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Lecture #1
Management and its types
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ − это целенаправленное воздействие
на объект управления с целью получения желаемого
результата.
MANAGEMENT is a purposeful influence on the object of
management in order to obtain the desired result.
In automatic control, the control action on the control object is carried out by an
automatic control device that operates independently of the human operator according
to a given algorithm and based on the use of information about the control result and
the state of the control object.
2. АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ 2. AUTOMATIC CONTROL
Program control systems are systems that automate the mode of operation of the
control object according to a given program (works according to a given program).
Follow-up automatic control systems are systems in which the control action on the
control object strictly follows the change in the value of the input signal in the control
device (responds to a change in external influence).
3. АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ
High-level automation (BIG DATA technology) is a series of approaches, tools and methods for
processing structured and unstructured data of huge volumes. As defining characteristics for these
approaches, "VVV" is noted: Volume (volume), Velocity (speed of processing and obtaining
results), Variety (variety of types of structured and unstructured data).
To reveal knowledge, the EXPERT BASE system provides DATA MINING technology tools:
- construction of association rules (how the decision to move from one task to another is made);
- construction of decision trees (all possible solutions or a base of obtained results for an expert);
- cluster analysis (a class of methods that are used to classify objects or events in sufficiently
homogeneous groups);
- construction of mathematical functions.
Интересные факты современности
• 90% of information in the world has been created and posted online in the last 2 years
(2017 data)
• the cost of storing 1 GB of information has decreased by 1000,000,000 times from 1980 to
2009
• Now all PCs have computing capabilities commensurate with the capabilities of the brain
of one person. By 2024, there will be one computer that has the computing power of one
human brain.
• From 2001 to 2016, the cost of sequencing the genome of one person decreased by 100,000
times
• In 2016, for the first time, artificial intelligence beat the world champion in Go
3. АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ
3. AUTOMATED CONTROL
Местное управление
Local government
Мнемосхемы на рабочем месте АРМ-оператора
Gas station
Рабочее место АРМ-оператора (ПАО «Уралкалий» завод)
Continuous systems are control systems, all signals of which are continuous in time (constant
continuous control).
Discrete action systems are control systems, all signals of which are discontinuous (discrete)
in time.
Discrete automatic control systems are of three types:
1. Relay In relay automatic control systems, signals jump from one level to another.
2. Pulse In pulse systems, signals are represented as two forms of pulses, varying in
amplitude or in frequency.
3. Digital In digital control systems, a signal is represented by a set of pulses of a given
bit width, frequency, and amplitude, and all signal information is contained in a
combination of alternating symbols 0 and 1, i.e. in the alternation of the presence of a single
impulse and its absence.
4.2. СИСТЕМЫ ПРЯМОГО И НЕПРЯМОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ
4.2. СИСТЕМЫ ПРЯМОГО И НЕПРЯМОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ
4.2.1. В системах прямого управления энергии сигнала технического средства
получения информации достаточно для управления объектом. (Поплавковый
регулятор уровня жидкости в буллите или резервуаре).
4.2.1. In direct control systems, the signal energy of the technical means of obtaining
information is sufficient to control the object. (Float regulator of the liquid level in the
bullet or tank).