H

Hyperbolicc Function
ns
D
Definition and Identtities:
T bolic cosine and hyperbolic
The hyperb h sine funcctions are defined by the foollowing
eqquations:
e x  e x
Hypeerbolic cosine of x: cosh x 
2

ex
N n x    e  x  0 So cosh x 
Note: when
2

e x
n x    e x  0 So cosh x 
when
2

So D f  (
S , ) and R f  [1, )

e x  e x
Hypeerbolic sinee of x: sinhh x 
2

ex
N n x    e  x  0 So sinh x 
Note: when
2

e x
n x    e x  0 So sinh x  
when
2

So D f  (
S , ) and R f  (, )

T
The notatio d "kosh x" and sinh x is
on coshx is often read
d as if spellled "cinch x" or "shin
pronounced ne x".

F
Four additiional hypeerbolic fu
unctions arre definedd in terms
of cosh x and
d sinh x as shown
s belo
ow:
sinnh x e x  e  x
H
Hyperbolic tangent off x: tanh x  
coosh x e x  e  x
D f  (, ) and R f  (1,1)

coosh x e x  e  x
Hyperbolic cotangent of x:
H coth x  
sinnh x e x  e  x
D f  (, ) \ {0} and R f  (,1)  (1, )

1
 1 2
Hypeerbolic secaant of x: h x
sech  x
cosh x e  e  x

D f  (, ) and
d R f  (0,1]
1 2
Hypeerbolic cosecant of x: hx 
csch  x
sinh x e  e  x

D f  (, ) \ {0} and R f  (, ) \ {0}

dentities:
Id
Hyperboli
H ic function
ns Triigonometrric Functioons
1 cossh2 x  sinh 2 x  1 cos2 x  sin 2 x  1

2 sinhh 2 x  2 sinhh x cosh x sin 2 x  2 sin x cos

c x

3 cossh 2 x  cosh2 x  sinh2 x cos 2 x  cos2 x  sin 2 x

cosh 2 x  1 1  cos 2x
2
4 cossh x 
2
cos 2 x 
2 2
cosh 2 x  1 1  cos 2x
2
5 sinhh x  sin 2 x 
2

2 2

6 tannh 2 x  1  seech2 x tan 2 x  sec2 x  1

7 cotth 2 x  1  cssch2 x cot 2 x  csc2 x  1

E
Examples: Prove thatt:
1. cosh2 x  sinh 2 x  1
2 2
 e x  e  x   e x  e x 
S
Sol.: left sid
de: cosh x  sinh x  
2 2
   
 2   2 

e 2 x  2e x e  x  e 2 x e 2 x  2e x e  x  e 2 x
 
4 4

e 2 x 2e 0 e 2 x e 2 x 2e 0 e 2 x 4e 0
      
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
 1  righ
ht side oo.k.

2
2. csch2 x =coth2 x-1
2
 e x  ex  e 2 x  2  e 2 x
Sol.: right side: coth x-1   x
2

x 
 1  1
e e  e 2 x  2  e 2 x

e 2 x  2  e 2 x  e 2 x  2  e 2 x

e 2 x  2  e 2 x
2
4  2 
2 x
 x x 
e2x 2e e e 
= csch2 x = left side o.k.

cosh 2 x  1
3. cosh 2 x 
2

Sol.: right side:

 
cosh 2 x  1 e 2 x  e 2 x 2  1

2 2

e 2 x  e 2 x  2 e 2 x  2  e 2 x
 
4 4
2
 e x  e x 
   =cosh2 x= left side o.k.
 2 

4. cosh x + sinh x = ex
e x  e x e x  e x
Sol.: left side: cosh x + sinh x= 
2 2


2

1 x
e  ex  e x  ex 
2

2e x

 e x  right side o.k.

Examples: Solve the following equations:

1. 5 cosh x  3 sinh x  5
e x  e x e x  e x
Sol.: 5 3 5
2 2

5e x  5e  x  3e x  3e  x  10  2e x  8e  x  10  e x  4e  x  5

4 e2x  4
 e  x 5 
x
5  e 2 x  4  5e x  e 2 x  5e x  4  0
e ex
3
  (e  4)(e  1)  0
x x

 either (e x  4)  0  e x  4  x  ln 4

or (e x  1)  0  e x  1  x  ln 1  0
2. 3 cosh x  2 sinh x  10
e x  e x e x  e x
Sol.: 3 2  10
2 2

3e x  3e  x  2e x  2e  x  20  e x  5e  x  20
 e 2 x  5  20e x  e 2 x  20e x  5  0

 ( 20 )  ( 20 ) 2  4(1)(5) 20  400  20 20  380

e 
x
 
2(1) 2 2

either e x  19.74  x  ln 19.74  2.98

or e x  0.254  x  ln 0.254  1.373

Derivatives of Hyperbolic Function:

If u is any function of x, then:
Derivative of hyperbolic functions Derivative of trigonometric functions

1 d du d du
sinh u  cosh u. sin u  cos u.
dx dx dx dx

2 d du d du
cosh u  sinh u. cos u   sin u.
dx dx dx dx

3 d du d du
tanh u  sec h 2 u. tan u  sec 2 u.
dx dx dx dx

4 d du d du
coth u   csc h 2 u. cot u   csc 2 u.
dx dx dx dx

5 d du d du
sec hu   sec hu tanh u. sec u  sec u tan u.
dx dx dx dx

6 d du d du
csc hu   csc hu coth u. csc u   csc u cot u.
dx dx dx dx

4
Examples: Prove that:
d
1. sinh x  cosh x
dx

d d  e x  ex  e x  (e  x ) e x  e  x
Sol.: sinh x       cosh x o.k.
dx dx  2  2 2

d
2. csc hx   csc hx coth x
dx

d d  1  sinh x * (0)  1 * cosh x

Sol.: csc hu   
dx dx  sinh x  sinh 2 x

 cosh x  1 cosh x
 2
 .   csc hx coth x o.k.
sinh x sinh x sinh x

dy
Examples: Find of the following:
dx

1. y  sinh 3x
dy
Sol.:  cosh 3 x * 3  3 cosh 3 x
dx

2. y  tanh(1  x 3 )
dy
Sol.:  sec h 2 (1  x 3 ) * 3 x 2  3 x 2 sec h 2 (1  x 3 )
dx
1
3. y  coth
x

dy  1   1 1 1
Sol.:   csc h 2   *  2   2 csc h 2  
dx  x  x  x  x

4. y  x sec hx 2

Sol.:
dy
dx
 
 x  sec hx 2 . tanh x 2 .2 x  sec hx 2

 2 x 2 sec hx 2 . tanh x 2  sec hx 2

5. y  csc h 2 ( x 2  1)

Sol.:
dy
dx

 2 csc h( x 2  1)  csc h( x 2  1) coth( x 2  1) * 2 x   4 x csc h 2 ( x 2  1) coth(x 2  1)

5
6. y  ln tanh 2 x
1
2
dy sec h 2 2 x * 2 cosh 2 2 x  2 cosh 2 x
Sol.:   2
*
dx tanh 2 x sinh 2 x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x
2*2 4
   4 csc h 4 x
2 cosh 2 x. sinh 2 x sinh 4 x

7. y  sinh x x
Sol.: ln y  x ln sinh x
1 dy cosh x
.  x.  ln sinh x
y dx sinh x

 cosh x 
 ln sinh x   sinh x   x coth x  ln sinh x 
dy
 y x.
x

dx  sinh x 

Integrals of Hyperbolic Function:

If u is any function of x, then:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Examples: Evaluate the following integrals:

cosh 5 x
1.  coth 5 x.dx   .dx
sinh 5 x
du
Let u  sinh 5 x  du  cosh 5 x.5dx   cosh 5 x.dx 
5
1 du 1 1
u.  ln | u | C  ln | sinh 5 x | C
5 5 5

6
 e x  e x
 
ln 2 ln 2ln 2
2.  4e sinh x.dx   4e
x
.dx   2e 2 x  2 .dx
x

0 0 2 0

 
ln 2
  
 e2 x  2 x 0  e2 ln 2  2 ln 2  e0  2 * 0 
 eln 2  2 ln 2  1  4  2 ln 2  1  3  2 ln 2
2

cosh 2 x  1
1
1  sinh 2 x 
1 1

3.  sinh x.dx  
2
.dx    x
0 0
2 2 2 0

1  sinh 2   sinh 0  sinh 2 1

   1    0     0.40672
2  2   2  4 2

4.  tanh 3 x. sec h 2 3 x.dx

du
Sol.: let u  tanh 3 x  du  3 sec h 2 3x.dx   sec h 2 3 x.dx 
3

du u2 tanh 2 3x
 u. 
3 2*3
C 
6
C

5.  e coth x . csc h 2 x.dx

Sol.: let u  coth x  du   csc h 2 x.dx   csc h 2 x.dx  du

e (  du )  e u  C  e coth x  C
u

csc h 2 x
6.  x .dx
Sol.: let u 2  x  2u.du  dx
csc h 2u
 u .2u.du  2 csc h u.du  2 coth u  C  2 coth x  C
2

7
Homework:
I. Verify the following identities:
1. cosh x  sinh x  e  x
2. sinh( x)   sinh x
3. cosh( x)  cosh x
4. sinh(x  y)  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
5. cosh(x  y)  cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
tanh x  tanh y
6. tanh(x  y) 
1  tanh x tanh y

II. Find dy/dx of the following functions:

sec hx 2
1. y  cosh 4 x  3 2
2. y  2 3. y  x csc he4 x
x 1

4. y  tan 1 (tanh x) 5. y  e3x sec hx 6. y  sec h5x

III. Evaluate the following integrals:

sinh x cosh ln x 1
1.  x
.dx 2.  x
.dx 3.  coth 2
3x
.dx

4.  sinh x cosh x.dx 5.  tanh 3 x sec h3 x.dx 6.  sinh x cosh x .dx

sec h 2 x e sinh x
7.  .dx 8.  .dx 9.  cosh 2 3 x.dx
1  2 tanh x sec hx

8
5. Inverse of Hyperbolic Functions:
All hyperbolic functions have inverses, they are:
Inverse of hyperbolic functions Their domains

1 sinh 1 x  ln(x  x 2  1) (, )

2 cosh1 x  ln(x  x 2  1) [1, )

1 1  x 
3 tanh 1 x  ln  (1,1)
2 1 x 

1  x  1
4 coth 1 x  ln  (, ) \ [1,1]
2  x 1

1  1  x2 
5 sec h 1 x  ln  (0,1]
 x 
 

1 1  x2 
6 csc h 1 x  ln   (, ) \ {0}
x |x| 
 

Example: Prove that: sinh 1 x  ln(x  x 2  1) .

1 e y  e y
Sol.: let y  sinh x  x  sinh y  x
2

 e y  2 x  e  y  0 multiply both sides by ey

2x  4x 2  4
 e 2 y  2 xe y  1  0  ey   x  x2  1
2
Since ey is never negative, we must discard the minus sign.
 y  ln(x  x 2 1)

That is sinh 1 x  ln(x  x 2  1)

9
Derivatives and Integrals:
a. Derivatives
If u is any function of x, then
d du dx
1. sinh1 u 
dx 1  u2
d du dx
2. cosh1 u  u 1
dx u2 1
d du dx
3. tanh 1 u  u 1
dx 1 u2
d du dx
4. coth 1 u  u 1
dx 1 u2
d  du dx
5. sec h 1u  0  u 1
dx u 1 u2
d  du dx
6. csc h 1u  u0
dx u 1  u2

b. Integrals:
If u is any function of x, then
du
1.  1 u 2
 sinh 1 u  C

du
2.  u 1
2
 cosh 1 u  C

du tanh 1 x  C if u 1
3.  
1  u 2 coth 1 x  C if u 1

du
4. u 1 u 2
  sec h 1 u  C

du
5. u 1 u 2
  csc h 1 u  C

Useful identities
1 1 1
1. sec h 1 x  cosh1   2. csc h 1 x  sinh 1   3. coth1 x  tanh1  
 x  x  x

10
 d 1
Example: Show that cosh1 x  .
dx x2  1

Sol.: Let y  cosh1 x   x  cosh y

And by implicit differentiation:
dy
1  sinh y.
dx
dy 1 1 1
    o.k.
dx sinh y cosh y  1
2
x2  1

Examples: Find dy/dx of the following functions:

1. y  sinh1 3x

Sol.: dy  3

3
dx 1  (3 x ) 2
1  9x2

2. y  cosh1 e x
dy ex
Sol.: 
dx e2x  1

 x
3. y  2 tanh1  tan 
 2

1 1
 x 1  x  x
2 sec 2   * cos 2   cos 2  
Sol.:
dy
 2 2  2  2 
1

1
 sec x
dx  x 2 x  2 x  2 x   x  cos x
1  tan 2   sin   cos    sin   cos 2. 
2 1 2 2 2  2
 x  x
cos 2   cos 2  
2 2

1
4. y  coth1  
 x

dy  1 x2  1 x2 1 1
Sol.:    2 
dx 1  1 x 2
x  1 x  1 1  x2
2

x2

11
5. y  sec h 1 (cos x)
dy  ( sin x) sin x 1
Sol.:     sec x
dx cos x 1  cos2 x cos x sin x cos x

Examples: Evaluate the following integrals:

1 1
2.dx 2.dx
1. 
0 1  4x 2

0 1  (2 x) 2

Let u  2 x  du  2.dx , at x  0  u  0
at x  1  u  2

   sinh 
2
du

2
 sinh 1 u 0
1
2  sinh 1 0  1.4436
0 1 u 2

dx dx 1 dx
2.  9x 2
 25 
  
 9 2  25  3x  2
25 x  1   1
 25   5
3x 3.dx 5.du
Let u   du   dx 
5 5 3

1 1  3x 
 tanh 1 u  C  tanh 1    C
1 5.du 3 1 du  1 du  15 15  5 
   2   2  
25 u  1 15 u  1 15 1  u   1 coth 1 u  C   1 coth 1  3 x   C
2

 15 15  5 

dx dx dx
3.  4x2  9

4 

 2 x  2 
9 x 2  1 9   1
9   3  

2
dx
1 3 1  2x 
  3 *  cosh 1    C
3  2x 
2 2 2  3 
  1
 3 

12
 sin x.dx
4.  1  cos2 x

Let u  cos x  du   sin x.dx

 sin x.dx   du
 du
   sinh 1 u  C   sinh 1 cos x   C
1 u 2

4 tanh 1 x
5.  .dx
1  x2
dx
Let u  tanh1 x  du 
1  x2

 4u.du 
4u 2
2
 2
 C  2u 2  C  2 tanh 1 x  C 

Homework:
1. Find dy/dx of the following:
a. y  sinh1 5x b. y  sinh 1 e x c. y  cosh 1 x
1
d. y  tanh1 ( x 2  1) e. y  tanh1 sin 3x f. y  x sinh1  
 x

2. Evaluate the following integrals:

dx dx dx
a.  81  16x 2
b.  16x  9
2
c.  49  4 x 2

e x .dx 2dx dx
d.  e 2 x  16
e.  5  3x 2 f. x 9  x4

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