Рубанцев В. - Занимательные уроки с компьютером, или Small Basic для начинающих - 2012 PDF

1
Small Basic
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Copyright 2012-2013

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Small Basic 1.0 _Small Basic Projects.
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............................................................ 2
....................................................................................................................... 3
.................................................................................................................... 7
1. Small Basic .............................................................................. 8
2. Small Basic .................................................................................... 18
3. ................................................................................... 29
4. !................................................................................ 37
5. ........................................................................................ 47
6. ................................................................................ 61
7. While........................................................................................................ 74
8. ....................................................................................... 85
9. ................................................................................................. 99
10. .......................................................................................................... 114
11. ................................................................................................ 125
12. .................................................................. 144
13. ....................................................................... 158
14. .......................................................................... 170
15. ......................................................................... 180
16. Math ................................................................................................... 192
17. ............................................................................... 202
18. ..................................................................... 221
19. ............................................................. 230
20. ............................................................. 241
21. ......................................................................... 252
22. .................................................................................... 267
23. ................................................................... 285
24. .................................................................................................... 312
25. ................................................................................ 341
26. ................................................................ 353
27. ............................................................................... 363
28. ....................................................................................................... 381
29. ......................................................................... 386
30. ................................................................ 390
31. ........................................................................... 393
32. .................................................................... 399
33. ........................................................................... 413
34. ........................................................................ 425
35. ............................................................................................. 436
36. ! ...................................................................................... 442
37. - ................................................... 449
38. ................................................................................ 475
39. .......................................................................... 485
40. .......................................................................................... 492
41. , ................................................ 503
42. ......................................................................... 525
43. .................................................................................. 545
................................................................................................................. 569
8
1. Small Basic
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Beginners All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code ( -
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Small Basic SB .
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Windows XP (
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3. .
4. .NET Framework 3.5 4.0.
5. Microsoft Small Basic.
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SmallBasic.msi -
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load (. 1.1).
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. 1.1. www.smallbasic.com
(. 1.2).
. 1.2.
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Small Basic ,
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14
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Install () (.
1.6).
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(. 1.7).
. 1.7.
15
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Finish () (. 1.8).
. 1.8.
C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Small
Basic\ ( Windows).
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SB.exe,
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Windows (.
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. 1.9.
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(. 1.10).
. 1.10.
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. 1.11.
: Small Basic,
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18
2. Small Basic
Small Basic, !

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. 2.2.
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26
. 2.15.
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. 2.18.
27
. 2.19.
(. 2.20, 2.21).
. 2.18.
28
. 2.19.
1. .
2. www.smallbasic.com,
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29
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32
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33
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SmallBasicLibrary.dll, snkbite.pdb snkbite.exe.
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Small Basic -
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Small Basic , -
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CIL (- - Common
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.NET. , C#, Managed C++, Visual Basic.NET,
Visual J#.NET.
Small Basic ,
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(- - Integrated development
environment , IDE).
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Micro-
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36
. 3.6.

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Hello, World!. -
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Hello .
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41
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N, : N =
{1, 2, 3, ...}.
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Z = {... 0, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}.
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48
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(1/7 = 0,1428571...).
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50
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Italiano = FALSE
Basic = TRUE

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51
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52
:
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'variables
number=0
sNumber=""
n=0
num[1]=1000
num[2]= 900
num[3]= 500
num[4]= 400
num[5]= 100
num[6]= 90
num[7]= 50
num[8]= 40
num[9]= 10
num[10]=9
num[11]=5
num[12]=4
num[13]=1
sNum[1]="M"
sNum[2]="CM"
sNum[3]="D"
sNum[4]="CD"
sNum[5]="C"
sNum[6]="XC"
sNum[7]="L"
sNum[8]="XL"
sNum[9]="X"
sNum[10]="IX"
sNum[11]="V"
sNum[12]="IV"
sNum[13]="I"
. number -
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53
number , -
sNumber - ,
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number=
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fNumber= -1.12345678912345
fNumber= .12345678912345
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54
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55
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num1=1000
num2= 900
num3= 500
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Primitive, Small Basic
Microsoft - Visual Basic.
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56
Rome : - num[] -
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1 3999 - -
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num 13 -
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3999 1 (
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ReadNumber
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number , :
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
start:
number=TextWindow.ReadNumber()
sNumber=""
n=0
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:
' , :
if (number = 0) then
57
goto exit
EndIf

n sNumber. -
While.
number , -
num, . While -
, , number -
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900, 500, 400, 90, 50, 9, 5, 4 -
). number ,
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:
' ,
number:
if (number < 1) or (number> 3999) then
sNumber= " " 1 3999!"
goto print
else
while number>0
n= n+1
while num[n] <= number
sNumber= sNumber + sNum[n]
number= number - num[n]
EndWhile
EndWhile
Endif
( -
While), ,
-
:
' :
print:
TextWindow.WriteLine(sNumber)
58
Goto start
' :
exit:
, !
, ,
- (. 5.2).
9999 -1.
(. 5.3).
. 5.2. , !
. 5.3. - !
59
Rome.
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Rome2
!
! -
ForegroundColor -
"Yellow":
start:
TextWindow.ForegroundColor="Yellow"
sNumber=""
n=0
,
.
,
:
TextWindow.ForegroundColor="Green"
60
' ,
number:
sNumber= " 1 3999!"
TextWindow.ForegroundColor="Red"
goto print
else
while number>0
n= n+1
EndWhile
EndWhile
Endif
, -
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. 5.4. !
Rome2.
1. . -
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2. , ,
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2 * 2. -
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61
6.
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System.Console .
C#, -
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, Microsoft Visual C# 2010 (. 6.1).
. 6.1.

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:
Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
Console.BackgroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red;
Console.Title= " C#";
Console.WriteLine(" C#");
Console.Read();
,
Console C# ,
TextWindow .
62
Desktop ( )
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Desktop, -
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Desktop -
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Desktop.Width,
Desktop.Height.
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Desktop.SetWallPaper(fileName)
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63
(
).
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TextWindow ( )
TextWindow.Show()

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TextWindow.Hide()
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Program.Delay(10000)
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10 .
680
340 (. 6.2).
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64
. 6.2.
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80 .
8
640 .
TextWindow.Left
TextWindow.Top
65

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TextWindow.Left = 200
TextWindow.Top = 300

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. 6.3.
-
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:
GraphicsWindow.Left= (- GraphicsWindow.Width) / 2
GraphicsWindow.Top = (Desktop.Height-GraphicsWindow.Height)/2
66
Width Height, -
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680 340 ,
TextWindow.Left= (Desktop.Width - 680) / 2
TextWindow.Top = (Desktop.Height - 340) / 2

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TextWindow.Top = 300
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Left = TextWindow.Left
Top = TextWindow.Top
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(. 6.4):
67
TextWindow.Title =
. 6.4. !
-
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TextWindow.WriteLine()
TextWindow.Write()
( )
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(. 6.5).
. 6.5. WriteLine
(.
6.6).
. 6.6. Write
- ,
.
68
TextWindow.Read()
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:
TextWindow.Write(" ! ")
str = TextWindow.Read()
TextWindow.WriteLine("str = " + str)
Write, -
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str,
WriteLine (. 6.7).
. 6.7. Read
Press any key to continue

.
TextWindow.ReadKey()
,
(. 6.8).
TextWindow.WriteLine(" !")
str = TextWindow.ReadKey()
69
TextWindow.WriteLine("str = " + str)
. 6.8. ReadKey
. -
, Shift.
TextWindow.ReadNumber()
Read, ,
, .
ReadNumber -
, (. 6.9):
TextWindow.Write(" ! ")
num = TextWindow.ReadNumber()
TextWindow.WriteLine("num = " + num)
. 6.9. ReadNumber
TextWindow.CursorLeft
TextWindow.CursorTop
( )
.
, . -
70
0, 0.
79-. . -
-
(. 6.10):
For i= 1 To 20
x= Math.GetRandomNumber(20)
TextWindow.CursorLeft=x
y= Math.GetRandomNumber(20)
TextWindow.CursorTop=y
TextWindow.WriteLine(Math.GetRandomNumber(10)-1)
EndFor
TextWindow.CursorLeft= 0
TextWindow.CursorTop= 21
. 6.10. !
, -
, .
TextWindow.Clear()
71
, -
(. 6.11, ).
.
, -
, (. 6.11, ):
TextWindow.BackgroundColor = "Blue"
TextWindow.Clear()
. 6.11.
-
.
TextWindow.ForegroundColor
,
TextWindow.BackgroundColor
, .
TextWindow.ForegroundColor = "Yellow"
For i= 1 To 20
= Math.GetRandomNumber(20)
TextWindow.CursorLeft=x
y= Math.GetRandomNumber(20)
TextWindow.CursorTop=y
TextWindow.WriteLine(Math.GetRandomNumber(10)-1)
EndFor
72
TextWindow.BackgroundColor = "Red"
TextWindow.CursorLeft= 0
TextWindow.CursorTop= 21
(. 6.12)!
, -
, -
(. 6.13).
. 6.12. !
( ),
( -
).
1. - .
2. , .
.
73
. 6.13.
74
7. While
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75
While :
While __
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EndWhile
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2. ( ), ,
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76
(
- ) n= n+1:
while number>0
'n= n+1
EndWhile
EndWhile
endif
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77
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,

Width = 100 100
Height = Width + 20 120
Mas[12] =
Mas[13] = + 1 1
String = Mas[13] + Height 1120
GraphicsWindow.Width = 640 640
Width = GraphicsWindow.Width
max = Math.Max(1,11) 11

. -
:
x = 10
x = x +1
: -
, x 10. -
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:
0=1
78
! ,
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: x
10. : 10 + 1 = 11.
x
11.
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IF ,
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80
. 7.1.
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(. 7.2).
. 7.2.

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-, ,
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TextWindow.WriteLine(str)
81
7.2 ,
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, (. 7.3).

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. 7.3.
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: MyProgram1, MyProgram2 . ,

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82
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GraphicsWindow.Title = "Debug"
n= 0
m= 6
While (n < 10) And (m > 5)
Draw()
EndWhile
Sub Draw
height=GraphicsWindow.Height
width= GraphicsWindow.Width
radius=Math.GetRandomNumber(2)
x = Math.GetRandomNumber(width-2*radius)
y = Math.GetRandomNumber(height-2*radius-40) + 40
r= Math.GetRandomNumber(163) + 92
g= Math.GetRandomNumber(163) + 92
b= Math.GetRandomNumber(163) + 92
clr= GraphicsWindow.GetColorFromRGB(r,g,b)
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor=clr
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(x, y, 2*radius,2*radius)
EndSub
, ,
:
(n < 10) And (m > 5)

83
While (n < 10) And (m > 5)

Draw()
TextWindow.WriteLine("n = " + n + " m= " + m)
EndWhile
,
n m,
.
!
(. 7.4).
. 7.4.
84
,
:
While (n < 10) And (m > 5)

Draw()
n= n+1
m= Math.GetRandomNumber(20)
TextWindow.WriteLine("n = " + n + " m= " + m)
EndWhile
, ,
n 10,
m (. 7.5).
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86
4
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7, 11 13, 7 11 13 = 1001, -
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- ?
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90
Delimost ( ,
).
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number= 0
sNumber=""
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-
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91

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ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translit.
, ,
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92
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
' :
TextWindow.Left= 200
TextWindow.Top= 200
TextWindow.Show()

, ,
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,
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-
.
, -, ,
:
'=========================================
'
'
'
'=========================================
. -
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,
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goto gosub.
(label).

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, .
93
Left Top
200.
, -
, .
number :
start:
' :
start:.
, , -
(
). , -
goto. -
goto ,
.
' , :
program.End()
EndIf
, , -
, -
-
.
- ,

. :
, ( -
) End Program.
', 2..31:
For i= 2 To 31
If Math.Remainder(number, i) = 0 Then
sNumber= " "
Else
sNumber= " "
94
EndIf
' :
If i < 10 then
sNumber= sNumber + " "
endif
TextWindow.WriteLine(sNumber + i)
EndFor
, ,
2, 3, 4 , 31. -
, ,
. -
Remainder Math.
-
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: , i,
- .
-
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sNumber , -
10,
.
,
!
-
( ,
i).
(. 8.1).
95
. 8.1. !
-
, -
, ,
start:
TextWindow.WriteLine("")
Goto start
, -
, -
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, ,
15-16 , -
!
Delimost.
96
For
For , -
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,
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.
For :
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1
2
...
N
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2.
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.
EndFor, , -
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i = i + 1).
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2 31, . -
97
,
: For i = 1 To 100.
3. ,

EndFor .
-
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For -
.
-
, , -
,
EndFor.
- -
i, .

,
!
EndFor !
,
, !
1. For ,
, , 57.
2. delimost2 (. 8.2),
number dividend (-
) divisor ( ),

. :
TextWindow.Write(" : ")
dividend=TextWindow.ReadNumber()
98
. 8.2. delimost2
300 , -
-
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,
.
,
.

Delimost.
3. ,
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16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 100, 1000. !
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99
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2011? , 2010-,
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delimost, -
-
Prime.
,
. -
, :
'
'variables
number=0
,
:
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
' :
100
TextWindow.Top= 200
TextWindow.Show()
start:
' :
' , :
program.End()
EndIf
' , :
If number < 2 Then
Goto start
EndIf
- : ,
(, , , -
, ):
' ,
'2..
For i= 2 To Math.SquareRoot(number)
If Math.Remainder(number, i) = 0 Then
TextWindow.WriteLine(" ")
Goto start
EndIf
EndFor
Goto start
101
:

2.. .
1.414,
, , -
, -
EndFor, , - .
.
, 1
.
, , - .
:
, -
. -
,
(, , ). -
, -
: -
.
. 9.1. !
, , -
(. 9.1).
102
,
, -
.
, ,
!
, -
.
Prime.
If
-
If, :
, .

-
. : -
, ,
.
:
If Then
1
Else
2
EndIf
:
;
1 ;
103
2 .
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,
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:
If Then

EndIf
,
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If ,

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():
If Then
1
2
...
N
EndIf
104
():
If Then
1
2
...
N
Else
N+1
N+2
...
N+M
EndIf
,
=, <, > .

( ), ( ).
,
Then. ,
,
EndIf .

Else EndIf.
, (max)
n1 n2, :
If n1 > n2 Then
max= n1
105
Else
max= n2
EndIf
,
, :
If (n1 > n2) Then
, -
, -
:
if (a=1) and (b=1) then
if (a=1) or (b=1) then
AND - .
,
:
(7 > 13) and (7 < 13)

(7 <> 13) and (7 < 13)
OR - .
,
:
(7 > 13) or (7 < 13)

(7 <> 13) or (7 < 13)
, -
,
Windows.
106
,
.
-
.
, , -
,
. -
, -
.
,
CTRL + A.
,
, -
.
:
, -
:
107
,
.
Del Backspace.
CTRL + X.
CTRL + .
CTRL + V.
( -
),
CTRL + Z.
CTRL + Y.
108
, -
-
.
, -
(. 9.2), -
.
. 9.2.
,
.
(. 9.3).
. 9.3.
109
-
, (. 9.4).
F3,
.
. 9.4. !
,
F3.
, -
.
: , -
:

( ,
, !).
-
:
110
-
, -
.
, .
,
TAB (). , -
, -
! , -
. , 63
EndWhile, While:
,
:
, While
EndWhile.
111
! -
, -
,

.
!

. .
1. , -
.

:
2. -
, ,
.
3.
.
- , -
.

.
Prime OSH-W97.sb.
, .
, .
, :
112
-
.sb, .txt . , -
, -
.
-
. ,
, .
,
(. 9.5).
. 9.5. -
, ,
:
113
-
, (. 9.6).
. 9.6. - !
.
F3 (. 9.7).
. 9.7. -
(. 9.8).
. 9.8. -
F3, .
, -
, ,
. -
,
.
: -
!
114
10.
,
!
,
!
,
.
,
- , 2 10000.
-
, !
,
, , -
.
, -
,
.
'
'
'variables
begin=0
end=0

,
:
'===========================================
'
'===========================================
' :
115
TextWindow.Top= 200
TextWindow.Show()
start:
' :
begin=TextWindow.ReadNumber()
' 0, :
If begin=0 Then
program.End()
EndIf
If begin < 2 Then
begin = 2
EndIf
end=TextWindow.ReadNumber()
If end < begin Then
end = begin
EndIf
, For
, j -
begin end:
For j= begin To end
',
'2..
For i= 2 To Math.SquareRoot(j)
If Math.Remainder(j, i) = 0 Then
Goto next
EndIf
EndFor
TextWindow.WriteLine(j)
File.AppendContents("primes.txt", j)
next:
EndFor
116
Goto start
For , ,
j. , -
. , (.
10.1).
. 10.1.
-
, , 2..10000. ,
300 , -
. , -
, -
. : -
,
. -
File
AppendContents("primes.txt", j)
-
, .
, .
, -
. ,
, -
117
. , -

.
Primes.
-
, .
,
,
, .
-
( end), -
,
number:

'variables
number[0]=0
end=0
prime=0
prime .
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
' :
TextWindow.Top= 200
TextWindow.Show()
start:
118
' 0, :
end=TextWindow.ReadNumber()
If end < 2 Then
end = 2
EndIf
If end=0 Then
program.End()
EndIf
1. , , :
' 2..end:
For i= 2 To end
number[i]= i
EndFor
2. :
prime=2
3. prime*prime, -
, , prime:
4 6 8 - prime= 2,
9 12 15 - prime= 3.
:
nextPrime:
For i= prime*prime To end Step prime
number[i]=0
EndFor
, , -
,
, - .
4.
:
119
' :
prime= prime+1
While (number[prime]=0)
prime= prime+1
EndWhile
prime .
5. prime -
end, .3.
If prime <= Math.SquareRoot(end) Then
Goto nextPrime
EndIf
,
- . -
. -
:
' :
s=""
perevodStroki=Text.GetCharacter(13) + Text.GetCharacter(10)
For j= 2 To end
If number[j]<>0 Then
TextWindow.WriteLine(number[j])
' :
s= Text.Append(s,j) + perevodStoki
EndIf
EndFor
,
:
File.AppendContents("resheto.txt", (number[j]))
,
.
-
. ,
,

120
, -
.
s, -
. .
Text.Append(s,j), +,
, .
, -

. -
perevodStroki. -
,
.
' :
File.AppendContents("resheto.txt", s)
,
:
Goto start
. 10.2. !
, -
. -
121
, -
(. 10.2).
Resheto.
For

For. . -

(). -
-
prime, .
For:
For _=_ To _
Step
1
2
...
N
EndFor
, ,
Step. -
Step . -
, -
.
, -
:
122
For i = 32 To 2 Step -2
i 32 2 2: 32 30 - - 4 2.
While -
, Step -
.
,
. -
.
:
:
For
For
For
EndFor
EndFor
EndFor
, !

For, While - .
123
-
: ,
1 1000
: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, (, 24 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 3; 25 = 5 *
5). , -
, :
'
'variables
n5=0 '
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
TextWindow.Show()
' :
for i= 1 to 1000
n = i
uslovie=1
while uslovie=1
' 5,
' :
if math.Remainder(n, 5) = 0 then
n= n / 5
n5 = n5 + 1
else
uslovie=0
EndIf
EndWhile
EndFor
TextWindow.WriteLine("n5= " + n5)
124
For, -
, While, -
. 5 ,
1, -
.
, 5
5, . -
,
: 1000 : 5 = 200. ,
200 5. 40 25 (5*5), 8 125
(5*5*5) 625 (5*5*5*5). , -
, (. 10.3)!
. 10.3. !
1000.
Primes fileName, -

.
:
TextWindow.Read().

Primes.
125
11.
,

, , , -

. ,

, -
. , -
,
, .
?
-, !
, , -
, -
.
- ( ), -
, . -
,

. ! ( -
).
.

.
, -

, . ,
126
, -
?

, . -
. ,
,
,
.
, .
!
-
( - - ),
. -
,
,
, -
. ,
. , ,
, . , -
,
.
Palindrome
-,
.
:
string1= ""
string2= ""
string2 -
string1. , :
len = Text.GetLength(string1)
127
for i= 1 to len
chr=Text.GetSubText(string1,len-i+1,1)
string1= Text.Append(string2, chr)
endfor
,
, string1 = string2. -
, - :
if string1 <> string2 then
else
EndIf
-
. , -
-
, -
( ,
).
len = Text.GetLength(string1)
for i= 1 to len / 2
if Text.GetSubText(string1,len-i+1,1) <>
Text.GetSubText(string1, i,1) then
Goto exitFor
EndIf
EndFor
TextWindow.WriteLine(""))
exitFor:
,
. -
, . -
, -
.
OSH-W97.sb , 27407
.
128
.
:
'
'variables
spisok[0]="" '-
nWords=0 '
:
'=================================================
nWords=1
' :
fileName="OSH-W97.txt"
read()
-
:
'=================================================
Sub read
For i= 1 To 27407
' :
word=file.ReadLine(fileName,nWords)
' :
If word = "" Then
Goto exitSub
EndIf
' :
spisok[nWords]= word
' :
TextWindow.WriteLine(nWords + " " + spisok[nWords])
nWords= nWords+1
EndFor
exitSub:
EndSub
, 27407 , -
For,
. , , -
: -
129
, , . -
-
.

, . , -
,
.
, -
!
, , ! -
,
!
,
,
, !
- , -
,
.
word=file.ReadLine(fileName,nWords).
,
. , .

. ,
, -
. ,
-.
, :
, ,
.
, -
.
130
, , -
. , ,
.

, , -
? -
, .
, . -
spisok.
, -
:
spisok[1]= word
, ,
.
-
.
. -
,
. OSH-
W97.txt , -
, :
OSh_frc2-4.txt
OSh_frc5.txt
OSh_frc6.txt
OSh_frc7.txt
.
131
, -
. ,
, , -
, -
.
nWords=1
fileName="OSh_frc2-4.txt"
read()
fileName="OSh_frc5.txt"
read()
read()
read()
. ,
, .
. !

Palindrome.
132
: File2 read -
4 . -
,
. , -
,
. ,
, -
, -
.
, ,
. , -, ,
, , -, -
,
.
Sub
1
2
...
N
EndSub
133
Sub,
,
EndSub.
, -
.
,
.

( ), -
.
, ,

: ().
? -, -
, -
. -, -
, -
. -
, -
, ,
.
,
(),
, , -
.
:
! -
-
.
: -
(), .
, , .
134
, , -
, - . -
: -
(, -
, , ), -
(,
- ).
.
, -
, -
, -
.
,
, , - -
, .

, -
. , Sound
, Input . -

. ,
. -
, -
:
Sub prepareTextWindow
' :
TextWindow.Top= 200
TextWindow.WriteLine(NAME_PROG)
TextWindow.Show()
EndSub
135

(. 11.1):
'const
NAME_PROG = " "
' :
prepareTextWindow()
. 11.1. !

NAME_PROG .

, .
, -
, -
, -
.
.
Sub.
, ,
( ): -
, . -
, OSH-W97.txt.

, ,
. ,
136
, ,
.
:
'
'variables
spisok[0][0]="" '-
nWords[0]=0 ' -
nAll=0 ' -
,
( ).
:
'================================================
nAll=0
For i= 2 to 30
nWords[i]=0
EndFor
,
.
fileName="OSH-W97.txt"
read()

:
fileNameOut="OSH-W97-frc.txt"
write()
,
.
'
Sub read
For i= 1 To 100000
word=file.ReadLine(fileName, nAll)
len = Text.GetLength(word)
137
If len = 0 Then
Goto exitSub
EndIf
nWords[len]= nWords[len]+1
nAll= nAll+1
spisok[len][nWords[len]]= word
TextWindow.WriteLine(n + " " + spisok[len][nWords[len]])
EndFor
exitSub:
EndSub
! ,

, 24 .
'
Sub write
For i= 2 To 30
For j= 1 To nWords[i]
File.AppendContents(fileNameOut, spisok[i][j])
TextWindow.WriteLine(i + " " + j+ " " + spisok[i][j])
EndFor
EndFor
EndSub
, -
, -
(, WordPad),
MS Word
(UTF-8). , ,
, .
,
, , -
!

Palindrome.
138
, -
. -
: , -
, .

, -
. , -
:
'
'variables
spisok[0]="" '-
nWords=0 '
txt="" '
chr1="" '
chr2="" '
index=0 '
beg=0 '
len=0 '
, :
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
TextWindow.Show()
' 1:
fileName= "OSh_frc2-4.txt"
readFile()
' 2:
fileName= "OSh_frc5.txt"
readFile()
139
' 3:
'readFile()
' 4:
readFile()
:
, ! 6-
.
,
, .
readFile:
'
Sub readFile
txt= File.ReadContents(fileName)
index=1
beg=1
' , :
While (text.GetCharacterCode(text.GetSubText(txt,index,1))>
0)
' :
While text.GetCharacterCode(text.GetSubText(txt,index,1))>
32
index=index+1
EndWhile
' :
len= index-beg
' :
nWords= nWords+1
spisok[nWords]= text.GetSubText(txt,beg,len)
' :
index=index+2
beg=index
EndWhile
EndSub
140
, -
txt, ReadContents
File. ,
, .
.
, ,
. , -
16- . -
, -
(. 11.2).
. 11.2. 16-
,
,
, , .
,
!
, -
. 0D 0A, -
.
13 10, .
txt ,
:
spisok.
GetSubText Text:
spisok[nWords]= Text.GetSubText(txt,beg,len)
len txt, -
beg.
141
. -
, ,
:
beg=1
:
index=1
While
txt. 32 ( ,
):
While text.GetCharacterCode(text.GetSubText(txt,index,1))> 32
index=index+1
EndWhile
While , 13 -
, :
len= index-beg

txt:
index=index+2
beg=index
txt , -
While
While(text.GetCharacterCode(text.GetSubText(txt,index,1))> 0),
readFile -
, . -

, spisok . -
, , , !
-
. spisok
142
s ( -
; -
spisok[i]) .
- :
' :
for i=1 to nWords
s= spisok[i]
len= Text.GetLength(s)
for j= 1 to len / 2
chr1= Text.GetSubText(s,len-j+1,1)
chr2= Text.GetSubText(s, j, 1)
if chr1 <> chr2 then
goto break
EndIf
EndFor
'' :
TextWindow.WriteLine(s)
break:
EndFor
chr1 chr2, -
, -
. , , -
, !
, , , -
. , -

.
, -
, (. 11.3)!
143
. 11.3. - !

Palindrome.
Palindrome ,
.
144
12.
- ,
(, ) - . -
1666
.
,
.
,
. , -
, -
,
-
.
-
: , , , -
.
.
, ,
, - {, , }. ,
, .
, -
, :
1.
, , -
. .
,
:
2.
, - .
145
3.
( ,
, -: -, -),
. , -
:
4.
5.
, -
.
, -
:
6.
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
? .
.
,
. ,
3 2 1 = 6 .
, ,
(,
!).
146
, , -
, , -
4 3 2 1 = 24 .
,
( n), . -
:
n! (: -).
, -
:
n! = 1 2 . . . (n-1) n
, , -
n .

For, ,
27 ( -
).
:
'
'
'variables
number=0
fact= 0
:
start:
TextWindow.Write(" 0..27 > ")
147
'
' ,
' :
if (number < 0) then
goto exit
EndIf
if (number > 27) then

TextWindow.WriteLine(" 0 27!" )
goto start
EndIf
,
, -
(. 12.1). -
.
'
' number:
fact = number
for i= number -1 to 2 step -1
fact = fact * i
EndFor
If number=0 Then
fact = 1
EndIf
' :
TextWindow.WriteLine(number+"! = " + fact)
exit:
Goto start
, :
, !
148
: ,
2 * 3 * number, :
number * (number-1) * 2. ,
,
.
, , .
. 12.1. !
Factorial.
. ,
, 3! -
, Factorial -
149
: ?
, -
, , ?
, , .

, -
. ,
:
.
.
.
, , , -
. ,
, 1963 17
8! =
40320 . , , -
- , , ,
,
-
.
,

.
. ,

1234
,
, . - -
-, -, - ,
, (. 12.2).
150
Fac-
torial, Permutation -
.
'
' 1..nElem
'var
nElem=0 '
nPerm=0 '
p[0]= 0 ' ,
-
. ,
.
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
start:
nElem=TextWindow.ReadNumber()
' -->
' ,
' :
if (nElem <= 0) then
Program.End()
EndIf
if (nElem > 8) then

TextWindow.WriteLine(" 1 8!")
goto start
EndIf
151
1
.. nElem:
For i= 1 to nElem
p[i]= i
c[i]=1
pr[i]=1
endFor
nPerm=0
c[nElem]=0
' :
writePerm()
i= 1
'
'
Sub writePerm
nPerm= nPerm + 1
TextWindow.Write(nPerm + "> ")
For wp_i= 1 to nElem
TextWindow.Write(p[wp_i]+ " ")
endFor
endSub
, , -

TextWindow.Write(nPerm + "> ")
, -
. -
. , .
While (i < nElem)

i= 1
x= 0
While (c[i] = nElem - i + 1)
pr[i] = - pr[i]
c[i] = 1
152
If (pr[i]= 1) then
x= x +1
endIf
i= i +1
endWhile
If (i < nElem) Then
If (pr[i]= 1) then
k= c[i] + x
Else
k= nElem - i + 1 - c[i] + x
EndIf
tmp= p[k]
p[k]= p[k+1]
p[k+1] = tmp
' :
writePerm()
c[i]= c[i] + 1
EndIf
endWhile
(.
12.3):
Goto start
. 12.2. ! . 12.3.
1..8 - !
Permutation.
153
. ,

, 16 . , -
11 , 16
11.
, , -
, , -
. !
-
, -
. ,
. -
- -
, .
, 11 -
, (, ,
), .

-
Subset.
'
' k n=1..nElem
'var
nElem=0 '
k= 0 '
a[0]= 0 ' ,
nSubset=0 '
, -
, .
154
,
, .
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
start:
TextWindow.Write(" 1..30
> ")
nElem=TextWindow.ReadNumber()
' -->
' ,
' :
if (nElem <= 0) then
Program.End()
EndIf
if (nElem > 30) then

goto start
EndIf
TextWindow.Write(" 1.."
+ nElem + " > ")
k= TextWindow.ReadNumber()
if (k < 1) Or (k > nElem) then
TextWindow.WriteLine(" 1 " + nElem +
"!")
goto start
EndIf
, -
:
For i= 1 to k
a[i]= i
endFor
155
nSubset=0
p= k
While (p >= 1)
' :
writeSubset()
if (k = nElem) then
Goto start
endIf
If (a[k]= nElem) then
p= p - 1
else
p= k
endIf
If (p >= 1) Then
For i= k to p step-1
a[i]= a[p] + i - p + 1
endFor
EndIf
endWhile
Goto start
-
:
'
'
Sub writeSubset
nSubset = nSubset + 1
TextWindow.Write(nSubset + "> ")
For wp_i= 1 to k
TextWindow.Write(a[wp_i]+ " ")
endFor
endSub
156
: 16 -
11 ,
4368 (. 12.4)!
,
, !
. 12.4. !
,
-
, !
:
n = nElem.
157
, !
Subset.
1.
, -
.
2. , ,
, .
3. ,
.
4. Factorial ,
2 .
158
13.
,

.

, , ,
( ),
, , 1202 .
, ,
,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
n.
, :
' ,
'
'variables
number=0
f= 0
f1= 0
f2= 0

, :
start:
159
, , :
' ,
' :
goto exit
EndIf

goto start
EndIf
, :
f= 0
f1= 1
f2= 1
'
' , number:
TextWindow.WriteLine(0)
While f2 <= number
TextWindow.WriteLine(f2)
f2 = f1+f
f = f1
f1 = f2
EndWhile
exit:
Goto start
:
f= 0
f1= 1
f2= 1
160
, , -
:
TextWindow.WriteLine(0)
1,
, - 0 + 1 = 1, - 1 + 1= 2,
- 1 + 2 = 3 , :
f2 = f1+f
f = f1
f1 = f2
f, f
. f1 f2, -
-
, .
!
While ,
. -
(. 13.1), ,
.
. 13.1.
Fibonacci.
161

(
) ( ).
( , ,
, !).
()

- number1 number2:
'
' ()
'variables
number1=0
number2=0
NOD=0
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
start:
TextWindow.Write(" > ")
number1 = TextWindow.ReadNumber()
' ,
' :
if (number1 < 0) then
Program.End()
EndIf

, -
, -
, , -
, :
' ,
162
' :
if number1 < number2 then
n= number1
number1=number2
number2=n
EndIf
( ) , , -
, :
if number2=0 then
NOD = number1
else
speed_euklid()
EndIf
,
:
Sub speed_euklid
while number2 > 0
n = Math.Remainder(number1, number2)
number1 = number2
number2 = n
EndWhile
NOD = number1
EndSub
While -
, -
, - . -
, .
,
.
(.
13.2):
163
' :
TextWindow.WriteLine(" = " + NOD)
exit:
Goto start
. 13.2.

number1 = 42
number2 = 14
, -
:
n = Math.Remainder(42, 14) = 0
:
number1 = 14
164
number2 = 0
, ,
, 14.
:
number1 = 56
number2 = 42
n = Math.Remainder(56, 42) = 14
number1 = 42
number2 = 14
.
, -
(. 13.3)!
. 13.3. !
NOD.
165

,
(. 13.4).
. 13.4.
, (.
13.5).
. 13.5. smallbasic.com
() ,
! , -
-
. ,
.
, -
,
, Internet Explo-
rer (. 13.6).
166
:
smallbasic.com/program/?pgf620
,
.
,
Silverlight. -
.
, ,
smallbasic.com.
. 13.6.
167
,
. ,

, smallbasic.com.
, Embed this in your website
, -
( , ),
.
-
(, , , , ),
,
!
()
,
:
= 1 * 2 / (1, 2)

calcNOD:
' -
'number1 number2
' NOD
Sub calcNOD
' ,
' :
if n1 < n2 then
n= n1
n1=n2
n2=n
EndIf
if n2=0 then
NOD = n1
168
else
while n2 > 0
n = Math.Remainder(n1, n2)
n1 = n2
n2 = n
EndWhile
NOD = n1
EndIf
EndSub
,
, number1 number2
, .
NOD!
:
'
' ()
'variables
number1=0
number2=0
NOD=0
NOK=0

(. 13.7):
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
start:
' ,
' :
if (number1 < 0) then
Program.End()
EndIf

169
if number1 * number2=0 then

NOK = 0
Else
'
' calcNOD:
n1= number1
n2= number2
' NOD:
calcNOD()
NOK= number1 * number2 / NOD
EndIf
' :
TextWindow.WriteLine("K = " + NOD)
exit:
Goto start
. 13.7.
NOK.
170
14.
Windows -
,
-
.
- -
,
GraphicsWindow.
GraphicsWindow ( )
-
(. 14.1).
-
. , :
GraphicsWindow.Show()
Program.Delay(10000)
GraphicsWindow.Hide()
. 14.1. !
171
Show -
, Hide (
). -
, :
For i= 1 To 10
Program.Delay(1000)
Program.Delay(1000)
EndFor
, Windows,
4 (. 14.2).
. 14.2.
: -
, , , , .
SmallBasic Graphics Window,

, Title
(. 14.3):
GraphicsWindow.Title=" "
. 14.3. - !
172
, , , -
, :
s = GraphicsWindow.Title
, -
, ,
:
time=0
Timer.Interval = 1000
Timer.Tick = OnTimer
Sub OnTimer
time= time+1
GraphicsWindow.Title= time
EndSub

, , .
, -
, -
.
,
CanResize :
GraphicsWindow.CanResize=0
"False":
GraphicsWindow.CanResize= "False"
- ,
(. 14.4).
,
:
GraphicsWindow.CanResize= "True"
173
. 14.4. !
CanResize , ,
,
.
. ,
640 480 -
. -
!
.

GraphicsWindow.Width=400
GraphicsWindow.Height=200,
(. 14.5).
. 14.5. !
174
(. 14.6).
GraphicsWindow.Height=0
. 14.6. !

(. 14.7), :
GraphicsWindow.Left=400
GraphicsWindow.Top =400

6.
. 14.7. !
175
""
Width Height -
. -
.
(Timer). Interval 200-400
:
Timer.Interval = 200
, 0,2-0,4
OnTimer:
rele=1
Sub OnTimer
if rele=1 then
GraphicsWindow.Left= GraphicsWindow.Left+ 5
GraphicsWindow.Top= GraphicsWindow.Top+ 5
else
GraphicsWindow.Left= GraphicsWindow.Left- 5
GraphicsWindow.Top= GraphicsWindow.Top- 5
EndIf
' :
rele= -rele
EndSub
rele
-, . -
, -
.
, -
!

GraphicsWindow.
176
, -
. -
, :
-
Windows , .
-
Title .
- () -
, -
( ) .
, .
- () -
( ,
),
, -
.
-
.
,
. -
.
-
. ,
,
.
.
177

,
, .
,
. BackgroundColor
(. 14.8):
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor="Green"
. 14.8. !
- -
.
, -
:
'
rele=1
Sub OnTimer
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor=
GraphicsWindow.GetRandomColor()
if rele=1 then
else
178
EndIf
rele=-rele
EndSub
, -
.

GetRandomColor, .
,
.
, -
, :
Timer.Interval = 10
'
rele=1
n=1
Sub OnTimer
if n= 100 Then
rele=-rele
n=0
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor=
GraphicsWindow.GetRandomColor()
else
n=n+1
EndIf
GraphicsWindow.Width=GraphicsWindow.Width + rele
GraphicsWindow.Height = GraphicsWindow.Height + rele
GraphicsWindow.Left= (Desktop.Width - GraphicsWindow.Width)
/ 2
GraphicsWindow.Top = (Desktop.Height -
GraphicsWindow.Height) / 2
EndSub
179

GetColorFromRGB,
( - Red, - Green - - Blue) ,
:
'
Sub OnTimer
red= Math.GetRandomNumber(256)-1
green= Math.GetRandomNumber(256)-1
blue= Math.GetRandomNumber(256)-1
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor=GraphicsWindow.GetColorFromRG
B(red, green, blue)
EndSub

GraphicsWindow.
LastKey -
(. 14.9):
While "True"
GraphicsWindow.Title= GraphicsWindow.LastKey
EndWhile
. 14.9. , ?

, .
180
15.
,
.
, .
,
. FontName
(. 15.1):
GraphicsWindow.FontName="Arial"
, -
!
, (.
15.2).
. 15.1. Arbat . 15.2. Arbat
(.
15.3).
, :
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor="Black"
GraphicsWindow.FontName="Arial"
For i= 0 To 6
GraphicsWindow.FontSize= 12+ i*2
181
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= GraphicsWindow.GetRandomColor()
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(10,10+i*30, "Text Text")
EndFor
. 15.3. Arial Courier New Times New Roman
, FontSize,
BrushColor. -
DrawText(x,y,).
,
.
, -
.
()
.
. -
,
FontBold (. 15.4) :
GraphicsWindow.FontBold= "False"
,
:
GraphicsWindow.FontBold= "True"
182
. 15.4. Arial
(.
15.5):
GraphicsWindow.FontItalic= "True"
. 15.5.
:
GraphicsWindow.FontItalic= "False"

DrawBoundText(x,y, width, ), -
DrawText , -
183
width, -
.
, -
:
GraphicsWindow.FontSize= 24
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= "Yellow"
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= GraphicsWindow.GetRandomColor()
GraphicsWindow.DrawBoundText(10,10+i*30, 150,
"12345678901234567890")
,
, ,
(. 15.6).
. 15.6. !
(. 15.7):
GraphicsWindow.DrawBoundText(10,10+i*30,350,
"12345678901234567890")
. 15.7. !

.
184
Windows
, .
. ,
- , Windows
WM_KEYDOWN.
, KeyDown.
, -

:
GraphicsWindow.KeyDown= OnKeyDown
Sub OnKeyDown
GraphicsWindow.ShowMessage(" ", "")
EndSub
, , -
(. 15.8).
. 15.8. !
, ,
LastKey (. 15.9).
185
. 15.9. !
KeyUp,
(. 15.10):
GraphicsWindow.KeyUp= OnKeyUp
Sub OnKeyUp
GraphicsWindow.ShowMessage(" " +
GraphicsWindow.LastKey, " ")
EndSub
. 15.10. !

ShowMessage(, ), -
, -
, , .
186
,
, .
, -
, -
:
' """
GraphicsWindow.Left= (Desktop.Width - GraphicsWindow.Width) /
2
GraphicsWindow.Top = (Desktop.Height - GraphicsWindow.Height)
/ 2
GraphicsWindow.Title= " !"
GraphicsWindow.KeyDown= OnKeyDown
'GraphicsWindow.KeyUp= OnKeyUp
Sub OnKeyDown
GraphicsWindow.Clear()
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= "Red"
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(10,10," ,
!")
EndSub
Sub OnKeyUp
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= "Green"
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(10,10," ,
!")
EndSub
,
(. 15.11).
187
. 15.11. , , ?!
, -
(. 15.12).
. 15.12. !

, , !
Clear,
,
BackgroundColor.
, , -
!
,
, ,
.
: , !
188

, , -
.
.

.
.
2
/ 2
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor="White"
GraphicsWindow.MouseDown= OnMouseDown
GraphicsWindow.MouseUp= OnMouseUp
Sub OnMouseDown
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= "Blue"
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(10,10," !")
EndSub
Sub OnMouseUp
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= "Green"
EndSub
, , -
-
(. 15.13).
189
. 15.13. !

(. 15.14).
. 15.14. , !
, .
,
, .
.
. -
: ,
(. 15.15).
2
190

/ 2
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= "Blue"
GraphicsWindow.CanResize="False"

2
/ 2
Timer.Interval = 10
Sub OnTimer
/ 2
/ 2
EndSub
. 15.15.
. 10 -
, - OnTimer
.
,
, , -
.
191
,
TextInput, LastText , -
, - , , .. -
-
(. 15.16),
- .
. 15.16. , !
s=""
GraphicsWindow.TextInput =OnText
Sub OnText
s= s+GraphicsWindow.LastText
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(10,10, s)
EndSub
-
, ,
. -
, ,
,
.

.
192
16. Math

:

+
-
*
/
, , ,
, :
,
(
). , -
, .
-
: 2 -2; x -x.
a=6
b=3
Num
Num = a + b 9
Num = a - b 3
Num = a * b 18
Num = a / b 2

, . -
, -
193
.
( !) -
:

Num
Num = (2 + 4 - 1) / 5 * 11 11
Num = (3.1415 1.0) / 7.78 * (45 - 7) 10,459768637532133676092544987
Num = -2.67 * 3.14 + -3/2 7.01 -16,8938

Num = 3 * 4 + 5 6/2 14
-
, {} .

, -
.

Math, Pi, -
, , .
, -
.
Math,
.
,
,
Math .
,
.
194
Pi 3,14159265358979
Abs()
ArcCos() , -

ArcSin() , -

ArcTan() , -

Ceiling()
.
Cos() , -

Floor()
.
GetDegrees() , ,

GetRadians() , ,

1 -
GetRandomNumber( , . -
GetRandomNumber(30)
)
1, 2, 3, , 30
Log() -

Max(1, 2)
Min(1, 2)
NaturalLog() -

Power(, )

Remainder(1, 2)

Round()
.
Sin() , -

SquareRoot()
Tan() , -

195
GraphicsWindow.Title=" Math"
'const
ps= Text.GetCharacter(13) + Text.GetCharacter(10)
BackgroundColor="#2F4F4F"
GraphicsWindow.Width= 300
2
/ 2
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor= BackgroundColor
txtMath=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(10,10)
Controls.SetSize(txtMath, GraphicsWindow.Width-20,
GraphicsWindow.Height-20)

. , ,
, . -
: ,
? :
.
, :
-
:
s= " = " + Math.Pi + ps

s= s + "Abs(-2) = " + Math.Abs(-2) + ps
s= s + "ArcCos(0.5) = " + Math.ArcCos(0.5) + ps
s= s + "ArcSin(0.5) = " + Math.ArcSin(0.5) + ps
s= s + "ArcTan(0.5) = " + Math.ArcTan(0.5) + ps
s= s + "Ceiling(0.5) = " + Math.Ceiling(0.5) + ps
s= s + "Ceiling(1) = " + Math.Ceiling(1) + ps
s= s + "Cos(0.5) = " + Math.Cos(0.5) + ps
s= s + "Floor(0.5) = " + Math.Floor(0.5) + ps
s= s + "Floor(1) = " + Math.Floor(1) + ps
196
s= s + "GetDegrees(0.5) = " + Math.GetDegrees(0.5) + ps

s= s + "GetRadians(30) = " + Math.GetRadians(30) + ps
s= s + "GetRandomNumber(30) = " + Math.GetRandomNumber(30) +
ps
s= s + "Log(100) = " + Math.Log(100) + ps
s= s + "NaturalLog(100) = " + Math.NaturalLog(100) + ps
s= s + "Max(-1, -2) = " + Math.Max(-1, -2) + ps
s= s + "Min(-1, -2) = " + Math.Min(-1, -2) + ps
s= s + "Power(2, 32) = " + Math.Power(2, 32) + ps
s= s + "Remainder(15, 4) = " + Math.Remainder(15, 4) + ps
s= s + "Round(0.5) = " + Math.Round(0.5) + ps
s= s + "Round(1.6) = " + Math.Round(1.6) + ps
s= s + "Sin(0.5) = " + Math.Sin(0.5) + ps
s= s + "SquareRoot(2) = " + Math.SquareRoot(2) + ps
s= s + "Tan(0.5) = " + Math.Tan(0.5) + ps
(. 16.1):
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtMath, s)
. 16.1. Math !
197
Math ,
. , , -
, Math.Sin(Math.GetRadians(30)) 0,5.
, , -
:
sinus= Math.Sin(Math.GetRadians(30))
sinus
0,5.
,
- -
:
if (Math.Sin(Math.GetRadians(30)) = 0.5) Then
. . . . .
EndIf
:
sinus= Math.Sin(Math.GetRadians(30))
if (sinus = 0.5) Then

. . . . .
EndIf

. , ,

, .

Math.
Math,
( -
, -
).
198

1706 ..
periferia (-
, , -
), . -
1736 -
.
,
,
.
, (16/9)2,
3,1604938, = 3,16227766 -
, ,
3 1/7, , 3 10/71 = 3,1428 3,1408.
3,14185,
. , -
-
- 3,1415927... -
-,
16 . 1615
-
32 . 1873 -
20 707 , 1944
. ,
527 .
. :
1706 100
.
199
.
1949 70
. -
3000 13
. 1959 -
,
. ,
.
1655 , -
. -
. , -
, -
. , , -
. , :
'const
2
/ 2
txtMath=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(10,10)
200
Controls.SetSize(txtMath, GraphicsWindow.Width-20,
' :
pi=1
For n= 1 To 1000000
pi= pi * (4*n*n/(2*n-1)/(2*n+1))
EndFor
s= " = " + 2* pi + ps
= 3,1415918681921207145964766354
! .
-
, -
. :
, :
' :
pi=0
For n= 0 To 1000001
pi= pi + Math.Power(-1, n) / (2*n+1)
EndFor
s= " = " + 4* pi + ps
= 3,1415916535917932347126500740
201
, !
,
.
-
.
202
17.
,
.

, -
, ,

.

, .
, -
.
,
, !
, !
, ,
...
:
- ?
. ,
, . -
, . , -
, - ,
. -
. :
, -
.
SetPixel(x, y, color) -
( -
203
) .
, , -
, .

: Y () , , ,
Y, . -
X -
, -
, , (.
17.1).
. 17.1.
, -
(Microsoft Paint Image Editor, , -
), ,
,
,
.
,
SetPixel.
204
, -
(. 17.2).
. 17.2. -!
Pixel.
-
, .
, !
GraphicsWindow.Left= (Desktop.Width-GraphicsWindow.Width)/ 2
GraphicsWindow.Top = (Desktop.Height-GraphicsWindow.Height)/ 2
While -
SetPixel:
'
width=GraphicsWindow.Width
While "True"
205
for y=0 to height-1

for x=0 to width-1
' :
clr= GraphicsWindow.GetRandomColor()
' :
GraphicsWindow.SetPixel(x,y,clr)
EndFor
EndFor
EndWhile
, -
: -
(. 17.3).
. . .
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor = "Red"
. . .
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(40,height/2-40,"")
. 17.3.
Pixel.
206
-
, (-
) . ,
, -
GetPixel(x,y).
, -
. -
(. 17.4)
. 17.4.
2
/ 2
207
, -

.
' :
for y=0 to height-1
for x=0 to width-1
' :
' :
EndFor
EndFor
( ,
)
MouseX MouseY .
' :
While "True"
x = GraphicsWindow.MouseX
y = GraphicsWindow.MouseY
clr=GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(x,y)
GraphicsWindow.Title=" (" + x + "," + y + ") =
" + clr
EndWhile
(
) 16-
(. 17.5).
, ,
, -
, (.
17.6).
208
. 17.5. !
While "True"
':
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(GraphicsWindow.Width-32-6, 20,
32,32)
" + clr
EndWhile
. 17.6. !
209
- ,
. , :
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= #46f9fe
, -
, . -
, -
,
, , -
(. 17.7).
,
.
2
/ 2
210
. 17.7. -!
' "":
radius=10
for i= 1 to 10000
' "":
x = Math.GetRandomNumber(width-radius)
y = Math.GetRandomNumber(height-radius)
' "":
GraphicsWindow.Title=" (" + x + "," + y + ") = "
+ clr
' "":
EndFor
, , ,
( - ). -
FillEllipse(x, y, width, height). -
-
, (. 17.8).
BrushColor.
211
. 17.8.

DrawEllipse(x, y, width, height). ,
, ,
.
PenColor. :
' "":
'GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(x, y, 2*radius,2*radius)
GraphicsWindow.PenColor=clr
GraphicsWindow.DrawEllipse(x, y, 2*radius,2*radius)
- (.
17.9).
,
(.
17.10). .

GetRandomNumber:
for i= 1 to 10000
radius= Math.GetRandomNumber(10)+4
' "":
x = Math.GetRandomNumber(width-radius)
y = Math.GetRandomNumber(height-radius)
212
' "":
GraphicsWindow.Title=" (" + x + "," + y + ") = " +
clr
' "":
EndFor
. 17.9.
. 17.10. , !
.
213
, , -
, . -
, , -

. , Pointilize (. 17.11),
.
,
, ( -
) (. 17.12).

, ,
, -
.
. 17.11. Pointilize
214
- -
, ,
. -
, , .
. 17.12. .
,
.
r, -

. -
. -
215
.
,
(. 17.13).
'
'var
' :
r=5
GraphicsWindow.Title=""
GraphicsWindow.Width= 800-10
GraphicsWindow.Height=533-10
2
/ 2
background = ImageList.LoadImage(Program.Directory +
"/.jpg")
GraphicsWindow.DrawImage(background, 0, 0)
' :
'Filter()
Filter2()
' :
While "True"
':
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(GraphicsWindow.Width-32-6, 20,
32,32)
" + clr
EndWhile
216
. 17.13.
,
, , - -
. , , -
, , -
, .
. -
l
For .
,
(. 17.14).
'
Sub Filter
l= 2*r
For j= 1 To height/l
For i= 1 To width/l
' :
xc = (i-1)*l + r
yc = (j-1)*l + r
217
clr=GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(xc,yc)
' :
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(xc-r, yc-r, l, l)
EndFor
EndFor
EndSub
. 17.14.
, -
.
. ,
,
,
.
.
,
.
218
,
.
!
, - :
Sub Filter2
l= 2*r
For i= 1 To width/l
' :
xc = (i-1)*l + r
yc = (j-1)*l + r
clr=GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(xc,yc)
' :
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= "Black"
'GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= "White"
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(xc-r, yc-r, l, l)
' :
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(xc-r, yc-r, l, l)
EndFor
EndFor
EndSub
( -
), -
(. 17.15). -
-
!
.
219
. 17.15.
1.
. -
, -
. -
, .
2.
(. 17.16):
' :
Filter()
drawGrid()
'
Sub drawGrid
l= 2*r
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="Black"
220
GraphicsWindow.PenWidth=1
' :
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, j*l, width, j*l)
EndFor
' :
For i= 0 To width/l
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(i*l, 0, i*l, height)
EndFor
EndSub
. 17.16. !
221
18.
,-

,
, .
, .
, -
, , - -
R Z.
-.
- .
, ,
. ,
OL Z,
. -
,
Z R,
.
(. 18.1).

OL
,

R
Z
. 18.1.
222

, -
, -
.
,
(. 18.2).
. 18.2.
.
x y
OPx,
:
x = R * cos(Z) (1)
y = R * sin(Z) (2)
: -
, ?
, -
, .
, :
223
R = 1
R = r r
x2 + y2 2x = 0
x2 + y2 2rx = 0
- , , , , -
.
,
, .
Polar .
(. 18.3) -
. , res -
, :
'
'
'var
res="False" ' ="False",

R=0 '
Z=0 '
2
/ 2
224
' :
CX= width/2
CY= height/2
' :
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= "Black"
, Z
360 ( 0 ... 2*Math.Pi).
-
,
.
(Step 0.01) ,
.
, -
,
.
. ,
.
,
, , ,
. , -
calc3.
, calc3, , -
calc1 calc5.
For
calc5 .
'
'For i=0 to 7
for Z =0 to 2*Math.Pi+0.01 Step 0.01
calc3()
If (res="False") Then
Goto nextZ
EndIf
' :
225
If (Z=0) Then
x1=x
y1=y
EndIf
' ""
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(x,y,x1,y1)
nextZ:
'TextWindow.WriteLine("x= " + x + " y= " + y)
x1=x
y1=y
EndFor
'endFor
res
"False", , -
. x y
, -
() (1)
(2), .
-
.
, ,
.
, -
, .
, R= sin(2*Z) ( 18.3)
, R= sin(12*Z) ( 18.3) .
R= sin(k*Z) -
k, .

, !
'
Sub calc1
' :
R= 150
res="True"
226
x= CX + Math.Cos(z)*R
If (x<0) Or (x> width) Then
res="False"
Goto exit1
EndIf
y= CY + Math.Sin(z)*R
If (y<0) Or (y> height) Then
res="False"
Goto exit1
EndIf
exit1:
EndSub
' ,
Sub calc2
k=12
res="True"
R= Math.Sin(k*Z)*160
res="False"
Goto exit2
EndIf
res="False"
Goto exit2
EndIf
exit2:
EndSub
'
Sub calc3
k=2
l=2
res="True"
R= (1+l*Math.Cos(k*Z))* 50'80'100
x= CX + Math.Cos(z)*R '- width/4
res="False"
Goto exit3
EndIf
227
res="False"
Goto exit3
EndIf
exit3:
EndSub
'
Sub calc4
k=5
res="True"
R= Z/k* 100
res="False"
Goto exit4
EndIf
res="False"
Goto exit4
EndIf
exit4:
EndSub
'
Sub calc5
k=5
res="True"
F= Z + i*Math.Pi*2
R= 60/(2+ Math.Cos(F*k + ((Math.Floor(0.1*F)/5 -
Math.Floor(Math.Floor(0.1*F)/5)))))*2.5
x= CX + Math.Cos(F)*R
res="False"
Goto exit5
EndIf
y= CY + Math.Sin(F)*R
res="False"
Goto exit5
EndIf
exit5:
EndSub
228
) R = 1 - ) R= sin(2*Z) -
) R= sin(12*Z) - ) R= 1 + cos(Z) -
) R= 1 + 2*cos(Z) ) R= 1 + 2*cos(2*Z)
229
) R= Z/k )
. 18.3.
Polar.
1. .
2. -
, . , , -

.
3. -

.
x y -
,
.
230
19.
, -
, ,
,
.
, !
1D sine. -

( , ,
). -
:
clr = 255*(1+ Math.Sin(y/wl))/2 (1)
, -
.
wl, ,
.
255 (1). , -
0..2,
0..1.
0 255,
. -
. , -

GraphicsWindow.Title=" (" + x + "," + y + ") = "

+ clr
:
231

2
/ 2
' :
wl= 10
for y=0 to height-1
' :
clr = 255*(1+ Math.Sin(y/wl))/2
clr=GraphicsWindow.GetColorFromRGB(clr,clr, clr)
" + clr
for x=0 to width-1
' :
EndFor
EndFor
, - (. 19.1).
. 19.1.
,
GetColorFromRGB (. 19.2 19.3).
232
. 19.2. GetColorFromRGB(clr,0,0) . 19.3. GetColorFromRGB(0,0,clr)
1D sine.
-
:
' :
wX= 20
' :
wY= 20
clr = 255*(1+Math.Sin(x/wX) * Math.Sin(y/wY))/2
-
:
for y=0 to height-1

233
for x=0 to width-1

' :
clr = 255*(1+Math.Sin(x/wX) * Math.Sin(y/wY))/2
clr=GraphicsWindow.GetColorFromRGB(0,clr,100)
GraphicsWindow.Title=" (" + x + "," + y + ")
= " + clr
' :
EndFor
EndFor
(. 19.4).
. 19.4.
2D sine.

,
:
' :
clr = 255*(1+ Math.Abs(Math.Sin(x/wX)) *
Math.Abs(Math.Sin(y/wY)))/2
234
, ,
,
(. 19.5).
. 19.5.
Abs sine.

, ,
;
.
, , ,
, , ,
- -
. ,
,
:
rad = Math.SquareRoot((x-CX)*(x-CX) + (y-CY) * (y-CY)) / wl

235
clr = 255*(1+Math.Sin(rad))/2
-
:
2
/ 2
' :
CX= width/2
CY= height/2
' :
wl= 6
for y=0 to height-1
for x=0 to width-1
:
rad = Math.SquareRoot((x-CX)*(x-CX) + (y-CY) * (y-CY)) /
wl
clr = 255*(1+Math.Sin(rad))/2
clr=GraphicsWindow.GetColorFromRGB(0, 0, clr)
GraphicsWindow.Title=" (" + x + "," + y + ")
= " + clr
' :
EndFor
EndFor
(. 19.6)!
236
. 19.6. !
Polar sine.
,
,
(. 19.7).
. . .
' :
wl= 60
for y=0 to height-1
for x=0 to width-1
' :
clr = 255*2*(Math.Abs(math.Remainder(x, wl) -wl/2) +
Math.Abs(math.Remainder(y, wl) -wl/2))/wl
clr=GraphicsWindow.GetColorFromRGB(clr,0,clr)
' :
EndFor
EndFor
237
. 19.7.

(. 19.8) , -
( ).
9 , -
, :
. . .
' :
wX= 10
wY= 10
For i= 1 To 9
238
a[i]= Math.GetRandomNumber(2)
EndFor
,
.
!
, . -
, -
?
,
:
for y=0 to height-1

for x=0 to width-1
' :
clr = 256*(1 + (a[4]*Math.Sin(a[0]*Math.Sin(a[6] * x/wX) +
a[1]*Math.Cos(a[7] * y/wY)) +
a[5]*Math.Cos(a[2]*Math.Cos(a[8]* x/wX) + a[3]*Math.Sin(a[9]*
y/wY)))) /2
clr=GraphicsWindow.GetColorFromRGB(0,0,clr)
' :
EndFor
EndFor
239
. 19.8.
, !
Sine the
pooh.
,
, , -
(. 19.9):
. . .
For i = 1 to 6
a[i] = Math.Pi * (1-2*Math.GetRandomNumber(1000)/1000)
Endfor
While ("True")
x = math.Sin (a[1]*a[6]) - math.Cos (a[2]*a[5])
y = math.Sin (a[3]*a[5]) - math.Cos (a[4]*a[6])
clr= GraphicsWindow.GetColorFromRGB(128*(x+y),
128*(x+y),255)
GraphicsWindow.SetPixel(CX+x*100, CY+y*100,clr)
240
a[5] = x
a[6] = y
EndWhile
. 19.9.
-
.
241
20.
, ,
.
,
.
, , -
.
, .
GraphicsWindow
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine( x1, y1, x2, y2 )
(x1, y1) , (x2,

y2) , ,
(. 20.1).
. 20.1.
PenWidth,
PenColor GraphicsWindow.
242
,
,
Pixel .
,
.
:
'
'
'var
' :
penWidth= 20
2
/ 2
, ,
,
DrawLine
:
GraphicsWindow.PenWidth = penWidth
'
While "True"
' -->
' :
x1= Math.GetRandomNumber(width - penWidth / 2 - 1)
y1= Math.GetRandomNumber(height - penWidth / 2 - 1)
' :
243
x2= Math.GetRandomNumber(width - penWidth / 2 - 1)

y2= Math.GetRandomNumber(height - penWidth / 2 - 1)
' :
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= clr
' :
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2)
Program.Delay(30)
EndWhile
:
, (. 20.2). ,
20 (. 20.3):
penWidth= 20
,
.
. 20.2.

.
244
. 20.3.
,
.
.
, -
(. 20.4).
' " "
2
/ 2
' :
ratio= height / width
245
for x= 0 to width Step 10
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= "Red"
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, x*ratio, width-x, 0)
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= "Yellow"
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, (width-x)*ratio, width-x,
width*ratio)
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= "Blue"
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(width-x, 0*ratio, width, (width-
x)*ratio)
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= "Green"
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(width-x, width*ratio, width,
x*ratio)
EndFor
. 20.4.
246
,
-
PenColor.
,
Step.
, , -
.
,
, .
,
. ,
,
,
.
-
!
-
- ,
:
'
'
'var
' :
penWidth= 3
' :
r=0
g=0
b=0
247
. . .

, , -
.
6 -
, -
, -
.
btn:
-
.
'
y= 10
dy=32
x= width-85
n=1
btn[n]=Controls.AddButton(" --> ", x, y+dy*(n-1))
Controls.SetSize(btn[n], 80, 24)
n=n+1
n=n+1
n=n+1
n=n+1
n=n+1
Controls.ButtonClicked=OnClick
248
-
,
:

- OnClick, -
, :
'
Sub OnClick
button= Controls.LastClickedButton
If (button= btn[1]) Then
YR()
ElseIf (button= btn[2]) Then
YG()
CG()
CB()
MB()
MR()
EndIf
EndSub

, ,
.
, , -
, . -
.
249
(. 20.5) -
255 ( -
), ( ), -
-
255 0.
. -
,
:
' - Cyan To Blue
Sub CB
b = 255
r = 0
for i = 0 to height
' :
g= 255 * (1 - i / height)
' :
' :
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, i, width-90, i)
Program.Delay(1)
EndFor
EndSub
. 20.5.
250
-
(. 20.6) . -
:
' - Magenta To Red
Sub MR
r = 255
g = 0
for i = 0 to height
' :
b= 255 * (1 - i / height)
' :
' :
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, i, width-90, i)
Program.Delay(1)
EndFor
EndSub
. 20.6.
,
, !
251
, -
!
1. , -
( ) (. 20.7)!
2. , (. 20.8), -
(. 20.9) (. 20.10) .
. 20.7. . 20.8.
. 20.9. . 20.10.
252
21.
,

.
GraphicsWindow.DrawRectangle(x, y, width, height)
,
(X, Y),
width height.
PenColor ,
PenWidth (. 21.1).
. 21.1.
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(x, y, width, height)

253
,
, ,
BrushColor
(. 21.2).
. 21.2.
,
.
,
.
.
.
:
'
'
'var
' :
penWidth= 5
254
. . .
'
While "True"
' :
x= Math.GetRandomNumber(width - penWidth / 2 - 1)
y= Math.GetRandomNumber(height - penWidth / 2 - 1)
' :
w= Math.GetRandomNumber(width - x - penWidth / 2 - 1)
h= Math.GetRandomNumber(height - y - penWidth / 2 - 1)
' :
' :
GraphicsWindow.DrawRectangle(x, y, w, h)
Program.Delay(30)
EndWhile

(. 21.3).
. 21.3.
255
, -
, -
(. 21.4):
While "True"
' :
x= Math.GetRandomNumber(width)
y= Math.GetRandomNumber(height)
' :
w= Math.GetRandomNumber(width - x)
h= Math.GetRandomNumber(height - y)
' :
' :
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(x, y, w, h)
Program.Delay(30)
EndWhile
. 21.4.
256

, -
. ,
, -
.
GraphicsWindow.DrawEllipse(x, y, width, height)
(. 21.5).
. 21.5.
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(x, y, width, height)
(. 21.6).
257
. 21.6.
, .
,
!
-
.
, , -
(.
21.7 21.8):
GraphicsWindow.DrawTriangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
GraphicsWindow.FillTriangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)

258
. 21.7.
. 21.8.
259

, -
.
, -
,
. !

.
.
-
:
'
'
'var
' :
penWidth= 2
' :
size= 32
' :
penColor= "Yellow"
. . .

, -
.
-
(x1, y1),
size/4*3*(j) . ,
j*dy*1.5 .
260
, (.
21.9)
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= penColor
' :
x1= width/2- size/2
y1= 10
' :
dy= size*math.Sin(Math.GetRadians(60))
' :
yt=y1
xt=x1
' :
For j= 0 to 14
' :
y1=yt+j*dy*1.5
x1=xt- size/4*3*j
For i= 1 to 15-1.5*j
drawTre()
y1= y1+dy
endFor
' :
y1=yt+j*dy*1.5
x1=xt+ size/4*3*j
For i= 1 to 15-1.5*j
drawTre()
y1= y1+dy
endFor
endFor
drawTre :
'
Sub drawTre
GraphicsWindow.DrawTriangle(x1,y1, x1+size, y1, x1 + size/2,
y1 + dy)
EndSub
261
. 21.9.
-
.
:
! -
.
,
, .

Rectangular ( , -
).
262
, -
, :
'
'
'var
' :
penWidth= 2
' :
x0=0
y0=0
' :
xmax=0
ymax=0
' :
x1=0
y1=0
x2=0
y2=0
' :
figura="Rect"
GraphicsWindow.Title="Rectangular"
GraphicsWindow.Width= 480 + 100

. . .
, (x1, y1) (x2, y2) -

-
, DrawRectangle
, -
. ,
figura -
.
, :
'
263
y= 10
dy=48
x= width-90
n=1
btn[n]=Controls.AddButton("-", x, y+dy*(n-1))
n=n+1
btn[n]=Controls.AddButton("", x, y+dy*(n-1))
-
OnClick:
' :
Sub OnClick
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor="Black"
button= Controls.LastClickedButton
If (button= btn[1]) Then
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(x0, y0, xmax+4, ymax)
GraphicsWindow.PenWidth = 2
figura="Rect"
Else
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(x0, y0, xmax+4, ymax)
GraphicsWindow.PenWidth = 1
figura="Ellipse"
EndIf
EndSub
, , , -
-
( )
, .
,
:
' :
x0= 0
y0= 0
xmax= width - 100
264
ymax= height
. 21.10.
, While -
. ,
, -

, , ,
/ .
-
DrawRectangle, !

While "True"
for i= 6 To 1 Step -1
for j= 0 to 5
' :
x1= x0
y1= y0
x2= xmax
265
y2= ymax
' :
'
:
while (x1<= xmax) and (y1<= ymax)
If (x1 > x2) Then
x= x2
Else
x= x1
EndIf
If (y1 > y2) Then
y= y2
Else
y= y1
EndIf
if (figura="Rect") Then
' :
GraphicsWindow.DrawRectangle(x, y, Math.Abs(x2-x1),
Math.Abs(y2-y1))
Else
' :
GraphicsWindow.DrawEllipse(x, y, Math.Abs(x2-x1),
Math.Abs(y2-y1))
EndIf
Program.Delay(20)
' :
x1= x1+i
y1= y1+j
x2= x2-i
y2= y2-j
EndWhile
EndFor
EndFor
EndWhile
,
,
(. 21.10 21.11)!
266
. 21.11.

Rectangular.
267
22.

, GraphicsWindow, -
, , -
. , -
. -

. ,
, -
(
). ,

,
. , , -
!
-
(Logo), 1967
. , -

. -
,
- -
. -
(Turtle),
.
70-80- ,

LISP, SCHEME .
, Turtle.
, -
Turtle.Show (. 22.1).
268
. , -
, !
, -
, !
22.1.

. , -
-
(. 22.2).
-
.
22.2.
,
, ,
-
, X Y
.
, , ,
:
269
GraphicsWindow.Title=" - Turtle"
2
/ 2
' :
CX= width/2
CY= height/2
' :
Turtle.Show()
' :
Turtle.X = CX
Turtle.Y = CY
,
,
, Y !
. -
, :
Turtle.Move(100)
,
( , !) 100 -
(. 23.3).
- -
!
Turtle.Move(-100),
270
, , (. 22.4).
. 22.3. ! . 22.4. !
- . -
, , -
! ,
, .
, -
, -
:
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= "Red"
(. 22.5).
. 22.5.
271
.
, -
, . -
PenDown PenUp.
, . -
,
.
,
(. 22.6).
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= "Green"
GraphicsWindow.PenWidth= 4
For i= 1 to 10
if (Math.Remainder(i,2)= 0) then
Turtle.PenUp()
Else
Turtle.PenDown()
EndIf
Turtle.Move(10)
endFor
. 22.6.
272

, : -
.
Turtle.Hide(),
-.
, -
(. 22.7).
, , , , -
, , , Turtle.Speed
, .
,
10 1 10.
. 22.7.
,
, -
, .
Turtle.MoveTo(x,y)
.
273
-
:
Turtle.X = CX
Turtle.Y = CY
Turtle.MoveTo(300,300)
Turtle.MoveTo(20,300)
, -
,
(. 22.8). , ,
, !
, -
.
, -
.
. 22.8. MoveTo
, -
. , -
274
.
, .
Turtle
Turtle.TurnLeft()
Turtle.TurnRight()
Turtle.Turn()
.
90 , 90
, .
,
, .
, :
For i= 1 to 10
Turtle.TurnLeft()
Turtle.TurnRight()
endFor
For i= 1 to 10
Turtle.Turn(300)
Turtle.Turn(-320)
endFor
-
, .
,
Z=45
R=120
Turtle.Turn(Z)
Turtle.Move(R),
,
(. 22.9).
275
. 22.9.
-
, -
:
R=120
Z=0
Turtle.Turn(Z)
For i= 1 to 8
Turtle.PenUp()
Turtle.Move(R-4)
Turtle.PenDown()
Turtle.Move(4)
Turtle.PenUp()
Turtle.MoveTo(CX,CY)
Turtle.Angle = Z
Turtle.Turn(360/8* i)
endFor
,
(. 22.10).
276
. 22.10.
, -
, ? -
, -
, -
. -
, . ,
60 -
, 120,
(. 22.11), , -
.
, -
:
R=120
Turtle.TurnRight()
For i= 1 to 3
Turtle.Turn(-120)
Turtle.Move(R)
endFor
277
. 22.11.
, -
n, :
Turtle.X = width-100
Turtle.Y = height-30
R=120
Turtle.TurnRight()
n=6
For i= 1 to n
Turtle.Turn(-360/n)
Turtle.Move(R)
endFor
(. 22.12)

!
278
. 22.12.
,
, (.
22.13).
Turtle.X = width-160
Turtle.Y = height-20
R=12
Turtle.TurnRight()
n=80
For i= 1 to n
Turtle.Turn(-360/n)
Turtle.Move(R)
endFor
,
(. 22.14).
':
Turtle.X = CX
Turtle.Y = CY
R=1
Turtle.TurnRight()
For i= 1 to 240
Turtle.Move(R)
Turtle.Turn(10)
279
R = R + 0.1
endFor
Turtle.Turn(-10),
(
).
. 22.13. . 22.14.
,
, -
.
-
:
'
Sub polyRoll
For i= 1 to 12
polyStop()
Turtle.Turn(angle2)
endFor
EndSub
Sub polyStop
280
ps_next:
Turtle.Move(side)
Turtle.Turn(angle1)
_turn= _turn+angle1
If (Math.Remainder(_turn, 360) <> 0) Then
Goto ps_next
EndIf
EndSub
angle1 angle2, -
, (.
22.15).
Turtle.X = CX
Turtle.Y = CY
_turn=0
angle1=90
angle2=30
side=100
angle1=60
angle2=45
side=80
polyRoll()
TextWindow.Read()
. 22.15.
281
polySpi -

(. 22.16)!
'
Sub polySpi
If (side > maxside) Then
goto ps_exit
EndIf
Turtle.Move(side)
Turtle.Turn(angle)
side = side + inc
polySpi()
ps_exit:
EndSub
Turtle.X = CX -30
Turtle.Y = CY +30
maxside=240
inc=1
side=60
angle=95
TextWindow.Read()
' :
inc= 3
angle=90
angle=87
polySpi()
TextWindow.Read()
' :
inc= 5
angle=120
Turtle.X = CX -20
Turtle.Y = CY +20
inc= 4
angle=117
maxside=280
TextWindow.Read()
inc= 1
angle=30
side= 3
polySpi()
TextWindow.Read()
282
. 22.16.
283

(. 22.17).
'
Sub newPoly
For i= 1 to 24
Turtle.Move(side)
Turtle.Turn(angle)
Turtle.Move(side)
Turtle.Turn(2*angle)
endFor
EndSub
Turtle.X = CX-30
Turtle.Y = CY-20
side=80
angle=30
' :
angle=144
newPoly()
TextWindow.Read()
'angle=45
' :
Turtle.X = CX-80
Turtle.Y = CY-100
Turtle.Angle=0
side=36
angle=125
newPoly()
TextWindow.Read()
angle.
284
. 22.17.
Turtle.
, -
(. 22.18).
. 22.18.
285
23.
-
, .
,
, , ,
.
-
, -
.
.
Cyber-Turtle .
, -
x0 y0, , -
a0:
'
'
'var
' :
x0=0
y0=0
a0=0
() -
, -
:
' :
size=0
' :
teta=0
' :
speed= 9
' :
penColor="Red"
' :
286
penWidth=2
' , :
instinct=""
, , , ,
. -
(), -
.
GraphicsWindow.Title=" - CyberTurtle"
2
/ 2
' :
CX= width/2
CY= height/2
-
.
. :
x0= CX - 100
y0= CY + 100
a0= 0
size=100
287
' :
instinct="F"
,
, :
'
Sub start
Turtle.Speed= speed
GraphicsWindow.PenColor= penColor
GraphicsWindow.PenWidth= penWidth
Turtle.PenDown()
Turtle.X= x0
Turtle.Y= y0
Turtle.Angle= a0
Turtle.Show()
EndSub
, -
, -
Forward. -
.
, ,
. ,
:
'
Sub execute
' :
For i= 1 To Text.GetLength(instinct)
' :
cmd= Text.GetSubText(instinct,i,1)
' :
If (cmd="F") Then
Turtle.Move(size)
EndIf
EndFor
EndSub
288
, ,
, :
start()
execute()
, -
size (. 23.1).
. 23.1.
-
+ -,
teta. -
:
If (cmd="+") Then
Turtle.Turn(teta)
EndIf
If (cmd="-") Then
Turtle.Turn(-teta)
EndIf
289
-
. ,
, 120 ,
, 120 , , -
. , -
120 , :
':
teta=120
instinct="F+F+F+"
.
(. 23.2)!
. 23.2.
':
teta=90
instinct="F+F+F+F+"
':
teta=72
290
instinct="F+F+F+F+F+"
':
teta=60
instinct="F+F+F+F+F+F+"
, ,
F+ n ,
n .
!
,
, ,
-
. -
:
axiom="F"
, -
size. .

, :
newF="F+F"
. (
iter) F,
, newF, F+F:
iter= 1 axiom="F+F"
, ( !) -
(. 23.3).
291
. 23.3. -
iter= 2 axiom="(F)+(F)" "(F+F)+(F+F)" "F+F+F+F"
F F+F.
, -
.

(. 23.4).
, , ,
"F+F+F+",
. , , -
.
292
. 23.4.
, , -
:
'
Sub createInstinct
For i= 1 to iter
instinct=""
For j= 1 To Text.GetLength(axiom)
' :
cmd= Text.GetSubText(axiom,j,1)
If (cmd="F") Then
instinct= instinct + newF
Else
instinct= instinct + cmd
EndIf
endFor
axiom=instinct
endFor
endSub
. F -
newF, (
+ - ) .
293

instinct, -
createInstinct ,
axiom.
':
Sub Triangle
teta=120
size=100
speed=5
iter= 2
axiom="F"
newF="F+F"
endSub
Triangle()
createInstinct()
start()
execute()
,
.
teta,
:
':
Sub Quadrat
teta=90
size=100
iter= 2
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="F+F"
endSub
,
(. 23.5).
294
':
Sub Pentagon
teta=72
size=100
iter= 3
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="F+F"
endSub
':
Sub Hexagon
teta=60
size=100
iter= 3
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="F+F"
endSub
':
Sub Octagon
teta=45
size=100
iter= 3
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="F+F"
endSub
,
,
, -

.
295
. 23.5.
, -
, . -
, -
, ,
(. 23.6).
296
. 23.6.
-
(. 23.7).
. 23.7.
:
, , ,
(. 23.8), , ,
, , ,
(. 23.9),
. 23.8.
297
. 23.9.

1904
. ,
(. 23.10).
,
(. 23.10).
(. 23.10).
. 23.10.
298
, -
, . -
,
, , -
, -
, 60 ,
. , teta -
. , , -

:
' :
Sub Koch
teta=60
size=4
iter= 1'4
speed=10
axiom="F++F++F"
newF="F-F++F-F"
endSub
:
Koch()
createInstinct()
start()
execute()
-
, , 3
(. 23.12 ).
, 6 ,
(. 23.11).
. 23.11.
299
. 23.12. iter=1 iter=4
,

(. 12 )!
1890 , ,
, (, -
, ) .
, -
, (.
23.13). ( iter) -
.
' :
Sub Peano
a0= 45
teta=90
size=10
iter= 3
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="F-F+F+F+F-F-F-F+F"
endSub
300
. 23.13. iter= 3
, -
(. 23.14).
' 32- :
Sub sc32
teta=90
size=4
iter= 2
speed=10
axiom="F+F+F+F"
newF="-F+F-F-F+F+FF-F+F+FF+F-F-FF+FF-FF+F+F-FF-F-F+FF-F-
F+F+F-F+"
endSub
, -
b. ,
, .
301
. 23.14. 32- iter= 2
createInstinct
:
. . .
ElseIf (cmd="b") Then
instinct= instinct + newb
. . .
b
F. execute
, :
If (cmd="b") Then
Turtle.PenUp()
Turtle.Move(size)
Turtle.PenDown()
EndIf
, -
(.
23.15).
302
':
Sub Mozaic
a0= 0
teta=90
size=10
iter= 2
x0= CX
y0= CY
speed=10
axiom="F-F-F-F"
newF="F-b+FF-F-FF-Fb-FF+b-FF+F+FF+Fb+FFF"
newb= "bbbbbb"
endSub
: b
newb!
. 23.15. iter= 2
, -
. -
, -
.
, -
. -
303
,
createInstinct:
ElseIf (cmd="W") Then

instinct= instinct + newW
ElseIf (cmd="X") Then
instinct= instinct + newX
ElseIf (cmd="Y") Then
instinct= instinct + newY
ElseIf (cmd="Z") Then
instinct= instinct + newZ
execute , -
.
,
!
,
(. . 21.9)?
:
':
Sub triangles
a0=30
teta=120
size= 20
iter= 6
speed=10
axiom="bX"
newb = "b"
newF="F"
newX="--FXF++FXF++FXF--"
endSub
,
(. 23.16).
304
. 23.16. iter= 6
-
, , , ,
(. 23.17).
' -:
Sub PeanoGosper
teta=60
size=10
iter= 4
speed=10
axiom="FX"
newF="F"
newX="X+YF++YF-FX--FXFX-YF+"
newY="-FX+YFYF++YF+FX--FX-Y"
endSub
305
. 23.17. - iter= 4
-
, . [ -
, ]
.
,
createInstinct ,
execute :
If (cmd="[") Then
Stack.PushValue(_stack, Turtle.Angle)
Stack.PushValue(_stack, Turtle.X)
Stack.PushValue(_stack, Turtle.Y)
EndIf
If (cmd="]") Then
Turtle.Y= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
Turtle.X= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
Turtle.Angle= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
EndIf
306
, : -
,
.
-
, . -
(. 23.18):
' :
Sub Snowflake
size=4
iter= 2
teta=60
x0= CX
y0= CY+100
speed=10
axiom="[F]+[F]+[F]+[F]+[F]+[F]"
newF="F[++F][-FF]FF[+F][-F]FF"
endSub
. 23.18. iter= 2
-
, (. 23.19):
':
307
Sub Rhombes
a0= 0
teta=60
size=10
iter= 6
x0= CX
y0= CY
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="-F+F+[+F+F]-"
endSub
. 23.19. iter= 6
(. 23.20) ,
,
:
' :
Sub Penrose
teta=36
size= 24
iter= 4
308
speed=10
axiom="[Y]++[Y]++[Y]++[Y]++[Y]"
newW="YF++ZF----XF[-YF----WF]++"
newX="+YF--ZF[---WF--XF]+"
newY="-WF++XF[+++YF++ZF]-"
newZ="--YF++++WF[+ZF++++XF]--XF"
newF=""
endSub
. 23.20. iter= 4

[8].
, , - -
, (. 23.21):
':
Sub Bush
size=8
iter= 4
teta=180/8
x0= CX
y0= CY+100
speed=10
309
axiom="F"
newF="-F+F+[+F-F-]-[-F+F+F]"
endSub
. 23.21. iter= 4
L-
, , , ,
. , -
L-,
-
( )
. -
(. 23.22) - ,
-
(
).
':
Sub Tree
size=8
310
iter= 4
teta=180/6
x0= CX
y0= CY+100
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="F[-F]F[+F][F]"
endSub
. 23.22.
(. 23.23):
'2:
Sub Tree2
size=4
iter= 4
teta=180/6
x0= CX
y0= CY+160
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="F[+F]F[-F]F"
endSub
'3:
311
Sub Tree3
size=6
iter= 4
teta=180/6
x0= CX
y0= CY+160
speed=10
axiom="F"
newF="FF-[-F+F+F]+[+F-F-F]"
endSub
. 23.23.
,
-
, iter
( ,
).
, -

, ,
L-.
Cyber-
Turtle.
312
24.
- ,
.
. ,
, -
, -

, .
, , -
,
. , ,

: .
,
.
(1912
1954) 1936 -
, .
,
, , -
.
, -
.
, -
, . -
:
1. .
2. 90 .
3. .
4. .
, ,
. ,
, ,
313
-
, .
- -
, . -
, .
, -
, 16 .

Thurmits.
, .
iColor ,
:
'
'
nColor = 16 '- 16
' :
iColor [0] = "Black"
iColor [1] = "Maroon"
iColor [2] = "Green"
iColor [3] = "Olive"
iColor [4] = "Navy"
iColor [5] = "Purple"
iColor [6] = "Teal"
iColor [7] = "Gray"
iColor [8] = "Silver"
iColor [9] = "Red"
iColor[10] = "Lime"
iColor[11] = "Yellow"
iColor[12] = "Blue"
iColor[13] = "Fuchsia"
iColor[14] = "Aqua"
iColor[15] = "White"
314
, -
- - ,
, (. 24.1):
' :
LEFT = -1 '- /
FORWARD = 0 '-
RIGHT = 1 '- /
UP = Forward '-
DOWN = 2 '-
. 24.1.
26 ,
:
nStatus=26 '- - A..Z
,
.
,
:
'vars:
' :
315
Direction = Forward
' :
CurStatus="A"
'x- :
xThurmit=0
'y- :
yThurmit=0
' :
nMoves= 0
' :
cmd[0]="END"
' :
commands[0][0]=0
, -
:
' :
wCell = 10
' :
hCell = 10
' :
OffsetX= 10
' :
OffsetY= 60
' :
nRow = 65
' :
nCol = 65
' :
nCell = nRow*nCol
' :
masPole[nCell]="Black"
-
:
'=============================================
' :
prepareProg()
'=============================================
316
-
.
, -
,
, , -
,
.
Sub prepareProg
' :
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor= "#58804E"
'GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor= "Black"
' :
' :
GraphicsWindow.Width = OffsetX + (wCell*nCol)
GraphicsWindow.Height = OffsetY+(hCell*nRow) + 60
' :
GraphicsWindow.Top= (Desktop.Height - GraphicsWindow.Height)
/ 2
/ 2
' :
CX= width/2
CY= height/2
'
btnPlay=Controls.AddButton("Play Turmit", 10,10)
Controls.SetSize(btnPlay, 100,32)
Controls.ButtonClicked= play
317
'
txtMove=Controls.AddTextBox(200,10)
Controls.SetSize(txtMove, 120,26)
' :
txtDebug=Controls.AddTextBox(10,height-40)
Controls.SetSize(txtDebug, width-20,32)
, ,
:
' :
nMoves= 0
' :
ShowNumMoves()
' :
drawGrid ()
' - :
For i=1 To nCell
masPole[i] = 0
EndFor
EndSub
, -
For, -
, .

Controls.HideControl(btnPlay),
:
Controls.ShowControl(btnPlay).

,
.
:
318
'
Sub ShowNumMoves
s= "Move: " + nMoves
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtMove, s)
EndSub
.
.
, -
:
'
Sub drawGrid
' :
pgHeight = hCell*nRow
pgWidth = wCell*nCol
' :
' :
pgYPosition= OffsetY
For i=0 to nRow
' :
If (i=0) or (i= nRow) Then
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="#FF0000"
Else
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="#808080"
EndIf
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(OffsetX, pgYPosition,
OffsetX+pgWidth, pgYPosition)
pgYPosition= pgYPosition+ hCell
endfor
' :
pgXPosition= OffsetX
For i=0 to nCol
' :
If (i=0) or (i= nCol) Then
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="#FF0000"
Else
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="#808080"
EndIf
319
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(pgXPosition, OffsetY, pgXPosition,

OffsetY+pgHeight)
pgXPosition= pgXPosition+ wCell
endfor
EndSub
,
(. 24.2).
. 24.2.
' :
Sub prepareThurmit
' :
nMoves= 0
320
ShowNumMoves()
' -->
' :
xThurmit = math.Floor(nCol/2)
yThurmit = math.Floor(nRow/2)
' - :
CurStatus= "A"
' - :
Direction = Forward
' :
Thurmit1()
readCommands()
EndSub
, ,
, -
.
,
, -
:
'////////////////////////////////////////////////////
'// //
'// //
'// //
'///////////////////////////////////////////////////
Sub Thurmit1
cmd[1]="A 0 15 1 A"
cmd[2]="END"
EndSub
,
cmd.
"END" .
(. 24.3) .
321
,
.
.
0 15 , -
. ,
,
iColor.
0 15 , -
.
. -
:
-1 90
0
1 90
, -
. -
. -
, .
. 24.3.
-
(. 24.4). , -
,
: 0.
Sub Thurmit1
322
cmd[1]="A 0 15 0 A"
cmd[2]="END"
EndSub
, , -
.
,
-
.
, -
.
0, ,
. (,
, ), , -
.
(. 24.5).
15, .
. 24.4. . 24.5.

. ,
,
. , ,
,
(. 24.6).
323
. 24.6.
, , -
, -
, , ,
.

, ,
, .
() (.
24.7).
,
, -
, ,
.
. 24.7.
324
, -
:
' 4 x 4:
Sub GreenSquare44
cmd[1]="A 0 2 0 B"
cmd[2]="B 0 2 0 C"
cmd[3]="C 0 2 1 A"
cmd[4]="END"
endSub
.
( 2), -
( )
. (. 24.8).
. 24.8.
,
0, -
. :
cmd[2]="B 0 2 0 C"
,
(. 24.9).
325
. 24.9.
cmd[3]="C 0 2 1 A",
.
,
( ). -
(. 24.10).
. 24.10.
,
:
cmd[1]="A 0 2 0 B"
,
, (. 24.11).
326
. 24.11.
cmd[2]="B 0 2 0 C",
(. 24.12).
. 24.12.
cmd[3]="C 0 2 1 A",
(.
24.13).
327
. 24.13.
cmd[1]="A 0 2 0 B" (. 24.14, )

cmd[2]="B 0 2 0 C" (. 24.14, )
cmd[3]="C 0 2 1 A" (. 24.15, )
cmd[1]="A 0 2 0 B" (. 24.15, )
. 24.14.
328
. 24.15.
cmd[2]="B 0 2 0 C" (. 24.16)
. 24.16.
-
, ,
2, , .
, ,
, -
.
'
Sub readCommands
i=1
' , :
329
While (cmd[i] <> "END")

' :
str= cmd[i]
' :
commands[i][1]= Text.GetSubText(str, 1, 1)
' :
n= 3
clr=0
While (Text.GetSubText(str, n, 1) <> " ")
clr= clr*10 + Text.GetSubText(str, n, 1)
n= n+1
EndWhile
commands[i][2]= clr
' :
n= n+1
clr=0
While (Text.GetSubText(str, n, 1) <> " ")
clr= clr*10 + Text.GetSubText(str, n, 1)
n= n+1
EndWhile
commands[i][3]= clr
' :
n= n+1
s= Text.GetSubText(str, n, 1)
' :
If (s= "-") Then
n= n+1
s= s + Text.GetSubText(str, n, 1)
EndIf
commands[i][4]= s
' :
commands[i][5]= Text.GetSubText(str,
Text.GetLength(str),1)
i = i + 1
EndWhile
' :
nCommands= i-1
EndSub
,
, END.
330
: () - -
() () ()
().
, .
-
, - -
, , -
.
( !)
Play Thurmit -
:
'
Sub Play
' :
prepareThurmit()

,
( A 0):
' :
curString=1
While ("True")
' :
CurStatus= commands[curString][5]
s=s+ " CurStatus= " + CurStatus
' :
NewColor= commands[curString][3]
s=s+ " NewColor= " + NewColor
' :
masPole[nCol*yThurmit+xThurmit]=NewColor
' , :
DrawTurmit()
' :
newDirection= commands[curString][4]
s=s+ " newDirection= " + newDirection
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtDebug, s)
331
Direction= Direction+newDirection
' :
If Direction < LEFT Then
Direction=DOWN
EndIf
If Direction > DOWN Then
Direction =LEFT
EndIf
', :
If Direction = LEFT Then
xThurmit= xThurmit-1
yThurmit= yThurmit+0
EndIf
If Direction = UP Then
xThurmit= xThurmit+0
yThurmit= yThurmit-1
EndIf
If Direction = RIGHT Then

EndIf
If Direction = DOWN Then

EndIf
' :
'WRAP=1
' ,
:
WRAP=0 if WRAP=0 Then
If xThurmit = nCol Then
s=" Too big X! "
Goto exit
EndIf
If yThurmit = nRow Then

s=" Too big Y! "
Goto exit
EndIf
332
If xThurmit < 0 Then

s=" Too small X! "
Goto exit
EndIf
If yThurmit < 0 Then

s=" Too small Y! "
Goto exit
EndIf
EndIf
' :
if WRAP=1 Then
If xThurmit = nCol Then
xThurmit = 0
EndIf
If xThurmit < 0 Then
xThurmit = nCol-1
EndIf
If yThurmit = nRow Then

yThurmit = 0
EndIf
If yThurmit < 0 Then
yThurmit = nRow-1
EndIf
EndIf
, -
.
, , , , -
:
' :
For i=1 to nCommands
if (commands[i][1]= CurStatus) and
(masPole[nCol*yThurmit+xThurmit]= commands[i][2]) then
curString=i
Goto break
EndIf
EndFor
333
' --> :
s= " END of TURMIT "
Goto exit
break:
-
While:
' :
nMoves= nMoves +1
ShowNumMoves()
EndWhile
exit:
' :
GraphicsWindow.ShowMessage(s, "")
EndSub
-
:
'
Sub DrawTurmit
clr=iColor[masPole[nCol*yThurmit+xThurmit]]
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= clr
x=OffsetX+xThurmit*wCell
y=OffsetY+yThurmit*hCell
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(x,y,8,8)
'Program.Delay(50)
endsub 'DrawTurmit
-
, . -
, , -
, ,
-
.
, -
.
334
,

. ,
.
, -
!
, -
,
-
. -
. -
(. 24.17).
. 24.17.
-
(. 24.18):
Sub Thurmit2
cmd[1]="A 0 15 1 A"
cmd[2]="END"
EndSub
335
. 24.18.

- 3 3 (. 24.19):
Sub GreenSquare33
cmd[1]="A 0 2 0 B"
cmd[2]="B 0 2 1 A"
cmd[3]="END"
endSub
. 19. 3
4 4 ( ) (. 24.20):
336
. 24.20. 4
, ,
(. 24.21):
'Cross!
Sub Thurmit5
cmd[1]="A 0 2 0 B"
cmd[2]="B 0 2 0 C"
cmd[3]="C 0 2 1 A"
cmd[4]="A 2 1 -1 A"
cmd[5]="END"
endSub
. 24.21.
, , ,
, -
337
, , -
. !
(. 24.22
24.23) ,
.
'
Sub Thurmit4
cmd[1]="A 0 2 -1 A"
cmd[2]="A 2 0 0 B"
cmd[3]="B 0 2 1 A"
cmd[4]="B 2 2 1 A"
cmd[5]="END"
endSub
. 24.22. . 24.23.
'
Sub KnopSquare
cmd[1]="A 0 2 0 C"
cmd[2]="A 2 0 0 B"
cmd[3]="B 2 2 1 A"
cmd[4]="B 15 2 1 A"
cmd[5]="C 2 0 -1 A"
cmd[6]="C 0 15 -1 A"
cmd[7]="C 15 2 -1 A"
cmd[8]="END"
338
EndSub

, :
, (. 23.24):
'
Sub ChessBoard2
cmd[1]="A 0 15 -1 B"
cmd[2]="B 0 9 0 C"
cmd[3]="C 0 15 0 D"
cmd[4]="D 0 9 0 E"
cmd[5]="E 0 15 0 F"
cmd[6]="F 0 9 0 G"
cmd[7]="G 0 15 0 H"
cmd[8]="H 0 9 1 I"
cmd[9]="I 0 15 1 J"
cmd[10]="J 0 9 0 C"
cmd[11]="I 15 15 1 K"
cmd[12]="K 9 9 1 L"
cmd[13]="L 15 15 1 L"
cmd[14]="L 9 9 -1 A"
cmd[15]="A 15 15 1 A"
cmd[16]="END"
EndSub
, , (. 23.25)!
'GridSpiral
Sub GridSpiral
cmd[1]="A 0 14 0 J"
cmd[2]="J 0 13 -1 A"
cmd[3]="A 14 13 0 A"
cmd[4]="A 13 14 0 A"
cmd[5]="J 14 13 0 A"
cmd[6]="J 13 14 1 A"
cmd[7]="END"
EndSub
339
. 24.24. . 24.25. -
-
(. 24.26) - (. 24.27).
-
.
'
Sub Klubok
cmd[1]="A 0 15 1 B"
cmd[2]="C 0 10 -1 A"
cmd[3]="B 15 15 1 C"
cmd[4]="A 15 15 1 B"
cmd[5]="B 10 10 1 C"
cmd[6]="B 0 15 1 A"
cmd[7]="C 15 15 0 B"
cmd[8]="END"
EndSub
'
Sub RombGridSpiral
cmd[1]="A 0 14 0 B"
cmd[2]="B 0 14 0 C"
cmd[3]="C 0 14 0 E"
cmd[4]="E 0 14 0 F"
cmd[5]="F 0 14 0 J"
340
cmd[6]="J 0 13 -1 A"
cmd[7]="A 14 13 0 A"
cmd[8]="A 13 14 0 A"
cmd[9]="J 14 13 0 A"
cmd[10]="J 13 14 1 A"
cmd[11]="END"
EndSub
. 24.26. . 24.27.
Thurmits.
,
, -
. -
, . -
,
.
341
25.
0.9 , ,
.
, , -
. -
, -
( -
) -
. -
() Controls.
, Windows
, -
. .
Controls.AddButton(caption, left, top)
caption , -
.
, (.
25.1):
2
/ 2
btnTimer=Controls.AddButton(" ", 10,

342
. 25.1. !
, , -
.
, -
btn.
button, .
, -
. -
,

Controls.SetSize(control, width, height)
.
:
Controls.SetSize(btnTimer,164,32)
(. 25.2).
. 25.2.
343
Controls.Move(control, x, y)
, -
.
, -
. :
offset=-1
left=10
top= GraphicsWindow.Height-48
While "True"
For i= 1 To 40
left=left-offset
top=top+offset
Controls.Move(btnTimer, left, top)
Program.Delay(10)
EndFor
offset= - offset
EndWhile
, , -
, , ,
. , ,
-
ButtonClicked, :
Controls.ButtonClicked = OnClick
Sub OnClick
Controls.SetButtonCaption(btnTimer, " ")
EndSub
Controls.SetButtonCaption(buttonName, caption)
, -
(. 25.3).
344
. 25.3.
, , ,
. :
,
, . :
Sub OnClick
If Controls.GetButtonCaption(btnTimer) = " "
then
Else
EndIf
EndSub
. -
, , -
().
Timer.Interval=1000
Timer.Pause()
Timer.Tick=OnTick
time=0
Interval .
1000 ,
. , -
345
Tick, -
OnTick.
Interval ,
, 1000.
-
:
Sub OnTick
time= time+ Timer.Interval/1000
GraphicsWindow.Title= " : " + time
EndSub
,
, -
Pause.
-
:
Sub OnClick
If Controls.GetButtonCaption(btnTimer) = " "
then
Timer.Resume()
Else
Timer.Pause()
EndIf
EndSub
Resume
Pause. (. 25.4)!
346
. 25.4. !
, ,
, -
(
). ,
Controls.AddTextBox(left, top).

:
txtTime=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 10)
:
Sub OnTick
GraphicsWindow.Title= " : " + time
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime, " : " + time)
EndSub
Controls.SetTextBoxText(textBoxName, text).
347
(. 25.5).
,
?
.
, -
.
. 25.5. !
,
:
Controls.SetSize(txtTime,164,32)

(. 25.6).
. 25.6. !
, -
- .
348
, ,
.
GraphicsWindow.Title= " "
2
/ 2
txtInfo=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtInfo,164,32)
Controls.TextTyped=OnText
, -
. ,
. TextTyped, -
OnText:
Sub OnText
GraphicsWindow.Title= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtInfo)
EndSub
GetTextBoxText , -
, .

s = Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtInfo)
, .
:
, , -
!
, , ,
, .
,
. , ,
349
txtInfo=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(10, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtInfo,GraphicsWindow.Width-
20,GraphicsWindow.Height-20)
Controls.TextTyped=OnText
Sub OnText
GraphicsWindow.Title= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtInfo)
EndSub
, -
AddMultiLineTextBox(left, top), -
-
.
- - (. 25.7).
. 25.7. !
,
. -
, , ,
(. 25.8).
350
. 25.8. -!
, ,
,
.
,
, (. 25.9).
'Button1:
btnStart=Controls.AddButton(" ", 8,
'Button2:
btnStop=Controls.AddButton(" ", 180,
. 25.9. ?
351
, , .
, .
, -
, -
(. 25.10):
Controls.HideControl("Button2")
. 25.10. -
HideControl(controlName), -
. ,
, -
. Button#,
.
btnStop, btnStart,
btnStop. , , :
btn=Controls.LastClickedButton
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime," ": " + btn)
, -
- Controls.ButtonClicked=OnClick. :
, ?
,
GetButtonCaption , ,
. , -
. LastClickedButton -
: Button1, Button2 .
, :
352
Sub OnClick
If btn="Button1" then
Controls.ShowControl("Button2")
Timer.Resume()
Else
Timer.Pause()
EndIf
EndSub
, -
(. 25.11).
. 25.11. -
, -
:
btnStop=Controls.AddButton(" ", 8,
LastTypedTextBox
LastClickedButton, .
: TextBox1, TextBox2,
Remove(controlName)
-
.

.
353
26.
.
, -
, , . -
, ,
-
, .
,
. ,
, -
. , ,
(. 26.1).
-

.
, -
-
, -
. -
.
,

.
,
, , -
.
,
, ,
, .
.
354
,
,
, -
,
, , .

.
, ,
, -

.
,
.
. 26.1. -
355
- ,
4-5 ,
!
,
, -
.
(, )
,
.
,
.

, -
, .
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
, -
. ,
.
-
,
,
5 .
356
,
. .
26.2. , -
, 21 , 34 , -
55 , 89 , 144 ,
233 . , -
, -
233 .
11 , 9 , .

- ,
, ,
.
,
.
-
, .
, -
, .
XIX , -
,
, .
, -
, , .
, -
, , ,
.
357
. 26.2.
358
-
nRabbit nFox, . -
, ,
. -
, ,
-
. ,
- -
. , -
. ,
.
-
.
,
, .
dR/dt = k1GR k2RF

dF/dt = k2RF k3F
, -
, - .
R, F G ,
.
k1, k2, k3 -
, -
- .
-
, -
-
.
'
'
'var
359
' :
Q1= 1 'k3/k2
Q2= 1 'k1/k2
' :
Grass= 1
' :
nRabbit= 0.44
nFox= 0.40
' :
D= 4000
' :
T=1
2
/ 2

-
:
' :
x= nRabbit
y= nFox
minx= 1000000
maxx=0
miny= 1000000
maxy=0
,
:
360
k= Q1/(Q2*Grass)
' :
n= 1 + d/t
, For
.

:
' :
For j= 1 to n
' :
x2= x + (1 - y) * x * t/100
' dt= t/100 -
y2= y - (1 - x) * y * k * t/100
' :
x= x2
y= y2
' :
draw()
If (x< minx) Then

minx=x
EndIf
If (x> maxx) Then
maxx=x
EndIf
If (y< miny) Then
miny=y
EndIf
If (y> maxy) Then
maxy=y
EndIf
endFor
,
, -
, -
:
' , :
361
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="Green"
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, height-nRabbit*zoom, width, height-
nRabbit*zoom)
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="Red"
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, height-nFox*zoom, width, height-
nFox*zoom)
' 0.1 :
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="Gray"
For i= 0 to maxy Step 0.10
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, height-i*zoom, width, height-
i*zoom)
endFor
' . . :
TextWindow.WriteLine("minx= " + minx)
TextWindow.WriteLine("maxx= " + maxx)
TextWindow.WriteLine("miny= " + miny)
TextWindow.WriteLine("maxy= " + maxy)
'
Sub draw
zoom=100
' "":
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor="Green"
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(j/4,height-x*zoom, 3,3)
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor="Red"
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(j/4,height-y*zoom, 3,3)
endSub
, , -
-
(. 26.3). , , -

,
-
, .
362
. 26.3. ( )
( )
-
(. 26.4). -
,
, . -
14-.
. 26.4.

.
363
27.
XVII . ,
,
.
,
,
, , ,
.
,
.
,
,
. -
, ,
.
, -
.
, -

. , -
, .
-
, -
.
, ,
,
, -
-
.
, -

. , -
364
. 1 (-
, , -
), - 4 , 9 , ,

.
, -
. -
57 ,
, , 50
(. 27.1).
h -

mg
. 27.1.
, -
,
365
. , -
, .

,
g. .
9,8 /2.
-
:
vt = v0 + gt,
v0 , -
h .
,
, :
vt = gt
, , -
:
St = v0t + gt2,
v0 = 0:
St = gt2
, t = 0 -
h . ,
S = h .
gt2 = h,
t=
50 3,19 .
366
, -
.
Fall.
-
:
'
'
'const
' :
g= 9.8
,
:
'var
' :
xShar= 322
' :
hpix0= 176
' :
h= 50
' :
dShar= 20
' :
yZemli= 660
, -
,
(. 27.2).
' :
367
2
/ 2
' :
"/pisa.jpg")
':
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor="Blue"
GraphicsWindow.FontBold="True"
GraphicsWindow.FontSize=16
, -
:
'
' :
btnStart=Controls.AddButton("!", 10, height-64)
'
' :
txtTIme=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 10)
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(120, 14, "<- ")
' :
txtRasst=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 48)
Controls.SetSize(txtRasst,100,26)
368
,
, -
:
' :
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="Yellow"
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, yZemli, 480, yZemli)
' :
shar=Shapes.AddEllipse(dShar,dShar)
drawShar()
(. 27.2), -
!
shar - -
Shapes,
. -
, -
.
Sub drawShar
'ht -
' 50 htpix
:
htpix= yZemli - hpix0 - dShar
' =
' , 1 :
kpix= htpix/h
' :
ypix= hpix0 + kpix*s
' :
Shapes.Move(shar, xShar, ypix)
' :
If (Math.Remainder(n,10)=0) Then
369
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(xShar+7, ypix, 6, 6)
EndIf
' :
ds_t= Math.Floor(t*100)/100
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime, ds_t)
' :
ds_s= g * t * t /2
ds_s= Math.Floor(ds_s*100)/100
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtRasst, ds_s)
EndSub
. 27.2.
370
-
.
, , -
, .
'
Sub OnClick
fall()
EndSub
, :
'
Sub fall
t=0
' :
dt= 0.01
' :
ht= h
n= 0
While ("True")
' :
s= g*t*t/2
If (s >= h) Then '
s = h
t= Math.SquareRoot(2*50/g)
drawShar()
Sound.PlayClick()
Goto exit
EndIf
drawShar()
t= t+ dt
Program.Delay(10)
n= n +1
EndWhile
exit:
EndSub

. - -
371
50 , , , -
,
,
.
- n.

, -
:
Program.Delay(10)

, , -
(,
, ). -
:
Sound.PlayClick()
-
(. 27.3), :
.
Fall.
, -
,
vh.
, ,
3,19 .
vh t ,
372
, vh t .
, -
(. 27.4).
. 27.3. .
Fall2
.
373
,
:
' , :
vh= 10
' :
"/pisa2.jpg")
, -
, -
!
, -
, -
:
txtRasstH=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 86)
Controls.SetSize(txtRasstH,100,26)
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(120, 90, "<-
")
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(0, yZemli, 688, yZemli)
, , -
:
374
. 27.4. .
Sub drawShar
. . .
' :
xpix= xShar + kpix* (vh* t)
' :
Shapes.Move(shar, xpix, ypix)
' :
If (Math.Remainder(n,10)=0) Then
375
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(xpix+7, ypix, 6, 6)
EndIf
. . .
' :
ds_h= vh * t
ds_h= Math.Floor(ds_h*100)/100
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtRasstH, ds_h)
EndSub
, .
!
Fall2.
: ,
, -
.
Fall3 :
' :
alpha= 60
' , :
v0= 15
(. 27.5)

:
' :
alphaR= Math.GetRadians(alpha)
' , :
vh= v0 * Math.Cos(alphaR)
' , :
vv= v0 * Math.Sin(alphaR)
376
. 27.5. , .
'
Sub fall
. . .
,
, -
.
, dt:
sv= sv + Math.Abs((vv - g*t) * dt),
, -
vvt = vv gt
377
' :
sv=0
While ("True")
-
:
' :
curY= h - g*t*t/2 + vv*t
sv= sv + Math.Abs((vv - g*t) * dt)
If (curY <= 0) Then '

curY = 0
drawShar()
Sound.PlayClick()
Goto exit
EndIf
drawShar()
t= t+ dt
Program.Delay(10)
n= n +1
EndWhile
exit:
EndSub
,
:
Sub drawShar
. . .
kpix= htpix/h
' :
ypix= yZemli- dShar - kpix* curY
' :
xpix= xShar + kpix* (vh* t)
' :
Shapes.Move(shar, xpix, ypix)
. . .
' :
ds_s= sv
378
ds_s= Math.Floor(ds_s*100)/100
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtRasst, ds_s)
' :
ds_h= vh * t
ds_h= Math.Floor(ds_h*100)/100
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtRasstH, ds_h)
EndSub
,
(. 27.6).
. 27.6. ,
Fall3.
379
1. 1,624 /2,
24,8 /2. ,
!
2. Fall3 ,
, . ,
' :
alpha= 75
' , :
v0= 35
(. 27.7).
. 27.7. , -
380

Fall3.
3. ,
- -
. -
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, -
, !
4. , ,
, ,
(. 27.8).
, , -
, , 75 . ,
!
. 27.8.
381
28.
""
. , -
, ,
, .
, : -
. ,
, , .
, ,
.
Palindrome
.
,
:
'
'variables
spisok[0]=""
nWords=0
txt=""
chr="" '
tybloko="" ' -
index=0
beg=0
len=0
:
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
382
TextWindow.Show()
1:
fileName= "OSh_frc2-4.txt"
readFile()
' 2:
'fileName= "OSh_frc5.txt"
'readFile()
' 3:
'readFile()
' 4:
'readFile()
spisok .
.
' , :
for i=1 to nWords
s= spisok[i]
If Text.IsSubText(s, "")= "True" Then
' -->
' :
tybloko=""
For j= 1 to len
' :
chr= Text.GetSubText(s, j, 1)
If (chr = "") Then
tybloko= tybloko + ""
Else
tybloko= tybloko + chr
EndIf
EndFor
TextWindow.WriteLine(s + " - " + tybloko)
File.AppendContents("tybloko.txt", s + " - " + tybloko)
EndIf
EndFor
383
For .
-
IsSubText Text, - For
. -
tybloko
, , .
,
.
- ,
- (. 28.1).
. 28.1. , !

384
1. ,
- . -
, .
2. ,
.
3. , ,
, ,

(. 28.2).
, -
-
, ( -
).
385
, -
.
. 28.2.

.
386
29.
-,
- !
(,
, ), -
, -
.
, ,
.
, . -
- , !
(, -
, , ): -
, , .
( !)
,
!
'

'variables
chr="" '
logopef="" '
string="" '
len=0 '
:
,
:
GraphicsWindow.Height= 320
387

2
/ 2
- -

:
txtSource=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(10, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtSource,GraphicsWindow.Width/2-
txtLogopef=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(GraphicsWindow.Width/2
+10, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtLogopef,GraphicsWindow.Width/2-
btnTLogopef=
Controls.AddButton("",10,GraphicsWindow.Height-40)
Controls.ButtonClicked= OnClick
(
- ),
, OnClick
.
Sub OnClick
string= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtSource)
len= Text.GetLength(string)
' :
logopef=""
For i= 1 to len
' :
chr= Text.GetSubText(string, i, 1)
c = Text.ConvertToUpperCase(chr)
If (c = "") Then
logopef= logopef + ""
Else
logopef= logopef + chr
EndIf
EndFor
388
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtLogopef, logopef)
EndSub
: , .
, ,

If (chr = "" Or chr = "") Then ,
,
, . ,
,
.
.
, . ,
(
OJIesYA_EviL_MonKey),
(. 29.1).
, ,
. :

- .
. 29.1. !
.
389
1. -
.
2. ,
.
3. , -
.
4. , ,
.
.
5. :
( , -
, -
).
6. -
, : -
, . -
, , -
. -.
7. , ( ) ,
,
- - .
,
, , -
.
8. , : -,
-, !? (
)
. .
9. , -
: , , , , !
390
30.
-
, , -
, -
. , -
.
,
,
. , - -
.
- . ! -
-
:
'
'variables
spisok[0]=""
nWords=0
txt=""
chr=""
string="" '
index=0
beg=0
len=0
translit[""] = "A"
translit[""] = "B"
translit[""] = "V"
translit[""] = "G"
translit[""] = "D"
translit[""] = "E"
translit[""] = "YO"
translit[""] = "ZH"
translit[""] = "Z"
translit[""] = "I"
translit[""] = "Y"
translit[""] = "K"
translit[""] = "L"
391
translit[""] = "M"
translit[""] = "N"
translit[""] = "O"
translit[""] = "P"
translit[""] = "R"
translit[""] = "S"
translit[""] = "T"
translit[""] = "U"
translit[""] = "F"
translit[""] = "KH"
translit[""] = "TS"
translit[""] = "CH"
translit[""] = "SH"
translit[""] = "SHCH"
translit[""] = "'"
translit[""] = "Y"
translit[""] = "J"
translit[""] = "E"
translit[""] = "YU"
translit[""] = "YA"
:
...
' :
for i=1 to nWords
s= spisok[i]
string=""
For j= 1 to len
' :
string=string + translit[chr]
EndFor
TextWindow.WriteLine(s + " - " + string)
File.AppendContents("translit.txt", s + " - " + string)
EndFor
spisok
-
.
(. 30.1).
392
. 30.1. -
translit, -
, -
. , , , . , , -
Y O, -
. , (-
) .
YOGURT,
: -
.
, -
, . -
, .
-
.
-
- , -
,
.
393
31.
Moya tvoya ne ponimaet!
, , ,
,
,
.
, .
?
, -
. ,
.
,
.
, -
latin:
' -
'const
latin=""
,
.
, , -
:
' :
for i=1 to nWords
s= spisok[i]
' , :
For j= 1 to len
394
' :
If Text.IsSubText(latin, chr) = "False" Then
Goto next
EndIf
EndFor
File.AppendContents("latin.txt", s)
next:
EndFor
,
latin. ,
.

.
For IsSub-
Text:
Text.IsSubText(latin, chr) = "False"
(. 31.1).
. 31.1. - !
395
, , -
, , -
, .

, -
. ,
, , -
. , , , , .
-
, ,
.
, .
-
, , ,
,
. , , , ,
.
,
. , ,
.

,
.
,
. .
, , :
396
'
'variables
string="" '
string,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
:
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
TextWindow.WriteLine(", !")
TextWindow.Show()
readFile()
TextWindow.Clear()
,
:
start:
TextWindow.BackgroundColor="Yellow"
TextWindow.WriteLine("
")
TextWindow.BackgroundColor="Black"
string= Text.ConvertToUpperCase(TextWindow.Read())
,
,
string.
397
,
.
' :
for i=1 to nWords
s= spisok[i]
' , :
For j= 1 to len
' :
If Text.IsSubText(string, chr) = "False" Then
Goto next
EndIf
EndFor
next:
EndFor
,
, ,

!
TextWindow.BackgroundColor="Black"
Goto start
,
,
(. 31.2).
!
1. ,
, ,
, -
398
.
2. !
, -
, -
.
. 31.2. ?
-
.
399
32.
- ! !
.
- , -
. ,
,

.
, 21-
-
, -
. -
:
: ,
,
, ,
, , , :
, .
! .
, , -
: ,

, , -
, - -
.

( !).
, 33
400
. , ,
.
- .
, , , -
. 2005 -
(. 32.1).
. 32.1.
1797 , -
.
.
.
, 16 ,
:

401
,
. ,
. , -
, , , -
.
, .
, -
.
.
, !
'
'const
lit[1]=" "
lit[2]=" "
'variables
chr="" '
pos=0 ' lit
litorea="" '
string="" '
len=0 '
GraphicsWindow.Height= 320
GraphicsWindow.Left= (Desktop.Width - GraphicsWindow.Width) / 2
GraphicsWindow.Top = (Desktop.Height - GraphicsWindow.Height) / 2
-
:
' :
txtSource=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(10, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtSource,GraphicsWindow.Width/2-
txtLitorea=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(GraphicsWindow.Width/2
+10, 10)
402
Controls.SetSize(txtLitorea,GraphicsWindow.Width/2-
btnLitorea=
Controls.ButtonClicked= OnClick
btnClear=
OnClick.
, -
, .
, .
.
, -
string txtSource,
For.
GetIndexOf ,
lit, , -
. -
. (-
, , , )
litorea.
, -
:
Sub OnClick
If (btn= btnClear) then
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtSource, "")
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtLitorea, "")
Goto exit
EndIf
string= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtSource)
403
len= Text.GetLength(string)
' - :
litorea=""
For i= 1 to len
' :
pos= Text.GetIndexOf(lit[1], c)
If (pos > 0) Then '
' :
litorea= litorea + Text.GetSubText(lit[2], pos,1)
Else
pos= Text.GetIndexOf(lit[2], c)
If (pos > 0) Then '
' :
litorea= litorea + Text.GetSubText(lit[1], pos,1)
else ' :
litorea= litorea + chr
EndIf
EndIf
EndFor
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtLitorea, litorea)
exit:
EndSub
,
(. 32.2).
. 32.2. !
404
, lit
.
. -

(. 32.3).
. 32.3. !
.
, -
.
53 :
, -
.
, , -
.
405
. ,

: , , . , -
.
( 56 -
) , -
,
, ,
.
? !
30 ,
10 . -
(. 32.4).
. 32.4. -
(. 32.5),
(. 32.6).
, .
. -
, , ,
(. 32.7).
406
. 32.5. -
. 32.6. -
. 32.7.
-
: - - - - - - - - - -.
(
407
), -
. , !
30, 33 -
, ,
.
11. ,
, -
, .

. , ,
. -
. .
, , :
-
.
, : -
, -
, ,
. .
, -
.
,
,
. .
-
. , -
(. 32.8).
408
. 32.8. !

, .
, ,
- . -
! -
, , ,
. - :
.
,
.
, , , !
'
'const
rus=" "
bukvy="QWRZUISDFGJLYVN"
'variables
chr="" '
tarabar="" '
string="" '
len=0 '
409
. ?
,
, -
, -
, , ,
,
. -
. -
.
-
,
txtTarabar.
, ,
, :
Sub OnClick
. . .
' - :
tarabar=""
For i= 1 to len
' :
tarabar= tarabar + c
' -->
If (Text.IsSubText(rus, c) = "True") Then
n= Math.GetRandomNumber(100)
' ,
' :
If (n> 33) Then
n= Math.GetRandomNumber(Text.GetLength(bukvy))
chr= Text.GetSubText(bukvy, n, 1)
tarabar= tarabar + chr
EndIf
EndIf
EndFor
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTarabar, tarabar)
exit:
EndSub
410
, ,
n > 33,
.
-
.
1. - ? -
,
. -
:
: ,
,
: ,
, !
, , ,
. ,
:
,
, .
, , -
, .
2. ,
. ,
:

411
3.
:
25 - 19,13 19, 2, 5, 13, 10, 13, 19 - 11, 8, 23,

9, 8 - 3, 11, 13, 18, 40 - 8, 18, 12, 2, 7, 2,
12, 40, 18, 25 -25 - 18, 1, 8, 10, 8 - 21, 14,
11, 21 - 21, 14, 11, 21, 12 - 17 - 5, 19, 8, 9,
17, 13 - 11, 10, 21, 9, 17, 13 25 - 11, 2, 7,
19, 8 - 4,50 - 21, 20, 13, 23 19, 8 - 5, 19, 13
- 4, 50, 23, 8 - 17, 19, 12, 13, 10, 13, 18, 19,
8 - 19, 2, 4, 23, 27, 11, 2, 12, 40 - 3, 2 - 7,
2, 5, 17 - 15, 10, 2, 7, 11, 2 - 7, 50 - 5, 19,
8, 9, 8, 9, 8 - 11, 8, 4, 17, 23, 17, 18, 40 -
19, 8 - 7, 18, 13 - 10, 2, 7, 19, 8 21 - 7, 2,
18 - 19, 17, 24, 13, 9, 8 - 19,13 7, 50, 14, 11,
13, 12 - 24, 13, 23, 8, 7, 13, 1 - 15, 10, 13,
6, 11, 13 - 7, 18, 13, 9, 8 - 16, 13, 19, 17, 12
- 18, 7, 8, 4, 8, 11, 21 - 18, 7, 8, 4, 8, 11, 2
- 11,23,25 - 19, 13, 9, 8 - 9, 23, 2, 7, 19, 8,
13 - 7, 50 - 22, 8, 12, 17, 12, 13 - 18, 11, 13,
23, 2, 12, 40 - 7,18,13 - 15, 8 - 11, 10, 21, 9,
8, 5, 21 - 19, 8 - 21 - 7, 2, 18 19, 17, 24, 13,
9, 8 - 19, 13 - 7, 50, 14, 11, 13, 12.
,
( , , -
, ), ,
.
:
. , -
, ,
, -
, . ,
,
,
, .
,
. -
.
412
,
:
0,2005
0,0764 0,0143
0,0732 0,0138
0,0629 0,0133
0,0577 0,0125
0,0549 0,0114
0,049 0,0094
0,0459 0,0083
0,0404 0,0081
0,0355 0,0079
0,033 0,0048
0,0302 0,0042
0,0299 0,0036
0,0275 0,0026
0,0265 0,0023
0,0222 0,0021
0,0153 0,0003
, ,
, -
.
,
. :
-. -
.
4. -.
, . ,
: , .
5. -
, .
413
33.
,
-
, , -
, , -
, -
, , -
.
, -
.
,
.
-
. .
,
:
P = (3 x A - 450 + B) x 0,25 + 45 - ,
P = (3 x A - 450 + B) x 0,225 + 40,4 - ,
-
( ) ( ), .

,
( ) -
.
, -
? - ,
414
, -
, .
, -
-
. , -
,
:

'var
ves=0
rost=0
vozrast=0
2
/ 2
"/mw.jpg")
':
,
.
415
, ,
, -
. ,
(, - -
).
'
' :
btnM=Controls.AddButton("", 290, height-40)
Controls.SetSize(btnM, 48, 32)
' :
btnW=Controls.AddButton("", 10, height-40)
Controls.SetSize(btnW, 48, 32)
,
-
:
'
':
txtVozrast=Controls.AddTextBox(180, 210)
Controls.SetSize(txtVozrast,160,26)
':
txtRost=Controls.AddTextBox(180, 248)
Controls.SetSize(txtRost,160,26)
,
:
' :
txtVes=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(180, 290)
Controls.SetSize(txtVes,300,50)
-
OnClick:
416
'
Sub OnClick
vozrast= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtVozrast)
rost= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtRost)
s=""
If (vozrast = "") Or (vozrast < 1) Or (vozrast > 120) Then
s= " !"
ElseIf (rost = "") Or (rost < 60) or (rost > 240) Then
s= " !"
EndIf
If (s<>"") Then
Goto print
EndIf
btn= Controls.LastClickedButton
If (btn= btnM) Then
ves = (3 * rost - 450 + vozrast) * 0.25 + 45 '-
Else
ves = (3 * rost - 450 + vozrast) * 0.225 + 40.4 '-
EndIf
' :
if ves< 0 then
ves = 4
EndIf
s= " " + Math.Round(ves) + " "
print:
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtVes, s)
EndSub
- ( -) .

vozrast rost,
.
, ,
.
417
,
, -
.
-
. , -
,
,
.
, (,
, ,
), txtVes
(. 33.1).
. 33.1. ?
.
418

90-60-90
-
. , -
( ).
,
15%, 22% . -
-
:
= ( - ) : 100 + 15 - ,
= ( - ) : 100 + 22 - ,
,
.
, -
. ,

.
zhir=0
-
. :
':
txtVozrast=Controls.AddTextBox(180, 190)
Controls.SetSize(txtVozrast,160,26)
':
419
':
txtVes=Controls.AddTextBox(180, 259)
Controls.SetSize(txtVes,160, 26)
':
txtZhir=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(180, 300)
Controls.SetSize(txtZhir,300,50)
, -
:
'
Sub OnClick
vozrast= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtVozrast)
v= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtVes)
s=""
If (vozrast = "") Or (vozrast < 1) Or (vozrast > 120) Then
s= " !"
s= " !"
ElseIf (v = "") Or (v < 10) or (v > 240) Then
s= " !"
EndIf
If (s<>"") Then
Goto print
EndIf
btn= Controls.LastClickedButton
If (btn= btnM) Then
ves = (3 * rost - 450 + vozrast) * 0.25 + 45 '-
zhir= (v - ves) / v * 100 + 15

Else
ves = (3 * rost - 450 + vozrast) * 0.225 + 40.4 '-
zhir= (v - ves) / v * 100 + 22

EndIf
420
' :
if (zhir< 0) then
zhir= 0
elseIf (zhir > 100) then
zhir= 100
EndIf
s= " " + Math.Round(zhir) + "%"
print:
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtZhir, s)
EndSub
,
, -
(. 33.2).
. 33.2. - !
?
!

421
.

( ). ,
,
.
, -
( -
):
S = (P x 1000) (lg(1/P)+35,75) / 53,2 x H0,3 : 3118,2,

, -
- ,
.
'
'var
ves=0
rost=0
s=0
:
'
' :
btnKozha=Controls.AddButton("!", 180, height-40)
Controls.SetSize(btnKozha, 120, 32)
422
'
' :
txtVes=Controls.AddTextBox(180, 210)
Controls.SetSize(txtVes,160,26)
' :
' :
txtKozha=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(180, 290)
Controls.SetSize(txtKozha,360,50)
, -
,
.
.
, , On-
Click:
'
Sub OnClick
ves= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtVes)
str=""
If (ves = "") Or (ves < 10) Or (ves > 240) Then
str= " !"
str= " !"
EndIf
If (str<>"") Then
Goto print
EndIf
' :
s= (Math.Log(1 / ves) + 35.75) / 53.2
423
s= Math.Power((ves * 1000), s) * Math.Power(rost, 0.3) /

0.31182
str= " " + Math.Round(s) + " . "

print:
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtKozha, str)
EndSub
-

( -
Round). : ! (.
33.3).
, s -
, , -
- str.

,
( -
).
. 33.3. !
424
1. ,
. , -
, -
. ! .
2. .
, -
.
3. ,
,
100 .
425
34.
-
, -
: , , .
, !
! -
.
-
,
: , ,
, . -
,
? ? -
. , -
, -
:
, .
, 50 .

. -
, :
, , .
.
(.
34.1). , -
, - , -
, .

.
- . -
,
.
426
. 34.1. ,
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________
427
- ,
, .
, -
( ) -
. ,
,
.
,
, -
:
'const
2
/ 2
, ,
,
.
':
Timer.Interval=1000
Timer.Pause()
Timer.Tick=OnTick
428
- :
' :
Sub OnTick
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime,": " + time)
EndSub
:
'
' :
Controls.HideControl(txtTime)
:
.
' :
txtOtvet=Controls.AddTextBox(180, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtOtvet,32,26)
Controls.HideControl(txtOtvet)
:
'
'Button1 - :
btnStart=Controls.AddButton(" ", 10, 10)
'Button2 - :
btnProv=Controls.AddButton("", 220, 10)
-
(. 34.2):
429
. 34.2.
-
. ,
, , ,
- OnClick:
Sub OnClick
If btn="Button1" then '
Controls.HideControl(btnStart)
Controls.ShowControl(btnProv)
createTest()
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime,"")
Controls.ShowControl(txtTime)
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtOtvet,"")
Controls.ShowControl(txtOtvet)
time=0
Timer.Resume()
Else '
Timer.Pause()
If nKrug= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtOtvet) then
s="!"
Else
430
s="!"
endif
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(140,height/2-24, s)
EndIf
EndSub

, , , ,
:
, , -
- . -
createTest, -
, -
.
, .

:
Sub createTest
' :
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor=BackgroundColor
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(0,40,width,height-40)
' ::
nKrug=Math.GetRandomNumber(30)+ 20
':
'GraphicsWindow.Title= nKrug
for i= 1 to nKrug
' :
radius=Math.GetRandomNumber(16)+ 20
' :
' :
' :
431
EndFor
EndSub
, ,
:
' :
GraphicsWindow.Clear , -
, , -
! -
.
, ,
, (.
34.3).
. 34.3. !
,
,
!
432

, .
21 50:
nKrug=Math.GetRandomNumber(30)+ 20
, , -
3 11.
,
, , -
:
':
'GraphicsWindow.Title= nKrug
.
, .
.
, ,
:
, -
, ,
:
:
,
:
433
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime,"")
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtOtvet,"")
time=0
Timer.Resume()
, , -
, -
OnClick.
-
:
Timer.Pause()
,
txtOtvet, -
, (. 34.4):
If nKrug= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtOtvet) then
s="!"
Else
s="!"
endif
EndIf
. 34.4. ! !
434
( !), -
- -
!
-
.
1.
, .
,
, .
2. , -
.
, , , :
nextColor:
If (clr=BackgroundColor) Then
Goto nextColor
EndIf
3. ,
,
. , -
, ,
. -
, .
, ,
. , ,
, :
n=0
nextXY:
435
If (n< 100) and
(GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(x+radius,y+radius) <>
BackgroundColor) Then
n=n+1
Goto nextXY
EndIf
n? -
. 100
. ,
,
( -
, )
( !).
, .
,
-
. -
, -
,- .

!

.
436
35.
..
,
.
, -
, . -
: .
,
- . -
,
, .
,
, .
, -
,
!
( ).

, -
, .
, , -
.

(. 35.1, ):
437
'const
BackgroundColor="MidnightBlue" '
, (. 35.1,
), :
BackgroundColor="Black"
:
btnStart=Controls.AddButton(" ", 10, 10)
, , -
!
,
. 35.1.
, , , -
!

Sub OnClick
createSky()
EndSub,
createSky,
, :
438
Sub createSky
:
' :
nStar=Math.GetRandomNumber(100)+ 400
for i= 1 to nStar
' :
' :
' :
r= Math.GetRandomNumber(163) + 92
g= Math.GetRandomNumber(163) + 92
b= Math.GetRandomNumber(163) + 92
' :
EndFor
EndSub
,
. ,
:
GetRandomColor, . -
( ),
r, g, b, 93
( ) 255 ( ),
GetColorFromRGB:
,
!

.
439
,
,
, -
.
.
-
, .
,
.
-
(. 35.2). ,
.
() -
:
btnAddOpenCluster=Controls.AddButton(" ",
100, 10)
-:
Sub OnClick
If (btn= btnStart) then
createSky()
EndIf
If (btn= btnAddOpenCluster) then
createOpenCluster()
EndIf
EndSub
'
Sub createOpenCluster
' :
nStar=Math.GetRandomNumber(10)+ 7
' :
rOC=Math.GetRandomNumber(20)+20
' :
xOC = Math.GetRandomNumber(width-2*rOC)
yOC = Math.GetRandomNumber(height-2*rOC-40) + 40
440
for i= 1 to nStar
' :
' :
x = Math.GetRandomNumber(2*rOC)+xOC
y = Math.GetRandomNumber(2*rOC-40) + 40 + yOC
' :
clr=Math.GetRandomNumber(4)
If (clr= 1) Then
clr="White"
EndIf
If (clr= 2) Then
clr="AliceBlue"
EndIf
If (clr= 3) Then
clr="LightSkyBlue"
EndIf
If (clr= 4) Then
clr="DeepSkyBlue"
EndIf
' :
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(x, y,
2*radius,2*radius)
EndFor
EndSub
, -
(. 35.3)!
. 35.2.
441
. 35.3. !
2. , , ,
, ,
, ,
(. 35.4).
. 35.4.
,
, -
createSky.

.
442
36. !
,
!
, -
, -
.
(. 36.1).
, , - -
.
. -
!
!, ,
:
GraphicsWindow.Title=" !"
'const
BackgroundColor="#FFFFF0" 'Ivory
N_IMAGE=6
. . .
':
Timer.Interval=1000
Timer.Pause()
Timer.Tick=OnTick
. N_IMAGE,
. ,
:
path= Program.Directory +"/"

443
. 36.1. ,
444
ImageList ( ) -
LoadImage:
img[1]=ImageList.LoadImage(path+"1.png")
!
- .
- , -
2, .
!
OnClick :
Sub OnClick
If btn="Button1" then '
Controls.HideControl(txtOtvet)
createTest()
time=0
Timer.Resume()
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime,": 0")
Else '
If nImage= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtOtvet) then
s=" - " + nImage + "!"
Else
s=" - " + nImage + "!"
endif
445
EndIf
EndSub
, -
!
,
, -
!
Sub createTest
' :
nImage=Math.GetRandomNumber(30)+ 20
' :
w= ImageList.GetWidthOfImage(img[1])
h= ImageList.GetHeightOfImage(img[1])
':
'GraphicsWindow.Title= nImage
for i= 1 to nImage
' :
nImg=Math.GetRandomNumber(N_IMAGE)
' -->
n=0
nextXY:
' :
x = Math.GetRandomNumber(width-w)
y = Math.GetRandomNumber(height-h-40) + 40
' :
if (GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(x+w/2,y+h/2) <>
BackgroundColor) Then
Goto nextattempt
EndIf
':
If (GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(x,y) <> BackgroundColor) Then
Goto nextattempt
EndIf
If (GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(x+w,y) <> BackgroundColor)
Then
Goto nextattempt
446
EndIf
If (GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(x,y+h) <> BackgroundColor)
Then
Goto nextattempt
EndIf
If (GraphicsWindow.GetPixel(x+w,y+h) <> BackgroundColor)
Then
Goto nextattempt
EndIf
Goto place
nextattempt:
If (n< 100) Then
n=n+1
Goto nextXY
EndIf
place:
' :
GraphicsWindow.DrawResizedImage(img[nImg],x,y,w,h)
EndFor
EndSub
,
. 100
.
-
.
' :
Sub OnTick
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime,": " + time)
If (time>= 10) Then
Timer.Pause()
Controls.ShowControl(btnProv)
EndIf
EndSub
447
, , -
(. 36.2). -
,
, .
. 36.2. !
, (. 36.3).
. 36.3. -!
, . , -
-
(. 36.4).
,
!
448
. 36.4. 6 -!

!
449
37. -

,

--!
, , !
-
, ,
- .
- 10
- (. 37.1). ,
,
, .
1,5 2 .
, -
, -
.
. 37.1. !
,

(. 37.2) -
, .
450
. 37.2. (1970)
-
, -
, (. 37.3).
. 37.3.
, , -
( , , -
). , ,
,
.

, .
.
451
, -
.
, -
. ,
. -
, , , -
.
, -
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- -
, . ,
, ,
.
, , -
, .
, -
, -
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.
,
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,
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37 ( 1
36 0 - ) .
, , -
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,
, -
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, .
452
- .
1973
- -
, . -
,

. ,

-
.
- 1948 -
. ,
-
, - -
.
,
(, , -
).
GetRandomNumber Math.
, -
.
, 6 -
, :
',
'const
N_TARAKAN=6 '
' :
color[1]="Red"
453
color[2]="Yellow"
color[3]="Blue"
color[4]="Green"
color[5]="SandyBrown"
color[6]="LavenderBlush"
' :
-
:
'var
' :
x[1]=0
y[1]=0
zdor[1]=0 '
startTime=0'
' :
flgStart="False"
flgFinish = "False"
' :
xStart= 10
yStart=40
' :
dy= 32
' :
wTar= 32
hTar= 16
, -
:
2
/ 2
454
. -
10 (0,01 ) :
':
Timer.Interval= 10
Timer.Pause()
Timer.Tick=OnTick
, ,
txtTime - OnTick:
' :
Sub OnTick
t= Clock.ElapsedMilliseconds - startTime
s= ": " + t/1000
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime,s)
EndSub
, -
ElapsedMilliseconds Clock.
-
!:
'
' :
btnStart=Controls.AddButton(" !", 10, height-32)
-
. , -
:
'
' :
455
':
txtWin=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(10, 300)
Controls.SetSize(txtWin,320,100)
Controls.HideControl(txtWin)
-
:
flgStart="False"
flgFinish = "False"
prepare()
prepare -
.
. ? -,
, . -, :
, , ,
.
,
( ),
, AddEllipse AddImage.

zdor.

,
!
'
Sub prepare
For i= 1 to N_TARAKAN
' :
clr= color[i]
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor= clr
GraphicsWindow.PenColor=clr
' :
Shapes.HideShape(tar[i])
' :
tar[i]=Shapes.AddEllipse(wTar, hTar)
' :
456
x[i]= xStart
y[i]= yStart + dy * (i-1)
Shapes.Move(tar[i], x[i], y[i])
' :
zdor[i]= Math.GetRandomNumber(30)/100 + 1.2
endFor
' :
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="Red"
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(xStart+wTar,yStart, xStart+wTar,
y[N_TARAKAN]+ hTar)
' :
GraphicsWindow.PenColor="Green"
xFinish=width-wTar
GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(xFinish, yStart, xFinish,
y[N_TARAKAN]+ hTar)
' :
Controls.HideControl(txtWin)
endSub
' :
While (flgFinish = "False")
' " !":
If flgStart="True" then
' :
calcNewCoords()
' :
Shapes.Move(tar[i], x[i], y[i])
endFor
' :
Program.Delay(20)
' , :
testFinish()
endIf
endWhile
, -
flgFinish True.
457
,
flgStart False. , -
.
!, -
:
'
Sub OnClick
' :
time=0
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime,": " + 0)
' :
Timer.Resume()
' :
startTime=Clock.ElapsedMilliseconds
' :
flgStart="True"
EndSub
- OnClick
.
flgStart="True" ,
. calcNewCoords -
.
,
, -
.
, -
. :
'
Sub calcNewCoords
' :
dx= Math.GetRandomNumber(43)/10 + 0.9
' :
x[i] = x[i] + dx*zdor[i]
458
endFor
endSub
,
, ,
-
, . , -
, , -
.
testFinish, -
, , ,
. , -
. -
: , -
:
'
Sub testFinish
xEnd=0
n=0
if (x[i] >= xFinish-wTar) Then
flgFinish="True"
Timer.Pause()
If (x[i] > xEnd) then
' :
n= i
xEnd= x[i]
EndIf
endif
endFor
If (flgFinish="True") then
s= " # " + n + "!"+ perevodStroki
t= Clock.ElapsedMilliseconds - startTime
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime," :" + t/1000)
s=s+ " : " + t/1000 + " ."
flgStart="False"
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtWin, s)
Controls.ShowControl(txtWin)
Controls.ShowControl(btnStart)
' :
459
While (flgStart="False")
EndWhile
' :
flgFinish ="False"
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtTime," " + 0)
' :
prepare()
endIf
endSub
, -
(. 37.4) . -
, ,
.
. 37.4. , !
, ,
, -
, .
,
!
460
-
.
2010
-
(),
,
(. 37.5).
. 37.5. ,

,
. - 8 . -
461
- , -
.
,
. , -
,
.
, ,
-
.
,
.
, , , , -
, , -
, .

, .
, -
.
, -

, ()2 = , - ()8 = 1/256. 256
.
, ,
(
5 36 1/45 239 040, 6 49 -
1/10 068 347 520).
-
, , -
, .
-
, .
462
-
.
'
'const
' :
'var
' :
team1=""
team2=""
2
/ 2
"/paul.jpg")
':
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor="Green"
,
(. 37.6).
463
. :
-
. , , . 37.6:
'
' :
btnStart=Controls.AddButton("!", 10, height-32)
'
' :
txtTeam1=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtTeam1,160,26)
txtTeam2=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 48)
Controls.SetSize(txtTeam2,160,26)
' :
txtWin=Controls.AddMultiLineTextBox(10, 180)
Controls.SetSize(txtWin,300,50)
'
Sub OnClick
s1= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtTeam1)
s2= Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtTeam2)
If (s1="") Or (s2="") Then
s= " !"
ElseIf (team1=s1) And (team2=s2) Then
s= " !"
ElseIf (s1=s2) Then
s= " !"
Else
464
team1=s1
team2=s2
If (Math.GetRandomNumber(2)=1) Then
s= " " + team1
Else
s= " " + team2
EndIf
EndIf
s= s + perevodStroki + " !"
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtWin, s)
EndSub
-
, -
.
GetRandomNumber, .
. 37.6. !
, ,
,
.
, , -
465

. ,
!
-
-.
S - -
, () -
().
(. 37.7) L (
, ) -
,
( ,
).
-
, . ,

.
N ( . 37.7,
), P ( ),
.
L2, S, :
L2/ S = N / P, S:
S = L2 * P / N (1)
466
, -
(1) , ,
, N .
, ( )
,
, , -
, -
. .
. 37.7.
. ,
-
. -
, . -
, ,
.
N -
, P (. 37.8).
467
. 37.8. ,
P N :
-, ,
. -
:
' -
'const
BackgroundColor="MidnightBlue" '
' :
dx=10
dy=50
'var
' :
468
N=10000
' , :
P=0
' :
D=400
D2= D*D
' :
R= D/2
' :
xc=0
yc=0
,
, !
GraphicsWindow.Title=" -"
2
/ 2
,
.
,
:
' A
btnStart=Controls.AddButton("!", 10, 10)
'
':
txtPi=Controls.AddTextBox(100, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtPi,200, 24)
469
'
Timer.Interval= 100
Timer.Pause()
Timer.Tick=OnTick
' :
clr="Green"
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor = clr
GraphicsWindow.PenColor = "Black"
GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(dx, dy, D, D)
' :
clr="Blue"
GraphicsWindow.BrushColor = clr
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(dx, dy, D, D)
' :
xc= D/2 + dx
yc= D/2 + dy
.
! , -
.
, -
.
Sub OnClick
' :
Timer.Resume()
' :
P=0
setPoints()
EndSub
-
setPoints:
'
Sub setPoints
470
for i= 1 to N
' :
x = Math.GetRandomNumber(D) + dx - 1
y = Math.GetRandomNumber(D) + dy - 1
xx= xc - x
yy= yc - y
' ?
If (xx*xx + yy*yy <= R*R) Then '
p=p+1
clr= "Red"
Else '
clr= "Yellow"
EndIf
' :
' :
GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(x, y, 2,2)
EndFor
EndSub
, (x, y)
, -
r (. 37.9):
r >= 0, -
:
r R. r <= R,
, .
471
. 37.9. !
.
, ,
(x,y).
, ,
.
, ,
.
, .
,
,
. 37.10. -
, -
(
160 000 , ).
472
. 37.10. N= 10 000 N= 160 000
-
, .
, -
, .
,
, ,
. , -
, -
. ,
, GetRandomNumber, - ,
, -
. -
, ,
,
.

-.
473
1. . -
.
2. , -
.
3.
( ).
.
( -
, ). -
, -
. , -
, ,
. ,

1/6. ,
1 - 1/6 = 5/6 = 0,833.
(5/6)2 = 0,694, - (5/6)6 = 0,335, , -
( -
!). -
, -
.
4. -,
, ,
, -
.
, -
,
(. 37.11). -
, -
.
.
474
-, -
, -
. -
, -
, -
.
. 37.11. !
475
38.
:
,
. ,
,
(- backtracking).
8
, ,
1 1 (.
38.1). ,
, - -
. ,
.
. 38.1. 1 1
- -
.
2 2 . -
, (.
38.2).
. 38.2. 2 2
,
. , ,
. -
(. 38.3).
476
. 38.3.
,
, -
, . -
.
,
. ,
, , -
(. 38.4).
. 38.4.
(. 38.5).
. 38.5. -
, ,
. , ,
- . -
,
. ,
.
, -
(. 38.6).
477
. 38.6.
.
(. 38.7).
. 38.7. !
. -
?
(. 38.8).
. 38.8. !
-
. ,

. . -
, -
. ,
2 2 . .
, -
3 3 ,
,
, .
478
-
:
'
'var
cols=8 ' ( )
rows=8 ' ( )
nLad=8 '
n=0 '
vert[0] = 0 ' = 1..rows - ,
v=0 '
resolution= "False" ' : = True,

nVar=0 '
, cols rows
nLad.
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
2 2, -
.
8 8. -

.
n -
.
, -
. , , -
vert. ,
vert[1] ( -
!). - vert[2] ,
. , -
v, .
479
resolution . (-
True), n v.
v
test.
nVar
.
' :
n=0
. , , -
. ,
, . -
, nextLad , -
:
nextLad:
n=n+1
,
,
:
If (n > nLad) Then

Goto writeVar
EndIf
,
, , -
. ,
, -
, :
v=0
nextVert:
480
v=v+1
If (v > cols) Then
Goto back
EndIf
, , -
, . -
back.
test()
If resolution="False" then
Goto nextVert
EndIf
vert[n]= v
Goto nextLad
, n v.
,
test. ( test
resolution), nextVert, -
. -
test resolution, n
,
vert. nextLad,
.
-
:
writeVar:
nVar = nVar +1
TextWindow.WriteLine(" # " + nVar)
For i= 1 To nLad
TextWindow.Write(vert[i]+ " ")
EndFor
4 4 (. 38.9).
481
. 38.9. 4 4

(. 38.10).
. 38.10. ,
.
,
482
. - -
.
, ,
,
:
back:
n=n-1
If (n = 0) Then
Goto end
EndIf
v= vert[n]
Goto nextVert
, -
. -

:
end:
TextWindow.WriteLine(" " + nVar)
test:
' :
' n v
Sub test
resolution= "True"
If (n = 1) Then
Goto exit
EndIf
For i= 1 To n-1
If (vert[i]=v) then
resolution= "False"
Goto exit
EndIf
EndFor
exit:
483
EndSub
. resolution
, , -
,
. , , -
, v .
, .
.
, -
:

11 1
22 2
33 6
44 24
55 120
66 720
77 5040
88 40320
,
, . -
, n x n, -
n , (n-1)
, - (n-2) , , - -
-.
, , , ,
n!
!
.
484
, -
, . -
, -
.
,
() .
485
39.
,
, .
, , -
.
1848
Schachzeitung ( -
, , !).
. 1854
40 . 21
1850
92 . , ,
.
, -
,
- ,
1850 76 .
.
, ,
.
. ,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. ,
, , -
, .
, -
, -
.
-
: 8! = 40320. , , -
, -
, -
.
486
-
. 5 5
, , 1 3 4 5 2.
, , -
1 5 ( -
)
:
13452 13452
12345 54321
25797 67773

( , ).
, -
, -
. -
, , -
. -
(. 39.1).
. 39.1. ,
1 3 4 5 2
, . -
1..8 ( 1..5,
5 5 ),
,
487
. ,
8 8 -
.
. -
, ,
,
. , ,
, -
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
test:
':
' n v
Sub test
resolution= "True"
If (n = 1) Then
Goto exit
EndIf
For i= 1 To n-1
' :
If (vert[i] =v ) then
resolution= "False"
Goto exit
EndIf
' :
If (vert[i]-i=v-n) then
resolution= "False"
Goto exit
EndIf
488
If (vert[i]+i=v+n) then
resolution= "False"
Goto exit
EndIf
EndFor
exit:
EndSub
- ,
, . ,
, ,
, . -
, , -
,
, .

,
92- ( 39.2).
. 39.2. !
,
, 10 10 :
489

11 1
22 0
33 0
44 2
55 10
66 4
77 40
88 92
99 352
10 10 724
,
, .
92 12 ,
,
90
(. 39.3).
10- 3 ,
7. -
92 .
, , .
90 ,
(. 39.4, ). (-
) , 4 -
(. 39.4, ).
8 .
490
. 39.3. 12 .
491
. 39.4. ,
, -
, -
, ,
.
,
, 12 , -
, -
(, !). 11-
. 39.3.
,
() .
492
40.

, -
. , -
.
, -
. . ,
-
, :

----

, (,
, ) -
, -
.

-
. ,
. brute force, -
, -
.
, . , -
, -
. ,

,
-
, .
- exhaustive search - -
.
493
. -
8 64-
64*63*62*61*60*59*58*57 = 178 462 987 637 760. ,
64 , -
63 , . ,
,
.

. -
, , ,
10 - 0 9. -
,
10 000 000 000 .
. , -
, -
.
, -
. -
,
, -
8*8*8*8*8*8*8*8 = 16 777 216,
.
-
,
. -
: . -
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
. For,
. 6 , -
. , -
, -
494
. ,
:
1000*O + 100*D + 10*I + n + 100*D + 10*V + A <> 1000*A + 100*N

+ 10*O + D
(
), , -

:
'
'
'var
nVar=0 '
TextWindow.Show()
For A= 1 to 9
For V= 0 to 9
If (V=A) Then
Goto nextV
EndIf
For D=1 to 9
If (D=A) Or (D=V) Then
Goto nextD
EndIf
For I= 0 to 9
If (I=A) Or (I=V) Or (I=D) Then
Goto nextI
EndIf
For N=0 to 9
If (N=A) Or (N=V) Or (N=D) Or (N=I) Then
Goto nextN
EndIf
For O=1 to 9
If (O=A) Or (O=V) Or (O=D) Or (O=I) Or (O=N) Then
495
Goto nextO
EndIf
If (1000*O + 100*D + 10*I + n + 100*D + 10*V + A
<> 1000*A + 100*N + 10*O + D) Then
Goto nextO
Else
writeSolution()
EndIf
nextO:
endFor
nextN:
endFor
nextI:
endFor
nextD:
endFor
nextV:
endFor
nextA:
endFor
TextWindow.WriteLine(" " + nVar)
' :
Sub writeSolution
nVar = nVar +1
TextWindow.WriteLine(" # " + nVar)
s=""
s= Text.Append(s, O)
s= Text.Append(s, D)
s= Text.Append(s, I)
s= Text.Append(s, N)
s=" "
s= Text.Append(s, V)
s= Text.Append(s, A)
496
s=""
s= Text.Append(s, A)
s= Text.Append(s, N)
s= Text.Append(s, O)
EndSub
(. 40.1).
, -
!
,
, A, D, O -
. ,
. , , D > 4, H <> 0.
, -
,
, .
. 40.1. !
497

Alphametics.

- !
- !
- , ! .
, -
,
. -
.
, , . ,
.

.
10 -
. 10 + 26 + 26 = 62 -
. 62 . -
, . -
: 62 62 = 3844 ,
, -
6 , 626= 56 800 235 584 .
16 -
. 6216 = 4 767 240 170 682 353 345 026 330 816,
.
?
, . -
,
,
, , ,
.
498
, , , -
, ,
. , - , A8xGzOAgm7
, -
.
, , -
,
, . , -
, -
.
.
, -
.
, ,
.
, -
- . , , ,
, . , ,
. -
,
.
, ,
, .
,
:
, . -

,
. ,
.
, -
!
499
,
. !
,
.
,
.
, -
. SYMBOLS
, . ,
- .
'const
SYMBOLS ="1234567890abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZ"
MAX_LEN= 16 ' .
'var
pass= "" '
2
/ 2
GraphicsWindow.BackgroundColor= "Black"

-
:
'
500
'Button:
btnGen=Controls.AddButton("!, 10, 80)
'
' :
txtLen=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 10)
Controls.SetSize(txtLen,30,20)
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtLen, 6)
GraphicsWindow.DrawText(70,12, " 1.." +
MAX_LEN)
' :
txtPass=Controls.AddTextBox(10, 40)
Controls.SetSize(txtPass,140,20)
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtPass, "***************")
, .
, -
. -
!,
. ,
.
'
Sub OnClick
' :
len=Controls.GetTextBoxText(txtLen)
' :
if (len < 1) Then
len = 1
EndIf
if (len > MAX_LEN) Then
len = MAX_LEN
EndIf
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtLen, len)
pass=""
For i= 1 To len
' :
n= Math.GetRandomNumber(Text.GetLength(SYMBOLS))
501
ch= Text.GetSubText(SYMBOLS,n,1)
pass= Text.Append(pass, ch)
EndFor
Controls.SetTextBoxText(txtPass, pass)
EndSub

OnClick -
pass.
, -
(. 40.2).
. 40.2. !
.
502
1. 283 189 = 53487

2. 1343 6 = 8058
3. 304072 + 304072 = 608144
503
41. ,

- ?
- .
- , ,
?
- .
- , , ,
!
?

,

.

.

,
, ,
( , ).
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
n.
,
504
.
, .
:
'
TextWindow.Show()
'n -
n= 3
pop()
'
Sub pop
'n -
if n <= 0 then
Goto exit
endif
TextWindow.WriteLine(" , ,")
TextWindow.WriteLine(" , .")
TextWindow.WriteLine(" :")
n= n-1
pop()
exit:
EndSub
,
. n
, .
1 , n
505
n= n-1
pop
pop()
1 ,
:
n= 3
pop()
, pop 3 (
),
,
, :
n=3
n=2
n=1
n=0
n <= 0,
(. 41.1).
. 41.1. n=3
506
pop
While, ,
:
Sub popWhile
'n -
While n > 0
n= n-1
EndWhile
EndSub
pop popWhile:
n= 3
'pop()
popWhile()
, ,
.
Pop.

,
. pop
:
n= 3
pop(n)
507
pop(3)
, -
,
.
, -
, -
.
, . -
pop(3) ( )
,
.
, -
. -
.
-
,
.
Stack
.
.
, .
(. 41.2).
. 41.2.
, (. 41.3-6).
508
. 41.3.
. 41.4.
. 41.5.
509
. 41.6.
, -
.

. -
, .
.
(,
),
.
Stack. Stack . -
, .
,
. ,
.
510
, :
'var
_stack="Stack"
, -
_stack. , , ,
,
Stack.GetCount(stackName),
-
stackName.
n= Stack.GetCount(_stack)
n .
n= Stack.GetCount("Stack")
, , , -
.
- ,
Stack.PushValue(stackName, value)
, 1:
Stack.PushValue(_stack, 1)
,
.
511
-
:
For i= 1 to 12
Stack.PushValue(_stack,i)
endfor
Stack.PushValue(_stack," ")
, ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
(
,
, -
),
, .
,
Stack.PopValue(stackName)
, .
,
,
. .
12 :
For i= 1 to 12
endfor
Stack.PushValue(_stack," :")
, :
writeStack()
Sub writeStack
TextWindow.ForegroundColor = "Red"
512
For i = 1 to n
TextWindow.WriteLine(Stack.PopValue(_stack))
EndFor
EndSub
, ,
(. 41.7).
. 41.7.
: ?
PopValue, -
. , , ,
. ,
. , ,

_stack2="Stack2"
Sub writeStack
513
For i = 1 to n
obj= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
TextWindow.WriteLine(obj)
Stack.PushValue(_stack2, obj)
EndFor
For i = 1 to n
obj= Stack.PopValue(_stack2)
Stack.PushValue(_stack, obj)
EndFor
EndSub
,
, , -
(. 41.8).
. 41.8.

(,
) , ,
514
. ,
, -
, :
For i = 1 to n
EndFor
,
,

_stack3
:
_stack3 =_stack
_stack3 =_stack2
_stack3 ,
, .
Stack.
-
, pop
.
'
'
'var
_stack= "Stack"
515
TextWindow.Show()
n , -
pop:
'n -
n= 3
Stack.PushValue(_stack, n)
pop()
TextWindow.WriteLine("n= " + n)
, -
:
Stack.PushValue(_stack, 3)
pop
n. -
- n-1 :
'
Sub pop
'n -
n= Stack.PopValue (_stack)
if n <= 0 then
Goto exit
endif
Stack.PushValue(_stack, n-1)
pop()
exit:
516
EndSub
, n -
(. 41.9).
. 41.9.
, , -
.
-
, .
1. . -
, -
, -
n:
n= 3
pop()
n= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
2. :
517
n= 3
m= n
pop()
n= m
3. :
Sub pop
pop_n= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
if pop_n <= 0 then
Goto exit
endif
Stack.PushValue(_stack, pop_n-1)
pop()
exit:
EndSub
- -
, pop_n . -
- -
, : -
.
Stack.

.
518
Factorial,
.
,
:
'
'
'
'variables
number=0
fact=0
_stack= "Stack"
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
start:
' -->
' ,
' :
goto exit
EndIf
if (number > 27) then

goto start
EndIf
number , -
Factorial, -
. fact
. -
(. 41.10):
519
Stack.PushValue(_stack, number)
Factorial()
' :
fact = Stack.PopValue(_stack)
'
' number:
TextWindow.WriteLine(number + "! = " + fact)
exit:
Goto start
Factorial
. ,
. , 1 0,
Factorial 0.
.
.
1 1 = 1.
, .
'
' number
Sub Factorial
'
' :
n=Stack.PopValue(_stack)
' ,
' 1:
If (n = 0) Then
Stack.PushValue(_stack,1)
Else
'
'Factorial = n * Factorial(n-1):
520
Stack.PushValue(_stack,n)
Stack.PushValue(_stack,n-1)
' n-1:
Factorial()
' n * (n-1)!:
Stack.PushValue(_stack, Stack.PopValue(_stack) *
Stack.PopValue(_stack))
EndIf
EndSub
. 41.10.
n=2.
Factorial 2,
n. .
n > 2, Else: 2
1. : 1 2.
Factorial.
(1) n = 1. .
n > 1, Else:
1 0. : 0 1 2.
521
Factorial.
(0) n = 0. 1 2. n =
0 . : 1 1 2.
Factorial .

,
- 1 2.
Factorial.
,
: 2.
Factorial ,

' :
fact = Stack.PopValue(_stack)

,
,
, - .
writeStack:
Sub writeStack
ws_n= Stack.GetCount(_stack)
If (ws_n=0) Then
Else
For i = 1 to ws_n
obj= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
522
TextWindow.Write(obj + " ")

Stack.PushValue(_stack2, obj)
EndFor
For i = 1 to ws_n
EndFor
EndIf
EndSub
Stack.
Factorial,
, ,
:
Sub Factorial
n=Stack.PopValue(_stack)
TextWindow.Write("1. ")
writeStack()
If (n = 0) Then
Stack.PushValue(_stack,1)
writeStack()
Else
Stack.PushValue(_stack,n)
Stack.PushValue(_stack,n-1)
writeStack()
Factorial()
writeStack()
EndIf
EndSub
_stack2="Stack2"
523
start:
vyzov=0
,
(. 41.11).
. 41.11. . 41.12.
,

,
(. 41.12).
FactorialR.
524

.
, , .
(.
41.13), ,

.
. 41.13. Number = 20

FibonacciR.
525
42.

,
, -
? , -
. , -
,

. ,
.
:
- ,
.
- .
,
, .
,
, -
, .
( -
, , , !), -
. , -
,
.
()
18 841 916 1 485
16 492 800 289,44
18 140 670 3530
8 566 823 1538,9
8 742 995 621,9
13 922 125 603
- 13 356 715 4000
526
12 725 000 815

12 285 000 636
11 954 217 1483
10 562 099 1081
10 421 782 605,4
10 076 099 10 550
- 10 037 593 1520
9 360 883 999
8 576 788 660
- 8 140 993 1214
8 057 397 804,3
7 947 121 210
7 712 104 1370
7 581 052 1580
7 137 849 1590
7 102 354 1104
6 897 547 660
6 747 238 1010
6 431 839
-- 6 193 265 1180
5 698 435 1100

5 180 533 230
5 090 824
5 021 458
4 974 232 699
4 886 305
- 4 606 888
- 4 600 310 1439
4 562 843
4 406 788
4 305 536
4 262 236 400
4 247 414 2680
4 149 487
4 114 710 1212
4 082 050
3 980 938 170
- 3 975 590 1290
3 882 639 2500
3 915 259
3 900 546 -
3 899 140 771
3 867 336 190
3 682 177
3 667 982
3 599 000
3 573 721
3 528 690
527
,
. -
,
, ,
. -
, ,
. ,
( ) .
, ,
. -
(. .) (
, -
), .txt
UTF-8.
,
. -
( ,
!), -
. -
,
. , .
, spisok,
:
'
'variables
spisok[0]="" '-
nWords=0 '
chr="" '
len=0 '
txt="" '
index=0 '
528
beg=0 '
, -
:
flgChain[0] = "False" ' True, ,

begLetter[0]="" '
endLetter[0]="" '
n=0 '
maxChain=0 '.
idWord[0]=0 ' ,
id=0 ' ,
'

,
spisok:
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
TextWindow.Show()
' :
fileName= ".txt"
readFile()
readFile ,
.
, spisok,
nWords.
-
begLetter endLetter .
, ,
,
( -
529
, -
). -
, -
, .
, -
. -
,
:
. , -
. flgChain
False, -
, True - .
, , -
:
' :
for i=1 to nWords
begLetter[i]= Text.GetSubText(spisok[i],1,1)
len= Text.GetLength(spisok[i])
endLetter[i]= Text.GetSubText(spisok[i],len,1)
' :
flgChain[i] = "False"
EndFor
' :
maxChain=0
' :
n=0
:
. , -
,
. , -
-
, ,
, .
530
: -
: ( -
), , .
, , - .
' :
nextWord:
n=n+1
, ,
. -
spisok. -
. ,
,
. , ,
, -
.
idWord[n]=0
id=0
nextId:
id= id+ 1
If (id > nWords) Then
Goto back
EndIf
: ,
.
, :
test()
If resolution="False" then
Goto nextId
EndIf
, -
, -
, -
. ,
, -
531
, .
, , -
, :
':
'
Sub test
resolution= "True"
If (n = 1) Then
Goto exit
EndIf
' :
If (flgChain[id] = "True") Then
resolution= "False"
Goto exit
EndIf
'
' :
If (begLetter[id] <> endLetter[idWord[n-1]]) Then
resolution= "False"
Goto exit
EndIf
exit:
EndSub
resolution -
False, , True .
. .
. idWord
, ,
flgChain , -
.
,
.
. maxChain,
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
532
' :
idWord[n]=id
flgChain[idWord[n]]= "True"
' :
If (n > maxChain) Then
maxChain= n
writeChain()
EndIf
Goto nextWord
n > maxChain -
. -
. , -
n >= maxChain.
n -
.
idWord[i], i- -
.
Sub writeChain
TextWindow.WriteLine(" = " + n)
For i= 1 To n
TextWindow.WriteLine(spisok[idWord[i]])
EndFor
TextWindow.Read()
endsub
, -
: n=2. :
id=1. :
. : id= 2.
. ,
. -
.
533
, -
. . ,
-. ,
: ,
. !
back:
' :
n=n-1
If (n = 0) Then
Goto end
EndIf
id= idWord[n]
' n :
flgChain[idWord[n]]= "False"
Goto nextId
:
, -
,
, (
!)
.
, -
, ,
, -
. , -
!

15 (. 42.1).
.
534
. 42.1. ?
-
, ,
-
. Chain-
word
.
, -
, - -
.txt.
(
!), , -

(. 42.2).
535
. 42.2. !
-
.
, -
,
, . -
, :
'
Sub randomize
For i= 1 to nWords
n1= Math.GetRandomNumber(nWords)
n2= Math.GetRandomNumber(nWords)
s= spisok[n1]
spisok[n1]= spisok[n2]
536
spisok[n2]= s
endfor
randomize:
' :
fileName= ".txt"
readFile()
randomize()

(. 42.3).
. 42.3.

, , -
537
. ,
, -
-
!

Chainword.

. ,
.
, -
. ,
.
.
'
'variables
spisok[0]="" '-
nWords=0 '
chr="" '
len=0 '
txt="" '
index=0 '
beg=0 '
flgChain[0] = "False" ' True, ,

gorod="" '
lenChain=0 '
_stack = "Stack" '
538
-
. 3.txt -
. ,
. -
. ,
, .
,
:
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
TextWindow.Show()
' :
fileName= "3.txt"
Stack.PushValue(_stack,fileName)
readFile()
readFile
, , :
'
Sub readFile
' :
txt= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
txt= File.ReadContents(txt)
. . .
EndSub
,
-:
'
startGame:
randomize()
' :
for i=1 to nWords
539
flgChain[i] = "False"
EndFor
' :
lenChain=0
, .
:
'
hodIgroka:
TextWindow.ForegroundColor="Yellow
gorod= Text.ConvertToUpperCase(TextWindow.Read())
,
,
.
, ,
,
( ,
). ,
.
, (
),
.
, -

!
,
:
':
flg="False"
For i=1 to nWords
If gorod = spisok[i] Then
flg="True"
540
Goto test_exit
EndIf
endfor
test_exit:
If (flg="False") then
TextWindow.Write(" !")
goto hodIgroka
ElseIf (flgChain[i]= "True") then
goto hodIgroka
ElseIf (lenChain > 0) and (Text.GetSubText(spisok[i],1,1) <>
endLetter) Then
goto hodIgroka
EndIf
, , ,
. -
, . -

endLetter .
.
(, ),
, .
, -
.
-
:
' :
flgChain[i]= "True"
lenChain= lenChain + 1
endLetter= Text.GetSubText(spisok[i],len,1)
' "" ,
' :
While (len >= 2) And (endLetter= "" Or endLetter= "")
541
len=len-1
endwhile
TextWindow.Write(" #" + lenChain + " ")
TextWindow.WriteLine(gorod)
. , , ,
.

test.
.
-
test_n.
, : -
, -
. resolution ( -
) :
':
'
Sub test
' :
test_n= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
resolution= "True"
' :
If (flgChain[test_n] = "True") Then
resolution= "False"
Goto exit
EndIf
'
' :
If (lenChain > 0) and (Text.GetSubText(spisok[test_n],1,1)
<> endLetter) Then
resolution= "False"
EndIf
exit:
542
Stack.PushValue(_stack, resolution)
EndSub
, , -
. ,
:
' :
endGame:
' :
Goto startGame
, , ,
.
'
' :
For i= 1 to nWords
' ?
test()
res= Stack.PopValue(_stack)
' :
If res="True" then
Goto c_yes
EndIf
endfor
' :
Goto endGame
-
, :
' :
c_yes:
gorod= spisok[i]
flgChain[i]= "True"
lenChain= lenChain + 1
543
' "" ,
' :
While (len > 2) And (endLetter= "" Or endLetter= "")
len=len-1
endwhile
TextWindow.Write("")
TextWindow.Write(" #" + lenChain + " ")
TextWindow.WriteLine(gorod)
:
' :
goto hodIgroka
(. 42.4)! ,
, , .
. ,
, -
.
. 42.4. .
544
2.
1.
. ,
,
, , , , -
.

.
2. ,
. -
.
3. , -
, , .
4.
, ,
.
5. ,
.
6. -
, .
7. ,
-.
545
43.
,
.
. n () -
( ),
-
1 n2. ,
3 ( 3 3 )
1 32 = 9 (. 43.1).
, ,
. , ,
! -
, -
. -
S.

.
. 43.1.
546
, -

. , -
, -
, .
1.
n2.
n2.
-
. -
3 (. 43.2) -.
, , -
. ,
, - -
.
-
, -
, .
, (. 43.3).
547
. 43.2. -
. 43.3. -
- , -
(. 43.4). (). -
, 4 9, 1 6, 2 7,
3 8. , -
.
. 43.4. -
548
, -
. -
(1486-1536) -
-
.
-, -
, ,
,
, ,
.
-
: , , , , , .
-
, ,
. -
(. 43.5)
. -
, -
- 1514 (. 43.6).
- !
,
, . ,
-
,
.

.
,
(
). 16-17 , -

.
549
-
.
. 43.5. . . 43.6.
?
? -
!

,
, -
,
.
550
, -
.
(Bernard Frnicle de Bes-

sy, 1605 1675) ,
880 .
-
13 , 1973
(Richard Schroeppel)
- 275 305 224.
, -
, 1.77 1019. ,
,
-
.
-
.
. ,
XVII . (De La
Loubre). ,
3 3.
1. 1 (.
43.7).
. 43.7.
551
2. , ,
(. 43.8).
. 43.8.
3. -
, -
(. 43.9).
. 43.9.
4. ,

(. 43.10).
552
. 43.10.
5. , -
(. 43.11).
. 43.11.
2 (. 43.12).
. 43.12.
553
3, 4, 5,
(. 43.13).
. 43.13.
, ,
9 . ,
,
,
, .
-
:
'
'
554
'
'var
n=0 '
mq[0][0]= 0 '
number=0 '
col=0 '
row=0 '
-
, -
. ,
,
(, !).

, -
,
.
, :
'=========================================
'
'=========================================
start:
n=TextWindow.ReadNumber()
' -->
' , :
if (n <= 0) then
Program.End()
EndIf
if (n < 3) Or (n > 27) then

goto start
EndIf
555
if (Math.Remainder(n,2) <> 1) then

goto start
EndIf
, n
.
! -
,
, -
, -
. , -
,
, . -
!
' -->
' :
For i= 1 To n
For j= 1 To n
mq[i][j]=0
EndFor
EndFor

-
( , ):
' :
number=1
rule1:
' - :
col= Math.Floor(n/2) + 1
' - :
row=1
' :
mq[row][col]= number
556

n * n:
' :
nextNumber:
number= number+1
tc=col
tr=row
col= col+1
row= row-1
rule3:
If (row < 1) Then
row= n
EndIf
rule4:
If (col > n) then
col=1
Goto rule3
endIf
rule5:
If (mq[row][col] <> 0) Then
col=tc
row=tr+1
Goto rule3
EndIf
557
, ?
: -
, . , -
,
! , -
,
.
-
!
-
:
' :
mq[row][col]= number
,
,
:
' ,
' :
If (number= n*n) Then
Goto complete
' :
Else
Goto nextNumber
EndIf
! -
:
' :
complete:
TextWindow.WriteLine(" = " + (n*n*n +n)/2)
writeMQ()
Goto start
558
,
,
-, - :
'
Sub writeMQ
' :
For i= 1 To n
s=""
For j= 1 To n
If (n*n > 10) And (mq[i][j] < 10) Then
s= s+ " "
EndIf
If (n*n > 100)And (mq[i][j] < 100) Then
s= s+ " "
EndIf
s= Text.Append(s, mq[i][j]+" ")
EndFor
EndFor
EndSub
:
(. 43.14).
-
.
,
(. 43.15), -
, -
.
559
. 43.14. !
-
, , -
, ,
7 7 . -
.
. 43.15.
:
. -
(. 43.16).
560
. 43.16.

. ,
(. 43.17).
. 43.17.
- .
,
- ,
,
(. 43.18).
561
. 43.18.
-
. .
16
1 16.
! ,
.
,
, (.
43.19).
. 43.19.
562
1. (. 43.20).
. 43.20.
2. -
(. 43.21).
. 43.21.
3. -
(. 43.22).
563
. 43.22.
4. -
(. 43.23).
. 43.23.
! , , -
, . , -
, .

(. 43.24).
564
. 43.24. !
, -
, , , .
, , ,
, . , -
34,
, ,

- 2 2 (. 43.25).
. 43.25. 2 2
- 3 3 (. 43.26).
565
. 43.26. 3 3
- 2 4 (. 43.27).
. 43.27. 2 4
- 4 4 (. 43.28).
22 . , , .
, .
566
. 43.28. 2 4
5. . -
, -
.
,
(. 43.29).
. 43.29.
6. (.
43.30).
, , , -
, 30
567
. , 22
, 11:
- ( ) 2 2 ;
- ( ) 2 4 .
. 43.30.
1.
,
. ,
. - -
. ,
(
), ,
. -
.
2. 90 -
,
. -
, -
.
568
!
569

,
, , -
.
Delphi , -
. ,
-

, 2011. 672 .
ISBN: 978-5-94387-664-6
Delphi.
Del-
phi, , -
:
-
-
-
-
-
, :
- , Hangman
-
- (21)
-
570
- Mind Game ( , -)
-
-
-
- ( )
Delphi XE3
+R, 2013. 1269 .
rvGames.de.

. -
:
- XorGame (-)
- ShortGame
-
-
- - Logos
- (Color Lines)
- ,
- :
rvHitori-Solver
rvHitori , -
!
571

Delphi XE3.
FireMonkey,

.

rvGames.de.

Turbo Delphi Delphi XE3.
+R, 2013. 690 .
rvGames.de.
, -
!

PascalABC.NET 1.8. -
,

. PascalABC.NET - !
,
572
, ,
.
-
,
1 . ,
2
( )
, ! ,
PascalABC.NET
.NET -
(C#)!

PascalABC.NET.
2012-13 -
:
573

Delphi XE3
+ R, 2013. 400 .
Del-
phi XE3: FireMonkey,
(Generics),
Windows 8 (Metropolis
UI).
-
Delphi XE3

+ R, 2013. 300 .

Delphi
XE3:
FireMonkey - , -
, -
.
574

-.

+ R, 2013. 746 .
-

GDI+.
-
.
+ R, 2013. 613 .
-
!
575
+ R, 2013. 367 .

-!
+ R, 2013. 468 .
, , -
, , -,
-
-
!
576
- .

+ R, 2013. 500 .
-
-

+ R, 2013. 373 .
-
-
+ R, 2013. 700 .
Processing Java -
. -

+ R, 2013. 700 .
577
, -
. -

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+ R, 2013. 438 .
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, 1982. 238 .
2. . . -
, 1987. 192 .
3. .. -. - , 1978. 64 .
4. .. : . - ,
2005. 208 .
5. . . , 1964.
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2000. 354 .
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8. . . .: , 1987. 224 .
9. . . - .:, 1972. 495 .

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1

. 4.6. . 4.8. WriteLine

Press any key to continue

TextWindow.WriteLine("str = " + str)

(n < 10) And (m > 5)

While (n < 10) And (m > 5)

While (n < 10) And (m > 5)

(7 > 13) and (7 < 13)

(7 > 13) or (7 < 13)

if (number > 27) then

if (nElem > 8) then

TextWindow.Write(nPerm + "> ")

While (i < nElem)

if (nElem > 30) then

if (number < 1) or (number> 40000000) then

TextWindow.Write(" > ")

TextWindow.Write(" > ")

if number1 * number2=0 then

SmallBasic Graphics Window,

. 15.1. Arbat . 15.2. Arbat

. 15.3. Arial Courier New Times New Roman

GraphicsWindow.Top = (Desktop.Height - GraphicsWindow.Height)

GraphicsWindow.Left= (Desktop.Width - GraphicsWindow.Width) /

Num = -2.67 * 3.14 + -3/2 7.01 -16,8938

ps= Text.GetCharacter(13) + Text.GetCharacter(10)

s= " = " + Math.Pi + ps

s= s + "GetDegrees(0.5) = " + Math.GetDegrees(0.5) + ps

if (sinus = 0.5) Then

for y=0 to height-1

clr = 255*(1+ Math.Sin(y/wl))/2 (1)

GraphicsWindow.Title=" (" + x + "," + y + ") = "

GraphicsWindow.Left= (Desktop.Width - GraphicsWindow.Width) /

. 19.2. GetColorFromRGB(clr,0,0) . 19.3. GetColorFromRGB(0,0,clr)

clr = 255*(1+Math.Sin(x/wX) * Math.Sin(y/wY))/2

for y=0 to height-1

for x=0 to width-1

rad = Math.SquareRoot((x-CX)*(x-CX) + (y-CY) * (y-CY)) / wl

for y=0 to height-1

GraphicsWindow.DrawLine( x1, y1, x2, y2 )

(x1, y1) , (x2,

x2= Math.GetRandomNumber(width - penWidth / 2 - 1)

GraphicsWindow.DrawRectangle(x, y, width, height)

GraphicsWindow.FillRectangle(x, y, width, height)

GraphicsWindow.DrawEllipse(x, y, width, height)

GraphicsWindow.FillEllipse(x, y, width, height)

GraphicsWindow.FillTriangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)

GraphicsWindow.Width= 480 + 100

, (x1, y1) (x2, y2) -

iter= 2 axiom="(F)+(F)" "(F+F)+(F+F)" "F+F+F+F"

. 23.12. iter=1 iter=4

. 23.14. 32- iter= 2

ElseIf (cmd="W") Then

GraphicsWindow.DrawLine(pgXPosition, OffsetY, pgXPosition,

cmd[1]="A 0 2 0 B" (. 24.14, )

cmd[2]="B 0 2 0 C" (. 24.16)

While (cmd[i] <> "END")

If Direction = RIGHT Then

If Direction = DOWN Then

If yThurmit = nRow Then

If xThurmit < 0 Then

If yThurmit < 0 Then

If yThurmit = nRow Then

Controls.AddButton(caption, left, top)

clr = 255(1+Math.Sin(x/wX) Math.Sin(y/wY))/2

rad = Math.SquareRoot((x-CX)(x-CX) + (y-CY) (y-CY)) / wl

sv= sv + Math.Abs((vv - gt) dt),

1000O + 100D + 10I + n + 100D + 10V + A <> 1000A + 100*N