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Zahlkh^_j`Zsbokh_^bg_gbc
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ijhfure_gghklb \hajZklZ_l >@ jh\ g_\hafh`gh ba-aZ bo ki_dZgby b ihl_jb Zdlb\ghklb \
Dhg\_jkby fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ijhl_dZ_l kh]eZkgh oh^_ ^ebl_evghc wdkiemZlZpbb ijb ih\ur_gguo l_fi_jZ
mjZ\g_gbx j_Zdpbb lmjZo —350 K GZ \lhjhc klmi_gb kgb`_gb_ l_fi_
jZlmju i_j_^ ih^Zq_c gZ f_^vkh^_j`Zsb_ dZlZebaZlhju
KH G2H KH2 G2; ∆G°298 = –41 d>`fhev dZd m`_ kdZaZgh \ur_ h]jZgbq_gh lhqdhc jhku ^ey iZjh
< kh\j_f_gguo ko_fZo ijhba\h^kl\Z ZffbZdZ hklZ ]Zah\hc kf_kb ijb ^Z\e_gbb FIZ
lhqguc fhghhdkb^ m]e_jh^Z ]b^jbjm_lky k h[jZah\Zgb Hj]ZgbaZpby ijhp_kkZ dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z
_f f_lZgZ Z lZd`_ ^jm]bo hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc \ h^gm klZ^bx \hafh`gZ iml_f ijh\_^_gby j_Zdpbb \ j_Zd
dhlhju_ gZdZieb\Zxlky \ pbjdmeypbhgghf ]Za_ b m^Z lhj_ k l\_j^uf f_edh^bki_jkguf l_iehghkbl_e_f >@
eyxlky gZ klZ^byo ijh^m\hd \f_kl_ k \h^hjh^hf Zahlhf DZlZebaZlhju dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z
b ZffbZdhf Q_f [hevr_ \ j_Zdpbhgghf ]Za_ hklZ_lky
KH l_f [hevr_ \h^hjh^Z jZkoh^m_lky gZ _]h ]b^jbjh < dZq_kl\_ hkgh\guo dhfihg_glh\ dZlZebaZlhjh\ ^ey
\Zgb_ b l_f \ur_ ihl_jb Zahlh\h^hjh^ghc kf_kb m^Z dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z bkihevamxlky hdkb^u
ey_fhc gZ klZ^byo ijh^m\hd >@ `_e_aZ b f_^b >@ Djhf_ lh]h \ khklZ\ dZlZebaZlhjZ
< djmiguo Z]j_]ZlZo ijhba\h^kl\Z ZffbZdZ hkms_ \\h^yl ijhfhlbjmxsb_ ^h[Z\db — kh_^bg_gby ojhfZ
kl\ey_lky ]em[hdZy dhg\_jkby ^h hklZlhqghc dhgp_gljZ fZj]ZgpZ dZeby k\bgpZ b ^j >—@ < k_j_^bg_
pbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z –0,5% [7, @ Ijb wlhf k ijhreh]h klhe_lby gZ jy^_ aZ\h^h\ hkms_kl\eyeZkv
mf_gvr_gb_f dhgp_gljZpbb KH gZ dhebq_kl\h ijh h^ghklmi_gqZlZy dhg\_jkby fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ijb
^m\hqguo ]Zah\ kgb`Z_lky ijbf_jgh gZ Z ijhba\h 500—600 K k bkihevah\Zgb_f \ukhdhl_fi_jZlmjgh]h
^bl_evghklv ih ZffbZdm m\_ebqb\Z_lky gZ 0,7—1% [7]. `_e_ahfZ]gb_\h]h dZlZebaZlhjZ >@ Ijb ijh\_^_gbb
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b wdahl_jfbq_kdhc j_Zdpb_c b kh]eZkgh ijZ\bem E_ \h^ygh]h iZjZ \ dhg\_jlbjh\Zgghf ]Za_ hklZ_lky ^h —
RZl_ev_ hgZ ijhl_dZ_l l_f iheg__ q_f gb`_ l_fi_jZ g_ijhj_Z]bjh\Z\r_]h KH >@
lmjZ baf_g_gb_ ^Z\e_gby \ebygby ijZdlbq_kdb g_ hdZ <ihke_^kl\bb gZ hl_q_kl\_gguo b aZjm[_`guo ij_^
au\Z_l Kl_i_gv dhg\_jkbb KH fh`gh ih\ukblv lZd`_ ijbylbyo klZeb ijbf_gylv lZ[e_lbjh\Zggu_ b wdkljm^b
aZ kq_l m\_ebq_gby kh^_j`Zgby \h^ygh]h iZjZ \ j_Zdpb jh\Zggu_ `_e_ahojhfh\u_ dZlZebaZlhju LZ[e_lbjh
hgghc kf_kb beb m^Ze_gb_f ^bhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ba dhg \Zggu_ dZlZebaZlhju kh^_j`Zl hdheh hdkb^Z `_e_
\_jlbjh\Zggh]h ]ZaZ >@ aZ b — hdkb^Z ojhfZ; lZdh_ khhlghr_gb_ kh_^bg_
=hfh]_ggZy ]Zah\Zy j_Zdpby dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z gbc `_e_aZ b ojhfZ \ dZlZebaZlhj_ y\ey_lky hilbfZev
m]e_jh^Z \h^yguf iZjhf ^Z`_ ijb \ukhdbo l_fi_jZlm guf >—@ Hlf_lbf qlh \uimkdZ_fu_ aZjm[_`gufb
jZo ^h K ijhl_dZ_l djZcg_ f_^e_ggh >ey m\_eb nbjfZfb lZ[e_lbjh\Zggu_ `_e_ahojhfh\u_ dZlZebaZ
q_gby kdhjhklb j_Zdpbb \ ijhfure_gghklb ijbf_gyxl lhju bf_xl emqrbc lh\Zjguc \b^ b [he__ \ukhdmx
dZlZebaZlhju f_oZgbq_kdmx ijhqghklv
< kh\j_f_gguo ZffbZqguo Z]j_]ZlZo dhg\_jkbx DZlZebaZlhju ihemqZ_fu_ wdkljmab_c bf_xl [b
fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ijh\h^yl \ ^\_ klmi_gb ih^ ^Z\e_ ^bki_jkgmx ihjbklmx kljmdlmjm \dexqZxsmx ihju
gb_f —3 FIZ >—@ GZ i_j\hc klmi_gb gZ `_e_ah wnn_dlb\gh]h jZ^bmkZ —30 gf b djmigu_ ihju jZ
ojhfh\hf kj_^g_l_fi_jZlmjghf dZlZebaZlhj_ dhg\_j ^bmkhf —500 gf < lZ[e_lbjh\Zgguo dZlZebaZlhjZo
lbjm_lky [hevrZy qZklv fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z b gZ wlhc djmiguo ihj g_l f_edb_ ihju wnn_dlb\gh]h jZ^bmkZ
klmi_gb l_fi_jZlmjZ ih\urZ_lky hl —380 K gZ lZd`_ \ —30 gf aZgbfZxl jZagu_ h[t_fu >—21].
\oh^_ \ ZiiZjZl ^h —450 K gZ \uoh^_ ba g_]h L_i Ijhba\h^bl_evghklv `_e_ahojhfh\uo dZlZebaZlhjh\
ehlZ j_Zdpbb bkihevam_lky \ dhleZo-mlbebaZlhjZo ^ey fh`_l [ulv ih\ur_gZ iml_f \\_^_gby ijhfhlbjmxsbo
ihemq_gby \h^ygh]h iZjZ <lhjmx gbadhl_fi_jZlmj ^h[Z\hd m\_ebqb\Zxsbo m^_evgmx ih\_joghklv dZlZebaZ
gmx klZ^bx hkms_kl\eyxl gZ f_^vkh^_j`Zs_f dZlZeb lhjZ b khhl\_lkl\_ggh _]h dZlZeblbq_kdmx Zdlb\ghklv
aZlhj_ ijb —250 K b ihkdhevdm a^_kv i_j_jZ[Zlu [19—22].
\Z_lky g_agZqbl_evgh_ dhebq_kl\h KH l_fi_jZlmjZ \ :dlb\ghc nZahc `_e_ahojhfh\h]h dZlZebaZlhjZ
keh_ dZlZebaZlhjZ ih\urZ_lky \k_]h gZ —20 K y\ey_lky l_ljZhdkb^ `_e_aZ )H3O4 < kljmdlmj_ dZlZeb
Gb`gbc l_fi_jZlmjguc ij_^_e h]jZgbq_g lhqdhc jhku aZlhjZ hg h[jZam_l l\_j^uc jZkl\hj ribg_evgh]h lbiZ
iZjh]Zah\hc kf_kb —190 K \ mkeh\byo jZ[hlu )_AH4Kr2O3 — ijhbkoh^bl aZf_s_gb_ bhgh\ )H \ djb
3+
jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo Z]j_]Zlh\ lZd dZd dhg^_gkZpby \eZ]b klZeebq_kdhc j_r_ld_ )_3H4 bhgZfb Kr Hdkb^ ojhfZ
3+
85
^Zgby \ ]Zah\mx kf_kv \ ijbkmlkl\bb \h^ygh]h iZjZ gZ `_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby k_ju \ dZlZebaZlhj_ ^h \hafh`gh
dZlZebaZlhj_ dhg\_jlbjmxlky \ k_jh\h^hjh^ dhlhjuc fbgbfZevgh]h mjh\gy ijb dhlhjhf hgZ hl]hgyeZkv [u
j_Z]bjm_l k hdkb^gh-`_e_aguf dhfihg_glhf dZlZebaZ aZ dhjhldh_ \j_fy beb klZ[bebaZpby k_ju ^h[Z\dZfb k
lhjZ k h[jZah\Zgb_f kmevnb^Z `_e_aZ l_f qlh[u ij_^hl\jZlblv __ hl]hgdm
)_3O4 G26 G2 = 3FeS + 4H2O;
Ij_^eh`_g dZlZebaZlhj k ^h[Z\dZfb KZ FJ <Z
∆G ° 298 = –79,5 d>`fhev
MklZgh\e_gh qlh \\_^_gb_ wlbo ^h[Z\hd k^\b]Z_l ijh
p_kk ^_kmevnmjbaZpbb \ h[eZklv [he__ \ukhdbo l_fi_
J_Zdpby h[jZlbfZ b \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl khhlghr_gby jZlmj > 25].
\h^yghc iZjdhg\_jlbjm_fuc ]Za b l_fi_jZlmju \ha Iheguf j_r_gb_f ijh[e_fu wnn_dlb\gh]h b gZ
fh`gh dZd ih]ehs_gb_ k_ju lZd b \u^_e_gb_ jZg__ ^_`gh]h dZlZebaZlhjZ ^ey ijhba\h^kl\Z ZffbZdZ y\ey
ih]ehs_gghc k_ju \ iZjh]Zah\mx kf_kv H[jZamxsbcky _lky ijbf_g_gb_ [_kk_jgbklh]h hdkb^Z `_e_aZ
kmevnb^ `_e_aZ lZd `_ dZd b )_3O4 dZlZebabjm_l j_Zd
pbx dhg\_jkbb KH gh ih kjZ\g_gbx k Fe3O4 hg ]hjZa^h Dbg_lbdZ ijhp_kkZ dhg\_jkbb fhghhdbkb m]e_jh^Z
f_g__ Zdlb\_g HljZ\e_gb_ dZlZebaZlhjZ k_jhc — h[jZ
lbfuc ijhp_kk > 11]. Hlf_lbf hkgh\gu_ jZ[hlu ih bkke_^h\Zgbx dbg_lb
GZ jZ[hlhkihkh[ghklb dZlZebaZlhjZ fh]ml g_]Zlb\gh db dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z gZ jZaebqguo `_e_
kdZau\Zlvky kh^_j`Zsb_ky \ iZjh]Zah\hc kf_kb b g_ ahkh^_j`Zsbo dZlZebaZlhjZo BamqZeZkv dbg_lbdZ j_Zd
y^h\blu_ ijbf_kb lZdb_ dZd iuev kZ`Z kheb ba iZjZ pbb ijb l_fi_jZlmjZo \ur_ K gZ dZlZebaZlhj_
b dhg^_gkZlZ hgb hldeZ^u\Zxlky gZ ih\_joghklb dZlZ ba g_ijhfhlbjh\Zggh]h hdkb^Z `_e_aZ b gZ \ukhdhl_f
ebaZlhjZ aZ[b\Zxl _]h ihju qlh ijb\h^bl d kgb`_gbx i_jZlmjghf `_e_ahfZ]gb_\hf dZlZebaZlhj_ G< Dmev-
Zdlb\ghklb b f_oZgbq_kdhc ijhqghklb dZlZebaZlhjZ dh\Z b FB Lëfdbg Ijb \u\h^_ dbg_lbq_kdh]h mjZ\
I_j_^ wdkiemZlZpb_c dZlZebaZlhj h[uqgh \hkklZgZ\ g_gby bkke_^h\Zl_eb hkgh\u\Zebkv gZ f_oZgbaf_ ijh
eb\Zxl j_Zdpbhgghc ]Zah\hc kf_kvx p_kkZ khklhys_]h \ ihi_j_f_gghf hdbke_gbb-\hk-
klZgh\e_gbb ih\_joghklgh]h fhghfhe_dmeyjgh]h kehy
)_2O3 G2 )_3O4 G2O;
dZlZebaZlhjZ >@
∆G ° 298 = –9,6 d>`fhev (3) D*—H KH D* KH2 (7)
_
) 2O3 KH )_3O4 KH2; D + H22 D —H G2
* *
(8)
∆G ° 298 = –50,6 d>`fhev ]^_ D
— Zdlb\guc mqZklhd p_glj ih\_joghklb dZlZ
<hkklZgh\e_gb_ `_e_ahojhfh\h]h dZlZebaZlhjZ gZ- ebaZlhjZ
qbgZ_lky ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ —180 K b ijhl_dZ_l kh IjbgbfZy \ dZq_kl\_ ebfblbjmxs_c klZ^bb hij_-
agZqbl_evghc kdhjhklvx Ijhp_kk \hkklZgh\e_gby bf_ ^_eyxs_c kdhjhklv kmffZjgh]h ijhp_kkZ j_Zdpbx
_l Z\lhdZlZeblbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j b khijh\h`^Z_lky \u Z\lhju ij_^eh`beb ke_^mxs__ dbg_lbq_kdh_ mjZ\g_gb_
^_e_gb_f l_ieZ hkh[_ggh \ kemqZ_ bkihevah\Zgby ]Zah S+ 2
β
S+
− β
\uo kf_k_c kh^_j`Zsbo [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h fhghhd ω = N S &2 − N S &2 (9)
S+ S+ 2
kb^Z m]e_jh^Z > @
AgZqbl_evgh_ \ebygb_ gZ mkdhj_gb_ ijhp_kkZ \hk ]^_ ω — kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb k1, k2 — dhgklZglu kdhjhklb
klZgh\e_gby hdZau\Z_l \\_^_gb_ \ dZlZebaZlhj hdkb^h\ ijyfhc b h[jZlghc j_Zdpbc jKH, jG2H, jG2, jKH2 — iZj
dZeby b fZ]gby >@
?keb \ dZq_kl\_ kujvy ^ey ihemq_gby dZlZebaZlhjZ pbZevgu_ ^Z\e_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ]Zah\ β — dhwn
[ue \ayl kmevnb^ `_e_aZ lh ijb \hkklZgh\e_gbb dZlZ nbpb_gl jZ\guc
ebaZlhjZ k_jZ [m^_l \u^_eylvky \ \b^_ k_jh\h^hjh^Z Ba ZgZebaZ mjZ\g_gby ke_^m_l qlh kdhjhklv j_Zd
Gh [hevrZy qZklv kh^_j`Zs_cky \ dZlZebaZlhj_ k_ju pbb aZ\bkbl hl dhgp_gljZpbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z
k\yaZgZ \ kmevnZl )H624 j_Z]bjmxsbc k \h^hjh^hf b \h^hjh^ \ h[eZklb l_fi_jZlmj —500 K lhjfhabl
\h^yguf iZjhf j_Zdpbx dhg\_jkbb ^bhdkb^ m]e_jh^Z g_ \eby_l gZ
kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb ZgZeh]bqgh bg_jlghfm jZa[Z\bl_ex
FeSO4 G2 )H6 G2O (5) — Zahlm >bnnmabhggu_ nZdlhju ijb l_fi_jZlmjZo
)H6 G22 )_3O4 + 3H26 G2; 400—500 K g_ \ebyxl gZ kdhjhklv ijhp_kkZ
∆G ° 298 = –75 d>`fhev Bkke_^h\ZeZkv dbg_lbdZ dhg\_jkbb hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z
\h^yguf iZjhf gZ `_e_ahojhfh\hf b gbadhl_fi_jZlmj
Dhebq_kl\h k_ju \u^_ey_fhc \ ijhp_kk_ \hkklZgh\ ghf pbgdojhff_^ghf dZlZebaZlhjZo == Sb[jy
e_gby dZlZebaZlhjZ b \ gZqZevguc i_jbh^ _]h wdkiemZ GF Fhjhah\ FB Lëfdbg Ihemq_ggu_ hiulgu_
lZpbb lZdh\h qlh \hafh`gh kbevgh_ hljZ\e_gb_ gbadh ^Zggu_ \ dbg_lbq_kdhc h[eZklb hibku\Zxlky ke_^mx
l_fi_jZlmjgh]h dZlZebaZlhjZ Ihwlhfm ihke_ \hkklZ sbf mjZ\g_gb_f >@
gh\e_gby dZlZebaZlhjZ ^he`gh [ulv ijh\_^_gh _]h
h[_kk_jb\Zgb_ >@ S &2 S + 2 − .S + S &2
AZljZlu gZ ijhp_kk ^_kmevnmjbaZpbb fh]ml khklZ ω=N
$S + 2 − S &2
(10)
\blv — klhbfhklb dZlZebaZlhjZ QZklbqguf j_
r_gb_f ijh[e_fu ^_kmevnmjbaZpbb fh`_l klZlv kgb
86
! "
]^_ k — dhgklZglZ kdhjhklb ijyfhc j_Zdpbb D — dhg ]^_ τ — \j_fy dhg\_jkbb k Z0 — kh^_j`Zgb_ KH \
klZglZ jZ\gh\_kby : — dhwnnbpb_gl aZ\bkysbc hl bkoh^ghf ]Za_ ^heb _^bgbpu k — dhgklZglZ kdhjhklb
l_fi_jZlmju < kemqZ_ `_e_ahojhfh\h]h dZlZebaZlhjZ ijyfhc j_Zdpbb n — h[t_fgh_ khhlghr_gb_ \h^yghc
OJ $ = −
+
iZjdhg\_jlbjm_fuc ]Za o — kl_i_gv dhg\_jkbb KH,
7 ^heb _^bgbpu M(o) — fgh`bl_ev aZ\bkysbc hl o b
Ihemq_gh lZd`_ ke_^mxs__ dbg_lbq_kdh_ mjZ\g_gb_ khhlghr_gby \ bkoh^ghf ]Za_ KH2 : CO.
dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z iZjZfb \h^u gZ `_e_ Kujv_ ^ey ijhba\h^kl\Z dZlZebaZlhjh\ dhg\_jkbb
ahojhfh\hf dZlZebaZlhj_ gZg_k_gghf gZ hdkb^ fZ]gby fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z b ljZ^bpbhggu_ f_lh^u
<B :ljhs_gdh ; ;b[j
bo ijb]hlh\e_gby
GS &2 ′
S &2 − S &2
−
Gτ
=N
S+
⋅ S+
2
(11) Ihbkd g_^_nbpblgh]h kujvy b ih\ur_gb_ wnn_d
lb\ghklb _]h bkihevah\Zgby \ ijhba\h^kl\_ ijhfur
]^_ τ — \j_fy p′CO — jZ\gh\_kgh_ iZjpbZevgh_ ^Z\e_ e_gguo dZlZebaZlhjh\ y\ey_lky h^gbf ba \Z`g_crbo
gb_ fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z gZijZ\e_gbc \ mkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbb l_ogheh]bb ijb]h
:\lhju mklZgh\beb aZ\bkbfhklv dhgklZglu kdhjhklb lh\e_gby dZlZebaZlhjh\ >—30].
j_Zdpbb hl l_fi_jZlmju Hdkb^ `_e_aZ — hkgh\ghc dhfihg_gl dZlZebaZlhjh\
−
18460 ^ey dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z fh`gh ihemqblv
k = 4, 92 ⋅105 ⋅ e RT
l_jfbq_kdbf jZaeh`_gb_f jZaebqguo kh_^bg_gbc `_e_
Ijhba\h^bl_evghklv dZlZebaZlhjZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl aZ ]b^jhdkb^Z gbljZlZ dZj[hgZlZ kmevnZlZ oehjb^Z
^Z\e_gby J jZ\gZ Zedh]heylZ hdkZeZlZ b ^j L_ogbq_kdb_ hdkb^u `_e_aZ
] = ] 3 >d]f q@
3 ihemq_ggu_ l_jfhebahf khe_c jZaebqZxlky fhjnheh
]b_c b ^_n_dlghklvx qZklbp qlh h[mkeh\eb\Z_l jZaebq
]^_ z0 — ijhba\h^bl_evghklv dZlZebaZlhjZ ijb Zlfh gmx Zdlb\ghklv \ obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbyo b qZklh h]jZgb
kn_jghf ^Z\e_gbb qb\Z_l \hafh`ghklv bo bkihevah\Zgby ^ey ijb]hlh\e_
Ih ^Zgguf ;G @b^dh\Z <B :ljhs_gdh b gby dZlZebaZlhjh\ >—33].
:I AZkhjbgZ kdhjhklv dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z m]e_jh GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gguc f_lh^ ihemq_gby Zd
^Z iZjZfb \h^u gZ `_e_ahojhfh\hf dZlZebaZlhj_ hij_ lb\gh]h hdkb^Z `_e_aZ [Zabjm_lky gZ kh\f_klghf hkZ`
^_ey_lky mjZ\g_gb_f ^_gbb ba jZkl\hjh\ khe_c g_ jZkl\hjbfuo \ \h^_ kh_^b
−
GS &2
=N
S &2
(12)
g_gbc `_e_aZ ]b^jhdkb^h\ dZj[hgZlh\ ]b^jhdkhdZj
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rZy ieZklbq_kdZy \yadhklv η2 — \yadhklv mijm]h]h
iZjh\uo dhleh\ dZlZebaZlhj dhg\_jkbb fhghhdkb^Z
ihke_^_ckl\by τ — \j_fy ^_ckl\by gZ]jmadb
m]e_jh^Z ^he`_g h[eZ^Zlv \ukhdhc k_e_dlb\ghklvx ih
< nhjfh\hqghc fZkk_ ijbkmlkl\mxl \k_ ljb \b^Z
hlghr_gbx d hkgh\ghc j_Zdpbb — h[jZah\Zgbx \h^h
^_nhjfZpbc [ukljZy weZklbq_kdZy mijm]Zy εmi f_^
jh^Z IhdZaZgh qlh [he__ \ukhdmx k_e_dlb\ghklv \
j_Zdpbb ijhy\ey_l n_jjbl f_^b ih kjZ\g_gbx k e_ggZy weZklbq_kdZy εwe ieZklbq_kdZy εie DZ`^h_ keZ
n_jjblhf dZevpby >@ ]Z_fh_ \ mjZ\g_gbb khhl\_lkl\m_l i_j_qbke_gguf
\b^Zf ^_nhjfZpbc l_ ε′ = εmi + εwe + εie Hlkx^Z fh`
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Wdkljm^bjh\Zggu_ dZlZebaZlhju \uau\Zxl ih\u kljmdlmjgh-f_oZgbq_kdbo k\hckl\ nhjfh\hqguo dZlZ
r_gguc bgl_j_k m bkke_^h\Zl_e_c b nbjf ijhba\h^y ebaZlhjguo fZkk Z ih ihemq_gguf ba g__ ^Zgguf fh`
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f_ljbq_kdhc nhjfhc bo ]jZgme Wlh klZgh\blky ihgyl lhjZ ijb]hlh\e_ggZy ih ljZ^bpbhgghc l_ogheh]bb im
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lhjh\ b khj[_glh\ kms_kl\_ggh \eby_l gZ oZjZdl_j ijh \h^hc hlghkblky d gme_\hfm kljmdlmjgh-f_oZgbq_kdhfm
p_kkh\ fZkkh- b l_iehh[f_gZ \ keh_ Z lZd`_ gZ ]Zah^b lbim k ij_h[eZ^Zgb_f [ukljuo weZklbq_kdbo ^_nhjfZ
gZfbq_kdh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ B a^_kv k emqr_c klhjhgu pbc jbk h[jZa_p H[jZ[hldZ wlhc `_ fZkku ih ^\mo
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kljmdlmju H[sZy ihjbklhklv wdkljm^bjh\Zgguo dZlZ ^mxsbf ^h[Z\e_gb_f g_h[oh^bfh]h dhebq_kl\Z hdkb^Z
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F_lh^ nhjfh\Zgby wdkljmab_c hlebqZ_lky hlghkbl_ev kgbablv \_ebqbgm [ukljuo weZklbq_kdbo ^_nhjfZpbc k
ghc ijhklhlhc b g_ lj_[m_l ijbf_g_gby ^hjh]hklhys_]h ^h jbk h[jZa_p Ijb wlhf f_^e_ggu_ weZklbq_
h[hjm^h\Zgby h[_ki_qb\Zy ihemq_gb_ dZlZebaZlhjh\ k kdb_ b ieZklbq_kdb_ ^_nhjfZpbb \hajZklZxl khhl\_lkl\_g
^hklZlhqgh \ukhdhc f_oZgbq_kdhc ijhqghklvx gh k ^h b k ^h >@
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k\yaZg k l_f qlh ih^[hj fZkk ^ey nhjfh\Zgby ]jZgme k\hckl\ gZjy^m k nZdlhjhf baf_evq_gby qZklbp hdkb^Z
dZlZebaZlhjh\ ijh\h^blky dZd ijZ\beh wfibjbq_kdbf `_e_aZ y\ey_lky \hajZklZgb_ obfbq_kdh]h \aZbfh^_ckl
iml_f qlh aZqZklmx aZljm^gy_l \u[hj hilbfZevghc \by dhfihg_glh\ Z lZd`_ \ha^_ckl\b_ \h^hjZkl\hjbfh
j_p_ilmju b kihkh[Z ihemq_gby nhjfh\hqghc fZkku ]h ihebf_jZ iheb\bgbeh\uc kibjl beb dZj[hdkbf_
GZ gZr \a]ey^ jZajZ[hldZ gh\uo b mkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ lbep_eexehaZ MklZgh\e_gh qlh dZlZebaZlhjgZy fZkkZ
kms_kl\mxsbo kihkh[h\ ijb]hlh\e_gby dZlZebaZlhj ihemq_ggZy ba n_jjblh\ dZevpby b f_^b h[eZ^Z_l \u
91
k jã ÒÓ s s väÒ¯Óºm k k jã ÒÓ
k —492.
fby k
B E E_cl_kZ F Obfby
k
1 k —45.
0
k
abhggh]h nhjfh\Zgby
k
—871.
18. Bevbg : I b ^j <hij dbg_lbdb b dZlZebaZ B\Zgh\h
khdbfb j_heh]bq_kdbfb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb ^Z`_ [_a
k —114.
^h[Z\hd ihebf_jh\ Ijb wlhf \_ebqbgu [ukljuo b 19. Nmj_g W E b ^j Dbg_lbdZ b dZlZeba
l k .
f_^e_gguo weZklbq_kdbo ^_nhjfZpbc b ieZklbq_kdhc 20. Nmj_g W E b ^j Obf ijhf-klv
k —288.
^_nhjfZpbb khklZ\eyxl khhl\_lkl\_ggh 21. Nmj_g W E b ^j Dbg_lbdZ b dZlZeba
l
nhjfh\Zgby dZlZebaZlhjguo fZkk \ ]jZgmeu 23. :ljhs_gdh < B b ^j L_ogheh]by k\yaZggh]h ZahlZ OZjv
emqZlv \ukhdh^bki_jkgu_ ihjhrdb n_jjblh\ dZevpby b 29. >abkvdh < : Dbg_lbdZ b dZlZeba
l k
f_^b Z lZd`_ kms_kl\_ggh kgbablv l_fi_jZlmjm ihke_ 30. Rbjhdh\ X = >bkk ^hdl l_og gZmd B\Zgh\h
k
^mxs_c l_jfhh[jZ[hldb N_jjbl dZevpby ijhy\ey_l 31. Kl_iZgh\ ? = Dhl_evgbdh\ = J DZlZeba \ ijhfure_ggh
jZlmj — K Z n_jjbl f_^b gZb[he__ Zdlb\_g \ 32. Dhl_evgbdh\ = J @ ijbde obfbb l
EBL?J:LMJ: k
—497.
37. QZeuc < I =b^jhhdbkb f_lZeeh\ Db_\ GZmdh\Z ^mfdZ
1. I_ljh\ E : DZlZeba \ ijhfure_gghklb
k
k
2. Imlbeh\ : < Obfby b jughd
k —35.
38. :\\Zdmfh\ ? = F_oZgbq_kdb_ f_lh^u Zdlb\Zpbb obfbq_
3. IZjfhg < G Obfby \ bgl_j_kZo mklhcqb\h]h jZa\blby
kdbo ijhp_kkh\ Gh\hkb[bjkd GZmdZ k
l k
92
39. Eyoh\ G A ;he^uj_\ < < Ba\ KH :G KKKJ l
58. IZ\exobg XL b ^j Ba\ :G KH :G KKKJ l
k —8. k —20.
40. F_oZghobfbq_kdbc kbgl_a \ g_hj]Zgbq_kdhc obfbb K[ 59. Bkmih\Z E: b ^j Dbg_lbdZ b dZlZeba l
gZmqg lj Ih^ j_^ ?= :\\Zdmfh\Z Gh\hkb[bjkd GZmdZ k —320.
k 60. Bkmih\Z E: b ^j LZf `_ l k —480.
41. Rbjhdh\ X = Bevbg : I Ba\ KH :G J:G KKKJ
61. Hkljhmrdh :: Rm[_jl W @ ijbde obfbb l
k —38. k —1320.
42. ;mly]bg I X Mki_ob obfbb l k —1780.
62. Lj_lvydh\ X> L\_j^hnZagu_ j_Zdpbb F Obfby
43. ;he^uj_\ < < :\\Zdmfh\ ? = LZf `_ l
k
k —1856. 63. >_evfhg ; Dbg_lbdZ ]_l_jh]_gguo j_Zdpbc F Fbj
44. ;mygh\ J : FheqZgh\ < < Obf ijhf k —158.
k
45. Rbjhdh\ X = F_oZghobfby \ l_ogheh]bb dZlZebaZlhjh\
64. Ijh^Zg ? : G_hj]Zgbq_kdZy lhihobfby Fbgkd GZmdZ b
51. ;eykk_
k @ DjbklZeehobfby n_jjhribg_e_c F F_lZeemj
k —106.
]by k 69. Bevbg : : Kfbjgh\ G G Bevbg : I L_jfh^bgZfbdZ
93