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Культура Документы
Подготовка пулемётчиков.
Методические
рекомендации. Книга ворога
ворожою мовою
ISBN 978-966-370-703-7
Рекомендации предназначены для оказания методической помощи
командирам (начальникам), инструкторам в обучении специалистов
(пулемётчиков).
Предлагаемый справочный материал по организации и методике проведения
занятий следует применять творчески, с учетом уровня подготовки пулемётчиков
и состояния учебно-материальной базы, постоянно изыскивая новые, наиболее
эффективные методические приёмы, обеспечивающие повышение огневой
выучки личного состава. Чем более гибко и полно руководитель занятия
(инструктор) учитывает конкретные условия, тем успешнее будет обучение и
воспитание специалистов (пулемётчиков).
Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ .........................................................................................................................................5
1. Ʉɪɚɬɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɚ........................................................................................6
2. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɚ. ....9
3. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ........................................................10
3.1. ɐɟɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ (ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ). Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ..................................................................................................................................10
3.2. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫ
ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɲɬɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ. ............................................................13
3.3. ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɚ. ..................17
3.4. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɨ Ɉɉ ɢ ɌɈɉ..............................................................23
4. ɗɬɚɩɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ (ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ)................................................................24
4.1. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. ...........................................................................................24
4.1.1. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɭɥɟɦɺɬɚ (ɉɄɆ, ɉɄɉ
«ɉɟɱɟɧɟɝ»), ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɵ. ............................................................................25
4.1.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ. ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ, ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ
ɪɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ.............................................................................................................32
4.1.3. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɢɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ....................................................................43
4.1.4. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɪɭɠɢɟɦ. Ɂɚɪɹɠɚɧɢɟ - ɪɚɡɪɹɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɚ,
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɟ. ...................................................................................64
4.1.5. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɚ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɨɸ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɪɤɚ
ɩɪɢɰɟɥɨɜ. ..............................................................................................................................72
4.1.6. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ ɢɡ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.................................77
4.2. Ȼɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.................................................................................................93
4.2.1. ɋɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ..........................................................94
4.2.2. Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɢ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ. .........................................................107
4.2.3. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɨɝɧɹ ɩɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɢ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ.....................................................................114
4.2.4. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɡɚɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɚ (ɷɤɫɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ, ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ). ...........................116
4.2.5. ȼɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɧɹ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɱɚ (ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɤɢ)..........................................................118
4.2.6. ɋɬɪɟɥɶɛɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɤɪɵɬɢɹ.....................................................................119
4.2.7. ɋɬɪɟɥɶɛɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ................................123
4.2.8. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɟ. ...............................................................................132
4.2.9. Ɇɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɚɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ...........................................140
4.2.10. ɋɬɪɟɥɶɛɚ ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ (ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ) ɢ ɜɟɪɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ. ..............143
4.2.11. ɋɬɪɟɥɶɛɚ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. Ɉɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ – ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɚ. .............................................................................................147
4.3. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ) ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɚ).....152
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə .........................................................................................................................153
5
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɫɨɛɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɭɥɟɦɺɬɱɢɤɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɭɥɟɦɺɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɟ, ɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɟ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɨɝɧɟɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ XXI ɜɟɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ
ɫɬɚɥɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ. ɋ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɧɚɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɢɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɹ,
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɹ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɢ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɨɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɧɹ ɩɨ «ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɧɨɦɭ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɱɢɤɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɟɥɭ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨ-ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ,
ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɛɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɚ, ɟɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ
ɛɨɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɭ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɬɚɩɵ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ ɢɡ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
6
ˀ̛̭. 1
ˀ̛̭. 2
ˀ̛̭. 3
ˀ̛̭. 4 ˀ̛̭. 5
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ˀ̛̭. 6
ˀ̛̭. 7
ˀ̛̭. 8
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ˀ̛̭. 10
ˀ̛̭. 10
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ˀ̛̭. 13
9
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ,
ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɩɨ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ
(ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɱɢɤɢ) ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
11
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
2. ȼɢɞ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ.
-ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɹɦɢ;
-ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɹɦɢ;
-ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɹɦɢ.
3. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ
-ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ;
-ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ;
-ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ.
4. ȼɢɞ ɰɟɥɢ.
-ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɚɹ;
-ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ.
5. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɰɟɥɢ.
-ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ;
-ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹɫɹ.
6. Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɰɟɥɢ:
-ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ (ɞɨ 25 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ);
-ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ (25-50 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ);
-ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ (50-100 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ);
-ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ (100-300 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ);
-ɞɚɥɶɧɢɟ (ɫɜɵɲɟ 300 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ).
7. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ.
-ɞɟɧɶ/ɧɨɱɶ;
-ɥɟɬɨ/ɡɢɦɚ;
-ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
8. Ɍɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ.
-ɩɟɪɟɡɚɪɹɠɚɧɢɟ (ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɟ);
-ɫɦɟɧɚ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ;
-ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɇɢɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ȼɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɦɢɲɟɧɢ
ɇɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ, ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɚ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɨɸ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɢɰɟɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɰɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ
ɬɨɱɧɨɣ(ɤɭɱɧɨɣ) ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɦɢɲɟɧɢ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢ ɡɚɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɣ (ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ
ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚɦɢ.
10
Ǘǟ
37,5
11
13
7
14
15
16
6
5
25
4
3
2
1
S*
Ʉɚɪɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɲɟɧɢ
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ) ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɣ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚɦɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ) ɤɚɪɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɲɟɧɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɢɲɟɧɶ
ʋ 17ɫ (ɪɢɫ.3). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɫɬɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɫɛɨɪɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɲɟɧɟɣ.
Ɋɢɫ. 8. Ɋɢɫ. 9.
ɉɨɩɩɟɪɵ (ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ)
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɩɩɟɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ «ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ» ɧɚ ɩɨɩɩɟɪɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɨɫɶ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 12.
Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɢɲɟɧɢ
Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ ɧɚ
ɞɚɥɶɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɫɹ ɰɟɥɹɦ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɢɲɟɧɟɣ:
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟɫɹ;
ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
ɂɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɟɧ
ɂɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɟɧ ɫ
ɩɪɨɥɨɦɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ
ɂɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɞɜɟɪɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɟɦɨɜ