Открыть Электронные книги
Категории
Открыть Аудиокниги
Категории
Открыть Журналы
Категории
Открыть Документы
Категории
Шевырдяева
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ БИОЛОГОВ
NATURALLY SPEAKING
(B1—B2)
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
ДЛЯ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОГО БАКАЛАВРИАТА
Шевырдяева, Л. Н.
Ш38 Английский язык для биологов. Naturally Speaking (B1—B2) : учеб. пособие
для академического бакалавриата / Л. Н. Шевырдяева. — 2-е изд., испр. и доп. —
М. : Издательство Юрайт, 2018. — 218 с. — (Серия : Бакалавр. Академический
курс).
ISBN 978-5-534-06410-0
Учебное пособие имеет своей целью дальнейшее совершенствование уже
полученных навыков чтения и устной речи на основе прочитанных или про-
слушанных текстов. Пособие разработано на основе оригинальных современ-
ных неадаптированных текстов на английском языке, отобранных из научных
монографий и журналов (Cell, Nature, Science, Scientific American, New Scientist,
The Economist и др.). Тексты и задания рассчитаны на обучающихся среднего
и продвинутого уровней (В1—В2+ и выше по Общеевропейской классификации
степени владения иностранным языком) и содержат вопросы для обсуждения
и упражнения, предполагающие наличие как достаточной лингвистической под-
готовки, так и знаний в сфере естественных наук.
Пособие разработано в соответствии с современными требованиями Феде-
рального государственного образовательного стандарта высшего образования.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов бакалавриата,
а также магистратуры и аспирантуры биологических, медицинских и других
естественнонаучных факультетов университетов.
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-923
Все права защищены. Никакая часть данной книги не может быть воспроизведена
в какой бы то ни было форме без письменного разрешения владельцев авторских прав.
Правовую поддержку издательства обеспечивает юридическая компания «Дельфи».
Предисловие..................................................................................... 4
Section 1
Unit 1. Human Body............................................................................ 11
Unit 2. Water....................................................................................... 18
Unit 3. Fungi....................................................................................... 26
Unit 4. Bacteria................................................................................... 35
Unit 5. Domestic and Domesticated Animals...................................... 43
Section 2
Unit 6. Brain....................................................................................... 53
Unit 7. Sleep........................................................................................ 60
Unit 8. Coffee...................................................................................... 68
Unit 9. Human Genetics and Diversity................................................ 76
Unit 10. Animal Diversity.................................................................... 84
Section 3
Unit 11. Human Evolution.................................................................. 95
Unit 12. Alcohol.................................................................................. 104
Unit 13. Sex and Gender..................................................................... 114
Unit 14. Food...................................................................................... 124
Unit 15. Aging..................................................................................... 138
Text A. Hemispherectomy
Exercise 2. Match the terms which will be used in the text (1-6) with their
definitions (A-F).
1. Corpus A. A pair of structures, originating from the forebrain,
callosum that contain the centers concerned with the major
senses, voluntary muscle activities, and higher brain
functions, such as language and memory.
2. Cerebral B. Describes phenotypic character or condition
hemispheres recognizable at, and usually before, birth. The term
usually refers to hereditary or inborn conditions that
are most often harmful.
11
3. Stroke C. A clear watery fluid containing glucose, salts, and
a few white blood cells, that are found in the internal
cavities and between the surrounding membranes of
the central nervous system. It cushions and protects
nerve tissues.
4. Cerebrospinal D. A paroxysmal event due to abnormal, excessive,
fluid hypersynchronous discharges from an aggregate
of CNS neurons. Epilepsy is diagnosed when there
are recurrent numerous events due to a chronic,
underlying process.
5. Seizure* E. A thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two
cerebral hemispheres in the brain of placental
mammals. It enables coordination of the functions
of the two hemispheres.
6. Congenital F. A rapidly developing loss of brain function(s) due to
disturbance in the blood supply to the brain, caused
by a blocked or burst blood vessel.
Note:
* Causes of seizures:
a. for neonates (less than 1 month old) include perinatal hypoxia and isch-
emia, intracranial hemorrhage and trauma, acute CNS infection, meta-
bolic disturbances (hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, pyr-
idoxine deficiency), drug withdrawal, developmental disorders, genetic
disorders;
b. for infants and children (up to 12 years of age) the causes are febrile sei-
zures, genetic disorders (metabolic, degenerative, primary epilepsy syn-
dromes), CNS infection, developmental disorders, trauma, idiopathic;
c. for adolescents (12–18 years) — trauma, genetic disorders, infection,
brain tumor, illicit drug use, idiopathic;
d. for young adults (18–35 years) — trauma, alcohol withdrawal, illicit
drug use, brain tumor, idiopathic.
Exercise 3. Read the text which describes a unique brain operation.
Strange but True: When Half a Brain Is Better than a Whole One
You might not want to do it, but removing half of your
brain will not significantly impact who you are
By Charles Choi
Exercise 6. Read the text (Script 1) and describe the new method devel-
oped to overcome the problem of matching blood groups for
blood transfusion.
19
Supplementary Reading. Text B. Obesity
Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:
1) What is the role of water in the human diet?
2) What amount of water constitutes recommended daily consumption?
3) What effect does water produce on digestion, if any?
Exercise 7. Match the following terms on the left (1-4) with their defini-
tions on the right (a-d):
to displace — вытеснять
bias — предубеждение
obscure — неясный, смутный
fizzy drinks — газированные напитки
Exercise 8. Read the text (Script 3) and describe the effects of water con-
sumption with meal on weight.
Liquid H2O is the sine qua non of life. Making up about 66 percent of
the human body, water runs through the blood, inhabits the cells, and lurks
in the spaces between. At every moment water escapes the body through
sweat, urination, or exhaled breath, among other routes. Replacing these
lost stores is essential but rehydration can be overdone. There is such a thing
as a fatal water overdose.
Earlier this year, a 28-year-old California woman died after competing in
a radio station’s on-air water-drinking contest. After downing some six liters
of water in three hours in the contest, Jennifer Strange vomited, went home
with a splitting headache, and died from so-called water intoxication. There
are many other tragic examples of death by water. In 2005 a fraternity haz-
ing at California State University, Chico, left a 21-year-old man dead after he
was forced to drink excessive amounts of water between rounds of push-ups in
a cold basement. Club-goers taking MDMA (“ecstasy”) have died after consum-
ing copious amounts of water trying to rehydrate following long nights of danc-
ing and sweating. Going overboard in attempts to rehydrate is also common
among endurance athletes. A 2005 study in the New England Journal of Medi-
cine found that close to one sixth of marathon runners develop some degree
of hyponatremia, or dilution of the blood caused by drinking too much water.
Hyponatremia, a word cobbled together from Latin and Greek roots, trans-
lates as “insufficient salt in the blood”. Quantitatively speaking, it means hav-
ing a blood sodium concentration below 135 millimoles per liter, or approxi-
mately 0.4 ounces per gallon, the normal concentration lying somewhere
between 135 and 145 millimoles per liter. Severe cases of hyponatremia can
lead to water intoxication, an illness whose symptoms include headache,
fatigue, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination and mental disorientation.
In humans the kidneys control the amount of water, salts and other sol-
utes leaving the body by sieving blood through their millions of twisted
tubules. When a person drinks too much water in a short period of time, the
kidneys cannot flush it out fast enough and the blood becomes waterlogged.
Drawn to regions where the concentration of salt and other dissolved sub-
stances is higher, excess water leaves the blood and ultimately enters the
cells, which swell like balloons to accommodate it.
Most cells have room to stretch because they are embedded in flexible
tissues such as fat and muscle, but this is not the case for neurons. Brain
cells are tightly packaged inside a rigid boney cage, the skull, and they have
to share this space with blood and cerebrospinal fluid, explains Wolfgang
21