSG Ovsh *
q
#vv| %10 # * +
vvf {vvtvv@ hC Ovv Rvv@ ~vv vvs jC Bvv]vvpQ Ovvs h .Ovv*OvvV QPvvJvv< #vvwvvyh .yQvvp(vvwvv"vvAvv<z
k k
#v| + (vpQv}vyG !+ }G +
)2107 (
GQv v =v v GOOv f ?v \ J9v 9v v =v yG Bv zv }v V h . 270 ppmv S9v S bv L ?v }v v s
n o
"
,1812 Pvv vv| {vvGvvTvv}vvyG )vv!O}G ~vvsQvvyG PvvLC .?vv+vvF9vv+vv}vv+vvv +
bQvvavv< I OOvvJvv}vvyG 9vv vvzvvgvvyG ~vv vvtvvyG +
)vvdvvJvv@ fC IPCC Ov v Qv v@h * .,v vf9v v"v vZv vyG Ov v}v vyG {v v=v vs 9v v}v vy +
S 9v v v vtv v}v vv ,270ppmv &vvAvv}vv+vvsh
+
, S9v vtv}vv yQvp (vwv"vAv<z *
?vtv Qvav< )v!O}G Ov*OvJvAvyG d9v}vgvAvS: fhOvgvAvTv| ~v vp , % #v+v!9v$Qvy9v<
" + "+ ( " * + ( * %! +
q
Pvv vv| CO2 vvv vzvvy Rvv vvvGQvv@ Bvv vv vv< yQvvp vvwvv vvAvv< ?vvtvv Qvv_z J9vvS9vv vvs fC f vvp QvvAvvgvv : ~vv vv C Qvv vvi
.f6G +
gR v GQ @ #| JGQ| I Og < ) zfC 1812
5 dOvvg C ( " *
>vvzvvY bvvL( yQvvp vvwvv vvAvv<z ?vvtvv Qvvavv< j vv (@ ( + P
G f * ; vv<Qvvwvvy G Ovv vvTvvvC 9vvC JGOvv Ovv :52 {vvwvvWvvy G
+
>vvavvtvvyG O zvvF >vvy # (@ (
vv| j vv G f vv<QvvwvvyG + P
Ovv vvTvvvC " #+ ("
9vvC J9vvF9vvAvv vvAvvS G ,1961 h 1812 vv< )J G vv vvS
+ ( !
rvv vv_( yG vvy 9vv h9vv|z # (@ (
vv| j vv G f vv<QvvwvvyG + P +
Ovv vvTvvvC + + ; N( " @
9vvDvvy ?vvtvv vvsO J9vvS9vv vvsh )R 9vvjvvyG { zvv ( vv vv G
+ P , + + + * _ . $ A ; }
k k q
Ovv vvTvvvC 9vvC vvp G Qvv vv=vvv G Qvv vvjvv@ S 9vv vvtvvyG ?vvtvv Qvv_ vv=vv@ ) 9vv Ovvgvv< 9vv|h 1958 ,AGQvv}vv G Bvv ?vvgvvV G
P + +
9vvDvvy 9 zvvgvvyG ~vv vvtvvyG IPCC Bvv]vvpQ Ovvsh . $ %
GPvv } * #
Qvv vvdvv@ : iQvvL(@ ( G ?vvtvv Qvvavvy G vvwvvyh ,j vv G f vv<Qvvwvvy G
+ % +! + + ( " * (
9v| S9vSC bvL ?v}v vtvv 9v vzv}vgvAvTv@ dGRv@ : 9 v OvyG ?v}v vtvyG fC Qv vi yQvp vwv vAv<z ?vtv Qvav< f v<QvwvyG Ov vTvvC +
. (@ ( j + P , " %
G f <Qw yG O Tv C 9 Dy f 9 Z yG O gyG {= s
,vp j (vGvyG CO2 vvv zvy d v_ ( }Gh Qv}vAvTv}vyG S9v vtvyG + )vzvf I QOvtvy G G (vy 9v!h9v| OvYQv}vy fE
G. S. Callender, «The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its Influence on )2107 (
Temperature,» Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 66 (1938), pp. 395-400.
548
k k
+ +
CO2 vv vvy 9v tv v sO 9v S9v v s Qv =v Av fGh ,AGQv }v Jv yG Bv Jv @ ?v gv V }G +
a9v v av | e GOv Mv Av S9v < ,Ov IG h hv s (v|
, #v+vvGQv=vzvy {vs }G QvC }Gh " *
, J9v=v vyG h C ?v QvWv=vyG JGQv vC vAvyG ?vzvs >v=vTv< Qv vqvS +z + (v<hQvAvyG rvZvAv v| "
k
% ! ?+ "tAyG + #| "$ &!}h
)2108 (
. 9 Tq { }gA T@ J 9 S9 tyG 9|9f 50 c9 f9v
#| ("TyG + ,p ,p " * ( ! #+=*h

q
j CO2 R vQ@ dOg| ?8}yG 19.4 ?=T < IO9 R G y 9 h9| {GS
.2004 e9vvvvvvf 377.38 ppmv )vvvvvvyE (%

1959 e9vvvvvvf a9vvvvvvGvvvvvvyG AG vvvvvv vvvvvvzvvvvvvy 315.98 ppmv #vvvvvv|
,1998 vvvvv 1997 e9vvvf (vvv"vvv+vvv! dE ,vvvp 2.87 ppmv #vvv| QGOvvvtvvv}vvv< Qvvv=vvvv }G I RvvvqvvvtvvvyG Bvvv 9vvvv h !
k
("+ ! z * (@
)2109 (
. d E K G O I < ? t z g A | i Q L C JG O 9 R h | 9t p G
k k
+
CO2 vvvvvvzvvvvy 9vvvvTvvvv vvvvFQ GQOvvvvZvvvv| bvvvv vvvvJvvvv}vvvvyG + ,vvvvp R9vvvvjvvvvyG (Desgassing) kvvvv Qvvvvqvvvv@ {vvvvwvvvvWvvvv * *
,vp + (
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*
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IQv v=vv J9v v}vv >v Pv@ fC 9v v vwv}v h (Undersaturated) ?vgv=vWv| %" *
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*
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Ovvv Rvvv h
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A9v }v yG Q9v Mv < Ov Rv }v yG QGOv YE ~v 9v S 9v }v <Qh . {v YC jQv Wv =v yG
)vvvyE ?vvvp 9vvv\ 9vvv< , #vvv*QvvvWvvvgvvvyG fQvvvtvvvy G QvvvLGh C QGQvvvAvvvIG ,vvvp j (vvvGvvvyG a ;vvvjvvvyG )vvvyE CO2h
+ + "
?v v Tv v av v jv |hQv Av wv y G J: 9v Gv }v y G ,vp +
JGQv v jv @h Ov GRv Av }v yG * ,vTv}vWvyG " #v|
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C. D. Keeling [et al.], «Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Variations at Mauna Loa )2108 (
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Ä o,» Science, vol. 210 (1980), pp. 66-68.
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2005GL025539.
549
x
fC ,vvvv"vvvvgvvvv* % +
GPvvvv vvvvp ,Qvvvv vvvvZvvvvs Qvvvv}vvvvf CO2 #vvvv| *
(Molecule) ?vvvv8vvvv RvvvvF {vvvvwvvvvy f9vvvvv G PE
fRvvMvv| ,vvp 9vv%vvY9vvZvvAvv|G + (

~vvAvv vvy j vvGvvy G a;vvjvvyG #vv| ?vvfQvvTvv< dGRvvAvvS CO2 v vvvyG J9vv8vv RvvF *
+
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#v| J9v8v| I Ovgvy (vGvyG ,vp A9vtv< Qv}vf &vy f (vwv* fC >vGv h ,QvJv=vyG * ,vp HPv * ~vy CO2
)vvyE #vv+vv< * #vv+vv"vvTvvyG

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Ovvsh . e 9vvf 200 50 Mh GQvvAvv Qvv}vv gvvy G fC IPCC MQvv Avvtvv@h .
k n o
* }h + &vvv!} $ !
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JGQvvv Qvvv=vvv@ bvvvgvvv@ ~vvvy IPCC f , GOOvvvJvvv| Uvvv vvvy GPvvv IPCC Qvvv}vvvf OvvvtvvvAvvv G
p
#vvwvv}vv*h
)2116 ()2115 (
Qv v}v vgv vyG H9v vTv vI . CO2 vvvv zv vy ?vvvp hQv vgv v| (Sinks) Qv vF9v vZv v| hC Qv v<9v vtv v}v vy
CO2 ,vp ( (
14 f v<QvwvyGh 13 f v<QvwvyGh ,12 f v<QvwvyG QGOvtv| S 9v vtv< CO2 v vv zvy j vGvyG ( + (
#v| z
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&vvAvv+vv!9vv<hP )vvyE &vv+vvp +
)*( 222
?vvp9vv\ 9vv< , hvvWvv}vvyG (Rn ) fhOGQvvyG R9vvi QGOvvtvv| S 9vv vvtvv< xvvyP
. IO OgA }yG f ( < Q wyG QF 9 d ! J 9 < 9T Ih
( ! )vvzvvf ?vv+vv"vv=vv}vvyG (vvGvvyG ,vvavvgvv@h

)2117 (
14 f vv<Qvvwvvy G QvvF9vvdvv j CO2 Qvv}vvf J9vv<9vvTvvI
k
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gQv }v f h , )?v zv Zv qv v | ?v SGQO 18( 9v |9v f 25 )v yE 3 #v | Qv }v f ~v v s + ,v gv +v =v av yG
JG (vvvv"vvvvS hvvvv=vvvvS )vvvvyE #vvvv+vvvv|9vvvvf #vvvv+vvvv< Mh GQvvvv * jQ (vvvvqvvvvI}G O(vvvvs(vvvvyG + !
b QvvvvI ?vvvvGvvvv vvvvAvvvv j (vvvvGvvvvyG
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9v}v vp ,)f9vAvzvZvqv v| f9vAvSGQO( "
CO2 Qv}vf Rn
222
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,)?vzvZvqv v| ?vSGQO 12 ( JG (v"vS 10 #v| QvDvvC )vyE
k
CO2 ?vv vv 9vv<hP+! ,vvavvgvv@h "
,)?vvzvvZvvqvv vv| J9vvS GQO K;vvC( 9vv|9vvf 13.2 )vvyE 7.8 #vv| j (vvGvvyG
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nd
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k k
.9 + f 9 g V E bW ! & " w y h 9 + F 9 + } + v { | 9 L R 9 i f h O GQ y G R9 i )* (
E. T. Sundquist, «Geological Perspectives on Carbon Dioxide and the Carbon Cycle,» in: )2117 (
E. T. Sundquistm and W. S. Broecker, eds., The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations
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550
k k k
(v<QvwvyG )vyE ( ( + (v"vS #v| 9v*(vF
)2118 (
GQv}vf 13 f 12 f v<Qvwvy G fRG v@ ?v}v vsh JG 5.4 GQv}vf
,vvvp { #vvv| + " $h (vvv"vvvS

)2119 (
CO2 Qvvv}vvvf f vvvp .a;vvvAvvvL:G {vvv vvvzvvvtvvvyG xvvvy9vvv vvv . JG 5.4 gQGOvvvtvvv|
I QGOE UvvzvvGvv| Uvv vvFQ + &vv< aQvvAvvf G ~vvsQ (vv$h ,J G (vv"vvS 5 (vvJvv! kvvzvv=vv * j (vvGvvyG a;vvjvvyG
(vvvGvvvyG ,vvv"vvvgvvv*h #vvv+vvvy(vvv<

)2120 (
j CO2 vvvvvy G Qvvv}vvvf . (Bert Bolin) JQvvv< uvvv<9vvvTvvvyG IPCC vvvvvyG
Ovtvy h GPv $ .e9vf {vv dO9v=vAv * j (vGvyG CO2 i vAvJv| ( #v| ?v8v}vyG ,vp 18 (vJv! +
fC Qv vZvtvyG
,vvp j (vvGvvyG a;vvjvvyG ,vvp *

CO2 vvvvzvvy ?vvS 9vvtvv}vvyG IO9vv RvvyG f E f vvy vvtvv ( ( * #vv*PvvyG xvv8vvyhC hvv\h
z (
Qv v}vvvf f v v< d vvvtv v@ LP9v v}v v ! jQ (vvqvvI}G O(vvs(vvzvvy f9v vTv v ! G bQv vI #vv| ?v vGv v@9v v ! yG (vvvy 9vv!h9vvv|z
#+< * ( GyG ,p
)2121 (
. e9 f 200 vvvvv 50 kz= j a;jy G CO2 vvvyG
k k
+
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Qv Tv qv * ~v yh .IPCC Qv @ v v =v }v v LP v }v (+ ( ! #v +v<h ?v qv zv Av Mv | bQv _ Bv S {v }v gv Av Tv @ J9v <9v Tv Ih
k
j (vGvyG CO2 Qv}vf f9vv GPEh ?9v}v v| GPv % $ f (vwv* GP9v}vzvp .IPCC {v=vs #v| "
^vs9v vAvyG GPv $
O (vvvs(vvvyG b QvvvI #vvv| Ovvv}vvvAvvvTvvv}vvvyG CO2 vvvvvzvvvy ,vvvzvvvwvvvyG Y(vvv}vvvGvvv}vvvyG {
f vvvp , JG (vv"vvS (
5 j vvvGvvvyG
% ,vAvyG ,vp21 + ,vp ( + ( }G

)2122 (
.IPCC 9v vAv\ QvAvp G ?v8v}vyG Uv vyh , ?v8v}vyG 1.2 f vwv vS jQ vqvI
#v| f (vwv+vS ,IPCC VG Qv Av pG hv | ?v tv pG (vAv| j (vGvyG CO2 Qv }v f J9v S9v v s Qv v Zv @ + + ,vwvyh

hv | ,v}vy9vgvyG jQ (vqvI}G O(vs(vyG b Qv I #v| +
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( GyG #| (w *
)2123 (
. JGQ| U}M< j a ;jyG Q=v C f rzA M| CO2 fRM|
c (vvzvvS #vvf z
J;v v| v v@ Bv vzv v}v vV ,VQ9v vgv vAv vyG GPv v $ MQv vWv vy J: h9v vJv v| c 9v v v v "$ !
Bv v 9v vv
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551
" + + + $9vGv@h + (v<QvwvyG Qv+vdv!
)2124 (
QvF9vdv vy G HQ9vGv@h ?v vF9v v}v vwvyG HQ9vGvAvyG Bvzv , S9vtv}vyG Qv vi f
k
#+ < 9 !RG( @ #+=@ , AyG
)2126 ( )2125 ( q
. J9f 9 S h]< d;L A9 }yGh CO2
k
CO2 ,vvp (
?v vS9v vtv v}v vyG 13 f v v<Qv vwv vyGh 12 f v v<Qv vwv vyG ?v v=v vTv v( ! {
f v vp , xv vyP )vvyE ?v vp9v v\E
k
( ! ,vp #vf 9v+vS9vSC (
)2127 (
:h . IPCC LP v}v ?vzv}vgvAvTv}vy G xvzv@ ?vqvzvAvMv| j vGvyG a;vjvyG
CO2 QGOv tv |h ,j v Gv yG a ;v jv y G ( ,v p CO2 A9v tv < IOv | d v _ ( #v f IPCC LP v }v ( ! ~v fOv *

+ +
?v v f9v gv V:G Qv v i hC ?v v f9v gv V + "
G Qv F9v dv v yG {v F: Ov < , j (vGvyG a ;v jv y G ,vp jQ (vqvI}G O(vs(vyG
.?vJv+vJvY BvTv+vy IPCC 9v vAv\QvAvpG % ,vAvyG ?v+vS9vS}G J9v\ GQvAvp: G f vp { ,vy9vAvy9v<h ,f (v<Qvwvzvy
Ov }v Avvgvv * J9vv 9vv vv< ! + ,v av gv * + z
: Ovv vvzv Gv yG >v y f v < e9vv}vvAv $:G #vv| IPCC J;vvwvvWv | J vvWvv z ! 9vv}v <Qh
IQ (vvDvvyG (
{vv=vvs j vvGvvyG a;vvjvvyG xvvyP ,vvp 9vv}vv< , ,vv\9vv}vvyG ,vvp j (vvGvvyG a;vvjvvy G #vvf 9vv%vv+vvzvvf
+
CO2 J9vvvS9vvv vvvs fC ?vvvtvvv vvvtvvvI + #vvv| I Ovvv}vvvAvvvTvvv| IPCC J;vvvwvvvWvvv| Bvvv 9vvvv 9vvv}vvv<Qh ! .?vvv+vvvf9vvv"vvvZvvvyG
% ! ! #v+vI ,vp %+ + + * ! * *(vGvyG

)2128 (
9v v Gv F9v Av Bv 9v v , 9v v v zv f bO9v Zv | Qv v i ?v v yB ?v tv Qv av < Bv 9v v ?v Dv Ov Jv y G ?v
k
CO2 J9vvv *(vvvAvvvTvvv}vvvy +
I Q9vvvAvvvMvvv| Qvvv vvvi J9vvvS 9vvv vvvs + #vvvf " +! +
?vvvpQvvvJvvv vvv|h ,yIQQvvvJvvv|zh 9vvv vvv 9vvv vvvf IQ9vvvAvvvMvvv|
k
,p ,p * + + + +
)2129 (
. 9 <h Q hC ?aJ| 19 B Q FC GOF ?t sO ? F 9 } v b Q a< h , ?A< 9 DyG
g Qv}vf h ,j (vGvyG a;vjvy G ,vp jQ (vqvIC O(vs(vv f (v<Qvv Ov+vTvvC ,v!9vC ?v}v $9vTv| fE
k
>vv=vvS #vv| c9vv vv "$ Uvv vvyh + .9vvS9vvSC (
IPCC O vvFh S9vvS C (vv$ j (vvGvvyG a ;vvjvvyG GPvv $ ,vvp
*
, R9vvjvvyG kvv Qvvqvv@h ,jQvvJvv=vvyG rvv vvDvvwvvAvvyG h ,?vv + *(vvGvvyG CO2 ?vvf vv}vvGvv}vvyh ( .f6G 9vv$O(vvF(vvy
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552
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R9vjvy G kv Qvqv@( ?v vF + (vy(v+vGvyG QO9vZv}vyG #v| CO2h
+ "
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O (vvs(vvyG bQvvI #vv| CO2 gQOvvZvv * (

9vv| Y vv}vvGvv| fEh .IPCC &vv\QvvAvvqvv@ +
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#| Q+Dw< ?+}$C {sC ) j GyG CO2 ( #| ?8}y G ,p 4( ? +"+F(+=yG J9C9g= : Gh jQ ! (qI}G
.IPCC &\ QAq@ jPy G j ( GyG CO2 #| ?8}y G ,p 21 #|
k
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)Qv v Gv yG Qv Gv I {v Dv |( Q (vMvZvyG
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K. Y. Kondratyev, Climate Shocks: Natural and Anthropogenic (New York: Wiley, 1988). )2131 (
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L. Zhen-Shan and S. Xian, «Multi-Scale Analysis of Global Temperature Changes and )2132 (
Trend of a Drop in Temperature in the Next 20 Years,» Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 95
(2007), pp. 115-121.
554
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C. R. deFreitas, «Are Observed Changes in the Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the )2133 (
Atmosphere Really Dangerous?,» Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 50 (2002), pp. 297-327.
C. Lorius [et al.], «The Ice-Core Record: Climate Sensitivity and Future Greenhouse )2134 (
Warming,» Nature, vol. 347 (1990), pp. 139-145.

I. P. Montanez [et al.], «CO 2-Forced Climate and Vegetation Instability during Late )2135 (
Paleozoic Deglaciation,» Science, vol. 315 (2007), pp. 87-91.
555
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D. L. Royer, «CO2-Forced Climate Thresholds during the Phanerozoic,» Geochimica et )2136 (
Cosmochemica Acta, vol. 70 (2006), pp. 5665-5675.

R. A. Berner and Z. Kothavala, «Geocarb III: A Revised Model of Atmospheric CO2 )2137 (
over Phanerozoic Time,» American Journal of Science, vol. 301 (2001), pp. 182-204.
D. J. Lunt [et al.], «Late Pliocene Greenland Glaciation Controlled by a Decline in )2138 (
Atmospheric CO2 Levels,» Nature, vol. 454 (2008), pp. 1102-1105.

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C. Le Quere [et al.], «Two Decades of Ocean CO2 Sink and Variability,» Tellus, B55 )2142 (
(2003), pp. 649-656.
S. F. Singer, Nature not Human Activity Rules the Climate (Chicago, IL: Heartland Institute, )2143(
2008).
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network data).
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vol. 35 (2008), L22805, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036037.
(UN Food and Agricultural Organisation :) h9v vqv vyG( IOvv Jv vA G ~v v| C ~vvy ?vv*Pvvi}Gh ?vv fGQRvv yG ?vv}vv dvv "vv| )2146(
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R. S. Lindzen [et al.], «Does the Earth have an Adaptive Infra-Red Iris?,» Bulletin of the )2162 (
American Meteorological Society, vol. 82 (2001), pp. 417-432.

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Urban Atmosphere,» Atmoshperic Environment, vol. 35 (2001), pp. 1193-1202.

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