BEATUS HOMO

QUI INVENIT
SAPIENTIAM ÜNNEPI KÖTET
TOMKA PÉTER
75. SZÜLETÉSNAPJÁRA
Tartalomjegyzék

KÉRDEZZÜK MEG ATOMKÁT!!!!!!........................................................................................................................5

TABULA GRATULATORIA.....................................................................................................................................7

ASZT ÁGNES – ENZSÖL IMRE:

Sőtér Ágost, a múzeumszervező régész�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9

BAJKAI ROZÁLIA:
Újabb adatok az ún. sütőtálak és agyagtepsik kérdésköréhez�����������������������������������������������������������������������������31

BALOGH CSILLA:
„Aranypillangók” — Adatok az avar kori halotti szemfedők és koporsók díszítéséhez��������������������������������������45

BARTOSIEWICZ LÁSZLÓ:
Lóhalál:
a nagytermetű háziállatok levágásának egyik hagyományos módja ������������������������������������������������������������������71

BLAY ADRIENN:
Az architektonikus típusú gyűrű és mediterráneumi kapcsolatai a VI–VII. században���������������������������������������77

BOCSI ZSÓFIA – GALLINA ZSOLT – SOMOGYI KRISZTINA:

Késő római – 5. századi településrészlet Ordacsehi–Csereföldön������������������������������������������������������������������������93

BOLLÓK ÁDÁM:
A „kereszt-phylaktērion” és a mellkereszttel való temetkezés szokásának háttere
a késő ókori Kelet-Mediterráneumban és a Kárpát-medencében����������������������������������������������������������������������133

BUGARSKI, IVAN – IVANIŠEVIĆ, VUJADIN: On the Group of Graves from Aradac (Aradka)
and Germanic Finds from the South of the Avar Khaganate����������������������������������������������������������������������������151

CSISZÁR ATTILA:
„Ujjoncz Dall”. A XIX. századi földbirtokrendezések verses emléke Osliból�����������������������������������������������������169

CSUTHY ANDRÁS – JELÍNEK, PAVOL – PASTIRČÁK, GERHARD:

Újabb kora középkori szórványleletek Gajarból (Gajary; Szlovákia)����������������������������������������������������������������175

DEMO, ŽELJKO:
A hoard of late medieval coins and jewelry found in 1919 at 67 Duga Street in Vinkovci������������������������������183

FODOR ISTVÁN:
A hun halotti máglya és áldozat�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������191

FUSEK, GABRIEL:
Konische Knochengegenstände aus Nitra���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������203

GÁLL ERWIN:
Doboka a „történelemben”. Geloutól Istvánig, dhloboku-tól Dobukáig
Az Árpád-kori várkomplexum a XIX–XXI. századi értelmezések béklyójában��������������������������������������������������209

GÖMÖRI JÁNOS:
Árpád-kori település Nagycenk határában��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������227
802 Tartalomjegyzék

GRÓH DÁNIEL:
A legyező alakú saroktornyok létrejöttének lehetséges irányvonala�����������������������������������������������������������������243

GYARMATI ANDRÁS – KELEMEN ISTVÁN – NEMES ANDRÁS:

A nemeskéri Szent László-templom története és műemléki helyreállítása��������������������������������������������������������257

HAJNALKA HEROLD:
Spätantike und Frühmittelalter – eine technologische Kontinuität?
Analysen zu Funden aus Michelstetten (Niederösterreich)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������277

HORVÁTH ESZTER – RÁCZ ZSÓFIA:

Egy különleges nyakék a Keszthely–Fenékpuszta-horreumi temető 5. sírjából������������������������������������������������311

KÁPOLNÁS OLIVÉR:
A mongol nők és fegyvertáruk a XII–XVII. században a mongol források alapján��������������������������������������������319

KISS GÁBOR:
A szombathelyi belsővár kapuja. Kihullott lap egy időutazóknak való képes útikönyvből�������������������������������327

KONDÉ ZSÓFIA:
Egy kút élete — avar kori településrészlet Tiszabura–Bónishát lelőhelyről������������������������������������������������������337

KOVÁCS LÁSZLÓ:
A IX/X–XII. századi ellentétes tájolású temetkezésekről�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������353

KÖLTŐ LÁSZLÓ:
Késő avar kori sax, egy vörsi padmalyos sírból������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������379

LANGÓ PÉTER:
„Salamon gyűrűi”. Pajzs alakú, kiszélesedő, díszített fejű pántgyűrűk
a X. századi Kárpát-medencei emlékanyagban�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������387

LAUERMANN, ERNST:
Wiederentdeckte langobardischer Altfunde aus Niederösterreich �������������������������������������������������������������������409

M. LEZSÁK GABRIELLA:
Attila sírja – a folyómederbe temetés motívuma����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������417

MADARAS LÁSZLÓ:
Lehetett-e a kunbábonyi sír egy kagán nyugvóhelye?��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������429

MARCSIK ANTÓNIA – SZELEKOVSZKY MÁRTA:

Berettyóújfalu–Nagy Bócs-dűlő lelőhely avar kori humán csontvázanyagának ismertetése�����������������������������437

MERCZI MÓNIKA:
Kora római rugótokos és csuklós ívfibulák a Balassa Bálint Múzeum gyűjteményéből������������������������������������447

MERVA SZABINA:
Adatok a IX. és X–XI. századi fazekasság működéséhez.
Néhány északnyugat–magyarországi lelőhely kerámiájának
archeometriai elemzéséből levonható tanulságok��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������463
   SZAKMÁNY GYÖRGY:
Északnyugat-magyarországi IX–XI. századi kerámiák petrográfiai vizsgálati eredményei���������������������477

NYÁRÁDI ZSOLT:
Régészeti adatok az udvarhelyszéki Árpád-kori templomok keletkezéséhez����������������������������������������������������495

OTTOMÁNYI KATALIN:
A vezetőréteg sírjai a budaörsi vicus késő római temetőjében�������������������������������������������������������������������������511
 Tartalomjegyzék 803

PAP ILDIKÓ KATALIN:

Késő népvándorlás kori leletek Körmend belvárosából������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549

PESTI KRISZTINA:
Egy X–XII. századi településrészlet bemutatása a többrétegű Csorna, Lórét lelőhelyen ����������������������������������557
   SÜMEGI PÁL:
A kisalföldi folyómeder változások a földtani és éghajlati hatások tükrében����������������������������������������583

POLGÁR PÉTER:
Ikva-parti telepesek. Egy többkorszakos lelőhely feltárása Sopron keleti határában����������������������������������������597

ROBAK, ZBIGNIEW:
A comparative analysis of three fittings decorated with the Carolingian plant style
coming from Mikulčice, Bojná and Zalavár������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������617

SEKELJ IVANČAN, TAJANA:

Early medieval settlements between the Sava and Drava Rivers
– a few examples of the village in the 9th century�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������625

SOÓS ESZTER:
Kora hun kori edényégető kemence Hernádvécsén������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������649

SZABADOS GYÖRGY:
Avarok eltűnőben, avagy a hasonulás három fokozatáról��������������������������������������������������������������������������������671

SZALONTAI CSABA:
A Szeged–öthalmi avar- és honfoglalás kori lelőhelyekről.
Gondolatok egy mikrorégió hatalmi struktúrájáról������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������687

SZENTPÉTERI JÓZSEF:
Az avar hatalmi központok kutatástörténetének kezdetei:
Tomka Szászky János Hunnia Occ. Abarica című térképlapja 1751-ből�����������������������������������������������������������701

TAKÁCS MIKLÓS:
Egy Szőny–Duna-parti ép Árpád-kori edényről�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������721

TOMKA GÁBOR:
Hun volt, hun nem volt. Adatok egy késő középkori, vésett írásjeggyel díszített veretcsoportról��������������������727

TÓTH GÁBOR – MELIS ESZTER – ILON GÁBOR:

A ménfőcsanaki feltárás (2009–2011) bronzkori leletanyagának embertani
és azokkal összefüggő régészeti eredményei�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������737

VADAY ANDREA:
A szarmata barbaricum határvidékén���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������757
   KÖHLER KITTI:
A szarmatakori temetkezés embertani feldolgozása�������������������������������������������������������������������������������789

RÖVIDÍTÉSEK....................................................................................................................................................795

SZERZŐINK.......................................................................................................................................................799
BEATUS HOMO QUI INVENIT
SAPIENTIAM

ÜNNEPI KÖTET TOMKA PÉTER

75. SZÜLETÉSNAPJÁRA

Győr, 2016
Kiadó: Lekri Group Kft.

Szerkesztette:
Csécs Teréz, Takács Miklós
Közreműködött:
Merva Szabina

Angol nyelvű összefoglalók fordítása:

Kovács Lajos

Technikai szerkesztés, borító:

Csongrádi Péter

Képfeldolgozás:
Tanai Csaba

ISBN 978-963-12-5188-3

Nyomdai kivitelezés: PALATIA Nyomda és Kiadó Kft.

Ivan Bugarski – Vujadin Ivanišević
On the Group of Graves from Aradac (Aradka)
and Germanic Finds from the South
of the Avar Khaganate
Abstract: It hаs long been known that after the year
568 parts of the Germanic population were to be left
within the limits of the newly-formed Avar Khaganate.
This is best confirmed on large and thoroughly exca-
vated sites, particularly in the cemeteries and the set-
tlement at Kölked-Feketekapu. In the south of the Avar
Khaganate, present-day northern Serbian province of
Vojvodina, there is only a limited number of finds to
testify to that effect. In this article, we are going to
discuss a group of very interesting finds from Aradac
(Aradka), and to list other finds of Germanic origin
from this territory, coming from Bečej (Óbecse) and
Bogojevo (Gombos). A special emphasis will be placed
on the dating of these grave-finds.
While writing recently about the Gepid-style arte-
facts from present-day Bulgaria, Attila P. Kiss remarked
that ’In Serbien gibt es eine grosse wiesse Flecke mit
vielem unpublizierte Fundplatz und Gägenstende, und
wir können die gepidenzeitlichen Fundorten nicht kar-
tieren’ (Kiss 2014, n. 19). One can certainly observe
this void in the map prepared by Attila Kiss (2003,
Abb. 1; cf. Kiss 1992), where the southernmost Gepidic
place is Subotica (Szabadka) in the northern part of
Bačka. The map by Margit Nagy and Ágnes B. Tóth
shows even fewer places between the Tisza and the
Danube, but on the other hand it presents the sites
from Srem and the Serbian Danube Region (Nagy,
Tóth 1998, Abb. 6; reprinted in Quast 2001, Abb. 1;
cf. Bóna 1976). However, as early as in the book by
Dušan Mrkobrad (1980) a map of the sites/finds at-
tributed to the Gepids has been published. Two more
recent maps can be left out of this discussion, as they
present the widely-dated Migration Period localities
in present-day Serbia (Milinković 2005, Abb. 31), or
in Northern Illyricum (Ivanišević, Kazanski 2014, Fig.
1). Some older publications also hold information on
Gepidic findings from this territory (Kovačević 1960,
30-41; Dimitrijević et al. 1962), including the seminal
monograph of Dezső Csallány (1961).
As regards the territories north of the Danube, some
Germanic, probably Gepid finds have been published,
but are still not very well known. For example, from
the very southeastern corner of Bačka, i.e. from the Ša-
jkaška Region, there are settlement remains and corre-
sponding Gepid graves in Čurug (Csúrog) (Trifunović,
Pašić 2003, 279-282, Figs. 14-16; Trifunović 2006),
and a single pottery shard in Lok (Sajkáslak) (Dimitri-
jević 1975, 84, n. 51; cf. Bugarski 2012, 25).
Although not very numerous, Gepidic finds from
Western Banat, i.e. from Bočar (Bocsár), Srpski Krstur
(Ókeresztúr), Mokrin (Homokrév) and Kovin, have
been processed as a whole (Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008,
44-45). The graves from Kovin (Contra Margum), usu-
ally seen as a testimony to Gepidic presence in the south
of Banat (Pribaković 1963; Milinković 2005, 208-212;
Ivanišević, Kazanski 2014, 145-146), were attributed
with due caution to the Heruli in a recent survey by the
authors of this paper (Bugarski, Ivanišević 2013, 474).
Systematic archaeological excavations in Sremska
Mitrovica (Sirmium) have been ongoing for decades
now, in the course of which a Gepid settlement has
been discovered, partly damaging luxurious Roman
buildings. These remains have not been published
yet, unlike some of the Gepid period graves (Pejović,
Lučić 2011). The impact of the Gepidic occupation of
Sirmium was well descibed by Procopius, who states
that the town and its vicinity were largely deserted:
a part of the population was eradicated by the war,
others by disease and famine, the usual companions
of war (Proc., hist. arc. 18). It is supposed that Cuni-
mund (560-567) struck silver imitations of Byzantine
and Roman coins in Sirmium (Stefan 1925). Not very
far from Sirmium, Gepidic presence was identified in
another Roman town. In Cibalae some of their graves
were found, as well as stamped pottery (Gračanin, Ra-
pan Papeša 2011, 19-21, Map 2).
Some other finds from Srem are briefly mentioned,
such as pottery from Kuzmin (Kozmadamján) and
swords from Rakovac (Dombó) (Milinković 2005, 213).
To be sure, some localities from Srem are quite often
listed in the archaeological literature. One of them is
a Gepidic grave from the Bekića Salaš locality in Bata-
jnica, which produced the well-known Baldenheim type
helmet (Vinski 1957, 3-27), and a cemetery of 26 graves
at Jakovo, the Kormadin site, was labeled as Gepidic al-
ready in the title of the article by Danica Dimitrijević
(1960). Yet, similarly as in the case of Kovin, a Herulic
attribution of this necropolis was opted for (Bóna 1987,
122; cf. Bugarski, Ivanišević 2013, 476).
The same is true for the other Germanic finds with
Scandinavian parallels from the Serbian Danube region
152 Ivan Bugarski – Vujadin Ivanišević
(Bugarski, Ivanišević 2013, 474). Most scholars as-
cribe the mid-sixth century horizon of Germanic finds
along the Danube to the Gepids (Simoni 1978, 209-
214; Popović 1988; Zotović 1994), and for such finds
– and graves – from Gradina on the Jelica Mountain in
the Balkan hinterlands a historical interpretation has
been offered, although with caution, connecting them
with Usdibad, Trasarich, Reptila and their Gepid com-
panions who in 567 fled to the Empire from Sirmium
(Milinković 2010, 233-234, 241). Different views were
presented by Attila Kiss (1984), whose ’Herulic’ expla-
nation of these finds echoes in more recent analyses
(Ivanišević et al. 2006, 133-136; Ivanišević, Kazanski
2010, 156; Bugarski, Ivanišević 2013, 474, 476; cf. Sa-
rantis 2011).
But let us leave aside the Germanic finds south of
the Sava and the Danube Rivers. This article will fo-
cus on the latest manifestation of – presumably – Ge-
pidic material traces from the north of the rivers, that
is from the southern part of the Avar Khaganate. The
presence of the Germans in the Khaganate, who surely
had not all disappeared from their lands after 568 to
follow the defeated Lombards (cf. Rusu 1975, 126), is
attested in both the written sources and the archaeo-
logical data. It is even believed that the majority of
the Gepids persisted under Avar rule (Pohl 2003, 580),
although there is also a rather modest estimation of
their share in Early Avar population (Kiss 1992, 64).
A telling illustration of this process is the large cem-
etery Kölked – Feketekapu A, attributed precisely to
the Gepids subjected to the Avars (Kiss 1996; 2000).
Another large necropolis, the neighbouring cemetery
Kölked – Feketekapu B, produced a number of such
graves as well (Kiss 2001). In addition to Transdanu-
bia, one can observe Gepidic continuity in Transylva-
nia too, regardless of the precise date of Avar arrival
there (e.g. Dobos 2013; Bârzu 2010). The manifesta-
tions of non-Avar – Roman and Germanic – material
culture from the opening decades of Avar domination
are easy to recognize; yet they were fading away with
the passage of time, to make room for another, rather
uniform Middle Avar material culture emerging from
around the year 670 (Vida 2008, 41).
As regards the southern periphery of the newborn
state, from written history we know that in the follow-
ing decades the Avars were threatening the Danube
limes. Byzantium was forced to pay huge tributes and
to launch campaigns against them when possible. The-
ophylact Simocatta (Hist, VIII, 3) informs us that in the
last Byzantine campaign to the Barbaricum (600/601)
the Avars were heavily defeated on the Tisza River.
Thousands of them were captured, as well as the oth-
er Barbarians and Slavs. The Gepids are named in the
next account: the Byzantine army, having defeated the
Avars, is said to have burned three Gepid villages and
slaughtered 30,000 people. Although the numbers seem
exaggerated, these accounts are illustrative of the ethnic
structure of the Khaganate’s southernmost part (Dimi-
trijević 1975, 87-90; Ivanišević, Bugarski 2008, 47).
***
Bogojevo (Gombos) lies on the left bank of the Dan-
ube, and the Bogojevo I cemetery spreads along the
curve of the so-called Roman Ditch between the villag-
es of Bogojevo and Srpski Miletić. The cemetery can
be dated to the late seventh century, i. e. to the Middle
Avar Period (Vinski 1958, 14; Dimitrijević et al. 1962,
39; ADAM 2002, 62). This necropolis was excavated
at the turn of the nineteenth century and after World
War II. Some 70 graves were discovered in total. The
most characteristic ceramic vessel comes from grave
24 (Cziráky 1900, 263, 264/11). It belongs to the so-
called grey pottery made on the fast wheel. This pot-
tery is Late Antique and Germanic in origin, and in
Avar contexts it can be dated throughout the Early and
the Middle Avar Periods. The vessel from Bogojevo,
untypical of southern Avar posessions, belongs to the
subgroup IB2, variant IB2/g2 (or perhaps IB2/g1) from
the middle of the seventh century (Vida 1999, 42-
63, 181-184, Kat. Nr. 95, Abb. 6, 8, Taf. 174). Grave
24 produced another interesting finding, perhaps an
antler tool or an amulet (Cziráky 1900, 263, 264/10)
(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 – Bogojevo, grave 24, after Cziráky 1900. No scale.
At the Pionir Brick Factory locality near Mol (Mohol)
by the Tisza River, modest settlement remains were ex-
cavated. Apart from the older finds, a few vessels dated
to the Early Avar Period were collected (Vukov 1952),
and from the same site a wheel-crafted pot is briefly
mentioned, belonging to grey pottery. Regrettably, this
vessel is not illustrated (Mrkobrad 1980, 102, n. 685).
Another grey wheel-made vessel comes from from the
Polet cemetery in Vrbas (Verbász). This bottle (Nagy
1971, T. XLIII/1) was attributed to the IB2/k variant
and dated to the Middle Avar horizon (Fig. 2), i.e. to
the time of gradual changes and melting processes in
material culture (Vida 1999, 191, Kat. Nr. 165).
In Bečej (Óbecse), at the Pionirska Street site, the
Avar-period cemetery was excavated on several occa-
sions. It is interesting that in this necropolis the graves
of different dates are distributed in spatially distinct
zones. A variety of Early Avar, Early Byzantine and
Germanic finds are concentrated in the western part
 On the Group of Graves from Aradac (Aradka) and Germanic Finds from the South of the Avar Khaganate
Fig. 2 – Vrbas, after Nagy 1971. No scale.
of the locality, while the eastern is occupied by Late
Avar graves. The problem is that virtually all graves
from the earlier horizon have been plundered, except
for an elite female burial containing a pair of gold-
en Szentes–Tószeg earrings and a cross of cast silver
(Bugarski 2009a, 224). The results of the excavations
are presented in a recent monograph by Branislava
Mikić–Antonić (2012).
In this paper, we will focus on the finds of Germanic
origin. In grave 9 an amulet was found, namely a per-
forated boar’s tooth worn on a string of typical Early
Avar beads (Fig. 3). The grave also produced an iron
armour lamella, a simple iron buckle and a bronze
sheet brush (Mikić–Antonić 2012, 13, 34, 37, 39, Figs.
47, 52, T. VI/9-1-6). Such amulets are common in Ger-
manic contexts (cf. Milinković 1998, 268-269), and the
Fig. 4 – Bečej, grave 16, after Mikić-Antonić 2012. Scale 2:3.
153
Fig. 3 – Bečej, grave 9, after Mikić-Antonić 2012.
Scale 1:1
finds from Avar cemeteries might have been of such
origin as well (Vida 2002, 181, 185, Taf. 8B/6). On the
other hand, armour lamellae and brushes are common-
ly found in Avar female graves (cf. Kory 2004, 393;
Tóbiás 2007, 341, Abb. 6).
From grave 16 there are small fragments of a bone
comb, a few Early Avar beads and, presumably, frag-
ments of a sword (Fig. 4). What makes this burial spe-
cial is that it contained a nearly complete skeleton of a
fox (Vulpes vulpes) (Mikić-Antonić 2012, 16-17, n. 2, T.
VIII/16-1-6). We are not aware of any such Avar grave
(cf. Grefen–Peters 1987, 275-287). By all means, laying
a fox in a grave was a very rare occurrence. This was
the case in a female grave at the Slog necropolis in Rav-
na, in the Serbian Danube Region. The grave was dated
to the ninth century (Petković et al. 2015, 89-90).
154 Ivan Bugarski – Vujadin Ivanišević

Fig. 5 – Bečej, grave 24, after Mikić-Antonić 2012. Scale 1:4 (vessel), 2:3
 On the Group of Graves from Aradac (Aradka) and Germanic Finds from the South of the Avar Khaganate
Fig. 6 – Aradac, after Dimitrijević et al. 1962. Scale 2:3.
Another damaged grave, grave 24, produced a fast-
wheel made stamped pot, ascribed to the Gepids. Yet
this was not a typical Gepidic vessel, and in certain de-
tails it differs from the Lombard material in northern
Italy, too. Commenting on the undisputable Gepidic
influences, Tivadar Vida attributed this vessel to the
IA/b subgroup of his typology (Vida 1999, 41-42, Kat.
Nr. 21, Taf. 174). On the basis of a sheet fitting with
geometric decoration the grave could be dated to the
second half of the seventh century. Other finds from
this grave are the harness fitting (cf. Csuthy 2013), the
plates of a reflex bow, the bracelet and the tweezers
made out of bone (Mikić–Antonić 2012, 15-16, 32-33,
35, 38-39, Figs. 35, 41, 50, 55, T. IX-X). Such objects
are usually metallic. Tweezers are known from Ear-
ly Avar graves (e. g. Bugarski 2009b, 110), but they
are more frequently found in Germanic milieux (cf.
Ivanišević et al. 2006, 34-35). According to vague de-
scriptions of this damaged grave (Fig. 5), it could in
fact have been a double burial, male and female, also
containing a horse’s head.
As already mentioned, all these finds were recov-
ered from disturbed grave contexts, which makes
our attempt to assign them ethnically an even more
troublesome task (cf. Brather 2004; contra: Bierbrau-
er 2004; Curta 2007). The circumstances of the finds
prevent us from reaching any definite conclusions on
this matter, apart from acknowledging the indications
of an ethnically diverse population having been buried
in the Bečej cemetery (cf. Bugarski 2009a, 224-225,
227-228).
The cemetery in Aradac (Aradka) is one of the very
few thoroughly studied Avar necropolises from Banat.
Some 120 graves have been uncovered, some of them
producing rich assemblages of Byzantine, but also
of Germanic provenance. The earliest Germanic find
at the necropolis is a large bronze buckle loop, cast
and gilded, which came from a grave (?) damaged by
well drilling. On the same occasion, two more objects
were found (Nadj 1952, 133, Fig. 1), most likely from
the first half of the seventh century. Jovan Kovačević
155
(1960, 38, Fig. 78) was the first to attribute the buck-
le to Germanic material culture (Fig. 6). It has been
proposed that this loop was originally part of an ea-
gle-headed buckle (Dimitrijević et al. 1962, 9, Fig. 1).
A similarly shaped buckle, with no pin recess, comes
from the Szolnok – Szanda Gepidic cemetery (Bóna,
Nagy 2002, Taf. 48/154-2, 103/3).
The 7.5 cm by 2.8 cm large strap-end from grave 96
(Nadj 1973, Y 166/6) is of Germanic origin (Fig. 7).
It resembles the finds from grave B336 at the Kölked–
Feketekapu B cemetery (Kiss 2001, Taf. 89/4, 5). The
bronze fitting of the elliptical iron buckle from this
grave is made in the same style, and one of the belt
fittings, approximately quadratic in shape, with rivets
in the angles, matches the find from grave 257 at the
Kölked–Feketekapu A necropolis. Gepidic burials there
are dated to the last third of the sixth and the first two
thirds of the seventh century (Kiss 1996, 75, 278, 285,
Taf. 56/A257-2). Particularly interesting are the qua-
dratic belt hole fittings with protruding stylized bird
heads (?). The 2.5 cm by 2 cm fittings were attached to
the belt with rivets (Nadj 1973, Y 166/3-5).
In grave 16, of a female (Fig. 8), a perforated ani-
mal tooth was found, most likely an amulet. The strap-
end from this grave is decorated in Salin’s animal style
II (Nadj 1959, 56, 65, Т. III/19, IV/1; Dimitrijević
et al. 1962, 10). After the Avar conquest, such finds
cluster in Transdanubia. They could be related to the
production centres from around the Lake Balaton, con-
trolled by the Lombards before 568. The finds bear-
ing dental ornaments (Zahnschnitt) were found along
the Tisza River as well, in what were then Gepid lands
(Stadler 2008, 68, Fig. 12, 13). It was observed that
the shape of these strap-ends matches that of the Ear-
ly Avar ones, and that a number of such finds come
from Zamárdi (Daim 2003, 471-473, Pl. 15; cf. Bár-
dos, Garam 2009/2014). A bronze chain from grave 16
has numerous parallels in the Early Avar cemeteries,
commonly dated to the first half of the seventh centu-
ry, but also in Lombard material from Northern Italy
(Garam 2002). The silver earrings match the finds mit
aufgezogenen Blechkugeln from Tiszafüred, dated from
the end of the Early to the Middle Avar Period (Garam
1995, 274, Abb. 148, 7-19).
A fragmented three-piece, single-sided bone comb
decorated with horse protomes was found in grave
112, lying on the skull of the deceased (Nadj 1973, Y
161/1). Both single and double-sided combs are rarely
found in Avar cemeteries (e.g. Szabó 1975, 274, Fig.
3/7-1; Garam 1995, 382, Abb. 228/13, 14; Nagy 1998,
Taf. 32/3-4, 34/7; Tettamanti 2000, 121, Taf. 5/140-
1), and at least some of them may be attributed to the
Germans left within the Khaganate (e.g. Rosner 1999,
Taf. 1/2-4). Such objects are much more frequent in
Germanic necropolises. For example, they are com-
mon finds at Više Grobalja, where double-sided combs
were usually deposited in the area of the hands of the
deceased, and the single-sided ones around the skulls
(Ivanišević et al. 2006, 174, Pl. 18/121-6). On the other
hand, the find from the Jakovo – Kormadin cemetery
156 Ivan Bugarski – Vujadin Ivanišević
Fig. 7 – Aradac, grave 96, after Nadj 1973. Scale 2:3.
may serve as evidence that this was not the rule (Dim-
itrijević 1960, 10). Grave 112 (Fig. 9) was dated to
the second half of the sixth century, but judging by the
strap-ends (Nadj 1973, Y 161/4-5), it can be asigned to
Zábojník’s FS or MS II phase, i.e. to before 650 or to the
last quarter of the seventh century (cf. Zábojník 1991,
233, 235, 248, Taf. 4/8, 20/1-5, Abb. 1).
Among the other finds, not very characteristic, grave
72 (Fig. 10) produced a spearhead too (Nadj 1959, 61,
65, Т. ХVIII/13), the southernmost representative of
the type IV/1 of Gergely Csiky. Such spearheads are
known from southern Germany and Merovingian-age
Italy. In the Avar milieu, their occurrence is explained
by the lively cultural contacts and the influence on the
Avars by the local Germanic and Roman material cul-
ture (Csiky 2007, 319, 323, Abb. 4/IV-1; 8).
The most interesting assemblage of Germanic mil-
itary equipment was found in grave 108 (Fig. 11).
Along the right-hand edge of the grave pit, there were
neatly arranged parts of a shield, the battle axe, and
three three-winged arrowheads, one of them perforat-
ed to cause fire damage. In this grave there was also,
presumably, a quiver hook (Nadj 1973, Y 160 (3) 1-3).
The shield consists of the partly preserved handle
and the umbo (Nadj 1973, Y 160 (3) 2, 3/7) sans bou-
ton, resembling a find of the 14.7.3 type from the Više
Grobalja cemetery at Viminacium. Such shields came
into use already in the second half of the fifth centu-
ry, but the majority of the finds are later than that.
Throughout the seventh century these were typical of
the Lombards in Italy, and there is another Germanic,
probably Gepidic find from the territory of the Avar
Khaganate (Ivanišević et al. 2006, 42-43, Fig. 24/5).
The handle is a rare find; similar shield handles come
from Szekszárd (Rosner 1999, 96, Taf. 50/760-2) and
Castel Trosino in Italy, and there is pictorial evidence
from a fresco at Constantinople (Quast 2012, 357,
Abb. 6).
 On the Group of Graves from Aradac (Aradka) and Germanic Finds from the South of the Avar Khaganate
The 13 cm long battle axe is of a simple design. It
was recently used in the discussion of the sizes of Avar
battle axes. As it seems that a display of warrior attri-
butes in grave 108 was not to be disturbed by placing
a tool in the middle of it, and after analyzing the sizes
of other Avar-time axes, it was concluded that the finds
of this size, ca 12 to 15 cm in length, were in fact battle
axes (Bugarski, 2015, 131, 139-140, Fig. 3).
The grave was first dated to the second half of the
sixth century, and a silver earring and a bone purse-
clasp (Nadj 1973, Y 160/7, 160 (3) 1/1, 9) cannot help
us date it with more precision. It can only be suggest-
ed that this grave dates from the end of the sixth and
the first half, or the first two thirds, of the seventh
century.
The eagle-headed buckle is a Germanic find of the
earliest date at the Aradac cemetery. Most likely it
came from a grave, which might have been earlier than
the rest of the burials, or, possibly, of the same date. In
the latter case, the buckle could have been found and
preserved by a member of the Avar-time population, or
even kept as family jewelry.
Germanic burials at Aradac seem to date from the
seventh century. It is likely that the the latest was
Fig. 8 – Aradac, grave 16, after Nadj 1973. Scale 2:3.
157
grave 16, dated to the middle or to the third quarter
of that century, which would make it one of the latest
Germanic graves in the Khaganate as well. Yet, among
ca 120 graves at the cemetery there were only several
containing such finds. Even if one were to attribute
to the Gepids graves which produced Early Byzantine
finds, or some of the graves not containing any eth-
nically attributable (?) objects, still it could only be
concluded that some Gepids were buried alongside the
Avars there. These might have been descendants of the
sixth-century local population, or even a population
settled there in the course of the seventh century. To
that end, it is important to note that north of the cem-
etery a pit was found, containing pottery attributed to
the Gepids (Nadj 1959, 48, Т. ХХХ/1-2). Given the fact
that the published ground plan of the cemetery (Nadj
1959) does not present the graves excavated in 1961
(including graves 96, 108 and 112), situated east of the
previously excavated area, it is not possible to deduce
whether or not Gepidic graves were grouped in a par-
ticular part of the cemetery.
The cemetery in Mokrin (Homokrév) is the only
Early Avar site from Banat published in the form of a
monograph. In this necropolis there was a rather high
158 Ivan Bugarski – Vujadin Ivanišević
Fig. 9 – Aradac, grave 112, after Nadj 1973. Scale 2:3.
percentage of horsemen’s graves, and graves with par-
tially buried animals. Dated up to the end of the first
third of the seventh century, this cemetery of some 75
graves (Ranisavljev 2007) also produced some finds
datable to the later decades of the seventh century (cf.
Bugarski 2009c).
In the graves belonging to a heavily militarized Ear-
ly Avar population there were several finds of different
origin, but not in large numbers or in contexts which
would suggest Germanic ethnic affiliation of some
of them. Nevertheless, we would like to point to the
finds of cast bronze buckles, elliptical in shape, from
graves 39, 46 (Fig. 12) and 49 (Ranisavljev 2007, 46,
T. XIII/13, XV/12, XVII/1). Such buckles, already es-
timated as representing ‘Gepid influence’ (Dimitrijević
et al. 1962, 20), are common in both the Germanic rep-
ertoire of the fifth-sixth centuries and in Byzantine ter-
ritories (cf. Ivanišević et al. 2006, 21-22, Fig. 11/5-28).
Particularly interesting is the find of an iron purse
clasp (and not of a strike-a-light), uncommon in Avar
sites (Ranisavljev 2007, 53-54, T. ХХХV/8) but quite
well-known in Germanic material (cf. Milinković 1998,
146-147). As we do not know from which particular
grave this utensil originated (Fig. 13), it is not possible
to do any further analyses. It can only be stated that
these findings do not represent solid evidence of Ger-
manic presence at the site.
At this stage, we would like to mention four finds
attributed to the Gepids, for which we are not sure
whether they came from the Avar Period or the de-
cades preceding it. It is not always easy to date Gepidic
finds from Vojvodina. In the very north of Bačka, at the
Kolut – Ritska Dolina site (Küllőd) there is a settlement
horizon attributed to the Slavs and dated to the middle
of the sixth century (Trifunović 1997, 119, 123-124),
or up to the year 567 (Trifunović 1999-2000, 61). Yet,
the proposed ethnic affiliation was based upon hand-
made pottery alone, while typical Germanic finds were
neglected. Together with vessels of a presumably Byz-
antine origin, these wheel-made ceramics comprised
some 20% of all pottery (Trifunović 1997, 118-119, Т.
V/1-5, 8, 9).
Germanic pottery came from a very interesting
house (Fig. 14). Labeled as building 1, it was a yurt-
like structure, round in plan. So far, this is the only
Early Mediaeval house of the kind in present-day Vo-
 On the Group of Graves from Aradac (Aradka) and Germanic Finds from the South of the Avar Khaganate
jvodina (Trifunović 1999-2000, 73-74, T. XVI), resem-
bling a house unearthed in Eperjes and attributed to
the Gepids (Tóth 1991, 97-98, 104, Fig. 2). Occurrence
of such houses in Eastern Europe (Fl’orov 1996) is ex-
plained by the contacts between the sedentary Slavs
and nomadic populations, especially in the second half
of the seventh and in the eighth century (Kazanski
2012).
However, it is obvious that the house from Kolut
significantly predates these distant parallels, and that
this building, if not the whole settlement, should be
attributed to a Germanic population. It is not clear
whether it should be dated before of after 567. Sim-
ilar burnished beakers from the well-studied Gepidic
Hódmezővásárhely–Kishomok cemetery are dated to
the second half of the fifth and the first half of the
sixth century (Bóna, Nagy 2002, Abb. 75, Taf. 12/28-
1; 12/36-1; 14/45-2; 19/9, 10; 22/79-6; 24/93-6), and
from the Ribnjak site in Kolut there are some more
finds of Germanic origin, dated to the second half
of the fifth century and attributed to the Ostrogoths
(Dimitrijević et al. 1962, 43, T. II/4). On the other
hand, similar vessels come from the above-mentioned
Fig. 10 – Aradac, grave 72, after Nadj 1973. Scale 2:3.
159
Avar-Age Kölked–Feketekapu A necropolis (Kiss 1996,
250, e.g. Taf. 41/A152).
In the last decade of the nineteenth century, several
artefacts from the Kukula Brick Factory near Sombor
(Zombor) were collected. A pair of cast silver earrings
with polyeder-like pendants were dated to the fifth and
sixth centuries (Fig. 15), and belt pieces and weapons
to the seventh (Dimitrijević et al. 1962, 58-59, Figs. 1,
2). Judging by the buckle, the male burial can be dat-
ed to the Middle Avar Period, while the earrings most
likely came from a grave of significantly older date.
The chronological ordering of the earring is partly in
line with new results. Such earrings are well-studied.
They were used for long periods, spanning from D1
phase (360/370-400/410) to the seventh century, as
testified to by the finds from the Keszthely area. From
Dalmatia and the Danube, this type of jewelry was doc-
umented as far as the Don Region (cf. Ivanišević et al.
2006, 29, Fig. 14/10-16). At any rate, one cannot ex-
clude the possibility that the luxurious earrings were
worn for more than one generation. If these were fam-
ily jewelry, the grave could have belonged to a person
of Gepidic origin buried at the Avar cemetery.
160 Ivan Bugarski – Vujadin Ivanišević

Fig. 11 – Aradac, grave 108, after Nadj 1973. Scale 1:3.

 On the Group of Graves from Aradac (Aradka) and Germanic Finds from the South of the Avar Khaganate
In the vicinity of Majdan (Magyarmajdán), at the
Šušanj stretch, near the presumably Sarmatian settle-
ment, according to the older literature ‘the remains of
a larger settlement, attributed to the Gepids’ have been
noted. In the course of recent surveys new data were col-
lected (Radičević et al. 2012, 241), and on the basis of the
quantity of handmade pottery decorated with horizontal
and waveform lines the dominant stratum was dated to
the Early Middle Ages (Pašić 2012, 353). Yet, we are not
further informed of the Gepidic (?) settlement. At least in
theory, it might have existed in the Avar Period.
From Ada by the Tisza River there is an accidental-
ly found skull. It was artificially deformed, in the same
fashion as the skull of a Gepid from Kiszombor. Along
with two skulls from Subotica, deformed in different
ways, the skull from Ada was attributed to the Gepids.
Given that the Ada find came from the Tisza Region,
and the Hungarian finds from along that river are usual-
ly seen as being of the Avar Period, it was suggested that
this could be the case with the Ada skull (Farkas 1973).
Furthermore, some finds were, by all appearanc-
es, wrongly attributed to the Gepids. This could well
have been the case with several graves from Nadrljan
Fig. 12 – Mokrin, grave 46, after Ranisavljev 2007. Scale 2:3.
161
(Adorján). The cemetery was excavated during World
War II by a team of the Department of Anthropolo-
gy at the University of Szeged, lead by Dezső Csallány.
The results of the excavations were supposed to be in-
cluded in József Korek’s publication Bačka during the
Migration Period which, due to radical changes in po-
litical reality after the war, never got completed. On
the initiative of István Bóna, the graves from Nadrljan
were finally published long after the completion of the
excavations (Gere 1998).
Some 90 graves were excavated at two localities,
marked as Adorján I and II, which were possibly parts
of a single, larger Avar cemetery. Several burials were
assigned to an older horizon, attributed to the Gepids
and dated to the fifth century (Vinski 1958, 13-14; Dim-
itrijević et al. 1962, 49-53), according to which it was
erroneously concluded that cemetery I was of a ‘Ge-
pidic-Avar composition’ (Mrkobrad 1980, n. 527). In a
letter to Lajos Bartucz from József Korek it was stated
that graves 2, 4, 12, 15 and 28 were Germanic, but it
was also mentioned that the pot from grave 12 was
Sarmatian. Grave 28 produced a typical fourth-century
Sarmatian vessel and a hollow mirror, and for graves
162 Ivan Bugarski – Vujadin Ivanišević
Fig. 13 – Mokrin, after Ranisavljev 2007. Scale 2:3.
2, 14 and 15 it was stated: ‘Hier herrschen die gepi-
dischen Merkmale mit etwas hunnischer Abtönung vor’
(Gere 1998, 83). Dezső Csallány thought that those
five graves were of the Sarmatian-Gepid type, i. e. that
they belonged to a Sarmatian population undergoing
influences from the Gepids (Csallány 1961, 229, 311,
352). In Serbian literature, graves 4, 5, 15 and 28 were
attributed to the Gepids (Dimitrijević 1975, n. 47).
László Gere was right to claim that the vessel from
grave 12 was undoubtedly Sarmatian, but he thought
that such attribution of grave 28 is not absolutely re-
liable. Furthermore, grave 15, labeled as Germanic
or Sarmatian, is from the time of Hunnic domination
(Gere 1998, 83, T. IX/7, XIV/9-14, XI/8-14). Thus, it
is important to note that a find from that grave – ‘a
pendant with a stylized animal head’ (Dimitrijević et
Fig. 14 – Kolut, building 1, after Trifunović 1999-2000. Scale 1:4.
al. 1962, 51, Sl. 3) – could by no means represent a
fragmented purse decoration, typologically close to
the Bajuwaren type buckles, dated from the middle of
the seventh century onwards (Garam 2001, 113, Taf.
80/6).
***
To conclude, it is easy to agree with the criticism
that Germanic sites in Vojvodina, and Serbia in gener-
al, have not been sufficiently explored and published.
On the other hand, the present and future authors
would be well advised to use what we already have
in a more comprehensive way. Yet, one gets the im-
presion that Gepid sites themselves were not very nu-
merous or large. Although it is not always easy to pass
judgement on the ethnic composition of Avar cemeter-
ies (Vida 2008; cf. Bugarski 2009b, 152-154), on more
than 220 Avar-time sites in present-day Serbia (cf.
ADAM 2002) only the above-processed few produced
presumably Gepidic finds. This can be well explained
by the fact that the Avars arrived in a sparsely popu-
lated area. The bulk of Gepidic finds should be sought
in the Sirmium region, but there have so far been few
archaeological confirmations of their settlement there
(cf. Vinski 1957; Csallány 1961; Dimitrijević et al. 1962;
Mrkobrad 1980). It is highly illustrative that a volume
concerned with the Migration Period and Early Me-
 On the Group of Graves from Aradac (Aradka) and Germanic Finds from the South of the Avar Khaganate 163

pid cultural influence on the Avars, but more likely of

Fig. 15 – Sombor, after Dimitrijević et al. 1962. Scale 1 :1.
diaeval finds from Sirmium and its vicinity does not
discuss any Gepid site, or at least a finding from Srem
(cf. Duval et al. 1982); only the grave from Mačvanska
Mitrovica on the right bank of the Sava was published
in a separate article (Ercegović-Pavlović 1982).
It can be seen that their findings, although few in
numbers, concentrate along the Tisza River (Map 1). In
general, they do not seem to speak in favour of a Ge-
their persistence within the limits of the newly-formed
state. As already mentioned, according to Theophylact
Simocatta (Hist, VIII, 3) it was precisely in the south-
ern section of this river’s flow that the Byzantines had
defeated the Avars and slauthered many Gepids. This
military intervention happened at the very begining
of the seventh century, and the archaeological finds
presented in this paper are dated mostly to the middle
and the second half of that century. Bearing in mind
the above-cited estimation of Tivadar Vida (2008, 41),
we may conclude that the sporadic archaeological ev-
idence of the Avar-Period Gepids in the southern part
of the Khaganate dates mostly from the final stages of
their ethnic visibility.

Map 1 – Gepidic sites, presumably Gepidic Avar-time finds, and other sites in present-day Vojvodina mentioned in the
article. No scale.
164 Ivan Bugarski – Vujadin Ivanišević
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