Pakistan Studies Book

Pakistan Studies 1
‫مسباہللارلنمحارلمیح‬
Indeed, Islam is the only right way of life

in the Sight of Allah Al-Mighty
(Surah Al-i-Imran:19)
‫ےبکشاہللاعتٰیلےکزندکیدنیرصفاالسمےہ۔‬
PAKISTAN STUDIES
(HAYAT - UL - ISLAM)
By
Dr. H. Muhammad Younus
M.A. (Pakistan Studies)
M.A. (Islamic Studies)
M.A. (Arabic, Urdu & Persian)
MOL (Arabic) Ph.D (SU)
NAME: REG. NO.
PROGRAME: SECTION: .
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION:
Pakistan Studies 2
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WITH WRITER
Name of Book : Pakistan Studies

(Hayat - ul - Islam)
Aurthor : Dr. H. Muhammad Younus

M.A. Ph.D (SU)
Pages :
Composing : FAHIM composing Center

Urdu Bazar Lahore
Edition : 1st
Publishing date : August 2019
Published by : Daira Noor ul Quran

Multan Road Lahore
Pakistan Studies 3
Table of Contants
Contents �� Page
PREFACE BY THE WRITER��5
Vital Importance of Intention��6
CHAPTER # 1��7
Pakistan Firm Relation with Emaan and Islam��7
CHAPTER # 2��25
Ideology, Islamic Ideology, Establishment of Pakistan��25
and Two Nation Theory��32
CHAPTER # 3��48
Set up of Muslim Society in the Sub-Continent��48
CHAPTER # 4��54
Major Revolutionary Movements in India ��54
CHAPTER # 5��66
Establishment of British Rule��66
CHAPTER # 6��72
Geographical Importance unique position and administrative Division
of Pakistan��72
CHAPTER # 7��102
The Aligarh Movement and its significance Value. ��102
The Culture of Pakistan��112
Pakistan Studies 4
Natural, Minerals and Power Resources of Pakistan��149
Different Political Movements before Pakistan��169
Struggle for Pakistan��191
Initial Problems of Pakistan��201
Political History of Pakistan (1947 to up to date)��208
Major Problems of Pakistan & their Solution��241
Foreign Policy of Pakistan and Relationship with
Iran, China, Afghanistan, USA and India��279
Pakistan Studies 5
PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR

All praises and thanks belong to Allah (SWT) alone and unlimited
blessings upon our Prophet Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬. I got Masters Degrees in
Pakistan Studies, Arabic, Persian, Islamic Studies and Urdu from
Punjab University Lahore and Ph.D. in Islamic Studies from Sindh
University. I have rich experience to teach Pakistan studies and Islamic
Studies at graguaction and post graguation level in different educational
insitutions. I was keenly interested in writing a text book for different
level students. I am extremely thankful to Allah (SWT), with the core
of my heart, Who gave me knowledge, wisdom, dedication and vision
to achieve my objective. The title of my book is Hayat-ul-Islam. The
book provides a comprehensive guideline about Pakistan Studies and
Pakistan affairs. I have explained the detail of different Political
Movements. History and Current affairs about Pakistan in this book.

M.A. Ph.D (SU)
Pakistan Studies 6
VITAL IMPORTANCE OF INTENTION

Meaning of Intention:
Intention is defined as a firm determination of the mind and the heart.
Vital Importance of Intention:
Intention has a vital importance and the center of our intention is heart.
our every action depends upon our intention. Intention plays a vital role
in our entire life.
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬said:
In deed, actions are dependent upon intention (Bukhari, Usool-e-Kafi)
Relation of deeds with intention:
We should be very carefull regarding our intention in our daily life. If
our intention is right then all our deeds will be right and if it is wrong
then all of our deeds will also be wrong.
Humble Pray of the Author:
O, my beloved Lord, Allah (SWT), I humbly request that please purify
my intention with sincerity, and I pray with the core of my heart that
please accept my humble work named ‘Hayat-ul-Islam’ (Movements &
History of Pakistan) (Ameen).
Our Lord! Accept (this service) from us: You are the All-Hearing, the
All-knowing.

M.A. Ph.D (SU)
Pakistan Studies 7
CHAPTER # 1
PAKISTAN FIRM RELATIONSHIP

WITH EMAAN AND ISLAM
Foundation of all chapters

Relationship with Islam and Pakistan:
Islam is the most complete code of life. It is deeply linked with Pakistan.
Pakistan and the Ideology of Islam are same because it was based on
Islamic Ideology and its roots were deeply related with Pakistan and
Islam. The creation of Pakistan was based on the famous slogan.
Pakistan ka matlab kiya : La Ilala Illallah, Muhammad ur
Rasoolullah
The word Pakistan means “the land of the pure”.
The foundation of all chapter of Pakistan studies are based on faith
(belief).
Basic Six beliefs of Islam are as follows:
i. Faith in Allah (SWT)
ii. Faith in Angels
iii. Faith in Holy Books.
iv. Faith in Messengers of Allah (SWT).
v. Faith in the Day of Judgment.
vi. Faith in Divine Destiny (Good and bad).
Pakistan Studies 8
What is Belief (Faith)?
A firm belief of acceptance something as true and strong confidence as
the truth and reality is called Faith.
Hadith - e - Mubaraka about faith:
‫قال رسول ہللا صیل ہللا علیہ وسلم حین سئل عن االیمان ان تؤمن ابہلل‬
‫ومالئکتہ و کتبہ و رسلہ والیوم االخر و تؤمن ابلقدر خیرہ و رشہ‬
)‫(خباری و مسلم‬
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬said ‘your firm believes in Allah,
His Angels, His Holy Books, His Messengers’, on the Day of Judgment,
and in the truth of Divine destiny good and bad is called faith. (Bukhari
& Muslim)
Three Commitments:
There are three commitments (Steps) of Belief:
i. Verbal Commitment.
ii. Commitment by Heart.
iii. Practical Commitment.
i. Verbal Commitment:
The first step of Faith is verbal commitment. It is called Iqrar-um-
Billasan (Commitment by Tongue) in Arabic Term. Any person who
accepts Islam voluntarily and he/she says verbally I belief in oneness of
Allah (SWT) and I am beer witness that Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬is His
Messenger and Servant. This is called verbal commitment.
ii. Commitment by Heart:
The second category is acceptance by heart; it means that after the
verbal commitment, verification by heart is also mandatory. Allah says:
Pakistan Studies َ 9
ُ َ َ َ ُ
ٓ ُ ٰ ُ ّ ُْ َ ٰ ُ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ
‫اب ا َم ّنا ۭ قل ل ْم ت ْؤ ِم ُن ْوا َول ِك ْن ق ْول ْوا ا ْسل ْم َنا َو ل َّما يَ ْدخ ِل‬ ‫ت العر‬ ِ ‫قال‬
ْ ُ ُُْ ْ ُ َ ْ ْ
)۴۱:‫اليمان ِف قلوبِكم (وسرة ارجحلات‬ ِ
The desert Arabs say: We believe. Say: You believe not but you only
say, ‘We have surrendered (in Islam),’ for Faith has not yet entered in
your hearts. . (Surah Al-Hoojurat : 14)
Test Your Learning (Part-I)

Q.1. What is commitment by heart?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
iii. Practical Commitment:
The third and most important step of the Faith is practical demand. If
any believer who will not follow Islam practically, his/her belief will
not be completed. The Holy Quran provided guideline to his believers
that after the Faith, doing good deeds practically is compulsory
requirement of Islam. Allah Almighty says:
ٰ ّ ٰ ُ َ َ ْ ُ َ ٰ َ ْ َّ َّ ْ ُ َ َ َ ْ ْ َّ ْ َ ْ َ
‫ت‬
ِ ‫س اِل ال ِذي امنوا وع ِملوا الص ِلح‬ ْ
ٍ ‫النسان ل ِف خ‬ ِ ‫ص اِن‬ ِ ‫والع‬
َّ ‫اص ْوا ب‬
ْ ‫لص‬ ْ
َ ‫اص ْوا بل َح ّق َوتَ َو‬
َ ‫َوتَ َو‬
)۴‫۔‬۱:‫ب (وسرة ارصعل‬ِ ِ ِ ِ
By Al-Asr (the time). Verily, man is in loss. Except those who believe
(in Islamic Monotheism) and do righteous good deeds, and recommend
one another to the truth [i.e. order one another to perform all kinds of
good deeds (Al-Maruf) which Allah has ordained, and abstain from all
kinds of sins and evil deeds (Al-Munkar) which Allah has forbidden],
and recommend one another to patience (for the sufferings, harms, and
injuries which one may encounter in Allah’s Cause during preaching
His religion of Islamic Monotheism or Jihad). (Surah Al-Asr 1-4).
Pakistan Studies 10
Explanation:
These Verses of the Holy Quran clearly give the message to true
believers that after accepting faith, doing righteous deeds are compulsory.
It is one of the mandatory demand of Faith. Verbal commitment is not
sufficient. Allah (SWT) loves practicing Muslims.
Q.2. Why righteous deeds are compulsory?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Practical Practice:
Any Muslim who is not a good and practicing Muslim he/she can not
become a good citizen of Pakistan.
Three Fundamental Faiths:
Three Fundamental faiths (believes) that cover the six faith of Islam are
as following:
Believe in Allah (SWT)
Believe on Prophethood
Believe on Dooms Day
Before explaining the concept of Tauheed in the light of Holy
Quran, brief introduction of the Holy Quran is described:
INTRODUCTION OF THE HOLY QURAN

What is the Meaning Quran?:
QURAN is an Arabic word that means The recitation. The Holy Quran
is only Holy Book, which is recited, mostly and repeatedly. This is the
reason that this Book is called Quran.
Pakistan Studies 11
The Holy Quran is a perfect code of life which Allah Almighty has sent
down upon the heart of His apostle Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬. Allah Al-Mighty
says:
ُ َ ْ َ ٰ َ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ ُّ
َ‫ك ِل َتك ْو َن ِمن‬
َ َ َ َ ْ َ ٰ ْ ّ َ ُ ْ ْ َ َ ٗ َّ َ
‫نيل ر ِب العل ِمي نزل بِ ِه الروح ال ِمي ع قل ِب‬ ِ ‫وْ اِنه لت‬
َ ْ ‫ال ُم ْن ِذر‬
)۱۹۴‫۔‬۱۹۲‫ي (وسرةارعشلاء‬ ِ
And truly, this (the Quran) is a revelation from the Lord of the world
(mankind, jinn and all that exists). Which the trustworthy Ruh [Jibril
(Gabriel)] has brought down. Upon your heart (O Muhammad‫ )ﷺ‬that
you may be (one) of the Warner. (Surah Shooarah. 192-194)
Forever living Miracle of Prophet Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬:
The forever living miracle of our beloved Prophet, Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬is
the Holy Quran. It provides perfect guidance to the human beings. The
Quran is the word of Allah Almighty and contains perfect guideline for
entire mankind till the Dooms Day.
Q.3. What is the meaning of Quran and why this Holy Book is called
Quran?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.4. Which part of body of Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬the Holy Quran has
been revealed?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Sayings of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) about Faith:
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), when asked about faith, He
said:
Pakistan Studies 12
‫قال رسول ہللا صیل ہللا علیہ وسلم حین سئل عن االیمان ان تؤمن ابہلل‬
‫ومالئکتہ و کتبہ ورسلہ والیوم االخر و تؤمن ابلقدر خیرہ و رشہ‬
)‫(اخبریوملسم‬
You should believe in Allah Almighty, His Angles, His Books, His
Messengers and the Day of Judgment and in the truth of Divine Destiny
good and bad (Bukhari and Muslim).
Good Taste of Faith:
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬said:
‫قال رسول ہللا صیل ہللا علیہ وسلم ذاق طعم االیمان من ریض ابہلل راب و‬
‫ابالسالم دینا و بمحمد رسوال (اجعمرتذمی)۔‬
The person has indeed good taste of faith who is pleased that Allah
Almighty is His Lord and Islam is His Deen (Perfect code of life) and
Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬is His Messenger. (Jamia Termizi).
Five basic pillars of Islam:
The Holy Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:
“Islam has five basic pillars. Tawheed & Prophethood, Prayer, Fasting,
Zakat and Hajj”.
Place of Action:
This world is called Da-rul-Amal (Place of Action). Our deeds are being
maintained and will be judged as per code of Islamic law.
Place of Reward:
Hereafter is called Da-rul-Jaza (Place of complete Reward). Some
rewards are also given in this world as well. We have firm believe that
our deeds will be weighed definitely.
Pakistan Studies 13
Lesson from Dooms Day:
The lesson we get from Dooms Day is that we are accountable and
answerable to Allah (SWT).
Focus on Meditation:
Islam gives special focus on meditation to get the lesson from things
and reliaze Allah’s (SWT) blessing that He has given to us.
Practical Demand:
We must perform our duties as a citizen of Pakistan practically and
fulfill the requirements of our firm faith in our daily life.
Q.5. Why does Islam give special focus on meditation.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Relationship between the Holy month of Ramazan and
Pakistan:
Pakistan came into being on 27 Ramazan-ul-Mubarik 1366 A.H.
Demand of Pakistan in the Sight of Quaid-e-Azam:
Quaid-e-Azam declard his point of view about demanding of Pakistan
in his address at Islamia College Peshawar in 1946. He said: “We do not
demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory
where we could experiment on Islamic Principles”.
Theme of Quaid-e-Azam address at ICP in 1946:
Demanding Pakistan is like a laboratory to exercise principles of Islam.
Q.6. Which thing is based on the foundation of all chapter of Pakistan
Studies?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
‫‪Pakistan Studies‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫ایقماپاتسکن‪،‬ااکحتسماپاتسکناورامہریذہمدارایں‬
‫(االسکماپاتسکنایوکیسرلاپاتسکن)‬
‫ونطیکرکفرکاندانتبیصمآےنوایلےہ‬
‫رتیربابدویںےکوشمرےںیہآامسونںںیم‬
‫(اابقل)‬
‫مہدنمرہجذلیونعاانتےکتحتاسیکواضتحرکےتںیہ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬۔اپاتسکن‪:‬اہللرکمیاکاکیمیظعہیطع۔‬
‫تکلمم دخادا اپاتسکن البہبش اہلل رکمی اک اکی میظع ہیطع ےہ وج اُس ےن راضمن اابملرک یک‬
‫اتسوسیئںیبشوکبشہعمجںیمہیتمعناطعرفامیئ۔ارگہچونطزعزیوہےنےکانےتاپاتسکنےکلبقتسم‬
‫ےکوحاےلےسوغرورکفرکانمہرپالزمےہنکیلاپاتسکنےکابرےںیممہرپہیذہمداریاسےئلڑبھ‬
‫اجیتےہہکہی وہ وادحکلمےہسج ےکایقم یکاینبد یہ االسمےہ۔اپاتسکن اک اطمہبل رکےن واولں یک ہن‬
‫زابناکییھت‪،‬ہناقثتف‪،‬ہنلسناورہنرگناکیاھت۔اُنےکدرایمنوادحرتشمہکأاسسرصفاوررصف‬
‫االسمیکیھت۔مہےنہیکلماحلصایکاھتہکمہاہیںاالسماکوبلابالرکںیےگ۔اہتبلہیابتیھبدرتس‬
‫املسماننربمیظعےکدحتموہےناکاکییفنمببسدنہووقماکبصعتیھب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ےہہکاپاتسکنےکایقمےکےئل‬
‫اھت۔ںیمہوخفاھتہکارگدحتمہدنہواتسنآزادوہاوتدنہومہےساینپاسہقبوکحمیماکااقتنمےلاگ۔امہریاِس‬
‫وصرتاحلےساطمتقبرےنھکوایلیسیکواحضہشقنیشکاِسآتیںیمیکیئگےہہک‪:‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ئ‬
‫د�ےئگےھت‪،‬متڈرےتےھتہکولگ‬ ‫’’اورایدرکوہکبجمتدعتادںیممکےھت‪،‬زنیمںیمزمکوررک ی‬
‫ںیہمتدوبچںیلےگ‪،‬سپاہللےنںیہمتاکھٹہندایاوراینپاخصرصنفےساہمتریدمدیک‘‘۔(االافنل‪)26:‬‬
‫ہیآتیدمیندورںیماُناحصہبرکامریضاہللمہنعےساطخبےکذلیںیمانزلوہیئوجہکمرکمہم‬
‫املسمانن ربریغص رپیھب وہ راہ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ےس رجہت رک ےک دمہنیونمرہ آےئ ےھت‪ ،‬نکیل آج اس آتی اک وہوہب االطق‬
‫ےہ۔ںیمہدنہووقمےسملظوزایدیتےکدخاشتےھت‪،‬ذٰہلامہےندحتموہرکدحیلعہونطےکوصحلےکےئل‬
‫دجودہجیکامہریودحتیکاینبداالسمیہےکرہتشرپاُوتساریھت۔فلتخمرگنولسناورزابنوبےنلواولں‬
‫ےناکیڈنھجےےلتعمجوہرکسجرعنےرپدجودہجیکوہ’’اپاتسکناکبلطمایک؟الاہلاالاہلل‘‘اھت۔اوراہلل‬
‫اعتٰیل ےن اپاتسکن یک وصرت ںیم اکھٹہن اطع رفام دای۔وگای االسم وک اپاتسکن یکلیکشت ںیم ہلصیف نک اعلم یک‬
‫تیثیحاحلصیھت۔العہماابقلےکہیاافلظاپاتسکنرپسکدقراصدقآےتںیہہک’’االسمریتادسیےہوت‬
‫وفطصمیےہ‘‘۔‬
‫‪2‬۔دووقیمرظنہیاکاالسمےسقلعت‪:‬‬
‫دووقیمرظنہیرقآنمیکحےن‪14‬وساسلےلہپرفکواالسموکدودجااگہنوتیثیحںںیمشیپایک۔‬
‫’’نجولوگںےنرفکایکاور(دورسوںوک)اہللیکراہےسرواکاہللاعتٰیلےناےکنلمعاضعئرکدےیئ۔اوروجولگ‬
‫اامینالےئاورکینلمعےئکاوروجھچکدمحمﷺرپانزلوہاےہ‪،‬اسرپاامینالےئاورویہاُےکنربیکرطف‬
‫ےسقحےہ۔اہللےنانیکرباایئںدوررکدںیاوراناکاحلدرتسرکدای‘‘۔(وسرةدمحمﷺآتی‪)1،2:‬‬
‫‪3‬۔ابابےئوقماکاڈیورڈاکجلاشپورںیماطخب‪:‬‬
‫‪ 17‬ونربم‪1945‬ء وک ابابےئ وقم ےن اڈیورڈ اکجل اشپور ںیم رقتری رکےت وہےئ رفامای۔ ’’مہ دوونں‬
‫وقومں(املسمنودنہو)ںیمرصفذمبہاکرفقںیہن‪،‬امہرارچلکاکیدورسےےساگلےہ۔امہرادنی‬
‫ںیمہاکیاضہطبایحتداتیےہوجزدنیگےکرہےبعشںیمامہریرامنہیئرکاتےہمہاساضہطبےکاطمقب‬
‫زدنیگرسبرکاناچےتہںیہ‘‘۔‬
‫وصم ِراپاتسکنالعہماابقلےناِستقیقحیکواضتحاِسرطحیک‪:‬‬
‫اوقام رغمب ےس ہن رک‬ ‫اینپ تلم رپ ایقس ِ‬
‫روسل اہیمش‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اخص ےہ رتبیک ںیم وقم‬
‫اُن یک تیعمج اک ےہ کلم و بسن رپ ااصحنر‬
‫وقت ذمبہ ےس مکحتسم ےہ تیعمج رتی‬ ‫ِ‬
‫‪4‬۔اپاتسکنےکایقماکدصقم‪:‬‬
‫اپاتسکنےکایقماکدصقمہیاھتہکاسربریغصےکاملسمناینپزدنیگیکریمعتاالسیمامیلعتتاوررواایتےک‬
‫اطمقبرکاناچےتہےھت۔اسےئلہکوہداینرپًالمعواحضرکدانیاچےتہےھت‪،‬ہکآجایحتااسنینوکوجرطح‬
‫رطحیکامیبرایںگلیئگںیہ‪،‬انبسےکےئلرصفاالسمیہاریسکامیظعیکتیثیحراتھکےہ۔‬
‫‪5‬۔العہماابقلاکوصت ِراپاتسکن۔‬
‫‪1930‬ء ںیم العہم اابقل ےنملسم گیل ےک اسالہن االجس ںیم اہٰلآابد ےک اقمم رپاتریخی ہبطخ‬
‫دصارتدایاوراپاتسکنےکایقمیکاشبرتاناافلظںیمدی‪’’:‬ںیمدنہواتسناوراالسمےکرتہبنیافمدںیم‬
‫اکیاگلملسمرایتسےکانبےناکاطمہبلرکات وہں‘‘۔‬
‫’’االسمےکےئلہیاکیومعقوہاگہکرعبولمتیکےکتحتاسرپوجرپدےڑپےئگےھتان‬
‫روحرصعےس‬ ‫ےساکٹھچرااحلصرکےکساوراےنپوقانین‪،‬امیلعتتاوراقثتفوکاینپالصروحےکاسھت ِ‬
‫مہآگنہرکےکس‘‘۔‬
‫وگایاملسمونںوکاموییسےکادنریھوںےسالعہماابقلےناکنالاوراالسمےکرونشلبقتسمےکرشبم‬
‫نبرکاسےنمآےئ۔وقبلاابقل‪:‬‬
‫آامسں وہ اگ رحس ےک ونر ےس آہنیئ وپش‬
‫اور تملظ رات یک امیسب اپ وہ اجےئ یگ‬
‫ِ‬
‫اغیپم وجسد‬ ‫رھپ دولں وک اید آاجےئ اگ‬
‫اخک رحم ےس آانش وہ اجےئ یگ‬ ‫رھپ ںیبج ِ‬
‫آھکن وج ھچک دیتھکی ےہ بل ہپ آ اتکس ںیہن‬
‫وحمِ ریحت وہں ہک داین ایک ےس ایک وہ اجےئ یگ‬
‫بش رگزیاں وہ یگ آرخ ولجہ وخردیش ےس‬
‫ہی نمچ ومعمر وہ اگ ہمغن وتدیح ےس‬
‫‪6‬۔اقدئامظعاکوصت ِراپاتسکن‪:‬‬
‫اقدئامظعےن ِ‬
‫ایقماپاتسکنےسلبقاوردعبںیمالبابمہغلوسےسزادئاقترریںیملسلسمرکتارےک‬
‫اسھترصفاالسمیکابتیک۔اقدئامظعیکاقتررییکدنچہشرسایخںدرجذلیںیہ‪:‬‬
‫‪i‬۔‘‘ملسمگیلاکڈنھجااالسماکڈنھجاےہ’’۔‪13‬ونجری‪1938‬ء‬
‫‪ii‬۔‘‘االسماکاقونندایناکرتہبنیاقوننےہ’’۔‪22‬ونربم‪1938‬ء‬
‫‪iii‬۔‘‘تلماالسہیماعیملےہ’’۔‪18‬ارپلی‪1938‬ء‪،‬ااٹسرآفاڈنای۔‬
‫‪iv‬۔‘‘ںیما ّولوآرخاملسمنوہں’’۔‪7‬اتسگ‪1938‬ء‬
‫‪v‬۔‘‘ااسننہفیلخاہللےہ’’۔‪13‬ونربم‪1939‬ء‬
‫‪vi‬۔‘‘دنہواوراملسمندودجااگہنوقںیمںیہ’’۔‪9‬امرچ‪1940‬ءاٹزمئآفدنلن۔‬
‫‪vii‬۔‘‘ریمااغیپمرقآنےہ’’۔‪26‬امرچ‪1940‬ء‬
‫‪7‬۔اپاتسکنےکوکیسرلاقبطتاورریبویندبوخاوہںیکطلغاتوالیت‪:‬‬
‫اپاتسکنےکوکیسرلاقبطت اورریبویندبوخاوہںےنابیناپاتسکنیک‪ 11‬اتسگ‪1947‬ءیکرقترییک‬
‫نمامیناتوالیترکےکہیاثتبرکاناچاہہکاقدئامظعاپاتسکنوکاکیوکیسرلکلمدانھکیاچےتہےھت۔دجدی‬
‫قیقحتےساثتبوہاےہہکاقدئامظعیک‪11‬اتسگیکرقتریںیمرسےےسوکیئانتمزہعابتوموجدیہںیہن‬
‫یھت۔ہیدعہیلےکاکیاسہقبوکیسرلبصنمدارےنایختناکاظمرہہرکےتوہےئضعبولمجںاکاینپرطف‬
‫ےسااضہفرکدایاھت۔ربشٹالربئریییکوپریاھچننیبےکابووجدانااضیفولمجںاکرساغںیہناگلایاج‬
‫اکس۔وغربلطابتےہہک’’وکیسرلاپاتسکن‘‘انبےنےکےئل’’وکیسرلاھبرت‘‘ےساگلوہےنیکایکرضورت‬
‫یھت؟اترخییکبسےسڑبیااسنینرجہتویکںلمعںیمآیئ؟الوھکںاجونںیکرقابینویکںدییئگ؟زہاروں‬
‫املسمنوعروتںیکزعتوتمصعیکرقابینویکںوگارایکیئگ؟‬
‫تقیقحہیےہہکہیبسھچکوفطصمیﷺدسیےکایقمےکےئلرقابنایکایگ۔‬
‫‪8‬۔اقدئامظعاک‪25‬ونجری‪1948‬ءوکرکایچابراوسییسانشیےساطخب‪:‬‬
‫اقدئامظعےن‪25‬ونجری‪1948‬ءوکرکایچابراوسییسانشیےساطخبرکےتوہےئدووٹکادناز‬
‫ںیمرفامایاھت‪:‬‬
‫’’االسیمأوصلآجیھبامہریزدنیگےکےئلایسرطحاقلبلمعںیہسجرطحریتہوساسلےلہپ‬
‫اقلبلمعےھت۔ںیمںیہنھجمساکسہکولوگںاکاکیرگوہاجنوبھجرکہنتفادنازیےسہیابتویکںالیھپاناچاتہ‬
‫ےہہکاپاتسکناکآنیئرشتعییکاینبدرپدم ّونںیہنایکاجےئاگ‘‘۔‬
‫‪9‬۔اقدئامظعےکذایتاعمجلڈارٹکرایضیلعاشہاکایبن‪:‬‬
‫اقدئامظعےناینپوافتےسدونیتدنےلہپاےنپذایتاعمجلڈارٹکرایضیلعاشہےسرفامای‪:‬‬
‫’’متاجےتنوہبجےھجمہیإاسحسوہاتےہہکاپاتسکننباکچےہوتریمیروحوکسکدقراانیمطن‬
‫وہاتےہ!ہیاکملکشماھتاورںیماالیکیھبکہنرکاتکساھت۔ریمااامینےہہکہیروسلرکمیﷺاکرواحینضیفےہ‬
‫ہکاپاتسکنووجدںیمآای۔ابہیاپاتسکوینںاکرفضےہہکوہاےسالختفرادشہاکومنہنانبںیئ‪،‬اتہکاہللاعتٰیل‬
‫اانپودعہوپرارکےاوراملسمونںوکزنیمیکابداشتہدے‘‘۔(ایبنڈارٹکرایضیلعاشہ‪،‬روزانہمگنج‪11‬‬
‫ربمتس‪1988‬ء)۔‬
‫‪10‬۔رقاردا ِداقمدص‪،‬اپاتسکناکااسیسدوتسر‪:‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫ایقم اپاتسکن ےک دعب یلہپ دوتسراسزایلبمس ےن‪ 12‬امرچ‪1949‬ء وک رقاردا ِد اقمدصوظنمر یک۔ اس‬ ‫‪i‬۔‬
‫دوتسراسزایلبمس ےک اراکن یک ڑبی دعتاد اقدئامظع دمحمیلع انجح ےک راقفےئ اکر رپلمتشمیھت ہکبج وزریامظع‬
‫ایلتقیلعاخںانےکدتسِراتسےھت۔اوہنںےنرقاردا ِداقمدصاکوسمدہشیپرکےتوہےئ‪،‬اسیک‬
‫واضتحیکیھتہکوچہکناہللابترکواعتٰیلیہلکاکانئتاکالبرشتکریغےاحمکقلطمےہ‪،‬اوراُیسےن‬
‫وہمجریکواستطےستکلمماپاتسکنوکاایتخ ِررمکحایناینپرقمررکدہدحودےکادنراامعتسلرکےنےکےئل‬
‫ایناتبًاطعرفامایےہ‪،‬اوروچہکنہیاایتخ ِررمکحایناکیدقمساامتنےہ۔‬
‫‪ii‬۔ استکلممںیمأوصلوہمجرتیورحتی‪،‬اسمواتورواداریاورامسیجدعلوکسجرطحاالسم‬
‫ےنانیکرشتحییکےہ‪،‬وپرےوطررپوحلمظراھکاجےئ۔‬
‫‪iii‬۔ سجیکروےساملسمونںوکاساقلبانبایاجےئہکوہارفنادیاوراامتجیعوطررپ‪،‬اینپزدنیگوکاالسیم‬
‫امیلعتتےکاطمقبوجرقآندیجماورتنسروسلںیمنیعتمںیہ‪،‬رتبیتدےںیکس۔‬
‫‪iv‬۔ رظنہیاپاتسکنےسامہراارحناف‪:‬مہےنداینوکاپاتسکناکبلطم’’الاہٰلاالاہلل‘‘اتباینکیلرھپمہوخد‬
‫رحنمفوہےئگ۔‬
‫‪v‬۔ اپاتسکنیکایستساوروکحتمرپوکیسرلازماکرگناھچایوہاےہ۔‬
‫‪vi‬۔ رقاردا ِد اقمدص وک دعب ازاں دوتسر ےکیلمع ےصح ںیم اشلمایک ایگ نکیل دوتسر ںیم وفتیقںیہن دی‬
‫یئگ۔‬
‫‪vii‬۔ وافیقرشیعدعاتلےک‪ bankInterest‬وکرابرقاردےنیےکہلصیفوکااہتنیئداھدنیلےکذرےعی‬
‫ےساکدعلمرکدایایگ۔‬
‫‪viii‬۔ ‪ 11/9‬ےک واہعق ےک دعب ارمہکی یک الغیم اایتخر رکےت وہےئ اےنپ وقیم افمدات ےک یلع ارلمغ‬
‫ارمہکیاکاسھتدای۔‬
‫‪ix‬۔ رونشایخیلاورادتعالدنسپیےکانمرپاالسماکاکیوخداسہتخوصترذراعئاالبغےکذرہعیاعمایک‬
‫اجراہ ےہ۔ ےلہپرغمب اور اُس ےک اوٹنجیں یک رطف ےس االسم ےکضعب اعشرئ رپ ارتعااضت ےئک اجےت‬
‫ےھت۔اباُناکرطہقیوارداتدبلایگےہ۔ابوہاکیاےسیوخداسہتخاالسماکوصتراعمرکرےہںیہوج‬
‫یسکیھباابتعرےسرغمباوراُنےکرمگاہنکرظنایتےکےئلرطخہہنےنب۔‬
‫‪x‬۔ یمیلعتاصنبےساالسموکرھکچرھکچرکاکنےنلیکاسزشوہریہےہ۔‬
‫‪xi‬۔ ےبایحیئاوراحفیشےکرچلکوکاعمایکاجراہےہ۔‬
‫‪11‬۔رظنہیاپاتسکنےسارحنافےکاتنجئ‪:‬‬
‫‪i‬۔ یلہپزساہییلمہک‪1971‬ءںیماپاتسکندوتخلوہایگ۔ابیقاپاتسکنیکاستیملوکدشدیرطخاتالقح‬
‫وہےکچںیہ۔‬
‫‪ii‬۔ اہللاعتٰیلےسےئکوہےئودعےےسارحنافےکہجیتنںیممہوسرةاوتلہبیکآتی‪ 75‬ات‪ 77‬یک‬
‫روینشںیمرہحطسرپانمتقفاکاکشروہےکچںیہ۔‬
‫ااکحتسم اپاتسکنیکوادحاینبد‪:‬اپاتسکنےکاقبءیکاینبدیھبویہےہوجاسےکایقمیکاینبدانباھت۔‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪iii‬۔‬
‫ینعیاالسماوراسیکاقبءاوراساکااکحتسموساےئاالسمےکیسکاورےشےسنکممںیہن۔مہنیقیےسہہکےتکس‬
‫ںیہہکرظنہی اپاتسکن یکیلمعریبعت یہ اپاتسکن وک ہنرصفوفحمظ و امومن انب یتکس ےہ ہکلب اکیوبضمط اورمکحتسم‬
‫رایتسانبیتکسےہ۔‬
‫امہریذہمداری‪:‬وچہکنمہےناپاتسکنںیماالسیماظنمےکایقمںیمشیپرتفہنرکےکاہللےسودعہ‬
‫الخیفیکاوراسوکانراضایکےہوتامہریا ّونیلذہمداریہیےہہکاہللیکانرایگضوک ُدورایکاجےئاوراُس‬
‫ےکوضحراےنپانگوہںےسیچسوتہبیکاجےئ۔‬
‫‪12‬۔وتہبےکوحاےلےسنیترضویابںیت‪:‬‬
‫‪i‬۔ اہللےسڑگڑگارکاےنپانگوہںیکاعمیفامںیگن‪،‬اعتیفاکوسالرکںیاوراُسیک ِ‬
‫رصنتاخصےک‬
‫ےئلااجتلرکںی۔‬
‫‪ii‬۔ داعؤںیکوبقتیلےکےئلالزیمےہہکمہارفنادیاابتعرےسوتہبرکںیینعیمہوپرےےکوپرے‬
‫االسمںیمدالخوہںاوراہجںکتامہرااایتخرےہواہںلمکموطررپاالسیمامیلعتترپلمعرکںی۔ارگامہرے‬
‫ومجمیعرجمامہنرط ِزلمعیکوہجےساہللوخناہتسکلمرپوکیئذعابآاتےہوتمہبساُسیکٹیپلںیمآںیئ‬
‫اباُرخویےسچباجںیئےگوہنجںےنارفنادیوتہبرکیلیھت۔‬ ‫ےگنکیلرو ِزایقتموہولگذع ِ‬
‫‪iii‬۔ ارفنادیوتہبےکاسھتاسھتداینںیمذعابےسےنچبےکےئلاامتجیعوتہبیھبرضوریےہ۔وقبل‬
‫اابقل‪:‬‬
‫رطفت ارفاد ےس اامغض یھب رک یتیل ےہ‬
‫یھبک رکیت ںیہن تلم ےک انگوہں وک اعمف‬
‫‪13‬۔اامتجیعوتہبےکاتنجئ‪:‬‬
‫مہ ؤمرث دعتاد ںیم ارفنادی اور اامتجیع وتہبرکںی وت رھپ اہلل اعتٰیل یک دمد امہرے اشلم احل وہیگ۔‬
‫امنایہٰلےہ‪:‬‬
‫رف ِ‬
‫’’ارگمتاہللیکدمدرکوےگوتوہاہمتریدمدرکےاگاوراہمترےدقومںوکامجدےاگ‘‘۔‬
‫(وسرةدمحمﷺ‪)7:‬‬
‫ایس دصقم ےک ےئل رہاملسمن وک وپرے اپاتسکن ںیم ہبلغ دنی ےک ےئل الزًام اکمرکان وہاگ۔ ہی رہ‬
‫ایقماپاتسکناکدصقماھتاورایسےس ِ‬
‫ااکحتسماپاتسکنواہتسبےہ۔‬ ‫اکییکذہمداریےہ‪،‬یہی ِ‬
Pakistan Studies 22
Test Your Learning (Part-II)
Pakistan firm Relationship with Emaan and Islam

1. Explain intention in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. What is meaning of intention?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. What is the meaning of word Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. In which thing faith is deeply related?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
5. Explain belief by heart.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
6. What kind of relationship is between Islam and Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 23
7. What type of the Muslims Allah Al-Mighty loves?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
8. Which thing is called place of actions?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
9. Which thing is called place of reward?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
10. Write the name of six basic faiths of Islam.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
11. Which date, month and year of Islam calender Pakistan came into
being?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
12. Which person does take the Sweetness of Faith?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
13. Define practical commitment of faith in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 24
14. Write the name of three fundamental faiths.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
15. Which miracle of Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is forever living Miracle?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
16. Will our deeds be weighted?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
17. What is the theme of address declared by Quid-e-Azam at Islamia
College Peshawar in 1946.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
18. What is the meaning word Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 25
CHAPTER # 2
IDEOLOGY, ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY,

ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN AND TWO
NATION THEORY
Islamic Ideology and Two Nation Theory
Introduction:
Pakistan bases on the Ideology of Islam so Ideology of Pakistan and
Ideology of Islam are deeply related with each other. Both ideologies
are the same. There is no difference between them.
Meaning of ideology:
The term ideology means “The idea of science”.
Definition of ideology:
Idealogy is defined as a term which is used to tell the perception,
principles, beliefs, ideas, opinions, ways of thinking and actions of a
particular person or a group.
Definition of C-C-D:
A body of ideas that reflects the beliefs of a nation and political system
and class etc. (Collin concise dictionary P-723)
Test your learning (Pt-I)
Q.1. What is the meaning of Ideology?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 26
Ideology and its relation with past present and future:
An ideology interprets the past, explains the present and visions the
future.
Islamic ideology:
Islamic ideology includes those things and actions that have been
approved by the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of our Prophet Muhammad
(‫)ﷺ‬.
The aims of ideology by the beginning of the 20th century it was clearly
seen that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations.
Muslims couldn’t bear the rule of British and then Hindus anymore and
they needed a separate homeland to live according to their own ideology
that is Islamic ideology.
Aims of separate homeland:
There are many nations seen in the history who are of different classes
and they live together for centuries. South Asia is an exception. Hindus
and Muslims lived together for several centuries still they couldn’t live
together as a nation. The differences in these two classes were deep
rooted and separate homeland is the solution where Muslims could
follow Islamic traditions in their pratical lives.
Q.2. Write in your own words the definition of Ideology.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.3. What is the relation of Ieology with past, present and future?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Major Reasons for the separate homeland:
The major Eight difference for the separate homeland are following:
Pakistan Studies 27
i. Religious difference
ii. Social difference
iii. Cultural difference
iv. Economic difference
v. Judicial difference
vi. Political difference.
vii. Educational difference
viii. Language difference
Ideology of Pakistan:
Pakistan’s ideology is based on Islamic ideology. The demand of a
separate nation came from the two nation theory that stated that Muslims
and Hindus were completely different from each other in every aspect
of their lives. The reason why Muslims are different from Hindus is that
they have FAITH in one ALLAH (SWT) and they believe in the
teachings of Islam that is taught to them by the Holy Prophet Muhammad
(‫)ﷺ‬.
Q.4. Write two major reasons for the separate homeland.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Ideology of Islam and Quaid - e – Azam:
The two nation theory shows that the Muslims of the Subcontinent were
a separate nation.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah said in 1944: you must remember that Islam is
not merely a religious doctrine but a religious and practical code of
conduct. I am thinking of everything is important in life. I am thinking
in terms of our history, our heroes, our art, our architecture, our laws
Pakistan Studies 28
and our jurisprudence. In all these things our outlook is not only
fundamentally different but also radically antagonistic (openly
opposition) to Hindus. We are different beings. There is nothing in life,
which links us together (Verdict on India by Beverlay Nicholas P-58,59)
Ideology of Islam and Muhammad Bin Qasim (RA):
Islamic ideology is based on Holy Quran and the Sunnah of our Holy
Prophet (PBUH). Muhammad Bin Qasim (RA) was the first Muslim
who introduced Islamic ideology in the sub-continent when he came in
Sindh at 712 AD and because of this Sindh is known as Babul Islam
(The gateway to Islam).
MAIN POINTS REGARDING ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY:
Main points of Islamic Ideology are following:
i. Idea Ignored by New Generation
ii. Islam A Perfect code of Life
iii. Quranic Concept of Life
iv. Obedience to Allah (SWT) and Prophet Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬
v. Muslim Society and Their Citizen
vi. Significant value of Ideology of Pakistan.
QUALITIES OF ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY
The qualities of Islamic Ideology are as under:
i. Based on Quran & Sunnah
ii. Complete way of Life
iii. Balance and Moderate Path
iv. Social and Moral Code
v. Faith the Core point
Pakistan Studies 29
vi. Monkish Concept
vii. Ideal and Complete Economical System
viii. Permanent and Comprehensive Principles
ix. Significant focus on knowledge
x. Tolerance with other religions
i. Based on Quran and Sunnah:
The Islamic ideology is based on the principles of the holy Quran and
the Sunnah of our Holy Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬only.
ii. Complete Way of Life:
It is known to everybody that Islam is not only a religion but a complete
code of our lives. If we will spend our lives according to it. We will get
success and will be rewarded in this world and in hereafter as well.
iii. Balance and Moderate Path:
Islam encourages a balance in life and moderation in everything. The
Holy Quran gives the title name Ummat-e-Wasat (Balance group) to
followers of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It dislikes extremism so
we should follow Islamic rules in our lives and should keep our lives
balanced.
iv. Social and Moral Code:
Islam not only commandes us to worship Allah only but teaches us to
be social and live in a community. Islam gives guidence to keep our
moral valves high and decent.
v. Faith The Core Point:
The main aspect of Islamic ideology is based on the faith. A Muslim
faith in oneness of Allah and Prophethood of Holy Prophet Muhammad
Pakistan Studies 30
(PBUH). If our faith will be very firm and strong then we will can
follow Islamic ideology demand practically.
vi. Monkish Concept:
Islam is the balance and amoderate Religion. It has never encouraged a
monkish concept of life. Monkish concept permits his followers to cut
off from society and community and lived in the forest for purification
of their heart. Islam does not support it because it is not Sunnah of our
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
vii. Ideal and Complete Economical System:
The teachings regarding economy in Islam is complete and without any
flaw. It keeps the economy stable for e.g. paying Zakat keeps the flow
of the money in an economy. Circulation of the wealth is the main aim
and objective of Zakat.
viii. Permanent and comprehensive principles:
Islam is the permanent Deen for present generation and the future as
well. It is not liable to any change and is free from any flaw in it. Its
principles are universal natural and forever.
ix. Significant Focus on Knowledge:
Allah (SWT) is the creator of this universe and knows all seen and
unseen things. He has commanded its creations to observe what he has
allowed us to observe and gain as much knowledge as possible. The
Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said Seek Knowledge from Cradle
to Grave. (Mishkat Sharif)
x. Tolerance with other religions:
Islam gives the lesson about tolerance to his followers. It is a duty of a
Muslim to guide the people but guidance is in the hands of Allah only.
There are many commandments of Allah (SWT) and sayings of the
Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) about tolerance. Islam teaches its
Pakistan Studies 31
followers and disbelievers as well to maintain balance in their practical
life. How to behave with non-Muslim and to treat them with respect.
Chaudary Rehmat Ali and ideology of Pakistan:
Chaudhry Rahmat Ali who was the founder of word Pakistan. From his
early childhood, Rahmat Ali showed signs of great promise as a student.
After completing his schooling, he joined the Islamia College of Lahore
in order to get his Bachelor of Arts degree. Rahmat Ali completed his
education in England, obtaining MA and LLB with honors from the
universities of Cambridge and Dublin.
It is the ever-shining contribution of Rahmat Ali that he coined the name
of the Muslim state. He said that being nation, the Indian Muslims
deserved a separate homeland. He gave the future lines to the Muslims
considering Islamic thoughts universal and true in comparison with the
contemporary aims. When the Lahore Resolution was passed, it was
instantly described as Pakistan Resolution. If, the division of India, was
the solution of Hindu- Muslim question but Rahmat Ali proposed this
long before the Lahore Resolution.
Our duty as a Pakistani:
We as Muslims and Pakistanis should keep this point in our mind that
we have got this country on the basis of Islamic ideology and after a lot
of struggle and sacrifices. We must promote Islamic teachings in our
country Pakistan, that was the real aim to establish it.
Individual and collective demand:
It is our duty both individually and collectively that we should live
according to the Islamic ideology on the basis of which we had got this
country.
We all must perform our responsibilities and duties honestly. Both the
collective and an individual must follow Islamic teachings in our daily
lives and must follow the Islamic ideology.
Pakistan Studies 32
TWO NATION THEORY

i. Introduction:
The two-nation theory is the ideology that the primary identity of
Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their
language, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two different
nationalities. The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the
Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-
state in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947. The ideology
that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of
Indian Muslims. Two nations theory has a vital importance in the
foundation of Pakistan.
Origin of Two Nation Theory:
Origin of the two nation theory, following points are important and
these will be explained below:
Muhammad Bin Qasim (RA) and Two Nation Theory:
Muhammad Bin Qasim is referred to as the first Muslim entered in the
Subcontinent in 712 AH. Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the
Pakistan movement to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in
the Gateway of Islam. The starting point regarding two nation theory,
the credit is gone to Mohammad Bin Qasim (R.A).
Al-Beruni and two nation theory:
Al-Beruni writes in his book Kitab-ul-Hind, The Hindus entirely differ
from the Muslims in every respect (Edward Al-Berunis India. P-19).
Al-Beruni gave this observation at the beginning of eleventh century.
Later on Dr. M. Iqbal and M. A. Jinnah gave the same concept.
Pakistan Studies 33
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Two Nation Theory.
The movement for Muslim self-awakening and identity was started by
the Muslim modernist and reformer Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. He paid
special intention toward this issue. He is the first Muslim thinker who
first spoke about Muslims as a nation in 1867. He gave focus on this
point that Muslims are a separate nation.
Q.4. The starting point regarding two nation theory to whome credit is
gone.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ALLAMA IQBAL (RA) and Two Nations Theory:
It is explained of the following sub headings.
a. Round Table Conference and Iqbal (R A).
Muhammad Iqbal’s statement explaining the attitude of Muslim
delegates to the London’s round-table conference issued in December
1933.
Two solutions of india problem:
I must put a straight question to Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehro. Problem of
India has two solutions:
i. An agent of British Imperialism:
Either the Indian majority community will have to accept for itself the
permanent position of an agent of British imperialism in the East.
ii. Redistrbution on religious, historical and cultural basis.
The country will have to be redistributed on a basis of religious,
historical and cultural relationship as to do away with the question of
electorates problem in its present form.
b. Poetic vision and Political insight.
c. Right political solution separate home land.
Pakistan Studies 34
d. Initiating the separate home land Idea.
e. Iqbal’s idea and platform of Muslim league.
f. Allahabad address of Allama Iqbal in 1930.
g. Full and free developmentin separate home land.
h. European democracy and Hindu’s land.
j. Separate Muslim state justified.
k. Muslims not agreed with India System.
l. Thinker of the idea of Pakistan.
QUAID-E-AZAM AND TWO NATION THEORY:
It is explained of the following sub headings.
i. Quaid-e-Azam Presidential address at Lahore on March 22,
1940.
ii. Real nature of Islam and Hinduism.
iii. Two different civilizations and culture.
iv. Perfect difference in religious economical and political concepts.
v. Different sources of History.
vi. Minority and majority difference.
vii. Quaid-e-Azam and his legal mind approach.
viii. Islamic Democracy.
ix. Rejected communist Ideology in 1944 address.
x. Demand for independent Muslim State, 1940, Lahore.
xi. Hindus and Muslims thinking and thought 1940 Ahmad Abad.
Pakistan Studies 35
xii. Islam and great Law giver principles 1948, Sibbi.
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN:
Evolutionary process till legal sanction:
i. The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary
process. Historical experience provided the base;
ii. Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation;
iii. Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality;
iv. The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives
Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction.
v. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that
they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate
electorates. However when they realized that their future in a
‘Democratic India’ dominated by Hindu majority was not safe,
they changed their demand to a separate state.
Ideology Of Pakistan In The Light Of Quaid-E-Azam and Allama
Iqbal Addresses:
1. Introduction:
The Development of Muslim Identity, and Ideology of Pakistan is vision
of Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Iqbal (R A)
2. Protection and promotion of Muslim identity:
The sense of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the
establishment of Pakistan. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote
their identity and interests. They adopted the strategy to get constitutional
safeguards from the British against the cruel majority of Hindus. They
set the goal of a separate state. Islam had central place to their further
developments.
Pakistan Studies 36
Q.5. Write the theme about protection and promotion of Muslim identity
in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. Rule of leadership:
The role of leadership is very important to put nation defense against
the enemies. The Muslims were lucky having such competent leadership
on the way.
Four qualities of good leadership:
A good leadership has four qualities.
(i) awareness, (ii) consciousness, (iii) mobilization (iv) sense of
direction.
4. QUAID-E-AZAM approach as a great leader:
Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah,the great leader of Muslims of
Sub Continent gave practical shape to the ideology given by Allama
Iqbal. He had a strong believe in Hindu Muslim unity and was of the
opinion that both Hindus and Muslims should launch joint efforts to get
rid of British rule.
5. Prejudicial attitude of congress and Hindus:
After joining Muslim league in 1913,he continued with his efforts to
bring about Hindu Muslim’s unity but he was greatly disap- pointed to
see the prejudicial attitude of the Congress and Hindus towards the
Muslims. Following are some speeches and statements which he
delivered from time to time for explaining the ideology of Pakistan.
(i) ROLE OF JINNAH:
Jinnah played a decisive role in clearly the Muslim demands and
pursuing these faced strong opposition from the Hindus and the British.
He started his political career by joining the Indian National Congress.
Pakistan Studies 37
He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also
joined the All India Muslim League (AIML). Now he was member of
both the political parties. Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue
of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom from the British and on using
extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920.
(ii) Lucknow Pact of 1916 and Hindus accepted Mus- lims
demands:
Fearly efforts of M. Ali Jinnah to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were
materialized when the lucknow pact (1916) was signed. The Hindus
accepted the Muslim demands:
a. Separate Electorate
b. One-third Seats in Central Legislature
c. protection of minority rights
(iii) Nehru report and Quaid-e-Azam defended Mus- lim Rights
in his 14 Points:
In the Nehru Report, he accepted that Muslim rights were ignored.
Jinnah retaliated forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929. He defined
Muslim identity and mobilized them with reference to Islam and
convinced others that Muslims are different from the Hindus.
(iv) Muslims as a Nation and their role:
(a) Jinnah used the term NATION for the Muslims of India in Feb
1935 (Legislative Assembly).
(b) He argued that the combination of religion, culture, race, arts and
so forth make a minority a separate entity.
(c) In March 1936 Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could arrive
at a settlement with Hindus as TWO Nations.
Pakistan Studies 38
(d) In 1937, he announced that there is also a third party in India, the
Muslims.
(e) In 1939, he declared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations
and they are going to live as a nation and playing part as a nation:
Q.6. Write the concise idea in two sentences about Muslim as a nation
in 1939.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
(v). Speeches and statements of Quaid-e-Azam (RA): 1940-47
Jinnah believed in the force of Islam as he said that Islam is a dynamic
force that can unite the Muslims. It can help to overcome the present
crisis. It’s a source of inspiration and guidance providing ethical
foundation, a framework, social order and civilization.
(vi) Guidance and inspiration for constitution-making and
Governance:
M Ali Jinnah also talked of the modern notions of state, constitution,
civil and political rights and democracy. He assured that constitution of
Pakistan would be framed by the elected assembly.
(vii) Modern democratic and Islamic State:
Quaid e Azam gave assurance of equality of all citizens. Rights and
freedom will be given to minorities in the new Islamic state.
Muslims will follow Islamic rules set by the Holy Quran and Sunah.
Q.7. Write the theme in two sentences of Quaid e Azam approach about
modern democratic and Islamic state about minorities and Muslims.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 39
(viii). ADDRESS AT SECOND ROUND TABLE CON- FERENCE IN
1913:
Quaid-e-Azam believed that Congress and Hindus would never
recognize the rights of Muslims.He declared while representing the
Muslims in the Second Round Table Conference in 1913: The Hindu
Muslim dispute must be settled before the enforcements of any system
or constitution.Untill you do not give guarantee for the safeguard of the
Muslim intrests,untill you do not win their (Muslims) co-operations.
(ix) QUAID-E-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN:
Quiad-e-Azam was a firm advocate of two nation theory which became
the ideological basis of Pakistan.He considered the Muslims as a
separate nation. He said:
i. Pakistan was created the day when the first Indian National
entrerd the field of Islam.
ii. He defined the two nation theory as: The Muslims are a nation by
every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt
any means to promote and protect their Islamic system of
economic, social, political and cultural:
(x) ADDRESS ON 23RD MARCH, 1940 - PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
BY M.A. JINNAH:
At the historic session of the Muslim League at Lahore,he said:
The Muslims are not a minority. They are a nation by any
definition. By all canons of International law we are a nation.
In his presedential address at the annual session of Muslim League at
Lahore in 1940,he said:
India is not a nation,nor a country.It is a Sub Continent of
nationalities.Hindus and Muslims being the two major nations.
The hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions,
Philosphies, social customs and literature. They neither
Pakistan Studies 40
intermarry nor interdine and they belong to two different
civilization which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and
conceptions. Their aspects on life and of are different. It is quite
clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from
different sources of history.
Q.8. Write the theme in two sintences of the address of Quaid e Azam
at the historic session of the Muslim League at Lahore.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ADDRESS ON MARCH 8, 1944:
Quaid-e-Azam addressing the students of Muslim University, he said:
Hindus and Muslims through living in the same town and
villages,had never been blended into one nation.They were
always two separate entities.
(xii) QUAID-E-AZAM AND MILLAT-E-ISLAMIA:
Quaid-e-Azam emphasized on the Islamic idology as being the basis of
the struggle for Pakistan because he believed that only Islam was the
unifying force of the Muslim Millat.He said:
What relationships knits the Muslims into one hole ,which is the
formidable rock on which the Muslim edifice has been erected,
which is the sheet anchor providing base to the Muslim Millat,
the relationship, the sheet anchor and the rock is Holy Quran.
Q.9. What is the relationship, sheet, anchor and the rock.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
(xiii) ADDRESS AT ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR:
In 1946, Quaid-e-Azam declared:
Pakistan Studies 41
We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we
want a Laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic
principles.
(xiv) ADDRESS ON 18th JUNE 1945:
In his message to the frontier Muslim student Federation, Quaid-e-
Azam (RA) said:
Pakistan only means freedom and independence but Muslims
Ideology, which has to be preseved which has come to us as a
precious gift and treasure and which we hope,others will share
with us.
(xv) CONCLUSION:
The above sayings and statements are witness that Quaid-e-Azam
wanted to establish an Islamic system as a code of life because he
believed that it was the sole objective of the Pakistan Movement.
Q.10. What is gift and treasure mentioned by Quiad-e-Azam address in
june 1945.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ALLAMA IQBAL AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN:
1. INTRODUCTION:
Dr. Allama Iqbal, the poet, philosopher and a great thinker with the help
of his poetry tried to awaken the Muslims of the sub-continent. He
believed in the separate identity of Muslims as a nation.
1. Allama Iqbal Presidential address of Allahabab – 1930:
In 1930,Allama Iqbal presented his mature political opinion on the
political fate of Indian Muslims in his presedential address at Allahbad
at the annual session of Muslim League.
Pakistan Studies 42
He explained the following main points:
i. I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will ultimately
have to establish a separate homeland as they could not live with
the Hindus in the United States (of India).
ii. India is a continent of human beings belonging to different
races,speaking different languages and professing different
religions, I, therefore demand the formation of a consolidated
Muslim state in the best intrest of India and Islam.
iii. I would like to see the Punjab, North West Fronties Province,
Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state self-
government witin the British Empire or without the British
Empire ,the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian
Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims
at least of NorthWest India.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY:
The aims and objectives of the Ideology of Pakistan are as follows:
i. Propagate the idealogy of Pakistan.
To propagate and project the ideology of Pakistan and to preserve
the spirit and memory of the Pakistan movement.
ii. Contribute struggle of Pakistan:
To trace, record and honour the contributions and sacrifices
made for the establishment of Pakistan and to contribute to the
struggle to establish the promised social order in Pakistan based
on Islam.
iii. Promote national unity:
To promote national unity and to fight against all forms of disunity
and exploitation.
iv. Work for idelogy of Pakistan:
Pakistan Studies 43
To cooperate with such persons and organizations which believe
in and work for the Ideology of Pakistan.
v. Contribute of Muslims scholors:
To highlight the views and contribution of prominent Muslims
such as Hazrat Shah Waliullah, Hazrat Mujaddad Alaf Sani,
Aurangzeb Alamgir, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Mohammad
Iqbal and Quaid-i- Azam Mohammad Ali Jinah.
vi. To study of various political movement:
To study the impact of various political and religious movements
initiated in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent with particular reference
to the All-India Muslim League from 1906 to 1947.
vii. Compile the memory of workers:
To compile the memories of the workers of the Pakistan Movement
with regard to various national events.
viii. Assist to support family of Pakistan Movement:
To assist, support and honour the families of the workers of the
Pakistan Movement through such means as may be necessary.
Q.11. What is the point of view of Allama Iqbal (RA) about Muslims
as a nation?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 44
TEST YOUR LEARNING (PART-II)
IDEOLOGY, ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY, ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN
AND TWO NATION THEORY
Q.1: Define Ideology according to collin concise dictionary.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.2: Write in your own words the aim of separate home land.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.3: Define Islamic Ideology in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.4: Explain Ideology of Pakistan in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.5: What is the difference between ideology of Islam and ideology of
Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.6: Write the theme of address of Quaid-e-Azam at Islamia College
Peshawar in 1946.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 45
Q.7: What is the relationship of Ideology of Islam with M. Bin Qasim
(RA)?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.8: Write two points regarding Islamic Ideology.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.9: Define balance and moderate path.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.10: Why Sindh is called Babul Islam?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.11: Write the theme of Dr. M Iqbal (RA) which he had said in his
presidential address at Allahabad in 1930
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.12: How did Ch. Rehmat Ali define ideology of Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.13: Define monkish concept.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 46
Q.14: Explain that Islam is a complete code of life.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.15: What is the individual and collective demand of ideology of
Pakistan from their citizens?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.16: What is the perception of Al-Beruni about two nation theory?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.17: Write three points of evolutionary process till legal sanction.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.18: Problem of India has two solution. Dr. M. Iqbal said to pandit
Jawahar Lal Nehro what were those solution?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.19: Write two qualities of a good leadership.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.20: Which two Muslim demands were accepted in Lucknow Pact
1916.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 47
Q.21: Write the theme of address of Quaid e Azam on March 8, 1944
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.22: Write two points that were explained by Quaid-e-Azam about
two nation theory.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.23: Write one main point of Allama Iqbal address at Allahabad in
1930.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.24: Write two aims and objectives of Pakistan Ideology.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.25: Write the conclusion of Quaid e Azam addresses regarding
Islamic Ideology in one sentence.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Pakistan Studies 48
Multiple choice questions,
Select right answer
1. The set of ideas that constitutes one’s goal is called
A. Establishment B. Ideology
C. Both a and b D. None of these
2. The interpretation of the past, explains the present and vision of the
future is known as
A. Ideology B. establishment
C. both of the above D. none of the above
3. Islamic ideology includes those things and actions that have been
approved by _______________________
A. Tradition B. Holy Quran
C. Sunnah D. both b and c
4. The aims of ideology by the beginning of the _______ was clearly
seen that hindus and Muslims are the two separate nations
A. 20th century B. 19th century
C. 18th century D. None of the above
5. Muslim couldn’t bear the _____ of British anymore and they needed
a separate homeland
A. Behavior B. Rule
C. Policies D. All of the above
6. There are many nations seen in the history who are of __________
A. Different culture B. Different classes
Pakistan Studies 49
C. Different values D. All of above
7. The differences in these Muslim and Hindu were openly observed.
A. True B. False
8. The major differences in Muslims and Hindus were religious social
judicial and political
A. False B. True
9. The demand of separate homeland came from
A. Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad address
B. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan C. Quaid e azam’s 14 points
10. While having such distinct lives from the Hindus, Muslims wanted
a separate homeland to ______ their religion
A. Preach B. Practice C. Both of the above
11. Because of ____ only this nation came into being and this separate
land came into shape
A. Quaide azam B. Allama Iqbal
C. Beliefs D. Islam
12. Islam is not merely a religious doctrine but a religious and practical
code of conduct.
A. True B. False
13. There is nothing in life which ______ us together.
A. Unite B. Link C. Bind D. All of the above
14. Ideology of Pakistan gave Muslims of the subcontinent a security
that they can maintain there ______
A. Identity B. Status
Pakistan Studies 50
C. Unity D. Religious practices E. All of the above
15. The ideology of Pakistan can never be the same as the ideology of
Islam
A. True B. False
16. ________ was the first one who introduce Islamic ideology in the
subcontinent
A. Jabir ibne hayyan (RA) B. Khwaja nizamuddin (RA)
C. Ibne seena (RA) D. Muhammad bin Qasim (RA)
17. ______ wanted to save their religion from the interference of Hindus
A. Muslims B. Quaid e azam
C. Muslim league D. Allama Iqbal
18. Muslim wanted a separate homeland to secure their identity
A. True B. False
19. Our new generation thinks that it is better to follow the ______
A. Western culture B. Islamic culture
C. Eastern culture D. Southern culture
20. The normal perception of public is that they thinks that Islam is
only the _____________
A. Code of life B. Religion C. Practice
21. Getting the real fruit we must sow a seed and should make sure that
it is healthy and grow root.
A. True B. False
22. Man is the most _____ among all creatures
Pakistan Studies 51
A. Honorable B. Deplorable
C. Crooked D. All of the above
23. The quality of responsibility, wisdom, ability to distinguish between
right and wrong is only in _________________
A. Animals B. Human beaings
C. Angles D. None of the above
24. Islam does not only teaches us to worship Allah Almighty only but
also teaches us to live
A. Dramatically B. Typically
C. Sensationally D. Socially
25. The ideology of Pakistan has a ______________
A. Meaning less value B. Worst value C. Significant values
26. Islam encourages a balance in life and _____ in everything
A. Moderation B. Extremism
C. Violence D. Wildness
27. Islam has also taught us to keep our _____ intact
A. Ethical behavior B. Moral values
C. Both a and b D. None of the above
28. _______ keeps the economy stable
A. Investment B. Inflation C. Zakat
29. In __________ Allama Iqbal presented his mature political opinion
A. 1939 B. 1928 C. 1930 D. 1935
Pakistan Studies 52
CHAPTER # 3
SET UP OF MUSLIM SOCIETY
IN THE SUB-CONTINENT
INTRODUCTION:
Islam is the second-most practiced religion in the Republic of India
after Hinduism, with 13.4% of the country’s population (over 160
million as per 2001 census).
Islam came to India with the Arab merchants and traders on the Malabar
Coast in the 7th century. Islam arrived in north India in the 12th century
and has since become a part of India’s religious and cultural heritage.
Over the years, there has been significant integration of Hindu and
Muslim cultures across India and the Muslims have played a prominent
role in India’s economic rise andcultural influence.
Test Your Learning:
Q.1. How did Islam came in India in which coast and century?
________________________________________________________
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EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SOCIETY IN THE SUB CONTIENENT
Although Islam spread rapidly in the world as soon as it surfaced in the
world, but it established its foothold in the Indo-Pak Sub-continent in
the beginning of 8th Century A.D. It was during the rule of sixth
Umayyad caliph, Walid bin Abdul Malak (R.A) (705-715 A.D), when
an incidence of ship looting occurred near Debal, a sea port of Sindh.
M. Bin Qasim invades in Sindh:
Muhammad bin Qasim (R.A) then led a glorious Muslim army and
invaded Sindh in 712 A.D. During his short stay in Niran he was
Pakistan Studies 53
reinforced by four thousands Jats who were long subdued by the self-
righteous king. Raja Dahir came with his 40,000 soldiers along with
contingents of elephants. However, the Raja killed in the battle field
and his demoralized army retreated. He established Islamic society in
Sindh. He continued to expand the Muslim society beyond Sindh. He
marched up to Multan where he defeated Raja Gor Singh.
M. Bin Qasim as an excellent ruler:
Muhammad bin Qasim’s rule, though short, is marked by the historians
magnificent. He supported inter-religious harmony and brought
prosperity and good governance in the areas under his domain. Italian
scholar F. Gabrieli said: Present day Pakistan, holding the values of
Islam in such a high esteem, should look upon the young Arab conqueror,
Muhammad bin Qasim. He was founder and a hero of South Asian
Islam.
Q.2. Write two historical points of good ruling of M. Bin Qasim (RA)
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Sindh Scholars welcome at Bughdad:
With the passage of time rule of Umayyads finally evaporated in 750
A.D. They were succeeded by the Abbasids. The Abbasid rulers time
after time sent their governors in the Sub-continent. According to Ibn
Haukal, who traveled extensively through the Arab domains around the
middle of the 8th Century, particularly mentioned the affluence of the
people of Sindh. Moreover, during the rule of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur
(754-775 A.D), scholars from the Sindh were welcomed at the court of
Baghdad (Iraq).
Q.3. What were the remarks of Ibn Haukal about people of Sindh.
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Mughals and Religious reformists:
Mughals, led by Zaheer-ud-Din Babar (RA) entered India in 1526 A.D
and remained in power, though nominally, till 1857. The Mughal gave
a boost to religious reformists such as Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (RA) and
Shah Walliullah (RA).
Positive effects of Islam in sub-continent:
Islam left profound effects on minds of people of the Sub-continent.
Islam completely changed the living standard and style of thinking of
the people of the Sub-continent. The Muslim society gave a welcome
excite to the cultural, economic and, social development in the Sub-
continent and boosted inter-religious harmony as well.
Q.4. In which two areas the Muslims society gave a welcome excite in
the Sub-Continent development and what was its boosted domain.
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Subcontinent before the coming of Islam:
Before coming of Islam, religious, political economic and so call
circumstances are as under:
Religious circumstances:
The religious circumstances of sub continent before Islam were the
worst. The famous religions in sub continent were Buddhism, Hinduism
and Jainism at that time. Islam brought two main messages of Tauheed
and Justice. Islam condemned the most famous caste system that was in
practice in India before Islam.
Q.5. What type of the two main messages given by Islam to the Sub-
Continent?
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Political Circumstances:
The Political system of India before Islam is very poor and not stable.
The whole country was divided into different small religions. The
central government was becoming weak day by day. Due to these
critical circumstances, the Muslim conquered the entire India without
any hardship.
Economic Circumstances:
The economic condition of the sub continent was very good and
prosperous. India was called golden sparrow due to its strong condition
of economy. Most of the people were involved in business and agriculture
profession. Trade link of India with Iran and Arab countries was very
well.
Q.6. Why India was called golden Sparrow and what type of its economic
condition?
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Social Circumstances:
The social circumstances of India before Islam were not up to the mark.
The Hindi method of writing was found everywhere in the society. The
community of India were keen interest in painting, stone cutting and
other fine arts.
IMPACT OF ISLAMIC CIVILZATION ON SUB-CONTINENT:
Muhammad Bin Qasim, (R.A) the great Muslim hero and general came
India as a conqueror and lived there in sub continent three years. He
introduced Islamic traditions and left impact on Indian society by the
example of his excellent character. Islam is a perfect code of life, won
many followers in sub-continent because of its simple and golden
principles. Important impact are on religion, literature, architecture
History and on social values.
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Q.7. What types are the principles of Islam?
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RELIGION IMPECT
Before the coming of Islam to India, the people were divided in many
religious sects and an intense struggle was going on between Hinduism
and other religions.
When Islam was prefaced to the people of the sub-continent, it attracted
many followers because of its simple and golden principles. Islam came
as blessing for poor society in India whose life had become miserable
due to the deep rooted caste system. Islam introduced a new way of life
for them which they had never exercised before in the Hindu society.
The honourable way of life, shown to them by followers of the Holy
Prophet Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬.
IMPACT ON ART AND LITERATURE
Islam played a vital role on Indian art and literature. The people did not
accept the out-dated customs of Hindu society and they were ready to
adopt the new style of life. Previous art and paintings were effective by
Muslims thought.
IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE
The Muslim conquest of India left a great impact on the Indian
architecture and there was an excellent progress in art during the Muslim
rule. Muslim architecture normally mixed with the Hindu style of
buildings. Red stones and marble were used to construct new buildings
which was a magnificent quality of the Muslim way of construction.
IMPACT ON HISTORY
As the Muslims entered in the sub-continent then a new progress seen
in the field of recording historical events. Historical literature which
existed before the coming of the Islam was mostly unauthenticated.
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IMPACT ON SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
Islam left its impact on every aspect of Indian society. A sense of oneness
and unity grew in the social set-up after coming of Muslims in India. As
the Muslim arrived in India then India promoted its relations with the
other countries of the world. International relations, and Business links
were set up. It had a bright effect on the economical development of
India.
During the rule of Sher Shah Suri (RA), the public welfare affairs were
given a vital importance. Roads and sources of communication,
hospitals, inns and post offices were built for the benefits of the people.
GENERAL AND SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ARAB INVENTIONS
Arab Civilization before Islam
In fact, centuries before the birth of Islam, the Arabs had several
civilizations, not only in the Arabian Peninsula itself, but also in the
Fertile Crescent, some of which were highly advanced with elaborate
development and culture. Although Arab civilization before Islam
might not have had a noticeable impact on Greece and Rome, it is none
the less important to briefly mention here the following pre-Islamic
Arab civilizations in order to dispel this wrong conventional Western
concept that Arabs had no civilization before the birth of Islam, were
nothing but wandering nomads, and were confined only to the Arabian
Peninsula.
Arab Civilization after Islam
Within a very short period of time after the birth of Islam in the 7th
century, the Arabs built a vast empire that stretched from Spain and
Portugal in the west all the way to the Indian subcontinent in the east.
Covering almost half of the old known world, the Arab empire was one
and a half times the size of the Roman Empire at its peak. Unlike earlier
civilizations, the Arab civilization dominated the Mediterranean sea
and made it practically an Arab lake. The Arabs occupied Spain and
Portugal in 711 AD.
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CHAPTER # 4
MAJOR REFORMATIVE MOVEMENTS IN

INDIA
Some major revolutionary movements of sub continents are as
follows:
i. Movement of Shaikh Ahmad Al-Sirhindi (R A) (Mujaddad Alif
Sani)
ii. Movement of Shah Waliullah Mohaddis Dehlvi (R A)
iii. Movement of Syed Ahmad Shaheed (R A)
iv. Movement of Shah Ismail Shaheed (R A)
Introduction of revolutionary movements:
A revolution movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make
gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society, rather than rapid
or fundamental changes.
Defination of revolutionary movements:
A revolutionary movement is defined as distinguished from more radical
social movements such as reformative movements.
Reasons for organizations:
Revolutionary movements are organized to carry out reforms in some
specific areas. The reformers put their best efforts to change elements
of the system for better. Shah Waliullah Movement and Syed Ahmed
Shaheed Movement etc are the example.
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Benefits of revolutionary movements:
The reformers started movements for the benefits in the favors of
country and urged the past government to accomplish their demand so
we have collected lot of information and try to elaborate more on these
saints and hard worker people. We really appreciate their effort. Their
best achievement is to achieve separate independence homeland named
Pakistan.
Test Your Learning

Q.1. Why revolutionary movements are organized and what was their
best achievement?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Aim and Objectives of revolutionary movements:
The aim of something that you do is the purpose for which you do it or
the result that it is intended to achieve and your objective is what you
are trying to achieve. The basic aim and objectives of these reformative
movements are following:
v. To gaining more information of our heroes.
vi. Importance of those people in our life who started these
movements.
vii. To aware from their best efforts so that everybody feel proud on
these people.
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Movement of Shaikh Ahmad Al-Sirhindi (R A) (Mujaddad Alif
Sani):
Introduction:
He was an Indian Islamic scholar from Punjab. He is described as
Mujaddid Alf Thani, meaning the reviver of the second millennium.
For his work in restore Islam and opposing the innovation in religion in
the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar. He is said to have had considerable
and long-lasting influence in India and to have given to Indian Islam the
rigid and conservative stamp it bears today.
Early age, basic education and advanced studies:
Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (RA) was born, on 14 Shawwal 971 A.H. in the
village of sirhind. He belongs to an ashraf family claiming descent from
Caliph Umar (RA), he received most of his early education from his
father, Shaykh ‘Abd al-Ahad and memorised the Holy Qur’an. He was
then sent to Sialkot, at present in Pakistan, where he learned logic,
philosophy and theology (science of the nature of religious beliefs). He
studied some advanced texts of tafsīr and hadīth.
Development:
To preaching and the ‘anti-Islamic’ policies of Mughal emperor.
i. To condemn Akbar’s policy of total peace.
ii. To preach right path shown by the Holy Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
Oneness of being (wahdat al-wujūd):
Sirhindi strongly opposed the idea known as wahdat al-wujūd (‘unity of
being’), a concept which emphasizes that in reality all things exist
within God.
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History And Achievements:
Most famous of his works are a collection of 536 letters, collectively
entitled Collected Letters or Maktubat, to the Mughal rulers and other
contemporaries (belonging to the sameperiod). It consists of three
volumes. It was reproduced by offset process in Istanbul, Turkey. A
copy of the Persian version exists in the library of the Columbia
University. His greatest achievement was to refuse perform prostration
of veneration before the king Jehangir. He declared that Sajdha
(prostsation) was only due to Allah (SWT) and it is only Allah’s right.
He was put into prison to not perform prostration before the king. The
movement launched by Ahmad Sirhindi for the revival of Islam in India
laid a foundation for the involvement of two nations theory which
played an important role for making of Pakistan.
Q.2. Why did meaning Shaikh Ahmad Al-Sir Hindi refuse to perform
prostsation before the king Jehangir?
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2. SHAH WALIULLAH MOHADDIS DEHLVI (R A):
Introduction:
Shah Waliullah (RA) a great scholar and reformer was born in Delhi on
21 Feb1703. The original name of Shah Waliullah was Qutbuddin (R A)
and his father’s name was Shah Abdul Raheem (R A). Shah Waliullah
received his early education at Madrasa Rahimiyya. His father was his
teacher and source of spiritual guidance.He was a man of letters, a man
of character and a man of principle.
Reasons for Shah Waliullah’s movement:
i. Rule of Muslim in subcontinent 1000 years and good impression.
ii. Follow Islamic principles specially justice.
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iii. Deviating from Islamic principles.
iv. Last pious emperor of India - Aurangzab Alamgir (RA).
v. Religious and moral down fall of Muslims.
vi. To start movement for revival of Islamic principles.
Educational Development at early stages:
He commenced his studies at the age of five and completed the recitation
and memorization of the Qur’an by the age of seven. Thereafter, he
commenced primary lessons in Persian and Arabic, which were
completed in a year. Then, he studied the grammar and principles of
Persian and Arabic. He completed his studies in philosophy and theology
at the age of fifteen and then commenced his studies in mantiq, fiqh,
hadith, tibb, algebra, mathematics, Elm-ul-kalaam, spirituality and
metaphysics under the guidance of his father.
Higher Religious Education Development:
He received his Higher Relegious education from Shaikh Abu Tahir
Muhammad Bin Ibrahim at Medina Munawwrah.
Verbal communication of Hadith.
To study Siha-e-Sitta, Mouta Imam Malik, Musnad, Darmi and Imam
Muhammad (RA) Al-Asaar.
Aim and Objective:
i. To induct in to the tradition of Bayat by his Father.
ii. To provide spiritual guidance to and reform his followers.
iii. To become a teacher at Madrasa Rahimiyya to teach the people.
iv. To invite Ahmad Shah Abdali towards India for the revival of
Islam.
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v. To emphasis the ruler to inforce Islamic Law in India.
vi. To clarify the importance of Jihad to the solder for the glorification
of Islam.
vii. To ask the trades to adopt the fair principles of business.
Achievements of Shah Waliullah (R A):
Shah Waliullah (RA) was a great Islamic scholar and writer. In the real
form of Islam, he produced a number of memorable literary works and,
within a period of thirty years. He wrote a total of fifty-one books of
merit, twenty-eight in Arabic and twenty-three in Persian.
Contribution of Shah Waliullah’s Revivial Movement:
i. Re-awareness of the Muslims.
ii. Writing letters to the Muslim rulers.
iii. The Finishing of Marahata’s Power
iv. Translation of the Holy Quran
v. Literary work of Shah Waliullah
Q.3. Write four aim and objective of movement of Shah Waliullah (RA)
How many books in Arabic and Persion Shah Waliullah (RA) wrote?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Classification of work in six categories:
His works can be classified into six categories.
i. The Holy Quran:
The first deals with the Holy Qur’an. It includes his translation of the
Qur’an into Persian language. According to him, the object of studying
Pakistan Studies 64
the Holy Qur’an is to reform human nature and correct wrong beliefs
and injurious actions.
ii. The Holy Hadith:
The second category deals with hadith, in which he has left behind
several works such as commentaries on Al-Muwatta Imam Malik in
both Arabic and Persian. Shah Waliullah also wrote a number of works
and pamphlets on hadith
iii. Islami Fiqh:
The third category deals with Islamic fiqh on Islamic jurisprudence,
which includes lnsaaf fi Bayaan-e-Sabaabul-Ikhtilaf, a brief yet
informative history of Islamic jurisprudence over the five centuries
before his life.
iv. Spiritual Education:
The fourth category deals with spiritual education.
v. Philosophy and Elm-ul-Kalaam:
The fifth category pertains to his works on Muslim philosophy and
kalaam. He also wrote a pamphlet on the principles of ijtihad (independent
interpretation) and taqlid (conformity). Shah Waliullah’s greatest work
is HujjatullahilBaligha, which deals with such aspects of Islam that are
common among all of the Muslim countries.
vi. Solution of Shia and Sunni Problems:
The sixth category deals with his works on the problems between Shias
and Sunnis.
Revolutionary and reform work:
Shah Waliullah theories were pertaining to religious firm faith
economics, social values and political issues revolutionary nature.The
miserable condition of Indian Muslims inspired him to improve their
Pakistan Studies 65
character, raise their morale, and inculcate a feeling of selflessness and
love for their fellows in them. He reformed the educational system and
separated faith from unlawful invented traditions, unnecessary and
unwanted suspicions regarding Islam.
Q.4. Which Major areas, Shah Waliullah did his revolutionary work?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
History of dedicated services:
After performing second hajj, Shah Waliullah returned to Delhi. He
started his work in earnest. This was in a period when Muslims in India
were passing through the most critical phase of their history and their
entire social, political, economic and spiritual condition was torn into
pieces. On his arrival in Delhi, he started to train his pupils in diverse
branches of Islam and entrusted them with the mission.
Mission of Shah Waliullah:
Mission of Shah Waliullah was to enlight the people with the true nature
of Islam.
Q.5. Write one sentences about the the mission of Shah Waliullah (RA)?
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Syed Ahmad Shaheed (R A) (1786–1831)
Introduction:
Syed Ahmed Shaheed (R A) was born in Rai Breli in 1786. He was a
deeply religious man. His life mission was to restore in, once again, the
glorious Islamic past. He wanted to establish an Islamic state on the
pattern of the guided Caliphs, first in the subcontinent and then, possibly,
Pakistan Studies 66
in the rest of the world. To achieve this goal he decided to wage a jihad
against the unbeliever who ruled the subcontinent then.
Q.6. What is the life mission of syed Ahmad Shaheed (RA)?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Aims And Objective:
Following are main aims and objective of the Movement of Syed Ahmed
Shaheed (R A).
i. To join the army of Nawab Ameer Khan in order to take part in
Jihad against the British.
ii. To devote himself for the religious and social reformation of the
Muslims.
iii. To motivate people for preparation of Jihad.
iv. To get martyrdom in fighting with Sikhs and British.
Development of movement:
Syed Ahmed Shaheed (R A) started a great movement in the North of
India. This movement is known as “The Mujahideen Movement” or
“The Movement of Jihad”. This movement arranged a power for the
struggle of freedom in Muslims which produced a spirit of survival and
Jihad.
Q.7. What is the name of movement of Syed Ahmad Shaheed and what
type of spirit he produced?
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Background of the Mujahideen Movement:
Syed Ahmed Shaheed (R A) selected a particular way on the command
of his spiritual guide Shah Abdul Aziz and devoted himself in the
preparation of the Jihad. He started a national movement for this purpose
in 1818 and organized this movement after his arrival from Hajj as the
Mujahideen Movement in 1831.
Objectives of Mujahideen Movement:
The main objectives of the Mujahideen Movement were following;
i. To preach oneness of Almighty Allah.
ii. To prepare the Muslims to pass their lives simply according to
the teachings of Islam.
iii. To protect the Muslims against such acts and ideas that are
conflict to Islamic values.
iv. To protect the Muslims from the worship of others except Allah
(SWT).
v. To preach Jihad because it was not possible to get freedom from
evil forces without armed struggle.
The Mujahideen Movement was started against the Sikhs. He came to
Sindh in 1826 and sought to help Syed Sibghatullah Shah PirPagara. He
sent a strong contingent of his followers called Hurs. Syed Ahmed
Shaheed left his family under the protection of Pir Pagara and proceeded
towards Jihad without any worry about his family. He reached
Nowshehra after passing though Afghanistan, the Khyber Pass and
Peshawar in December 1826 and used it as headquarters. The first battle
against Sikhs was fought and the Sikhs were defeated. The second battle
was fought at Hazro. It was also won by the Muslims. These victories
inspired a number of Pathan tribes to join Jihad Movement. The number
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of Mujahideen rose to 80,000. Syed Ahmed Shaheed was given the
status and title name of Amir-ul-Momineen. Islamic laws were enforced
in the area which was controlled by Syed Ahmed Shaheed (R A). In
short, the Mujahideen movement of Syed Ahmed Shaheed (RA) failed
in Balakot, but this movement played significance role to get freedom
in sub-continent.
Q.8. What is the title name of Syed Ahmad Shaheed (RA) and in which
city he established his centre for Mujahideen?
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Shah Ismail Shaheed (R A)
Introduction:
Shah Ismail Shaheed (R A) was a scholar of Islam and a warrior in the
jihad proclaimed by Syed Ahmed Shaheed (R A) against the Sikhs
kingdom in punjab in 19th century. Shah Muhammad Ismail Shaheed
(R A) was the son of Shah Abdul-Ghani, the grandson of Shah Waliullah
Muhaddith Dehlawi (RA).
Aims And Objective:
vi. To observe sincerely infast the poisonous atmosphere of Shirk
and innovations.
vii. To finish the influence of the Hindu religion upon Indian Muslims.
viii. To write a book named Taqwiyatul Iman.
ix. The aim of writing book to realizes Muslim to leave practices
against Sunnah.
Development in the field of compilation:
i. A treatise on the principles of Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).
Pakistan Studies 69
ii. A treatise on logic which has been referred to by Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan.
iii. A book titled Clarifying the evident truth about the rulings
concerning the dead and the shrines.
iv. The Status and Dignity of an Imam. The Persian manuscripts are
very rare now, however Urdu versions are available.
v. The Straight Path. This book has four chapters. Only the first
chapter has been written by Shah Shaheed.
vi. Taqwiyat-ul-Iman (The strengthening of Faith).
vii. Yak-Rozi (One dayer), is a short treatise in which Moulvi Fadl
Haq Khairabadi’s objections on his book Taqwiyat-ul-Iman have
been answered.
viii. Makateeb (The written notes), is one of his very big collections.
Shah Ismail Shaheed Dehlawi (R A) was a great religious Scholar.
There was a great love and respect for Allah (SWT), and Prophet
Muhammad (e) and other icons of Islam in his heart. He is free from
those allegations levelled against him.
Syed Ahmad Shaheed and Shah Ismail Shaheed with the help of the
Mujahadeen, including the 6 Swati’s tribes of Balakot and Syeds of
Kaghan, led many revolts and attacks against the Sikhs. At last on 6
May 1831 during a fierce battle Syed Ahmad Shaheed (RA) and Shah
Ismail Shaheed (RA) along with hundreds of their followers were
martyed in the battle .He is buried in Balakot and his Mazar is still there
in very simple surroundings.
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CHAPTER # 5
ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH RULE
Introduction:
After the arrival of British in Subcontinent the downfall of Muslim
society and Empire started and the British rule established in the region.
British rule was imposed due to the following major causes.
Establishment of Brithish Rule:
i. To start small trade and business activities by British.
ii. To establish East Indian Company.
iii. To get historical victory in Battle of Plassey 1757.
iv. To achieve recorded success in the battle of Buxar.
v. To defeat combined forces of Mughal Mir Qasim and Nawab of
Audh by British
vi. To remove from his way, Lion of Mysoor (Tippu Sultan) Marathas
and Sikhs by British.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857
Aims and objective:
i. Natural re-action by Indian people against British rule.
ii. Mutiny against the British.
iii. The Indian solders to push back the British forces.
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Major reasons of the war of independence 1857:
i. Political reasons
ii. Economical reasons
iii. Social reasons
iv. Religious reasons
v. Military reasons
1. Political Reasons:
i. To get strongly implanted of English East India Company.
ii. To achieve historic victory over Nawab of Bengal in 1757.
iii. To gain the British another recorded success in the battle of
Buxar.
iv. To defeat combined forces of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Oudh and
Mughal emperor by the British.
v. To Succeed in removing Lion of Mysoor Tuppu Sultan (RA),
Marathas and Sikhs by British.
vi. To include provinces like Bengal, Bihar and Oudh by British in
their Territory.
2. ECONOMICAL REASONS OF THE WAR
Some important Economical causes of the war are following:
i. New Agricultural Policy.
ii. Destroy the Local Industry.
iii. Unemployment on large scale.
iv. Domination of trade by the English.
v. Court fee stamps imposed by British.
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3. RELIGIOUS REASONS
Some important Religious causes of the war are following:
i. Respect all religion but changing the mind of people.
ii. Propagation of Christianity in Subcontinent.
iii. To convert the local people toward the Christianity.
iv. Introduction of new inventions. (Railway, port, telegraph)
v. Jehad Movement of Mujahdeen (Syed Ahmad Shaheed (RA) and
Shah Ismaeel Shaheed (RA)
vi. Anti religions law.
4. SOCIAL CAUSES
i. Ridicule of cultural heritage:
ii. Insulting treatment with the people:
5. MILITARY CAUSES
i. Disbanded armies of neighboring states.
ii. To get rid of English rule.
iii. Majority of British troops.
iv. Greased cartridges with the fat of the cow and pig.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857 :
i. By 1845, the British Empire had expanded from Bengal to Sindh,
and all that remained free was Punjab. The Sikhs were ruling
over Punjab and after the Second Sikh War in 1848, the British
gained control over the Indus. The Koh-i-Noor diamond that
Ranjit Singh had worn in his headdress now became a part of the
crown jewels at Westminster.
Pakistan Studies 73
ii. Both Hindus and Muslims, demand for radical social and
economic reforms.
iii. Tremendous growth in rural poverty.
iv. British officers routinely used their powers to desire
v. additional money, produce, and free services from the Indian
farmers and skilled work man.
vi. Desperate communities had often no choice but to resist to the
bitter end.
vii. Tax revenues payable to the British increased 70%. This led to
mounting agricultural debts with land being mortgaged to traders
and moneylenders at a very rapid rate.
viii. As a result, the dissatisfaction against the British was not confined
to the agricultural communities alone.
Achievements of Indian People:
i. Initial success of Freedom Fighters.
ii. Indian army captured the town of Haryana, Bihar and Mahdya
Pardesh.
Achievements of British in 1857 War of Independence:
i. The British thus became masters of India, where for nearly 800
years Muslims had ruled. However, their attitude towards the
Muslims was that of antipathy. The British attributed the war of
1857 to the Muslims alone. As a result, property belonging to
Muslims was confiscated.
ii. The British administrators deliberately followed a discriminatory
policy against the Muslims, even in filling minor jobs.
iii. By a series of revenue and financial measures, the British finished
the political and social position of the Muslims.
Pakistan Studies 74
iv. The Company’s commercial policy eliminated the Muslims from
internal and foreign trade. When the Europeans came to the Sub-
contient, the Muslim merchants lost much of their commerce with
foreign countries.
v. The newly introduced English system of education had many
drawbacks for the Muslims, mainly because it made no provisions
for religious education. As a result, they stayed away from it.
Periods of muslim rulers:
Caliphates
)) The guided Caliphs Period (632–661)
)) The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) - Successor of the Guided
Caliphate
)) The Umayyad period of cordoba in Islamic Spain (756-929-
1031)
)) The Abbasid period (750–1258) - Successor of the Umayyad
Caliphate
)) The Fatimid period (910–1171)
)) The Mamluk period (Bahri dynasty then preceded by Burji
dynasty) (1250–1517)
)) The Ottoman power period (1299–1923)
DOWNFALL OF MUSLIM SOCIETY AND EMPIRES:
i. Islam was enjoying its golden age from the 7th to the 14th century,
Europe was undergoing its dark ages. At the end of this period,
in the 14th century, Black Death, effected the entire continent.
ii. In the middle of the 18th century, the Ottoman army was in a
position to defeat any one European country in war. But after the
rise of European naval power and the introduction of new
Pakistan Studies 75
technology beginning in the 18th century, the Ottoman empire
declined. European economies were growing strong, and a few
Europeans countries, especially Britain, and France had
colonized parts of Asia and Africa. In 1798, Napoleon occupied
Egypt for three years. Although he was ousted after this time, the
Ottomans could accomplish this only through an alliance with
the British.
iii. The population of Europe increased by about 50 percent between
1800 and 1850. London became the world’s largest city other
capital cities also grew, and there emerged a new kind of industrial
city dominated by offices and factories.
iv. The economies as well as the populations of Arab countries were
not developed. They had not yet entered the railway age, except
for small beginnings in Egypt and Algeria, internal
communications were bad, and famine could still occur.
v. The Ottoman government started borrowing from European
banks, which had come into being as institutions with the purpose
of investing accumulated European capital globally. Between
1854 and 1879, the Ottoman government borrowed on a large
scale and on unfavorable terms; of a nominal amount of 256
million Turkish pounds it received only 139 million, the remainder
being discounted.
vi. European occupation of Muslim areas was started by France,
which occupied Algiers in 1830 and made Algeria a French
colony. In 1839, the British occupied the port of Aden in the Arab
peninsula.
vii. During the First World War, the Ottoman Empire fought alongside
Germany and Austria and lost to Britain, France, and the U.S.
After the war, the empire was dissolved on August 10, 1920. The
sultan was exiled, and the caliphate later abolished.
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CHAPTER # 6
Geographical Importance, Unique Position And

Administrative Division Of Pakistan
It will be explained on following under four main headings on the
following:
1. Geographical importance
2. Unique position of Pakistan
3. Important information about Pakistan
4. Administrative Division of Pakistan
(I) GEOGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE:
It will be described as following sub headings:
i. Geographical importance of Pakistan
ii. Location of Pakistan
iii. Energy corridor and international boundaries
iv. Bridge between South and West Asia
v. Bridge between South and Central Asia
vi. Bridge between Central Asia and Arabian sea
vii. Trade with the world
viii. Excellent air link with other countries
ix. Sea ports of Pakistan
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x. Coastline of Pakistan
xi. Border with four neighboring countries
xii. Pakistan’s access to natural warm water
xiii. Guarding the traditional invasion routes from central Asia to the
subcontinent
xiv. The northern highlands
xv. Climate and weather
xvi. Size and population
xvii. Link between East and West.
xviii. Buffer between China and India
i. Geographical importance of Pakistan:
Pakistan has vital importance due to its geographical position. It is
blessed with various natural resources.
Pakistan is a land of many magnificent types. The scenery changes
northward from coastal beaches, lagoons and water logged areas in the
south to sandy deserts, desolate plateaus, fertile plains, and dissected
upland in the middle and high mountains with beautiful valleys, snow-
covered peaks and eternal glaciers in the north. The variety of landscape
divides Pakistan into six major regions:
i. The north high mountainous region
ii. The western low mountainous region
iii. The Baluchistan plateau
iv. The potohar upland
v. The Punjab plains
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vi. The Sindh plains
ii. Location of Pakistan:
Geographically Pakistan is located between latitude of 24 degree to 37
degree north and extends from longitude 60.50 degree to 75.50 degree
east.
iii. Geographical situation:
Due to its geographical location it plays an impotent role in keeping in
balance of power in Asia and particularly between the superpowers.
Asia is the biggest continent in the world. Which is spread up to 44.3
million square kilometers. Pakistan is located in the west part of South
Asia. Iran is located west of Pakistan, Afghanistan on north-west, and
china on north-east, India on east Tajikistan on north and Arabian Sea
lies south of Pakistan.
iv. Energy corridor and international boundaries:
Pakistan is a corridor of energy and has very tremendous international
boundaries, as countries like gulf states, (United Arab Emirates (UAE),
Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq) are near to
Pakistan. These countries provide oil and trade through sea and land
routes. .
v. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
This zone is very rich in Pakistan. Fishing and minerals are found in
this zone abundance. It is an area of sea on which any country is having
exclusive rights to explore and use its natural resources. Pakistan has
350 NMC (Approx. 700 km) of exclusive economic zone. MSA
(Maritime Security Agency) ensures protection of EEZ.
vi. Bridge between south and west Asia:
Pakistan is a route for transportation and serves as a bridge between
south and west Asia. It joins the countries like Iran, turkey, and kingdom
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of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It also provides way to the western countries in
Europe.
vii. Bridge between south and central Asia:
Pakistan also serves as the bridge between south and central Asia. It
joins the countries like, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan etc.
viii. Bridge between central Asia and Arabian Sea:
Pakistan also serves as a bridge between central Asia and Arabian Sea
as it provides shortest route to land locked central Asian states
e.g. Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan etc.) and has excess to warm.
ix. Trade with the world:
Pakistan’s chief trading partners are the United States, Japan, Germany,
Great Britain, and Saudi Arabia. In almost every year imports exceed
exports. It has east sea routes which provide international trade routes
with European countries as well as other countries.
x. Excellent air link with other countries:
Pakistan international airlines (PIA) the nation’s main airline, is an
important domestic and also flies international routes. Major international
airports are at Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Quetta, Peshawar and
Sialkot.
xi. Sea ports of Pakistan:
(a) Major Sea Ports.
(b) Minor Sea Ports.
(a) Major Sea Ports:
Karachi Port Trust (KPT), Gawadar Sea Port and Bin Qasim Sea Port
are major sea ports of Pakistan. Karachi Port Trust is chief Sea Port of
Pakistan.
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(b) Minor Sea Ports:
Sonmmiani sea port, Ormara sea port, Pasni sea port and Jewani
sea port are minor sea ports of Pkistan.
xii. Coastline of Pakistan:
The coastline of Pakistan extends 1,050 km. 250 km falling in Sind
province and 800 km in Baluchistan. The Pakistan navy, Maritime
Security Agency (MSA) and Coast Guards, are the guardian of Pakistan
Coastline. They safe guard shipping lanes passing through Pakistan
coast and prevent illegal fishing in Pakistani Waters and other illegal
things i.e. smuggling of all types.
xiii. Border with four neighboring countries:
Iran, china, Afghanistan and India are Pakistan’s bordering countries.
Pakistan has very friendly relations with china. The border of Pakistan
with Afghanistan, is 2643 KM, with china, is of 510 KM, with India, is
of 1280 KM, and with Iran, is of 912KM
xiv. Guarding the traditional invasion routes from central Asia
to the subcontinent:
The geographical location of Pakistan guards the traditional invasion
routes from central Asia to the subcontinent. Most of the attacks by
enemies used the route Khyber Pass (Peshawar).
xv. Pakistan’s access to warm water (Arabian Sea):
The Arabian Sea is a 24 hours available sea route to Pakistan, for the
purposes of trading and business with other countries of the world, due
to warm water throughout the year. The water of Arabian Sea is known
as warm water.
Reasons to remain warm and frozen water:
The water of Arabian sea is the best example it never gets frozen, even
in cold weather. It is the Greatest Blessings of Allah (SWT) for Pakistan.
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Arabian Sea is situated near equator. The places that are near equator
those are hot and warm. Arabian Sea is the best example. The places
that are far from equator those are cold and frozen. Arctic ocean (North)
and Antarctic ocean (South) are its examples.
xvi. The northern highlands:
The northern highlands include parts of the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram
Range, and the Himalayas. This area includes such famous peaks as
K2, the second highest peak in the world.
xvii. Climate and weather:
Pakistan exists the north of equator and east of the prime meridian, so
it can grow four season crops. The climate is rich for the agriculture.
The weather of Pakistan is excellent. All seasons such as summer,
winter, autumn, spring and rainy are seen in our beloved country.
xviii. Size and population:
The land area of a state in itself is an element of power. Pakistan is
fortunate in this regard that it has greater ratio of young generation
while in contrast to that the west is far behind from us. It has a land of
796096 sq km.
xix. Link between East and West:
Pakistan provides an important link between east and west through
Arabian Sea. The oil on which the west depends goes from Middle East
to Europe through Arabian Sea.
xx. Buffer between India and China
Pakistan is situated between two largest countries i.e. China and India.
Pakistan has an excellent relationship and time tested friend with China
while Pakistan has gone to war three times so far with India.
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2. UNIQUE POSITION OF PAKISTAN:
It will be explained as the following subheadings.
i. Unique position in the continent of Asia
ii. Balance of power in Asia and south Asia
iii. Significance value in the world
iv. Common wide border with India
v. Hilly and mountainous border
vi. Strategic wise Pakistan situated between India and Russia
vii. Nuclear power
viii. Major and Minor Desert areas of Pakistan
ix. Rich in minerals
x. Natural and Power resources
xi. Irrigation system of Pakistan
xii. Mountains of Pakistan
xiii. Plateaus of Pakistan
xiv. Plains of Pakistan
i. Unique position in the continent of Asia
Pakistan has a unique geo strategically position, in the biggest continent
of the world i.e. Asia, which is an honor for Pakistan.
ii. Balance of power in Asia and south Asia
Pakistan can play a decisive role in keeping balance of power in Asia
and south Asia.
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iii. Significance value in the world
Due to strategic location Pakistan has a significance value in the entire
world.
iv. Common wide border on land with India
Pakistan has common wide border on land with India, which is also
known as wide land border.
v. Hilly and mountainous border
Pakistan has the hilly and mountainous border with Afghanistan, china
and Iran.
vi. Strategic wise Pakistan situated between India and Russia
Pakistan is situated between India and Russia which are two close allies.
vii. Nuclear power
Pakistan has the honor of being first Muslim country, having nuclear
power and tested its nuclear power on 28th May 1998 at Chaghai
(Baluchistan province).
Pakistan is the 7th nuclear weapon state in the world. As of 2009, the
nuclear power plants make up to 2.4% share where the electricity made
by fossil fuel are 65.2% and 33.9% of it from the hydro power. Pakistan
Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all nuclear
energy and research applications in the country.
viii. Major and Minor Desert areas of Pakistan
Thar (sindh), Cholistan (Punjab), and Thal (Punjab) are major desert
areas of Pakistan. Minor desert areas are Indus valley desert (Northern
Area) and the Chaghai and kharan desert (Baluchistan).
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Major Deserts of Pakistan:
(i) Thar Desert
The Thar Desert spans 200,000 square kilometers and covers large
areas of both Pakistan and India. It is the seventh largest desert on the
earth and the third largest desert in Asia continent.
(ii) Cholistan Desert
The Cholistan desert spans an area of 16,000 square kilometers. The
name Cholistan is derived from the Turkish word chol, meaning desert,
though the desert is locally known as the Rohi.
(iii) Thal Desert
The Thal Desert is located in northeastern Pakistan between the Indus
and Jhelum rivers. A large canal-building project is currently underway
to irrigate the land. Irrigation will make most of the desert suitable for
farming.
Minor Deserts of Pakistan:
(i) Indus Valley Desert
The Indus Valley Desert is located in the northern area of Pakistan. The
desert spans an area of 19,500 square kilometers and is surrounded by
northwestern scrub forests. The Indus Valley Desert lies between two
major rivers in the region, the Chenab and the Indus.
(ii) The Chaghai and Kharan Desert
The Chaghaiand Kharan Desertislocatedin Northwest Balochistan. The
desert was used for nuclear testing by the Pakistan military, making it
the most famous deserts.
ix. Rich in minerals
In Pakistan five regions are rich in minerals. These are as under:
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i. The salt range and Makarwal region - rich in, rock salt, gypsum
and coal.
ii. The Potwar Plateau - rich in oil.
iii. The north-east Baluchistan and adjacent part of Waziristan - rich
in coal, Chromites and marble.
iv. The lower Indus Plain - rich in natural gas and coal.
v. The Chitral area - rich in Iron.
x. Natural and Powar Resources
Natural resources: Arable land, Water, Air, Forests, Natural Gas, Plants,
Animals and valuable crops are famous natural resources.
Power Resources: Hydroelectric Power, Thermo Electric Power and
Nuclear Power.
xi. Irrigation system of Pakistan
Pakistan has the best and the largest Irrigation system in the entire
world.
xii. Mountains of Pakistan
There are seven important mountains range of Pakistan
i. The Himalayas Mountain
ii. The Kara Koram Mountain
iii. The Hindu Kash Mountains
iv. The Waziristan Hills
v. The Koh-e-Safed Range
vi. The Sulaiman Range
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vii. The Kirthar Range
xiii. Plateaus of Pakistan
There are two Plateaus in Pakistan.
i. The Potwar Plateau
ii. The Balchistan Plateau
xiv. Plains of Pakistan
The Plain areas can be devided into three parts:
i. The Upper Indus Plain
ii. The Lower Indus Plain
iii. The Indus delta
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT

PAKISTAN
It will be described as the following sub headings:
i. Relationship of Pakistan with Islam
The ideology of Pakistan is totally based on Islam. That is the reason, it
has been named as Islamic republic of Pakistan.
The very first Muslim entered in Sndh in the year 712 A.D was
Mohammad Bin Qasim (R.A). Due to this reason Sind is called Babul
Islam (gateway to Islam).
ii. Full Name of Pakistan:
The full name of Pakistan is Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
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iii. Historical and wordlly meaning of Pakistan:
The historical meaning of Pakistan is “La ilaha illallah”. The word
Pakistan means “the land of the pure”. Pakistan was named by Choudhry
Rahmat Ali. The credit is gone to him to creat the name Pakistan for a
separate Muslim homeland in South Asia.
iv. Famous languages & its percentages
There are primarily six major languages in Pakistan spoken 92% of the
population: Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu and Balochi.
v. Official and national language:
The official language is English and the national language is Urdu,
census indicates that around 8% of the population speak Urdu as their
first language.
vi. Different percentage of languages:
Around 48% speak Punjabi, 8% speak Pashto, and 12% speak Sindhi,
10% Saraiki, 8% Urdu, 3% balochi and other languages Hindko, brahui
etc. as their first language.
vii. Working force percentage
The working force, of agricultural department is about 42%, of servicing
department is 38%, and of Industrial is 20%.
viii. Types of government
The type of government of Pakistan is Parliamentary democracy.
Parliamentary democracy is a political system in which the legislature
(parliament) selects the government – a prime minister along with the
cabinet ministers – according to party strength as expressed in elections;
by this system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the
people as well as to the parliament. There are two houses of parliament
i.e. The National Assembly and Senate.
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ix. Head of the state
The head of state is called president.
x. Head of the government
The head of the government is called Prime Minister.
xi. Head of the judiciary and chief Justices:
There are eight Chief Justices in Pakistan. Every High court has Chief
Justice. The head of the judiciary is called Chief Justice of Pakistan.
xii. Head of the Army
The head of the Army in Pakistan is called Chief of the Army Staff
(COAS).
The main headquarters of the Army is located at Rawalpindi known as
General Headquarters.
xiii. Head of the Navy
The head of the Navy in Pakistan is called Chief of the Naval Staff
(CNS). The main Headquarters of the Navy is located at Islamabad
known as Naval Headquarters.
xiv. Head of the Air Force
The head of the Air Force in Pakistan is called Chief of the Air Staff
(CAS). The main Headquarters of the Air Force is located at Islamabad
known as Air Headquarters.
xv. Head of the senate
The head of the senate is called chairman senate.
xvi. Head office of Supreme Court
The head office of Supreme Court of Pakistan is located in Islamabad.
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xvii. Registary offices of supreme court:

Every province headquarter has registary office of Supreme Court i.e.
Karachi, Lahore, Quetta and Peshawar.
xviii. Head office of Six High Courts
The head offices of high courts are located as under:
a. In Punjab: Lahore High Court at Lahore
b. In Sind: Sind High Court at Karachi
c. In Baluchistan: Baluchistan High Court at Quetta
d. In Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw: Peshawar High Court at Peshawar.
e. In Islamabad: Islamabad High Court at Islamabad
f. In Gilgit Baltistan: Gilgit Baltistan High Court at Gilgit.
xix. System of Azad Kashmir
The system of Azad Kashmir is very simple. It has its own President,
Prime minister, and Supreme Court. Defense of Azad Kashmir is
responsibility of Pakistan because Azad Kashmir does not have its own
Army and its territory is under control of Pakistan. Pakistani currency
is used in Azad Kashmir.
xx. Provinces of Pakistan
There are five provinces in Pakistan, Punjab, Sind, Khyber Pakhtoon
Khawa, Baluchistan and Gilgit Biltistan that is called Preciously FANA
now it has given the status of Province by the Govt. of Pakistan.
xxi. Territories under Federal control
The territories which are under Federal Control are Azad Kashmir,
Gilgit Biltistan which has a province status now; its previous name was
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FANA (Federally Administrated Northern Areas). Another territory
which is under federal control is FATA, and it stands for (Federally
Administrated Tribal Areas).
xxii. Gilgit Baltistan:
Gilgit, Sakurdu, and Hunza are famous cities of Gilgit Baltistan areas.
That has given the status of province on 02 Jan 2010.
xxiii. Seven agencies of FATA
South wazirstan agency, North Waziristan agency, Khyber Agency,
Mohmand Agency, orakzai agency, Khurram Agency and Bajaur
agency are seven agencies of FATA.
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan’s administrative units are as follows:
No. Administrative unit Capital
1 Balochistan (province) Quetta
2 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province) Peshawar
3 Punjab (province) Lahore
4 Sindh (province) Karachi
5 Islamabad Capital Territory Islamabad
6 Federally Administered Tribal Areas Peshawar
7 Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad
8 Gilgit–Baltistan Gilgit
INTRODUCTION
The provinces are sub-divided into division and then districts. Districts
are further subdivided into sub-districts called Tehsils. The term Tehsil
is used everywhere except in Sindh province, where the term taluka is
used. Tehsils may contain villages or municipalities.
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Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
Agencies of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas are mentioned
below. On 28th may 2018, Parliment of Pakistan Passed 31st amendment
and Merged all 07 Agencies of FATA in KPK Province.
Sr. No. Agency Headquarters
1 Bajaur Agency Khar
2 Khyber Agency Landi Kotal
3 Kurram Agency Parachinar
4 Mohmand Agency Ghalanai
5 North Waziristan Agency Miranshah
6 Orakzai Agency Kalaya
7 South Waziristan Agency Wana
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Sr. No. District Headquarters
1 Muzaffarabad Muzaffarabad
2 Hattian Hattian Bala
3 Neelum Athmuqam
4 Mirpur Mirpur
5 Bhimber Bhimber
6 Kotli Kotli
7 Poonch Rawalakot
8 Bagh Bagh
9 Haveli Forward Kahuta
10 Sudhnati Pallandari
Gilgit–Baltistan (Status of Province)
It comprises 03 divisions and 10 Districts
Sr. No. Division : 03 District : 10
1 Baltistan Ghanche, Shigar, Kharmang, Skardu
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2 Gilgit Gilgit, Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar
3 Diamer Diamer, Astore
Administrative Divisions
BALOCHISTAN PROVINCE:
Balochistan comprises 6 divisions, 32 districts
No. Divisions - 6 District – 32 Tehsils
1. Quetta Quetta, Panjpai (Sub Tehsil)
2. Pishin Pishin (Hurramzai, Barshore,
Karezat) sub-tehsil
3. Qilla Abdullah Chaman, (Dobandi, Gulistan)
1 Quetta
sub-tehsils
4. Chagai Dalbandin, (Chagai, Nokundi,
Taftan) sub-tehsils
5. Nushki Nushki
1. Loralai Bori (Loralai), (Mekhta,
Sinjawi) sub tehsils, Duki
2. Musakhel Musakhel, Kingri (Sub-tehsil)
3. Barkhan Barkhan
2 Zhob 4. Qilla Saifullah Qilla Saifullah, Muslim Bagh,
(Loiband, Baddini) sub tehsils
5. Zhob Zhob, Qamardin Karez,
(Ashwat, Sambaza) sub tehsil
6. Sherani Sherani
1. Sibi Sibi, Harnai, (Sangan, Kat
Mandai) sub-tehsils
3 Sibi
2. Ziarat Ziarat
3. Kohlu Kohlu, Kahan, Mawand
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4. Dera Bugti Dera Bugti, Phelawagh, Sui,
Loti, (Sangsilla, Baqar, Malam,
Pir Koh) sub-tehsil
5. Harnai Harnai
1. Jafarabad Jhat Pat,, Usta Muhammad
2. Nasirabad Dera Murad Jamali, Nasirabad,
Chattar
3. Jhal Magsi Gandawa, Mirpur, (sub-tehsil),
4 Nasirabad Jhal Magsi
4. Sohbatpur Sohbatpur
5. Kachhi Dhadar, Mach, Bhag, Lehri,
(Sani, Balanari), sub-tehsil
(Bolan)
1. Kalat Kalat, (Mangochar, Johan,
Surab, Gazgi) sub-tehsil
2. Mastung Mastung, (Kirdgab, Dasht,
Khad, Koocha) sub-tehsil
3. Khuzdar Khuzdar, Zehri, (Moola,
Karakh, Nal, Wadh, Omach,
Saroona, Aranji) sub-tehsil
5 Kalat 4. Awaran Awaran, (Maskhai, Jhal Jao)
sub-tehsil
5. Kharan Kharan, (Besima, Wasuk,
Mashkhel) sub-tehsil
6. Lasbela Bela, Uthal, Lakhra, Dureji,
Kanraj (Gaddani, Hub Liari,
Sonmian/winder) sub-tehsils
7. Washuk Washuk
1. Kech (Turbat) Kech, Zamuran, Hoshab, Tump
(Bulendi, Balnigor, Dasht) sub-
6 Mekran tehsil
2. Gwadar Gwadar, Pasni, Qurmara,
Jiwani (Sunstar) sub-tehsil
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3. Panjgur Punjgur, Parome, Gichk (sub
tehsil)
4. Mand Mand
KHYBER PAKHTOONKHWAN (NORTH WESTERN FRONTIER
PROVINCE)
The northern and western parts of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwan are dominated
by mountains, with the highest peaks perpetually snow clad.
Administrative Divisions of KPK Province:
It comprises of 8 divisions and 26 districts
Divisions 8 Districts 26 Tehsil/Sub-division
1. Chitral Chitral, Mastung
2. Upper Dir Dir Wari
3. Lower Dir Timargara, Jandool
1 Malakand 4. Buner Daggar/ Buner
5. Swat Swat, Matta
6. Shangla Alpuri, Besham, Chakesar
7. Malakand Swat, Rani Zai, Sam Rani Zai
1. Upper Kohistan Dassu, Patan, Palas
2. Lower Kohistan Lower Kohistan
2 Hazara 3. Batgram Batgram, Alai
4. Abbottabad Abbottabad
5. Haripur Haripur, Ghazi
1. Mardan Mardan, Takht Bahi
3 Mardan
2. Swabi Swabi, Lahor
1. Charsadda Charsadda, Tangi, Shubqadar
4 Peshawar 2. Peshawar Peshawar (City + Sadar)
3. Nowshehra Nowshehra (City + Sadar)
1. Kohat Kohat
5 Kohat
2. Hangu Hangu (July 1996)
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3. Karak Karak, Banda Daud Shah,
Takht-e-Nasriti
1. D.I Khan Paharpur, Dera Ismail Khan,
Kulachi, Upper Dir (September
6 D.I Khan
1996)
2. Tank Tank
1. Bannu Bannu (City + Sadar)
7 Bannu
2. Lakki Marwat Lakki Marwat
1. Mansehra, Mansehra, Tor Ghar
8 Mansehra
2. Tor Ghar
SINDH Province:
Introduction
Sindh site had been of one of the earliest civilizations of the world.
Sindh is called the gift of the Indus. Sindh is the second important
province of Pakistan. It is known as babul Islam.
Administrative Divisions of Sindh Province
The province of Sindh comprises 07 division, 29 districts and each
district is further diveded into taluka (Tehsil). This division is for
administrative purposes.
THE PROVINCE OF SINDH HAS THE FOLLOWING AD-
MINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
Divisions-7 Districts-29 Tehsils
1. Jacobabad Jacobabad, Garhi, Khairo,
Thul, Kandhkot,
2. Shikarpur Kashmor. Shikarpur,
1. Larkana
Khanpur, Lakhi, Garhi Yasin.
3. Larkana Larkana, Dokri, Rato Dero,
4.Kashmor Kandh Kot Shahdadkot, Miro Khan,
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5. Kambar Shahdadkot Kambar, Shahdadkot
1. Sukkur Sukkur, Rohri, Pano Aqil
2. Ghotki Salehpat. Ghotki, Khan Garh,
Mirpur Mathelo, Daharki
2. Sukkur
3. Khairpur Ubauro Khairpur, Kingri,
Gambat, Sobhodero Kotdiji,
Mirwah, Faiz Ganj, Nara
1.Naushahro Feroze Naushahro Feroze, Moro,
3. Shaheed Bhiria, Kandiaro
Benazirbad 2. Nawab Shah Nawab Shah, Sakrand,
(Nawab Daulatpur
Shah) 3. Sanghar Khiro, Sinjhoro, Shahdadpur,
Tando Adam, Jam Nawaz Ali
1. Dadu Mehar, Khairpur Nathan
Shah, Dadu, Johi, Sehwan,
Kotri, Thano Bula Khan
2. Hyderabad Hyderabad, Hyderabad city,
Latifabad, Qasimabad,
4. Hyderabad
3. Jam Shoro Jam Shoro
4. Matiari Matiari
5. Tando Allah Yar Tando Allah yar,
6. Tando M. Khan Tando Muhammad Khan,
Matiari, Hala
1. Badin Badin, Golarchi, Matli,
Tando Bagho
2. Thatta Thatta,
5. Banbhore 3. Sujawal Sujawal, Shah Bunder, Jati,
Mirpur Bathoro, Keti Bunder,
Mirpur Sakro, Ghorabari,
Kharo Chan
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1. Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas, Gigri, Kot
Chulam Muhammad.
6. Mirpur 2. Umerkot Umerkot, Kunri, Samaro,
Khas Pithoro.
3. Mithi (Tharparkar) Mithi, Diplo, Chachro, Nagar
Parer
1. Malir Airport Subdivision, Gadap
Subdivision, Bin Qasim.
2. Karachi East Jamshed Quarters, Feroze
Abad, Landhi Korangi,
Model Colony, Shah Faisal.
3. Karachi West Korangi Subdivision,
Harbour, West Baldiyaah,
7. Karachi
S.I.T.E (Site).
4. Karachi South City Subdivision, Baghdadi,
Civil Line, Preddy, Sadar,
Garden, Eid Ghah
5. Karachi Central Liaquatabad, Nazimabad,
Central New Karachi.
6. Korangi Korangi Area
PUNJAB Province:
Introduction
The word ‘Punjab’ means the land of five rivers. The province of Punjab
carries great importance and is the biggest province of the country due
to the population.
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF THE PUNJAB
The province of the Punjab comprises 9 divisions, 36 districts and each
district divided in Tehsils. This division is for administrative purposes.
Pakistan Studies 98
DETAIL OF ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF THE PUNJAB
Punjab Province has 9 divisions and 36 districts.
Division-9 Districts-36Tehsils
1. Attock Attock, Hasan Abdal Fateh Jang,
Pindi Gheb, Jand.
2. Rawalpindi Rawalpindi, Gujar Khan, Kahuta,
Taxila, Murree, Kotli, Sattian,
1. Rawalpindi
3. Jhelum Jhelum, Pind Dadan Khan,
Sohawa, Sarai Alamgir.
4. Chakwal Chakwal, Choa Saidan Shah, Tala
Gang.
1. Sargodha Sargodha, Sillanwali, Shahpur,
Bahawal
2. Bhakkar Mankera, Kalur Kot, Bhakkar,
2. Sargodha
Darya Khan.
3. Khushab Khushab, Noorpur Thal
4. Mianwali Mianwali, Pipalan, Isa Khel.
1. Faisalabad Faisalabad city, Faisalabad Saddar,
Chak Jhumra, Summundri,
Tandianwala
3. Faisalabad 2. Jhang Jaranwala, Jhang, Shorkot
3. Toba Tek Singh Toba Tek Singh, Gojra,
Singh Kamalia
4. Chiniot Chiniot
1. Gujranwala Gujranwala, Kamonke, Naushera,
Virkan, Wazirabad
4. Gujranwala 2. Hafizabad Hafizabad, Pindi Bhattian

3. Gujrat Gujrat, Kharian.
4.Mandi Mandi Bahauddin, Phalia, Malak
Bahauddin Wal.
Pakistan Studies 99
5. Sialkot Sialkot, Daska, Pasrur
6. Narowal Narowal, Shakargarh
1. Lahore Lahore city, Lahore cantt, Model
Town, Saddar.
2. Kasur Kasur, Chunian, Pattoki
5. Lahore 3.Nankana Nankana Sahib, Shah kot,
Sahib Sangla Hill
4. Sheikhupura Ferozewala, Sheikhupura,
Mureedky, Safrdarabad.
1. Vehari Vehari, Burewala, Mailsi.
2. Multan Multan Saddar, Multan city,
Shujabad, Jalalpur Pirwala.
6. Multan
3. Lodhran Lodhran, Kahror Pacca, Dunyapur.
4. Khanewal Khanewal, Jahanian, Mian Channu,
Kabirwala
1. D.G. Khan Dera Ghazi Khan, Taunsa.
2. Rajanpur Rajanpur, Rojhan, Jampur.
7. Dera Ghazi
3. Layyah Layyah, Karor Lal Esan, Chaubara.
Khan
4. Muzaffargarh Muzaffargarh, Alipur, Jatoi, Kot
Addu.
1. Bahawalpur Hasilpur, Khairpur Tamewali,
Yazman, Ahmadpur East,
Bahawalpur.
8. Bahawalpur 2. Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar, Christian.
3. Rahim Yar. Haroonabad, Fort Abbas,
Khan Minchinabad. Rahim Yar Khan,
Sadiqabad, Liaquatpur, Khanpur.
1. Sahiwal Sahiwal, Chicha Watni.
9. Sahiwal 2. Pakpattan Pakpattan, Arifwala.
3. Okara Okara, Depalpur
Pakistan Studies 100
TEST YOUR LEARNING

Geographical importance, unique position and adminstrative
division of Pakistan.
Q 1. Who did creat the word Pakistan for our country?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q. 2. What is meaning word Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 3. Write the name of three plains areas of Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 4. What is our official language and national language?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 5. Write the name of two agencies of FATA.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 6. Which country has the common wide border on land with Pakistan
and how km long it is?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 7. How many Kilometer, Pakistan has the border with Afghanistan,
China and Iran?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 8. Write the name of any five languages that are spoken in Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 9. What is the working force percentage of agriculture, services
and industries?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 10. What type of the Government Pakistan has and write the name of
two houses that make legislation?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q11. Who is called head of the state in Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q12. Who is called head of the Judiciary?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q13. Who is called head of the Navy?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q14. Who is called head of the Army?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q15. Write the names of six High Courts of Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q16. Explain relationship of Pakistan with Islam.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q17. Write the name of four provinces of Pakistan and which area that
has given the status of Provice and when?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q18. Write the name of three major seaports of Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q19. Which sea is called Warm Water and why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q20. What does PAEC, MSA and KSA stand for?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q21. What is the meaning of Bab-ul-Islam and which province is called
Bal-ul-Islam and why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q22. How many chief Justice are working in Pakistan and write the
name of their ranking?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q23. When and where did Pakistan test it nuclear power?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q24. Write three major desert areas of Pakistan and which desert is
called Rohi desert?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q25. Write the name of three important mountains of Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q26. Which system of Pakistan is the best and the largest system in the
entire world?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q27. How does Pakistan provide important link between east and west?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q28. Write the name of two regions that are rich in Minerals.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q29. Write the name of three major natural resources and two power
resources.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q30. How many divisions and Districts are in provence of Punjab,
Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw and Gilget Biltistan?
Ans:
Name of Province Total Divisions Total Districts
…………… …… …………… …… …………… ……
…………… …… …………… …… …………… ……
…………… …… …………… …… …………… ……
…………… …… …………… …… …………… ……
…………… …… …………… …… …………… ……

Select right answer
1. Pakistan has vital importance due to its __________
A. Geographical position B. Statistical position
C. Both of them
2. Pakistan is blessed with various ___________
A. Natural resources B. Human resources
C. None of them
3. The variety of landscape divides Pakistan into ___ major regions
A. Six B. Seven C. Five
4. The world’s biggest continent is Asia which is spread up to _____ sq.
kilometers
A. 44.3 B. 84.3 C. 56.8
5. Pakistan is located in the _____ part of south Asia
A. West B. South C. East D. North
6. Iran is located in _____ of Pakistan
A. West east B. North C. West
7 ________ lies in south of Pakistan
A. Arabian sea B. Iran C. Afghanistan
8. Pakistan has a good corridor of __________
A. Energy B. Natural Resources C. Both a & b
9. _______ countries provide oil and trade through sea and land routes
A. Gulf B. Amrica C. Russia
10. __________ serves as a bridge between south and west Asia
A. Pakistan B. India C. China D. Iran
11. Pakistan also provides way to the western countries in _______
A. England B. Europe C. USA
D. None of the above
12. Pakistan chief trading partner are the United States, japan, Germany,
Great Britain and _________
A. Saudi Arabia B. China C. UAE
D. None of the above
13. In almost every year import exceeds exports
A. True B. False
14. The chief sea port is at ___________
A. Baluchistan B. Karachi C. None of the above
15. The coast line of Pakistan extends ________ km
A. 990 B. 1000 C. 5010
16. Pakistan has very friendly relation with _______
A. France B. India C. China
17. The border of Pakistan with Afghanistan is of _______ km
A. 2430 B. 3264 C. 2346
18. Arabian sea is a 24 hours available rout for ______
A. China B. Afghanistan C. Pakistan
19. The water of Arabian sea is known as ______
A. Warm Water B. cold water C. both a and b
20. Pakistan has a unique position geo strategically
A. true B. false
21. Pakistan has a common wide border on land with India, which is
also known as _____
A. Wide land border B. Turkham border
C. Both of the above D. None of the above
22. Pakistan has a _______ border with Afghanistan, china and Iran
A. Hilly B. Mountainous C. Both of the above
23. Nuclear power test was made on ______ at Chaghi (Baluchistan)
A. 28th may 1998 B. 28th June 1998
C. 28th April 1998 D. 28th September 1998
24. Pakistan atomic energy commission (PACE) is responsible for all
______ and research application in the country
A. Hydra energy B. Thermal Energy
C. Nuclear Energy D. None of these
25. The very first Muslims entered in Sindh in the year 712 AD was
_______
A. Muhammad Bin Qasim (RA) B. Tipu Sultan (RA)
C. Mehmood Ghaznavi (RA) D. None of these
26. Pakistan means The land of pure
A. True B. False
27. Due to rapid organization and modernization, the use of ______ as
a primary language is increasing
A. English B. Panjabi C. Saraiki D. Urdu
CHAPTER # 7
THE ALIGARH OVEMENT AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE VALUE
Introduction of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (R A) and his contribution is as
under:
Early age and family:
Sir Syed was born on 17th October 1817 in Delhi in a respectable family
of Syed Mohammad Muttaqi. In 1836 Sir Syed got married and had two
sons, Hamid, Mahmood and a daughter Amina.
Education and his teachers:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (RA) and Maulana Qasim Nanotwi (ra) (Founder
of Darul-Uloom, Deoband) studied together under the able guidance of
Maulana Mamlook Ali in Delhi. He studied mathematics, Geology and
Medicine from his uncle, Zainul Abedin. He also studied Arabic
literature, Tafseer-e-Quran, Hadith, and Fiqah from Maulana
Makhsusullah (s/o Maulana Shah Rafiuddin Dahlwi), Maulana
Nawazish Ali and Maulana Faizul Hasan Saharanpuri.
Managing of Saiyad ul Akhbar:
His elder brother Syed Muhammad started a weekly newspaper in 1837
and out of love of his younger brother Syed Ahmad named the newspaper
Saiyadul-Akhbar. After Syed Muhammad’s death in 1845, Sir Syed
Ahmad started managing Saiyadul-Akhbar.
Champion of Hindu Muslim Unity:
Sir Syed was a great champion of Hindu-Muslim Unity. Addressing a
big gathering at Gurudaspur on Jan. 27, 1884 He said: Hindus and
Muslims ! Do you belong to a country other than India ? Don’t you live
on this soil and are you not buried under it. If you live and die in this
land, then bear in mind, that Hindus and Muslims are but a religious
word; all the Hindus, Muslims and Christians who live in this country
are one nation.
Reformer of Modern India:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, one of the reformer of modern India was born
in Delhi and started his career as a civil servant.
Learning of English language and Modern Sicences:
The 1857 revolt was one of the turning points of Syed Ahmed’s life. He
clearly foresaw the imperative need for the Muslims to acquire
proficiency in the English language and modern sciences.
Social and Educational Reformer:
(i) Sir Syed was one of those early pioneers who recognized the critical
role of education for the empowerment of the poor and backward
Muslim community. He was one of the greatest social Philosopher and
a great national builder of modern India.
(ii) During Sir Syed’s own life time, ‘The Englishman’, a renowned
British magazine of the 19th century remarked in a note on November
17, 1885: ‘Sir Syed’s life strikingly illustrated one of the best phases of
modern history. He died on March 27, 1898.
(iii) History of social and educational reforms in Indian subcontinent
cannot be completed without Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. He is one of the
great thinker, philosopher and revolutionary who had dedicated his
complete life for his nation and especially for his community.
TEST YOUR LEARNING (PART-I)
Q.1. Which three title name was given to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
REMARKS ABOUT SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN (RA)
Mahatma Gandhi Saying:
Sir Syed was a prophet of education
Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal saying:
The real greatness of the man (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan) consists in the
fact that he was the first Indian Muslim who felt the need of a fresh
orientation of Islam and worked for it’’
Jawaharlal Nehru, Former Prime Minister of India saying:
Sir Syed was a great reformer and he wanted to reconcile modern
scientific thought with religion by rationalistic interpretations and not
by attacking basic belief. He was very serious to push new education.
He was in no way communally separatist. Repeatedly he emphasized
that religious differences should have no political and national
significance.
Remark of Mr. Inder Kumar Gujral, Former Prime Min- ister of
India
Sir Syed’s vision and his laborious efforts to meet the demands of
challenging times are highly commendable. The dark post 1857 period
was indeed hopeless and only men like Raja Mohan Roy and Sir Syed
could penetrate through its thick veil to visualize the Nation’s destinies.
They rightly believed that the past had its merits and its legacies were
valuable but it was the future that a society was called upon to cope
with. I offer my homage to Sir Syed for his vision and courage that
withstood all obstructions both from the friends and the foes
THE EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT
What is Education?:
The act of acquiring knowledge, process of imparting knowledge
especially in educational institutions, the theory plus practical teaching
and learning, the particular kind of instructions and training is called
education. (Collins Concise Dictionary, P # 460).
What is Movement?:
The act, Process, result instance and manner of moving, a group of
people with a common ideology, the organized action of such a group,
a trend and tendency, a person’s location and activities during a special
time to achieving a goal is called movement. (Collins Concise Dictionary,
P # 979).
STEPS FOR EDUCATION:
Major seven Steps of education are as follows:
i. Road map for the formation:
He began to prepare the road map for the formation of a Muslim
University by starting various schools. He instituted Scientific
Society in 1863 to create a scientific temperament among the
Muslims and to make the Western knowledge available to Indians
in their own language.
ii. The Aligarh institute Gazette:
The Aligarh Institute Gazette, an organ of the Scientific Society
was started in March 1866 and succeeded in transforming the
minds in the traditional Muslim Society. Anyone with an average
level of commitment would have backed off in the face of strong
opposition but Sir Syed responded by bringing out another
journal ‘Tehzibul Akhlaq’ which was rightly named in English as
‘Mohammedan Social Reformer’.
iii. Set up the madarasat-ul-uloom:
In 1875, Sir Syed founded the Madarsatul Uloom in Aligarh and
patterned the MAO College after Oxford and Cambridge
universities that he visited on a trip to London in 1869. His
objective was to build a college in tune with the British education
system but without compromising its Islamic values.
iv. College act as a bridge old and new:
He wanted this College to act as a bridge between the old and the
new, the East and the West. While he fully appreciated the need
of imparting instruction based on Western learning, he was not
unaware to the value of Oriental learning and wanted to preserve
and transmit to later generation the rich legacy of the past.
v. Fresh orientation of Islam:
Dr. Mohammad Iqbal observed that The real greatness of Sir
Syed consists in the fact that he was the first Indian Muslim who
felt the need of a fresh orientation of Islam and worked for it.
vi. All India Muslim educational conference:
The aim of Sir Syed was not merely restricted to estab- lishingacollegeat
Aligarhbut at spreadinganetworkof Muslim managed educational
institutions throughout the length and breadth of the country. Keeping
in view this, he instituted All India Muslim Educational Conference in
1886 that revived the spirit of Muslims at national level. The Aligarh
Movement motivated the Muslims to help open a number of educational
institutions. It was the first of its kind of such Muslim NGO in India,
which awakened the Muslims from their deep slumber and inspired
social and political awareness among them.
vii. Development of Modern Society:
He contributed much to the development of the modern society of
the subcontinent.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (RA) as a reformer of Modern India:
Following poits are important:
i. The nineteenth century was a hard time for the nation of India
and especially for Muslims in the war of independence of 1857
revolt against British.
ii. Sir Syed tried and motivated Indian Muslim. In the history of
India’s from middle age to modern age, Sir Syed stand out
prominently as a dynamic force pitted against innovation, poor
beliefs and ignorance.
iii. He contributed many of the essential elements to the development
of modern India and prepared the growth of a healthy scientific
attitude of mind which is an essential requirement for
advancement, both material and intellectual. It was a fact that
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (RA)was a reformer of Modern India.
AIMS OF ALIGARH MOVEMENTS:
Following are the aims of Aligarh Movements:
1. Educational Centre for Muslims:
Aligarh movement was established by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. This
most respected and important educational Centre for Indian Muslims
was initially established as the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College
(MAOC) at Aligarh in 1875 by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and subsequently
raised to the status of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in 1920.
2. Sociology relation between Muslims and Hindus:
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), known more as a movement than
an academic institution is one of the most important chapters of Indian
history as far as the sociology of Hindu-Muslim relation is concerned.
3. United efforts for entire community:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan said: This is the first time in the history of the
Muslims of India, that a college owes it nor to the charity or love of
learning of an individual, nor to the support of the king, but to the
combined wishes and the united efforts of a whole community.
4. Based on the principles of toleration:
It has its own origin in the course which the history of this country has
never witnessed before. It is based on the principles of toleration.
5. Getting of modern education:
Aligarh is a fine institution where the students get modern education
that is the most important requirement of that time.
6. Gaining of Moral Education:
Aligarh is the best educational institution where the students gaining
the moral education that is essential and mandatory requirement of that
period.
7. General awareness and ground reality:
Aligarh movement plays an important role in the society where it creates
the general awareness to the Muslims that they should accept the ground
reality that British are the ruler in subcontinent and Muslim and Hindus
are working under his command.
8. Maintaining friendly relationship with British:
One of the important aim of the Aligarh Movement was to maintain
friendly relationship with British. And it was need of that time.
Q.2. Write two aims of Aligarh movements in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ACHIEVEMENTS OF ALIGARH MOVEMENTS:
Excellent address by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan delivered an excellent address while the
foundation of MAO College was laid down by Lord Lytton on 18th
January, 1877. It is one of his excellent achievements of Aligarh
Movement. He said: from the seed which we sow today, there may
spring up a mighty tree, whose branches, like those of the banyan of the
soil, shall in their turn strike firm roots into the earth, and themselves
send forth new and vigorous saplings.
Following are the achievements of Aligarh Movement:
(i) To establish a scientific society:
(ii) To constitute a committee for prosperity for the Muslims:
(iii) To launch a movement for educating the Muslims:
(iv) To Establish MAO (Mohammadan Anglo Oriental) college:
Q.3. Write two achievements of Aligarh Movements in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Test Your Learning
Q 1. Who was the founder of Aligarh Movement?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 2. Write the name of those subjects that were taught to Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan by his uncle Zain ul Abedin.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 3. Write the names of those teachers who taught Arabic literature,
Tafseer, Hadith and Fiqah to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 4. Which weekly news paper started in 1837 and who me managed it
after syed Muhammad’s death?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 5. Explain in your own words that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is a great
champion of Hindu Muslim unity.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 6. What type of remarks given by Mahatma Gandhi about Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 7. Write the remarks given by Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal about Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 8. What were the remarks given by Jawahar lal Nehru about Sir Syed.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 9. Define education in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 10. Define movement in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 11. Write any three steps for education.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q 12. Why Sir Syed Ahmed Was known as a reformer of Modern India.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
CHAPTER # 8
THE CULTURE OF PAKISTN

THE CULTURE OF PAKISTAN
Introduction of Culture:
All human beings are similar in nature but are different all because of
our cultures which basically are related to the surroundings and the
environment we live in. our biological nature doesn’t determine who
you are or where you belong to but it is the culture which determines
where you are from:
Four main things of culture: (Language, Clothes, Food and
Faith)
what type of language you speak, what type of clothes you wear, what
type of food you eat and what are your beliefs and faiths. The culture is
consist of you entire life activities.
TEST YOUR LEARNING
(Part-I)
Q.1. Write brief intruduction about culture in your own words:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Meaning of Culture:
Culture means to cultivate, to grow and production.
Definition of Culture:
i. The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of our life,
religious, and social group; the characteristic features of everyday
existence shared by people in a place or time is defined as culture.
ii. Culture is defined as a set of values, conventions, social practices
associated with a particular field, activity, and religious festivals.
Difference between Islamic Culture and Other Cultures:
Islamic culture generally includes all the practices which have developed
around the religion of Islam, including Quranic ones such as prayer
(salah) and non-Quranic such as divisions of the world in Islam. Muslims
live in many different countries and different parts of the world but in
some way or the other they are similar to each other because the thing
similar in them is their faith in one Allah and the teachings of our Holy
Prophet (PBUH).
Concise Idea about Islamic and other culture:
All the other cultures are totally different from each other in their
thinking, dressing, eating habits, beliefs etc but Muslims stand together
united.
Q.2. What is the meaning of culture?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Difference between culture and civilization:
What is a Culture:?
According to Collin’s concise dictionary: The total of inherited ideas,
beliefs, values and knowledge which constitute the shared bases on
social action. The total range of activities, ideas of the people, the
attitudes and general behavior of a particular social group and
profession’’ is called culture. (collin concise dictionary P:356).
What is Islamic culture:?
When culture refer to the beliefs value, attitudes, religion, roles and
material objects are according to the Holy Quran and Practice of the
Holy Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬that is called Islamic culture.
The importance of culture:
The cultural values of a community give it an identity of its own. A
community gains a character and a personality of its own, because of
the culture of its people. Culture is shared by the members of a
community.
Concise idea of culture:
It is learned and passed from the older generations to the newer ones.
For an effective transfer of culture from one generation to another.
Q.3. Explain importance of culture in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
What is civilization:?
i. According to Collin’s concise dictionary: A human society that
has a complex cultural, political and legal organization an advanced
state in social development is called Civilization. ((collin concise
dictionary P:273).
ii. The way of life and way of living is called civilization.
What is Islamic Cvilization:?
When all the civilization activities are framed according to the
instructions of the Holy Quran and practice of the Prophet
Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬that is called Islamic Civilization.
Culture awareness:
The building of cultural awareness may not be an easy task, but once
accomplished, it definitely helps a job done efficiently in a foreign
environment. Discussions and reading about other cultures definitely
helps build cultural awareness, but opinions presented must be carefully.
Q.4. How can we get cultural awareness?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Significant value of Pakistani Culture:
Important points about Pakistani culture are as under:
i. Pakistan – An ideological Islamic State.
ii. Pakistani culture based on Islamic values
iii. Pakistani culture and its vast domain
iv. Pakistani culture highlighted by Simplicity and firm good deeds.
v. Pakistani Culture consists of many cultures
vi. Important Functions of Culture
i. Pakistan – An ideological Islamic State.
The creation of Pakistan had a great idea and thinking behind is that the
Muslims of Pakistan could live freely in an Islamic environment without
any limitations from Hindus. This Islam was a force because of which
this separation took place. Muslim and Hindus could not live together
in the same area as they had their own culture, language, religion, and
traditions etc. Pakistan came in to being as a separate independent
Islamic ideological state as Quaid-e-Azam said: That Pakistan is an
ideological Islamic state.
ii. Pakistani culture based on Islamic values:
Pakistan’s existence took place due to Islam only so its culture is base
upon Islamic concept and teachings. All the concepts of Pakistani
culture is inspired by Islam. Pakistani culture consists of, simplicity,
firm conviction, noble deeds and good ideas.
iii. Pakistani culture and its vast domain:
Pakistani culture has a vast domain. Each province has its own culture
but the basic thing which is common among all the provinces is Islamic
teachings in their own culture which they follow with a firm belief.
iv. Pakistani culture highlighted by good intention and firm
good deeds.
Pakistani people follow Islamic teachings with their full hearts and
good intentions because they follow their religion that is Islam and take
guidance from the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Pakistani people do firm
good deeds and preach other people to do so too.
Q.5. Explain in your own words that Pakistani culture highlights good
intention and firm good deed.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
v. Pakistani Culture consists of many cultures
Although the roots of Pakistani culture is Islam but it is influenced by
many other cultures. Firstly our for father lived with Hindus for centuries
so they have adopted some of their culture for example the festival of
Basant and different rites on marriage ceremony have taken from Hindu
culture. Secondly Britishers came and lived in the subcontinent for
many years so the Muslims adopted some of their culture. Lastly each
province of Pakistan has its own culture. Pakistani culture is also called
multiple culture due to some special reasons.
vi. Important Functions of Culture:
Culture is the unique possession of man. Man is born and brought up in
a cultural environment. Man is not only a social animal but also a
cultural being. Man cannot survive as a man without culture. Culture
fulfils our needs and represents the entire achievements of mankind.
Two Functions of Culture:
Culture has been fulfilling a number of functions which may be divided
into two.
a. Importance to the individual
b. Importance for the group
a. Importance to the individual:
i. Culture distinguishes man from animal. It is the culture that
makes the human animal a man. It regulates his conduct and
prepares him for a group life.
ii. Culture shapes personality. No child can develop human qualities
in the absence of cultural environment. Culture prepares man for
group life.
b. Importance for the group:
i. Culture keeps social relationship intact. Culture has importance
not only for men but also for the group. Culture prepares man for
group life. Group life would have been poor, nasty, and short if
there had been no cultural regulations.
ii. Culture creates new needs. Finally, culture also creates new
needs and drives, for example, thirst for knowledge and arranges
for their satisfaction. It satisfies the moral and religious interests
of the members of the group.
SALIENT FEATURES OF PAKISTANI CULTURE:
Some salient features of Pakistani culture are as under.
i. Religious Similarity
ii. Culture based on Islamic traditions
iii. Languages and its relation with culture
iv. Literature and poetry
v. Dress and diet
vi. Handicrafts
vii. Recreational activities, Sports and Famous Games
viii. Education and its relation with culture
ix. Male dominated community
x. Religious festivals
Religious Similarity:
Pakistan is an Islamic republic although the people in it might have a
different culture but they all follow the same religion that is Islam.
Pakistan was made so that the people can preach Islam openly and
freely. They have different cultures but they all stand united as far as
their religion is concerned.
ii. Culture based on Islamic traditions:
The important feature in Pakistani culture is that it is based on its
religion that is Islam. The people of Pakistan follow the principles of
the Holy Quran and the teachings of Holy Prophet Muhammad (PB
UH) in their daily lives so their culture is also shaped upon Islam.
iii. Languages and its relation with culture:
Language is the expression of culture. As a means of commu- nicating
values, beliefs and customs, it has an important social function and
fosters feelings of group identity and solidarity. It is the means by which
culture and its traditions and shared values may be conveyed and
preserved.
Language plays fundamental role to cultural identity.
There are many languages that are spoken in Pakistan. Each province
has its own language but Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and
is spoken and understood by every Pakistani. Urdu is the medium of
communication for every Pakistani.
iv. Literature and poetry
Literature is an important component of a culture. The poetry reflects
half of the culture of a region. The poets of Pakistan write poetries
mostly on brotherhood and unity amongst the people of Pakistan. The
poetries show Islamic values and teachings in them. Similarity of the
subject of the poetry is common among all the poets.
Q.6. What is the relationship of culture with literature and poetry?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
v. Dress and diet
Dressing and dieting show the culture of the people belonging to a
particular place the regional dresses undergo various changes regarding
trends, weather and status etc. Mostly people wear Shalwar Kameez in
Pakistan.
vi. Handicrafts:
There as many kinds of handicrafts prepared in Pakistan. Those are
embroidery, decorative needle work, leather work, glazed pottery, wood
work, carpet making and metal crafts etc. Pakistani crafts are considered
best in the world. They are of good quality and quite famous abroad.
vii. Recreational activities, Sports and Famous Games:
The people of Pakistan take part in recreational activities such as
cricket, hockey, football and kabaddi etc. These are popular games
played in every part of the country and they reflect our cultural identity.
viii. Education and its relation with culture:
Education is very important for the development of a country. Islam
gives more emphasis on education. The Holy Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) said, Education is compulsory for every male and female. The
educations system should be efficient and fair enough to shape up good
leaders and people to run this country. The education system has a big
hand in shaping up a country and keeping people united. So the syllabus
of each class from lower to higher should be according to the ideology
of Pakistan and teaching of Islam. Education reflects the cultural values.
Q.6. Explain in your own words the relationship of education with
culture.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ix. Male dominated community:
In Pakistani culture, the male member of the family has a higher and
important position in the family. The member of the family is the source
of bread and butter in the family.
x. Religious festivals:
Our culture is inspired from Islamic culture so the rituals and festivals
celebrated in Islam are also celebrated in our culture with full zest and
enthusiasm. Obligatory prayers are performed with punctually, Fasting
are kept for the whole month in the holy month of Ramadan, and Zakat
is also paid: It is seen that there is a high number of Pakistani participating
in Hajj than any other culture. The two great festivals that is Eid-ul-
Fitar and Eid-ul-Adha are celebrated with great zeal in the country on
1st sawal and 10 Zil Hajj of Islamic calander. These two days had been
celebrated during the proid of Prophethood. Celebration of these days
is Sunnah of our Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Ethnic Diversity:
What is Ethnic?
Ethnic or ethnical is defined as relating to a human group having
religious and traits in common and classification of the mankind in
group espiecally on the basis of racial characteristic and cultural
tradition of a group of people (Collins concise dictionary P-495).
What is Diversity?
The quality of being different and a point of difference is called diversity.
(Collins concise dictionary P-424)
Definition of Ethnic Diversity:
Ethnic Diversity is defined as a point of difference that is related to the
person individually and collectively, having different religions but
qualities are common in cultural custom of a group of human beings in
community.
Ethnic Diversity and culture:
Cultural tradition are difference in each province of Pakistan. Sports
activities, clothing, food, language and handicrafts are different and
these are not against the Islamic tradition because Islam as a deen
(perfect code of life) is one.
Religious Diversity in the light of Islam:
Islam is a Deen of all the Muslims of the world. Its basic principles are
some among all the Muslims. Their Allah (SWT) is one and the Holy
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is one who is the last and final Prophet of
Allah (SWT). No new Prophet will come after him for the guidance of
human beings. Their Holy Quran is one and their Kaaba (House of
Allah (SWT)). All the Muslims of the entire world turn their faces
towards Kaaba when they perform their prayers. The Holy Kaaba is the
central point to get guidance and blessing for the entire world. All the
Muslims of the whole world to visit House of Allah that is situated in
Makkah Mukarrama for performing Hajj and Umrah. In Pakistan, basic
and fundamental principles of Islam are one but some religious
difference base on to enterprete the teaching of Islam. In various areas
of Pakistan cultural and traditional values are difference and these are
not against the basic principles of Islam. For example, Topi and Ajrak
is an old tradition and culture of the people of Sindh and it is not against
the Islamic rules. All cultural traditions are deeply linked with religious.
So folloers of every religion celebrate their religious festivals according
to his own religion.
Q.7. Explain in your own word Religious diversity.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Significance Value of Religious Diversity related with culture:
With respect to many, if not most issues, there exist significant
differences of opinion among individuals who seem to be equally
knowledgeable and sincere. Individuals who apparently have assess to
the same information and are equally interested in the truth affirm
incompatible prespectives on, for instance, significant socal, political
and economic issues.
Religious diversity of this sort can fruitfully be explored in many ways
for instance, from psychological and historical prespectives. The current
discussion, however, will concern itself primarily with those key issues
surrounding religious diversity with which philosophers are most
concerned at present.
Main points of Religious Deversity:
i. The influence of religious diversity
ii. Possible responses to Religious Diversity
iii. Religious diversity and justified belief
iv. Religious diversity and religious Tolerance
v. Religious diversity and Public Education
Q.8 Define Ethnic in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Test Your Learning
THE CULTURE OF PAKISTAN
Q.1: Write four main things of culture.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.2: Explain culture in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.3: Define concise idea of culture.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.4: Define Islmic culture.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.5: Define culture in the light of collin concise dictionary.
________________________________________________________
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Q.6: Write concise idea about Islamic and other cultures.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.7: Define Islamic Civilization.
________________________________________________________
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Q.8: Explain that Pakistani culture has the vast domains.
________________________________________________________
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Q.9: Explain that Pakistani culture consists of many cultures.
________________________________________________________
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Q.10: Has Pakistani culture the religions similarity.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.11: Define that Pakistani culture is based on Islamic traditions.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.12: Define civilization in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.13: Explain two religious festivals of Islam that had been celebrated
during the period of Prophet Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.14: Explain two functions of culture.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.15: Explain that language plays a vital part in culture.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.16: Explain Ethnic Diversity in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.17: Define diversity and culture relation.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.18: Write three main points of Religious diversity.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.19: Explain diversity in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Select right answer
1. _______ is consist of our entire life activities
A. Culture B. Values C. Tradition
2. Islamic culture generally includes all the practices which have been
taken from ______________
A. Society B. Environment C. Quran & Sunnah
3. _____ was the major force because of which the separate homeland
took place
A. Social issues B. Political issues C. Deen
4. All the _____ of Pakistani culture is inspired by Islam
A. Basic concept B. Way C. Tradition
5. Pakistani culture has a vast ______
A. Domain B. Range C. Ideas
6. Pakistani people do firm good deeds and ______ other people to
do so
A. Insist B. Force C. Preach
7. Pakistani culture is also called ______ culture
A. Unique B. Common C. Multiple
8. Pakistani has different cultures but they all stand ______ as far as
their religion is concerned
A. United B. Not United C. Seprate
9. _____ is the language spoken in Pakistan 48%
A. Sindhi B. Panjabi C. Urdu D. Balochi
10. ______ is a medium of communication for every Pakistani
A. English B. Urdu C. Sriki D. Panjabi
11. ______ is the important component of the culture
A. Food B. Literature C. Dress D. West
12. ________ reflects half of the culture of a region
A. Music B. Handicrafts C. Poetry
13. The two Hindus festivals are Holi and Diwali
A. True B. False
14. There are many kind of ______ prepared in Pakistan
A. Food B. Dresses C. Handicrafts D. All of the above
15. ____ handicrafts are considered best in the world
A. Indian B. Pakistani C. Chinese D. Afghani
16. The people of Pakistan take part in _____ activity
A. Hockey B. Recreational C. Cricket
17. ______ is very important for the development of the country
A. Education B. Corruption C. Costruction
18. ______ has a big hand in shaping up the country and keeping
people united
B. Economical activities C. Religious activities
D. Social activities
19. ______ of each class from lower to higher should be according to
the ideology of Pakistan and Islamic teachings
A. Syllabus B. Curriculum
C. Cource outline D. All of the above
20. _______ member of the family has the higher and important position
in the family
A. Female B. Child C. Male
CHAPTER # 9
NATURAL, MINERALS AND POWER

RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN
Introduction:
Pakistan has rich natural resources. Its 28% land among the total land
of Pakistan is used for cultivation. Irrigation system of Pakistan is one
of the biggest system of the entire world. The important crops are wheat,
rice, cotton, sugarcane and maize etc.
Natural resources of pakistan:
Meaning of Natural
Natural means pretaining to nature. Its domain is comprehensive.
Physical universe as a whole, forces at work in it, outdoor world around
us.
Definition of Natural:
The seen and unseen things that are on the land, under the land, in
space, on the sea & oceans, under the seas & aceans, on the mountains
and under the mountains etc are called natural. These all things are
special blessings of Allah Al-Mighty so the credit of all these things is
definitely gone to Allah Al-Mighty alone who is the only creator of the
entire universe.
Definition of resources:
Resources are defined as a means of meeting a need, practically an
economic or social need, of the people.
Definition of natural resources:
Natural resources are defined as naturally occurring materials such as
coal, fertile land etc. that can be use by man. (Collins Concise dictionary,
page-1085). Natural resources are the gift from Allah Almighty to
human being.
Role of Natural resources in our survival and in our need:
Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials)
occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by
mankind, in a natural form. Many of them are essential for our survival
while some are used for satisfying our needs.
Some Important natural resources:
Pakistan has rich capacity in natural resources. These are mountains,
plains, deserts, fertile soils, rivers, oceans and natural warm water
(Arabian sea) etc. Natural resources are very important for the
development and prosperity of a country.
TEST YOUR LEARNING (Part-I)
Q.1. Define natural resoures.
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________________________________________________________
Power resources:
Power means ability and capacity to do something specific to human
ability, capacity and something resorted to in time need as a means is
called power resource. (Collins Concise dictionary Page 1177). The
important power resources of Pakistan are coal, hydro, thermal and
nuclear.
Natural resources of pakistan:
Following are the main natural resources of Pakistan:
i. Arable land
ii. Water
iii. Air/wind
iv. Forests
v. Natural gas
Arable land (productive and cultivable land) :
About 28% of Pakistan’s total area is used for cultivation. According to
Wikipedia, the most important crops are cotton, rice, wheat, sugarcane,
maize, sorghum, millets, pulses, oil seeds, barley, fruits and vegetables,
which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop
output. The fertile lands of Punjab are ready to feed a population twice
that of current Pakistan.
The economy of Pakistan is based largely on agriculture, approximately
70%of the national income comes from agriculture,80% of the people
are engaged in farming, and 90% of the export trade is based on
agricultural products
About 83% of the cultivated land now is in food grains whereas this
probably should not exceed 80% in order to leave enough land for other
crops, particularly jute and cotton , which provide most of the foreign
exchange.
Q.2. How much present land is cultivated and what quality of natural
resources Pakistan has?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Water:
Water is basic need of life human beings, animals and plants cannot live
without water. Water is essential for sustaining quality of life on earth.
In Pakistan its importance is more than ordinary due to the agrarian
nature of the economy.
GDP and its percentage in agriculture:
The share of agricultural sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of Pakistan is about 25%. Since agriculture is the major user of water,
therefore sustainability of agriculture depends on the timely and
adequate availability of water. The increasing pressures of population
and industrialization have already placed greater demands on water.
Huge Water resource of Indus River:
Though, once a water surplus country with huge water- resources of the
Indus River System, Pakistan is now water-deficit country. Surface
water-resources of Pakistan are mainly based on the flows of the Indus
River and its tributaries. The Indus river has a total length of 2900 km
and the drainage area is about 9,66,000 sq.km.
Q.3. Define power resources.
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________________________________________________________
Air/wind
Air is very important for the existence of life because all living beings
respire through air. The air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon
dioxide etc. these are the base of existence of ever form of life on earth.
The oxygen in the air is essential for our life whereas other gases are
necessary for animal and plant life.
Forests:
Forests are extensive, continuous areas of land dominated by tree. The
forests of Pakistan reflect great physiographic and climate effect in the
country. The desired level of forests is 20-30 percent of the total land of
a country. In Pakistan only about 4.8% of the total area is forested which
is very low.
Importance of forest in the light of ecological:
Forests are important in many different ways. From an ecological point
of view, they help to maintain a balance in the environment by checking
pollution protecting the soil and reducing the floods.
Q.4. Write the name of three important natural resources.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Natural gas:
Natural gas production is at a high level in Pakistan. Estimated reserves
are 885.3 billion cubic meters (as of January 2009). Gas fields are
expected to last for another 20 years. The sui gas field is the largest,
accounting for 26% of Pakistan’s gas production. Daily production is
19 million cubic meters a day.
The largest natural gas deposit is at Sui (on the border between
Baluchistan and Punjab) initially discovered in 1953. A smaller field
was discovered in 1957 in Sind- Mari. Natural gas production is at a
relatively high level. PPL contributes 25% of Pakistan’s gas production.
The company’s holds operators on major oil gas fields including sui,
kandhkot, adhi and mazarani, while its non operated portfolio includes
interests in the qadirpur, miano, sawan and tal fields. Current gas
production and consumption province wise is as under:
PROVINCE PRODUCTION NEEDS & CONSUMPTION
Sindh 68% 41%
Kpk 1% 7%
Baluchistan 17% 7%
Punjab 05% 45%
Major Minerals of Pakistan:
Mining is an important industry in Pakistan. Pakistan has deposits of
several minerals including coal, copper, gold, chromite, mineral- salt,
and several other minerals. There are also a variety of precious and
semi-precious minerals that are also mined.
Lists of major minerals are as under:
i. Iron ore
ii. Copper
iii. Chromate ore
iv. Lime stone
v. Gypsum
vi. Marble
vii. Sulphur
viii. Rock salt (non metallic)
IRON ORE:
Iron ore is used in making steel and engineering products. Quality of
iron ore is not of good standard. It is found at Kalabagh, Chitral, Hazara,
Makerwal, and Khuzdar.
Iron ore is very important for the progress of a country. We have set up
a steel mill in Karachi with the cooperation of Russia. The biggest
reservoir of iron is found in kala bagh. Iron obtained from chitral and
nokundi is of good quality. Our iron fulfills only 16% of our needs
Copper:
It is used in manufacturing electric goods/equipment, power and
communication lines especially electric wires. In past it was only used
in making coins and utensils. It is found at Sandak, Chaghi.
Places:
Its reservoirs are in provinces of Balochistan and frontier. In Baluchistan
it is found in Saindhak. Chaghi and some other places. Cooperation is
working on this plan with cooperation of foreign experts. The work has
been started on crude metal in Saindak and Karachi laboratory.
Saindak copper project:
In balochistan, large deposits of copper, gold and silver have been
discovered at saindak, chaghi and amuri. The economy of pakistan is
depended on these projects China is collaborating with Pakistan on
these projects. According to the estimate saindak will give annual
production as below.
COPPER = 16,000 Tones
Gold = 1.5 Tones
Silver = 2.75 Tones
Chromate:
It is a white metal which is used to make iron. It is also uses in
manufacturing certain instruments, aero planes and colours. It is also
used in the art of photography. It is exported to get large amount of
foreign exchange it is also used in making engineering tools and stainless
steel.it is found at chaghi, muslim bagh, Malakand and Zhob.
Its reservoir are the biggest of the world found in pakistan. These
reservoirs are found in muslim bagh. Small reservoirs are found on
chaghi, kharan, malakand, mehmund and north Waziristan.
Lime stone:
Limestone is very useful raw material for cement industry. It is used in
manufacturing of cement, bleaching powder and glass and paint
industries. Limestone is found in the northern and western mountain
areas of pakistan, large deposits are found in daudthail, wah, rohri,
Hyderabad and Karachi.
Gypsum:
It is a bright stone of white colour. It is an important wealth of our
country. It is used in manufacturing cement, chemical fertilizer and
plaster of paris, sulphric acid and ammonium sulphate. It is also used in
small industries. The annual production of Gypsum is 358.5 thousand
tons approximately.
Marble:
It is a very beautiful stone of white or black colour. It is used in the
floors or walls of building to make them attractive and beautiful. A
large quantity of white and black marble is found in Cambelpur near
Faith Jung (dist. Attock). Muzzaffarabad and Mirpur of Azad Kashmir
are other important areas where marble is found. The annual production
of marble is 586.6 thousand tons.
Sulphur:
It is necessary part of explosive material. It is very important for the
defense of a country. It is also used in making sulphuric acid and many
other chemicals. We get crude sulphur which is made useful by our
experts. Soon we will be able to meet our needs of sulphur.
Rock Salt (non-metallic):
Pakistan has vast reserves of salt. It is used in various eatables things.
The biggest Rock salt is found in Khewra mine. The area of this mine
is about 10500 sq.m. It is producing high quality of salt from centuries.
Another mine is in Khushah. We also get salt from mines of Kala Bagh,
and Bahadur Khail. We get salt from seawater near Maripur and coast
of Makran.
Q.5. Where white and black marble is found in a large Quantity?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
POWER AND ENERGY SOURCES THERMO ELECTRIC POWER:
Definition:
The power that is operated by the conversion of heat energy to electrical
energy is called thermo electric power.
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY IN PAKISTAN:
Electicity produced in Pakistan is from three main sources:
1) Hydro electric power, 2) Thermal power (gas/steam/furnace oil),
3) Nuclear power.
Four major power producers:
There are four major power producers in the country.
i. Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA),
ii. Karachi Electric (K-Electric),
iii. Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
iv. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).
HYDRO ELECTRIC & THERMAL POWER CAPACITY:
Thermal power capacity:
Gas turbine station Shadra 59MW, steam power station Faisalabad
132MW, Gas turbine power station Faislabad 244MW, Gas power
station Multan 195MW, thermal power station Muzaffargarh 1,350
MW, Thermal power station Guddu 1,655 MW, Gas turbine power
station Kotri 174 MW, Thermal power station Jamshoro 850 MW,
Thermal power station Larkana 140 MW, Thermal power station Quetta
35 MW, Gas turbine power station Panjgur 39 MW, Thermal power
station Pansi 17 MW. The net installed thermal capacity of WAPDA
comes to about 4,811 MW.
WAPDA’s combined hydroelectric and thermal capacity is 11,272 MW.
K-Electric (Karachi electric):
K-Electric thermal power capacity: thermal power station Korangi 316
MW, gas turbine power station Korangi 80 MW, Gas turbine power
station SITE 100 MW, Thermal power station Bin Qasim 1260 MW.
K-Electric total installed capacity: 1,756 MW. The new name of KESC
is K.Electric.
Q.6. What is total capacity of WAPDA about hydroelectric and thermal
power.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
IPPS (independent power producers):
Definition of IPPs:
IPPs are those organizations that produce energy through thermal
electric power at their own and self resources.
Self need and sale:
These organizations fulfill their own needs and sale energy power also
to others.
IPPs are as under:
i. KAPCO (1466MW) Kot Addu (South Punjab)
ii. Bin Qasim (1260 MW) (Karachi)
iii. AES Pak Gen, Mahmood Kot Muzaffargar 365 MW (South
Punjab)
iv. Hub Power Project 1292 MW (Balochistan)
v. AES Lalpir Ltd, Mahmood Kot Muzaffargar 362 MW (South
Punjab)
vi. Altern Energy Ltd, Attock 29 MW (Punjab)
vii. Fauji Kabirwala Power Company, Khanewal 157 MW (South
Punjab)
viii. Gul Ahmad Energy Ltd, Korangi 136 MW (Karachi)
ix. Habibullah Coastal Power Limited 140 MW
x. Japan Power Generation, Lahore 120 MW
xi. Kohenoor Energy Limited, Lahore 131 MW
xii. Liberty Power Limited, Ghotki 232 MW (Sindh)
xiii. Rousch Power, Khanewal 412 MW (South Punjab)
xiv. Saba Power Company, Sheikhupura 114 MW (Punjab)
xv. Southern Electric Power Company Limited, Raiwind 110 MW
(Punjab)
xvi. Tapal Energy Limited, Karachi 126 MW
xvii. Uch Power Limited, Dera Murad Jamali, Nasirabad 586 MW
(Balochistan)
xviii. Attock Gen Limited, Morgah Rawalpindi 165 MW (Punjab)
xix. Atlas Power, Sheikhupura 225 MW (Punjab)
xx. Engro Energy Limited, Karachi —– MW
xxi. Kot Addu Power Company Limited (Privatized) 1638 MW (South
Punjab)
xxii. Saif Power Plant Qadirabad, Sahiwal 225 MW (Punjab)
xxiii. Sitara Energy 80 MW Faisalabad (Punjab)
xxiv. Nishat Chunian Power 200 MW
xxv. Nishat Power Limited 200 MW
Total Production of IPPs:
Total generation capacity of IPPs is 7070 MW.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS:
Definition of Nuclear Power:
Electric or motive power generated by nuclear reactor is called nuclear
power.
Two nuclear power plants are working in Pakistan.
1. Karachi nuclear power plant (KANUPP) (established in 1971-72).
(Hawks Bay, Karachi).
2. Chashma-1 plant completed in 2000, Mianwali (Punjab)
3. Chashma-2 plant completed in 2009 Mianwali (Punjab)
4. Chashma-3 and 4 plants are in progress.
Q.7. What is the total production of IPPs?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Uranium deposits locations:
Uranium deposits are found in Tumman Leghari mine in South Punjab,
Baghalchur mine, Dera Ghazi Khan Mine and Issa Khel/ Kubul Kel
mines, mianwali District. In Pakistan, nuclear power makes a small
contribution to total energy production and requirements, supplying
only 2.34% of the country’s electricity. Total generating capacity is 20
GW.
What is PAEC and its responsibility:
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all
nuclear energy and research applications in the country.
First Nuclear Power Reactors:
Its first nuclear power reactor is a small 137 MW Canadian pressurized
heavy water reactor (PHWR) which started up in 1971 and which is
under international safeguards - KANUPP stand for Karachi Nuclear
Power Plant. It is operated at reduced power.
Second Nuclear Power Reactor:
The second unit is Chashma-1 in Punjab in the north, a 325 MW (300
MW net) 2-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) supplied by China’s
CNNC under safeguards. The main part of the plant was designed by
Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute (SNERDI),
based on Qinshan-1. It started up in May 2000 and is also known as
CHASNUPP-1. Designed life span is 40 years
Hydroelectric power and its procedure:
Definition:
Hydroelectric power is generated by the pressure of falling water.
Production of renewable energy:
The production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling
or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy.
Hydroelectric power production:
Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no
direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse
gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel (crude oil), coal, and natural
gases) powered energy plants.
WAPDA Responsibility:
Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) is responsible for
the generation, transmission and distribution of power.
PLACES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER:
Two Hydroelectric Power at independence time:
At the time of independence two hydroelectric power were working at
Malakand (Sawat) and Rasool (Gujrat).
Name of Ten Hydroelectric power:
Now twelve hydro electrical power are working in the following places.
Tarbala, Mangla, Warsak, Dargai, Shadiwal, Chichokimallaian,
Nandipur, Kurram Garhi, Renala and Chitral.
Major dams of hydroelectric power:
Some famous dams are as under:
i. Mangla dam
ii. Tarbala dam
iii. Bhasha & Kala bagh dam
iv. Ghazi Brotha project
v. Warsak dam
vi. Simly dam
vii. Hub dam
Q.8. What is the responsibility of WAPDA?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Mangla dam:
The first ever constructed dam was Mangla dam in the Mirpur (Azad
Kashmir) District in 1961, this project was undertaken to strengthen the
irrigation system but was damaged due to an Indian air force raid during
the Indo-Pak War in 1971. The hydro project was later developed. The
power station consists of 10 turbine units each with the capacity of
producing 100MW.
Tarbala dam:
It is located North-West of Islamabad situated in KPK, the largest earth
filled dam in the world was completed in 1974 specifically for
hydroelectric power. Due to low sedimentation than expected it is now
predicted to have a useful life span up to 2060. Downstream from this
dam a smaller dam Ghazi Brotha dam. It is a power generation project.
Bhasha dam:
There is one other dam projects in the pipeline Bhasha dam in the
northern areas of pakistan.
Ghazi brotha:
The Ghazi Brotha water pipeline project is going to become a reality as
the planning commission is likely to give a green signal to the Capital
Development Authority (CDA) in the coming days for the biggest ever
projects in the history of the federal capital.
According to the report submitted to the Planning Commission, the
total escalated cost of the 45Km water pipeline project would be Rs.45
billion and a multi-faceted process of land acquisition would be started
in cooperation with the local admis- nistrations of various areas
including Attock and haripur. After completion water, water will be
supplied to Islamabad/Rawalpindi from Ghazi Brotha dam. Punjab
government would also share the cost as 100 million gallon of water
would also be provided to the Rawalpindi Cantonment area.
Warsak dam:
This dam is located on the Kabul river in the province of KPK. Pakistan,
about 19 miles northwest of the city of Peshawar.
Simly dam:
Simly dam is a small dam which stores water for drinking purposes. It
is built on the Simly Lake which is located 30 km from the city of
Islamabad.The lake if fed by the melting snow of Murree therefor the
water of the lake is more pure than the other lakes.
Hub dam:
Hub Dam is a reservoir on the Hub River. It is situated 56 km from
Karachi city in Malir and Lasbela District on Sindh and Balochistan
border. The dam is extended to 24300 acres with gross storage capacity
of 857000 acre feet.
Benefits of new construction of dams:
Production of most cheaper electricity.
Sufficient water for crops growing.
Coal:
We have not yet discovered coal which can be used in engines. It is
mostly used in manufacturing Calcium and bricks. Some coal is also
used in homes. We have got coal from various spots places but it is not
a good quality. It fulfils 10% of our needs.
Places of coal:
The biggest mines of coal is salt in the region of Makarwal in Punjab.
In these regions coal is also found in Dundot and Pudh. Like Makarwal
some mines are such whose tunnels are about nine miles long. In the
province of Balochistan many reservoirs are found at other places.
Coalmines are in Sharg, Hoset, Hernai, Sar, Dargari, Sheeren Aab,
Bolan, Aab ans Mush. In Sindh mines of Jhimpir and Lakhra are
important. Government is searching of more places.
Crude oil:
Oil is very important in modern age. It is used in factories, industries
and transport. Motorcars, tractors, train and truck etc. It is also used in
homes. Average production of oil in Pakistan cannot meet its need. We
are getting 10% oil for our needs and the rest of the oil is imported on
which we spend a large amount of foreign exchange. Experts say that at
certain we can get oil from the sea. For this purpose we started digging
in 1985 at the coast of our sea in Karachi. At certain other places are
digging our earth. If we succeed we shall satisfy our need of oil from
our resources.
Places of crude oil:
We are getting oil from khor, bhullian, tut, kot, sarug, miyal, dherznund
(District Attock), kazian (district Rawalpindi), Dhodak (district Dera
Ghai Khan), Kursal (district Jhelum), and khushkhali (district badeen).
The oil obtained from attock, Jhelum and chakwal districts is refined in
morgah refinery near Rawalpindi. Refinery means the industry were
crude oil is refined for different purposes.
Q.9. Where is the biggest mine of coal?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.10. Write the name of two hydroelectric power places working at the
time of indpendence.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
TEST YOUR LEARNING
Natural, Minerals and Power resources of Pakistan

Q1. Describe resources in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q2. Describe vital importance of natural reasources.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q3. What is the role of agriculture in national income and export trade.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q4. What is GDP and what is the percentage of GDP in agriculture
sector.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q5. Define Arable land and write the production and consumption of
Sui gas in Sindh and Punjab Provinces.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q6. Which system of Pakistan is the biggest system of the world and
how does it work?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q7. What is the importance of forests an ecological point of view.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q8. Write the names of three famous crops of Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q9. When and where first time natural gas was discovered.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q10. Write the names of five places where hydro electric power stations
are working except two that were working at the time of independence.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q11. Write the names of six mineral resources?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q12. Write the names of two cities where coal mines are found?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q13. Why new dams construction is mandatory for Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q14. In which parts of Pakistan, thermal power are located?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q15. How much percent of the population of Pakistan associated with
agriculture?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q16. Write the name of four places where crude oil is obtained?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q17. Write the name of 05 IPP’s.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q18. Write three important places where iron ore is found.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q19. IPP stands for:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Select right answer
1. Natural resource occur naturally with in environments that exist
relatively undistributed by __________
A. Mankind B. Ginns C. Angels
2. _____ percent lands is under cultivation
A. 40 B. 20 C. 36 D. 28
3. The most important crops in Pakistan are
A. Cotton B. Wheat C. Maize
D. All of the above
4. The economy of Pakistan is based largely on _________
A. Natural resources B. Power resources
C. Agriculture D. none of these
5. Approximately ___% of the national income comes from agriculture
A. 60 B. 70 C. 90 D. 80
6. 80% of the people of Pakistan are engaged in __________
A. Exporting B. Importing C. Farming
7. 90% of the _______ is based on agriculture
A. Farming B. Export trade
C. Foreign exchange D. Both b and c
8. About 83% of the cultivated land now is _______
A. Food grains B. Cash crops C. Both of the above
9. The importance of foreign exchange to Pakistan can hardly be
exaggerated for its vital to the program for __________
A. Farming B. Cultivation C. Industrial
10. The share of agriculture in GDP is about _____%
A. 36 B. 24 C. 50 D. 25
11. _________ is the major user of water
A. Chemical industries B. Food industries
C. Agriculture D. None of these
12. Sustainability of agriculture depends on the timely and adequate
availability of ______
A. Fertilizer B. Water C. Fresh air
13. The increasing pressure of ________ and industrialization have
already placed greater demands on water
A. population B. trading C. agriculture
14. The Indus river has a total length of _____ km
A. 2920 B. 2560 C. 2900 D. 4526
15. The desired level of forest is ______ percent of the total land of the
country
A. 40-60 B. 50-70 C. 20-30 D. 10-30
16. The largest gas deposited is at Sui initially discovered in _____
A. 1954 B. 1956 C. 1953 D. 1945
17. PPL contributes ___% of Pakistan’s gas production
A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 95
18. Our iron fulfills only ____ % of our needs
A. 60 B. 45 C. 30 D. 20
19. ______ was only used in making of coins and utensils
A. Chromate B. Gold C. Silver D. Copper
20. The work has been started on crude metal in saindak and _________
laboratory
A. Karachi B. Rorhi C. Siyachin D. Multan
21. ___________ is a white metal which is used to make iron
A. Chromate B. Sulphate
C. Silver D. Gypsum
22. ________ is exported to get large amount of foreign exchange
A. Chromate B. Sulphate
C. Silver D. Gypsum
23. __________ is a very useful raw material for cement industry
A. Sulphate B. Gypsum
C. Chromate D. Limestone
24. The annual production of limestone is _____ thousand tonnes
A. 9.8 B. 9.6 C. 9.4 D. 9.9
25. ___________ deposit are found in Tumman Leghari mine in south
Punjab
A. Uranium B. Chromium C. Barium D. Radium
26. ___________ is generated by the pressure of falling water
A. Thermal power B. Hydroelectric power
C. Mechanical power D. None of these
27. The power station consists of 10 turbine units each with the capacity
of producing _____ mega watts
A. 200 B. 100 C. 450 D. 500
28. The biggest mines of coal is salt ranges in Kohistan in the region of
________ in Punjab
A. Makkarwal B. Rawalpindi
C. Multan D. None of these
29. ______ Coal mines of Jhimpir and Lakhra are important
A. Sindh B. Punjab C. Baluchistan
D. Khyber pakhtoon khwah
30. We are getting ____ % oil for our needs
A. 20 B. 30 C. 50 D. 10
CHAPTER # 10
DIFFERENT POLITICAL MOVEMENTS
BEFORE PAKISTAN
Some political movements are as under:
1. ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906
INTRODUCTION:
Movement of Separation Staged by Hindus made it clear to the Muslims
that they must have a separate political organization. In December,
1906 Muslim Leaders from all over the Sub Continent gathered in
Dacca to attend the Muhammadan Educational Conference and to
establish a central political party for Muslims called “All India Muslim
League”.
FOUNDATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
The success of Simla Summit (in which Vice Roy Lord Minto) agreed
and told the Muslims that their political rights and interests as a
community shall be safeguarded by any administrative reor- ganization
under him) made it imperative for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent to
have their own political party of their own known as All India Muslim
League.
REASONS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
The partition of Bengal by the British Government in 1905 greatly
effected the relationship between Hindus and Muslims. The partition
ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims but the Hindus
reacted towards the partition of Bengal in a hostile and bad manner.
This made it clear that the Hindus were not willing to give Muslims
their due share. This violent protest of Hindus convinced the educated
Muslims that they could be ownered only if they created their own
political party and their own leadership.
FOUNDER OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Nawabzada
Salimullah Khan were the founder of Muslim League.
AIM & OBJECTIVES:
The aim and objectives of Muslim League were following:
i. To safeguard and promote the political rights of the Muslims of
India.
ii. The needs and demands of the Muslims to represent and inform
them to the Government.
iii. To stop hostility towards other communities and to bring all
nations of India closer to each other.
iv. To Make a self-government suitable to India.
v. To protect the minorities rights.
vi. To promote feeling of loyalty between Hindus and Muslims.
vii. To create the feelings of goodwill between the government and
Muslims.
viii. To remove all misunderstanding between Muslim and British
government.
TEST YOUR LEARNING
Q.1. Write two aims and objectives of Muslim League.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ACHIVEMENTS:
i. To accept the demand of separate electorates for the Muslims.
ii. To full fill the demand for appointment of Muslims Judges to high
court positions.
iii. To pass Auqaf Bill by which the management of Auqaf’s was done
directly by the Government of Muslims areas.
iv. To make Lucknow Pact of 1916, between Congress and Muslim
league was reached on constitution reforms and congress
accepted. Muslims as a separate entity.
THE GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
Muslim League got its main object and Pakistan was created on 14th
August 1947.In short we can say that the creation of Pakistan is the
result of the fruitful efforts of the Muslim League and the great heroes
which dedicated their lives for the creation of Pakistan.
Q.2. What is the greatest achievement of Muslim League.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
IMPORTANT POLITICAL EVENTS EFFORTS OF MUSLIM LEAGE:
Following are the important political events took place with efforts of
the Muslim League.
MINTO-MORLEY REFORMS ACT-1909:
The Muslims under the leadership of the Muslim League now began to
demand for the separate electorate for the Muslims. The authorities
accepted their demand in an Act, called The Minto- Morley Reform
Act, in 1909.
Q.3. What was the Minto Morley reforms act of 1909.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
LUCKNOW PACT-1916:
In November 1916, two committees League and Congress met and draft
of political reform for India called Lucknow Pact.
SUCCESS OF MUSLIMS:
Through this pact the congress accepted the separate status of Muslims.
SIMON COMMISSION-1927:
In 1927,Simon Commission was sent to India under the chairman- ship
of Sir John Simon to settle Muslim Hindu differences. It was rejected
because there was no Indian member in the commission.
Q.4. What is Lucknow pact - 1916?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
DAY OF DELIVERANCES:
On 22nd December ,Muslim League observed Deliverance Day to
thank Allah (SWT) for resignation of Congress Ministers.
DEHLI CONVENTION-1946:
Quaid-e-Azam called a convention of all the Muslim League members
at Delhi. At the convention every member took the pledge to undergo
any danger for the attainment of national goal of Pakistan.
Some major Political Movements:
Some major political movements are as under and will be explained in
details.
2. Khilafat Movement [1919-1924]
What is Khilafat Movement:
“Khilafat Movement is defined as a religious and political movement
established by the Muslims of India for the retaining of the Ottoman
Empire and for not handing over the control of Muslim Holy places to
non-Muslims”.
Pressure by Hindus and Muslims:
Turkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to lose the war,
concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. It was a
peak period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and
other pressure by the two major parties, the Hindus and the Muslims.
Brief background to World History, Khilafat and Con- ditions
in of Sub-Continent (1900’s)
After World War I, the Ottoman Empire faced dismemberment. Under
the leadership of the Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali (RA) and
Maulana Shaukat Ali (RA), the Muslims of South Asia launched the
historic Khilafat Movement to tried to save it.
The Muslims of India had a strong feeling of identity with the world
community of Islam. They had seen the decline in the political spring
of Islam as the European powers conquered the Muslim lands one after
the other.
The general impression among the Muslims of India was that the
western powers were waging a war against Islam throughout the world
in order to rob it of all its power and influence. The Ottoman Empire
was the only Muslim power that had wanted to save the Islamic political
power.
Aims and Objectives:
The main objectives of Khilafat Movement were as follows:
i. To establish the Turkish Caliphate.
ii. To safeguard the holy places of the Muslims.
iii. To make strong the unity of the Ottoman Empire.
Development:
Following were its developments:
i. Mohammad Ali (R A) and his brother Maulana Shaukat Ali (R A)
joined with other Muslim leaders such as Sheikh Shaukat Ali
Siddiqui, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Hasrat Mohani, Syed Ata
Ullah Shah Bukhari, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (RA) to
form the All India Khilafat Committee. The organization was
based in Lucknow. They aimed to build political unity amongst
Muslims and use their influence to protect the caliphate.
ii. In 1920 an alliance was made between Khilafat leaders and the
Indian National Congress, the largest political parties in India
and of the nationalist movement: together for the causes of
Khilafat and Swaraj. Seeking to increase pressure on the British,
the Khilafat became a major part of the Non-cooperation
movement — a nationwide campaign of mass, peaceful civil
disobe- dience. The support of the Khilafat helped Gandhi and
the Congress ensure Hindu-Muslim unity during the struggle.
iii. On April 13, 1919, a crowd assembled at the Jalianwala Bagh.
These protestors were unaware of a ban that had just been
imposed by the martial law administrators on public meetings.
Sir Michael opened fire on the crowd, resulting in 379 dead and
1,200 wounded. This incident is known as the Jalianwala Bagh
Tragedy.
Q.5. What were two aims of Khilafat movement?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Achievements and impact of Khilafat movement
i. To enhance political struggle.
ii. To make Muslim competent in confident.
iii. To participate religious scholars in politics field.
iv. To raise voice of independence.
v. Turkey got freedom.
vi. Gandhi and Hindus leaders support the movement.
vii. To finish Hindu Muslim co-opration.
3. Movement of Hijrat 1924.
What is Hijrat Movement?
Due to unsafe and unsecure of Muslim’s position in India the Islamic
scholars declared to migrat towards Afghanistan in 1924 is known as
Hijrat Movement.
Aims and objective:
A tragic offshoot of the Khilafat Moverment was the Hijrat Movement
proposed by Jamiyat-al-Ulema-i-Hind.
When a land is not safe and secure for Islam, a Muslim has two options;
Jihad or Hijrat. Around 900 eminent Muslims scholars signed this
fatwa. According to one version, the idea of Hijrat was originated by
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (RA).
Developments:
In the North West Frontier Province and Sindh, hundreds of families
sold their land and property and departed in the direction of the Khyber
Pass, to migrate to Afghanistan, a brotherly independent Muslim state.
In the month of August alone, some 18,000 Indian Muslims migrated to
Afghanistan.
Achievements:
i. The British Government become under pressure.
ii. Hindu leadership become under pressure.
iii. Politically the Muslims became more stable.
Q.6. Whrite two achievement of Hijrat movement?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. Nehru Report 1928:
The Nehru report was a congress document in which only political
rights of Hindus were completly safe and political rights of Muslims
were totally ignored.
The committee worked for three months at Allahabad and its
memorandum was called the Nehru Report. The Nehru Report
recommended that a Declaration of Rights should be inserted in the
constitution assuring the fullest liberty of conscience and religion.
Recommendations:
The following were the recommendations advanced by the Nehru
Report:
i. India should be given the status of rule and control.
ii. There should be federal form of government.
iii. India should have a parliamentary form of government headed
by a Prime Minister and six ministers appointed by the Governor
General.
iv. There should be no separate electorate for any community.
v. System of weight age for minorities was as bad as that of separate
electorates.
vi. Muslims should enjoy one-fourth representation in the Central
Legislature.
vii. Sindh should be separated from Bombay only if the Committee
certified that it was financially self-sufficient.
viii. The NWFP (KPK) Should be given full provincial status.
ix. Hindi should be made the official language of India.
Achievements:
i. Of the two Muslim members of the Nehru Committee, Syed Ali
Imam could attend only one meeting due to his illness and Shoaib
Qureshi did not endorse views of the Committee on the issue of
Muslim representation in legislature.
ii. Hindu attitude proved to be a milestone in the freedom movement
of the Muslims. It also proved to be a turning point in the life of
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
iii. After reading the Nehru Report, Jinnah announced a ‘parting of
the ways’. The Nehru Report reflected the narrow-minded
approach of the Hindus and it was openly observed.
Q.7. Write two achievements of Nehru report.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
6. Jinnah’s Fourteen Points 1929:
Responding to the unjust Nehru Report which fell short of the Muslims
just demands, Quaid-e-Azam announced his famous fourteen points in
March 1929.
i. Quaid-e-Azam termed the Nehru Report as a Hindu document.
ii. To consider simply rejecting the report as insufficient.
iii. To decide to give an alternative Muslim agenda.
iv. In response of Nehru report, in 1929 Quaid-e-Azam put forward
his Fourteen Points.
Developments:
i. To defend Muslim’s right
ii. To reject the Nehru Report
iii. Position of Muslim League became more stronger.
Achievements:
i. To cover all of the interests of the Muslims at that time and in this
Jinnah stated that it was the parting of ways and that he did not
want and would not have anything to do with the Indian National
Congress in the future.
ii. To motivate Jinnah to revive the Muslim League and give it
direction. As a result, these fourteen points became the demands
of the Muslims and greatly influenced the Muslims thinking for
the next two decades till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.
iii. The rights of Muslim accepted by Hindu leadership and British
Government as well.
6. Pakistan Resolution/Lahore Resolution 1940:
From March 22 to March 24, 1940, the All India Muslim League held
its annual session at Minto Park, (Iqbal Park) Lahore. This session
proved to be historical Pakistan resolution that is also called Lahore
resolution latter on, was moved to get separate home land.
Message of Quaid-e-Azam on First day:
On the first day of the session, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
narrated the events. In speech he presented his own solution of the
Muslim problem. He said that the problem of India was not of an inter-
communal nature, but manifestly an international one and must be
treated as such.
Address of Quaid-e-Azam about Hindu & Muslim differences:
In the words of Quaid-i-Azam: Hindus and the Muslims belong to two
different “religions, philosophies, social customs and literature”. They
neither inter-marry nor inter-dine and, indeed, they belong to two
different civilizations that are based mainly on conflicting ideas and
conceptions. Their concepts on life and of life are different. It is quite
clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different
sources of history. To yoke together two such nations under a single
state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead
to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so
built up for the government of such a state.
Q.8. Write four things of Quaid-e-Azam Address about the differences
of Hindus and Muslims in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Achievement:
On the basis of the above mentioned ideas of the Quaid, A. K. Fazl-ul-
Haq, who was the Chief Minister of Bengal, moved the historical
resolution which has since come to be known as Lahore Resolution or
Pakistan Resolution.
7. Central and Provincial Elections 1946: Aims and
Objectives:
With the failure of the Simla Conference, Lord Wavell announced that
the Central and Provincial Legislature elections would be held in the
winter of 1945, he also announced that after the elections, the Viceroy
would set an Executive Council that would have the support of the main
Indian political parties.
Development:
Both the Muslim League and the Congress promulgated opposite
slogans during their campaigns. The Muslim League presented a one-
point manifesto if you want Pakistan, vote for the Muslim League.
Quaid-i-Azam himself toured the length and breadth of India and tried
to unite the Muslim community under the banner of the Muslim League.
The Congress on the other hand stood for United India.
Q.9. Describe the Muslim’s slogns in election 1946.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Achievement:
Elections for the Central Legislature were held in December 1945.
Though the franchise was limited, the turnover was extraordinary. The
Muslim league won 30 seats of Central legislative and 430 seats out of
495 in the provencial legislative. Quiad-e-Azam said on ths occasion:
I have no doubt now in the achievement of Pakistan. the Muslim’s of
India told the world what they want. No power of the world can topple
the opinion of 10 crore Muslim’s of India.
8. Partition of the Sub-continent:
After World War II, India’s long independence campaign finally paid
off. The British decided the cost of maintaining colonial rule was too
high. They agreed to grant independence to the subcontinent.
Development:
India’s people had put aside their religious differences to fight the
British, but with victory in sight, problems began surfacing between
Hindus and Muslims. Many Muslims felt the Hindu majority would
treat them unfairly once the subcontinent achieved independence.
Pakistan was made up of two regions: West Pakistan on the Indus River
plain, and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), more than 1,100 miles
away. Important parts of what was once considered India were now in
other nations. The Indus River, for which the subcontinent is named,
became part of Pakistan after the partition.
Achievements:
Twelve million people were forced to move Hindus went to India and
Muslims went to Pakistan. It is one of the greatest migrations of refugees
in history. Both groups moved because they feared being ruled by
leaders of the other faith. The journey was long and torturous.
9. Allama Iqbal’s Presidential Address 1930
All India Muslim League meeting held its annual session at Allahabad
on 29 and 30th December 1930 headed by Allama Iqbal. His address is
also described as the Allahabad Address.
The Presidential Address of Allam Iqbal
i. Allama Iqbal is considered among the intellectuals who had deep
impact on history. He awake Muslims in the Sub Continent and
elsewhere Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan where Muslims were
inspired by his poetry and writings. He was moving spirit of
Muslim’s search for identity and he gave a political option to
deal with the situation and how that solution fitted well with his
notion and concept of Ummah.He was in a way offering a dream
a vision of future that was seen after his death.
ii. Hindu Muslim question meant is that what would be the
relationship between the two communities in the political and
constitutional domains, what would be the rights provided to the
Muslims and what are going to be the safeguards and guarantees
for those rights. Perspective was that this issue of Hindu Muslim
relationship is the product of divide and rule policy.
iii. Therefore Muslims were talking in terms of two nations not in
terms of communities; they were talking about nations with
special identities, nations with their own interests and their
rights. So this was the basic difference that had developed
between the Muslims and the other communities at that time
when Iqbal gave this address. During that time three major issues
were of concern for the Muslim community.
Decline and degeneration of the Muslims:
The first issue was the decline and degeneration of the Muslims, there
was a time when Muslims were at the height of their power, they were
ruling large section of the World, they were making great contributions
to knowledge of science and technology but this phase ended and started
a period of degeneration. Most of the Muslim states became the colonies
of the European states. Then the industrial; revolution, development of
science and technology became a preserve of the European nations. So,
the question for Muslims was why the decline and degeneration has set
in amongst the Muslims. The basic points of the international system
has shifted to Europe, so this was one important issue that concerned
the Muslims.
Working for revival and rightful position:
The second issue was how to work for revival and regeneration of
Muslims in general and how Muslims could overcome the decline and
again assume their rightful place in the international system.
Issue of Muslims in minority and Hindu in Majority:
The third issue was specific to the Muslims of South Asia who shared
the problems of the Muslims as a whole, problem of decline and
degeneration but in addition to this there were certain specific problems
which pertain to British India and one important problem which they
faced here was that Muslims here were a minority and Hindu were a
majority.
Main Points of Allama Iqbal Address:
i. Islam as a major force.
ii. Different Ideas of Muslim and Hindus.
iii. Muslim majority area in India.
iv. Muslim country in the north west.
v. Equal laws for every one.
vi. Significance of Allama’s Address.
Development:
By 1930, this sentiment had developed very clearly which was very
much demonstrated in the development of history of India or the
question of relationship between the Muslims and the other communities.
Three Phases of Political Thoughts:
It was in this context that Allama Iqbal delivered his presidential
address. His political thoughts developed in three phases:
i. Pre-1905
ii. The stay in Europe 1905 to 1908
iii. Return to India 1908 onward
i. To give detail survey of the conditions and problems of the
Muslims in the Sub Continent.
ii. To suggest the solution of the problems of the Muslims.
iii. To talk about the importance of Islam in the lives of the Muslims.
iv. To offer an ethical order, a socio-political structure, a legal
framework, code of life, culture and civilization.
v. To reject the European idea of double standard in human life that
state and religion are separate.
Summary of the Address in three points:
Central and vital role of Islam:
Islam can play a central and vital role in the lives of the Muslims
and their salvation lies in identification with the spirit of Islam.
Muslims as majority community after Hindus:
Muslims cannot be absorbed into the majority community and
they cannot be viewed simply as a minority but they have rights
and interests.
Redistribution of the territories:
On that basis he talked about the redistribution of the territories
and the amalgamation of Punjab, Sind, Balouchistan and the
frontier province as a kind of solution for the Muslims living in
North Western parts of India.
Q.10. Write Summery of the address of Dr. M Iqbal in two points:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Importance and Achievement:
i. Address delivered by Iqbal was a very forceful and logical
presentation of the Muslim demands, issues that Muslims are a
separate nation.
ii. To talk about the rights and interests of the Muslims.
iii. If you look at this address in a related but different aspect that is
the importance of Hindu Muslim question in Indian history and
his address clearly shows that it was an important issue and he
tried to find a response and a formula to solve that question.
iv. To understand how he was defining the Muslim identity with
reference to Islam.
v. To emphasize on role of faith, culture and civilization in Muslim’s
life.
10. Muslim Politics and Chaudhary Rahmat Ali (RA):
Introduction:
Rahmat Ali was one of the eminent scholar who made a significant
contribution to the movement for the establishment of Pakistan. He was
conscious of Muslim identity and outlined proposals for the partition of
India for the sake of Muslims. He was the man who gave the name,
PAKISTAN, for the Muslim state. When he first presented his proposal
for a Muslim state, nobody took it seriously.
North Western areas are Muslim majority areas. We will not only keep
these majorities but will turn them into a Muslim state.
Muslims should get rid of Indianism, it is better for Muslims and Islam.
To propose the name of Muslim state, PAKISTAN. P Punjab
A Afghania NWFP K Kashmir
S Sind
TAN Balochistan
His Contribution:
It is the ever-shining contribution of Rahmat Ali that he coined the name
of the Muslim state. He said that being nation, the Indian Muslims
deserved a separate homeland. He gave the future lines to the Muslims
considering Islamic thoughts universal and true. Rahmat Ali proposed
this long before the Lahore Resolution.
Education and career:
Rehmat Ali was born into a Gujjar family in the town of Balachaur in
Hoshiarpur District of Punjab (now Nawanshahr District), India. After
graduating from Islamia Madrassa Lahore in 1918, he taught at Aitchison
College Lahore before continuing Law studies at Punjab University. In
1930 he moved to England to join Emmanuel College, Cambridge in
1931. In 1933, he published a pamphlet, Now or Never, coining the
word Pakistan for the first time. He obtained a BA degree in 1933 and
MA in 1940 from University of Cambridge.
Development:
Hewasthe Secretaryof Pakistan Movementin U.Kwith Muhammad
Aslam Khan Khattak as President, and Dr. Abdur Rahim as Vice
President. In this Organisation the name PAKISTAN was first suggested.
Achievement:
i. Chaudhary Rahmat Ali was a leading figure for the conception of
Pakistan, he lived most of his adult life in England. He wrote in
1933 pamphlet named Now Or Never.
ii. ‘Pakistan’ is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of
letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands;
that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It
means the land of the Pure.
iii. In the history of Pakistan, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali holds immense
respect because of his valuable contribution to his country by
suggesting its ultimate name, which the world would later
recognize the state as. He suggested this name based on the
comprehension of its meaning which read as ‘Land of the Pure’.
Q.11. Write the theme of achievement of Chaudary Rahmat Ali (RA) in
your own words:
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________________________________________________________
Independence Day 14th August 1947:
14 August, 1947, saw the birth of the new Islamic Republic of Pakistan
and it was 27 Ramzan-ul-Mubarik 1366 A.H.
TEST YOUR LEARING
DIFFERENT POLITICAL MOVEMENTS OF PAKISTAN
Q.1: What is the result of Simla Summit and what viceroy Lord Minto
had said to Muslim?
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________________________________________________________
Q.2: Who were the founders of Muslim League?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.3: Why did Muslim League establish and write its two achieve-
ments.
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Q.4: Define Movement of Khilafat?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.5: Explain movement of Hajrat 1924?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.6: What were two recommendations of Nehru Report.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.7: What is the achievement gained by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in his

Fourteen points in 1929.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.8: Write three main points of presidential address of Dr. Allama Iqbal
1930.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.9: Explain message of Quaid-e-Azam on first day in Pakistan
Resolution in 1940.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.10: Explain partition of the sub-continent and what is its devel-
opments.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.11: Write the name of three phases of Political thought of Allama Dr.
Muhammad Iqbal (RA)..
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.12: Write two aims and objectives of Allama Iqbal address in 1930
________________________________________________________
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Q.13: Who proposed the name of Muslim state “Pakistan”.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.14: Which date, month and year of Islamic calender Pakistan came
into being?
________________________________________________________
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Q.15: Why simon commission - 1927 was rejected?
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CHAPTER # 11
STRUGGLE FOR PAKISTAN
Introduction:
Struggle for Pakistan
The struggle for Pakistan sprang from a long and uninterrupted historical
experience. Its roots lay thousands of year long history of the Muslims
in the vast mass land known as sub-continent. As the Quiad-e-Azam
stated that the foundation of Pakistan was laid down on the very day
when the first Indian had embraced Islam.
TEST YOUR LEARNING
Q.1. When did the foundation of Pakistan lay down according to the
preception of Quaid-e-Azam?
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________________________________________________________
Aims of Pakistan:
Two nation theory is the pedestal on which Pakistan came into existence.
It is ground reality which we cannot deny.
In this regard there are mainly two aims.
i. Pakistan was created for Islam.
ii. Its purpose was to safeguard the political, religious, cultural as
well as economic interests of the Muslims of India
Allama Iqbal is considered as the thinker of Pakistan. He demanded in
his address in 1930 to become a separate state for the Muslims of north
India so that they could adopt a system according to Islamic laws
Aim of Pakistan according to Quaid-e-Azam:
Concept and Aim of Pakistan according to Quaid e Azam is to refer
some of his following statements:
i. We have to fight a double edged battle, one against the Hindu
Congress and the British Imperialists, both of them being
capitalists. The Muslims demand Pakistan where they could rule
according to their own code of life and according to their own
cultural growth, traditions and Islamic laws. (speech at the
Frontier Muslim League Conference on November 21, 1945)
ii. In August 1941, Quaid-e-Azam gave an interview to the students
of the Osmania University to a question that What are the
essential features of religion and a religious state? Quaid e Azam
said — that — In other words, the Islamic state is an agency for
enforcement of the Quranic principles and injunctions
Q.2. Write the theme of speech delivered by Quaid-e-Azam to
Muslim League conference on Nov. 1945 in your own words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
STRUGGLE FOR PAKISTAN 1940-1947
Lahore Resolution 1940:
The Lahore Resolution commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution,
was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim League on the
occasion of its three-day general session on March 22–24, 1940 that
called for the creation of ‘independent states’ for Muslims in British
India. The constituent units of these states were to be autonomous and
sovereign. This was later interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim
state, Pakistan. The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq.
Background:
The session was held between March 22 and March 24, 1940, at Minto
Park (now Iqbal Park), Lahore. The welcome address was made by
Nawab Sir Shah Nawaz, president, All India Muslim League, Punjab.
He was also chairman of the reception committee and personally bore
all the expenses for the gathering. In his speech, Jinnah recounted the
contemporary situation, stressing that the problem of India was no more
of an inter-communal nature, but manifestly an international.
Main Points of Lahore Resolution [1940]
From March 22 to March 24, 1940, the All India Muslim League held
its annual session at Minto Park, Lahore. This session proved to be
historical. Its main points are following:
i. On
the first day of the session, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali
Jinnah narrated the events. In an extempore speech he presented
his own solution of the Muslim problem. He said that the problem
of India was not of an inter-communal nature, but manifestly an
international one and must be treated as such. They belonged to
two separate and distinct nations and therefore the only chance
open was to allow them to have separate states.
ii. He further said, Muslims are a nation according to any definition
of nation. We wish our people to develop to the fullest spiritual,
cultural, economic, social and political life.
iii. On the basis of the above mentioned ideas of the Quaid, A. K.
Fazl-ul-Haq, the then Chief Minister of Bengal, moved the
historical resolution which has since come to be known as
Pakistan Resolution.
iv. The Resolution declared: No constitutional plan would be
workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical
contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so
constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be
necessary.
v. He further reads, That adequate, effective and mandatory
safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for
minorities in the units and in the regions for the protection of
their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and
other rights of the minorities, with their consultation.
Arrangements thus should be made for the security of Muslims
where they were in a minority.
vi. The Resolution repudiated the concept of United India and
recommended the creation of an independent Muslim state
consisting of Punjab, N. W. F. P., Sindh and Baluchistan in the
northwest, and Bengal and Assam in the northeast. The Resolution
was seconded by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar
Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P., Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh,
and Qazi Esa from Baluchistan, along with many others.
vii. The Resolution was passed on March 24. It laid down only the
principles, with the details left to be worked out at a future date.
It was made a part of the All India Muslim League’s constitution
in 1941.
Destination of the Muslim:
Having passed the Pakistan Resolution, the Muslims of India changed
their ultimate goal. Instead of seeking alliance with the Hindu
community, they set out on a path whose destination was a separate
homeland for the Muslims of India.
Q.3. Write two point of resolution of Pakistan and what is the destination
of the Muslims?
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________________________________________________________
Cripps Mission [1942]
The British government wanted to get the cooperation of the Indian
people in order to deal with the war situation. It found it difficult to
make the war a success without the cooperation of both the Hindus and
the Muslims.
On March 22, 1942, Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps with constitu-
tional proposals.
The important points of the declaration were as follows:
i. General elections in the provinces would be arranged as soon as
the war ended.
ii. A new Indian dominion, associated with the United Kingdom
would be created.
iii. Those provinces not joining the dominion could form their own
separate union.
iv. Minorities were to be protected.
However, both the Congress and the Muslim League rejected these
proposals.
Gandhi-Jinnah Talks [1944]
i. The Gandhi-Jinnah Talks have eminent significance with regard
to the political problems of India and the Pakistan Movement.
The talks between the two great leaders of the Sub-continent
began in response to the general public’s desire for a settlement
of Hindu- Muslim differences.
ii. The Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in Bombay on September 19,
1944, and lasted till the 24th of the month. The talks were held
directly and via corre- spondence. Gandhi told Quaid-i-Azam
that he had come in his personal capacity and was representing
neither the Hindus nor the Congress.
iii. Gandhi’s real purpose behind these talks was to extract from
Jinnah an admission that the whole proposition of Pakistan was
absurd.
iv. Quaid-i-Azam explained the basis of the demand of Pakistan. We
maintain, he wrote to Gandhi, that Muslims and Hindus are two
major nations by any definition or test of a nation. By all the
cannons of international law, we are a nation.
v. Gandhi contended that his offer gave the substance of the Lahore
Resolution. Quaid-i-Azam did not agree to the proposal and the
talks ended.
vi. Gandhidid not accept the Muslimsasaseparatenation. According
to Louis Feisher Jinnah and Gandhi was the two Nation Theory
Q.4. What was the Gandhi’s real purpose?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Wavell Plan and Simla Conference [1945]
In May 1945, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, went to London and
discussed his ideas about the future of India with the British
administration. The talks resulted in the formulation of a plan of action
that was made public in June 1945. The plan is known as Wavell Plan.
He called a conference at Simla. Due to one sided attitude of Lord
Wavell, it was failed. In this confirence Quiad-e- Azam made it crystal
clear that the Muslim League can represent Muslims of India.
Cabinet Mission Plan [1946]
All of the British Government’s attempts to establish peace between the
Congress and the Muslim League had failed. The results of the general
elections held in 1945-46 served to underline the urgency to find a
solution to the political deadlock, which was the result of non-
cooperation between the two major parties. To end this, the British
government sent a special mission of cabinet ministers to India.
The mission consisted of Lord Pethic Lawrence, the Secretary of State
for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, and A.
V. Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty.
Main points of the plan:
Main points of the plan are following:
i. There would be a union of India comprising both British India
and the Indian States that would deal with foreign affairs, defense
and communications. The union would have an Executive and a
Legislature.
ii. All residuary powers would belong to the provinces.
iii. All provinces would be divided into three sections. Provinces
could opt out of any group after the first general elections.
iv. There would also be an interim government having the support
of the major political parties.
v. Therefore, on October 14, 1946, extended an invitation to Muslim
Leaguethem as well.
vi. Jinnah nominated Liaquat Ali Khan, I. I. Chundrigar, Sardar
Abdur Rab Nishtar, Ghazanfar Ali Khan and Jogandra Nath
Mandal to the cabinet. Congress allocated the Finance Ministry
to the Muslim League. This in effect placed the whole governmental
setup under the Muslim League. As Minister of Finance, the
budget Liaquat Ali Khan presented was called a poor man’s
budget as it adversely affected the Hindu capitalists.
vii. On March 22, 1947, Lord Mountbatten arrived as the last Viceroy.
It was announced that power would be transferred from British
to Indian hands by June 1948.
MISSION PLAN TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE 1947
June 3rd Plan [1947]
When all of Mountbatten’s efforts to keep India united failed, he asked
Ismay to chalk out a plan for the transfer of power and the division of
the country. It was decided that none of the Indian parties would view
it before the plan was finalized.
The plan was finalized in the Governor’s Conference in April 1947, and
was then sent to Britain in May where the British Government approved
it.
The Birth of Pakistan [August 14, 1947]
The British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act on July 18,
1947. The Act created two dominions, Indian Union and Pakistan. It
also provided for the complete end of British control over Indian affairs
from August 15, 1947. The Muslims of the Sub-continent had finally
achieved their goal to have an independent state for themselves, but
only after a long and relentless struggle under the single-minded
guidance of the Quaid.
The politicization of the Muslim community came about as a consequence
of three developments:
i. Various efforts towards Islamic reform and revival during the
late 19th and early 20th centuries.
ii. The impact of Hindu-based nationalism.
iii. The democratization of the government of British India.
TEST YOUR LEARNING
The Struggle for Pakistan

Q.1: When and where the plan of our political struggle was drawn up?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.2: Write the two main aims of Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.3: Who was the thinker of Pakistan and what was his approach
regarding separte state.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.4: Explain in your own words Lahore resolution 1940 and what is its
other name?.
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________________________________________________________
Q.5: What is wavell plan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.6: In which years provincial and general elections were held?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.7: Write two points of cabinet mission plan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.8: Write two clauses of June 3rd plan 1947.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.9: Write two developments of the politicization of the Muslim
community.
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Q.10: Write two important points of cripps mission 1942.
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CHAPTER # 12
INITIAL PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN
Introduction:
The concept of a separate Muslim nation is inherent in Islam, but this
concept bears no resemblance to a territorial entity.
The proposal for a Muslim state in India was first introduced in 1930 by
the thinker, poet and philosopher Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, who
suggested that the four northwestern provinces (Sindh, Balochistan,
Punjab, and the North- West Frontier Province) should be joined in
such a state.
Freedom Movement for Separate Muslim State:
The emergence of Pakistan after a long freedom movement was in fact
a great victory of the democratic idea of life. The Indian Muslims
happily and valiantly laid down their lives and properties to achieve a
destination in which they saw the fulfillment of their dreams of living
an independent life free from Hindu or British dominance. Quaid-e-
Azam on 15th August, 1947:
My thoughts are with those valiant fighters in our cause who
readily sacrificed all they had including their lives, to make
Pakistan possible.
Pakistan, in its comparatively short history, has tried various forms of
parliamentary, military, and presidential governments in its efforts to
achieve political stability.
Government Struggle after Independence:
At independence Pakistan was governed by the Government of India
Act of 1935 as amended by the authority of the India Inde- pendence
Act of 1947. The amended act provided at the center for a governor
general (as successor to the British viceroy) as head of state and for a
Constituent Assembly with two separate functions to prepare a
constitution and to be a federal legislature until the constitution came
into effect.
Structure of Governor General and Parliament:
At the outset, however, this structure of governor general and parlia-
mentary legislature took on singular characteristics tailored to the
personality, prestige, and unique position occupied by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, Pakistan’s first governor general. At the time of independence,
he was the supreme authority, the founder of the state, and the chief
political leader. As head of the All-India Muslim League, in 1940 he
mobilized the political effort that in just seven years won Pakistan’s
independence. In addition to his position as governor general, he was
elected president of the Constituent Assembly.
Political Affairs:
For the office of governor general to be held by an active party politician
who continued as political leader was an innovation. Initially, the
arrangement may have seemed necessary to preserve national unity
after independence and to facilitate the work of the new government.
When Jinnah died, the prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, and the cabinet
assumed increased power, in more traditional roles, and Khwaja
Nazimuddin, as the new governor general.
INITIAL DIFFICULTIES OF PAKISTAN:
Pakistan faced a large number of problems after independence. Some of
the initial difficulties were as under:
1. Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government:
The first problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a capital to
form a Government and to establish a secretariat Karachi was chosen as
the capital of Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor
General and Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister and a
Cabinet of experienced persons was selected.
2. Unfair Boundary Distribution:
A boundary commission was set up under a British Chairman Sir Cyril
Redcliff. He misused his powers and handed over Muslim majority
areas like Gurdaspur, Ferozpur, Jullander to India hence providing them
a gateway to Kashmir. Quaid-e-Azam called it:
An unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse award.
3. The Massacre of Muslim Refugees in India:
On the birth of Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs became more furious. In a
planned move Muslim properties were set on fire and they were
compelled to leave Bharat for Pakistan with nothing but their lives.
4. Division of Military and Financial Assets:
In order to complicate Pakistan financially India did a lot of dishonesty
in the matters of Pakistan which were concerned with its benefits.
Pakistan was promised to get Rs.750 million but the Bharat Government
refused to give. Pakistan received only 200 million. Pakistan also did
not receive the due share of the military assets. This dishonest attitude
put Pakistan into great difficulties.
5. Canal Water Dispute:
Most of the rivers flowing in Pakistan have their origin in India. In
1948, India stopped water supply to Pakistani canals to damage the
Pakistani agriculture. However on 9th September ,1960 on agreement
called Indus Basin Treaty was signed between the two countries.
6. Kashmir Dispute:
Kashmir dispute is the most important and unsolved problem. Kashmir
is the natural part of Pakistan because at the time of partition 85% of the
Kashmir’s total population was Muslim. The Hindu dogra rule who was
secretly with the Government of India declared Kashmir as a part of
India.
7. Constitutional Problem:
The constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight
years. Lack of a permanent constitution created, chances of dishonest
interference in democratic progress of Pakistan.
8. Annexation of Princely States:
All Indian princely states were given the right to link up with either of
dominions. However the fate of following states remained undecided/
disputed.
i. Junagadh:
The Muslim Nawab governing junagadh favoured in acceding to
Pakistan. But Indian Government sent Army troops towards
Junagadh and occupied the state by force in November,1947.
ii. Hyderabad Deccan:
Hyderabad Deccan was the largest and richest state ruled by Muslim
ruler Nizam who decided to remain independent. But pressure tactics
began to be applied by Indian Government and Mount Batten .India
attacked Hyderabad on 13th September 1948 and forcibly annexed this
state to India.
9. Electrcity Problem
Due to transfer of Muslim majority areas to Bharat and unfair
demarcation, electricity system of West Punjab was disrupted ,because
all power stations were at Mundi ,a predominantly Muslim majority
area, gifted to Bharat but Quiad-e-Azam said:
If we are to exist as a nation, we will have to face the problems with
determination and force.
Civil Services:
The bureaucracy, particularly the higher civil service, has been a
continuing source of stability and leadership and a counterweight to
political disorder and government instability.
This cadre originated in the pre-partition Indian Civil Service, whose
members were well educated, well trained, and dedicated to a tradition
of efficiency and responsibility. In time, the British recruited indigenous
people, who were among India’s best and brightest, into the Indian Civil
Service ranks.
At partition, out of more than 1,100 Indian Civil Service officers,
scarcely 100 were Muslims, and eighty-three of them opted to go to
Pakistan.
The CSP was disbanded in 1973 and the various services were merged
into one administrative system, the expertise of its former members
was much valued, and they continued to hold critical positions in the
country’s administrative apparatus through subsequent transitions in
government. It is not surprising, then, that a later president of Pakistan,
Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1988-93) was once a member of the CSP.
Armed Forces:
Another significant aspect of Pakistan’s political legacy is its military
forces and, in particular, the role of the largest of these forces, the army.
The military remains one of the country’s most cohesive national
institutions. Since independence it has oscillated between indirect and
direct political control, remaining a major power.
The military also provided alternative political leadership in times of
crisis. Military regimes in Pakistan have legitimated their actions by the
doctrine of necessity, stepping in temporarily when political crises have
reached a deadlock and threatened the state.
Solutions:
Pakistan is starting by lot of problems identical to terrorism, poverty,
insecurity, sectarianism, ethnic, theme to as great as spontaneous
intolerances as great as many others. All these problems have been due
to miss of recognition as great as toleration which has been grown due
to illiteracy. If we comply around us countries with many cumulative
lives as great as economies cite preparation for the people first. However
in Pakistan phenomena of preparation kept distant during the at the
back of during any turn of routine creation for development.
Following are the main points:
i. It is required to educate the nation. Any basic Islamic education
should be included in the school syllabus for Muslim students
only. Make education free of cost and close all the Madras’s.
Establish higher Islamic Education Institutes for those students
who opt for higher Islamic Education.
ii. Let Democracy continue. Democracy in the beginning may not
look nice. Several people will insist they are the only people who
are right and others are wrong. With a series of elections things
very slowly and gradually will smooth out.
iii. Don’t quote Quaid-e-Azam wanted Pakistan to run as a country
of an era fourteen centuries back. He used Islamic names just to
distinguish his nation from Hindus.
iv. Support your national interest and also understand the interests
of other countries. Avoid conflicts of interest.
v. We have been trained from the childhood to respect the elders
and obey their orders and advice; favor your family members at
all cost; Help your neighborhood and friends and help the poor
generously; Support your culture and life style.
vi. Make our Law-enforcing Agencies trustworthy. They should be
highly paid, highly trained professionals. They must be ready to
sacrifice their own lives if its required.
vii. Improve our tolerance level and accept others freedom of speech.
Do not interfere with the affairs of others and do not let others to
interfere in your affairs.
viii. Town Planning requests should be controlled on strict regulations.
Any kind of constructions should no be approved if it is disturbing
the beauty, traffic, drainage, Educational Institutes, Hospitals,
Utilities, entertainment or becoming an environmental hazard
for the town.
ix. Judicial System needs improvement. It should be easy,
approachable and prompt. The lower Court should be constituted
by a judge supported by 10 members of the jury. The Court
decision should not take more than one working week.
CHAPTER # 13
POLITICAL HISTORY OF PAKISTAN
(1947 to up-to-date)
Political History of Pakistan from 1947 to up-to-date is as under:
FORMATIVE PHASE (1947 - 1958)

Following are important events of formative phase 1947-1958.
1. Independence Act of 1947 and 1st Governor Gen- eral
i. The Independence Act 1947 was the statute (10 and 11 Geo VI,
c.30) enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom
promulgating the India and the independence of the dominions of
Pakistan and India.
ii. Quiad-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was First Governor
General of Pakistan.
2. Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime minister (1947-1951)
i. Liaquat Ali Khan’s contributions to the struggle for independence
were numerous. After independence, he was thus the natural
choice for the premiership. Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as
the first prime Minister of Pakistan.
ii. Being the first Prime Minister of the country, Liaquat Ali Khan
had to deal with a number of difficulties that Pakistan faced in its
early days. He helped Quaid-e-Azam in solving the refugee
problem and in setting up an effective administrative system for
the country.
iii. He established the groundwork for Pakistan’s foreign policy. He
also took steps towards the formulation of the constitution.
iv. He presented the objectives resolutions, a prelude to future
constitutions, in the Legislative Assembly. The house passed it on
March 12,1949.
3. What is objective Resolution?
Objective resolution is the preamble of constitution and provides
the guideline to make the constitution.
4. Magna carta:
i. It is considered to be the Magna Carta in the constitutional
History of Pakistan. It belongs to latin language. It has the most
significance document in Pakistan history.
ii. Previous History of Magna: First time it is used in 16th century
in UK for human right documents. Due to its vital importance
document it is called Magna Carta.
5. Kashmir Crisis (1948)

i. Kashmir, the last of the defiant states, was the reverse of
Hyderabad. It had a Hindu ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, but
hissubjectsweremostly Muslims, accounting to 78 percent of the
total population.
ii. The Maharaja was reluctant to join either India or Pakistan. But
Lord Mountabatten urged him to take a decision to join either of
the states before August 15, 1947. India occupied Kashmir
unjustly.
6. Khawaja Nazimuddin Becomes 2nd Governor General
and the Prime Minister (1948-1953)
i. After Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947, Nazimuddin
was appointed the first Chief Minister of the province of East
Bengal.
ii. When the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali
Jinnah died on September 11, 1948, Nazimuddin was appointed
as the second Governor General of Pakistan.
iii. iii. After assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan on 16 Oct 1951, he
stepped down from GG and assumed office of Prime Minister.
GG Ghulam Muhammad dismissed Khwaja Nazim-u-din on 16
April 1953 and appointed M. Ali Bogra as Prime Minister.
7. Basic Principles Committee (1949)
After the objectives Resolution was passed in 1949, the Constitu- tion
Assembly set up a number of committees to draw the future constitution
on the basis of the principles given in the Objectives Resolutions. The
most important among those committees was the Basic Principles
Committee set up on March 12, 1949, by Khawaja Nazimuddin on the
advice of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.
8. Liaquat-Nehru Pact 1950
What is pact?
Pact means deal and agrement.
i. At the time of independence, many communal riots brokeout
indifferent areasof Indiaand Pakistan. These riots had a great
impact on the status of minorities in the two nations.
ii. Duetobrutal killings bythemajoritycommunity, ahuge number of
Muslims migrated from India, and Hindus and Sikhs from
Pakistan. Yet, the mass migration failed to solve the minority
problem. Liaquat Nehru Pact 1950 was established to solve the
problems.
9. Iskander Mirza Becomes Governor General (1955)
i. In August 1955, Major General Iskander mirza took over as
Governor General when Ghulam Muhammad becomes too ill to
continue.
ii. He was confirmed as the fourth Governor General of Pakistan
on October 4, 1955.
10. West Pakistan Established as One Unit (1955):
i. Even after eight years of existence, Pakistan was without a
constitution. The main reason was believed to be the fact that
there were two unequal wings of Pakistan separated from each
other by more than a thousand miles.
ii. To diminish the differences between the two regions, the
Government of Pakistan decided that all the four provinces and
states of west Pakistan should be merged into one unit. One unit
was established in 15 Oct. 1955.
11. H.S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister (1956)
i. Soon after the adoption of the 1956 Constitution, Huseyn Shaheed
Suhrawardy replaced Chaudhry Muhammad Ali as Prime
Minister on September 12,1956.
ii. Suhrawardy had managed to secure the office for himself by
forging an alliance with the Republican party.
12. Iskander Mirza Becomes President (1956)
i. Governor General Ghulam Muhammad’s despotic and dictatorial
policy led Iskander Mirza and his collabo- rators to force him
out of power. Although his removal was necessary, yet another
despot, Iskander Mirza, who was the fourth Governor General
and then the first President of Pakistan succeeded him.
ii. He was sworn-in as the first President under the 1956 Constitution.
13. Malik Feroz Khan Noon Becomes Prime Minister (1957)
On December 16, 1957, Malik Feroz Khan Noon took over the office of
Prime Minister from I. I. Chundrigar. Malik Feroz Khan Noon was the
last in the line of Prime Ministers under the President-ship of Iskander
Mirza.
MARTIAL LAW REGINES (1958 - 1999)

1. First Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan (1958-
1962)
i. On October 7, 1958, the first military regimes was started in
Pakistan’s history.
ii. With this step, the Constitution of 1956 was abrogated, ministers
were dismissed, central and Provincial Assemblies were dissolved
and all political activities were banned.
iii. General Muhammad Ayub Khan, the then Commander- in-Chief
of the Pakistan Army appointed as Chief Martial Law
Administrator and nominated as prime minister Maj. Gen.
Iskander Mirza First President of Pakistan..
iv. General Ayub Khan gave himself the rank of Field Marshal in
1965. Corruption had becomesowidespread within the national
and civic systems of administration that Ayub Khan was welcomed
as a National Hero by the people.
2. Presidential Election (1965):
i. Miss Fatima Jinnah, popularly acclaimed as the Madar-e-Millat,
or Mother of the Nation for her role in the Freedom Movement,
contested the 1965 presidential elections at the age of 71.
ii. Except for her brief tour to East Pakistan in 1954, she had not
participated in politics since Independence.
iii. Being the Quaid’s sister, she was held in high esteem, and came
to symbolize the democratic aspirations of the people.
iv. Gen. Ayub Khan won the election and became President of
Pakistan.
3. Indo-Pak war (September, 1965)
The long-standing border disputes, communal tensions, and conflict
over the question of Kashmir flared up in a full-scale war between India
and Pakistan in September 1965.
2ND MARTIAL LAW UNDER GENERAL YAHYA KHAN (1969 –
1971)
i. The Tashkent Declaration signed by the Indian Prime Minister
Lal Bahadur Shastri and the Pakistani President Muhammad
Ayub Khan was not at all approved by the general public.
ii. It was regarded as submission to India and humiliation for the
nation.
iii. Gen. Ayub Khan handed over the Govt. of Pakistan to Gen. Yahya
Khan on 25 March 1969. Now the chief Martial Law Administrator
was Gen. Yahya Khan.
iv. Free and fair elections of national and provincial assemblies
were held in December 1970.
v. Gen. Yahya Khan dismissed the concept of west Pakistan as one
unit in July 1970.
vi. In 2nd Martial law power and authority was given to General
Yahya Khan inheritance during Military rule in Pakisatn.
The Separation of East Pakistan (1971)
i. The separation of East Pakistan held on 16 December 1971 was
a great setback to Pakistan.
ii. By 1970, sentiments for national unity had weakened in East
Pakistan (Bangladesh) to the extent that constant conflict between
the two Wings dramatically erupted into mass civil disorder.
Before becoming Bangladesh it was called East Pakistan.
Democratic Regime (1972-1977)
1 Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Becomes Prime Minister-1973
i. After the promulgation of the 1973 Constitution, the elections for
the President, Prime Minister, Chairman of Senate, Speaker and
Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly were to be undertaken.
ii. Z.A. Bhutto was sworn in as the Prime Minister of the country, in
1973 after he had secured 108 votes in a house of 146 members.
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was elected as the President under the new
Constitution. Z.A.Bhutto democratic government worked till 04
July 1977
Major Achievements of Z.A.Bhutto’s Govt.
i. Z.A Bhutto started nuclear power programme for national
survival in 1972.
ii. He gave to the nation constitution of Pakistan 1973 that was
approved by all political parties of Pakistan.
iii. He carried out major and serious reforms for development and
re-designing of the country infrastructure.
iv. Taken steps for democratization of civil bureaucracy, election
commission, political structure and expansion of country’s
economic and reform general and technical education.
v. Reforming agriculture, land reforms and policy of nationalization.
vi. To declare Kadyani and Lahori as Non-Muslims.
vii. Good relationship with USA, USSR (Russia) Eastern Block,
North Korea, China and Arab world.
viii. Establishment of Steel mill in Karachi in 1973 with the help of
Russia.
3 General Elections held on 07 Mar. 1977 and rigging by
civil govt.
According to the original schedule, the second general elections in the
history of Pakistan, and the first after the dismemberment of the country,
were to be held in the second half of 1977. However, on January 7,
1977, Butto announced that the elections would be held earlier. On
January 10, Chief Election commissioner, announced the election
schedule. Rigging was observed in election by civil Govt.
3RD MARTIAL LAW (1977- 1988)

1. Martial Law under General Zia-ul-Haq (R.A) (1977-1988)
i. Elections were held on March 7, 1977. The Pakistan People
Party won these elections, but was accused by their opponent,
Pakistan National Alliance, of rigging the elections.
ii. On March 14, 1977, the Alliance started a series of nationwide
protests.
iii. On July 5, 1977, the Chief of Army Staff, General Muhammad
Zia-ul-Haq, imposed Martial Law and the fresh elections were
postponed.
2. Referendum of Gen. Zia ul Haq (R.A) 1984:
i. General Zia wanted to establish democracy in Pakistan, with a
continuation of him as President under a civilian setup.
ii. Zia took a number of steps in this direction; the first was the
establishment of the Majlis-i-Shoora.
iii. The Referendum Order 1984 put forward a complex question to
the citizens, but in essence, seeking endorsement of the process
of Islamization initiated by General Zia.
iv. Efforts were made to Islamize the political, legal and economic
structures.
3. General Elections, February 1985:
i. After the 1984 referendum, General Zia announced elections of
the National and Provincial Assemblies in February 1985.
ii. The elections were to be held on a non-party basis, which was
legalized through an amendment to the 1973 constitution.
4. Islamization Under General Zia-ul-Haq (R.A):
i. When General Zia-ul-Haq (R.A) took over as the Chief Martial
Law Administrator on July 5, 1977, Islami- zation was given a
new boost.
ii. General Zia-ul-Haq was a practicing Muslim who raised the
slogan of Islam.
5. Major Islamization Points during Zia-ul-Haq (R.A) Period:
Zakat, Hadood Ordinance, Riba free banking, Nazim-e-Salat, Qanoon-
e-Shahadat, Establishment of Bait ul Mall and Muslim Family Ordinance
were introduced in his period.
6. Mr. Muhammad Khan Junejo as Prime Minister (1985-
1988):
i. After the Presidential referendum of December 1984, elections
for the National and Provincial Assemblies were held in February
1985 on a non-party basis.
ii. Muhammad Khan Junejo elected Prime Minister of Pakistan on
March 20, 1985.
iii. Gen. Zia, President of Pakistan dismissed Mr. M.K Junejo on 29
May 1985
7. Martyrdom of General Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was martyred in an air crash on August
14, 1988. He had gone to Bhawalpur to see a demonstration of tanks.
8. Important events during 3rd Martial Law:
i. Steady economic growth favoring the Private Sector.
ii. Movement for restoration of democracy established on 06 Feb,
1981.
iii. Process of Islamization practice started.
iv. Soviet Union invasion in Afghanistan held in Dec. 1979.
v. Vast amounts of Military equipment and did donated to Pakistan
by USA to help Afghan refugees.
DEMOCRATIC REGIMES (1988 - 1999)

1. Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto Becomes first time Prime
Minister (1988)
i. In the 1988 elections, Pakistan People Party won 94 seats in the
National Assembly without forming any alliance. With the
cooperation of 8 M.Q.M. members and 13 members of the
Federally Administered tribal Area, the P.P.P. showed a clear
majority.
ii. Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was sworn in as
the Prime Minister in 1988, the first woman to govern an Islamic
State.
2. Mr. Ghulam Ishaq Khan becomes President (1988-1993):
i. After the death of General Zia, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Chairman
of the Senate, took over as acting President. Elections for the
National and Provincial Assemblies were held on November 19,
1988, respectively.
ii. Ghulam Ishaq Khan appointed Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister
of Pakistan on the condition that she would offer full support to
him in the forthcoming presidential elections.
iii. Benazir Bhutto Govt. dismissed by President in 1990.
3. Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Becomes Caretaker Prime
Minister (1990)
As a result of the changes made in the Constitution by Eighth Amendment,
the President had the power to appoint a caretaker Prime minister and
caretaker Cabinet at the Federal as well at Provincial level.
4. Mr. Nawaz Sharif Becomes first time Prime Minister
(1990):
i. After the ouster of Benazir’s Government, elections for the National
and Provincial Assemblies were held on October 24 and 27, 1990.
ii. Main Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, the ex-Chief Minister of Punjab,
was elected as the Prime Minister on November 1, 1990.
5. Mr. Balakh Sher Mazari Becomes Caretaker Prime
minister (1993)
i. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the National and
Provincial Assemblies on April 19, 1993, and appointed Mir
Balakh Sher Khan Mazari as the Caretaker Prime Minister.
ii. General Elections were scheduled to be held on July 14, 1993.
6. Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto becomes 2nd time Prime
Minister (1993):
i. Benazir Bhutto returned to power for the second time in 1993
after the resignation of both President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and
Prime minister Nawaz Sharif on July 18, 1993.
ii. The resignation led to the announcement of fresh elections for
the National and Provincial Assemblies.
7. Mr. Sardar Farooq Leghari Becomes President (1993)
As a result of the general elections in 1993, P.P.P came to power by
forming an alliance with PML (J), some independent members and
some small parties and Saddar Farooq Leghari became President in
1993.
8. Mr. Malik Meraj Khalid Becomes Caretaker Prime
Minister (1996)
i. President Sardar Farooq Leghari, exercising his powers through
the Eighth Amendment, dismissed Benazir Bhutto’s Government
in November 1996, on charges of corruption and extra-judicial
killings.
ii. Malik Meraj Khalid, Rector of the International Islamic
University, was appointed as caretaker Prime Minister.
9. Mr. Nawaz Sharif Becomes 2nd time Prime Minister
(1997)
i. The Muslim League was able to obtain a two-third majority in
the National Assembly in 1997, and Main Nawaz Sharif was re-
elected as Prime Minister.
ii. He obtained a vote of confidence from the National Assembly on
February 18, 1997.
10. Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar elects as President (1998)
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, a former Judge of the Supreme Court and a
Senator, was elected as the ninth President of Pakistan in 1998.
11. Pakistan becomes Nuclear Power on May 28, 1998
On May 28, 1998, Pakistan became a nuclear power when it success-
fully carried out five nuclear tests at Chaghi, (Baluchistan).
12. The Lahore Declaration (1999):
In order to normalize relations between India and Pakistan, Nawaz
Sharif undertook a major initiative in February 1999. This initiative
culminated in a visit by the Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee
to Lahore via bus, across the Wagah Border, in 1999. Nawaz Sharif met
him at the Wagha Border and a joint commu niqué, known as the Lahore
Declaration, was signed between the two leaders in Feb 1999.
4TH MARTIAL LAW (1999 TO 2008)

1. Military rular Gen. Musharaf comes in Power (Oct 12,
1999)
i. On October 12, 1999, the Pakistan Army once again ousted the
Civilian Government. At that time Prime Minister Mian
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif headed the Government.
ii. Chief of Army Staff General Pervaiz Musharaf assumed the title
of Chief Executive of Pakistan.
2. Gen. Pervez Musharaf Becomes President (June 2001)
General Pervez Musharraf while he was also Chief Executive took over
the office of the president of Pakistan on June 20, 2011, under the
Provincial Constitutional Order (PCO) by removing Rafiq Tarar.
3. Local Government System (2001):
In order to establish democracy at grassroots level, the regime of
General Pervez Musharraf, introduced the new local Government
System on 14 August 2001.
4. Mr. Zafarullah Khan Jamali Becomes Prime Minister
(2002)
Zafarullah Khan Jamali was elected the Prime Minister of Pakistan by
the newly elected Parliament on November 21, 2002.
5. Mr. Shaukat Aziz Becomes Prime Minister (2004):
Mr. Shaukhat Aziz became the Prime Minister of Pakistan on August
23, 2004 after he won two National Assembly seats from Attock and
Tharparkar on August 18 by-elections.
6. Gen. Pervez Musharraf led Pakistan from 1999 to 2008.
A state of emergency was declared by Pakistani President Pervez
Musharraf on November 3, 2007, and lasted until December 15, 2007,
during which time the constitution of Pakistan was suspended.
RESTORATION OF DEMOCRACY
(2008 TO 2013)
1. Mr. Muhammad Yousaf Gallani becomes prime minister
2008 to 2012.
Mr. Muhammad Yousaf Raza Gallani elected prime minister of Pakistan
from 2008 to 2012. He disobeyed Supreme Court order and later on he
was not Prime Minister.
2. Raja Pervez Ashraf becomes prime minister June 2012 to
2013.
Mr. Raja Pervaiz Ashraf elected Prime Minister of Pakistan from 22
June 2012 to16 March 2013.
3. Justice (Rtd.) Mir Hazar Khan Khoso Becomes Caretaker
Prime Minister
Justice (Rtd) Mir Hazar Khan Khoso was nominated as caretaker Prime
Minister on March 24th, 2013and was sworn in on 25th of March 2013.
4. Mr. Asif Ali Zardari becomes President Of Pakistan 2009
TO 2013.
Mr. Asif Ali Zardari becomes President of Pakistan from 2009 to 2013.
5. NRO and its side effects:
NRO (National Reconciliation Order) was issued by Pervez Musharraf.
It disturbed the entire country and it was totally unlawful order.
6. Mr. Nawaz Sharif Becomes third time Prime Minister
from June 2013 till to day
Mr. Nawaz Sharif elected third time Prime Minister in the history of
Pakistan from Jun 2013 to Aug 2017.
7. Mr. Mamnoon Hussain Becomes President
Mr.Mamnoon Hussain elected as President of Pakistan from Jul, 2013-
2018.
8. Mr. Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Becomes Prime Minister Aug
2017 to May 2018
9. Mr. Imran Khan Becomes Prime Minister Aug 2018 uptill
now
10. Mr. Dr. Arif Alvi Becomes President of Pakistan from Sep
2018 uptill now.
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY
OF PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION:
The constitution of Pakistan is the supreme law of Pakistan. There have
been several documents known as the Constitution of Pakistan. The
Constitution of 1973 is the existing constitution, which provides for a
parliamentary system with a President as head of the state and popularly
elected Prime Minister as head of government. Pakistan has two houses
of legislature that consists of the Senate (upper house) and the National
Assembly (lower house). It is comprehensive constitution in the history
of Pakistan.
To frame a Constitution for the country,
To set as a Federal Legislative Assembly or Parliament until that
Constitution came into effect.
The powers and functions of the central legislature under the Government
of India Act, 1935, were conferred on the Constituent Assembly. It
could, however, amend the Indian Independence Act, 1947 or the
Government of India Act, 1935, and no Act of the British Parliament
could be extended to Pakistan without legislation by the Constituent
Assembly.
OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION:
Introduction:
The first big step in the framing of a constitution for Pakistan was taken
by the Constituent Assembly on 12 March 1949, when it passed a
resolution on the ‘Aims and Objectives of the Constitution’, popularly
known as the Objectives Resolution. It laid the foundation of the
constitution and indicated the broad outline of its structure. The
resolution was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of
Pakistan.
Address by Liaquat Ali Khan:
Sir, I consider this to be a most important occasion in the life of
this country, next in importance only to the achievement of
independence, because by achieving independence we only won
an opportunity of building up a country and its polity in
accordance with our ideals. I would like to remind the house that
the Father of the Nation, Quaid-i-Azam, gave expression of his
feelings on this matter on many occasion, and his views were
endorsed by the nation in unmistakable terms, Pakistan was
founded because the Muslims of this sub-continent wanted to
build up their lives in accordance with the teachings and traditions
of Islam, because they wanted to demonstrate to the world that
Islam provides a cureable to the many diseases which have seen
into the life of humanity today.
Text of the Objective Resolution:
i. Sovereignty belongs to Allah Al-Mighty
Whereas sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty
alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan,
through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by
Him is a sacred trust.
ii. To frame a constitution for Pakistan
This Constituent Assembly representing the people of Pakistan resolves
to frame a Constitution for the sovereign independent State of Pakistan.
iii. Freedom, equality, tolerance and social Justice
Wherein the State shall exercise its powers and authority through the
chosen representatives of the people; wherein the principles of
democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as explained
by Islam shall be fully observed.
iv. Individual and collective lives setby Islam
Wherein the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the
individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and
requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah.
v. Minorities practise their religion
Wherein adequate provision shall be made for the minorities to profess
and practise their religions and develop their cultures.
vi. Territories form of Federation
Wherein the territories now included in or in accession with Pakistan
and such other territories as may hereafter be included in or accede to
Pakistan shall form a Federation wherein the units will be autonomous
with such boundaries and limitations on their power and authority as
may be prescribed.
vii. Guarantee of fundamental rights
Wherein shall be guaranteed fundamental rights including equality of
status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and political
justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and
association, subject to law and public morality.
viii. Independance of the Judiciary
Wherein adequate provisions shall be made to safeguard the legitimate
interests of minorities and backward and depressed classes; wherein the
independence of the Judiciary shall be fully secured.
ix. Territories of federation safeguarded
Wherein the integrity of the territories of the Federation, its independence
and all its rights including its sovereign rights on land, sea and air shall
be safeguarded; So that the people of Pakistan may prosper and attain
their rightful and honored place amongst the nations of the World and
make their full contribution towards international peace and progress
and happiness of humanity.
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1956:
Introduction
After nine years of efforts, Pakistan was successful in framing a
constitution in 1956. The Constituent Assembly adopted it on 29
February, 1956, and it was enforced on 23 March, 1956, proclaiming
Pakistan to be an Islamic Republic.
i The Constitution was lengthy and detailed; it contained 234
articles divided into thirteen parts and six schedules.
ii The Constitution of 1956 provided for federal system with the
principle of parity between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The
Federal Legislature was to perform like the British Parliament.
iii The Centre was invested with such powers as to take unilateral
action in emergency and it could influence the provincial autonomy.
iv The Constitution of 1956 provided for the parliamentary form of
government, where real executive authority was vested in a cabinet,
collectively responsible to the legislature.
v The cabinet was presided over by the Prime Minister. The
Constitution declared that there would be only one house of parliament
known as the National Assembly and equality between the two Wings
(i.e., East Pakistan and West Pakistan) was maintained in it.
vi The Governor General was replaced by a President, who was to
be elected by an Electoral College comprising of members of the
National Assembly and Provincial Assembly.
vii Familiar democratic rights and freedoms such as freedom of
speech and expression, of assembly and association, of movement and
of profession were all provided in the Constitution, with the usual
qualifications. With regards to civil rights, familiar rights such as rights
of life, liberty and property were granted, again with the usual
qualifications and safeguards.
viii The judiciary was given power to enforce the fundamental rights
and the courts were to decide if a law was disagreeable to any provisions
of the fundamental rights.
ix As per the Constitution, Urdu and Bengali were made national
languages.
ISLAMIC PROVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION OF 1956:
i. Preamble of Constitution: The text of Objectives Resolution was
repeated in the preamble of the Constitution of 1956 without any
major change.
ii. Name of the State: The name Islamic Republic of Pakistan was
selected for the state of Pakistan.
iii. Freedom of Rights: All citizens of Pakistan were granted freedom
to profess, practice and propagate any religion and the right to
establish, maintain and manage religious institutions.
iv. Supermacy of Quran and Sunnah’s Principles: According to
the directive principles, steps were to be taken to enable the
Muslims of Pakistan individually and collectively to order their
lives in accordance with principles in Holy Quran and Sunnah.
v. No law against the Islamic law: No law shall be enacted which
is disagreeable to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the
Holy Quran and Sunnah and that existing laws shall be brought
into conformity with such injunctions.
vi. Muslim President: Only a Muslim could be qualified for election
as President.
vii. Organization for Islamic research: The President should set up
an organization for Islamic research and instruction in advanced
studies to assist in the reconstruction of Muslims society on a
truly Islamic basis.
viii. Compulsory Holy Quran Teaching: Teaching of the Holy Quran
was to be made compulsory for Muslims.
ix. Alcohol and prostitution prohibited: The purchase and sale of
alcohol was banned and prostitution was prohibited.
x. Unity among Muslims Countries: The state should put its best
efforts to strengthen the bonds of unity among Muslim countries.
President General Ayub Khan appointed a Commission on 17 February
1960 to report on the future political framework. The Commission was
headed by the former Chief Justice of Pakistan, Mr. Mohammad
Shahabuddin, and had ten other members, five each from East Pakistan
and West Pakistan, composed of retired judges, lawyers, industrialists
and landlords.
Report of the Constitution Commission:
The report of the Constitution Commission was presented to President
Ayub on 6 May 1961 and thoroughly examined by the President and his
Cabinet.
Approval of Cabinet:
In January 1962, the Cabinet finally approved the text of the new
constitution.
Text of Constitution:
i As per the Constitution of 1962, Pakistan was renamed as
‘Republic of Pakistan’. The word ‘Islamic’ was dropped in this
constitution. The Constitution provided for federal system with the
principle of parity between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Both the
provinces would run their separate provincial governments. The
responsibilities and authority of the centre and the provinces were
clearly listed in the constitution.
ii The Central Legislature had one house known as the National
Assembly. There were 156 members of the National Assembly. The
equality between the two wings was maintained in it.
iii The Constitution of 1962 provided Presidential form of
government, as opposed to the Parliamentary form of government under
the 1956 Constitution.
iv The President, who must be a Muslim not less than 35 years of
age and qualified for election as a member of the National Assembly
was to be elected indirectly by an Electoral College in accordance with
the provisions outlined in the Constitution itself. The Electoral College
formed by not less than 80,000 Basic Democrats (B.D.), equally
distributed between the two provinces.
v Under the Constitution of 1962, if the number of candidates for
election to the office of President exceeds three, the Speaker of the
National Assembly was to convene a joint session of the members of
the National and Provincial Assemblies to select only three candidates
for election, the remaining candidates then would not be eligible. This
screening was not applicable to a person who was holding the office of
the President i.e. if the sitting President was also a candidate the number
of candidates would be four.
vi The term of the President was five years to act as Head of State
as well as Chief Executive solely responsible for country’s admin-
istration. Governor and Minister were appointed and removed by him.
vii He was eligible to promulgate Ordinances and veto against
legislated laws only override able by two-thirds of the National
Assembly. However, the President was not empowered to dissolve the
Assembly except at the cost of his office also. On a charge of violating
the Constitution or gross misconduct the President might be impeached
by the National Assembly for which one-third of the total members of
the National Assembly must give written notice to the Speaker for the
removal of the President.
viii The President was to be removed from office if the resolution for
impeachment was passed by votes of not less than three-fourths of the
total members of the Assembly. A significant feature of the impeachment
procedure was that if the resolution for removal of the President fails to
obtain one-half of the total number of members of the National Assembly
the movers of the resolution would cease to be members of the Assembly.
ix There was no restriction of religion for a person holding the
office of the Speaker of the National Assembly. Secondly, if the President
resigns from his office or vote of no-confidence passes against him,
then according to the Constitution the Speaker would act as the President
of the State till the election of new President.
x Under these special circumstances, a non-Muslim might get the
chance to be an acting President of Pakistan.
xi The Constitution of 1962 provided for elections of Central and
Provincial Legislatures for a term of five years. The members of the
Assemblies were elected by the Basic Democrats.
xii The National Assembly was exclusively empowered to legislate
for the central subjects. However, it could legislate on matters falling
under provincial jurisdiction. The power to impose taxes was laid with
the central legislature. The Assembly had to serve as a court in the cases
of impeachment, conviction or declaring the President as incapable.
xiii It could amend the Constitution but with two-thirds majority.
However, if President’s veto was even over-ridden, he had the right to
ask for the assent of the Electoral College.
xiv The procedure of the Provincial Assemblies was identical with
that of the National Assembly. Urdu and Bengali were recognized as
national languages.
i. The word ‘Islamic’ was dropped in this Constitution. But when
the National Assembly met in June 1962, there was a demand
that the word ‘Islamic’ should be re-introduced.
ii. There was some justification for this demand. If Islamic provisions
were to be maintained there was no reason why the republic
should not be designated an Islamic Republic.
iii. The first amendment (December 1962) therefore rectified this
article.
iv. According to the principles of policy, steps were to be taken to
enable the Muslims of Pakistan individually and collectively, to
order their lives in accordance with the principles of Islam.
v. Fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam, and should
be provided with facilities whereby they may be enabled to
understand the meaning of life according to those principles and
concepts.
vi. No law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the teachings and
requirements of Islam asset out in the Holy Quran and Sunnah
and all existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Holy
Quran and Sunnah.
vii. Only a Muslim could be qualified for the election as President.
viii. Teaching of the Quran and Islamiyat to the Muslims of Pakistan
was made compulsory.
ix. Proper organization of Zakat, Wakfs and Mosques were ensured.
x. Practical steps were to be taken to remove social evils such as
the use of alcohol, gambling, etc.
xi. A noble Islamic provision in the 1962 Constitution had introduced
an ‘Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology’ to be appointed by the
President.
xii. The fundamentals of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and
Sunnah, instruction in Islam for the purpose of assisting in the
reconstruction of Muslim State on a truly Islamic basis.
xiii. The State of Pakistan should put its best efforts to strengthen the
bonds of unity among Muslim countries.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after gaining power, invited the leaders of the
parliamentary parties to meet him on 17 October 1972, which resulted
in an agreement known as the ‘Constitutional Accord’, after an intensive
discussion. As per consultations floated by PPP, the National Assembly
of Pakistan appointed a committee, of 25 members, on 17 April 1972,
to prepare a draft of the permanent Constitution of Pakistan. Mohammad
Ali Kasuri was the elected chairman of the Committee.
Draft Bils for the Constitution:
On 20 October 1972, the draft bill for the Constitution of Pakistan was
signed by leaders of all parliamentary groups in the National Assembly.
A bill to provide a constitution for the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was
introduced in the Assembly on 2 February 1973.
Approval of Assembly:
The Assembly passed the bill unanimously on 19 April 1973 and
endorsed by the acting President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 12 April 1973.
i. The Constitution came into effect from 14 August 1973. On the
same day, Bhutto took over as the Prime Minister and Choudhary
Fazal-e-Elahi as the President of Pakistan.
ii. This constitution represented a compromise consensus on three
issues: the role of Islam; the sharing of power between the federal
government and the provinces.
iii. And the division of responsibilities between the President and the
Prime Minister, with a greatly strengthened position for the latter.
iv. The Constitution provided for federal system. The Federal
Legislature is to function like the British Parliament.
v. Inordertoslakefearsoftheprovincesconcerning domination of the
Centre, the constitution established a bicameral legislature with
a Senate (the upper house), providing equal provincial
representation, and a National Assembly (the lower house),
allocating seats according to population.
vi. Islam has been declared as the State religion.
vii. The Constitution named Pakistan as the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan.
viii. Only a Muslim could become the President or the Prime Minister
of Pakistan.
ix. No law dislike to Islam shall be enacted and the present laws
shall also be Islamized.
x. The President must be a Muslim not less than 45 years of age,
elected by members of Parliament. He is to hold office for a term
of five years.
xi. The President could be removed by the resolution of parliament
of not less than two-thirds of the total membership.
xii. The President could issue ordinances when the Parliament is not
in session.
xiii. The President has the power of granting pardon and the right to
be kept informed by the Prime Minister on all matters of internal
and foreign policies.
xiv. The Constitution sets-forth the Parliamentary System of
Government.
xv. The head of the Government, according to the Constitution, will
be the Prime Minister.
xvi. The Prime Minister and his Cabinet is accountable to the National
Assembly for his actions.
xvii. The Prime Minister would be elected by the majority of the
National Assembly.
xviii. The Constitution of 1973 introduced a new institution known as
the ‘Council of Common Interests’ consisting of Chief Ministers
of the provinces and an equal number of Ministers of the Federal
Government nominated by the Prime Minister.
xix. The Council could formulate and regulate the policy in the Part
II of the Legislative List. In case of complaint of interference in
water supply by any province the Council would look into the
complaint.
xx. Another major innovation in the Constitution of 1973 is the
establishment of a National Finance Commission (NFC)
consisting of the Federal and Provincial Finance Ministers and
other members to advice on distribution of revenues between the
federation and the provinces.
xxi. The Principles of Policy includes Islamic way of life, promotion
of Local Government institutions, full participation of women in
national life, protection of minorities, promotion of social and
economic wellbeing of the people, and strengthening the bonds
with the Muslim world and to work for international peace.
xxii. Under the 1973 Constitution, Fundamental Rights include
security of person, safeguards as to arrest and detention,
prohibition of slavery and forced labor, freedom of movement,
freedom of association, freedom of speech.
xxiii. Freedom to profess religion and safeguards to religious
institutions, non-discrimination in respect of access to public
places and in service, preservation of languages, script and
culture.
xxiv. The judiciary enjoys full supremacy over the other organs of the
State Urdu is the national language.
i. The Muslims of Pakistan, individually or collectively, to order
their lives in accordance with the fundamental principles and
basic concepts of Islam.
ii. Steps shall be taken to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and
Islamiyat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of
Arabic language and to secure correct and exact printing and
publishing of the Holy Quran.
iii. Proper organization of Zakat , Auqaf and Mosques is ensured.
iv. The state shall prevent prostitution, gambling and consumption
of alcohol, printing, publication, circulation and display of
obscene literature and advertisements.
v. Only a Muslim could be qualified for election as President (male
only) and Prime Minister (male or female).
vi. No restriction as to religion or gender on any other post, up to
and including provincial governor and Chief Minister.
vii. All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the
injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah
and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such injunctions.
viii. A Council of Islamic Ideology shall be constituted.
ix. House or a Provincial Assembly shall, refer to the Islamic Council
for advice on any question as to whether a proposed law is or is
not repugnant to the injunctions of Islam.
x. For the first time, the Constitution of Pakistan gave definition of
a Muslim which 1974 of the 1973.
xi. Constitution declared for the first time the Qadianis or the
Lahoris as non-Muslims, and their leader, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed
Qadian, who had styled himself as a so-called prophet of Islam,
as a fraudster and imposter Nabi.
Test Your Learning
PAKISTAN’S HISTORY FROM 1947 TO UP TO DATE
Q.1: Who was the first Governor General of Pakistan and how many
years he performed his duty?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.2: Explain in one sentences contribution of Liaquat Ali Khan regarding
struggle for independence and who was the first Prime Minister of
Pakistan.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.3: Who was the 2nd Governor General of Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.4: Define objective resolution.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.5: Why objective resolution is called magna Charta?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.6: When Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din assumed the duty of Prime Minister
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.7: In which year West Pakistan was established one unit and why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.8: What is Liaquat Nehru Pact 1950?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.9: When first Marshal Law was imposed and who was the chief
Marshal law administrator?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.10: In which year East Pakistan was declared a new country and what
is its new name?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.11: When 4th Marshal Law was imposed and who was CMLA?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.12: In which years (1st, 2nd and 3rd time) Mian Muhammad Nawaz
Sharif was elected as prime Minister?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.13: In which years (1st, 2nd time) Benazir Bhutto Shaheed was
elected prime Minister?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.14: When and where Pakistan tested his nuclear test?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.15: What is NRO and what was its side effects?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.16: When 3rd Martial law was imposed and who was the chief martial
law administrator?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.17: When the concept of west Pakistan as one unit was dismissed? __
______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.18: When and where steel mill was established?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.19: Who started nuclear power programe and in which year it started
working?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.20: Write the name of four things that were intoduced during Zia-ul-
Haq era with the reference of Islamization.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.21: When Mr. Mamnoon Hussain was elected as President?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.22: Write two points of objective resolution.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.23: Which constitution is called comprehensive constitution in the
history of Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.25: Who was moved the objective resolution?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.26: Write three points that are common in the constitution of 1956,
1962 and 1973 regarding Islamic provision.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Select right answer
1. __________ contribution to the struggle for independence were
appreciated
A. Liaquat ali khan B. Allama Iqbal
C. Quaid e azam D. All of these
2. ___________ was the first prime minister of Pakistan
A. Liaquat ali B. Iskander mirza C. Quaid e azam
3. ____________ established the ground work for Pakistan’s foreign
policy
A. Liaquat ali B. Rehmat ali C. Quaid e azam
4. Liaquat Ali presented the
A. Objective resolution B. Constitution 1956
C. Constitution 1973
5. Liaquat Ali also took the steps towards the formulation of
A. Constitution B. Foreign policy
C. Objective resolution D. All of these
6. India occupied Kashmir
A. By agreement B. unjustly C. None of these
7. Objective resulation was passed in ___________
A. 1948 B. 1949 C. 1950
8. Quaid e azam died on 1948
A. September 11 B. October 11 C. November 11
9. __________ was the second governor general of Pakistan
A. Iskander mirza B. Nizamuddin C. Ch. Rehmat ali
10. Liaquat Nehru pact of __________ was to solve problem
A. 1956 B. 1954 C. 1952 D. 1950
11. In __________ Iskander mirza became the governor general of
Pakistan
A. 1954 B. 1953 C. 1955 D. 1956
12. Even after _____ years of existence Pakistan was without a
constitution
A. Six B. Eight C. Ten D. Twelve
13. The constitution of Pakistan will be
A. Democratic B. Dictatorship C. None of these
14. Islam and its ideology has taught us the lesson of
A. Islamic Democracy B. Dictatorship
C. All of the above
15. The _________ has the fundamental importance in the history of
Pakistan
A. Objective resolution B. Foreign policy
C. Liaquat Nehru pact
16. President general ayaub khan made the commission to prepare
constitution of
A. 1956 B. 17973 C. 1962
17. The permanent constitution was given by
A. General yahya khan B. General ayub khan
C. Zulfiqar ali Bhutto
18. Permanent constitution came into effect on 14th august
A. 1970 B. 1971 C. 1972 D. 1973
19. Husyen shaheed replace Ch. Muhammad Ali as Prime Minister on
septmber 12
A. 1956 B. 1957 C. 1958 D. 1959
20. Iskander mirza becomes president in the year
A. 1954 B. 1955 C. 1956 D. 1957
21. On December 16, 1957, malik feroz khan noon took over the office
of prime minister from
A. I. I. Chundrigar B. Ch. Muhammad Ali
C. Ch. Rahmat Ali
22. Malik Feroz Khan Noon was the last prime minister under the
president ship of
A. General ayub khan B. General Zia ul haqq
C. Iskander Mirza
23. The military regimes was started in Pakistan history from
A. 1958 October 7 B. 1959 October 7 C. 1960 October 7
24. ________________ was the first chief martial law adminstrator
A. Gen. Ayub khan B. Gen. Yahya khan
C. Gen. Zia ul haqq
25. The East Pakistan was separated from Eest Pakistan on
A. 1970 B. 1971 C. 1972 D. 1973
26. Z. A. Bhutto becomes the prime minister in
A. 1970 B. 1971 C. 1972 D. 1973
27. Earlier election in 1977 was announced by
A. Z. A. Bhutto B. Iskander mirza C. Yahya khan
28. on 5 July 1977 martial law was imposed by
A. Gen. Ayub khan B. Gen. Yahya khan
C. Gen. Zia ul Haqq
29. Gen. Zia ul Haqq announced elections of the national and provincial
assemblies in
A. February 1985 B. March 1985
C. April 1985 D. May 1985
30. Gen. Zia ul Haqq was Martyred on air crash in
A. 1985 B. 1984 C. 1988 D. 1987
CHAPTER # 14
MAJOR PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN AND

THEIR SOLUTION
Followings are Six Major Problems of present day in Pakistan.
i. Industrial Problems
ii. Energy Problems
iii. Economic Problems
iv. Law and Order Problems
v. Human Right Problems
vi. War on Terrier Problems
Definition of Problem:
A matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to
be overcome according to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
A situation, person or thing that needs attention and needs to be dealth
with or solved
(Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Pg. 1129)
1 INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS
Definition of Industrial Problems:
The problems faced by industry during its growth is known as industrial
problems.
(Cambridge & Advance Dictionary Pg. 736)
Historical Background
The Policy of British Rulers-There were no favors for the Muslims due
to British government, before independence in the sub-continent.
British exported the raw material at cheaper rate to Britain so that the
industrialization process in the sub-continent is to be stopped.
MAJOR HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS ARE AS UNDER:
1. Lack of technical knowledge
Modern technology was introduced in the beginning of 20th
century. British used the modern methods of production in
Britain. But in sub-continent they used old method of production
in all the manufacturing units. So, quality and quantity of
production was very low it creates a bad view of our industry at
world level.
2. Industiral Share
Before partition, there were 921 total industrial units in sub-
continent. But out of 921 industrial units, Pakistan got only 34
industrial units that are just 3.69 % of total industrial share.
Accordingly, we started our economy without industrial sector.
3. Disputable Industrial Strategy
It is a huge barrier in the way of industrial advancement. In the
history of Pakistan, there was a policy of import substitution, in
the early 1950s. There was a trend of industrialization in the
1960s. The policy of Nationalization was adopted in Z. A. Bhutto’s
period and Zia-ul-Haq adopted the policy of Privatization. The
investors are always hesitant to make investment in such
situations.
4. Lack of mineral resources
There is acute shortage of mineral resources like oil and coal etc.
These resources are necessary for industrial development. Due
to lack of mineral resources, rate of industrial development in
Pakistan is very low. Contribution of natural resources to GDP
is 0.8 % in Pakistan.
5. Lack of infrastructure
The infrastructure for industrial development is necessary. There
is shortage of infrastructure in Pakistan. For example, gas,
electricity, transport, roads, railways network and communication
are not available up to the requirement of industrial development.
6. Inflationary Pressures
Rate of inflation is very high in Pakistan. The prices of imported
machinery, oils, chemicals and spare-parts are rising very
sharply. These factors contribute toward industrial backwardness.
Very high rate of inflation is 14.1% in Pakistan.
7. Frequent Breakdown of Electricity
Like other power resources, electricity is also insufficient in
Pakistan to meet the domestic needs. There is irregular supply
and frequent breakdown of electricity in Pakistan. It is affecting
the industrial production in the country. Growth rate of electricity
and gas sector, in Pakistan is -21.1%.
8. Economic Sanctions
Advanced countries are not willing in the improvement of
backward countries. They have created various trade zones
among themselves. As a result, they import and export among
themselves. So, export volume of developing countries remains
very low. On the other hand, developed nations have imposed
various sanctions on import and export with poor nations.
REASONS OF INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS
1. Lack of capital.
The second major problem of industrialization in Pakistan is the
lack of capital. In capital intensive industries like steel and iron,
chemical, automobile etc. the amount of capital required per
worker is quite high. In industries like textile, carpet, sugar paper
board etc, huge amount of capital is required to establish and
expand these industries.
2. Narrowness of market.
The narrowness of home and foreign markets for the manufac-
tured goods is also a major obstacle in the expansion and growth
of industrial sector in Pakistan. The low purchasing power of the
people, the production of substandard goods, the higher cost of
production limit the size of market at home. The advanced
countries, due to poor quality of the manufactured goods of the
developing countries, are reluctant to purchase their manufactured
goods.
3. Poor quality of Industrial Labour.
The industrial labour in Pakistan like other workers is mostly
conscious of its rights but not of duties. It may not be inferred
that the labour is inherently incapable and inefficient in the
performance of duties. The fact, however, is that they are not
properly trained. The spirit of work is not included in them.
4. Lack of infrastructure facilities.
The infrastructure facilities for building up a sound industrial
base are inadequate in Pakistan. The sources of power, thermal,
solar, atomic etc, are insufficient to meet the industrial
requirements of the country.
5. Lack of Skill Persons:
Another problem which is standing in the way of rapid industri-
alization of the country is the lack of skilled persons. The capital
intensive industries need highly trained technical personnel. The
country at present is deficient of them.
6. Promotes work specialization:
Industrialization promotes specialization of labour. The division
of work increases the marginal value product of labour.
7. Easy to control industrial activity.
The industrial activity compared to agricultural is easy to control.
The industrial production can be cut down according to the price
cost and demand of the product.
8. Large scope for technological progress.
Industrialization provides larger scope for on the job training
and technological progress. The use of advanced technology
increases the scale of production and reduces cost of production,
improves quality of the product and helps in widening of the
market.
9. Provision for defence.
If a country is industrialized, it can manufacture arms and
ammunition necessary for the defence of the country. A nation
which depends on other countries for the supply of ammunition
will eventually suffer and may face defeat. The two wars with
India should be an eye opener for Pakistan.
10. Lesser pressure on land.
The establishment and expansion of industries lessens the
excessive pressure of labour force from the agriculture sector.
SOLUTION FOR INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS
i. Land reforms, water management and agricultural development
ii. Appointment on merits
iii. Alternate sources etc
iv. Improving law & order, Situation
v. Good governance
vi. Accountability
vii. Improving education and tech development
viii. Improving taxation system
ix. Overshadowed by political dilemmas
x. Well planned and consistent policies
xi. Generation of Capital
2. ENERGY PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN INTRODUCTION:
Energy resources are the backbone of social economic development of
any country. It is essential for the production and making of goods and
other things like cotton sheets which contributes a lot of revenue in the
budget of Pakistan. Energy is essential for running machinery in
industrial facilities.
WHAT IS ENERGY PROBLEM?
Energy crisis is any great shortfall (a price rise) in the supply of energy
resources to an economy. Energy the power from some thing such as
electricity or oil which can do work, such as providing light and heat.
(Cambridge Advanced Dictionary Pg. 464)
REASONS OF ENERGY PROBLEMS IN PAKISTAN:
Energy is now the talk of town in Pakistan. Starting from house wives,
traders, businessmen, students, ministers all the victims of the shortage
of energy. Karachi the biggest city experiencing up to many hours load
shedding in peak hot weather and during the board exams are on the
way. Everybody now became the expert of energy and all the figures are
on finger tips. Sometime the shortage is 200 MW sometime 2500 MW.
Energy admin seriously explores the causes of such acute shortage Gas
as Fuel
i. AGING OF THE EQUIPMENT
One very important reason attributed to this energy shortage is
the aging of the generating equipment which could not develop
the electricity as per the design requirement. This is the
responsibility of continuous updating the equipment and keeping
the high standard of maintenance.
ii. WASTAGE OF ENERGY
So far energy conservation is limited to newspaper ads lip service
in seminars. No serious thought is being given to utilize the
energy at the optimum level. A new culture need to develop to
conserve energy. Some times on government level illiteracy is
blamed for the failure of the energy conservation program. This
is not true. Maximum energy is consumed by elite classes which
have all the resources of knowledge and communication.
iii. HIGH COST OF FUEL
The cost of crude has increased from 40 $ to 140 $/barrel. it
means the generation from thermal units are costing exorbitant
price. WAPDA and K Electric when purchasing electricity on
higher cost are not eager to keep on selling the electricity on
loss. Therefore they do not move on general complain of load
shedding. One simple solution is to increase the energy cost.
iv. MONOPOLY IN THE BUSINESS
Wapda and K Electric are two generation and dispatch units in
Pakistan. Although NEPRA is a government authority to settle
the tariff issues but the fact remains that once the question of
WAPDA comes the authority has a very little influence. This is
suggested that private sector should be allowed to install power
plant and settle the electricity to consumers.
v. EXPLORING COAL
Pakistan is blessed with large amount of the coal. Again no
serious work is done to explore the coal for power generation.
This is complained that the coal quality is inferior. However
tailored made solutions are available to burn any type of coal.
The government itself should come forward and install the power
plants on the site of coal mines only.
vi. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
So far the government is looking for private sector for investment
in energy sector and for itself it choose a role of facilitator and
arbitrator. A massive investment from government itself in
generating units for conventional as well as new technologies is
needed. Once the government sector embarks on massive plans
then private sector will follow immediately.
vii. ENERGY PLANNING
In spite higher costs immediate relief is only possible with thermal
power plants which can be commissioned in 24 months’ time. A
comprehensive and realistic planning will help to develop
generating units in Pakistan which will be a element for the
economic growth, poverty elevation and prosperity in Pakistan
viii. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Wapda briefing highlights the poor distribution system as the
main cause of tripping and breaks down of the system. However
we consider as the last of our concern. This is true that the
distribution system causes many unwanted tripping and break
down but now we honestly believe that the shortage of energy
generation is our main cause of the problem for last twenty years.
ix. OVER USE OF ELECTRICITY:
Over use of electricity is one of the reason of energy crisis
x. LESS PRODUCTION:
Less Production is also one of a great reason of energy crisis in
Pakistan.
SOLUTIONS OF ENERGY PROBLEMS IN PAKISTAN:
Out of all the problems we face as a country, energy seems to be the one
that annoys us the most. It’s not that other issues are not important or
are somehow less annoying; it is just that every single person in Pakistan
uses energy in one form or another and hence is directly affected by it
at a very personal level. And in that spirit, we would like to present a
few solutions that can help with our energy crisis.
1. Replacing thermal power fuel
Pakistan produces about 81 percent of its electricity through oil
and gas which costs us about 9.4 billion dollars. To put it in other
terms, that is about 53 percent of our total exports and is the
biggest cost on our import bill. Now given that our reliance on
thermal power is so large, we simply cannot dismantle it and
magically move to hydro power, however we can change the fuel
used to gain thermal power. Instead of using oil and gas, both of
which are getting more expensive and have volatile international
prices, we can move to using coal.
2. Moving past the myth of Thar coal
Yes, there is coal in Thar, but assuming that it can be used
immediately or it will solve all our energy problems is a myth
propagated by a few people and political parties for their personal
gains. Experts agree that Thar coal is highly unstable – making
it difficult to transport it from one location to another – and even
its gasification is not risk-free.
3. Improved energy mix
Energy mix refers to the sources of energy we utilize in Pakistan
to fulfil our overall energy needs. I need to give credit to the
PML-N on this one as they are the first ones to talk of the holistic
energy mix and not just the CNG or the electricity crisis.
4. Stand alone power projects
This is a suggestion that given at the conference and advocating
it now again. About 40 percent of Pakistan is off the national
grid; that means they effectively get to no electricity.
We can finance independent stand alone power projects that can
function in areas where there is no national grid, this way the
local communities and businessmen can set up their own energy
solutions without taking prior permission from the National
Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) like they have to
now. This will enable them to set up small scale solar panels and
plants in their communities and sell electricity locally. Small
wind farms can also be used in areas which are close to wind
corridors.
The bottom line is, let the people who are living in areas that
don’t come under the national grid, do whatever they can to
supply themselves with electricity without any government
involvement.
5. Dismantle the national grid
The national grid needs to be dismantled and provincialised,
because under the 18thamendment, the profits of power generation
go to the province that is producing the power, meaning if
electricity is being produced at Tarbela, royalties of that are
being paid to KP Government by all other provinces. However,
they sell it to the national grid and then the national grid sells it
down to the District Electrical Supply Companies who further
sell the power to the consumers. This way, if there is a shortfall,
national grid chooses the electricity supply patterns and hence
decides which areas suffer outages the most.
If we dismantle the national grid and change the electricity
supply to an open market, where provincial grids can buy energy
directly from the source, it would improve the power supply and
be more financially beneficial for the power producing province.
This way, the provinces with the most issues with electricity
supply can simply outbid the others to get enough for their local
demand.
This would not be privatization but ‘provincialization’, and will
encourage provincial governments to start doing more for their
people instead of relying on the federal government.
This can eventually lead to provinces working harder to upgrade
their grids and reduce their line losses as their people would
know exactly who to blame if the power goes out. I think it is time
we started thinking on these lines given that the 18th amendment
has already been passed and provincial autonomy is our future.
I hope our political parties come with their own alternative
strategies while taking these points in to account too. Energy
crises is a national issue and all possible solutions should be
explored to solve it.
3. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN
Definition Of Economic Problems:
Allsocietiesfacetheeconomicproblems, whichistheproblem of how to
make the best use of limited resources Economics relating to trade
industry and Money.
(Cambridge Advance Dictionary Pg. 446).
History of Economic Problems:
The purpose of this assignment is to discuss and indicate the increasing
economic problems of Pakistan and to show its causes, we have also to
discuss the ins and outs that created the shocking situation and there is
need to provide some suggestions for bring the improvement of
economic situation.
Now-a-days our country is facing one of the undecorated hopelessness
of its economy due to economic problems
REASONS OF ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
Followings are the major reasons of economic Problem:
i. Energy crises (Electricity & CNG etc.)
ii. War on terrorism
iii. Poverty
iv. Declining export
v. Dropping stock-market
vi. Lack of tourism
vii. Loss in business
i. Energy crises (Electricity & CNG etc.):
Power crises are affecting the economy of Pakistan very badly. We are
facing an ever decreasing supply of power and ever increasing demands.
The power crisis is followed by decline in production and at the end the
economy of the country is affected badly.
The year started with the shutdown of CNG. Pakistan is facing one of
its most crucial gas crises, with the shortfall rising up to 1.8 billion
cubic feet. The year also experienced the worst CNG load shedding
resulting in losses and problems for the consumers.
ii. War on Terrorism:
Since 9/11 South Asia has witnessed many ups and downs, sometime it
escalated the nuclear war and forced the armies of two major powers of
South Asia, Pakistan and India to fight a war rather nuclear war. War
against terrorism is another very important reason behind the economic
problem. War benefits none, someone is hurt badly and someone is
destroyed completely. Due to war on terror, local people of war-ridden
areas are migrating to other areas of Pakistan. Country has seen the
largest migration since independence in 1947. These people have left
their homes, businesses, possessions and property back home. This
large influx of people and their rehabilitation is an economic burden for
Pakistan. Unem- ployment is already prevalent and now the question of
providing employment to these migrants has also become a serious
concern. This portion of population is contributing nothing worthwhile
to the national income yet they have to be benefited from it. This unpro-
ductive lot of people is a growing economic problem of Pakistan.
iii. Poverty:
One thing is sure there will not be any increase in the income of ordinary
man. The number of the poor in Pakistan will also increase. If in 2011,
population is 175 million this means that some 70 million people will
live in absolute poverty. It also means that more than 40 percent of
population of Pakistan will be in absolute poverty. The main problem is
that most of these poor lives in urban cities and towns and they have
less opportunities as compared with country side poor.
iv. Declining export:
Lack of power followed by decline in production is the main cause of
declining export which is a major economic problem worldwide. The
production cannot even fulfill the demands and hue to decline in export
and lack of trouble, the world economy is suffering great problems. In
Pakistan, Prices of all consumer products in general and food products
in particular are rocket high. Cost of production increased due to various
factors. International increase in oil prices and Pakistan’s internal
unfavorable business conditions are two important factors responsible
for high rates of inflation.
v. Dropping Stock market:
The stock-market is suffering a decline worldwide. Lack of funds and
unorganized system is the main cause of the mistrust of certain
companies in many countries. Lack of investment and poor economic
condition of the people and government is another cause of decline in
stock-market worldwide. More over lack of power and decline in
production are the other factor. Karachi Stock Exchange has plunged to
its lowest point in the history of Pakistan. Local as well as foreign
investors are hesitant of investing large sums of money in stock exchange
in fear of incurring unexpected loss.
vi. Lack of tourism:
Lack of tourism is also a cause of the declining in economy. Northern
areas of Pakistan have been a place of great tourist attraction. The
beautiful hills, the lush green valleys, shimmering lakes and flowing
waterfalls brought many a tourist from all over the world to Pakistan.
This contributed to foreign exchange. Tourism Industry was one of the
booming industries of Pakistan. Besides attracting foreign exchange, it
also provided employment to local people. Also, tourist industry was a
source of friendly relations with other countries. Nevertheless, war on
terrorism has served as a serious blow to the tourism industry of
Pakistan. Local as well as foreign media has projected Pakistan as a
dangerous and unsafe country. Its poor law and order situation has
alarmed the tourist and thus Northern areas no more receive many
tourists.
vii. Loss in Business:
The poor economic system affects the business very badly. People all
over the world are facing serious losses in business. In Pakistan sugar,
cement and shoe industry is on its downfall while textile industry is
breathing its last. Foreign investors are not ready to setup their businesses
in Pakistan due to law and order situation.
viii. Why Economics Condition is poor?
Poor economic condition is the root cause of so many problems that
exist in a society. Unfortunately, Pakistan’s economic conditions are
pathetic. As if power crises, lack of foreign investment for the
development of industrial zones, back wardandout-dated technology
were not enough.
SOLUTIONS:
Following are he solutions of Economics Problems of Pakistan.
i. Tax Reforming:
Experts say Pakistan’s economic problems can be greatly reduced if
taxes including income tax and GST are implemented successfully so
Pakistan can generate the resources it needs instead of borrowing from
IMF, WB or ADB etc.
ii. Decreasing gap between rich & poor:
The gap between the rich and the poor must be decreased by ensuring
equal distribution of wealth.
iii. Arranging Quick Justice:
Dispensation of free and quick justice be ensured by strengthening
judiciary.
iv. Curbing Corruption:
There is a sheer need to curb corruption at all levels. The institutions
of NAB and FIA should be made more powerful to curb corruption
v. Providing Free Health Care:
Health care education and free health care needs be provided to all
citizens.
vi. Resolving Energy crisis:
Energy crisis must be resolved on priority basis to revitalize the dying
economy.
vii. Building New Dams:
New dams should be built and new methods of producing electricity
should be utilized.
viii. Providing Technical Education:
Youth be equipped with technical education and new industries be set
up to provide employment.
ix. Poverty Reduction:
Poverty reduction should be top priority of government. Cottage
industry and self-business should be promoted. Agriculture is the
backbone of Pakistan’s economy. It should be strengthened by providing
loans to farmers.
(4). LAW AND ORDER PROBLEM IN PAKISTAN
Definition of Law and Order:
Law and order situation badly affects social, political, economic and
religious factors of country. A situation characterized by respect for and
obedience to the rules of the society is called law and order. Cambridge
Advance Dictionary defines as when the laws of a country are being
obeyed, especially when the police or the Army are use to make certain
of this.
INTRODUCTION
The situation in Pakistan is troublesome probably the worst in the
history of the country. The security situation deteriorates continu- ously.
The country is challenged by growing Islamic militancy and terrorism,
which already caused hundreds of casualties. This crisis is intensified
by an economic crisis, water and energy shortage as well as drug and
human trafficking.
REASONS
Following are the reasons of law and order problem in Pakistan.
i. Attacking on a Afghan Nation by USA and Nato Forces:
After 9/11, the US/Nato forces invaded and bombard the Afghan nation,
sometimes indiscriminately, which led to the desired goal of destruction
of Taliban rule in Afghanistan, but in addition, gave rise to a lot of
internal and external problems for Pakistan. The economy, internal
security environment and social tranquility jolted badly due to such
problems.
ii. Effect on tribal belt:
The spill-over effect of Taliban from Afghanistan into the tribal belt of
Pakistan has been under continuous discussion in the western media
and US administration, both civilian and military departments.
iii. War on Terror on Afghan Border:
Pakistan remains in the mainstream of our debate on war on terror.
Pakistan has deployed more than 90,000 security forces on the Pakistani
side of Afghan border, with more than 900 check points to stop cross
border movement of Afghan-Taliban and other miscreants.
iv. Police Infrastructure Poorly Manage:
Our police infrastructure is poorly manage and it is ill equipped and
poorly trained.
v. Militants Ideological enemies:
Militants are the enemies of ideological Islamic State of Pakistan.
vi. Week Political Structure:
It is one important reason that we have a week political structure so our
law and order situation is very bad.
vii. Major Crises of Law and Order
Following are the major crises due to law and order
i. Weak Democratic Setup
ii. Constitutional Crises
iii. Feudalism
iv. Military Intervention
v. Institutional Clashes
SOLUTION:
Following are the solution to improve law and order problem:
i. Adapting lawful and legal limits
ii. Appointment of Judges at Municipal level
iii. Implementation of Judgment Immediately
iv. Providing Quick Justice by Qazi
v. Unity and Commitment
vi. Reforming Police Infrastructure
vii. Reforming political structure
(5). HUMAN RIGHTS PROBLEMS IN PAKISTAN:
Definition of human rights:
Human rights are those rights that are giving to every individual equally
and are indivisible you cannot be denied right because it is less important.
(Cambridge Advance Dictionary Pg. 704)
INTRODUCTION:
Human rights are moral principles that set out certain standards of
human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in national
and international law. They are commonly understood as fundamental
rights to which a person is inherently entitled.
DETAILS OF HUMAN RIGHT SIGNIFICANCE:
Details of Human Right Significance is as Under:
i. Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
Some of the UDHR was researched and written by a committee of
international experts on human rights, including representatives from
all continents and all major religions, and drawing on consultation
with leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi. The inclusion of civil, political,
economic, social and cultural rights was predicated on the assumption
that all human rights are indivisible.
ii. History of the Human Right:
Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed in some form for much
of human history, they do not resemble the modern conception of human
rights. According to Jack Donnelly, in the ancient world, traditional
societies typically have had elaborate systems of duties...
iii. Human Rights in 16th to 18th Century:
The earliest conceptualization of human rights is credited to ideas about
natural rights emanating from natural law. We hold these truths to be
self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,
Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
iv. United States Declaration of Independence, 1776:
These were followed by developments in philosophy of human rights
by philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and G.W.F.
Hegel during the 18th and 19th centuries.
v. Human Rights 19th century:
In the 19th century, human rights became a central concern over the
issue of slavery. A number of reformers, such as William Wilberforce in
Britain, worked towards the abolition of slavery. This was achieved in
the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Slavery Abolition
Act 1833. In the United States, all the northern states had abolished the
institution of slavery between 1777 and 1804.
vi. Human Rights 20th century:
The World Wars, and the huge losses of life and gross abuses of human
rights that took place during them, were a driving force behind the
development of modern human rights instruments.
vii. Reasons Of Violations:
Human rights violations occur when actions by state (or non-state)
actors abuse, ignore, or deny basic human rights (including civil,
political, cultural, social, and economic rights). Furthermore, violations
of human rights can occur when any state or non-state actor breaches
any part of the UDHR treaty or other international human rights or
humanitarian law.
viii. International Protection and Solutions:
In the aftermath of the atrocities of World War II, there was increased
concern for the social and legal protection of human rights as fundamental
freedoms. The foundation of the United Nations and the provisions of
the United Nations Charter provided a basis for a comprehensive system
of international law and practise for the protection of human rights.
ix. United Nations Charter:
The provisions of the United Nations Charter provided a basis for the
development of international human rights protection.[24] The preamble
of the charter provides that the members reaffirm faith in fundamental
human rights, in the equal rights of men and women.
x. Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by
the United Nations General Assembly[7] in 1948, partly in response to
the atrocities of World War II. Although the UDHR was a non-binding
resolution, it is now considered by some to have acquired the force of
international customary law which may be invoked in appropriate
circumstances by national and other judiciaries.
xi. Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
1948:
The UDHR was framed by members of the Human Rights Commission,
with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt as Chair, who began to
discuss an International Bill of Rights in 1947. The members of the
Commission did not immediately agree on the form of such a bill of
rights, and whether, or how, it should be enforced.
(6) WAR ON TERROR
Definition of War on Terror:
War on Terror is a term which has been applied to an international
military campaign that stated after the 1th September 2001. Cambridge
Dictionary defines it as War on terror is armed fighting between two or
more countries or groups.
(Cambridge Advance Dictionary Pg.1634)
What is Terror?
Violent action which causes extreme fear: (Cambridge Advance
Dictionary Pg. 1502)
Introduction:
Pakistan’s role in the War on Terror is a widely discussed topic among
policy-makers of various countries, political analysts and international
delegates around the world. Pakistan has simultane- ously received
allegations of harboring and aiding terrorists and commendation for its
anti-terror efforts.
MAJOR FACTORS OF TERRORISM:
The major factors of Terrorism are as following:
i. Social in Justice:
ii. Economic Disparity
iii. Political Instability
iv. Religious intolerance
v. External Hand and International Conspiracies
vi. Poor Government policies
vii. Mismanagement
viii. Poverty
ix. Un-employment
x. Corruption
ROOT CAUSES OF TERRORISM:
Socio-economic Causes:
i. Injustice:
Injustice is one of the foremost factors that breed terrorism. When
the grievances of the people are not redressed they resort to
violent actions. So this is the case with Pakistan where timely
justice has always been a far cry. Hence, the delayed justice is
working as incentive for victims and dragging them to the swamp
of terrorist organizations.
ii. Illiteracy:
Illiteracy is the root causes of extremism and terrorism. More
than one in five men aged 15 to 24 unable to read or write, and
only one in 20 is in tertiary education. Such a high illiteracy rate
has made Pakistan vulnerable to terrorism. Furthermore,
technical and vocational education, and adult literacy, are
especially important but unfortunately have been neglected the
most in Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Tribal Areas.
Illiteracy and lack of skills provide fertile ground for those who
wish to recruit young men and women to their cause, especially
when significant monetary payments are attached.
iii. Poverty:
Regarding poverty, it is also an incubating cause of terrorism.
And it is said that a hungry man is an angry man. Notably,
majority of people in Pakistan are living below poverty line.
While especially for the youngsters, unemployment has made the
matter worse.
iv. Food insecurity
Food insecurity is also linked with militancy and violence. When
people remain unable to afford food and cannot meet their basic
needs civil strife grows. A report by the Islamabad- based
Sustainable Development Policy Institute. The highest levels of
food insecurity, for instance, exist in the Federally Administered
Tribal Areas, according to the report, where 67.7 per cent of the
people are insecure.
v. Dissatisfaction:
Another reason of terrorism is dissatisfaction. When a person is
dissatisfied with the rulers and thinks that his rights are being
humiliated or exiled, his living of life has not been compensated,
he is deprived of rightful inheritance to office, wrongly imprisoned
and property confiscated then he joins some religious parties.
(2). Religious Causes:
Religion became the dominant force during the Zia regime when
the Islamization of laws and education became a state policy.
And the Islamic legislation was promulgated and a number of
Islamic enactments were made, including the Hudood and
blasphemy laws. One may also mention the vital role of the
jihadis in their fight against the Soviet military occupation with
the American support, as well as the generous patronage extended
by the government to the religious parties and groups. It may be
added that various religious groups benefited from the support
they received from abroad, in particular from Saudi Arabia and
Iran.
i. Religious Madrassah:
Religious Madrassah is not something new for the Islam or our
country. But after Russian attack on Afghanistan it took a new
dimension. Thousands of Mujahedeen were trained and sent to
Afghanistan for jihad.
ii. Religious intolerance:
Religious intolerance is another factor which is adding fuel to
the fire of terrorism. Youth, educated through religious
Madrassahs, are indoctrinated with extreme ideas. They become
intolerant towards other religions and even other sects of their
own religion.
(3). Political Causes:
i. Democratic Turmoil:
Today’s Pakistan is facing democratic turmoil. A path chartered
by the military regime of Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan then of Zia-ul-
Haq was altered by yet another military regime that of Musharraf.
All these regimes produced political instability, poor governance,
institutional paralysis, by passing the rule of law, socio-economic
downfall and so on.
ii. Lack of proper government set-up:
Lack of proper government set-up and lack of coordination and
information sharing between various institutions of government
is also a cause of behind the escalating terrorist activities. Not to
talk of providing security to common people, our law enforcing
agencies (LEAs) have completely failed to protect high officials
of the country. In the absence of law and proper trial the terrorists
are entrenching their roots firmly.
IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON OUR LIVES:
i. Insecurity:
Terrorism puts adverse impact on the life of individuals. It is not
only put bad impact on individual’s life but also entire society is
encircled.
ii. Economic Crisis:
Terrorism put worse impacts on economy of Pakistan. The
economy of Pakistan is based on the agriculture sector. Agriculture
is the blood of Pakistan. It is source of revenue generation. Apart
from revenue generation it is the source of food. Agriculture
sector provides base to industrial sector. In the absence of
agriculture sector, industrial sectors have no existence. Both are
interconnected. So in this regard economy of Pakistan is adversely
affected.
iii. Instability Among Tourists:
Foreign direct investment also declined. This is another disastrous
impact of terrorism. We are going back day by day. Efficacious
policies are required to cut the throat of terrorism. Now
multinational companies are not investing in Pakistan. It reduced
our economic graph. The picture of Pakistan in the modernized
world is soul trembling. Most of the people are going and settling
abroad.
iv. Infrastructure Damage:
Since independence, Pakistan has been facing several downfalls.
These downfalls created a gap inside and outside the infrastructure
of Pakistan. Terrorism is the disease. It weakened the foundation
of Pakistan. From its inception it faced millions of difficulties.
Solution to eradicate terrorism in Pakistan:
Following are the solution:
i. Unity and commitment:
The first and foremost things are the unity and commitment.
These are very important to achieve an objective. All stakeholders
of the society must need to unite and become committed to this
one agenda to eradicate terrorism from every nook and corner of
the country.
ii. Role of Parliamentarian:
Parliamentarian can play a very constructive role in this regard.
They can use their influence in the right direction to convince the
people of their constituencies to say No to all sort of terrorist
activities. They can easily inculcate in the minds of people the
vision of free terrorist society and about progressive and emerging
Pakistan. But it is also a fact that we still did not see any useful
role from these so-called representatives of the people. It is high
time they must come forward to save the future of Pakistan.
iii. Role of Religious Leaders:
Religious leaders in any society can play an effective role in
times of crises. But the case of Pakistan is different regarding
war on terror. These influential leaders were in some respect
close to the terrorist organizations and to their self-professed
ideology in the past. But it is the requirement of time that these
leaders must come forward to use their influence in the society
against all type of terrorism.
iv. Positive Role of Civil Society:
Civil society is another major stakeholder. It is not playing their
due role against war on terror. The close observation of this
modern world demands that in time of crises, civil society must
come to the forefront to help the state machinery. But in Pakistan
it is still a missing area (war on terror) of civil society.
v. Uniform System of Education:
Education is another very important way to eradicate the root
causes of terrorism. The first step should be to provide uniform
system of education to the masses.
vi. Good Governance:
Good governance is an other are a which need edmore attention
in this regard. The important work in this regard which has been
done so far is only to equip security personnel’s with latest
weapons and to increase their salaries, and compen- sation in
case of casualties.
vii. Military Operation Across the Bold in Entire Country:
There is an urgent need for the military to come forward and
state explicitly the present situation regarding war on terror to
all citizens of the country. This strategy will clear the minds of
people, because Pakistan is the most affected country in the
world in war against terrorism.
viii. Role of Electric and Print Media:
Electric and Print media can play positive role to finish terrorism:
ix. Eradication of Illegal weapons:
One best solution to eradicate terrorism is that immediately the
Government took a serious action against illegal weapons from
whole country.
Test Your Learning
MAJOR PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN AND

THEIR SOLUTION
Q1. Which problem is the most serious problem according to your
perception and why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q2. Write two reasons and solution of war on terror problem?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q3. Define problem?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q4. Define its vital importance.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q5. Define industrial problem?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q6. What is the policy of British Ruler in Sub-Continent?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q7. Why industrial problem of Sub-Continent is to be stopped?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q8. Identify two reasons and solution of industrial problem in Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q9. Explain lack of skilled persons?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q10. Define lack of capital.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q11. Define war on terror and why this problem was started?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q12. Write two reasons with solution of economic problem.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q13. Define law and order write its two reasons with solution.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q14. Define human right problem.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q15. Define economic problem.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.16 Define human rights.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q.17 What is effect of any problem on society?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Select right answer
1. The problems faced by industry during its growth is known as
A. Social problem B. ECO problem
C. Industrial problem
2. ______Technology was introduced in the beginning of 20th century
A. Good B. Old C. Modern
3. _______ used the modern methods of production in Britain
A. Turkey B. British C. Iran
4. There is acute shortage of ________ resources like oil and coal
A. Mineral B. Natural C. Modern
5. The infrastructure for industrial development is
A. Not necessary B. Necessary C. Temporary
6. What is growth rate of electricity and gas sector?
A. 25 % B. 23 % C. 21%
7. ________ resources are the backbone of social economic development
of any country
A. Energy B. Food C. Rich
8. The cost of crude has increased from
A. 40 $ to 140 $ B. 50 $ to 150 $ C. 60 $ to 160 $
9. Pakistan is blessed with __________ amount of the coal
A. Short B. Large C. Shortest
10. Wapda briefing highlights the ________ distribution system of
electricity
A. Rich B. Great C. Poor
11. Over use of electricity is one of the reason of
A. Energy crisis B. Economy crisis C. Social crisis
12. Power crisis are affecting the economy of Pakistan very ________
A. Richly B. Shortly C. Badly
13. The stock market is suffering a _________ world wide
A. Decline B. Shortage C. Richline
14. The situation in Pakistan is troublesome probably the ________ in
the history of Pakistan
A. Richest B. Poorest C. Worst
15. Human rights are those rights that are giving to every individula
A. Equally B. Mostly C. Shortly
CHAPTER # 15
FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN AND

RELATIONSHIP WITH IRAN, CHINA,
AFGHANISTAN, USA & INDIA
Foreign Policy of Pakistan:
Introduction:
No country today can think of a life independent of other nations. Every
country has to develop relations with other countries so as to meets its
requirements in economical, industrial and technological fields. It is
thus necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign policy.
Pakistan is an important third world country in its developmental stage.
It also has formulated her foreign policy keeping in mind its geography,
politics and economics.
DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY:
Foreign Policy can be defined as:
It is reflection of domestic politics and an interaction among sovereign
states. It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country
acts to establish relations with another country.
PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE LIGHT OF QUAID-
E-AZAM’S WORDS:
i. Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards
all the nations of the world.
ii. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or
nation.
iii. iii. We believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in national
and international dealings and are prepared to make our outmost
contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the
nations of the world.
iv. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material
and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed of the United
Nations Charter.
The father of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy towards
other countries of the world in 1948, as follows:
Foreign Policy towards other countries:
i. Interact with other states:
No state can live in isolation as individuals cannot live in isolation, they
interact with each other. Similarly the states cannot live in isolation and
they will have to interact with other states that are there in the international
system and they also interact with international organizations and
other entities that play important role in the World affairs.
ii. Protect and promote National Identity:
You interact with the international system in order to project, protect
and promote your national identity and national interests.
iii. Economic interests and needs:
Economic interests or economic needs also emphasize the need of
working with other states and other actors in the international system.
iv. Member of National Community:
Pakistan is an active and an important member of the international
community. It interact with other states at different levels, one level of
interaction is bilateral.
FEATURES OF PAKISTA’S FOREIGN POLICY:

1. protection of independence, sovereignty and territorial
integrity of Pakistan:
The 1st feature of Pakistan’s foreign policy is protection of independence,
sovereignty and territorial integrity of Pakistan, primary concern of
Pakistan and for that matter every state is its security and survival. This
is for key concern of Pakistan’s foreign policy and Pakistan is in a
position all the times to conduct its foreign policy and domestic affairs
on the basis of its national interests and goals as defined by the leadership.
Therefore attention has to be paid to the security affairs.
2. Relations with all states:
The second feature of Pakistan’s foreign policy is the relations with all
states. Pakistan maintains its relations with all kinds of states irrespective
with the type of the political system; these states are adopting that s not
Pakistan’s concern, so Pakistan maintains relations with all kinds of
states and the relations at the international level are maintained on the
bases of common interest, what you need is certain areas of common
interest. Those commonalities of interests are the bases of good relations.
3. Relations with Major Powers:
The nature of relations with major powers has varied. Here we can
briefly mention Pakistan’s relation with the major powers to have an
idea of the fact that Pakistan conduct relationship with different and
diverse types of countries.
i United State:
First let’s say few words about United States, Pakistan-US relations
have been generally friendly, smooth and cordial but problems developed
from time to time and there are issues on which Pakistan and United
States do not see eye to eye but despite differences they still work
together for example some areas of differences are on nuclear issue,
this is an area on which Pakistan and the United states have differences
and there are certain other issues on which both countries have
reservations like arms sales, Kashmir etc.
ii China:
Since the 60s China proved to be a reliable trustworthy and consistent
friend over the periods of decades and despite the fact Pakistan and
China have different domestic political systems, their domestic priorities
are different but still they maintain very close cooperation and
interaction. China had provided affective and consistent economic
assistance to Pakistan and it had also contributed to the industrial
development of Pakistan and in this context it is also important to note
that China had also made significant contribution to Pakistan’s Defence
Industry and it also extends support on diplomatic forums and on
Kashmir.
iii Russia:
With Soviet Union before 1991 and now Russia Pakistan has working
relations with Russia but frequent problems remained unsolved during
the period of Cold War. Within the South Asian context Russia had
always been remained favorable to India at the cost of its relations with
Pakistan. On Kashmir issue, her attitude has been ranged from pro India
to neutrality.
4. Economic Issues, Trade, Investment:
The forth important feature of Pakistan’s foreign policy relates o
economic issues, trade and investment. These issues are important all
the times even in the past but now for the last 10 years economic issues,
trade and investment have gained a lot of importance in the foreign
policy of all the countries and Pakistan also pursued that objective. For
that purpose Pakistan deals with other countries and several other
international financial institutions in order to obtain economic assistance
for its development projects and to obtain loans which Pakistan gets
from international financial institutions and also from the states.
5. Muslim States:
The fifth feature of Pakistan’s foreign policy is its relations with the
Muslim states. Pakistan attaches great importance to developing
relations and the ties with the Muslim States. It is one of the basic
principles of Pakistan’s foreign policy. Being Islamic country, Pakistan
has been always in search of good relations with the Muslim countries.
It has been a central point in the ideology of Pakistan even before
Independence.
6. Solidarity with the Developing States:
The sixth feature of Pakistan’s foreign policy is solidarity with the
Developing States. Pakistan is a developing country, trying to develop
itself in all fields of life in economic development in industry and in
other areas.
7. United Nations:
Next feature of Pakistan’s foreign policy relates to its membership with
UN and other international bodies. Pakistan joined the UN as a new
member on Sept. 30, 1947. And since then it has commitment to the UN
Charter and is an active member in UN bodies. One Pakistani has served
as the president of the UN General Assembly and Pakistan has been a
non permanent member of the UN Security Council for 6 times and the
latest membership for the SC is the year 2003-04.
8. Anti-Colonialism, Right of Self Determination:
Next feature of Pakistan’s foreign policy is Pakistan’s support to anti-
colonialism and opposition to the racial discrimination that existed in
the past and sometimes it now manifest in certain parts of the World.
9. Arms Control:
The next feature of foreign policy is Arms Control. Pakistan is not in
favour of spread of weapons and arms in the international system
because it diverts resources to non development purposes and if arms
and weapons proliferate there is a danger of wars and conflict therefore
Pakistan had joined global efforts to control weapons and that control.
10. Nuclear Policy:
Pakistan has been a great champion and supporter of peaceful uses of
nuclear technology although Pakistan has acquired nuclear manu-
facturing capabilities in the mid 80s but Pakistan avoided making
weapons. Pakistan avoided nuclear explosions despite having the
knowledge and capability of processing Uranium, Plutonium. It was
only for the sake of deterrence and reaction to India’s nuclear explosions.
Pakistan was of the view that this technology should primarily be used
for economic development and for betterment of the people rather than
for making weapons.
11. Control of Terrorism:
The last feature of Pakistani foreign policy is control of terrorism. Since
year 2001 Pakistan is an active participant in global efforts to contain
terrorism. The issue of terrorism gained prominence as the UN took up
the issue and passed a resolution calling up the states to cooperate for
controlling terrorism. Pakistan has been cooperating with the
international community for the control of terrorism because Pakistan
itself has been a victim of terrorism.
Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:
A country’s foreign policy, also called the foreign relations policy,
consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its
national interests and to achieve its goals within international relations
milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other
countries. The study of such strategies is called Foreign policy analysis.
Following are the basic principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:
i. Protection of Freedom and Sovereignty:
Protection of Freedom and Sovereignty: Pakistan came into
being after great sacrifices of millions of Muslims. Like any other
country, she also considers with deep regard the need for
preservation of its independence and does not allow any country
to harm its freedom. Therefore, the principle of protection of
independence and sovereignty is the corner stone of Pakistan’s
Foreign Policy.
ii. Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries:
Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries: Pakistan always tries
to establish cordial and friendly relations with Muslim countries.
It has always moved its concern against Israel, India and U.S.S.R
capturing Palestine, Kashmir and Afghanistan respectively.
iii. Non-Interference in Internal Affairs of Other Countries:
Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations
with all countries especially in neighbouring countries, on the
basis of universally acknowledge the principle of national
sovereignty, non-use of force, non-interference in the internal
affairs of states.
iv. Implementation of U.N Charter:
Pakistan’s policy is to act upon UN charter and to support all
moves by the UN to implement it. Pakistan has been the member
of UN since the year of its birth.
v. Promotion of World Peace:
Pakistan’s policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no
aggressive designs against any country. Neither does it support
any such action. Pakistan has always held that the international
disputes should be settled through negotiations rather than non-
battlefield.
vi. Non-Alignment:
Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i.e. to keep away
from alignment with any big power bloc, and avoids taking sides
in the cold war. It has also given up its association with SEATO
and CENTO and was included in NAM in 1979.
vii. Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation
of Racial Discrimination:
Pakistan is a stomach supporter of the right of self-determination
and has been in the fore front of efforts to eliminate colonialism
and racism. It has advocated the right of self-determination of
Kashmir.
viii. Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament:
Pakistan is deeply conscious of the fact that international peace
and security cannot be achieved and sustained in the world with
arms. Disarmament is the imperative condition for truly durable
peace in the world. Pakistan has a vital stake in promotion of
disarmament both in the nuclear and conventional fields.
ix. Member of International Organization:
Pakistan had become the member of the British Common- wealth
with the time of its establishment. In addition it is the member of
United Nations (U.N), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM),
Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), Economic
Cooperation Organization (ECO), and South Asian Association
for Regional Co-operation (SAARC), Association of South East
Asian Nations (ASEAN), and D-Eight.
Basic Goals of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:
A country frames its foreign policy in the light of its domestic policies.
Foreign policy of a country does not remain static but it changes
according to time and circumstances Pakistan’s principles of foreign
policy are its ideology and national integration.
Its foreign policy was determined by three factors:
i. Security.
ii. Development.
iii. Ideology.
Basic Goals of Foreign Policy:
Following are the basic goals:
1. National Security:
National Security occupies first place in the foreign policy of Pakistan
since its independence Pakistan’s national security is being threatened
by the India because British left the Kashmir issue unsolved and three
wars have been fought by both countries.
2. Economic Interest:
Pakistan as a developing country is also needed to establish and maintain
cordial relations with those states with whom it can maximize its trade
relations or from whom it can obtain maximum economic aid.
3. Islamic Solidarity:
Pakistan would pursue its ideological objective and would like to
achieve the objective of Islamic Solidarity by promoting its relations
with Islamic world and by preserving its Islamic ideology.
4. Peaceful Co-existence:
Pakistan would believe in peaceful co-existence and would respect the
other countries territorial integrity and sovereignty and non- interference
in other’s internal affairs.
5. Non Alignment:
Pakistan had followed the policy of neutrality and had not aligned itself
with any block. When non-aligned movement was formed it joined it
and remained active member of it.
6. Bilateralism:
Pakistan has tried to settle its difference with neighbouring courtiers
including India through bilateral negotiations.
7. United Nations:
Pakistan has faith in the United Nations and has extended full support
to the United Nations actions by contributing military as well as
personnel for implementing its decision.
Pakistan Relationship with Iran, Afghanistan,

United States, India and China
Pakistan and Iran Relationship
Pakistan has a strong relationship with Iran. The border between these
two countries is about 912 km. after the establishment of Pakistan Iran
was the first country to internationally recognize the status of Pakistan.
Currently both the countries are economic partners and migration
between them has also been increased. Iran has supported Pakistan in
the Pak-India cold war.
Pakistan and Iran Relationship will be described as following sub
headings:
Relationship during cold war:
In his book The Frontiers of Pakistan, Iranian scholar Dr. Mujtaba Razvi
noted that, almost without exception, Pakistan has enjoyed very cordial
relations with Iran since its inception on 14 August 1947. Iran was the
first country to recognize Pakistan as an independent state, and Shah of
Iran was the first Head of State to come on a state visit to Pakistan in
March 1950.
Pakistani support for Iran during Iran-Iraq war:
The 1980-88 Iran-Iraq war was a polarizing issue in Pakistan. President
Zia had to manage his country’s security carefully, knowing that
Pakistan risked being dragged into a war with its closest neighbor
because of its alliance with the United States.
Relations since 2000:
Since 2000, relations between Iran and Pakistan have begun to
normalize, and economic cooperation has strengthened. The 9/11
terrorist attacks on the United States changed the foreign policy priorities
of both Iran and Pakistan.
Trade and Economies:
Relations between Iran and Pakistan improved after the removal of the
Taliban in 2002, but regional rivalry continues. Pakistan has been under
a strong influence of Saudi Arabia in its competition with Iran for
influence across the broader Islamic world.
Free Trade Agreement:
In 2005, Iran and Pakistan had conducted US$500 million of trade. The
land border at Taftan is the conduit for trade in electricity and oil. Iran
is extending its railway network towards Taftan.
Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline:
Discussions between the governments of Iran and Pakistan started in
1994 for the gas pipelines and energy security. A preliminary agreement
was signed in 1995 by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and Iranian
President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, in which, this agreement foresaw
construction of a pipeline from South–North Pars gas field to Karachi
in Pakistan. Later, Iran made a proposal to extend the pipeline from
Pakistan into India. In February 1999, a preliminary agreement between
Iran and India was signed.
Power Transmissions:
Tehran has provided €50 million for laying of 170Km transmission line
for the import of 1000MW of electricity from Iran in 2009. Pakistan is
already importing 34MW of electricity daily from Iran. The imported
electricity is much cheaper than the electricity produced by the
Independent Power Producers (IPPs) because Iran subsidies oil and gas
which feed the power plants.
Relationship Between Pakistan And Afghanistan:
Introduction:
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations began in August 1947 after the Pakistan
Movement. Pakistan and Afghanistan are usually described by Afghan
President Hamid Karzai as inseparable brothers, which is due to
historical, religious, and ethnolinguis- tical connections by the majority
Pashtun people of Afghanistan, as well as trade and other ties.
i Historical Context:
Southern and eastern Afghanistan is predominately a Pashto- speaking
region, like the adjacent Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, FATA, and northern
Balochistan regions in Pakistan. This entire area is inhabited by the
indigenous Pashtuns who belong to different Pashtun tribes.
ii Contemporary issues:
Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan began deteriorating in the
1970s after Pakistan supported rebels such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar,
Ahmad Shah Massoud, Haqqanis, and others against the governments
of Afghanistan.
iii Refugees Usage of Durand Line:
During the 1980s, the Durand Line border was heavily used by Afghan
refugees fleeing the Soviet war in Afghanistan, including the large
number of Mujahideen insurgent groups who crossed back and forth.
Pakistan became one of the major training ground for the 250,000 multi-
national mujahideen fighters who began crossing into Afghanistan on
daily bases to wage war against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
and the Soviet forces.
iv ISI Networks:
Relations have became more strained after the Afghan government
began openly accusing Pakistan of using its ISI spy network in aiding
the Taliban and other militants. Pakistan usually denies these allegations
but has said in the past that it does not have full control of the actions of
the ISI.
v Usama Bin Laden:
After the May 2011 death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, many
prominent Afghan figures began being assassinated. Also in the same
year, the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes intensified and many large
scale attacks by the Pakistani-based Haqqani network took place across
Afghanistan.
vi Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement:
In July 2010, a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) was reached
between Pakistan and Afghanistan for the Afghan-Pak Transit Trade
Agreement (APTTA), which was observed by U.S. Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton.
(3). Pakistan and United States Relationship
i The beginning of Pakistan and United states relation:
The United States–Pakistan relations refer to the international, historical,
and cultural bilateral relationship between the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan and the United States of America. Roughly two months of its
independence after the departure of the subcontinent by Great Britain,
the United States established relations with Pakistan on 20 October
1947.
ii. Relations before cold war:
The United States was amongst the first nations to have established
relations with Pakistan in late 1940s, but since then, relations have been
centered around the United States’ extensive economic, scientific, and
military assistance to Pakistan.
iii. Relations after the Cold war:
After the restoration of democracy after the disastrous and mysterious
death of Zia and U.S. Ambassador in an aviation crash, relations
deteriorated quickly with upcoming prime ministers Benazir Bhutto
and Nawaz Sharif. The United States took tough stand on Pakistan’s
nuclear development, passing the Pressler amendment, while
significantly improving the relations with India. Both Benazir and
Nawaz Sharif also asked the United States to take steps to stop the
Indian Nuclear program, feeling that United States was not doing
enough to address what Pakistan saw as an existential threat.
iv. CENTO and SEATO:
Pakistan was a leading member of the Central Treaty Organization
(CENTO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) from
its adoption in 1954-55 and allied itself with the United States during
the most of the Cold war. In 1971-72, Pakistan ended its alliance with
the United States after the East-Pakistan war in which East Pakistan
successfully seceded with the aid of India. The promise of economic
aid from the United States was instrumental in creating these agreements.
At the time the pact was adopted, Pakistan’s relationship with the United
States was the friendliest in Asia.
v. Trade embargo:
In April 1979, the United States suspended most economic assistance to
Pakistan over concerns about Pakistan’s atomic bomb project under the
Foreign Assistance Act.
vi. Relations since 2001:
After the September 11 attacks in 2001 in the United States, Pakistan
became a key ally in the war on terror with the United States. In 2001,
US President George W. Bush pressured the government into joining
the US war on terror.
vii. Afghan war factor in Pakistan–United States relations:
Present US-Pakistan relations are a case study on the difficulties of
diplomacy and policy making in a multiplier world. Pakistan has
important geopolitical significance for both India and China, making
unilateral action almost impossible for the US. At the same time,
Pakistan remains a key player in American efforts in Afghanistan.
viii. 2011: American accusations and attacks in Paki- stan:
As early as 2005, the Western criticism against Pakistan grew and many
European and American political correspondents criticized Pakistan at
the public level.
xi. Military aid from the United States:
Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally as part of the War on Terrorism and
provides key intelligence and logistical support for the United States. A
leading recipient of US military assistance, Pakistan expects to receive
approximately $20 billion since 2001 a combination of reimbursement
to Pakistan and training programs for the Pakistan counter terrorism
units.
Cultural influence:
According to the Washington Post, American culture has heavily
penetrated Pakistan. In the past decade, the introduction of US cinema,
US fashion and US Cuisine have proliferated Pakistan.
(4) PAKISTAN AND INDIA RELATIONSHIP
Introduction:
Relations between India and Pakistan have been strained by a number
of historical and political issues, and are defined by the violent partition
of British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and the numerous military
conflicts fought between the two nations.
Following points are important:
i. Dissolution of the British Rule
After the dissolution of the British Rule in 1947, two new sovereign
nations were formed, the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.
The subsequent partition of the former British India displaced up to
12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from several
hundred thousand to a million.
ii. Wars Between Pakistan and India:
Soon after their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic
relations but the violent partition and numerous territorial disputes
would overshadow their relationship. Since their independence, the two
countries have fought three major wars, oneundeclared war and have
been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs.
iii. Relations between two nations:
There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship notably,
the Shimla summit, the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the
early 1980s, relations between the two nations soured particularly after
the Siachen conflict, the intensification of Kashmir insurgency in 1989,
Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war.
Certain confidence-building measures — such as the 2003 ceasefire
agreement and the Delhi– Lahore Bus service — were successful in
deescalating tensions.
iv. Seeds of conflict during independence:
About half a million Muslims and Hindus were killed in communal
riots following the partition of British India. Millions of Muslims living
in India and Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan emigrated in one of the
most colossal transfers of population in the modern era.
v. Junagadh dispute:
Junagadh was a state on the southwestern end of Gujarat, with the
principalities of Manavadar, Mangrol and Babriawad. It was not
contiguous to Pakistan and other states physically separated it from
Pakistan. The state had an overwhelming Hindu population which
constituted more than 80% of its citizens, while its ruler, Nawab
Mahabat Khan, was a Muslim. Mahabat Khan acceded to Pakistan on
15 August 1947. Pakistan confirmed the acceptance of the accession on
15 September 1947.
vi. Kashmir conflict:
Kashmir was a Muslim-majority princely state, ruled by a Hindu king,
Maharaja Hari Singh. At the time of the partition of India, Maharaja
Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to remain independent and
did not want to join either the Union of India or the Dominion of
Pakistan. He wanted both India and Pakistan to recognise his princely
state as an independent neutral country like Switzerland. He wanted to
make his state the Switzerland of the East since the population of the
state depended on tourism and persons from all regions could come to
an independent Jammu and Kashmir with ease. For this reason, he
offered a standstill agreement to both India and Pakistan. India refused
the offer but Pakistan accepted it.
vii. Indo-Pakistani conflicts:
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indo-Paki-
stani War of 1971, Kargil War, Siachen conflict, and Insurgency in
Jammu and Kashmir.
viii. War of 1965:
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 started following Pakistan’s Operation
Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and
Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India.[15] The
five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. Most of the
battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with
substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. It ended in a
United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance
of the Tashkent Declaration.
ix. Bangladesh Liberation War:
Pakistan, since independence, was geo-politically divided into two
major regions, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. East Pakistan was
occupied mostly by Bengali people. In December 1971, following a
political crisis in East Pakistan, the situation soon spiralled out of
control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling
Bengali populace.
x. Kargil War:
During the winter months of 1998-99, the Indian army vacated its posts
at very high peaks in Kargil sector in Kashmir as it used to do every
year. Pakistani Army intruded across the line of control and occupied
the posts. Indian army discovered this in May 1999 when the snow
thawed. This resulted in intense fighting between Indian and Pakistani
forces, known as the Kargil conflict.
xi. Water disputes:
The Indus Waters Treaty governs the rivers that flow from India into
Pakistan. Water is cited as one possible cause for a conflict between the
two nations, but to date issues such as the Nimoo Bazgo Project have
been resolved through diplomacy.
xii. Bengal refugee crisis:
In 1949, India recorded close to 1 million Hindu refugees, who flooded
into West Bengal and other states from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh),
owing to communal violence, intimidation and repression from
authorities.
xiii. Insurgency in Kashmir:
According to some reports published by the Council of Foreign
Relations, the Pakistan military and the ISI have provided covert support
to terrorist groups active in Kashmir.
xiv. Cultural links:
India and Pakistan, to some degree have similar cultures, cuisines and
languages which underpin the historical ties between the two. Pakistani
singers, musicians, comedians and entertainers have enjoyed widespread
popularity in India, with many achieving overnight fame in the Indian
film industry Bollywood.
xv. Geographic links:
The evening flag lowering ceremony at the India-Pakistan Interna-
tional Border near Wagah.
The Indo-Pakistani border is the official international boundary that
demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat from the
Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. The Wagah border is the only
road crossing between India and Pakistan and lies on the famous Grand
Trunk Road, connecting Lahore, Pakistan with Amritsar, India.
xvi. Sporting ties:
Cricket and hockey matches between the two (as well as other sports to
a lesser degree such as those of the SAARC games) have often been
political in nature. During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan General
Zia-ul Haq traveled to India for a bout of cricket diplomacy to keep
India from supporting the Soviets by opening another front. Pervez
Musharaff also tried to do the same more than a decade later but to no
avail.
xvii. Economic relations:
Trade across direct routes has been curtailed formally, so the bulk of
India-Pakistan trade is routed through Dubai.
(5) Relationship Between Pakistan And China:
Introduction:
China–Pakistan relations began in 1950 when Pakistan was among the
first countries to end official diplomatic relations with the Republic of
China on Taiwan and recognize the PRC. Since then, both countries
have placed considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely
close and supportive relationship. The PRC has provided economic,
military and technical assistance to Pakistan and each considers the
other a close strategically.
Pakistan and China Relationship will be describe as following sub
headings.
Bilaeral Relation:
Bilateral relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of
neutrality to a partnership that links a smaller but militarily powerful
Pakistan, partially dependent on China for its economic and military
strength, with China attempting to balance competing interests in the
region. Diplomatic relations were established in 1950, military
assistance began in 1966, a strategic alliance was formed in 1972 and
economic co-operation began in 1979. China has become Pakistan’s
largest supplier of arms and its third-largest trading partner. Recently,
both nations have decided to cooperate in improving Pakistan’s civil
nuclear power sector.
Background:
Pakistan has a long and strong relationship with China. The long-
standing ties between the two countries have been mutually beneficial.
A close identity of views and mutual interests remain the centre-point
of bilateral ties. Since the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan has supported
China on most issues of importance to the latter, especially those related
to the question of China’s sovereignty like Taiwan, Xinjiang and Tibet
and and other sensitive issues such as human rights.
Diplomatic Relations:
Diplomatic relationship between Pakistan and China were established
on 21 May 1951, shortly after the China lost power in Mainland in
1949. While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist
country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a
counterweight to Indian influence. India had recognized China a year
before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations
with the Chinese. However, with escalating border tensions leading to
the 1962 Sino-Indian war, China and Pakistan aligned with each other
in a joint effort to counter perceived Indian encroachment.
Military Relations:
There are strong military ties between People’s Republic of China and
the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. This alliance between two neighboring
Asian nations is significant geo-politically. The strong military ties
primarily aim to counter regional Indian and American influence, and
was also to repel Soviet influence in the area. In recent years this
relationship has strengthened through ongoing military projects and
agreements between Pakistan and China.
China on Kashmir Dispute:
China has been taking a different stance than the India and views Jammu
and Kashmir as a separate entity and not an integral part of India. Since
the 1960s, China supports the ‘Kashmiri cause’, right to self-
determination for Kashmir is and right to armed rebellion by them
against India. It issued threats to India during India’s military
confrontation with Pakistan first in 1965 and then in 1971.
Economic Relations:
Economic trade between Pakistan and China is increasing at a rapid
pace and a free trade agreement has recently been signed. Military and
technological transactions continue to dominate the economic
relationship between the two nations, although in recent years China
has pledged to vastly increase their investment in Pakistan’s economy
and infrastructure. Among other things, China has been helping to
develop Pakistan’s infrastructure through the building of power plants,
roads and communication nodes. Current trade between both countries
is at $9 billion, making China the second largest trade partner of
Pakistan.
Pakistan-China Economic Corridor:
Pak-China Economic Corridor is under construction. It will connect
Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries with highway
connecting Kashgar to Khunjrab and Gawadar. Gawadar Port in
southern Pakistan will serve as the trade nerve center for China, as most
of its trade especially that of oil will be done through the port, which is
already controlled by Beijing.
Test Your Learning
Pakistan Foregn Policy and Relationship with

Muslims and Non-Muslims world
Q1. What is Foreign Policy?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q2. Write three principles of Pakistan foreign policy?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q3. Write two important points about foreign policy in the light of
Quaid-e-Azam’s words?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q4. Write two important points about foreign policy towards other
countries?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q5. What is RCD and when it was established and how many countries
are its members at that time?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q6. Explain ECO and when this name was given to it and how many
countries are its members now a days?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q7. Which three major areas China helped Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q8. Write two major points about relation-ship between Turkey and
Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q9. Write three factors of Pakistan’s foreign policy?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q10. Write two important points about relationship between Iran and
Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q11. Write three basic factor of Pakistan foreign Policy?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q12. Write three important points between relationship of China and

Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q13. Write three important points between relationship of Afghanistan
and Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q14. What is ISI and CPEC?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q15. Write three important points between relationship of India and
Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q16. Write three important points between relationship of USA and
Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Q17. What is the significant importance of CPEC for Pakistan?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Select right answer
1. No country today can think of a life independence of others ______
A. Nations B. People C. Group
2. Foreign policy is reflection of domestic __________
A. People B. Parties C. Politics
3. Our foreign policy is one of
A. Friendliness and good will B. Friendliness and average
C. Friendliness and open heart
4. Who is father of the nation?
A. Allama Dr. M. Iqbal B. M. Ali Jinnah
C. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
5. Pakistan is an _________ member of international community
A. Passive B. Smart C. Active
6. Pakistan’s foreign policy is the relations with ______ states except
Israil
A. Few B. All C. Some
7. The nature of _______ with worldly super power has varied
A. Relation B. Tasks C. Business
8. Good relation with Muslims state is one of the _____ principle of
Pak foreign policy
A. Secondary B. Basic C. Fair
9. When did Pakistan join the UN as a new member?
A. Sep, 1947 B. Aug, 1947 C. Oct, 1947
10. Which country firstly accepted independance of Pakistan
A. China B. USA C. Iran
11. Pakistan’s Policy is to ______ peace among nations.
A. Promote B. Motivate C. Maintain
12. Second war with India held in _________
A. 1950 B. 1965 C. 1974
13. The border between Iran and Pakistan is about ________ km
A. 910 B. 912 C. 915
14. When did Pakistan test his nuclear power
A. 1998 B. 1990 C. 1999
15. China is the ________ friend of Pakistan
A. Best B. Good C. Fair

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Pakistan Studies 1

Indeed, Islam is the only right way of life

NAME: REG. NO.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WITH WRITER

Name of Book : Pakistan Studies

Aurthor : Dr. H. Muhammad Younus

Composing : FAHIM composing Center

Publishing date : August 2019

Published by : Daira Noor ul Quran

PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR

Dr. H. Muhammad Younus

VITAL IMPORTANCE OF INTENTION

Dr. H. Muhammad Younus

PAKISTAN FIRM RELATIONSHIP

Foundation of all chapters

Test Your Learning (Part-I)

INTRODUCTION OF THE HOLY QURAN

Pakistan firm Relationship with Emaan and Islam

IDEOLOGY, ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY,

TWO NATION THEORY

MAJOR REFORMATIVE MOVEMENTS IN

Test Your Learning

Geographical Importance, Unique Position And

IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT

xvii. Registary offices of supreme court:

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF PAKISTAN

4. Gujranwala 2. Hafizabad Hafizabad, Pindi Bhattian

TEST YOUR LEARNING

Multiple choice questions,

THE CULTURE OF PAKISTN

Test Your Learning

THE CULTURE OF PAKISTAN

Q.1: Write four main things of culture.

Multiple choice questions,

NATURAL, MINERALS AND POWER

TEST YOUR LEARNING

Natural, Minerals and Power resources of Pakistan

Q.7: What is the achievement gained by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in his

Q.13: Who proposed the name of Muslim state “Pakistan”.

The Struggle for Pakistan

FORMATIVE PHASE (1947 - 1958)

5. Kashmir Crisis (1948)

MARTIAL LAW REGINES (1958 - 1999)

3RD MARTIAL LAW (1977- 1988)

DEMOCRATIC REGIMES (1988 - 1999)

4TH MARTIAL LAW (1999 TO 2008)

MAJOR PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN AND

MAJOR PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN AND

Multiple choice questions,

FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN AND

FEATURES OF PAKISTA’S FOREIGN POLICY:

Pakistan Relationship with Iran, Afghanistan,

Test Your Learning

Pakistan Foregn Policy and Relationship with

Q1. What is Foreign Policy?

Q12. Write three important points between relationship of China and

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