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ВГ
О.И. Воробьева
й
ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ
ри
И СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ
о
Методические рекомендации
з ит
по
Ре
Витебск
ВГУ имени П.М. Машерова
2013
УДК 811.111‘25(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1-923.7
В75
У
ВГ
Автор: доцент кафедры английской филологии ВГУ имени
П.М. Машерова, кандидат филологических наук,
О.И. Воробьева
й
Рецензент:
заведующий кафедрой английской филологии ВГУ имени
ри
П.М. Машерова, кандидат филологических наук Т.В. Никитенко
о
ит
Воробьева, О.И.
з
УДК 811.111’25(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1-923.7
У
II. СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПЕРЕВОДА …………....... 31
ВГ
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ …………………. 48
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о ри
з ит
по
Ре
3
ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА
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перевода текстов различной тематики с английского языка на русский.
Предполагается, что на данном этапе обучения студенты знако-
ВГ
мы с основополагающими принципами и понятиями современной
теории перевода, приемами и путями решения переводческих задач.
Методические рекомендации посвящены рассмотрению лекси-
ческих и стилистических особенностей англо-русского перевода и
предусматривают углубленное изучение вопросов, связанных с пере-
водом различных лексических и стилистических единиц, представ-
й
ляющих особые трудности при переводе.
Учебное издание состоит из 2 разделов: «Лексические аспекты
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англо-русского перевода»; «Стилистические аспекты перевода». В
каждом подразделе находятся краткие сведения, где содержится прак-
тически ориентированная интерпретация основных положений теории
перевода относительно конкретного вида переводческих проблем.
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Предложенные упражнения могут быть использованы как для
первичного закрепления материала лекции, так и на дальнейших эта-
ит
4
РАЗДЕЛ I. ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ
АНГЛО-РУССКОГО ПЕРЕВОДА
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ском языках. При сопоставлении единиц словарного состава англий-
ского и русского языков обнаруживается несколько типов смысловых
отношений между словами этих языков.
ВГ
Значение английского слова полностью соответствует зна-
чению русского слова, т.е. имеется постоянное словарное соот-
ветствие, называемое эквивалентом. Перед переводчиком в данном
случае не стоит проблема выбора. Он пользуется готовым (единич-
ным) соответствием. К этой группе слов относятся: имена собствен-
й
ные, географические названия, названия дней недели, месяцев, имена
числительные, многие научные и научно-технические термины и ряд
ри
других лексических единиц (названия животных, растений и др.), на-
пример: Friday – пятница, voltage – напряжение, giraffe – жираф и т.д.
2. Однозначному или многозначному английскому слову соот-
ветствует в русском языке несколько слов. Такой тип соответствий
о
принято называть вариантным соответствием. В данном случае
переводчик производит выбор из нескольких вариантов, исходя из ус-
ит
телосложения.
3. Английское слово не всегда имеет готовое соответствие в
англо-русском словаре, поскольку ни один даже самый полный сло-
варь не может отразить все оттенки значения слов. В данном случае
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ПРАКТИКУМ
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1. Найдите соответствие выделенным словам и пер е-
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ведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I began wearing hats as a young lawyer because it: helped me to establish my
professional identity. Before that, whenever 1 was at a meeting, someone would
ask me to get coffee. 2. Of course, there are advantages to having your kids later.
You can establish your career, and may be you're more mature. 3. To solve the
problem of organizing world peace we must establish world law and order.
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4. Decide what you want, decide what you are willing to exchange it for. Estab-
lish your priorities and go to work. 5. The experts haven't established the cause
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of his death. 6. They decided to establish a museum of modern art where works
by contemporary artists would be shown. 7. Journalists should expose secrets,
not keep them. 8. The most intense meteor shower on Earth in the last 33 years
may expose how life on Earth began. 9. The most obvious way to expose your
о
ignorance is to ask people questions. But at the same time while you are expos-
ing your ignorance, you are also exposing to them your learning ability.
10. Beach and water activities expose our bodies to the sun's rays more than
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usual. 11. Silk Flower Design offers beautiful and natural looking silk flower ar-
rangements. 12. Why is the keypad arrangement different for a telephone and a
calculator? 13. I've made all the necessary travel arrangements and reservations.
14. Poetry does not consist of words alone: there must be sentiment and fancy,
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combination and arrangement. 15. It's common law that 9 out of 11 new busi-
nesses fail in America each year. 16. Three riders failed pre-race blood tests on
по
the first day of the cycling road race world championship. 17. In my life I've
failed as much as I have succeeded. 18. Where words fail, music speaks.
6
can be recorded, packaged and linked around the world in minutes. 5. While 1
respect this position, for myself I find it unnecessary rigid. 6. It will be hard to
meet the target while holding down energy prices. 7. The political impact of the
party has been relatively slight. There are few elections where they made a dif-
ference. 8. Where the original spelling of the word is vital to story, I have kept it.
10. People who commit crimes are often described as being "wicked" or lacking
morals, which ignores the fact that most of them commit crime when they are
young and that most give up later. 11. It was in the hope of regaining his children
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that he initiated psychotherapy, since his wife firmly stated she will never return
to him unless he had psychiatric treatment. 12. Christine was sitting next to an
elderly couple who'd been through an emergency landing before. They said, " If
ВГ
we survived that, I'm sure we can survive this," she recalls. 13. Reconciling these
data points is difficult, if not impossible. 14. This dinner service cost 300 pounds
if it cost a penny.
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и переведите предложения.
1. Reading endures a reputation as a dormitory for commuters. In fact, this town
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finds itself at the centre of the region's booming service economy. 2. Those who
today launch the Parents against Tobacco campaign, supported by 50 national
organizations and more than 150 MPs, believe we can meet that challenge.
3. Last Thursday, when the first races in the Cup began he crewed with one of
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the challengers while his wife cheered him on from a pleasure boat. 4. Funda-
mentalism generally emerges out of cultures, which have remained undisturbed
for many generations and then are challenged or disturbed. 5. The two countries
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were expected to confirm the breakthrough today after three days of discussion,
ending a five-month freeze in contact. 6. Forces such as xenophobic passions,
economic grievances, and transnational ethnic solidarity can make policymaking
far more complex and less predictable. 7. Over the years she has raised the pro-
з
file of her small country and increased her own popularity. 8. I'm worried about
consumerism, the focus on buying things that by any survival standard you don't
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need, but which American advertising culture promotes like mad. 9. You will re-
ceive a course of antibiotics. Then, if this doesn't work, more aggressive meas-
ures will be tried. 10. This change in the role of the church is highlighted in a
new collected work on religious conversion. 11. Did Mr. Riddle tell you any-
Ре
thing, which suggested that he was on particularly bad terms with anybody?
12. There were no houses in sight. The sea on the one side and steeply rising
ground on the other had so far discouraged developers. 13. Supporters of the
measure said it would stop the too-frequent occurrence of criminals getting off
on technicalities, as in cases in which evidence against them was ruled inadmiss-
ible because it was obtained with a faulty warrant. 14. A study of 200 magistrates
showed that, while there was no deliberate gender discrimination, many, particu-
larly male magistrates, were more likely to see female offenders as troubled, ra-
ther than troublesome.
7
ПЕРЕВОД СЛОВ И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЙ, НЕ ИМЕЮЩИХ
ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИХ СООТВЕТСТВИЙ
(переводческая транслитерация, транскрипция и калькирование)
Прямых соответствий иногда не оказывается у неологизмов,
слов, выражающих специфические понятия и реалии, а также у мало-
известных имен и названий. Для их перевода имеется ряд специаль-
ных приемов.
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1. Способ транслитерации заключается в том, что при помощи
русских слов передаются буквы, составляющие английское слово:
ВГ
Isaac Newton – Исаак Невтон (современный вариант транскрибиро-
ван: Ньютон); Waterloo – Ватерлоо.
2. Способ транскрипции заключается в передаче русскими бу-
квами не орфографической формы, а звучания английского слова (или
некоторого его подобия): Oscar Wilde – Оскар Уайльд; Life – Лайф.
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3. Калькирование заключается в переводе по частям англий-
ского слова или словосочетания с последующим сложением переве-
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денных частей без каких-либо изменений: Sky-scraper – небоскреб;
The United Nations Organisation – Организация Объединенных Наций.
А — а, э, е J — дж, ж, й S — с, ш
В —б К—к Т —т
С — с, ц, к L—л U — у, ю
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D—д М—м V—в
Е — и, е N—н W —у, в
F—ф О — о, оу X — кс
G — г, дж Р —п Y — и, й
Н—х Q —к Z — з, ц
I — и, ай R-p
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сте имен требует предварительного культурологического анализа,
призванного определить наличие возможных традиционных форм то-
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го или иного имени, уже утвердившихся в мировой или переводящей
культуре и требующих воспроизведения именно в той форме, в какой
они существуют: The English Channel – Ла-Манш.
Правила калькирования
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1. Калькирование применяется в тех случаях, когда требуется создать
осмысленную единицу в переводном тексте и при этом сохранить
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элементы формы или функции исходной единицы.
2. Калькирование используется для передачи части географических
названий, именований историко-культурных событий и объектов, ти-
о
тулов и званий, названий учебных заведений, государственных учре-
ждений, музеев, терминов и т.п. Ivory Coast – Берег Слоновой Кости,
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back-bencher – заднескамеечник.
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1) введение неологизма (в виде кальки или полукальки): а) калька –
заимствование путем буквального перевода (обычно по частям) слова
или оборота; б) полукалька — новое слово или (устойчивое) словосо-
четание, являющееся частичным заимствованием;
2) приблизительный перевод: а) принцип родо-видовой замены (по-
зволяет передать содержание реалии единицей с более широким,
очень редко – более узким значением, подставляя родовое понятие
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вместо видового: прием генерализации); б) функциональный аналог
(удобен для передачи реалий-мер, в частности, когда они предназна-
чены для создания у читателя каких-то качественных представлений);
ВГ
в) описание, объяснение, толкование как прием приблизительного пе-
ревода (используется в тех случаях, когда нет иного пути: понятие, не
передаваемое транскрипцией, приходится просто его объяснить).
3) контекстуальный перевод — передача содержания при помощи
трансформированного соответствующим образом контекста.
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Перевод реалий-мер, обладающих ярким историческим и на-
циональным колоритом, чаще всего осуществляется путем транскрип-
ри
ции или функционального аналога. Перевод советизмов и русизмов,
как правило, осуществляется путем обычной транскрипции или каль-
кирования. Перевод реалий-денег (названий валют) осуществляется с
помощью: 1) транскрипции, 2) функционального аналога.
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ПЕРЕВОД НЕОЛОГИЗМОВ
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10
ромное количество горючего. Если неологизм представляет собой
обычное слово, но употребленное в специальном терминологическом
смысле, то, очевидно, единственным способом установления его зна-
чения остается опора на контекст, на общее содержание переводимого
отрывка. В предложении This turned out to be an Arab film, but as it was
dubbed into English we were able to enjoy the smartness and vividity of its
dialogues мы встречаем неологизм dubbed, значение которого («дуб-
лировать фильм») легко устанавливается из контекста, после чего пе-
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ревод предложения не вызывает затруднений: Этот фильм оказался
арабским, но так как он был дублирован на английский, мы смогли на-
ВГ
сладиться остроумием и живостью его диалогов. При переводе не-
ологизмов-заимствований основным средством раскрытия значения
слова является контекст и, конечно, словарь того языка, из которого
заимствовано данное слово.
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При передаче имен собственных переводчику необходимо усво-
ри
ить основные правила, а затем изучить случаи отклонения от этих
правил, объясняемые влиянием переводческой традиции.
1. Географические названия:
о
а) переводятся: Lake Superior – Озеро Верхнее, the Pacific Ocean – Ти-
хий океан, Rocky Mountains – Скалистые горы;
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11
Street – Даунинг-стрит; Bedford Square – Бедфорд Сквер. Но:
Trafalgar Square – Трафальгарская площадь.
4. Названия партий, международных организаций и государственных
служб, как правило, переводятся: Conservative Party – Консерватив-
ная партия; U.S. Department of State – Госдепартамент США. Однако
и здесь есть свои исключения: Labour Party – Лейбористская (а не
Трудовая) партия Foreign Office – Форин Офис (а не иностранная
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контора) – МИД Соединенного Королевства. Очень часто перед
транскрибированным названием добавляются соответствующие пояс-
няющие слова, например, газета, компания.
ВГ
5. Имена и фамилии людей:
а) транскрибируются;
б) передаются согласно переводческим традициям: Charles Dickens –
Чарльз Диккенс, но Charles I – Карл Первый; George V – Георг Пятый;
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в) клички и прозвища, а также «говорящие» имена и фамилии перево-
дятся.
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ПРАКТИКУМ
3. When-the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Hitler's orders were to obli-
terate every trace of Russian culture.
12
shrimp cocktail, yellow vegetables, boatel, cent store, Pullman car, Black Mon-
day, ounce, pound, inch, foot, yard, gallon, what will Mrs. Grundy say?, Oxfords,
a sit-down dinner, whodunit.
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Devonshire Splits.
1/2 oz. fresh yeast 1 teaspoon caster sugar
ВГ
1/2 pint milk-warmed to blood heat 1 teaspoon salt
1 lb. strong white flour 1 oz. caster sugar
2 oz. butter
Mix together the yeast, the 1 teaspoon of sugar and the warm milk and
leave in a warm place for 20–30 minutes until frothy. Rub the butter into the
flour and stir in the 1 oz. of sugar and the salt. Add the yeast liquid to the flour
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and mix to a soft dough. Knead on a floured surface until smooth and elastic.
Leave covered in a warm place for about 1 hour until doubled in size. Knock
back, knead again and divide into 16 pieces. Mould into neat bun shapes and
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place on floured baking sheets. Leave once again in a warm place until well ris-
en. Bake in preheated oven at 425°C or Mark 7 for approximately 15 minutes un-
til pale golden in colour. Cool on a wire rack. These sweet dough buns are often
served with a traditional Clotted Cream tea. They are split and filled with the
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cream and home-made jam.
3. He was a born tinkerer and would never have a repairman in his house.
4. There will of course be carping critics of the project among do-gooders, con-
servationists, starry-eyed liberals and wild-lifers.
5. Four potholers were found suffering from exposure yesterday after being
missed for more than 12 hours.
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1. The pill was sugar-coated. 2. She is air-minded. 3. Summer at last. You look
summary too. 4. We are the not-wanteds. 5. There are people who have much
and those who have nothing-well, you see. I'm among muchers. 6. A man doesn't
ВГ
come a thousand and odd miles to be not-at-homed at the end of it. 7. It was a
dehumanized apartment. 8. Ireland has a right to nationhood. 9. Is the child a
mouth-breather?
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1. Volunteers work in nurseries and playrooms in children's hospitals, in the gol-
den age clubs and veteran hospitals.
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2. Executives have to keep workers satisfied in order to reduce job hopping.
3. European head-hunters typically stalk their prey by telephone. They seldom
write and never show up at a candidate's current place of employment.
4. Americans are traditionally self-conscious about exclusive displays of patriot-
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ism, and will deride such excess as "Fourth of July "speech.
5. ...on the left stands a man in a very dark suit with very dark tie, very dark
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glasses, very while shirt, and very bald head, a cap, Feeble, CIA, something like
that.
6. What kind of person is it who enjoys the aesthetics of a bell
shaped curve, the rhetoric of educationese, or the poetry of the primer?
7. Few doubt that CNN is fulfilling the dream of a "global village" where citizens
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способа перевода:
А. James Madison, John Quinsy Adams, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler,
Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, James Gar-
field, Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, Woodrow Coolidge, Dwight Eisen-
hower, William Howard Taft.
В. James I Stewart, Charles III, William the Conqueror, Charlemagne, Zeus, Tu-
tankhamen, Yahweh, Pyramid of Cheops, John Huss, Corinth, Phidias, Thebes,
Nebuchadnezzar, Quetzalcoatl, Rosetta Stone, Xerxes, Hippo.
С. Thomas: doubting Thomas, Thomas Lawrence. Mexico: Mexico City, coun-
try - United Mexican States. Elizabeth: Elizabeth II, Elizabeth Taylor. James:
14
James VI, Apostle James, James Aldridge. John: John the Baptist, John Milton.
William: William the Conqueror, William Shakespeare.
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Smallweed, Wilkins Micawber (Micawber Principle), Uriah Heep, Charles Dar-
ney, Mr Sartorius, Happy Prince, Holden Caulfield, Tony Lumkin, Tom Jones,
ВГ
Soms Forsyte, Sarah Woodruf, Mephistopheles, Mowgli, Uncle Tom, Jay Gats-
by, Volpone. B. Плюшкин, Акакий Акакиевич, Сонечка Мармеладова, Ба-
заров, Обломов, Хлестаков, Троекуров, Рогожин, Остап Бендер, Коробочка,
капитан Копейкин.
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1. The attempt to indict Dr Dubois was one of the most shameful acts committed
by the Government of the United States against the Negro people. 2. The preju-
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dice against the Whigs had not subsided, when James ascended the throne. 3. The
letters of British soldiers from Korea complained, first of all, of lack of news. Ja-
pan News and a Yankee propaganda rag Stars and Stripes were the only news
sheets they got. 4. About 10 tons of uranium fuel would provide sufficient heat
о
for producing all the electrical power produced throughout the world in 1939.
The Queen Elizabeth could keep going for about a year on one hundredweight. 5.
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Lao-tzu was born in the province of Henan and was a court librarian.
and household articles portrayed in detail by Homer were for him part and parcel
of ancient Greece. Were all these heroes — Achilles and Patroclus, Hector and
Eneas — and this pageant of friendship, hate, love, and high adventure, nothing
but mere invention? Schliemann did not think so; to his mind such people and
such scenes had actually existed. He was conscious that all Greek antiquity, in-
cluding the great historians Herodotus and Thukidides, had accepted the Trojan
War as an actual event, and its famous names as historical personages.
15
ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ
И ПСЕВДОИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА В ПЕРЕВОДЕ
У
dialect – контраст, контроль, диаграмма, диалект. Перевод интерна-
ционализмов в основном не представляет трудности, при условии, ес-
ВГ
ли эти слова имеют одинаковое значение. Однако при использовании
в переводе интернационального слова следует учитывать, насколько
оно распространено в русском языке и соответствует ли это слово
стилю переводимого текста.
Часто переводчику приходится сталкиваться с английскими и
русскими словами, близкими по форме, но различными по значению.
й
Их называют псевдоинтернациональными словами или «ложными
друзьями переводчика». Общеизвестны примеры такого рода:
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compositor, что означает не композитор, а наборщик; conductor, что
означает не только кондуктор, но и режиссер.
Самым важным и наиболее часто встречающимся случаем рас-
хождения значений у псевдоинтернациональных слов является несо-
о
падение их предметно-логического содержания. При этом можно вы-
делить четыре типа таких расхождений.
ит
У
ПРАКТИКУМ
ВГ
и предложите соответствующие эквиваленты при их переводе.
Actual- актуальный, appellation - апелляция, aspirant - аспирант,
balloon - баллон, billet - билет, compositor - композитор, concern-концерн,
depot- депо, direction- дирекция, fabric - фабрика, genial- гениальный,
intelligence- интеллигенция, motion- моцион , motorist- моторист ,obligation -
облигация, physique- физик , probe - проба, protection - протекция, pathos-
й
пафос, baton - батон.
ри
2. Проанализируйте приведенные ниже примеры. Объясните
выбор вариантов перевода интернациональных и псевдоинтерна-
циональных слов.
1. The basic contradiction between the rapidly expanding producing and
о
the restricted purchasing power of the masses caught up with the war-produced
boom and there was a dramatic end to the ―prosperity‖. Основное противоречие
между быстро растущими производственными возможностями и ограни-
ит
from last-minute Kuomintahg sabotage and handed then over, mostly in perfect
order, to the People's Army. Китайские рабочие с риском для жизни до по-
следней минуты защищали свои предприятия от попыток гоминдановцев
по
17
3. Переведите письменно, обращая особое внимание на вы-
деленные слова.
1. The heaviest blow that the atom bomb fanatics got, however, came with the
dramatic announcement that the Russians also have got the bomb. 2. As they par-
ticipate in the fight for dramatic reforms, large sections of the population come
to realize the necessity of unity of action with the working class and become
more active politically. 3. The Administration, of course, is loath to contemplate
such a fundamental change in its foreign policy. The stakes are too high and
У
American bonds with Europe too numerous to permit such a dramatic situation.
4. The Prime-Minister will reply to the speeches on Monday, after informal
ВГ
talks last night, this evening and tomorrow with the Commonwealth Prime Mi-
nisters, who have been invited in three groups. 5. This policy will ensure that
successive currency crises do not affect the level of economic activity and overall
welfare of the nation. 6. A general strike is one which affects an entire
industry, an entire locality or a whole country. Such developments
would emphasize the region's economic importance and growth potential
й
which would be reflected in its population growth, housing and overspill
problems.
ри
4. Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание
на выделенные слова. Поясните ваш перевод.
1. To some extent, the new system has allowed elite drivers and teams to more
о
aggressively pursue victories. 2. The predicted results and the actual results are
very different. 3. The US is much more aggressive than anyone else, and this
ит
strengthens our hands.4. Reproductive cloning advocates like Wicker want to at-
tach their argument to that of the therapeutic cloning advocates. 5. The anecdot-
al reports of communications heard in the hallways of hospitals far exceed those
reported in the official registry. 6. This mode is useful to take pictures of subjects
such as fireworks and night scenes. 7. High interest rates and Mrs. Thatcher‘s re-
з
graphic picture that is! 9. The subject didn‘t fit the psychological profile of the
perpetrator. 10. He could hear the street noises outside the window and the shrill
and raucous polyglot of languages that belonged to the residents of the walled
city. 11. In a homicide investigation the first 12 hours are most critical. 12. A
few perpetrators were caught and disciplined.13. It‘s ironical that man‘s best
Ре
friend is so often ill-treated by humans. 14. She was accused of a very partisan
approach to the matter. 15. His eyes went back to Doil and Ainslie was reminded
again of the difference between the once robust, powerful figure of the past, and
the pathetic tremulous creature he had since become.
18
5. Проанализируйте параллельные тексты. Выявите в них
интернациональную и псевдоинтернациональную лексику.
Прокомментируйте переводческую сложность и решение,
принятое переводчиком.
АЯ РЯ
Punishment to Fit the Nuclear Crime Достойное наказание за ядерное
преступление
У
By A. Slaughter and T. Wright А. Слотери Т. Райт
Washington Post
www.inopressa.ru
ВГ
A joint sting operation by the CIA and Прошлым летом в результате со-
officials from the Republic of Georgia вместной работы ЦРУ и грузинских
foiled an attempt by a Russian man to sell властей была предотвращена попытка
nuclear-bomb grade uranium on the black российского гражданина продать на
market last summer. This event, only черном рынке оружейный уран. Это
made public in January, was the latest in a событие, известие о котором распро-
series of alarming incidents that remind us странилось лишь в январе, стало по-
й
of the severity of the threat posed by nuc- следним в ряду тревожных инциден-
lear terrorism. To build a nuclear weapon, тов, которые напоминают нам о серь-
ри
terrorists must acquire materials from a езной опасности ядерного терроризма.
state. National governments are unlikely Для создания атомного оружия терро-
to cooperate with terrorists because they ристам нужно получать материалы, на-
fear retaliation from the victim of such an ходящиеся в руках государства. На-
attack and its allies, but rogue scientists, циональные Правительства не стремят-
о
generals or other individuals can work ся сотрудничать с террористами, опа-
with criminal networks to deliver nuclear саясь мести со стороны жертв подоб-
ных атак и их союзников. Однако от-
ит
tain states will not cooperate and will териалов преступлением против чело-
even protect the criminals. For instance, вечности, подпадающим под юрисдик-
A.Q. Khan, Pakistan's "father of the цию международных трибуналов и на-
bomb," lives comfortably under house циональных судов любой страны. У
arrest; U.S. officials have not been al- нынешних попыток уничтожить чер-
Ре
lowed even to interrogate him. Pakistan's ный рынок ядерных материалов есть
government is too frightened of a domes- ахиллесова пята – некоторые государ-
tic backlash to act harshly against a na- ства отказываются сотрудничать и да-
tional hero. Globally, of the dozens sus- же защищают преступников. Напри-
pected of involvement in his network, on- мер, Абдул Кадир Хан, «отец паки-
ly three have been successfully prosecut- станской бомбы», с комфортом живет
ed. The United States should actively de- под домашним арестом. Представите-
ter individuals who trade in nuclear mate- лям США не добились даже разреше-
rials by making the costs of such behavior ния допросить его. Пакистанское пра-
unacceptably high. вительство слишком опасается вызвать
19
возмущение жестокими мерами против
национального героя. В общей сложно-
сти из нескольких десятков человек,
которых подозревали в причастности к
его преступной сети, были осуждены
лишь трое. США должны активно
сдерживать людей, распространяющих
радиоактивные материалы, показав,
что цена подобных действий неприем-
У
лемо высока.
ВГ
ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ
й
ний, или трансформаций:1) добавлений, 2) опущений, 3) замен.
Добавления
ри
Причины, вызывающие необходимость добавлений в перево-
де, могут быть самыми разными, например, переводчику иногда при-
ходится добавить слова, чтобы не нарушить нормы русского языка.
Например, сочетание I began the book нужно переводить «Я начал
о
читать книгу», если речь идет о читателе, или «Я начал писать кни-
гу», если речь идет об авторе. В других случаях добавления помогают
ит
of the human race into court cards and plain cards of every denomination-
into clubs, diamonds, spades, anything but hearts. (Ch. Dickens). – эта
замкнутость, чопорность, эта надменность, эта церемонность -
воскликнул генерал, с каждым повторением все сильнее напирая на
словечко «эта», — все какие-то искусственные преграды между
людьми; человечество делится на фигурные и простые карты всех
мастей - на бубны, пики, трефы, на все что угодно, кроме червей!
То есть кроме сердец! (перевод Н. Дарузес).
20
Опущения
Опущению при переводе подвергаются чаще всего слова, яв-
ляющиеся семантически избыточными: Roads and walls were painted
with anti-war slogans 12 inches high. -… крупными (огромными) буквами.
Замены
Особенности контекста могут вынудить переводчика отказаться
в переводе от применения даже вариативного соответствия, не говоря
У
уже об эквивалентном соответствии. Тогда он подыскивает вариант
перевода, подходящий лишь для данного конкретного случая. Такой
ВГ
вариант перевода называют контекстуальной заменой. Имеется ряд
переводческих приемов, используемых для создания контекстуальных
замен. К ним относятся: конкретизация; генерализация; антонимиче-
ский перевод; компенсация; смысловое развитие; целостное преобра-
зование.
Конкретизация – замена слова или словосочетания исходного
й
языка с более широким значением словом или словосочетанием языка
перевода с более узким значением. В английском языке много слов с
ри
общим значением, которые в переводе всегда в той или иной мере
конкретизируются: element, nation, come, say, go, have, be и др.: He is
at school. – Он учится в школе. Не is at the army. – Он служит в армии.
Генерализация – явление, обратное конкретизации, – замена
о
единиц исходного языка с более узким значением единицами языка
перевода с более широким значением. When identity crises happen with
ит
them, they can make art out of it. Умеют из своих проблем сделать ис-
кусство.
Антонимический перевод – трансформация утвердительной
з
У
могут заменяться предмет, процесс или признак, выраженный определен-
ным английским словом, другим предметом, процессом или признаком, ло-
ВГ
гически связанным с заменяемым. Вполне закономерно заменять при пере-
воде слово, обозначающее предмет, словом, обозначающим его признак,
предмет – процессом, процесс – предметом или признаком и т.д. Этот при-
ем перевода иногда называют метонимическим.
Целостное преобразование применяется, когда при переводе
й
необходимо понять смысл всего выражения в целом и выразить его
по-русски словами, иногда очень далекими от слов подлинника. Help
ри
yourself, please – угощайтесь (но не «помогайте себе»). Good riddance! –
скатертью дорожка! (но не «счастливое избавление»). В приеме це-
лостного переосмысления можно выделить две стадии: сначала смысл
английского выражения уясняется посредством истолкования, опи-
сательно, а затем путем нахождения русского образного соответствия.
о
ПРАКТИКУМ
ит
1. Then the loneliness overwhelmed her. 3. Dinner began in silence, the women
по
facing one another, and the men. 4. What difference does it make? 5. It was a
dreadful thing that she had just said. 5. The neighbors are very friendly.
1....for desert you got Brown Betty, which nobody ate. 2. The strike movement in
Spain is on the increase, "Newsweek" reports. 3. There were pills and medicine
all over the place, and everything smelled like Vicks' Nose Drops.
22
"Now rings".
– Что с этой машиной?
– Никуда она не годится. То одно, то другое.
– Сейчас в чем дело?
– Поршневые кольца менять надо.
2. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the
sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels.
Русло реки устилали голыши и галька, сухие и белые на солнце, а вода бы-
У
ла прозрачная и быстрая и совсем голубая в протоках.
3. The Italian salute never seemed made for export.
Итальянская манера отдавать честь, видимо, не рассчитана на экспорт.
ВГ
4. "Don't write anything that will bother the censor".
"Don't worry. I only write about what a beautiful place we live in and how brave
the Italians are".
"That's why you'll be decorated".
– He пишите ничего такого, что смутило бы цензора.
– Не беспокойтесь. Я пишу только про то, в каком красивом месте мы живем и ка-
й
кие все итальянцы храбрые.
– Продолжайте в том же роде, и вы получите орден.
ри
4. Переведите следующие предложения, используя указан-
ные приемы.
Генерализация
о
1. He was a thin, stoop-shouldered man not much under six feet tall.
2 .At this moment O'Brien glanced at his wrist-watch.
Конкретизация
ит
1. It's sweet for you to see my patients go wrong and yours recover.
2. The painting was called 'Napoleon on his mount visiting the plague stricken in
the streets of Jaffa'.
Смысловое развитие
з
1. The Liverpool by-election was an acid test for the Labour candidate.
2. At last he found his voice.
по
3. I don't think she's living here at the moment. Her bed wasn't slept in.
Антонимический перевод
1. The woman at the other end asked him to hang on .
2. I don't dislike you, Mr Mont, but Fleur is everything to me.
Ре
У
1. То each one he nodded, his usual eighth-of-an inch nod, then he came to me
and demanded, "The refreshments, Archie?" 2.1 didn't see him that evening be-
cause mother wanted me to drive down to Wiltshire with her to spend the Satur-
ВГ
day night and Sunday with my brother. 3. Blair was determined to put every
ounce of influence and political capital into one more push for a workable two-
state solution. 4. She walked up the lane to the place where she had parked the
Yamaha. 5. What Tale was taking wasn't coffee, lie had just grasped the bottle of
Courvoisier and was about to tip a further measure into the already half-full
glass. 6. The Liberal Democrats are disproportionately middle-class. Three quar-
й
ters work (or before retirement worked) in a salaried occupation. Only one in
twenty is working class. 7. Local resident Mark Schaffer told the BBC News l
ри
that he saw the moment the Cirrus SR20 hit the ground. "I looked up when I
heard a low flying plane and saw it as it crashed," Mr. Schaffer said. 8. But par-
ticularly noticeable was the yellow and blue Swedish flag, some 9 inches by 6
inches, stitched across the main back pocket of her rucksack. 9. Even serious
о
broadsheets have carried a story about a fly in a boxed lunch.
to a private school. 4. His class has gone for an exhibition of Impressionist paint-
ings. 5. July has gone. 6. He will have to go to another bank and get a loan.
по
7. Bill went to the school to register for the Italian lessons. 8. After work he be-
gan to worry. Should he go round to her flat? 9. As she went back to school in
the bus she scraped off her lipstick and eye shadow. 10. "And where is he now?"
"He went to America," Kathy said. 11. "I really think you'd better leave." "I can't
go," he said. 12. They went straight to the room that had been prepared for them.
Ре
13. He had even suggested to him that he come home and meet his family. 14. He
saw her come into the bar and he felt happier than he had for a long time.
У
made no secret of what he was planning to do. 15. You have to make these guys
understand that they have no choice. 16. They had trouble in reading his
handwriting. 17. "I still have that anger," said Jennifer, now 15.
ВГ
Б. Take, run
1. You can stay with me tonight, then tomorrow I'm taking you tо my doctor.
2. I'll take what you say as a compliment. 3. It takes two to make a fight and both
of the girls were punished. 4. I didn't want to seem inquisitive, so was careful not
to ask him what took him I here. 5. Take time to choose your business partners
carefully. 6. Big utilities are taking the wave-energy seriously. 7. A wave genera-
й
tor known as Aquabuoy, designed by a Canadian firm, takes a different approach.
8. The saltier the water the higher pressure it takes to push water through a mem-
ри
brane in order to leave behind the salt. 9. In a limited and very specified field the
Richards brothers had managed to run a thriving little concern. 10. Mrs. Beavers
remains in the area and continues to run the corner post-office. 11. He can't help
today. He's running a road-safety campaign in the schools. 12. One recently built
о
desalination plant in Perth, Australia, runs on renewable energy from a nearby
wind farm. 13. Mrs. Clinton may find it more attractive to run for the governor-
ship of New York. 14. Each Macintosh PC lets you run more (ban 1000 pro-
ит
grams that all work in the same consistent way. 15. The opposition refuses to
participate in more talks and asks for the appointment of a broader team. But
time is running short.
з
1. A poor thing — a wretched poor thing! 2. The general opinion is that things
are looking good for Mr. Turner's rival. 3. She let herself out of the side door and
turned her face to the wind. It moved softly, and it was mil of the smell of grow-
ing things. 4. Florric was occupied in washing up breakfast things. 5. His best
Ре
things have been translated into more than 50 languages. 6. I haven't a thing to
wear for tonight's party. 7. One can't have too much of a good thing. 8. I'll talk to
the headmaster first thing in the morning. 9. I like sweet things. 10. I tried to help
them, but 1 think I just made things worse. 11. Betty realized she'd left all her
painting things at home. 12. My new apartment is very small so I've had to leave
most of my things at my parents'. 13. Things haven't changed much since I last
saw her. 14. I have always thought the Icelanders are daring, which is why they
are so good at many things. 15. As I get older I can't really think of killing things.
A few years ago I'd have trodden on a spider without a thought.
25
10. Переведите следующие предложения, используя различ-
ные лексические трансформации.
1. But Michael rose from his chair. ―Now, darling, I'm ready for you‖. 2. The jet
airliner carried 78 passengers and 4 crew. 3. He watched the young man out of
the room. 4. The hungry man wolfed it over. 4. America has been spared the hor-
rors of modern war on its own territory. 5. He had an old mother whom he never
disobeyed. 6. My feelings then would have been even stronger had I known that
Karl Stock was to be burnt in the incinerators of Majdanek. 7. Soames, with his
У
set lips and his square chin, was not unlike a bulldog. 8. We were always naked,
day and night, whenever the mosquitoes would let us.
ВГ
11. Переведите предложения, используя указанные
трансформации.
A. Добавление. 1. The flowers carpeted the hills and fields.2.They watched
the criminal out of the court room. 3. Professionally, he can be completely re-
lied on. 4. There were no villagers nearby to ask the way.
й
Б. Опущение.1. He jumped to his feet and ran after them.2. The invaders
ри
came to kill and murder civil population. 3. Working men and women deserve
a better life. 4. We were sick and tired of waiting for hours and hours.
had not left the reception until after her driver came to pick her up. 3. They had
little to say to each other. 4. The permission is not given unless authorized by
по
У
Компенсация может осуществляться заменой одной граммати-
ческой формы исходного языка грамматической формой языка пере-
ВГ
вода другого класса. Ме?- exclaimed Mrs Albert Forrester, for the first
time regardless of grammar. Чего? — воскликнула миссис Форрестер,
впервые в жизни забыв о грамматике. Компенсация используется
особенно часто там, где необходимо передать языковые особенности
подлинника — диалектную окраску, неправильности или индивиду-
й
альные особенности речи, игру слов и т. д.
ри
ПРАКТИКУМ
У
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕВОДА
ВГ
1. Переведите тексты, обращая особое внимание на выде-
ленные слова.
Текст 1
Catwalk queen Naomi Campbell launched her first novel Swan at a glitter-
ing party thrown by publishers Heinemann. Her mother Valerie and best friend
й
Kate Moss were there to celebrate her success. Swan is the story of a young
model's rise to fame and fortune. The book was ghost-written by a professional
ри
author with Naomi providing material and ideas in the shape of interviews and
tapes.
The girl from Steatham, South London, who rose from obscurity to be-
come one of the world's highest-paid models, is also due to launch her first
record, Love and Tears. Even so, she declined to sing at the book launch.
о
Текст 2
I had a fairy conventional upbringing and, although I was at grammar
ит
school, 1 drifted into street life. In some respects I think it was the consequence
of having a workaholic father who exercised no supervision. While I did not re-
spect his authority, I didn't dislike him. My feelings were neutral, and he had no
influence on me. But I was brought up in the East End and there was a criminal
з
sons and trying to understand their problems, but reclaiming the authority that
well-intentioned but misguided theories on raising children have undermined.
This is nothing to do with returning to Victorian values, it is respecting the
reality of what has always been and always will be the nature of the parent-child
Ре
relationship.
Текст 3
We must recognize that it is more cost-effective to anticipate and prevent
international problems than to try to solve them once they occur. Often the UN
comes under pressure to act only when the root causes of a crisis have had time
to fester and wreak their havoc. It is often not until conflicts have escalated
enough to dominate the evening news that countries are seriously ready to pro-
vide funds, people, peacekeepers and humanitarian assistance.
We need to devote more time and resources to preventive action. We need
multilateral efforts that can contain conflict, anticipate problems and alleviate
28
humanitarian crises in time. If we don't, we may face outbreaks of hostility, and
the disintegration of states, with the consequent migration of millions of people.
The international bill for restoring peace and providing humanitarian aid will es-
calate as crises worsen.
У
Net Gain: A Pollyanna-ISH View of Online Personals
ВГ
By Emily Nussbaum
When I first went to work at Nerve.com, the online sex and culture maga-
zine, I knew very little about the "personals" side of the site. No, I was a big edi-
torial snob, too busy soliciting personal essays on Canadian toplessness to pay
much attention to the tech-heads to my left, who were beta-testing classified-ad
databases. Little did I know about the real literary revolution taking place — that
й
out of the inky duckling of the print personal and was emerging this proud and
freaky swan, the online profile.
The old-style personal ad was a solitary two-line cry for help, delivered
ри
with haiku-length concision. The language was as coy as that of a real estate ad:
Rubenesque meant fat, generous meant rich patsy artistic meant broke. Two
types of daters were assumed to use these ads: the extremely lonely and those
with narrowly specific sexual kinks. Before a meeting one likely knew very little
о
about one's date, other than the fact that he or she would be sporting a glittery be-
ret as a signal.
ит
лексические соответствий?
By J.K. Rowling
по
There was a lot more to magic, as Harry quickly found out, than waving
your hand and saying a few funny words.
They had to study the night skies through their telescopes every Wednes-
day at midnight and learn the names of different stars and the movements of the
planets. Three times a week they went out to the greenhouses behind the castle to
Ре
study Herbology, with a dumpy little witch called Professor Sprout, where they
learned how to take care of all the strange plants and fungi, and found out what
they were used for.
Easily the most boring class was History of Magic, which was the only
one taught by a ghost. Professor Binns had been very old indeed when he had fal-
len asleep in front of the staff room fire and got up next morning to teach, leaving
his body behind him. Binns droned on and on while they scribbled down names
and dates, and got Emetic the Evil and Uric the Oddball mixed up.
Professor Flitwick, the Charms teacher, was a tiny little wizard who had to
stand on a pile of books to see over his desk. At the start of their first class he
29
took the roll call, and when he reached Harry's name he gave an excited squeak
and toppled out of sight.
Professor McGonagall was again different. Harry had been quite right to
think she wasn't a teacher to cross. Strict and clever, she gave them a talking-to
the moment they sat down in her first class.
―Transfiguration is some of the most complex and dangerous magic you
will learn at Hogwarts‖, she said. ―Аnyone messing around in my class will leave
and not come back. You have been warned‖.
У
Then she changed her desk into a pig and back again. They were all very
impressed and couldn't wait to get started, but soon realized they weren't going to
be changing the furniture into animals for a long time. After taking a lot of com-
ВГ
plicated notes, they were each given a match and started trying to turn it into a
needle. By the end of the lesson, only Hermione Granger had made any differ-
ence to her match; Professor McGonagall showed the class how it had gone all
silver and pointy and gave Hermione a rare smile.
The class everyone had really been looking forward to was Defense
against the Dark Arts, but Quirrell's lessons turned out to be a bit a joke. His
й
classroom smelled strongly of garlic, which everyone said was to ward off a
vampire he'd met in Romania and was afraid would be coming back to get him
ри
one of these days. His turban, he told them, had been given to him by an African
prince as a thank-you for getting rid of a troublesome zombie, but they weren't
sure they believed this story.
state structures have been weak and fractured, allowing parts of the government
to be captured by groups whose major objective is to use the state to legitimate or
mask their acquisitions of wealth (Poor outcome can also occur when stronger
governments fail to create a modicum of prudential regulation for financial and
з
capital markets).
The international financial institutions must bear some of the responsibili-
по
ty for these outcomes, because they requested and required transition govern-
ments to privatize rapidly and extensively, assuming that private ownership
would, by itself, provide sufficient incentives to share holders to monitor mana-
gerial behaviour and encourage firms' good performance.
Ре
30
РАЗДЕЛ II. СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ
ПЕРЕВОДА
ПЕРЕДАЧА ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ
У
требование в большей степени относится к необразным фразе-
ологическим словосочетаниям, близким по своим характеристикам к
ВГ
свободным словосочетаниям (have a rest, take a shave, give a smile,
make a sacrifice, break silence, to pay attention, jump at conclusions).
Образные выражения требуют к себе значительно большего
внимания со стороны переводчика, так как в отличие от необразных
фразеологизмов, зачастую имеющих устоявшиеся варианты перевода
на русский язык, представляют собой, с точки зрения семантики, го-
й
раздо более сложные образования. Перевод крылатых слов, пословиц,
поговорок, сравнений и других образных средств языка является
ри
трудной задачей; при ее выполнении переводчика подстерегает ряд
опасностей, незнание которых может привести к существенным иска-
жениям смысла переводимой идиомы.
1. В заблуждение может ввести сходство фразеологизма со свободным
о
словосочетанием: to let one's hair down – а) держать себя очень не-
принужденно, раскованно; б) изливать душу; join the majority – от-
ит
языка перевода: to pull the devil by the tail под влиянием русского язы-
ка может быть понято переводчиком, как 'держать бога за бороду', на
самом же деле данное выражение значит 'напрашиваться на
неприятности'.
4. Английская фразеология отличается большей смысловой и стили-
стической недифференцированностью и многозначностью – to take the
floors в общественно-политической жизни означает 'взять слово, вы-
ступить на собрании', а в быту – 'пойти потанцевать'; to have the hell of
a time в зависимости от контекста может иметь противоположные
31
значения 'хорошо провести время' и 'попасть в переплет, иметь боль-
шие неприятности'; you never can tell можно перевести 'почем знать' и
'чем черт не шутит', что стилистически далеко не равноценно.
Существует четыре основных способа перевода образной фра-
зеологии:
1. Передача английского образного выражения фразеологическим эк-
вивалентом в русском языке: to pull chestnuts out of the fire for smb. –
таскать каштаны из огня для кого-либо; to play with fire – играть с
У
огнем; to read between lines – читать между строк.
2. Использование русского фразеологизма, аналогичного по смыслу
ВГ
английскому, но основанного на другом образе. Подобные фразеоло-
гизмы называются фразеологическими аналогами: Move heaven and
earth to get smth. – свернуть горы на пути к чему-либо; cry on smb's
shoulder – плакаться кому-либо в жилетку; make hay while the sun
shines – куй железо, пока горячо Здесь следует учитывать два факто-
ра: стилистическую неравноценность некоторых аналоговых фразео-
й
логизмов (литературное английское can the leopard change his spots
нельзя переводить русскими разговорными выражениями черного ко-
ри
беля не отмоешь добела и горбатого могила исправит) и националь-
ную окраску фразеологических единиц (так, хотя английские фразео-
логизмы to carry coals to Newcastle и What will Mrs Grundy say? по
смыслу и стилистической окраске полностью соответствуют русским
о
фразеологизмам ездить в Тулу со своим самоваром и что будет гово-
рить княгиня Марья Алексеевна, однако эти последние в переводе ис-
ит
У
1. Переведите следующие фразеологизмы, укажите и обоснуй-
те способ перевода.
1. То assume an air of injured innocence. 2. A little bird told me. 3. In Rome, do
ВГ
as the Romans do. 4. Peeping Tom. 5. To throw sands in the wheels.6.To kill two
birds with one stone. 7. A drowning man will catch at a straw. 8. Whom the gods
love die young. 9. A stitch in time saves nine. 10. A clever tongue will take you
anywhere. 11. Caesar's wife is above suspicion. 12. To be afraid of one's own
shadow. 13. To fish in troubled waters. 14. Least said soonest mended.
15. To bite the hand that feeds you. 16. To add fuel to the fire.
й
2. Прочтите следующий текст. Составьте список употреблен-
ри
ных в нем фразеологических единиц. Переведите их на русский
язык фразеологизмами или свободными словосочетаниями.
По какому принципу отобраны данные идиомы?
If you feel under the weather, you don't feel very well, and if you make
о
heavy weather of something, you make it more difficult than it needs to be.
Someone with a sunny disposition is always cheerful and happy, but a person
ит
with his head in the clouds does not pay much attention to what is going on
around him. To have a place in the sun is to enjoy a favourable position, and to
go everywhere under the sun is to travel all over the world. Someone who is un-
der a cloud is in disgrace or under suspicion, and a person who is snowed under
with work is overwhelmed with it.
з
по
33
IV. 1. An ass between two bundles of hay. 2. To hang (to keep) in suspense.
3. To think twice about something. 4. Not to know one's own mind. 5. To blow
hot and cold.
V. 1.To beat the air. 2. To lash the waves. 3. To fish in the air. 4. To sow the
sand. 5. To preach (speak) to the winds. 6. To cast pearls before swine. 7. To
carry coals to Newcastle.
VI. 1. Next door to. 2. Within reach. 3. Within hearing. 4. Within ear-shot. 5. At
one's door. 6. At one's feet. 7. At one's elbow. 8. At one's fingers' ends. 9. At
У
one's side. 10. On the tip of the tongue. 11. Under one's nose. 12. Within a
stone's throw.
ВГ
4. Переведите на русский язык следующие единицы, переда-
вая их прямое и образное значение.
1. To go a long way .To draw the curtain (on, over). To lay something at the
door of. To pull the strings. To turn the corner. 2. To go (swim) with the stream
(with the current, with the tide). 3. To add fuel to the flame. 4. To turn inside out.
й
5. To keep the pot boiling. 6. To sow the seeds of. 7. To open the door to. 8. To
put the saddle on the right horse. 9. To put a spoke in one's wheel. 10. To throw
ри
overboard. 11. To tread the beaten track. 12. To harp on the same string. 13. To
hold water. 14. To throw dust into the eyes. 15. To have a firm seat in the saddle.
16. To touch bottom. 17. The other side of the shield. 18. Hand in hand (arm in
arm). 18. Old song. 19. New brooms.
о
5. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих английских по-
словиц и поговорок.
ит
10. Better late than never. 11. Habit is the second nature. 12. Strike while the iron
is hot. 14. Calm before the storm. 15. Between the hammer and the anvil.16. Be-
по
tween two fires.17. All is not gold that glitters.18. The game is not worth the
candle. 19. No rose without a thorn. 20. Better an egg today than a hen tomor-
row. 21. Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
1. What we acquire without sweat we give away without regret. 2. Money spent
on brain is never spent in vain. 3. No pains no gains.4. A stitch in time saves
nine. 5. As you sow, you shall mow. 6. A man of words and not of deeds is like a
garden full of weeds.7. Common fame is seldom to blame. 8. A fault confessed is
half redressed.9. Little strokes fell great oaks. 10. A cheerful wife is a joy of life.
11. Love rules without a sword, and binds without a cord. 12. A faithful friend
loves to the end. 13. Truth may be blamed, but never shamed. 14. Who are ready
to believe are easy to deceive. 15. Good advice is beyond price. 16. As the baker,
so the buns; as the father, so the sons.
34
ПЕРЕДАЧА СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ
У
Перевод метафор
1. Полный перевод применяется для метафорических единиц в том
ВГ
случае, если в исходном языке и совпадают как правила сочетаемости,
так и традиции выражения эмоционально-оценочной информации,
употребленные в данной метафоре. Black day – черный день; black
deed – черное дело.
2. Добавление/опущение используется в тех случаях, когда мера под-
й
разумеваемости подобия в исходном языке и языке перевода различна
и требуется либо экспликация подразумеваемого, либо импликация
ри
выраженного в исходном тексте. On the opposite bank an emerald rib-
bon of fields and foliage bordered the river; beyond lay the desert, the Red
Land of the ancient texts. Противоположный берег реки окаймляла
изумрудная зелень полей и деревьев; за ними раскинулась пустыня, в
о
древних свитках именуемая Красной Землей.
3. Замена применяется в случаях лексического или ассоциативного
ит
У
beach, accommodations, dining, sports to service, service, service. Spark-
ler! Light up your life!
ВГ
Возможным выходом из этой ловушки для переводчика являет-
ся параллельное именование метафорической основы, например,
«Спарклер – бриллиант чистейшей воды». Тогда в русском варианте
эта реклама получит следующий вид:
Спарклер – бриллиант чистейшей воды. Здесь все сияет и все
высшей пробы: все условия для медового месяца, семейного отдыха,
й
спорта... Откройте для себя бриллиант Спарклера – его уже откры-
ли самые проницательные туристы Америки и Европы. Пятизвездоч-
ри
ный блеск повсюду: от пляжей, апартаментов, ресторанов, спор-
тивных площадок до сервиса, сервиса, сервиса… Спарклер – свер-
кающий бриллиант. Придайте блеск Вашей жизни!
о
Перевод метонимии
ит
was a concerned official face staring at the jagged hole in the glass of the
kitchen door. Вскоре из дыры в стекле кухонной дыры на меня устави-
лось озабоченное лицо представителя закона.
3. Функциональное преобразование исходной метонимии применяется
в условиях несовпадения стилистического статуса метонимической
единицы в исходном языке и языке перевода. These wheels will drive
you at your pleasure. Ваш замечательный друг на колесах... или Эти
замечательные колеса, современный дизайн корпуса и автоматиче-
ское управление….
36
4. Восстановление основы метонимического переноса используется,
если данная метонимия воспринимается слегка чужеродно в данной
ситуации: The guards now change at Buckingham Palace to a Lennon and
McCartney. Смена караула при Букингемском дворце происходит те-
перь под музыку Леннона и Маккартни.
5. Восстановление прямого именования применяется в условиях зна-
чительного расхождения культурных традиций, когда исходное мето-
нимическое слово не существует в языке перевода и неизвестно пере-
У
водящей культуре. То buy some Kellogg's – купить кукурузные хлопья.
ВГ
Перевод иронии
й
исходном тексте, при условии совпадения социально-культурных ас-
социаций.
ри
Расширение исходного иронического оборота применяется в
тех случаях, когда смысл иронического словоупотребления неочеви-
ден для иноязычной культурной среды. В таких случаях часть подра-
зумеваемых компонентов иронии облекается в словесную форму в ви-
о
де причастных или деепричастных оборотов, расширенных атрибу-
тивных конструкций и т.п.
ит
У
но, поскольку он не будет воспринят переводящей культурой, а сама
ирония должна быть передана, поскольку она составляет существен-
ВГ
ную часть авторского способа выражения.
ПРАКТИКУМ
й
их выразительность. ри
Метафоры:
1. Gradually there appeared out of the mists shapes more visible perhaps to the
imagination than the sight: magic castles rising from the foam – the ruined but
majestic walls of ancient temples.
о
2. The clouds of Emerson's noble brow cleared.
3 Any artefact made of or covered with gold could start the gossip mills grinding
ит
the sword. On a watch for the man who rules his own destiny.
по
Метонимия:
1. I had to disillusion him as to the lengths to which the literary London will go
in pursuing me for my "ungainly" book.
Ре
У
yours is a credit to the whole British nation. Ты самая отважная из всех жен-
щин, с которыми я знаком, Амелия, а твоя упрямая верхняя губка – просею
воплощение британское национального характера.
ВГ
5. Years had passed since I last beheld the plain Amarna, yet in eternal Egypt a
decade is no more than the blink of an eye. Много лет прошло с тех пор, как я
в последний раз побывал на плоскогорьях Амарны, хотя для вечного Егип-
та десятилетие значит не больше, чем мгновение ока.
й
3. Выделенные в следующих предложениях метафорические
единицы проанализируйте, выберите соответствующие перево-
ри
дческие приемы и переведите на русский язык.
1. I passed a crocodile of choir boys, in starched collars and peculiar caps, on
their way to Gate.
2. All undergraduates and graduates and wives and tradespeople walked that un-
о
mistakable English church-going pace which eschewed equally both haste and
idle sauntering,
3. Criss-cross about the world he travelled with them, waxing in wickedness like
ит
here, at last, I should find that low door in the wall, which opened on an enclosed
and enchanted garden, which was somewhere, not overlooked by any window, in
по
39
метафорических единиц в их соотношении на русском языке и
переведите текст.
The Great Spirit is in all things; he is in the air we breathe. The Great Spirit
is our Father, but the earth is our Mother. She nourishes us; that which we put
into the ground she returns to us.
The life of an Indian is like the wings of the air. That is why you notice the
hawk knows how to get his prey. The Indian is like that. The hawk swoops down
on his prey; so does the Indian. In his lament he is like an animal. For instance,
У
the coyote is sly; so is the Indian. The eagle is the same. That is why the Indian is
always feathered up; he is a relative to the wings о the air.
You have noticed that everything an Indian does is in a circle, and that is
ВГ
because the Power of the World always works in circles, and everything tries to
be round. The sky is round. The wind, in its greatest power whirls. Birds make
their nests in circles. Even the seasons form a great circle in their changing. The
life of a man is a circle from childhood to childhood, so it is in everything where
the Power moves.
й
5. В следующих предложениях проанализируйте выделенные
метонимические обороты и переведите предложения на русский
ри
язык.
1. The world was insane, and I no longer wished to have anything to do with it.
2. There was a further knock on the front door, then silence, and I raged at the
stupidity of the country police.
о
3. I spent a month of misery. I suppose, in something very like a profound sulk.
4. I have tried my best, but I may have exaggerated, especially in the attempts to
ит
or reform?
3. Yet he has no ready-made solutions to stop shady dealers from buying up all
the shares in a free market.
4. But the group infighting sometimes includes even honorable and really ta-
lented writer whose books advocate goodness and compassion.
5. Official Literature is too weak to cope with genuine conflicts. It prefers its
trusty weapons of political intrigue and old comrade networks.
6. A democratic society means a new way of life, newly-emerging democratic
attitudes and new people who are receptive to new ideas, independent-minded
and have no complexes.
40
7. В следующем тексте определите общую функцию
метонимии и переведите текст на русский язык, следуя правилам
метонимических преобразований.
What I like most about England is the civilized quality of living there, the
comfort and convenience of the public transport, the English pubs, and the milk
and newspapers delivered to your door. I still remember roast Angus, and a wine
bar in the strand where we used to go every Wednesday to eat Stilton. There are
values which must be preserved if England becomes continental — and this is
У
quite likely, when we get our cooking from Paris, our politics from Moscow and
our morals from Cairo. As soon as we stop to cite John Ruskin. to tune London
ВГ
and McCartney, to role play a Shakespeare and to trust in Time, we are the lost
nation on the way to nowhere!
й
1. Up goes unemployment, up go prices and down tumbles the Labour vote. 2. It
was eighteen years after Cook's voyage that the new continent was settled. 3. He
ри
tried as well as any man could, but he failed. 4. The distant hum of the street traf-
fic was at its faintest. 5. It was one of London's most famous citizens Dr. Samuel
Johnson who said: "When a man is tired of London he is tired of life." 6. Sharp
and sustained was the reaction of the Labour Movement to Welfare budget cuts
by the state legislature in the state of New York. 7. What is needed now is a
о
straight increase in the present scales of unemployment and sickness pay which
the House of Commons could put through quickly without delay. 8. At the be-
ит
ginning of the 19lh century there was no science of oceanography. What know-
ledge of the ocean there was consisted of "the applied marine biology" of the fi-
sherman and the whaler. 9. His chef was as good as any in Paris and you could
be sure at his table of having set before you the earliest delicacies of the season.
з
1. Soames with his set lips and square chin was not unlike bulldog. Some roads
in Scotland were ice-bound, cars were abandoned in many places and many
people returning from Saturday's international rugby game did not reach home
until the early hours. 2. Not until fifteen years later, soon after his death, did Bar-
Ре
toc at last have a real popular success. 3. Swiftly the doctor lifted his eyes and
gave Claude a penetrating but not unkindly glare. 4. It is not unlike me that in
heading toward the west I should travel last. 5. Her dark hair was parted and fell
in loose but not unstudied waves. 6. They passed no village bigger than a hamlet
and no inn better than an alehouse, but Harry was urgent to stop at one of them
and seek better horses. 7. It was not until 1770 when James Cooke chartered the
East Coast and that any major exploration of Australia was undertaken.
41
10. Определите основу иронии в следующих примерах и
переведите их на русский язык.
Their only hope was that it would never stop raining, and they had no
hope because they all knew it would.
Late that night Hungry Joe dreamed that Huple's cat was sleeping, on his
face, suffocating him, and when he woke up, Huple's cat was sleeping on his
face.
There were too many dangers for Yossarian to keep track of. There was
У
Hitler, Mussolini and Tojo, for example, and they were all out to kill him.
At the end of ten days a new group of doctors came to Yossarian with bad
ВГ
news; he was in perfect health and had to get out of the hospital.
After that Colonel Cathcart did not trust any other colonel in the
Squadron. The only good colonel, he decided, was a dead colonel, except
for himself.
Nataly had lived almost twenty years without trauma, tension hate, or neo-
rosis, which was proof to Yossarian of just how crazy he really was.
й
11. Переведите следующие примеры на русский язык, опре-
ри
деляя степень значимости того или иного имени собственного в
ироническом контексте.
1. Philbrick sat at the next table at the Maison Basque eating the bitter little
strawberries which are so cheap in Province and so very expensive in Dover
street.
о
2. Margot and Paul went up to London to make arrangements for the wedding
which, contrary to all reasonable expectation, Margot decided was to take place
ит
money"; he is a film star at Hollywood; incidentally and in the whole Europe the
word "Hollywood" is pejorative.
по
4. Another new arrival that caused us a certain amount of trouble, one way
or another, was Delilah. She was a large female African crested porcupine and
she arrived up at the airport in a crate that looked suitable for a couple of
rhinoceros.
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5. In the England of the first half of the century there was published a series of
architectural designs for the use of provincial builders and private patrons, dis-
playing buildings of different sizes from gate lodges to mansions in various
"styles", Palladian, Greek, Gothic, even Chinese.
6. One by one the girls were shown in "Name?" said Margot. "Pompilia de la
Conzadine." Margot wrote it down. "Real name?" "Bessy Brown".
42
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕВОДА
У
really Swiss cheese. He always expects us to fill in the holes and make him look
good. We get everything he gives us done to a T. but he takes all the credit. It
ВГ
would be nice if, for once, he would give us time to develop something challeng-
ing that we can really sink our teeth into. At least it would be nice to get credit
for all that we do to make him and our organization look good, but I doubt that
will happen, he always wants the whole enchilada for himself.
He is always dangling the carrot of private compliments in our faces, but
we know they are insincere. He must think we are bunch of cream puffs. But
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someday, he is going to get his pie in the face. He'll be in a real stew and we
won't be there to clean it up. Soon. he'll get his just desserts because he can't have
the cake and eat it too.
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2. Переведите следующие тексты, обращая внимание на
различные способы выражения эмфазы.
Text 1
о
No critic can avoid writing about Picasso because of the unique position he
occupies. He is the very type and symbol of the 20th century artist. At the same
ит
time, he is a special ease; the more prolific he has been, the more not less, valua-
ble his paintings have become — as commodities.
Text 2
In a large school the system may be had, but the personal influence of the
з
head master has to be exerted, when it is exerted at all, in a public way because
he has little more power of working on the affections of the individual scholar in
по
the intimate way, than, for example, the mother of a single child can, than the
Prime Minister has of working on the affections of any individual voter.
Text 3
But there was another aspect of the movement of 1812 besides machine-
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43
3. Переведите следующий текст на русский язык, сохраняя
общую ироническую основу.
Milo purchased spot radio announcements on Lord Haw. Haw's daily
propaganda broadcasts from Berlin to keep things moving. Business boomed on
every battlefront. Milo's planes were a familiar sight. They had freedom to pas-
sage everywhere, and one day Milo contracted with the American military au-
thorities to bomb the German — held a highway bridge at Orvieto and with the
German military authorities to defend the highway bridge at Orvieto with antiair-
У
craft fire against his own attack. His fee for attacking the bridge for America was
the total cost of the operation plus six per cent, and his fee from Germany for de-
fending the bridge was the same cost-plus-six agreement augmented by a merit
ВГ
bonus of a thousand dollars for every American plane he short down. The con-
summation of these deals represented an important victory for private enterprise,
since the armies of both countries were socialized institutions. Once the contracts
were signed, there seemed to be no point in using the resources of the syndicate
to bomb and defend the bridge, inasmuch as both governments had ample men
and material right there to do the job, which they were very happy to do. In the
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end Milo realized a fantastic profit from both halves of this project for doing
nothing more than signing his name twice.
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4. Переведите следующие тексты на русский язык с учетом
их жанрово-стилистической принадлежности.
о
Текст 1
The New York Times
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though in recent years it has cut down on full texts of speeches and documents,
по
the Times does publish the total transcripts of most presidential press conferences
and thus comes closest of all American dailies to being a newspaper of record.
In a nation where no true national daily flourishes, the prestigious New
York Times comes closest to the claim of being nationally read. A 1965 West
Coast edition failed because most American newspaper advertising is local and
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out-of-state circulation does not seem to attract advertisers. But, despite that and
the paper's pre occupation with the populous metropolitan East Coast, over one-
fourth of its readers live more than 100 miles from New York. The Times man-
ages to have readers in 10,651 towns in every state and in nearly all countries.
Because of its thoroughness, it is highly respected in the nation's colleges and
universities, found in practically every academic library and widely read by col-
lege presidents, professors and students. Its thick Sunday edition, sometimes con-
taining 400 pages and weighing four pounds, finds its way into pace-setting
homes across the face of the nation, with at least one- third of the copies going
outside New York City.
44
Текст 2
THE AGE OF GENES
The winsome, sable-haired 4-year-old didn't even know she was making
history. By the time of the injection last year, she had been poked and prodded so
often that she could not be bothered to take her eyes off the cartoon she was
watching on TV.
The injection marked the first human trial of gene therapy, a revolutionary
У
means of treating a disease by giving a patient new genes. The girl suffers from
an extremely rare, inherited disorder in which faulty genes have crippled her im-
mune system, leaving her vulnerable to the slightest infection or illness. To treat
ВГ
it, her doctors removed immune cells from her blood, fitted them with a new
gene, and reinjected them into her body. Today, four months after her last dose of
the groundbreaking therapy, the girl's immune system appears to be fending off
infections normally.
In the nearly 40 years since James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated
the twisting structure of DNA, scientists have probed deeply the workings of the
й
molecule that governs all living cells. Just in the last month, researchers have an-
nounced the discovery of at least four new human genes responsible for ailments
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ranging from deafness to sterility. And while finding a new gene is only a step
toward vanquishing a disease, says Nobel laureate David Baltimore, president of
Rockefeller University, "every disease we know about is either being attacked
with genetics or is being illuminated through genetics."
Experiments with gene therapy represent a giant step into the medicine of
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the future.
Yet for all the good molecular medicine will do, the ethical dilemmas are
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grave. The advances bring closer the day when parents can endow children not
only with health but also with genes for height, good balance or lofty intelli-
gence. Of more immediate concern is the possibility that health insurers, employ-
ers and the government will gain access to genetic information and unfairly dis-
з
Two honest young men, Tony Vassal and Nathan Regent, lived in Brad-
dle and worked together at the factory at Braddle. Tony married Patience Smith
and Nathan married a rich girl.
About that time, you must know, the country started a war. The war de-
manded much money of Braddle. The workers of the Braddle factory worked day
and night to provide money for the war. Almost everybody in Braddle became
white and thin because they worked from morning till night. Not quite verybody,
45
for the Regents' wealth increased so much that they did not know what to do with
it; their faces were neither white nor thin!
"In times like these," said Nathan's wife, "we must help our country still
more, still more we must help; let us lend our money to the country."
"Yes," said Nathan.
So they lent their money to their country. The country paid them tribute.
And as their wealth continued to increase, they helped their country more and
more, and received more tribute for that.
У
"In times like these," said the country, "we must have more men, more
men we must have."
"What can we do to help our country?" asked Tony Vassall of his master,
ВГ
"we have no money to lend."
"But you can give your strong son Dan," answered his master.
Tony gave his son Dan to the country.
"Good-bye, dear son," said his father, and his brother, and his sister Nancy
said "Good-bye." His mother kissed him.
Dan fell in battle; his sister Nancy took his place at the factory. Soon the
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neighbours said to Tony Vassal, "What a fine strong son is your young Albert
Edward!"
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And Tony gave his son Albert Edward to the country.
"Good-bye, dear son," said his father; his sister kissed him, his mother
cried.
Albert Edward fell in battle; his mother took his place at the factory. But
the war did not stop. And Tony Vassal went to battle and fell too. The country
о
gave Patience a pension; but she died of grief. Many people died in those days, it
was not strange at all. Nathan and his wife got so rich that after the war they died
ит
REMBRANDT
by R. Huyghe
по
Rembrandt was undoubtedly the first painter to have made the soul and its
expression the purpose of his art. He comes at the end of the age of humanism, in
the sense that his subjects are most often taken from the Old or New Testament.
His work is steeped in the collective consciousness, whose traditional religious
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46
us, it may be added, a revealing symbol of his self-exploration in his obsession
with the mirror; he constantly scrutinizes and questions himself in his long series
of self-portraits. He opened the way for those after him who would turn their
gaze inward, bringing to light their personal secrets and making of them the
shaping force of their art. Rembrandts miracle is that even while he immersed
himself in his inner depths, he revealed and stirred the deep sources of others'
sensibility.
He was also an innovator in technique. Even more than the Venetians he
У
exploited the special beauties of oils. He succeeded in making of his colours an
enamel, a blended wash, a substance either smoothly flowing or expressive of
vehemence, according to his inspiration.
ВГ
Just as the genius of Rubens left Flanders almost exhausted for many
years, so the genius of Rembrandt seems to have exhausted the creative energy of
the Dutch school. Until the end of the nineteenth century and the appearance of
Van Gogh, Holland was to produce minor painters only.
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о ри
з ит
по
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47
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Алимов, В.В., Артемьева, Ю.В. Практический курс перевода. Спе-
циальный перевод / В.В. Алимов, Ю.В. Артемьева. – М.: Книжный
дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2012. – 208 с.
2. Белякова, Е.И. Translating from English: Переводим с английского.
Материалы для семинарских и практических занятий по теории и
практике перевода (с английского на русский) / Е.И. Белякова. – СПб,
У
2003. – 159 с.
3. Белоглазова, Е.В. Методические указания к дисциплине «Основы
ВГ
специальной и частной теорий перевода» / Е.В. Белоглазова. – СПб,
2008. – 48 с.
4. Борисова, Л.И. Хрестоматия по переводу (английский язык): Уч.
пособие / Л.И. Борисова. – М., 2004. – 68 с.
5. Бреус, Е.В. Основы теории и практики перевода с русского языка на
английский: Учебное пособие / Е.В. Бреус. – М.: Изд-во УРАО, 2000. –
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208 с.
6. Дмитриева, Л.Ф. Английский язык. Курс перевода / Л.Ф. Дмитрие-
ри
ва, С.Е. Кунцевич, Е.А. Мартинкевич, Н.Ф. Смирнова. – М.: ИКЦ
«МарТ», 2008. – 304 с.
8. Казакова, Т.А. Практические основы перевода: учебное пособие /
Т.А. Казакова – СПб: Издательство ―Союз‖, 2000. – 320с.
о
9.Латышев. Л.К., Семенов А.Л. Перевод: Теория. Практика. Методика
преподавания /Л.К. Латышев, А.Л. Семенов. – СПб.: Изд. центр "Ака-
ит
48
СПИСОК РЕКОМЕНДУЕМОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
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4. Зайцев, А.Б. Основы письменного перевода / А.Б. Зайцев. – М.:
Книжный дом, 2011. – 201 с.
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5.Казакова, Т.А. Imagery in Translation. Практикум по художественно-
му переводу. Учебное пособие / Т.А. Казакова. – СПб., 2004. – 320 с.
6. Комиссаров, В.Н. Современное переводоведение: учебное пособие /
В.Н. Комиссаров, С.Ф. Гончаренко. – М.: ЭТС , 2004. – 424 с.
7. Латышев, Л.К. Технология перевода / Л.К. Латышев. – М.:
ACADEMIA, 2005. – 207 c.
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8. Миньяр-Белоручев, Р.К. Теория и методы перевода / Р.К. Миньяр-
Белоручев. – М.: Московский лицей, 1996. – 208 с.
ри
9. Мухортов, Д. С. Практика перевода: английский – русский: учебное
пособие по теории и практике перевода / Д.С. Мухортов. – М.: Книж-
ный дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2012. – 256 с.
10. Нелюбин, Л.Л. История и теория зарубежного перевода / Л.Л Не-
о
любин, Г.Т. Хухуни. – Москва, 2003. – 307 с.
11. Романова, С.П. Пособие по переводу с английского на русский /
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ВГ
Учебное издание
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ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА.
ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ И СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ
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Методические рекомендации
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50