КОСМИЧЕСКО ПРАВО

ТЕМАТИЧНА БИБЛИОГРАФСКА СПРАВКА

КНИГИ

Чит5 621.39 Г 25
1. Гачев, Марио Ганчев. Спътникови комуникации: лекции / Марио Гачев. София:
Херон прес, 2007. 92 с. ISBN 978-954-580-223-0.

НБКМ Ск 745565
2. Карадимов, Росен Андреев. Договор за преизлъчване по безжичен път и
препредаване по електронна съобщителна мрежа на телевизионна програма.
София: Ciela, 2016. 256 с. ISBN 978-954-28-2117-5.
НБКМ ОИ ООН.0. 102
3. Regional perspectives on norms of behaviour for outer space activities. New York;
Geneva: UN, 2015. iv, 42 с.

НБКМ Ск 750163
4. Theorizing European space policy / ed. by Thomas C. Hoerber and Emmanuel
Sigalas. - Lanham, Md и др.: Lexington Books, 2017. xxiv, 240 с. ISBN 978-1-4985-
2130-7.

СТАТИИ

5. Гошев, Страхил Николов. Бъдеща международноправна регулация на

космическото пространство. // Международна политика, 7, 2010, № 4, с. 71-80.
ISSN 1312-5435.

6. Дешев, Мартин. Новият световен виртуален ред : новоприети споразумения в

сферата на телекомуникациите подкопават основната философия на интернет. //
Капитал, 21, 2013, № 1, с. 41. ISSN 1310-7984.

7. Михайлов, Андрей. Правна уредба на прихващането на далекосъобщения. //

Съвременно право, 16, 2005, № 5, с. 76-83. ISSN 0861-1815.

8. Огнянова, Нели Ангелова. Надолу по стълбата, която води нагоре: медийната

регулация в България. // Политически изследвания, 2015, № 1/2, с. 185-202. ISSN
0861-4830.

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 9. Стефанова, Женя Стефанова. Правна характеристика на договора за излъчване
на рекламни търговски съобщения. // Научни трудове на Института за
държавата и правото, 2013, № 8, с. 244-267. ISSN 1314-6459.

10. Сулев, Георги Тодоров. Неутралност на интернет и конфиденциалността на

съобщенията. // Общество и право, 2011, № 10 с. 33-44. ISSN 0204-8523.

11. Бєглий, А.В. Международное и национальное космическое право: на пути к

транснациональному космическому праву. // Институционного репозитария
Национального Авиационного Университета [онлайн], 2014. Достъпно на:
https://dspace.nau.edu.ua/bitstream/NAU/48577/1/%d0%91%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%bb
%d1%8b%d0%b9%20%d0%90.%d0%92.%202.pdf

Аннотация. В статье освещаются современные проблемы правового

регулирования космической деятельности, которая в последнее время
все больше характеризуется бурным развитием мирового
космического рынка. Автор оценивает роль национального права в
таком регулировании и развивает собственную гипотезу образования
единого правового пространства мирового космического рынка -
транснационального космического права.

У статті проаналізовано застосування на рівні національного та міжнародного права

по-
няття «космічне право» та його пов’язаність із поняттями «міжнародне космічне
право», «на-
ціональне космічне право» та «міжнародне приватне космічне право». Розкрито
особливості
застосування поняття «космічне право» в національному законодавстві, в т.ч
України, обсяг
правовідносин, які ним охоплюються та рівень інтегрованості з поняттями, що
застосовують-
ся на рівні міжнародного права.
Ключові слова: космічне право, космічне законодавство, космічна діяльність,
використання
космічного простору
У статті проаналізовано застосування на рівні національного та міжнародного права
по-
няття «космічне право» та його пов’язаність із поняттями «міжнародне космічне
право», «на-
ціональне космічне право» та «міжнародне приватне космічне право». Розкрито
особливості
застосування поняття «космічне право» в національному законодавстві, в т.ч
України, обсяг
правовідносин, які ним охоплюються та рівень інтегрованості з поняттями, що
застосовують-

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ся на рівні міжнародного права.
Ключові слова: космічне право, космічне законодавство, космічна діяльність,
використання
космічного простору
12. Крылов, А. Спутниковые системы связи и вещания. Состояние и перспективы
развития. // Московский космический клуб [онлайн], 2014. Достъпно на:
http://mosspaceclub.ru/3part/krilov_2.pdf

13. Шинкарецкая, Галина Георгиевна. Международное космическое право и

юридические лица. // Труды Института государства и права РАН, 15, 2020, № 1,
с. 59-80. Достъпно на: http://www.igpran.ru/Trudi_IGP_RAN/Shinkaretskaia.pdf

Аннотация. С самого начала освоения космоса человечеством

в середине ХХ в. вся космическая деятельность рассматривалась
прежде всего с точки зрения военного использования космоса.
Единственными субъектами космической деятельности были
государства. Все правовое регулирование такой деятельности
формировалось государствами, и на государства была возложена вся
политическая и гражданско-правовая ответственность за последствия
любой деятельности, кем бы она ни производилась. С течением
времени, по мере технологического прогресса, космос стал также
местом так называемых прикладных видов использования. Это теле-
и радиовещание, а также доступ в сеть Интернет из космоса; сбор
метеорологических и экологических данных; связь и навигация,
а также дистанционное зондирование из космоса Земли и ее недр.
Практически все прикладные виды использования космоса
производятся с помощью искусственных спутников Земли, число
которых в околоземном пространстве в настоящее время оценивается
как около 2000 действующих. Вся эта деятельность показала свою
довольно высокую доходность, так что она стала объектом активных
инвестиций. Естественно, что в космос стали вкладываться
значительные капиталы частного бизнеса. Заинтересовались
космической деятельностью и транснациональные корпорации. В
последние годы внимание частных компаний стали привлекать
кометы и астероиды, поскольку появились реальные техническое
возможности разрабатывать их природные ресурсы. Особенностью
этих небесных тел является то, что некоторые минералы находятся
на них в почти чистом виде, так что их добыча может быть гораздо
прибыльнее, чем не Земле. Однако последствия такой добычи
непредсказуемы. Основной документ международного космического
права — Договор о принципах деятельности в космосе 1967 г.
запрещает национальное присвоение космического пространства
и небесных тел. В США приняты некоторые законодательные акты,
позволяющие и даже поощряющие начало разработок частными

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 компаниями, оправдываясь тем, что международные обязательства
государства США не распространяются на их юридических лиц,
а разработка минеральных ресурсов не означает распространения
на космос суверенитета или юрисдикции государства. В статье
показано, что государства, принимая обязательства
по международному праву, обязаны имплементировать их в свое
национальное законодательство, т.е. сделать их обязательными для
юридических лиц, и что в международном праве нет отдельных норм
для государств и для юридических лиц.

Ключевые слова: космическая деятельность, международно-

правовые обязательства, юридические лица, космическое
законодательство США, ресурсы космоса, транснациональные
корпорации, небесные тела, международное право

14. Ayalp, Sedef. Lost in space the copyright dilemma. // Intellectual property brief, 7,
2020, № 2, p. 86-112. Достъпно на:
https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1108&context=ipbrief

15. Blijlevens, Anton. Intellectual property protection for satellites and outer space
technologies. // AJPark [онлайн], 2018. Достъпно на:
https://www.ajpark.com/insights/articles/intellectual-property-protection-for-satellites-
and-outer-space-technologies/

Abstract. How does the protection of intellectual property (IP) rights

extend to outer space? For both existing space businesses and the many
new space-technology start-ups, the protection and enforcement of their IP
will become increasingly critical as competition in this area ramps up. But
the fact that satellites end up located hundreds of kilometres above the
earth creates a special set of complexities for any IP strategy.

16. Blount, P.J. Space Security Law. // Oxford Research Encyclopedias. Planetary science
[онлайн], 2018. Достъпно на:
https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.000
1/acrefore-9780190647926-e-73?rskey=ZNJK8n&result=5

Abstract. The use and exploration of space by humans is historically

implicated with international and national security. Space exploration itself
was sparked, in part, by the race to develop intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBM), and the strategic uses of space enable the global
projection of force by major military powers. The recognition of space as a
strategic domain spurred states to develop the initial laws and policies that

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 govern space activities to reduce the likelihood of conflict. Space security,
therefore, is a foundational concept to space law. Since the beginning of
the Space Age, the concept of security has morphed into a multivariate
term, and contemporary space security concerns more than just securing
states from the dangers of ICBMs. The prevalence of space technologies
across society means that security issues connected to the space domain
touch on a range of legal regimes. Specifically, space security law involves
components of international peace and security, national security, human
security, and the security of the space environment itself.

17. Eisermann, Karl, Grafé, Christian. Intellectual Property Righ – a New Regime in
ESA Contracts. // ESA Bulletin (European space agency) [онлайн], 2004, p. 55-59.
Достъпно на: https://artes.esa.int/sites/default/files/Intellectual_property_rights.pdf

Abstract. The ESA Convention contains the principles according to which

the Agency enters into contracts. Article III of the Convention deals with
information and data; in Paragraph 3 it states that “when placing contracts
the Agency shall, with regard to the resulting inventions and technical data,
secure such rights as may be appropriate for the protection of its interests,
those of the Member States participating in the relevant programme, and
those of persons and bodies under their jurisdiction. These rights shall
include in particular the rights of access, of disclosure, and of use.” These
principles were applied under the previous contract conditions
(ESA/C/290, rev. 5) by the Agency agreeing that the contractor could own
intellectual property rights in works developed under a contract with the
Agency, but that – when required – a licence was to be granted free-of-
charge to Member States and persons and bodies under their jurisdiction
for their own requirements in the field of space research and technology
and their space applications. The free licensing of intellectual property,
which is not legally required by Article III.3 of the Convention, was aimed
at encouraging the development of European space industry. This article
discusses the rationale behind the new Part II of the General Clauses and
Conditions, which deals specifically with intellectual property rights
(ESA/C/290, rev. 6).

18. ESA (European space agency). Regulations of the European space agency. General
Clauses and Conditions for ESA Contracts. // ESA (European space agency) [онлайн].
2015. Достъпно на: http://emits.sso.esa.int/emits-doc/e_support/GCE/ESA-REG-002-
rev2.pdf
Abstract. The General Clauses and Conditions (GCC) of the European
Space Agency (ESA) apply to contracts placed by ESA. Their applicability
is defined in Part I, Chapter I, Clause 1. The GCC were adopted by the

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 ESA Council during its 215th meeting held on 16-17 June 2010 and
entered into force on 1st July 2010 (ESA/C(2010)42). The present
document ESA/REG/002, rev. 2 includes the revision of Annex I, adopted
by the 250th ESA Council on 10 June 2015, and the update of clauses 49
and 63 of the GCC, as well as Annex IV, as a consequence of the decisions
taken by the Council in the frame of the transfer of functions of the Agency
Technology and Product Transfer Board to the Industrial Policy Committee
(ESA/C/CLX/Res.1, rev.1 of 17 June 2014, attached to ESA/C(2014)89). It
supersedes document ESA/REG/002 rev. 1 issued on 7 February 2013 and
comes into force as of 1 July 2015.

19. ESA (European space agency). Regulations of the european space agency. Rules on
information, data and intellectual property. // ESA (European space agency) [онлайн].
2014. Достъпно на: https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/LEX-L/Contracts/ESA-REG-
008-EN.pdf

Abstract. According to the provisions of the ESA Convention, it is part of

the Agency's remit to facilitate the exchange of the scientific and technical
information pertaining to space research and technology, considering that
such substantial scientific and technical information contributes to the
objectives of the Agency towards improving the competitiveness of
European industry while ensuring that scientific results are made available.
The Rules on Information, Data and Intellectual Property, as adopted by
Council on 19 December 2001 under the reference ESA/C/CLV/Rules 5
(Final), are designed to promote access to information and data and to
cover the use of Intellectual Property resulting from Agency's activities,
while fully taking into account the provisions of the Convention and the
interests of the Member States and of persons and bodies under their
jurisdiction. These Rules on Information, Data and Intellectual Property
are, as appropriate, complemented by other Regulations and Rules such as
the General Clauses and Conditions for ESA contracts, the ESA Staff
Regulations, Rules and Instructions, the ESA Security Regulations and
Directives. The Rules on Information, Data and Intellectual Property are
herewith attached.

20. Ferreria, Becky. How Satellite Companies Patent Their Orbits. // Vice [онлайн]. 2015.
Достъпно на: https://www.vice.com/en/article/pgavez/how-satellite-companies-patent-
their-orbits

21. Frischauf, Norbert. Satellite Navigation. - In: Outer Space in Society, Politics and
Law. Chapter: Satellite Navigation. Wien: New York. Springer-Verlag, 2011. p. 124-
133. ISBN 978-3-7091-0663-1. Достъпно на:

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 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231014915_Outer_Space_in_Society_Politics
_and_Law_-_Satellite_Navigation

Abstract. Satellite Navigation might not provide for glossy pictures as

Earth Observation does, nor can it (yet) allow for commercial profits as we
see nowadays with satellite telecommunications, but it surely has one thing
that the two other applications do not have: a name! GPS, Galileo,
GLONASS, Compass -all these names represent Global Navigation
Satellite Systems (GNSS) and I cannot imagine anyone's brain in the
western world that will not immediately trigger an association, which
circles around the ominous words, "You have reached your destination.
The destination is on the left/right side." -while one is stranded in the
middle of nowhere and the anticipated destination is (obviously) miles
away. This however is another story and is more connection to Earth
observation data, global information systems, address data and the fusion
of all these different data sources into a clever search algorithm.

22. Frischauf, Norbert. Satellite Telecommunication. - In: Outer Space in Society,

Politics and Law. Chapter: Satellite Navigation. Wien: New York. Springer-Verlag,
2011. p. 134-146. ISBN 978-3-7091-0663-1. Достъпно на:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231016319_Outer_Space_in_Society_Politics
_and_Law_-_Satellite_Telecommunication

Abstract. Friday, the 3 rd of July 2009, saw Wiki news stating the
following 1 : "ESA launches the largest commercial telecom satellite" and
further "The TerreStar-1, an American communications satellite operated
by TerreStar Corporation was launched Wednesday by an Ariane 5ECA
rocket at 17:52 GMT by the European Space Agency (ESA) from the ELA-
3 at the Guiana Space Centre. The 6,910-kilogram (15,200 lb) TerreStar-1
satellite cost US$300 million. It was launched from Kourou, French
Guiana, a department of France in South America. This satellite weighs in
as the heaviest and the largest telecommunications satellite ever launched."
Do not be concerned if you think that you did not understand all technical
details mentioned in this press statement above. In fact, I might have used
the Gibberish wiki version and ran babel fish 2 on it to create the ultimate
confusion, but it is just two information that really count in here anyway:
The enormous cost of US$300 million and the circumstance that this is a
commercial telecom satellite.

23. Green, Chris, Jonnalagadda, Spurthi, Stark Eda. Outer Space Treaty & Beyond: Do
Existing Space Laws Put an Astronomical Barrier to Private IP Rights in Space? // Fish
& Richardson, 2020. Достъпно на: https://www.fr.com/outer-space-treaty-existing-
space-laws-private-ip-rights/

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 24. Halunko, Valentyn. Space Law: the Present and the Future. // Advanced Space Law, 3,
2019, p. 30-47. Достъпно на:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335595976_Space_Law_the_Present_and_th
e_Future

Abstract. The article suggests a comprehensive analysis of the current

trends in the development of space law. The principles of space law have
been adjusted. The limits of understanding of space law have been
expanded and supplemented with the scientific understanding of the
sources of space law. The authors disclosed trade regulation factors in
outer space. The legal aspects of the militarization of outer space and space
debris have been clarified. The advanced tasks of space law have been
identified, namely: standardization of legal space terms, approval of private
space law, stimulation of private capital involvement in space programs,
development of the theory of the right to use space bodies, regulation of the
rights and legitimate interests of space tourists, development of sanctions
agreed by the world community for violation of space law, subjects and
procedures for their application.

25. Johnson, Christopher Daniel. The Outer Space Treaty. // Oxford Research
Encyclopedias. Planetary science [онлайн], 2018. Достъпно на:
https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.000
1/acrefore-9780190647926-e-43?rskey=ZNJK8n&result=11

Abstract. Negotiated at the United Nations and in force since 1967, the
Outer Space Treaty has been ratified by over 100 countries and is the most
important and foundational source of space law. The treaty, whose full title
is “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the
Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other
Celestial Bodies,” governs all of humankind’s activities in outer space,
including activities on other celestial bodies and many activities on Earth
related to outer space. All space exploration and human spaceflight,
planetary sciences, and commercial uses of space—such as the global
telecommunications industry and the use of space technologies such as
position, navigation, and timing (PNT), take place against the backdrop of
the general regulatory framework established in the Outer Space Treaty.

A treaty is an international legal instrument which balances rights and

obligations between states, and exists as a kind of mutual contract of shared
understandings, rights, and responsibilities between them. Negotiated and
drafted during the Cold War era of heightened political tensions, the Outer
Space Treaty is largely the product of efforts by the United States and the
USSR to agree on certain minimum standards and obligations to govern
their competition in “conquering” space. Additionally, the Outer Space

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 Treaty is similar to other treaties, including treaties governing the high
seas, international airspace, and the Antarctic, all of which govern the
behavior of states outside of their national borders. The treaty is brief in
nature and only contains 17 articles, and is not comprehensive in
addressing and regulating every possible scenario. The negotiating states
knew that the Outer Space Treaty could only establish certain foundational
concepts such as freedom of access, state responsibility and liability, non-
weaponization of space, the treatment of astronauts in distress, and the
prohibition of non-appropriation of celestial bodies. Subsequent treaties
were to refine these concepts, and national space legislation was to
incorporate the treaty’s rights and obligations at the national level.

While the treaty is the cornerstone in the regulation of activities in outer

space, today the emergence of new issues that were not contemplated at the
time of its creation, such as small satellites and megaconstellations,
satellite servicing missions, the problem of space debris and the possibility
of space debris removal, and the use of lunar and asteroid resources, all
stretch the coherence and continuing adequacy of the treaty, and may
occasion the need for new governance frameworks.

26. Khajeheian. Datis. Telecommunication Policy : Communication Act Update. //

Global Media Journal - Canadian Edition, 9, 2016, № 1, p. 135-141. ISSN 1918-5901.
Достъпно на: https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/235867762/v9i1_khajeheian.pdf

Abstract. This policy review is a response to the call of the Energy and
Commerce Committee for Communications Act Update. The primary body
of Communications Act was passed in 1934 and while updated
periodically, it has not been modernized in 17 years. The update must
fulfill the requirements of the 21st century and rapid changes in
telecommunication technology.

27. Lits, Marina, Stepanov, Sergei, Tikhomirova, Anna. International Space Law. //
Brics law Journal, 4, 2017, № 2. 135-155. Достъпно на:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318121885_International_Space_Law

Abstract. It is well known that the modern day technologies that drive our
global society are highly dependent on the use of outer space. For example,
daily activities such as sending emails, making phone calls and carrying
out bank transactions cannot be done unless satellite technologies are
involved. When you catch a plane, the air traffic control is dependent on
GPS. Even natural disaster management is dependent on satellite imaging.
Taking into account the importance of this, it becomes increasingly

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 necessary to be knowledgeable in the field of international law as it is the
only sphere of law that reaches beyond the physical boundaries of the
Earth, goes deep into space and provides protection for today’s society.
With new steps being taken to exploit further the potentials of outer space,
and with increasing talk of new space missions and new discoveries,
current international space law is being placed under scrutiny, for it should
be remembered that the major international legal documents in this field
were adopted in the middle of the 20th century, and thus there are fears that
the law may have become obsolete, irrelevant in the face of new challenges
in the use of outer space. This paper delivers an analysis of existing
international space law and attempts to raise several crucial issues pertinent
in the area.

28. Mehra, Ritesh. Intellectual property protection in outer space – an overview. // ILI
Law Review, 2, 2019. p. 144-159. Достъпно на: http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/rm.pdf

Abstract. The present paper intends to, macroscopically, look at the

working of intellectual property in tandem with the two international
principles of space law; and how intellectual property protection functions
in space. The paper is divided into three parts. First part of the paper takes
up international principles of space law that outer space, including the
Moon and other celestial bodies shall not be subject to national
appropriation by claim of sovereignty and the exploration thereof shall be
the province of all mankind and draws contrast against the territorial nature
of intellectual property protection regime. Further, it evaluates the distinct
‘province of all mankind’ feature of such said international principles
against the potential of intellectual property to be a tool for an unfair
bargain. Second part of the paper explores the application of intellectual
property protection framework with respect to space activities. Third part
of the paper engages with a peripheral study of remote sensing data and
‘space inventions’ and their intellectual property protection within the
ambit of copyright and patent law.

29. Morozova, Elina, Vasyanin, Yaroslav. International Space Law and Satellite
Telecommunications. // Oxford Research Encyclopedias. Planetary science [онлайн],
2019. Достъпно на:
https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.000
1/acrefore-9780190647926-e-75

Abstract. International space law is a branch of international law that

regulates the conduct of space activities. Its core instruments include five
space-specific international treaties, which were adopted under the auspices

10
 of the United Nations. The first and the underlying one—the Treaty on
Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of
Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space
Treaty)—establishes that outer space is free for exploration and use by all
states. Such fundamental freedom is exercised by a number of space
applications that have become an integral part of modern human life and
global economy. Among such applications, satellite telecommunications is
the most widespread, essential, and advanced.

Indeed, since 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first
artificial satellite merely capable of continuous beeping during its 21-day
trip around the globe, space technologies have progressed in leaps and
bounds. Cutting-edge satellite telecommunications methods ensure instant
delivery of huge amounts of data, relay of real-time voice and video,
broadcasting of radio and television, and Internet access worldwide. By
transmitting signals over any distance telecommunications satellites
connect locations everywhere on Earth.

A telecommunications satellite’s lifetime, starting from the launch and

ending at de-orbiting, is governed by international space law. The latter
considers satellites as “space objects” and regulates liability, registration,
jurisdiction and control, debris mitigation, and touches upon ownership.
Therefore, the first large group of international law rules applicable to
satellite telecommunications includes provisions of three out of five UN
space treaties, specifically, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, the 1972
Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space
Objects, and the 1976 Convention on Registration of Objects Launched
into Outer Space, as well as several UN General Assembly resolutions.

To carry out a communication function, satellites need to be placed in a

certain orbit and to use radio-frequency spectrum, both limited natural
resources. Access to these highly demanded resources, which are not
subject to national appropriation and require rational, efficient, and
economical uses in an interference-free environment, is managed by the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)—the UN specialized
agency for information and communication technologies. The ITU’s core
regulatory documents are its Constitution, Convention, and the Radio
Regulations, which collectively make up another group of international law
rules relevant to satellite telecommunications.

Both groups of international law rules constitute the international legal

regime of satellite telecommunications and face the challenge of keeping
pace with technology advancement and market evolution, as well as with a
growing number of states and non-state actors carrying on space activities.

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 These tangible changes need to be addressed in the regulatory framework
that cannot but serve as a driver for further development of satellite
telecommunications.

30. Muraviov, Kyrylo, Didenko, Serhii, Mkrtchian, Roman. Liability in International

Space Law. // Advanced Space Law, 3, 2019, p. 71-82. Достъпно на:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335596976_Liability_in_International_Space
_Law
Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the norms of
international and national legislation regulating the issue of liability in
international space law and investigation of the grounds for liability
in space law. Special attention is paid to the forms and types of legal
responsibility for the violation of law in the domain of space activities. The
study explores the issue of absolute liability in international space law. The
analysis of space law makes it possible to conclude that both in
international law and international space law, material liability of states for
non-compliance with international law norms in the implementation of
space activities is complemented with political liability. There is made a
conclusion about the necessity of making amendments to the Law of
Ukraine “On Space Activities” aimed to foresee the norms of liability for
taking space offences. The solution to these problems is hampered
primarily by the lack of experience and judicial practice in this area.
Further research in this field will contribute to the development of a
systematic approach to international legal regulation of liability in space
law.

31. Myers, Gary. Intellectual Property Resources in and for Space: The Practitioner 's
Experience. // Journal of space law, 32, 2006, p. 385-420. Достъпно на:
https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1291&context=facpubs

32. Report from the European Commission on the application of Council Directive
93/83/EEC on the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related
to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission. // European
Union law [онлайн], 2002. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
uri=CELEX:52002DC0430:EN:HTML

33. Singh, Anwesha. Intellectual Property Law And The Outer Space: A Promising Future
Ahead? // IP and Legal Filings [онлайн], 2018. Достъпно на:
https://www.ipandlegalfilings.com/intellectual-property-law-and-the-outer-space-a-
promising-future-ahead/?
utm_source=Mondaq&utm_medium=syndication&utm_campaign=LinkedIn-
integration

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 34. Sundahl, Mark J. Business, Legal, and Policy Issues in Relation to Increased Private
Space Activity. // Oxford Research Encyclopedias. Planetary science [онлайн], 2019.
Достъпно на:
https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.000
1/acrefore-9780190647926-e-76?rskey=qNWlHI&result=8

Abstract. Throughout the history of human activity in outer space, the role
of private companies has steadily grown, and, in some cases, companies
have even replaced government agencies as the primary actors in space. As
private space activity has grown and diversified, the laws and regulations
that govern private actors have been forced to evolve in reaction to the new
realities of the industry. On the international level, the treaties concluded in
the 1960s and 1970s continue to be in force today. However, these treaties
only govern state activity in space. The rules regulating private industry are
necessarily domestic in nature, and it is in these domestic laws that the
evolution of space law can be most clearly seen. That said, new industries,
such as asteroid mining, are testing the limits of international law and have
forced the international community to examine whether changes to long-
standing laws are needed.

35. United nations. International Space Law: United Nations Instruments. // The United
Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs [онлайн], 2017. Достъпно на:
https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2017/stspace/stspace61rev_2_0_h
tml/V1605998-ENGLISH.pdf

Abstract. The present booklet is entitled International Space Law: United

Nations Instruments as it represents the most comprehensive and up-to-date
volume of instruments that have been developed, promoted and
strengthened under the auspices of the United Nations. These instruments
constitute the principal body of international space law and will continue to
provide, further into the twenty-first century, an effective framework for
the expanding and increasingly complex tasks aimed at the exploration and
use of outer space for peaceful purposes. May they continue to support
humankind’s space activities throughout the years to come.

36. Von derDunk, Frans G. International Satellite Law. // Oxford Research

Encyclopedias. Planetary science [онлайн], 2019. Достъпно на:
https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.000
1/acrefore-9780190647926-e-39?rskey=qNWlHI&result=3

Abstract. International satellite law can best be described as that subset of

international space law that addresses the operations of satellites in orbit
around the Earth. Excluding, therefore, topics such as manned space flight,
suborbital space operations, and any activities beyond Earth orbits, this

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 means addressing the use of satellites for telecommunications purposes, for
Earth observation and remote sensing, and for positioning, timing, and
navigation.

These three major sectors of space activities are, in addition to jointly being
subject to the body of international space law, each subject to their specific
dedicated legal regime—international satellite communications law,
international satellite remote sensing law, and international satellite
navigation law.

37. Von derDunk, Frans G. Space Law in the Age of the International Space Station. //
Humans in Outer Space - Interdisciplinary Odysseys, Vienna: Springer, 2009, p. 148-
161. Достъпно
на:
.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228911679_Space_Law_in_the_Age_of_the
_International_Space_Station

Abstract. This article focuses on the special context where humans from
various nations work and live together in one orbiting laboratory, the
International Space Station (ISS), and the legal rules pertinent to those
activities. This essentially concerns the application of an existing body of
international treaties on space and space activities to the ISS, as well as the
special legal framework that has been established to deal with the various
ramifications of this very international operating environment. Within that
context moreover, the specific European parameters stemming from the
fact that the European Space Agency (ESA) serves as the vehicle for the
participation of 11 European states in the ISS deserve special attention. The
totality of this set of rules, though in several instances not yet elaborated as
extensively as might be desired, does provide for a dedicated
comprehensive legal framework that may serve as an interesting example
of international space law also with a view to future developments.

38. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Intellectual Property and Space
Activities. // World Intellectual Property Organization [онлайн], 2004. Достъпно на:
https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/patent-law/en/developments/pdf/ip_space.pdf

39. Zhao, Yun. Protection of intellectual property rights in outer space. // International
Institute of Space Law (IISL) [онлайн], 2006. Достъпно на:
https://iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2006.pdf

Abstract. The commercialization of outer space is developing into a new

stage. Intellectual property rights are based on a strict territorial approach,
which is incompatible with the rules regarding space activities. This paper

14
 aims at examining the issue of patent protection in outer space and
proposing a viable regime for the protection of the so-called “space
patent”. It is believed that such an international framework will promote
the development of space activities and respond primarily to the need of
patent protection by the States and private entities.

40. Zhao, Yun. Space Commercialization and the Development of Space Law. // Oxford
Research Encyclopedias. Planetary science [онлайн], 2018. Достъпно на:
https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.000
1/acrefore-9780190647926-e-42?rskey=ZNJK8n&result=2

Abstract. Shortly after the launch of the first manmade satellite in 1957,
the United Nations (UN) took the lead in formulating international rules
governing space activities. The five international conventions (the 1967
Outer Space Treaty, the 1968 Rescue Agreement, the 1972 Liability
Convention, the 1975 Registration Convention, and the 1979 Moon
Agreement) within the UN framework constitute the nucleus of space law,
which laid a solid legal foundation securing the smooth development of
space activities in the next few decades. Outer space was soon found to be
a place with abundant opportunities for commercialization.
Telecommunications services proved to be the first successful space
commercial application, to be followed by remote sensing and global
navigation services. In the last decade, the rapid development of space
technologies has brought space tourism and space mining to the forefront
of space commercialization. With more and more commercial activities
taking place on a daily basis from the 1980s, the existing space law faces
severe challenges. The five conventions, enacted in a time when space was
monopolized by two superpowers, failed to take into account the
commercial aspect of space activities. While there is an urgent need for
new rules to deal with the ongoing trend of space commercialization,
international society faces difficulties in adopting new rules due to
diversified concerns over national interests and adjusts the legislative
strategies by enacting soft laws. In view of the difficulty in adopting legally
binding rules at the international level, states are encouraged to enact their
own national space legislation providing sufficient guidance for their
domestic space commercial activities. In the foreseeable future, it is
expected that the development of soft laws and national space legislation
will be the mainstream regulatory activities in the space field, especially
for commercial space activities.

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