I wasn't more hateful
to him than any song
in his house
than one of his children-
Herebeald, Haethcyn, or my
Hygelac.
The eldest was,
Hygelac
by a kinsman's deed,
strewn on the bed of death-
Haethcyn struck his lord
and brother with the arrow
from a bow: missed the mark
and killed his kinsman
with a bloody arrow.
That was a feud that
couldn't be fought.
Weary it is to the heart:
That prince lost his life
unavenged.
That felt just as it does
for an old man to await
the swinging of his son
on the gallows.
He sings a mournful song
when his son hangs
a feast to ravens
and, though old and wise,
he cannot help.
Every morning calls to mind
the journey of his son
to elsewhere-the father
cares not to wait
for the other heirs
when he has, through
an unavoidable death,
experienced an evil.
Sorrow is in the home,
the wine-hall abandoned,
bereft of joy.
The riders sleep,
warriors in the grave;
there is no harp song,
no joy in the court.
Not as there once was.
Comes then from the
bedstead
a song of sorrow.
The house and fields
seem too large."
So Beowulf spoke
Я был
для него не более ненавистен, чем любая
песня
в его доме
, чем один из его детей-
Здесь, в Хетцине, или в моем
Гигелак.
Самым старшим был,
Хигелак
по вине родственника,
распростертый на смертном одре-
Хетцин поразил своего господина
и брата стрелой
из лука: промахнулся
и убил своего родственника
окровавленной стрелой.
Это была вражда, с которой
нельзя было бороться.
Утомительно это для сердца:
Этот принц потерял свою жизнь
неотомщенным.
Это было так же, как
для старика, ожидающего
, когда его сын будет болтаться
на виселице.
Он поет скорбную песню
, когда его сын
устраивает пир воронам
и, хотя он стар и мудр,
он не может помочь.
Каждое утро напоминает
о путешествии его сына
в другое место - отец
заботится
о том, чтобы не ждать других наследников
, когда он, через
неизбежную смерть,
испытал зло.
Печаль в доме,
заброшенный винный зал,
лишенный радости.
Всадники спят,
воины в могиле;
нет ни песни арфы,
ни радости при дворе.
Не так, как было когда-то.
Затем с
кровати
доносится песня печали.
Дом и поля
кажутся слишком большими."
Итак, Беовульф рассказал
 of his sorrow о своей скорби
for Herebeald. по Херебилду.
He could not Он не мог
for that murder за это убийство
seek revenge, мстить,
through the door потому что дверь
was not dear to him. была ему не дорога.
"When that sorrow befell "Когда это горе постигло
Hrethel Хретель
he gave up the joys of men , он отказался от человеческих радостей
and chose God's light. и выбрал Божий свет.
He left to his offspring Он оставил своему потомству
a land and a people. землю и народ.
Then were accusations Затем последовали обвинения
across the water, по ту сторону воды,
severe hostility жестокая враждебность

Беовульф рассказывает о sorrow, которое произошло в доме Hrethal с одним из его детей. Самый
старший из братьев них-Haethcyn , in a tragic accident, killed his brother Herebeald. Haethcyn
промахнулся the mark и поразил своего брата стрелой из лука в битве. С тех пор отец не мог
смириться потерю своего сына. Он не мог с ней бороться. больно это для сердца: принц так легко
потерял свою жизнь. Это горькое чувство похоже с тем, что некий старик, ждет когда его сын
будет болтаться на виселице. Hrethal поет sorrowful песню, и хотя он стар и мудр, он не может уже
помочь. Каждое утро напоминает о смерти сына- печаль в доме, заброшенный винный зал,
лишенный радости. Но Беовульф не мог отомстить on Haethcyn, так как он ему дорог.

As a result, King Hrethel retires from public life and eventually dies. Он оставил своему потомству
землю и народ. Затем последовали обвинения по ту сторону воды, жестокая враждебность from
the warlike sons of Ongentheow

The third chapter began with a visit of twelve enraged men to the dragon. The king by
that time found out how the enmity arose, this is a disaster of people. When a precious
cup came into his possession, through the hands of an informant, he understood that the
reason for this feud was the prisoner who stole this cup from the dragon.
Speaking about the inside of the lair, it was full of works of art. The dragon held those
gold treasures under the earth and no man would buy them cheap. The brave king, gold-
friend of the Geats, sat down on the headland and talked with his companion. He was sad,
restless, and ready to die. That fate was near which an old man would greet.
Beowulf spoked that he often in youth had survived the storm of battle, the time of war.
He had been seven winters old when his father had taken him to the king of the people.
Hrethal had given him treasure and feasting, remembering kinship.
Beowulf [beiawulf] told of the bale that happened in the house of
Hrethal (Хретел) to one of his sons. The oldest of brothers, called
Haethcyn  [‘hi:(th)sn], killed his brother Here`beald. (Херебеальд). In a
tragic accident Haethcyn  [‘hi:(th)sn], missed the mark and hit his
brother with a bow  |baʊ|  arrow in the battle. From then the father
could not accept the loss of his son. He could not fight it.
It pained the heart: the prince lost his life so easily. This bitter feeling is
like an old man waiting for his son to hang on the gallows. Hrethal
(Хретел) sang a sorrowful song, and thought that though he was old and
wise, he could not help anymore.
Every morning was a reminder of his son's death - sadness in the house,
an abandoned wine hall, devoid of joy.
But Beowulf could not take revEnge on Haethcyn [‘hi:(th)cun ], because
he held him dear. As a result, King Hrethel (Хретел) retires from public
life and eventually dies. He left his descEndants |dɪˈsendənts| land and
people.
(Then came the accusations on the other side of the water, violent
hostility. from the warlike sons of Ongentheow.)

Hygelac [‘hi:(dg)elak]
The Germanic tribes had a literature, but their stories and poems were not
written down - they were repeated and remembered. The poems of Germanic
tribes did not remain unchanged because poets changed them to improve in form
or to make them more interesting. The professional poets sang songs in which
they magnified the events. Sometimes they added superna tural qualities to a
hero and that`s why the historic elements in the most of those early poems were
obscured by poetic pəʊˈetɪk and mythical additions. At first all the Germanic
tribes were pagans |ˈpeɪɡənz|, but when they became Christians in the 7th
century, they began composing religious works. And soon there was established
Latin to teach. The most learned people of that time were monks. Some of them
began to put in writing poems and songs that reached them. Such people were
called "scribes" that means in Latin writers. The written Anglo-Saxons language
developed on the basis of the Latin alphabet ˈælfəbet.
1. What literature did the Germanic Tribes have? The Germanic tribes had a
literature, but it was not written down. The stories and poems they made up were
repeated and remembered
2. Why didn't the poems remain unchanged? Poets improved them in form and
sometimes they changed them to make them more interesting.
3. Were there professional poets at that time too? Yes
4. What did they do? They went from one place to another or had positions at
the courts of kings. They sang songs in which they enlarged and magnified the
deeds and events, which the songs were describing. They even sometimes added
super natural qualities to a hero
5. What were most of the early poems based on? on historic facts but historic
elements were obscured by poetic and mythical additions
6. Were the Germanic tribes pagans or Christians before the 7th century?
pagans
7. When did Anglo-Saxons become Christians? in the 7th century
8. Who were the most learned people of that time? monks
9. What did some of the monks begin to do? to put in writing poems and songs
that reached them.
10. Prove that the written Anglo-Saxon language developed on the basis of the
Latin alphabet. Some monks who began to put in writing poems and songs were
called "scribes". "Scribe" comes from the Latin word "scribere" — "to write". The
written Anglo-Saxons language developed on the basis of the Latin alphabet.
Beowulf
Beowulf f beiawulf] is the most important poem of the Anglo-Saxon period about
the Scandinavians of the 3rd or 4th century. The story of Beowulf was written
down in the 10th century by an unknown author. Its social interest lies in the vivid
description of the life of that period, of the manners and customs and relations of
the people at that time.
The scene takes place among the Jutes, and their neighbors the Danes. Both The
Jutes and the Danes were good sailors and they could sailed to far-off lands. The
warriors are the characters of these poem. The main hero, Beowulf, is a strong,
courageous, unselfish, proud and honest man. He fights not for his glory, he fights
for the benefit of his people.
The Song of Beowulf is an English poem. The social conditions it depicted, the
form and the spirit of the poem are English. The poem is composed with great
skill. The author used many vivid words and descriptive phrases. It`s style also
interests us. And the poem is famous for its metaphors. Beowulf is one of the
early masterpieces of Old English language.
(((For instance, the poet calls the sea "the swan's road", the body — "the bone-
house", a warrior — "a heroinbattle", etc. )))
The Story
Hrothgar [' hroGga:], King of the Danes, had built a hall called Heorot (хээрот) to
gathere there his men for feasts. One night as they were all sleeping a monster
called Grendel broke into the hall, killed thirty of the sleeping warriors, and
carried off their bodies in his lair  |leə| under the sea. This creature came night
after night, and Grendel's horrible raids continued for twelve winters. Then
Beowulf, a man of immense strength and warrior decided to fight the monster
and free the Danes. With fourteen companions he crossed the sea.
The Danes receive Beowulf and his companions with great hospitality. But as
night approaches the fear of Grendel is again upon the Danes. Beowulf stays in
the hall with his warriors, saying proudly that since weapons cannot harm the
monster, he will wrestle with him barehanded. Breaking into the hall, Grendel
seizes one of the sleepers and devours him. Beowulf grapples his enemy
barehanded. After a desperate struggle Beowulf manages to tear off the
monster's arm; Grendel escapes shrieking across the moor, and plunges into the
sea to die.
Beowulf hangs the huge arm with its terrible claws over the king's seat; the Danes
rejoice in Beowulf's victory. When night falls, a great feast is spread. The Danes
once more go to sleep in the great hall. At midnight comes mother of Grendel,
who wants to revenge her son. She seizes the king's best friend and rushes away
with him over the fens. The old king is broken-hearted, but Beowulf consoles him.
Then Beowulf prepares for a new fight. After a terrible fight at the bottom of the
sea in the cave where the monsters live, Beowulf kills the she-monster with a
magic sword which he finds in the cave. The hero returns to Heorot, where the
Danes are already mourning for him, thinking him dead. Triumphantly Beowulf
returns to his native land.
In the last part of the poem there is another great fight. Beowulf is now an old
man; he has reigned for fifty years, beloved by all his people. He has overcome
every enemy but one, a fire dragon keeping watch over an enormous treasure
hidden among the mountains. Again Beowulf goes to fight for his people. But he
is old and his end is near. In a fierce battle the dragon is killed, but the fire has
entered Beowulf's lungs.
He sends Wiglaf, the only of his warriors who had the courage to stand by him in
his last fight, to the dragon's cave for the treasures. Beowulf dies, leaving the
treasures to the people.

Questions and Tasks

1. When was poem Beowulf compiled? in the 10th century
2. What is the social interest of the poem? Its social interest lies in the vivid
description of the life of that period, of the manners and customs of the people at
that time, of the relations among the members of the society and in the portrayal
of their towns, ships and feasts
3. What time does the poem tell us of? about the Scandinavians when they lived
on the continent in the 3rd or 4th century.
4. Where is the scene of the poem set? The scene takes place among the Jutes,
who lived on the Scandinavian peninsula at the time.
5. What does the poem tell us about the Jutes and the Danes? The Jutes and
the Danes were good sailors. Their ships sailed round the coast of the peninsula
and to far-off lands.
6. What kind of man was the young knight of the Jutes Beowulf? , Beowulf, is a
strong, courageous, unselfish, proud and honest man. He defends his people
against the unfriendly forces of nature and becomes the most beloved and
kindest king on the earth as the theme of the poem is the straggle of good against
evil. Beowulf fights not for his glory, he fights for the benefit of his people.
7. How is the poem composed? The poem is composed with great skill. The
author used many vivid words and descriptive phrases.
8. What interests us besides the subject of the poem? It is not only the subj ect
of the poem that interests us but also its style
9. What is the poem famous for? for its metaphors
10. Retell the contents of Beowulf.

Vocabulary/ Ancient Britons

1. altar ['o:lta] n алтарь

2. mistletoe ['misltau] n омела
3. ancient ['emjbnt] а древний
4. origin |'Dna^in| n происхождение
5. cloth [klrjG] n ткань, материал
6. primitive ['pnmitiv] о примитивный
7. coarse [ko:s] а грубый ч
8. race [reisj n род; племя
9. custom ['kAstam] n обычай
10. sacred f'seikrid] а священный
11. dawn [do:n] n рассвет; начало
12. sacrifice ['ssknfais] v приносить жертвы
13. descendant [di'sendant] n потомок
14. temple ['tempi] n храм
15. fragment ['frsegmgnt] n обломок, ос-
16. tribe [traib] n племя колок; pi
17. остатки warrior ['wonal n воин

Vocabulary/ Roman Invasion

1. bath [ba:9] n баня

2. civilization [sivilai'zeijsn] n цивилизация; культура
3. encamp [т'кагтр] v располагать лагерем
4. highway ['haiwei] n шоссе, автомагистраль
5. invade [m'veid] v вторгаться
6. military ['militan] а военный
7. remains [n'meinz] n pi остатки
8. ruin [rum] n pi развалины, руины
9. troop [tru:p] n войска
10. tiled [taild] а покрытый плиткой
11. valuable ['vaeljuabl] а ценный

Vocabulary/ THE INVASION BY GERMANIC TRIBES

1. artistic [a:'tistik] а артистический

2. comparatively [kam'pasretrvli] advсравнительно
3. express [iks'pres] v выражать
4. generation [^dsera'reijbn] n поколение
5. goddess [gndis] n богиня
6. hardy ['ha:di] а выносливый, стойкий
7. invader [m'veida] n захватчик
8. invasion [m'vei39n] n вторжение
9. memorize [ 'memaraiz] v запоминать; заучивать наизусть
10. pagan ['peigsn] n язычник
11. prosperity [pros'penti] n процветание
12. rune [ru:n] n руна
13. settle ['setl] v поселяться, обосновываться
14. shift [fift] v перемещаться
15. withdraw [wi6'dro:] v (withdrew; withdrawn) забирать; отзывать withdrawn [wi6'dro:n]
p.p. от withdraw

Vocabulary/ LITERATURE OF THE GERMANIC TRIBES

1. add [aed] v добавлять

2. addition [s'dijbn] n дополнение
3. adopt [g'dDpt] v принимать
4. Christian ['knstjan] n христианин
5. Christianity Lkristi'asnrti] n христианство
6. compose [ksm'psuz] v сочинять, создавать
7. convert [kan'v3:t] v обращать (в другую веру)
8. establish [is'taeblij] v основывать; создавать
9. magnify ['msegmfai] v восхвалять
10. missionary ['гш/пэп] п миссионер
11. monk [тлпк] п монах
12. mythical ['гш01кэ1] о фантастический, вымышленный
13. obscure [sb'skjus] v затемнять
14. position [pa'zifsn] n должность
15. quality ['kwoliti] n качество
16. supenatural [,sju:p3'naetfr3l]
 Vocabulary/ Beowulf

1. avenge [a'vencfo] v мстить

2. bale [beil] n несчастье; горе
3. band [bsnd] n полоса
4. bare-handed ['beg'haendid] а голыми руками (без оружия)
5. bear [Ьеэ] v (bore; borne) нести
6. benefit ['benifit] n польза, благо
7. breeze [bri:z] n (легкий) ветерок
8. claw [klo:] n лапа с когтями; коготь
9. clutch [kktj] v зажать
10. ere [еэ] — поэтич. перед
11. companion [кэт'рэегуэп] п товарищ
12. compose [кэт'рэш] v сочинять
13. console [ksn'sgul] v утешать
14. contents ['kontgnts] n содержание
15. councillor ['kaunsita] n советник
16. courageous [ka'reid^as] а смелый, отважный
17. creature ['kritjb] n создание; живое существо
18. deed [di:d] n поступок; подвиг
19. depict [di 'pikt] v изображать, описывать
20. descriptive [dis 'knptivj о описательный; наглядный
21. desperate ['despant] а отчаянный; ужасный
22. devour [di'vaua] v пожирать
23. dragon ['draegan] n дракон
24. embankment [im'bcerjkmsnt] n насыпь
25. enormous [I'noimas] о громадный, огромный
26. epic ['epik] n эпическая поэма
27. evil [i:vl] n зло
28. fan [fsen] v поэт, обвевать, освежать (о ветерке)
29. fasten ['fa:sn] v скреплять; укреплять
30. fear [йэ] л страх
31. feast [first] n пир; празднество
32. fen [fen] л болото, топь
33. floater f'flauta] n плот, паром
34. foamy ['fbumi] о покрытый пеной
35. frightful ['fraitful] о страшный, ужасный
36. gleam [gli:m] v светиться; мерцать
37. glide [glaid] v двигаться крадучись
38. glitter ['gilts] v блестеть, сверкать
39. grapple ['graepl] v схватиться, бороться
40. grip [grip] n сжатие
41. harm [ha:m] v вредить, причинять вред
42. hospitality Lhnspi'taeliti] n гостеприимство
43. immense [i 'mens] а огромный, громадный
44. lair [1еэ] п логовище; нора
45. leap [li:p] v (leapt, leaped) прыгнуть, вскочить
46. manuscript ['maenjusknpt] n рукопись
47. masterpiece ['ma:stapi:s] n шедевр
48. mead [mi:d] n мёд (напиток)
49. metaphor ['metafa] n метафора
50. misty ['misti] а туманный
51. monster ['rrmnsta] n чудовище
52. moorland ['mualand] местность, поросшая вереском
53. mourn [mo:n] v оплакивать; скорбеть
54. overcome [^эшэ'клт] v (overcame; overcome) побороть, победить
55. paw [po:] n nana
56. peninsula [pi'ninsjula] n полуостров
57. plunge ['pUnay v нырять; бросаться
58. portrayal [po:'treial] n описание; изображение
59. precipitous [pn' srpitas] n крутой; отвесный
60. rage [reidj;] n ярость, гнев
61. raid [reid] n набег
62. rejoice [n'djois] v радоваться
63. roar [ro:] v реветь, рычать
64. rumour ['ш:тэ] п слух, молва
65. scene [si:n] n место действия
66. shriek [fri:k] v пронзительно кричать, орать
67. sloping ['slaupirj] а покатый
68. spirit ['spirit] n дух
69. stroke [strauk] n удар
70. subject ['sAbdpkt] n тема
71. swollen ['swaulan] а опухший; раздутый
72. sword [so:d] n меч
73. theme [9i:m] л тема
74. twist [twist] v крутить; виться
75. twiststemmed vessel судно с витым носом
76. vivid ['vivid] а яркий
77. warn [wo:n] v предупреждать
78. wrath [ro:9] n гнев, ярость