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Напутствие автора
Мой учебник подойдет как для самостоятельного изучения (из-за простой подачи
материала, разъяснений тонкостей экзамена и ключей), так и для работы учителя в
рамках подготовки школьника к экзамену (я включила в пособие перевод,
упражнения на выведение грамматики в речь и задания в формате экзамена). Ключи
находятся в отдельном файле, который становится доступен для скачивания вместе с
этой книгой.
Успехов в подготовке!
P.S. Если вы заметили у меня ошибку или хотите поделиться соображениями о том,
как можно улучшить это пособие, пишите на почту irene-schmidt@4languagetutors.ru!
Всегда рада обратной связи.
Оглавление
Напутствие автора ................................................................................................... 2
Раздел «Грамматика и лексика» ........................................................................... 5
Существительные .................................................................................................... 8
Множественное число ............................................................................................................................ 8
Составные имена существительные ...................................................................................................... 9
Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные ............................................................................11
Притяжательный падеж ........................................................................................................................14
Местоимения ......................................................................................................... 18
Личные, притяжательные и возвратные местоимения .....................................................................18
Указательные местоимения .................................................................................................................23
Неопределенные местоимения ...........................................................................................................25
Количественные местоимения ............................................................................................................29
Числительные ........................................................................................................ 34
Прилагательные ..................................................................................................... 38
Степени сравнения прилагательных....................................................................................................38
Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на –ing/-ed..................................................................................43
Наречие................................................................................................................... 47
Глагол ..................................................................................................................... 51
Active Voice............................................................................................................................................52
Present Simple.....................................................................................................................................52
To be....................................................................................................................................................52
Present Continuous..............................................................................................................................58
Present Perfect .....................................................................................................................................63
Past Simple ..........................................................................................................................................70
Present Perfect and Past Simple ..........................................................................................................73
Past Continuous ...................................................................................................................................76
Past Simple and Past Continuous ........................................................................................................78
Past Perfect ..........................................................................................................................................81
Будущее в английском языке ...........................................................................................................85
Future Simple ......................................................................................................................................85
going to................................................................................................................................................87
Passive Voice ..........................................................................................................................................91
Present Simple .....................................................................................................................................92
Чтобы выполнить его на максимум – 9 баллов, нужно определить часть речи, которая
написана в колонке справа. И знать, как она может измениться на экзамене. Кратко эту
информацию можно найти в разделе ниже, а подробнее – в соответствующих главах этой
книги.
Существительные
С существительными в задании на грамматику может произойти следующее:
1) Они образуют множественное число (наиболее вероятный вариант)
2) Они образуют притяжательный падеж (это вариант почти не встречается в
экзаменационных заданиях)
Множественное число
В таблице представлены способы образования множественного числа в английском:
-ves к сущ., оканчивающимся на -f/-fe (-f/-fe меняется knives, leaves, lives, wives,
на –v+es) wolves
Исключения: beliefs, chiefs, handkerchiefs, proofs,
roofs, safes
Исключения:
Люди: child – children, man – men, person – people, woman – women
Части тела: foot – feet, tooth – teeth
Животные: deer – deer, goose – geese, louse – lice, mouse – mice, sheep – sheep, fish –
fish
1) Transformation. Make plural nouns and put them in the correct columns:
bench, box, car, child, church, class, country, day, difficulty, exercise, family, fly, foot, fox, kiss,
life, loaf, man-of-war, mouse, party, person, play, puppy, radio, scarf, shelf, story, tomato, tooth,
watch, woman
benches
class – potato –
goose – proof –
fork – sandwich –
fish – schoolbag –
handkerchief – wife –
man – wish –
3) Exam task.
Two (5) __________ enter. Yolanda and Claudina walk through the WOMAN
crowd like (6) _____________. I’m sure they have (7) __________ CELEBRITY
in their stomachs before the match. Both jump into the wrestling ring BUTTERFLY
and the fight starts.
Both Yolanda and Claudina are good mothers and (8) _______. WIFE
Yolanda is one of the top wrestlers. During the day she makes clothes
– mostly (9) __________. She also has two (10) _________ who both DRESS CHILD
look like her.
4) Exam task.
When I crossed a small road on my first day in the city, I was surprised because
I heard a bell – it was a tiny man pulling a rickshaw. He stopped and picked up
two (4) _________ from the front door of their house and then pulled them to CHILD
school. Rickshaws are also very popular with local (5) __________. The driver SHOPPER
takes you from your house to the market and waits for you. Then he loads all
your (6) ___________ and drops you off outside your home. PURCHASE
But not everyone thinks rickshaws are a good thing. Some local AUTHORITY
(7) ____________ want to ban rickshaws on ‘humanitarian grounds’. However,
there is a problem with this plan. Many of the rickshaw (8) __________ come DRIVER
from the countryside with no job and no qualifications. If the city bans
rickshaws, these (9) ________ won’t have a job or income. MAN
Есть еще ряд неисчисляемых существительных, которые сюда не вошли, например: traffic,
information, money, homework, fruit, luggage, transport и т.д. Обратите внимание, что слова
news и advice, которые являются исчисляемыми в русском языке, в английском
принадлежат к категории неисчисляемых существительных. То есть, правильно будет the
news is interesting и your advice is rather useful.
Исчисляемое Неисчисляемое
1) Trasnformation. Choose the nouns that can be countable and write their plural form:
Example: bank - banks
accommodation, bank, bus, cheese, chocolate, cocoa, cotton, cup, furniture, hair, luggage, milk,
music, news, oil, piece, potato, sandwich, secret, spaghetti, work
2) Multiple choice .
a) Have you done all your homework/homeworks?
b) Good luck/lucks at your exam!
c) Mary has got long hair/hairs and green eye/eyes.
d) Buy meat/meats in the shop, and some egg/eggs too. Oh, we need bread/breads and
cheese/cheeses too.
e) You can't believe it, but these statues are made of paper/papers.
f) Good friend/friends are better than good money/moneys.
g) Have you heard the new/news today?
h) Let's make some cheese sandwich/sandwiches.
i) My friends always give me good advice/advices.
j) We would like to have two coffee/coffees and two lemon cake/cakes, please.
k) I am not working now, so I don't have much/many money/moneys.
l) If you want an/a/- advice, you must go to Carl - he's experienced in these matters.
m) The cheese/cheeses is/are really delicious, try them.
n) There are a few/a little car/cars in our street.
o) We've got a few/a little luggage/luggages so we can not check it.
p) Black sand come/comes from volcanic rock.
q) This music/musics is/are beautiful.
r) Could you go to the shop and buy a few/a little food/foods?
s) An/a/- education/educations is/are important.
t) Would you like a/an/- glass of orange juice?
Притяжательный падеж
Одушевленное существительное
1) Transformation.
Example: the wife of Frank – Frank’s wife
a) the house of Smiths –
b) the spoons of the children –
c) the cars of the boys –
d) the book of Sue –
e) the hair of the men –
3) Exam task.
Rich and Amanda Ligato worked hard. The (1)___________ careers were COUPLE
really successful. They often intended to do something fun and exciting at the
weekend but, in the end, there was never time. One day they asked
themselves, ‘Is this all there is?’
They realised that they wanted to stop working and to go travelling. But first
they needed to save some money. Every month they lived on the (2)________ MAN
salary and saved his (3)_________. Then they bought a campervan to travel WIFE
from the bottom of South America to Brazil and from there they hoped to get
to Africa on a container ship.
(4)____________ opinion was that they were crazy. Even their COLLEAGUES
(5)__________ view was similar but, finally, the day came. They left their FRIENDS
home and started to live their dream.
4) Exam task.
5) Exam task.
The Masai are an African tribe of about half a million (1) ________. PERSON
Groups of Masai also live in other parts of east Africa, including north
Tanzania and they move their animals (cows, (2) ________ and goats) to SHEEP
different areas of the region.
Probably, one of the most colourful (3) _____________ for Masai is the CEREMONY
festival of ‘Eunoto’. This is a rite of passage when the teenage boys of the
Masai become (4)_______. MAN
‘Eunoto’ lasts for many (5)______ and Masai travel across the region to DAY
get to a special place near the border between Kenya and Tanzania. The
teenage (6)______ names are ‘warriors’. BOYS
At the beginning of the ceremony, the teenagers paint their (7) _______. BODY
The teenagers also have to change their appearance at ‘Eunoto’. Masai
(8)________ hair is very long before the ritual but they have to cut it off. In MEN
Masai culture, hair is an important symbol. For example, when a baby
grows into an infant, the mother cuts the (9) ______ hair and gives the CHILD
child a name. At a Masai wedding, (10) ________ hair is also cut off as she BRIDE
becomes a woman.
Местоимения
I me my mine myself
3) Multiple choice.
a) My (I) office is on the ground floor. When _____ (you) technician comes into the
building, tell ____ (he) ____ (I) door is on the right. Go through the first office and into the next
room. The broken photocopier is opposite the door.
b) Chris and Stephanie Hallowich built _____ (they) ‘dream house’ in the middle of the
Pennsylvania countryside in 2007. But at the same time, gas companies moved into the area.
Since then, _______ (they) have found chemicals in their drinking water and pollution in the air.
c) Donald Roessler has lived on ____ (he) farm for most of _____ (he) life. He hasn’t
earned much money from farming but two years ago an energy company wanted the gas under
his farm. ______ (they) offered Donald a regular monthly income and he agreed with ______
(they) immediately.
d) Dear Mum and Dad,
I am really enjoying (I) ______ first term at college. The lessons are really interesting and I have
lots of friends. (I) ____ best friend is Simon, he is doing the same course as (I) _____. Simon
lives with (he) ________ family in a flat near the university. I visited (they) _____ yesterday.
(They) ______ flat is much nicer than (I) ______.
By the way, we did (we) _______ first project last week and got an A!
Lots of love,
Dan
6) Translation.
7) Speaking. Choose 10-15 pronouns from the list and give a talk about your family using
these pronouns: I, she, he, it (about a pet), we, they, my, his, her, its, our, their, mine, his, hers,
its, ours, theirs, myself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves.
8) Exam task
Pat Crisswell had a good job with the government. But he didn’t want to
do (1)______. So one day, he gave up (2) ___ job and moved to a ranch in IT HE
Texas, earning much less as a cowboy. He remembers (3)_____ work HE
colleagues in the city on the day he left. They all thought Pat was crazy.
Two brothers – Tyrel and Blaine Tucker – have lived on ranches and
worked with cows since they were children. (4) _____ mother had a ranch THEY
in Wyoming. Last winter, they looked after 2,300 cows. Eighteen-year-old
Tyrel Tucker says, ‘It was fun. You get to be by (5)_______.’ YOU
Blaine has a large moustache and Tyrel is growing (6)____. They wear HE
traditional cowboy clothes with the famous hat and boots. You could do the
same job in a baseball cap and a truck but Tyrel and Blaine prefer the
traditional cowboy culture: ‘It’s a real life about you, (7)_____ horse and YOU
the open country.’
Указательные местоимения
2) Exam task.
Now I'm going to introduce you to my best friends - (1) _____________ THIS
are Nilo and Tom. I met them when we started going to school. In
(2)_________ days we didn't have any gadgets and we played football in THAT
the yard all day long.
One day Tom came to me and he was holding something in his hand. He
said, "Hey, I found (3) _______ in our secret cave". We had our own secret THIS
place in the nearest forest, between two large bushes standing next to a big
apple tree, We used the leaves of (4)_______ bushes for our hideout. THAT
So, Tom was holding two coins in his hand, (5)__________ looked like THIS
some ancient coins the pirates used to steal and hide in their treasures.
Неопределенные местоимения
Как видите, в колонке "Кто?" возможно два варианта - с окончанием -body или -one, и оба
будут правильными.
Exam tip. Как это работает на экзамене? На экзамене будет дана начальная форма для
изменения - some, any, no, every и вам нужно будет по смыслу дописать по смыслу
1) Multiple choice.
a) This term was really difficult. We had some/any/no/every difficult projects to do.
b) Some/any/no/every people like cats, and some/any/no/every people like dogs.
c) Some/any/no/every person in our family likes sunbathing.
d) Are there some/any/no/every sweets left?
e) Don't give him some/any/no/every cakes! He's already eaten 7!
f) Some/any/no/every students are allowed to use mobile phones during the exam.
g) Sorry, I have to go now, I have some/any/no/every time left.
h) Some/any/no/every person that I met at this conference could speak Russian so now I
have lots of contacts from my colleagues all over the world.
2) Multiple choice.
a) I have never been somewhere/anywhere/nowhere/everywhere more beautiful than Spain.
b) He told me something/anything/nothing/everything interesting about his life.
c) Somebody/anybody/nobody/everybody needs a good friend.
d) After his parents asked him to leave he had somewhere/anywhere/nowhere/everywhere to
live.
e) I told my parents something/anything/nothing/everything about my bad behaviour and
they decided to punish me.
f) I guess I have already met him somewhere/anywhere/nowhere/everywhere. I remember
his face.
g) Hi, have you heard something/anything/nothing/everything new about Charlie today?
h) I came in the room, but I could see somebody/anybody/nobody/everybody in it - everyone
has gone home.
i) I am sure somebody/anybody/nobody/everybody is listening to us - we're alone in this
room.
j) Somebody/anybody/nobody/everybody likes to eat ice-cream in the summer.
3) Transformation.
Example: I want to go somewhere tonight. (some)
a) Let's do ______________ important for our classes. (some)
4) Exam task.
5) Exam task.
Количественные местоимения
Обратите внимание, что местоимение many не всегда изменяется на much, оно также
имеет формы сравнительной и превосходной степени. Подробнее об этом можно
прочитать в главе про степени сравнения прилагательных.
Подробнее про то, как отличить исчисляемое существительное от неисчисляемого, можно
прочитать в соответствующей главе.
Местоимения a little и a few отличаются от little и few тем, что они обозначают большее
количество предмета. Например, I have a little money, I can buy something to eat значит, что
у меня все-таки есть некоторое количество денег. А предложение I have little money, I can't
even buy a ticket значит, что денег у меня недостаточно. Экзаменационных заданий на
трансформацию few в little, а также на разницу между a few/few или a little/little не
встречала, и вы вряд ли встретите.
1) Multiple choice.
a) I have many/much friends in my school.
b) My parents aren't rich, they don't have many/much money.
c) We don't have many/much snow this winter.
d) Did Katya give you many/much good advice?
e) I don't see many/much squirrels in this park.
f) These shoes don't cost many/much. I can afford them.
g) Only much/many/a little/little/a few/few classmates signed our document and it was a
disappointment,
h) I don't see much/many/a little/little/a few/few sense in going there by train - going by car
would be cheaper and almost as fast as the train.
i) Much/Many/A little/ Little/A few/Few pupils passed the exam, and I was among the lucky
ones.
j) I know much/many/a little/little/a few/few about history because it has never interested
me.
4) Translation
a) Я что-то должна была сделать, но забыла. И я не записала, что должна была
сделать, в ежедневник. Теперь ничто не напомнит мне об этом.
b) Кто те люди? Я никогда их не видела.
c) Я не съела много, потому что порции в кафе были маленькими.
d) - Тима, ты слишком много играешь на компьютере! - Но мам, у меня очень мало
игр. - Да, но ты проводишь за ним много времени!
e) Ты кого-нибудь видела? Здесь должно быть собрание, но никого нет.
f) - Тебе понравились эти сендвичи? - Не очень, мне кажется, те были бы вкуснее.
g) Все, кто был на вечеринке, услышали какой-то странный звук и начали везде
смотреть, чтобы найти его источник.
h) Тот мальчик, что играет с мячом, кажется мне знакомым.
i) Мне кажется, в этом салате есть совсем немного петрушки. Да,моя сестра клала
сюда чуть-чуть.
j) В этом горожде много интересных достопримечательностей. - Да? А когда я туда
ездила, мне казалось, что там мало что можно посмотреть.
shops
entertainment
will be like using many/much/few/little/some/any/every/no.
Example: In 2218 there will be a few trees and no animals but many people.
6) Exam task.
The Plastiki looks similar to (1) ____________ other boats or yachts in MUCH
Sydney harbour. It’s eighteen metres long, six metres wide and it weighs
about twelve thousand kilogrammes. It carries a crew of (2)_________ A LITTLE
people and has an average speed of five knots. However, once you get near
to the Plastikiyou realise there’s a big difference. It’s made of MUCH
(3)__________ reclaimed plastic bottles - twelve thousand five hundred.
The environmentalist David De Rothschild was reading (4) ________ MANY
about all the plastic in the seas and oceans. He couldn’t believe what he
was reading. For example, humans throw away four out of every five
plastic bottles they use and plastic rubbish causes about eighty per cent of
the pollution in the sea - too (5)_________! Soon afterwards, Rothschild MANY
decided he wanted to help the fight against pollution in the sea
(6)_________. A FEW
It was important for him to make the boat environmentally-friendly and
user-friendly. The boat uses (7)____________ energy sources including A LITTLE
wind power and solar energy. The crew can make meals with vegetables
from the small garden at the back of the boat. They can take a break from
work and get (8)_________ exercise by using the special exercise bicycle. A FEW
7) Exam task.
Числительные
Количественные Порядковые
1 one first
2 two second
3 three third
4 four fourth
5 five fifth
6 six sixth
7 seven seventh
8 eight eighth
9 nine ninth
10 ten tenth
11 eleven eleventh
12 twelve twelfth
13 thirteen thirteenth
14 fourteen fourteenth
15 fifteen fifteenth
16 sixteen sixteenth
17 seventeen seventeenth
18 eighteen eighteenth
19 nineteen nineteenth
20 twenty twentieth
21 twenty-one twenty-first
22 twenty-two twenty-second
30 thirty thirtieth
40 forty fortieth
50 fifty fiftieth
60 sixty sixtieth
70 seventy seventieth
80 eighty eightieth
90 ninety ninetieth
100 a (one) hundred a (one) hundredth
101 a (one) hundred and one a (one) hundred and first
102 a (one) hundred and two a (one) hundred and second
200 two hundred two hundredth
253 two hundred and fifty-three two hundred and fifty-third
1,000 a (one) thousand a (one) thousandth
1,001 a (one) thousand and one a (one) thousand and first
2,250 two thousand two hundred and fifty two thousand two hundred and fiftieth
3,000 three thousand three thousandth
100,000 a (one) hundred thousand a (one) hundred thousandth
1,000,000 a (one) million a (one) millionth
2,000,000 two million two millionth
4. Исключения из общей модели написания (можно сравнить по таблице выше) - the first,
the second, the third, the fifth, the ninth, the twelfth.
1) Speaking. Read: 125; 1,771; 650; 25; 11; 1,992; 125,790; 2,017; 1,728; 256,320; 19.
2) Speaking and writing. Write and say the correct number that goes between these ones:
a) 4 _____________________ 6
b) 14 ____________________16
c) 25 ____________________27
d) 44 ____________________ 46
e) 79 ____________________81
f) 111 ___________________113
g) 667 ___________________669
h) 920 ___________________922
i) 3,022 _________________3,024
j) 12,300 ________________12,302
3) Speaking and writing. Correct the mistakes and say the numbers:
a) twenty two
b) four hundreds
c) two hundred twenty
d) 33678
e) five thousand and three hundred
f) seven thousand eight hundred thirty
4) Exam task. Read the text after inserting the correct words.
Five hundred years ago, Europeans arrived on a new continent. They brought
new cultures and languages to this place which they called America. However,
there were already people living there who had their own cultures and
languages.
As more Europeans arrived, there was a fight for the land with the native
American Indians. By the end of the (1) ___________ century, the Indian tribes NINETEEN
were moved to reservations. A lot of their children were taken away to boarding
schools and these children were taught to speak English. By the end of the
(2)_____________ century more than half of the Native Americans in the US TWENTY
Прилагательные
Степени сравнения
Изменения в правописании:
1) Если прилагательное оканчивается на согласную + -y, то – y меняется на –ie,
например dirty - dirtier – the dirtiest.
2) Если прилагательное оканчивается на краткую гласную + согласную, то конечная
согласная удваивается, например big – bigger – the biggest, fat – fatter – the fattest.
3) Если прилагательное оканчивается на – e, то она отбрасывается, например nice –
nicer-the nicest.
Обратите внимание, что перед прилагательными в превосходной степени ставится
определенный артикль the, кроме тех случаев, когда перед прилагательным стоит
местоимение, числительное или притяжательный падеж, например Katya’s best friend, this
happiest person, one dirtiest shoe.
Exam tip. На ЕГЭ задания сформулированы так, что артикль the уже будет написан перед
пропуском (если он там нужен), и вам нужно будет только написать форму
прилагательного, например:
Christmas is the ____________ time of the year. (HAPPY)
Правильный ответ: HAPPIEST
Превосходная ... have ever V(3) It’s the most beautiful place I have ever
... of all visited.
... in (place) It is the best place of all I’ve seen.
She’s the most intelligent girl in my class.
2) Transformation
far - farther - fartherest
Example: Who is your best friend? (good)
far - further - furtherest
a) Which season do you find ___________ beautiful – spring or autumn? (many)
b) The service in this shop is much ___________ than in that one. (good)
c) It is the ___________ place I have ever visited in my life. (bad)
d) Of all friends, Luke is my ___________ friend. (close)
e) Who is _____________ girl in your class? (clever)
f) Do you think the summer Olympics are _______________ than the winter Olympics?
(interesting)
g) This shirt is too tight. I need something a bit _______________. (loose)
h) The test was really difficult – _____________ than we expected. (difficult)
i) New York is ___________ city in North America. (big)
j) Your mark on the exam is as ____________as Denise’s. (high)
k) The __________we go, the ___________ tired I get. (far, many)
l) This task is so difficult, can we try an ___________ one? (easy)
3) Translation
a) Все твои друзья хорошие, но Джон - лучше всех.
b) Это - лучшая женская баскетбольная команда в стране.
c) Моя мама ниже, чем мой папа.
d) Давай встретимся в библиотеке - это самое спокойное место в школе.
e) Моя спальня - самая холодная комната в доме.
f) Я думаю, Аня - самая умная в нашем классе.
g) Бразилия - самая большая страна в южной Америке.
h) Хоккей - более опасный вид спорта, чем теннис.
i) Баскетбольное поле больше, чем корт для тенниса.
j) Сегодня погода более солнечная, нежели вчера.
4) Speaking. Compare the following animals (elephant, crocodile, mouse, hamster, dolphin,
tiger, cheetah, dog, cat) using the comparative degree of these adjectives: small, tall,
heavy, light, dangerous, fast, friendly.
Example: Crocodile is more dangerous than mouse.
5) Speaking. Put the adjective in brackets in the superlative degree and answer the
questions:
Who is ____________ (good) singer on the world?
Who is _________________ (clever) person in your family?
Who of your friends is ____________ (funny)?
Who is ____________ (tall) person in your class?
Who is ____________ (talented) actor and actress in the world?
6) Exam task.
Greenland is the (1)____________ island in the world but has a small population LARGE
of 56,000. Many of these ‘Greenlanders’ live (2)_________ to the coastline СLOSE
because a large part of the country is covered with ice and glaciers. (3)_______ MANY
than a quarter of all the people live in the capital, Nuuk. Since the 1960s, the
country has had economic difficulties and social problems. Its traditional
industry – and its (4) ___________ – is fishing but the country still imports BIG
much (5)______ than it exports. Now, however, life is about to change MANY
dramatically for many Greenlanders – and all because of the weather.
Most scientists agree that the world’s climate is getting (6) __________ and you WARM
can already see the difference in Greenland. For example, small icebergs – about
the size of city buses – are floating near to the coast. Furthermore, the huge sheet
of ice which covers Greenland is shrinking by about 75 cubic kilometres each
year. If all of Greenland’s ice melted, sea levels across the world would rise by
7.5 metres.
Farming will change. The growing season is (7)___________ with spring LONG
arriving earlier and (8)_________ summers. On the one hand, if the country LONG
produced more of its own food, it wouldn’t need to import so much. On the
other hand, some farmers are worried. They think the (9)_________ summers DRY
might create new problems. For example, last year, it was so dry, farmers
produced half the normal amount of food.
7) Exam task
During the seventies, Gombe became one of the (1)____________ places to DANGEROUS
work. It is on the border of four different countries and there was fighting
between soldiers and rebels. (2)______ foreigners fled the region but Jane MANY
stayed. In the end, she needed a military escort in order to continue her work. In
one of her diaries from this period she notices that chimpanzees can also be
violent: ‘I thought the chimps were (3)________ than we are. But time has NICE
revealed that they are not. They can be just the (4) _________ animals.’ AWFUL
After 1989, Jane left her career in Gombe in order to do other work. She set up
sanctuaries for chimps which had been captured or were orphans because of the
trade in chimpanzee meat. Nowadays, she spends about 300 days a year giving
interviews, talks and lectures, meeting with government officials and raising
money for the Jane Goodall Institute which continues her research. She has
(5)________ spare time than she had before but she still spends part of every LITTLE
year in the forest in Gombe, watching her chimpanzees.
1) Multiple choice.
a) In my opinion, books are bored/boring.
b) I have worked all day. My work is really tired/tiring.
c) My small brother thinks his new toy is very excited/exciting.
d) This film is so dull, I’m bored/boring.
e) I don’t think your joke is funny. I am not amused/amusing.
f) The teacher was disappointed/disappointing with the behaviour of her class.
g) The news about this terrible accident was shocked/shocking.
h) Hi! I am very pleased/pleasing to see you.
i) I can’t stand horror films, I get frightened/frightening by them.
j) My friend said we would meet at 7pm, but it’s 7 already and he’s not here. Where is he? I
am confused/confusing.
2) Transformation.
Example: It’s the most exciting film I have ever watched! (excite)
a) I was absolutely ___________ by the special effects of this film. (amaze)
b) My roommate is rather ______________. He always disturbs me and asks me stupid
questions. (annoy)
c) This excursion was absolutely __________________. I’d rather go to bed. (exhaust)
d) It’s not __________________ that she’s so busy – she’s got two kids and a job. (surprise)
e) I like comedies with Charlie Chaplin. They are very _______________ (amuse)
f) The football match yesterday was ___________________ to watch – Ronaldo scored 3
goals! (excite)
g) I was _____________ when I learnt they moved to Australia, it’s such an unexpected
decision! (shock)
h) I’m _____________ in Italian history, I’ve read tons of books on it. (interest)
© Кузнецова Ирина, 2020
45
3) Translation.
a) Учиться больше 5 часов в день - очень утомительно.
b) Я упала в ресторане. Это было так неловко!
c) Когда я прилетела на остров, три дня лил дождь. Мне было очень скучно
d) Когда я увидела льва так близко, была очень напугана.
e) Книга была такая интересная, что я читала ее всю ночь.
f) Эти инструкции такие запутанные! Не могу в них разобраться!
g) Я работала сегодня 12 часов, я измождена.
h) Катя так подавлена, потому что вчера поругалась со своим бойфрендом.
i) Я так взволнована! Моя дочь выиграла чемпионат по танцам!
j) Я была очень заинтересована этим фильмом, у него такая непредсказуемая
концовка.
4) Exam task.
- Hi, Nicole! Have you already read that book Mrs Fletcher told us
to read on holidays?
- The long one? No, I haven’t yet. I’m afraid it will be
(1)_____________! BORE
- Absolutely not! I finished it yesterday, and I can say it’s
absolutely (2)___________! The storyline is so (3)_______________ I AMAZE EXCITE
couldn’t put it down. And there are plenty of (4)___________ moments AMUSE
as well. I’m totally (5)______________ by it and advise you to read it as FASCINATE
soon as possible. EXCITE
- Wow, thanks for advice! You sound really (6)_____________, INTEREST
you made me (7)______________ in reading it.
5) Exam task.
Наречие
Обратите внимание, что определенный артикль the перед превосходной степенью наречия
не ставится.
Понять, какая степень сравнения наречия нам нужна, можно по переводу и тем же словам-
индикаторам, которые были верны и для прилагательных.
i) really
j) slowly
k) suddenly
l) well
2) Transformation.
a) Cheetah runs_______________ of all animals. (fast)
b) My Mom wakes up ______________ in our family. (early)
c) Olga speaks English ________________ than Helen. (well)
d) This type of activities I like _____________ . (little)
e) Who works ________________ in your company? (hard)
f) Mike’s essay is written ____________ than Igor’s. (badly)
g) Masha draws as _________________ as her sister. (beautifully)
h) Today you behave __________________ than usual, what’s the matter with you?
(quietly)
i) Sean does the work ___________________ than other students in our group. (carefully)
j) Nick comes to lessons __________________– he lives in another town. (late)
k) Sorry, speak ___________________, please – I can’t catch your words. (slowly)
l) My brother eats ________________ in our family. (quickly)
m) Women need _______________ than men. (much)
n) Mia dresses ___________________ of all our colleagues. (fashionably)
o) You need to take your exams _________________, they are very important. (seriously)
p) Could you explain your idea _______________?(clearly)
3) Translation.
a) Аня встает раньше всех, чтобы успеть погулять с собакой и пойти в школу.
b) Максим нервно листал книгу. Он хотел написать сегодняшний тест более успешно,
чем предыдущий.
c) Самое очевидное - Настя забыла про нашу встречу. Ее нет уже полчаса.
d) Алексей говорит на английском лучше, чем Никита.
e) Нужно работать больше всех, чтобы чего-то добиться.
f) Света всегда так танцует красивее всех! Ей все дается легко!
g) Ваня катается на велосипеде очень быстро, гораздо быстрее меня.
h) Кто-то только что громко кричал на улице, ты не слышала? – Нет, наш телевизор
работает громче и я не слышу звуков с улицы.
4) Exam task.
I was so excited after I had found the holiday in the brochure. It said: ‘Enjoy
a week of sightseeing in one of Europe’s (1)__________ cities while staying BEAUTIFUL
at one of its (2)____________ hotels.’ Now I wasn’t so sure. I had waited LUXURIOUS
fifteen minutes at reception when I arrived and now the shower in my room
wasn’t working.
I called hotel reception. ‘Hello. This is room 308. There isn’t any water in
my bathroom.’
‘I’ll send our hotel engineer immediately.’
In an hour, the engineer came to look at the shower. He hit the pipes a few
times and looked worried. ‘Sorry, but I cannot fix it today. Maybe, it will
work (3)____________ tomorrow.’ Then he held out his hand. GOOD
I couldn’t believe it! He wanted a tip for doing nothing! It was the
(4)___________ service I have ever seen. But suddenly, I had a (5)_______ BAD GOOD
idea. Quickly, I gave the engineer a few coins. He hadn’t fixed my shower
but he had taught me something about staying in his country. Two minutes LATE
(6)________ I was at the reception desk. I explained the problem to the
receptionist and he apologised: ‘This is a terrible situation, but what can we
do?’ I knew exactly what to do. I gave the hotel manager a (7)________ tip GENEROUS
than I gave the engineer. Fifteen minutes later I moved into room 405. It was
twice the size of room 308, it had a wonderful view of the city, a comfortable
bed and, (8)_______________, there was water in the bathroom. IMPORTANTLY
Глагол
Simple
Active Voice
Present Simple
To be
+ - ?
1) Transformation. Insert the correct form of “be”. Then change the sentences into negative
and interrogative form:
Example: He _________ an engineer.
He is an engineer. He isn’t an engineer. Is he an engineer?
a) We ________ students.
b) It ________ cold in our house.
2) Exam task.
2) Are you 16? Do you want to get a part-time job? If so, you (6)_____ BE
welcome to our company! We (7)_____ a small but very friendly team of BE
animators who can offer you work with small kids. I hope you (8) _______ fond BE
of children?
I (9) ______ Ken and I (10)_________ afraid of saying children love me and I BE BE NOT
love them!
Phone +3456789 and join our wonderful team of animators!
+ - ?
l) relax -
m) say -
n) take -
o) teach -
p) think -
q) try -
r) wash -
s) watch –
Exam tip. На экзамене если вам и попадется глагол, который нужно будет поставить в
настоящее простое время, то к нему нужно будет приписать окончание –s или поставить
его в отрицательную форму. В последнем случае перед глаголом будет написана частица
not, например, NOT GO. Не может быть так, чтобы слово, подлежащее изменению,
осталось неизменным.
2) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form.
Example: He _________ as an engineer. (work)
© Кузнецова Ирина, 2020
56
4) Translation.
6) Exam task
Present Continuous
+ - ?
Как видим, образуется это время путем прибавления глагола be в нужной форме
настоящего времени и окончания –ing к глаголу. Вот орфографические правила
прибавления этого окончания:
Обычно к глаголам добавляется просто окончание –ing: studying, playing, reading
Если глагол оканчивается на –e, она отбрасывается: dance-dancing, take-taking
Если глагол заканчивается на одну согласную, а перед ней стоит краткая гласная,
то после согласная удваивается: ban – banning, swim-swimming, stop-stopping
Если глагол заканчивается на –ie, то эти две гласные меняются на –y: die – dying, lie
– lying.
1) Transformation.
Example: see-seeing
a) bake –
b) carry –
c) feel –
d) happen –
e) lie –
f) make –
g) play –
h) run –
i) sit –
j) sleep –
k) stay –
l) stop –
m) study –
n) swim –
o) take –
p) try –
q) use –
r) visit –
s) wait –
t) write –
Еще в любом времени есть так называемые «маркеры» - слова, которые показывают, что
в этом предложении используется именно это время. Для времени Present Continuous это
слова: now, at present, at the moment, nowadays, currently, still, tonight, this summer, Look!
Listen!
* Слова now, nowadays, currently, still могут стоять в середине глагольной формы,
например: They are now listening to music. I am currently reading a book. This shop is
nowadays selling everything at a discount. А также в конце или начале предложения: Now
they are listening to music. Currently I am reading a book. This shop is selling everything at a
discount nowadays.
2) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form:
Example: I am _____________ now. (study)
I am studying now. I am not studying now. Am I studying now?
a) It _________today so I ____________my umbrella with me. (rain, take)
b) I feel better so I _____________ to school today. (go)
c) It’s time to go home, it _______________ late. (get)
d) Ann ___________ (carry) her dog to the vet as it is ill.
e) We don’t have a lot of homework so we _____________ for a walk tonight. (go)
f) They look excited, they _____________ a good time at the party. (have)
g) My cooker isn’t working so I _____________ some sandwiches for myself. (make)
h) The cat ______________ some milk now. (drink)
i) We _______________ our holiday nowadays. (plan)
3) Translation.
a) Где сейчас твоя сестра? - Она в своей комнате, делает уборку.
b) Сейчас он чистит зубы.
c) Сейчас моя мама смотрит телевизор, а я учу уроки.
d) - Он сейчас не делает уроки, он обедает.
e) Сегодня Маша одета в джинсовую юбку и белую рубашку.
f) - Что ты смотришь? – Я смотрю новое реалити-шоу.
g) Что ты делаешь на этих выходных? – Мы идем в кино всей семьей.
h) Сейчас ученики в моем классе учатся лучше, чем обычно, потому что
приближаются экзамены.
i) Темнеет, давай пойдем домой!
4) Speaking.
Say 5 sentences about what you are doing right now using the words: at the moment, right now,
now.
1) Multiple choice.
a) I don’t do/am not doing anything at the moment, I am bored.
b) In summer we usually go/are going to our dacha for a weekend.
c) I meet/am meeting Tanya at 6pm and we go/are going shopping. Would you like to join?
d) Why do you laugh/are you laughing? I don’t understand/am not understanding the joke.
e) I love/am loving fast food, and every weekend my family goes/is going to BurgerKing.
f) Do you enjoy/Are you enjoying detective stories? Which genre of books do you prefer/are
you preferring?
g) What do your parents do/are your parents doing now?
h) My Mum leaves/is leaving home at 8am every day.
i) What time does your plane land/is your plane landing?
j) What do you do/are you doing tonight? – I stay/am staying at home.
2) Transformation.
Example: I always read books at night, but today I am reading a book right now. (read, read)
a) My computer ___________ so I ______________ emails from Internet café. (work, send)
b) My grandma _____________ 3 languages. (speak)
c) My aunt _________ clients every week as part of her job. (visit)
d) It _____________ so we can’t go for a walk. (rain)
e) When Susan goes to the sea she ____________ with her grandma. (stay)
f) I _________________ because I have read a joke. (laugh)
g) ____ you _______ the food in MacDonalds? (like)
h) Sarah ____________ at home today, she’s ill. (stay)
i) We __________ bowling with my friends every Sunday. (play)
j) I ___________ this man, can you introduce me to him? (know)
3) Translation.
Привет, Маша.
Я пишу это письмо из Португалии. Я здесь отдыхаю со своей семьей и мы классно
проводим время.
Прямо сейчас я загораю на пляже. Мой младший брат играет со своими игрушками в
песке, а моя мама смотрит за ним. Мой папа плавает в море.
© Кузнецова Ирина, 2020
62
Мне так нравится здесь! Каждый день мы встаем поздно и идем на пляж.
Сегодня вечером мы едем в город, чтобы посмотреть местные достопримечательности.
Потом мы пойдем в ресторан, чтобы попробовать местную кухню. Надеюсь, еда здесь
вкусная.
Вот и все, что я хочу тебе рассказать о своем отдыхе. Увидимся.
Всего хорошего,
Катя
4) Speaking.
Name 3 things that happen in an unusual way at present. Example: I usually wake up at 7,
but now I’m waking up at 9 because I’m on holiday.
5) Exam task
Present Perfect
+ - ?
I/you/we/they have been to I/you/we/they have not Have I/you/we/they have been
Paris. (haven’t) been to Paris. to Paris?
He/she/it has been to Paris. He/she/it has not (hasn’t) been Has he/she/it has been to
to Paris. Paris?
Как видим, это время образуется с помощью глаголов have или has и третьей формы
глагола. Так как третья форма правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления
окончания –ed, рассмотрим правила его прибавления:
Обычно к глаголу прибавляется просто окончание –ed: walked, talked.
Если у глагола было свое окончание –e, оно пропадает: live – lived, move – moved.
После согласной –y меняется на –i: fry – fried, study – studied. А после гласной –y не
меняется, например: stay – stayed.
Если глагол заканчивается на одну согласную, а перед ней стоит краткая гласная,
то после согласная удваивается: ban – banned, travel – travelled, stop-stopped (как и в случае
с добавлением –ing).
Но мы не забываем, что есть еще и неправильные глаголы, вот список самых частотных:
1) Transformation. Write the 2nd and the 3rd forms of the verbs:
Example: go – went – gone
a) arrive –
b) break –
c) celebrate –
d) clean –
e) come –
f) cry –
g) drop –
h) have –
i) lose –
j) paint –
k) plan –
l) play –
m) receive –
n) run –
o) tidy –
p) try –
q) wash –
r) write –
2) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form:
Example: Sean ______________ Croatia. (visit)
Sean has visited Croatia. Sean hasn’t visited Croatia. Has Sean visited Croatia?
a) I ______________ golf before. (play)
b) Our cat ____________some milk. (drink)
c) My Mom ________________ abroad. (be)
d) My Dad _______________ in several companies. (work)
e) Kate ______________ in the village before. (live)
f) It’s the best film I ______ ever ___________ !(watch)
g) That’s the tastiest food I _________ ever ___________. (taste)
* Recently, lately, already, just также могут стоять в середине глагола: have recently visited,
haven’t lately seen, has already done, have just dined.
Если действие только что закончилось, но время, когда оно происходило, совсем
недавнее, мы используем this morning/afternoon/evening, this week, today.
3) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form:
Example: Sean ______________ recently Croatia. (visit)
Sean has recently visited Croatia. Sean hasn’t recently visited Croatia. Has Sean recently visited
Croatia?
a) The plane ________ just ______________. (land)
b) I _______ recently __________ my driving test. (pass)
c) I ______________ my homework already. (do)
d) Your friend _______ just ____________. (come)
e) Tom __________________ from holiday this morning. (return)
f) We _______ already __________ the flowers. (water)
g) You ___________ 10 km today! I don’t believe it! (run)
h) Mary ________lately _______ some bad food, she feels sick. (eat)
i) The post ______ just ___________. (arrive)
j) Our sportsman _______________ 3 important races so far. (win)
4) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form and insert “since” or “for” (except sentences g)
and j).
Example: I ______________ in this town _________ 3 weeks. (be)
We have been in this town for 3 weeks. We haven’t been in this town for three weeks. Have we
been in this town for three weeks?
a) Ben __________________ in this company ____ 5 months. (work)
b) I _______________ Steve ______ high school. (know)
c) Susan _______________ in that school _____ March. (study)
d) You ____________ ______ 8/30, go have a rest. (help)
e) It _____________ ____ 3 hours. (rain)
f) They __________ here ________ last Monday. (stay)
g) I ______ always _______ detective stories! (love)
h) We ______________ 5 tests _______ Thursday! (write)
i) You ______________ the house ______ 2 hours, have a rest. (clean)
j) Misha ______________ this club for 6 months already. (visit)
5) Translation
a) Ученики уже написали диктант.
b) Мой друг помог мне решить эту проблему сегодня.
c) Я еще не выучила этот стих.
d) Ты уже смотрел новости сегодня?
e) Официант только что принес нам лимонад.
f) Что ты ела на завтрак сегодня утром?
g) Вы уже выпили чай?
h) Я никогда не была в Европе до этого.
i) Это самое красивое пальто, которое я когда-либо видела!
j) Я шью это платье с прошлой недели.
k) Я недавно открыла коробку с конфетами.
l) Мы живем в этом жоме уже пять лет.
6) Speaking. Talk about what you have done today using these phrases: have breakfast, have
a shower/bath, go to school, have 6 lessons, come home, have lunch, do my homework, watch
TV, read a book.
Example: I have already had breakfast today.
7) Exam task
Every year, National Geographic has a film festival in the USA. It isn’t like the
Oscars and Bollywood because you (1)______ never ______ lots of famous SEE
film stars there. The All roads film festival (2) ________ always _________ HAVE
films by directors and actors from many different countries and cultures. So far
we (3) _________ many types of films including comedies, documentaries and WATCH
animation. Here are some of the films this year.
My Wedding and Other Secrets
This is a documentary by the director Aleksei Vakrushev. It’s about the life of
the Chukchi people who (4)____________ in eastern Russia since 17th century. LIVE
The Tundra Book
This is a romantic comedy about a Chinese family in New Zealand. Their
daughter (5)_____________ in love with a local man and the problems FALL
(6)____________. BEGIN
Grandma
Grandma is a short film by the Lebanese director, Merva Faddoul. It’s about a
teenage girl called Sarah who (7)______ always _______ a normal life with her LEAD
sister and grandma.
8) Exam task
Many scientists have tried to invent invisible objects, but they NOT DO
(11)______________ it so far. One scientist at Tokyo University TEST
(12)______________ cameras on a coat now. The camera (13)_______ objects FILM
behind the coat and shows them on the front of the coat. The car manufacturer TRY
Mercedes (14)_______________ these cameras with a car at the moment. The PUT
engineer (15)________ the camera on one side of the car and shows the images
on the other side.
9) Exam task
Past Simple
+ - ?
Так как вторая форма правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления окончания –ed,
снова приведу правила её прибавления:
Обычно к глаголу прибавляется просто окончание –ed: walked, talked.
Если у глагола было свое окончание –e, оно пропадает: live – lived, move – moved.
После согласной –y меняется на –i: fry – fried, study – studied. А после гласной –y не
меняется, например: stay – stayed.
Если глагол заканчивается на одну согласную, а перед ней стоит краткая гласная,
то после согласная удваивается: ban – banned, travel – travelled, stop-stopped (как и в случае
с добавлением –ing).
1) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form:
Example: Mom ____________ to the shop half an hour ago. (go)
Mom went to the shop half an hour ago. Mom didn’t go to the shop half an hour ago. Did
Mom go the shop half an hour ago?
a) Sarah ____________ with her boyfriend last weekend. (quarrel)
b) I ________ my friend at the dentist’s yesterday. (meet)
c) We ___________ a good film last night. (watch)
d) My brother and I ______ our homework and _________ games after that. (do, play)
e) Yesterday I _______ to repair my bike but I __________. (try, repair)
f) I _________ born in 2001. (be)
g) You _______ a cartoon in the cinema yesterday. (see)
h) Tommy ____________ his leg at football yesterday. (break)
i) We ________ to the beach last weekend. (go)
j) My Mom ___________ a fantastic meal yesterday evening. (cook)
2) Translation.
Во вторник я встала в 7 утра, пошла в ванную, умыла лицо и почистила зубы. Потом я
пошла на кухню и позавтракала. Я съела бутерброд. Я не пила кофе, я выпила чашку чая.
После завтрака я оделась и пошла в школу. В школе у меня было 6 уроков. Я пришла
домой и села обедать. Я съела суп и бутерброд. Выпила чашку чая. Потом я сделала
домашнее задание, и пошла гулять с собакой. Я встретила свою подругу, мы погуляли и я
вернулась домой. Моя мама пришла с работы и приготовила ужин. Я поужинала. Перед
сном я почитала книгу, посмотрела ТВ и пошла спать в 11 часов.
3) Speaking. Write 5 sentences about yourself in Past Simple. 3 sentences must be true, 2
sentences must be wrong. Your partner has to do the same. After showing your sentences to each
other guess which ones are true, and which are false.
4) Exam task.
Stanislaw Witkiewicz
Stanislaw Witkiewicz (1) ______ born in 1885 in Zakopane. He (2) ______ in BE
1939 but you can see his paintings in art galleries in Poland. Many people like DIE
Witkiewicz’s paintings of people’s faces, but I prefer his paintings of nature
and landscapes. He (3) ___________ this one in 1907. It shows the Hinczow PAINT
Lakes in the Tatra mountains in southern Poland.
Ginger Riley Munduwalawala
In the past, Aboriginal people (4) _____________ pictures of nature and DRAW
animals on rocks. In parts of Australia, their Rock Art is 30,000 years old.
Nowadays, modern aboriginal artists also paint nature.
Andõ Hiroshige
Japanese art is famous for landscape paintings. You can often see the sea and
sky, and the mountains and trees. Andõ Hiroshige (5) ________ in the WORK
nineteenth century and he’s one of Japan’s most famous artists. He printed and
(6) _________ thousands of beautiful prints in his lifetime SELL
Damien Hirst Damien
Hirst is the richest artist in England. He is a painter, but he is more famous for
art with different animals (living and dead) including a cow, a sheep and a
shark. In one room of a gallery, he (7) _______ lots of fruit and real butterflies PUT
live there. They fly round the heads of the visitors.
1) Transformation.
Example: Last weekend Chris and Sue went shopping. (go)
a) I never __________________ to swim. (learn)
b) Last summer I ____________ to swim. (learn)
c) Lucy _______________ her project last Sunday. (finish)
d) Lucy ________________ her project yet. (not finish)
e) Sam and Jack ________________ one fish today. (catch)
f) Sam and Jack ____________ one fish yesterday.
g) I ___________ Paris in the spring. (visit)
h) I ___________ Paris lately. (visit)
i) Macy _______________ with her friends last Friday. (go out)
j) Macy _______________ with her friends since last Friday. (not go out)
k) I ________________ Paul for a long time. (not see)
l) My sister _____________ for Europe that weekend. (leave)
m) We ______________to the hospital yesterday. (go)
n) They ____________________ all questions so far. (not answer)
o) _______ you ________ Stacy the day before yesterday? (vist)
p) It’s the best play I ______________ in years! (see)
q) _______ Zach ___________ his driving test? (pass)
r) _________ you ___________ that new show on TV yesterday? (watch)
s) My parents ____________________ a wonderful vacation for our family last summer.
(organize)
t) Our teacher _____________ us with plenty of tasks for our summer holidays recently.
(provide)
© Кузнецова Ирина, 2020
74
2) Translation.
a) Я никогда не была на велосипедной гонке.
b) Вчера я смотрела гонки по телевидению.
c) Джейк выиграл звание "Самый медленный велосипедист".
d) Ты уже пообедала? - Еще нет.
e) Вчера вечером шел дождь, и я промокла.
f) Он уже пересек финишную черту?
g) В прошлом году мы с семьей ездили в Испанию.
h) Я уже выучила текст, который нам задали по английскому.
i) Мы живем в этой квартире уже год.
j) Ты вчера не брала мою ручку? Я не могу найти ее!
4) Exam task.
Past Continuous
+ - ?
Как и в Present Continuous, в Past Continuous нужно добавлять –ing к глаголу, так что не
забываем про правила орфографии:
Обычно к глаголам добавляется просто окончание –ing: studying, playing, reading
Если глагол оканчивается на –e, она отбрасывается: dance-dancing, take-taking
Если глагол заканчивается на одну согласную, а перед ней стоит краткая гласная,
то после согласная удваивается: ban – banning, swim-swimming, stop-stopping
Если глагол заканчивается на –ie, то эти две гласные меняются на –y: die – dying, lie
– lying.
1) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the sentences
into negative and interrogative form.
Example: You ___________________ TV at this time yesterday. (watch)
You were watching TV at this time yesterday. You weren’t watching TV at this time yesterday.
Were you watching TV at this time yesterday?
a) I _______________ in the park at this time yesterday. (run)
b) Mum ________________ with my little brother all yesterday evening. (play)
c) Harry and Sally _________________ and Tanya ______________ a book at 6 pm
yesterday. (talk, read)
d) The music _________________ from 7 to 9 in the evening yesterday. (play)
e) They __________________ for you at 11am yesterday. (wait)
f) At this time yesterday I ____________________ on the beach. (lie)
g) We ____________________ a dinner at 8pm yesterday. (have)
h) Tomas _______________________ his home task at this time yesterday. (do)
i) Cecile and Charles ___________________ a cherry cake and their Mom
________________ the flat from 6 to 9 yesterday. (make, clean)
j) I _________________ to solve this puzzle the whole yesterday evening. (try)
2) Translation.
a) Когда я встретил Тома, он ел мороженое.
b) Когда папа пришел домой, мы готовили ужин.
c) Когда я пришел из школы, мой младший брат рвал мою тетрадь.
d) Когда я вошел в класс, учитель сидел за столом и дети писали диктант.
e) Когда мама пришла домой, дети ели суп.
f) Когда я позвонила Мише, он учил стих.
g) Когда я выглянула в окно, мои друзья играли на улице в мяч.
h) Я гуляла в парке с собакой, когда встретила свою подругу.
i) В комнате сидело два мужчины. Один читал газету, а второй смотрел телевизор.
© Кузнецова Ирина, 2020
79
j) Я сидела и думала о своих каникулах, когда дверь открылась и вошел мой друг.
3) Exam task.
4) Exam task for Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Simple и Past
Continuous.
Past Perfect
+ - ?
1) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form.
Example: They _______________ home by 1 o’clock. (come)
They had come home by 1 o’clock. They hadn’t come home by 1 o’clock. Had they come home
by 1 o’clock?
a) By 6 o’clock Alice ___________________ reading her book. (finish)
b) When my friend called me, I already ________________ not to go out that night.
(decide)
c) I _________ already ______________ all presents before the holiday. (wrap)
d) I felt I _________________ goodbye to my childhood. (say)
5) Speaking. Make up an end to this story using Past Simple, Past Continuous и Past Perfect
and retell it.
It was a cold evening. Mary came on a sightseeing tour to Scotland and decided to visit an old
castle not far from the city. She had forgotten to charge her phone so she took only a map. When
she was following the map she realized that she had got lost. Suddenly she saw a light behind the
treetrunks …
On 15 February 2009, Diane Van Deren was one of a dozen runners who
(1)__________________ part in the Yukon Arctic Ultra, a 700-kilometre race TAKE
across tundra in the middle of winter. Not a single woman
(2)_________________ it before. With temperatures of 30 degrees below zero COMPLETE
and only seven hours of daylight each day, it’s probably the toughest race in the
world. But, then, there is no woman like Diane Van Deren.
By 1998, Van Deren, a former professional tennis player,
(3)_________________ a serious operation when kiwi-size piece of her brain HAVE
was taken out. It was part of the treatment for the epilepsy which she
(4)________________ from. The operation was successful, but she noticed a SUFFER
strange side effect: she (5)______________ run without stopping for hours. CAN
At the start of the Arctic Ultra, icy winds froze Van Deren’s water, so she had
nothing to drink for the first 160 kilometres. She sucked on frozen fruit and nut
bars. On the eleventh day, the ice beneath her feet cracked and Van Deren
(6)_____________ into a freezing river. She managed to climb out but FALL
struggled to continue. Her boots (7)_________________to her feet. FREEZE
On 26 February 2009 – exactly twelve years after her surgery – Van Deren
(8)___________________ the finish line of the Arctic Ultra. She was one of CROSS
eight finishers – and the first and only woman.
На экзамене форму будущего времени просят вставить редко. Так что все, написанное
ниже, пригодится вам скорее где-то еще, но не в разделе «Грамматика и лексика».
В русском языке мы выражаем будущее очень просто – с помощью глагола в будущем
времени. В английском все не так просто – нельзя просто взять и перевести все, что мы
хотим сказать по-русски, глаголом will. Давайте посмотрим, что можно.
Future Simple
will + V
+ - ?
1) Transformation. Put the verbs in Future Simple and explain why this tense is used in this
sentence.
Example: I will phone you tomorrow and we will discuss this problem with you. (phone, discuss)
– promise
going to
+ - ?
am/is/are + going to + V I am not going to the sea this Am I going to the sea this
I am going to the sea this summer. summer?
summer. You/we/they are not (aren’t) Are you/we/they going to the
You/we/they are going to the going to the sea this summer. sea this summer?
sea this summer. He/she/it is not (isn’t) going to Is he/she/it going to the sea
He/she/it is going to the sea the sea this summer. this summer?
this summer.
2) Transformation. Put the construction “going to” into the sentence and explain why this
tense is used.
Example: We are going to get lost here, there are so many trees and it’s getting dark! (prediction
based on what we see)
a) Looks like a traffic jam. I __________________to be late for school.
b) We _________________ to play bowling tonight.
c) _____ we ________ to have a test tomorrow?
d) Be careful, you _____________ to fall down!
e) I____________ to leave the party at 10 pm.
f) What _____ you __________ to do with this stuff?
g) He’s running the first, so he _____________ to win!
h) Jane ______________ take 5 exams in summer.
И, как мы уже знаем, мы можем использовать Present Continuous для выражения будущего
времени, когда говорим о спланированном действии в будущем (arrangement –
договоренность), например: We are going to the sea in summer. Значит, место у нас уже
забронировано, билеты куплены, и мы точно едем купаться в море!
Present Simple мы используем, когда говорим о расписании (транспорта, уроков в школе,
сеансов в кино) (timetable): The film starts at 7 pm.
Exam tip. На экзамене часто включают примеры предложений условия, и ученики делают
в них ошибку, вставляя будущее туда, где его быть не должно. Подробнее об этом можно
почитать тут.
3) Transformation. Put the correct construction for expressing future in the sentence and
explain your choice.
Example: Hurry up! The film starts in 20 minutes! (start) – timetable
a) It’s always cold in spring here, so it ____________ cold tonight too. (be)
b) – Do you think Phil ___________ to my party tonight? (come)
- I _______________ him and ask if he comes. (phone)
c) I ____________________ kids to the park. So I have to go now. (take)
d) I ___________ a course after school, I have already enrolled there! (do)
e) These bags look rather heavy. I ___________ you! (help)
f) Our classes _____________ at 9am. Hurry up, or you’ll be late! (start)
g) I think I ___________ by metro, it must be quicker. (go)
h) - What ______ you __________ in the evening? (do)
- Actually, we had no plans. Maybe we ________________ shopping. (go)
i) Tom _______ definitely _____________us a hand. He is really reliable. (give)
j) Tim _______________ the weekend with us, his parents have already allowed him to.
(spend)
5) Speaking.Talk about your plans and predictions for your life using will, going to and
Present Continuous. Consider:
home
family
friends
career
studies
6) Exam task for Future Simple, be going to, Present Continuous, Present Simple.
Обращаю ваше внимание, что конструкция be going to вам вряд ли встретиться для
подстановки на экзамене.
-Hi, Carry!
- Hi, Melissa!
- Nice weather, isn't it?
- Yeah, but I'm afraid it (1)_________________ . The clouds look dark. RAIN
- What a pity! We (2)________________a picnic in the evening, we have HAVE
everything arranged, and I don't want it to be spoilt by bad weather. Maybe we
(3)____________ umbrellas and raincoats with us! By the way, what ________ TAKE
you (4)______________ tonight? DO
- My brother (5)___________ at 6pm by train and I (6)____________ him at ARRIVE
the station. MEET
- Do you want to go to our picnic? You can join after 6pm!
- That would be great! I (7)___________ brother about it. ASK
- And I promise we (8)_________ extra umbrellas for you! BRING
Вот мы и рассмотрели все времена активного залога, которые нам могут встретиться на
экзамене, и переходим к пассивному залогу. Но перед этим – еще раз таблица всех времен
активного залога, которые нам могут встретиться на экзамене.
Present I sleep well. I am sleeping now. I have slept for 8 hours today.
Past I slept well yesterday. I was sleeping all the By 9am I had already slept 9
morning yesterday. hours.
Passive Voice
Simple
Как видите, Passive Voice образуется по формуле be+ V(3). И глагол в третьей форме
никогда не меняется, меняется только глагол be в зависимости от времени, в котором он
стоит.
Неумение отличить активный залог от страдательного является очень распространенной
ошибкой на экзамене. Показателями Passive Voice могут являться – неодушевленное
существительное на месте подлежащего или предлог by. Но лучше всегда переводить
предложение максимально близко к английскому варианту, как бы глупо он ни звучал.
Это подскажет правильный залог.
Present Simple
am/is/are + V(3)
+ - ?
The animals are fed every The animals are not fed every Are the animals fed every
day. day. day?
Present Simple Passive употребляется в тех же случаях, что и Present Simple Active – для
привычных, каждодневных действий или фактов.
1) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the sentences into
negative and interrogative form.
Example: This book is read by millions of people every year. (read)
a) Cheese ______________ from milk. (make)
b) The World Cup _________________ by billions of people. (watch)
c) The euro ______________ in European countries. (use)
d) Many films _______________ in this cinema. (show)
e) Abroad most food __________________ at the supermarkets. (sell)
f) Most coffee _______________ in Brazil. (grow)
g) Smoking _____________ in this building. (allow)
h) BMW cars ______________ in Germany. (make)
i) Our homework ___________ every day. (check)
j) The flat _______________ every week. (clean)
Past Simple
was/were + V(3)
+ - ?
The letters were written in The letters were not written in Were the letters written in the
the morning. the morning. morning?
Past Simple Passive употребляется в тех же случаях, что и Past Simple Active – для
действий, произошедших в прошлом.
2) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form.
Example: This book was read by millions of people las year. (read)
a) Her dress _______________ in the studio. (design)
b) This building ________________ 4 years ago. (build)
c) Our school ______________ in 1990. (open)
d) The agreement _____________ this morning. (sign)
e) My mobile ______________ yesterday. (steal)
f) Gold _______________ in the USA in the 19th century. (discover)
g) Romeo and Juliett _________________ by Shakespeare. (write)
h) I _______________ by a dog when I was 5. (bite)
i) My homework ______________ at 5pm and I went for a walk. (finish)
j) We _____________ not to go home after classes. (tell)
Future Simple
will be + V(3)
+ - ?
Mike will be called Mike will not (won’t) be called Will Mike be called
tomorrow. tomorrow. tomorrow?
Future Simple Passive употребляется, когда мы хотим рассказать о действии, которое будет
выполнено в будущем.
3) Transformation. Insert the correct form of the verb in brackets. Then change the
sentences into negative and interrogative form.
Example: This book will be read by me tomorrow. (read)
a) The bedroom _______________ tomorrow. (clean)
b) The deposit ________________ next week. (pay)
c) The problem ________________ later. (fix)
d) Unfortunately, our flight _________________ for 5 hours. (delay)
e) Exam in Russian __________________ tomorrow. (take)
f) Copies _____________ after the class. (spread)
g) Snacks _________________ during the flight. (serve)
h) Tom and Alice _______________ for in an hour. (send)
i) Requests for documents _______________ to our headmaster. (fax)
j) I am sure, Karl _________________ to the party. (invite)
7) Exam task
Many people have cars in the city. But pollution is a problem because of the
traffic. In the past cars (1)________________ everywhere. Nowadays some DRIVE
city centres around the world don’t have cars. These no-car zones USE
(2)_______________ by people, bicycles and public transport only.
Tokyo
Parts of Tokyo always (3)____________ with hundreds of people, but there are CROWD
no cars. And cars (4)________________ into the city in the future too! These NOT ALLOW
modern no-car zones are very popular and people like shopping there.
Bogotá
In the past, Bogotá (5)__________________ because there were lots of cars POLLUTE
and traffic. Now the city centre is a no-car zone and the air is clean! Many
people don’t have a car and half a million people (6)_____________ to work TAKE
by bus every morning.
Melbourne
In many cities, people don’t like shopping in the centre. But in Melbourne,
Bourke Street is popular because lots of great shops (7)_______________ SITUATE
there. It’s expensive, but lots of people eat lunch in the small cafés.
Sequence of tenses
В английском языке много времен. Гораздо больше, чем в русском. И для того, чтобы их
как-то упорядочить и внести в систему логику, англичане придумали так называемое
«Правило согласования времен». И его очень любят составители ОГЭ и ЕГЭ.
Оно заключается в том, что если в предложении встречаются времена группы Present, то
там вряд ли окажется Past. И если мы захотим в этом предложении использовать будущее,
то мы сможем использовать только will.
Например, в предложении He doesn’t know where he has put his glasses мы не можем
использовать Past Simple во второй части, относящейся к прошлому, по этому самому
правилу.
Конечно, это правило нарушается. Например, при использовании прямой речи. “I will go
to the cinema”, he said. Но для ОГЭ и ЕГЭ оно нам пригодится. И пригодится в изучении
таких разделов грамматики, как косвенная речь и сослагательное наклонение, о которых
мы поговорим прямо сейчас.
1) Transformation
a) It __________ (be) clear how the accident ______________(happen).
b) I ___________ (not know) your sister. I ____________ (not meet) her before yesterday.
c) He ____________ (understand) that if he ___________ (tell) his wife about it, she never
_______________ (forgive) him.
d) My secretary ______________ (talk) so quietly so that nobody _____________
(understand) that she ________________ (not work).
e) The policemen ______________ (not know) how the criminal _______________(escape)
from the prison.
f) By looking at him it ___________ (be) impossible to tell that he ____________ (be) a
serial murder in the past.
g) Mike _____________ (not go) to the party because he ____________(be) afraid that
Megan, his ex, ___________ (be) there.
h) I don’t know who ______________ (do) it! But it definitely isn’t me!
i) Yesterday I ___________(be) ashamed when I met my classmate in the street. I
______________(tell) him wrong homework the previous week and he got a bad mark in
his test!
j) Sam ______________(not tell) anybody the truth as he _________(be) afraid nobody
_____________ (believe) him.
Косвенная речь
Косвенная речь – пересказ того, что кто-то сказал, своими словами. Например, Света
сказала, что хочет мороженое. И по нашему правилу согласования времен, все времена в
косвенной речи будут меняться. Внизу представлена таблица времен, которые мы
встретим в ОГЭ. Обратите внимание, я добавила строчку с Future-in-the-Past.
Стрелочками показано, как времена сдвигаются в косвенной речи. То есть, если у нас
было предложение в прямой речи:
“I want some ice-cream”, Sveta said.
В косвенной речи оно будет звучать вот так:
Sveta said that she wanted some ice-cream.
1) Transformation. Transform direct speech into indirect. Pay attention that pronouns will
change with this transformation. For example: “I am going shopping” he said – He said he was
going shopping.
a) “I will go to the dentist’s tomorrow”, Sheena said.
b) “She has lived here all her life”, said John.
c) “We are going to the party tonight”, Mike and Anna said.
d) “Sheila can read the book”, her Mom said.
e) “I have a problem”, my little brother said.
f) “I have a strange feeling I saw him before”, Simon said.
g) “I am meeting Sean after school”, my sister said.
h) “You may not like what I am going to say”, Jim told me.
i) “If you don’t like my food, you may not eat it”, Dad said.
j) “I must finish this task today”, Keira told Hannah.
k) “Kyla isn’t speaking to me because we have had an argument!” my brother complained to
my Mom.
Обратите внимание, что if здесь переводится не как «если», а как «ли». Джемма спросила
меня, люблю ли я печенья.
Еще одна частая ошибка – учащиеся во второй части предложения оставляют обратный
порядок слов вместо прямого.
Если же вопрос начинается с вопросительного слова, например Why do you like cookies?
Jemma asked. В косвенной речи он будет звучать вот так: Jemma asked me why I liked
cookies. И снова не забудьте, что при преобразовании вопроса во второй части
предложения идет прямой порядок слов.
Не пугайтесь, в ОГЭ вам не надо будет преобразовывать вопрос в косвенную речь, все
приведенное выше (как и упражнение на практику ниже) – просто для вашего
ознакомления.
4) Exam task
In the past, when explorers arrived in a strange place, they put up their tents or
cooked a meal. But nowadays, when explorers arrive in a new place, they log
on to their social networking site using a satellite phone. I wrote that I just
(1)________________. And I (2)____________ to relax for a few hours. LAND NEED
Explorers in the past wrote about their adventures in books which were
published months or years later. Nowadays, I post a message in seconds.
Sites like Facebook and Twitter also help if we have a problem. Someone in
our group touched a strange plant and suddenly his skin was red and painful. I
said on Twitter that my hand (3)____________ a strange plant. It TOUCH
(4)___________ red and hot. I asked if people (5)____________ any advice for BE
me. Minutes later, someone who knew the region replied that it (6)__________ HAVE
be a Pushki plant. And added that if it (7)____________ a Ouski plant, it CAN
(8)_________________but it (9)_____________ you!’ In the age of the BE
modern explorer, communication like this really helps to make decisions and HURT
sometimes it even saves lives. NOT KILL
Conditionals
Предложения условия.
В английском языке есть несколько видов предложения условия, и для ОГЭ нам нужно
будет познакомиться с тремя из них.
Conditional 0
Или нулевое предложение условия. Оно всегда обозначает общеизвестный факт.
Например, If you don’t water flowers, they die. Если не поливаете цветы, они вянут.
В английском языке в двух частях предложения стоит Present Simple, как и в русском
переводе.
Обратите внимание, что вместо Present Simple в предложении без условия (то есть, без if)
может стоять повелительное наклонение или модальный глагол. Например, If you don’t
water flowers, they can die. Или When you make the dog angry, better keep away from it!
Кроме if в предложениях условия еще могут встретиться – if, when (когда), as soon as (как
только), before (перед тем, как), after (после того, как), unless (пока не). Будьте
внимательны, когда увидите их в тексте! Многие ученики не замечают их их и пишут
будущее время после этих союзов.
h) When Tom ___________ too much coffee, he can’t _______ at night. (drink, sleep)
i) Our teacher _______ angry if we _________ our homework. (get, not do)
j) If there ____ a fire, __________ the lift! (be, not use)
Conditional 1
Первое предложение условия обозначает возможное действие, которое произойдет при
каком-то условии в будущем. Например, if the weather is good, we will have a picnic.
Обратите внимание – после if стоит Present Simple, в отличие от русского перевода «Если
погода будет хорошая, мы пойдем на пикник», где будущее время стоит в обеих частях
предложения. Это – самая распространенная ошибка на экзамене в предложениях условия.
3) Transformation
Example: If you speak more slowly, it will be much easier to understand you. (speak, be)
a) If you ____________ me before 3pm, I ____________ the phone because I will be at
school. (call, not answer)
b) If you ___________, I ____________. (cook, wash up)
c) If our neigbours _________ noise again, I ____________ the police. (make, call)
d) When Max ____________ the exams, he __________ to university. (pass, go)
e) I ____________ you all the gossips if you ______________ me later. (tell, call)
f) Unless the taxi _______________ on time, Maya ____________ her plane. (come, miss)
g) If you ____________ my flowers when I’m on holiday, I _________________ your
hamster when you are away. (water, feed)
h) If it _________ tomorrow, we __________ to the park. (rain, not go)
i) If you _________ to the registration early, we ___________ the best seats. (come, get)
j) When my plane ____________, I __________ you. (land, phone)
4) Speaking. Make chain sentences with the 1st Conditional as in the example:
a) If I pass my exams well. I will go to university.
b) If I go to university, I will choose the profession of an engineer.
c) If I choose the profession of an engineer, ...
You can start with: If I don't go to school tomorrow, ...
Conditional 2
Второе предложение условия обозначает нереальное действие, которое ну никак не может
произойти в настоящем или будущем. Например, If I Mike was rich, he would buy an island.
Если бы Майк был богат, он бы купил себе остров. Обратите внимание – в переводе таких
предложений на русский мы вставляем частицу «бы», чтобы показать нереальность
ситуации.
Раньше вместо was после if всегда ставили were: If Mike were rich, he would buy an island.
Чтобы показать, что мы имеем дело не с обычным временем, а с сослагательным
наклонением.
Остатки этой фразы можно увидеть и в английском варианте «на твоем месте …» - If I
were in your shoes ...
В ОГЭ допускаются оба варианта – и was, и were.
Снова обращаю ваше внимание, что после if не может быть никакого будущего времени.
5) Transformation
Example: If Carry had enough money, she would buy those shoes. (have, buy)
a) If you _________ in the country, you ___________________ every day. (live, cycle)
b) I _______________ this car if I ______________ more money. (buy, have)
c) If Sonya _________ more free time, she _____________ drawing. (have, take up)
d) It ____________ great if Christine ____________ me. (be, call)
e) He probably _______________ to you if you ______________ him like an adult. (not lie,
treat)
f) If Yan ________________ you to marry him, what _________ you _________? (offer,
say)
g) If I __________ an alien, I _____________him about his planet. (meet, ask)
h) If you _______________ calmer, Tom ________________ angry with you. (be, not be)
i) It ____________ great if we _____________ in time. (be, can travel)
For thousands of years, humans have explored the Earth. Nowadays, we are
exploring space. Currently, many astronomers are looking for new planets and
new places for humans to live in the future.
First of all, astronomers look for a star. That’s because our own Earth orbits a
star (the Sun). More importantly, it is good if the planet
(1)__________________ the correct distance from the Sun for heat and light. HAVE
So if an astronomer (2)______________ the star, he looks at the planets around FIND
it. In recent years, astronomers have found nearly 400 new planets with stars.
Unfortunately, many of these planets are either too near to the star or too far
away. BE
However, if the planet (3)____________ in a good position, astronomers look
for three key things: water, air and rock. Water is important because all life
needs water. If there is no water, people won’t be able to live there.
After many years of looking, astronomers have found a planet that is similar to
Earth. It’s Gliese 581g and it’s near a star. The astronomers think it has water HAVE
and rock on it. If people ever (4)____________ a big catastrophe, they could
come and live on it.
I wish
Предложения после I wish также относятся к категории сослагательного наклонения и
выражают желания, чтобы что-то произошло или не происходило в настоящий момент. В
ОГЭ и ЕГЭ используется только один тип структуры после I wish – Past Simple, например,
I wish I could sing well – Я хотела бы хорошо петь. Существуют и другие времена, которые
можно поставить после I wish и поменять смысл предложения, но так как они не
включены в кодификатор, их мы рассматривать не будем.
1) Transformation.
Example: Sarah wishes she were more attentive. (be)
2) I wish I ____________ a celebrity. (be)
3) I wish we ______________ still on holiday. (be)
4) I wish I _______________ angry so easily! (not get)
5) Masha wishes she _____________ say sorry to Miguel. (can)
6) Sveta wishes she ______________ concentrate on her task better. (can)
7) We wish it ____________. (not rain)
8) I wish Nick and I ____________ in the same class. (study)
9) My parents wish they _______________ to the party. (go)
10) They wish they __________ a new car. (buy)
11) I wish I __________ younger. (be)
2) Translation.
a) Хорошо бы у нас сейчас были каникулы.
b) Соня хотела бы, чтобы у нее была кошка.
c) Я хотела бы, чтобы тебе нравилась математика.
d) Если бы я был свободен сейчас!
e) Мои родители хотели бы, чтобы у нас были деньги на новую кухню.
f) Жаль, что Коля сейчас не дома.
g) Я хотела бы, чтобы ты была повнимательнее.
h) Жаль, что я узнал об этом так поздно.
i) Я бы хотела, чтобы меня не критиковали так сильно.
3) Speaking. Read the following situations and make up sentences with I wish.
Example: I want to eat so much, but I’m on a diet. I wish I weren’t on a diet.
a) You don't know much and the exam is tomorrow.
b) You want to have holidays and lie on the beach.
c) You don't know your friend's address, but want to send her a postcard.
d) You are late for school and the first lesson is with a strict teacher.
e) A new exciting film is on at the cinema but you don't have money for tickets.
f) You want a new phone but your parents don't want to buy it.
g) You play football not really well but a friend asked you to play with his team at the
match.
4) Exam task
Meet the Watts. They are a three-car family in the near future which uses
electric vehicles.
Bob is similar to most commuters. He charges his car at home overnight so it’s
ready for the morning rush hour. If he (1)____________ more electricity, he NEED
uses a ‘charging station’ in the office car park.
Sonia’s car travels about 30 kilometres on a full battery so it’s good for short
trips such as going to the shops or visiting friends nearby. The car also has its
own computer which will tell her if there (2)__________ traffic jams or road BE
works on the road ahead.
Justin works from home but enjoys going on a long journey in his sports car at
the weekend. Instead of going to a petrol station for petrol, he can change his
battery on the motorway or plug into a high-voltage charger. If he
(3)_____________ over the speed limit, a special device in his car beeps. GO
Their neighbours still use a car with a petrol engine but most cars have electric
engines. If everybody nowadays (4)__________ electric cars, the roads would USE
be quieter and there would be less pollution!
I wish I (5)___________ an electric car too! HAVE
Модальные глаголы
Единственное, где вам может понадобиться знание неправильных глаголов в тесте ОГЭ –
когда вы будете их ставить в прошедшее время в рамках согласования времен, косвенной
речи или предложений условия.
Так что вся информация ниже – скорее для развития кругозора, связанного с английской
грамматикой=)
Еще советую не забывать, что после модального глагола никогда не ставится частица to.
Нельзя сказать I can to swim.
И модальному глаголу не нужен вспомогательный. Он сам образует и вопрос, и
отрицание. Например, can you swim? I can’t swim.
Исключением из этого списка является have to, который не является в полной степени
модальными, и в предложении ведет себя, как обычный глагол. Например, You don’t have
to do all this. Do I have to do this?
2) Speaking
Say what you could and couldn’t do when you were 5, what you can or can’t do now and what
you will or will not be able to do when you are 30. These phrases will help you:
write, read, draw, play computer games, ride a bike, win a competition, play the guitar, play
chess, take photos, play cards, speak English well, play football, cook.
Example: I couldn’t cook when I was 5.
Еще хочу рассмотреть отдельно отрицательные формы этих глаголов, потому что по
смыслу они немного отличаются от своей утвердительной формы.
Mustn’t мы используем для запретов. You mustn’t smoke here.
Don’t have to мы используем, когда хотим подчеркнуть отсутствие необходимости что-то
делать. You don’t have to wash up. I can do it later.
Should мы используем, когда что-то советуем или говорим, что необходимо сделать. You
should wear read, you look beautiful in it!
4) Speaking. Imagine you are a headmaster of a school. Write a list of rules for your school using
must, mustn't, have to, don't have to. Think about these things:
mobiles and gadgets
© Кузнецова Ирина, 2020
115
homework
arrival at school
school duties
dresscode
security
behaviour
cafeteria and food
For example, You mustn't smoke at at school.
5) Translation
a) Сильвии приходится носить униформу, потому что она медсестра.
b) Генри приходится носить очки для чтения.
c) Кэролин должна больше заниматься, чтобы сдать этот тест.
d) Машина очень грязная, тебе нужно помыть её.
e) Ты должен закрывать двери на ночь.
f) Ты должен взять отпуск обязательно в августе?
g) Тебе не нужно брать с собой паспорт, достаточно будет прав.
h) Здесь нельзя курить. За это штрафуют.
i) Тебе необязательно приходить в школу, если ты себя плохо чувствуешь. Можешь
остаться дома.
j) Вам нельзя сюда входить, это вход только для персонала!
May, might существуют в настоящем времени. В прошедшем may меняется на might. May
и might используюся для обозначения будущего в этой же форме, поэтом особой формы
будущего времени для этих глаголов не существует.
Present Simple – may/might
Past Simple – might
May используется для предположений или просьб – He may still come later. May I go out?
Might также используется для предположений, но тут менее вероятно, что действие
произойдет. Также might может обозначать упрек или совет. You might be more polite! He
might not come, it’s too late.
Need показывает необходимость что-то сделать.
7) Speaking. Say what you might/may or may not/might not do in 5 years. These phrases will
help you: go to university, fall in love, learn to drive, speak English fluently, get married, have
children, write a book, be on TV, live abroad, become a millionare
Example: In five years I might fall in love.
8) Multiple choice for can, could, be able to, must, have to, should, may, might, need and their
negative forms.
9) Translation for must/have to, mustn't/don't have to, should, can/can’t, be able to:
a) Я завтра не работаю, поэтому мне не нужно рано вставать.
b) Стив не знает, как выключить компьютер, и мне пришлось ему показать.
c) Медсестры обязаны носить униформу. Они обязаны любить свою работу. Иногда,
они могут работать ночью. Им нельзя опаздывать на работу. Они обязаны
говорить на разных языках.
d) Извините, мне нужно позвонить. Это не займет много времени.
e) Я не хочу, чтобы кто-то знал о моем секрете. Тебе нельзя о нем рассказывать.
f) Вам следует пить много воды, около 5 стаканов в день.
Lots of people do sport in their free time, but these people do extreme sports!
Cliff diving
Cliff diving is a very exciting extreme sport and Cyrille Oumedjkane is an
expert cliff diver. In this photo, he is in Kragero, Norway at the cliff diving
world series. He can jump between twenty and thirty metres into the water feet
first. (Normal divers (1)________________ do it only if someone helps them.) CAN
He (2)_______________ jump from any high place already when he was a CAN
teenager. ‘I cliff dive because I like the adrenaline,’ he says.
Highlining
You can ‘highline’ in lots of different places, but to do it well, you must go to
the mountains. You (3)_______________ put a line between two high places HAVE TO
and walk across if you want to highline. In this photo, American Andy Lewis
walks above a canyon in Utah, USA. It was evening so he
Paragliding
In this photo Justin Ferrar flies above Fronalpstock in the mountains of
Switzerland. The weather is perfect for paragliding and today it’s very peaceful.
But paragliding isn’t normally relaxing! Last week he
(5)__________________fly over 3,000 metres high and very long distances HAVE TO
(over 300 kilometres). He (6)__________________ have a crash, but he did it! MAY
Инфинитив/Герундий
Когда два глагола стоят рядом в английском языке, перед вторым глаголом может стоять
to (want to eat) или ко второму глаголу нужно будет добавить –ing (like reading). В
некоторых случаях два глагола просто стоят рядом, без изменения. Это происходит, если
первый глагол – модальный (can swim) или make/let/let’s (например, let’s go).
Exam tip. Часто ученики на экзамене ставят вместо неличной формы глагола
полноценный глагол во времени. Чтобы избежать таких ошибок, я советую всегда искать
в предложении подлежащее и сказуемое. Если сказуемое уже есть в составе предложения,
а вам для преобразования дан глагол, – повод задуматься, что в пропуске нужна неличная
форма глагола – инфинитив, герундий или причастие. Также дословный перевод
предложения на русский может оказаться очень полезен.
Чтобы глаголы, после которых идет окончание –ing или to + infinitive, было удобней
запомнить, я их классифицировала и свела вот в такие таблицы:
Verb + -ing
likes and dislikes can’t help, can’t stand, dislike, enjoy, I love playing volleyball.
fancy, feel like, hate, like, love, (not)
mind, prefer
ideas and opinions admit, be worth, consider, imagine, I suggest going out tonight.
recommend, suggest
verbs that mark begin, continue, finish, keep, start, Let’s start reading!
beginning/continuation/ stop
end of an action
phrasal verbs break up, bring up, eat out, find out, I gave up eating fast food.
give up, grow up, look after, look for,
look forward to, pick up, speak up,
show up
Verb + to
likes and dislikes want, wish, would + hate, like, love, I want to go home now.
prefer
ideas and opinions agree, appear, choose, decide Do you agree to help me?
mental activity arrange, ask, expect, forget, help, I expect you to do my task.
hope, learn, manage, offer, prepare,
plan, pretend, promise, refuse
other verbs afford, fail, help, seem I can’t afford to buy this car
yet.
Есть глаголы, после которых можно вставлять инфинитив или герундий, без особых
изменений значения: begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start.
После глагола help глагол может стоять в инфинитиве с частицей to или без неё.
1) Transformation.
Example: I have always wanted to become a lawyer. (become)
a) I never expected _________ top student in my class. (be)
b) I can’t join you tonight – I promised Mom ________ her with the cooking. (help)
c) Do you feel like ___________ out this evening? I want __________ that new play. (go,
see)
d) I’m finishing ______ this task. Let’s _____ for a walk! (do, go)
e) I’d love ___________ to this celebration, but Tim asked me _______ him out. (come,
help)
f) Derek has always wanted ________ abroad. (go)
g) When I was small, I loved __________ to circus. (go)
h) Most teenagers spend time ___________ in front of their computers. (sit)
i) My parents and I decided ____________ a cat for my birthday. (buy)
j) M y friend recommended me __________ their football team. (join)
k) I failed ___________ that exam, unfortunately. (pass)
l) My grandma always looks forward to __________________ summer holidays because I
come to visit her every summer. (have)
m) You should stop __________ junk food, it’s bad for your health! (eat)
n) You should _______ that performance! It’s absolutely worth _____________! (see, visit)
o) I managed ____________ some money this month, so soon I will be able ___________
that pretty dress for myself. (save, buy)
2) Translation.
a)
Я не выношу, когда люди громко говорят по телефону. Ты не хочешь пойти в парк
погулять?
b) Тебе нужно практиковаться в английском каждый день, если ты хочешь хорошо
говорить на языке.
c) Мы ждем - не дождемся увидеть вашу новую квартиру.
d) Иногда, босс заставляет меня работать по выходным.
e) Пожалуйста, дай мне сказать!
f) Продолжай говорить, я тебя слушаю.
g) Если Сара пообещала это сделать, она обязательно сделает!
h) Я всегда с нетерпением жду новогодних праздников, когда можно отдохнуть от
работы и заняться тем, чем ты хочешь.
i) Мы договорились встретиться у входа в ресторан.
j) Я притворилась, что мне интересно слушать его рассказ о своей семье.
k) Миша бросил есть сладкое, потому что его доктор запретил ему.
l) Я всегда избегаю ездить в центр на машине, потому что там негде парковаться.
m) Надеюсь увидеть тебя скоро!
n) Я бы лучше поехала на поезде, я боюсь летать.
3) Speaking. Continue the sentences. You must put a verb with –ing/to in the sentence.
Example: I like playing board games.
Но есть и глаголы, значение которых меняется в зависимости от того, что стоит после
него – инфинитив или герундий..
4) Transformation
Example: I regret to tell you Michael has already left and can’t meet you tomorrow. (tell)
a) Miranda stopped _______________ the horror film as it was getting too scary. (watch)
b) I was late for work because I stopped _______________ to some friends. (talk)
c) We regret _______________ you that our hotel is fully booked until the end of August.
(inform)
d) Max regrets _______________ so rudely to his girlfriend. (speak)
e) I clearly remember _______________ Grace at the party. She was talking to Charlotte
and Amy. (see)
f) Remember _______________ your grandmother tomorrow. It's her birthday. (phone)
g) Don't forget _______________ your swimsuits! There's a lovely pool at the hotel. (pack)
h) Amanda will never forget _______________ George Michael at the concert. What a
great night out! (see)
i) Try not __________ you brother, please! (annoy)
j) Why don’t you try _____________ this tool to fix the devise? (use)
k) I need ____________ harder if I want to pass the exam. (to work)
l) This bedroom hasn't been cleaned for months, it needs _____________ today. (to clean)
5) Speaking
a) Do you ever forget to switch anything off when you leave home?
b) What place will you never forget going to?
c) Is there anything you regret doing?
d) Is there anything in your flat that needs doing?
e) Is there anything you need to do at the moment?
f) I often remember to do things when it's too late. Does it ever happen to you?
g) Have you recently stopped doing anything?
6) Exam task
7) Exam task
THE MOUNTAINEER
As a child, Edurne Pasaban lived in the mountainous Basque region of Spain
and she climbed her first mountain when she was fourteen. At university, she
studied engineering but she didn’t want (1)______________ a nine-to-five job. HAVE
In May 2010 she finished (2)___________ the world’s fourteen tallest CLIMB
mountains. Nowadays she is famous for her many climbing achievements,
However, she didn’t consider (3)____________________ as a way to become CLIMB
famous. She says, ‘For me, adventure is a way of life.’
Причастие 1 и 2
1) Multiple choice.
2) Exam task.
The small country of Bhutan in the Himalayan mountains is over one thousand
years old. In the past it was a poor country and not 1)_______ by many people. VISIT
But nowadays, it is becoming more and more popular with tourists. This
country now has constantly (2)______________ medicine and GROW
(3)________________ economy. King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the king of IMPROVE
Bhutan until 2006, thought happiness is the way to measure the country’s
development.
But how do you measure happiness? Perhaps health is the best way because a
famous doctor once said, ‘Happy people generally don’t get sick.’ For example,
one survey says Iceland is the ‘healthiest country in the world’ because men POLLUTE
and women live a long time there, the air is not (4)______________________ WORK
and there are more doctors (5)________________ per person than anywhere
else in the world.
However, there was another survey of the happiest countries in the world and INCLUDE
Iceland was not near the top. The (6)________________questions on this
survey were: How much do you earn? How healthy are you? How safe do you VISIT
feel? After (7)______________ 155 different countries, the researchers decided
that Denmark feels happier than other countries.
So does happiness equal money and good health? Not according to the artist
Erik Krikortz. In his home city of Stockholm, Krikortz shows the results of his COLOUR
survey as different (8)______________ lights on the side of a large building in
the city. For example, red means the people of Stockholm are very happy,
green is OK and purple means many people are sad. ‘A lot of people look at the
building every day and see how “we” are,’ Krikortz says.
Резюме
Если видите местоимение (например, I), ставите его в правильный падеж – объектный
(me), притяжательный (my или mine). Или указательное местоимение (this, that) можно
ставите во мн. ч. Неопределенные местоимения (some, any, no, every и их производные) в
тестах не видела, но кодификатор предупреждает, что они могут попасться.
А вот с глаголами придется попотеть. И сначала понять – перед нами личная форма (та,
которая изменяется по временам) или неличная (причастие активное или пассивное).
1) Узнать причастие легко – в предложении уже есть сказуемое, выраженное личной
формой глагола. Когда узнали, думаем – активное или пассивное у него значение.
2) Если в предложении пропуск стоит после подлежащего, и сказуемого недостает, перед
нами точно личная форма.
Как и с причастием, решаем активный это залог или пассивный (переведя предложение) и
дальше думаем, в какое время его поставить. В этом же предложении (ну, или в
предыдущих) могут стоять слова-подсказки. Если их нет, смотрим на само предложение и
что его окружает.
Пройдя все эти подводные камни, надо не ошибиться еще в написании формы глагола,
выучив правила орфографии и неправильные глаголы.
Также нужно уметь распознавать предложения условия (и конструкции с I wish) или
согласование времен в косвенной речи, которые также могут тут встретиться.
Пример
Разберем эту часть из демоверсии ОГЭ:
Once there were four children whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy. This story
happened to __________________ when they had to leave their home city, London, during the
war. THEY
Раз пропуск после глагола, значит это объектный падеж (them).
They __________________ to the house of an old Professor who lived in the country, ten miles
from the nearest railway station. SEND
Пропуск сразу после подлежащего – точно личная форма, после перевода предложения
ясно, что их послали, значит это пассив. Слов-подсказок нет, но в окружающих
предложениях идет последовательность действий, выраженная Past Simple, значит это тот
же случай (were sent).
He himself was a very old man with white hair which grew over most of his face as well as on
his head. The children liked him almost at once. Only Lucy, who was the __________________
of them, felt a little afraid of him. YOUNG
Прилагательное, перед пропуском определенный артикль – превосходная степень
сравнения (youngest). Некоторые забываются, и пишут два слова – the youngest, чего
делать нельзя!
On their __________________ evening, after dinner, they said good night to the Professor and
went upstairs. It was the largest house they had ever seen, so Peter suggested exploring it in the
morning. ONE
Совсем просто – меняем количественное числительное на порядковое (first).
When the next morning came, there was a steady rain falling. “I wish the weather
__________________ more cheerful!” said Edmund. BE
Конструкция с I wish в школе изучается только в сочетании с Past Simple после нее (was/
were).
“Stop complaining, Ed,” said Susan. “I think the weather __________________ soon.”
IMPROVE
Опять личная форма (сразу после подлежащего), по смыслу ясно, что это активный залог
и говорим о будущем (will improve/is going to improve).
“We were going to explore the house,” Peter reminded them. He __________________ a
sandwich at the moment and was absolutely happy with the whole situation. EAT
Опять личная форма, активный залог, и подсказка – at the moment, значит время группы
Continous, а глагол в прошлом в этом предложении дает основания предполагать, что это
Past Continous (was eating).
Если после внесения информации в бланк вы поняли, что допустили ошибку – внизу
бланка есть «Замена ошибочных ответов». Это поле заполняется также, как и
основное – без пробелов заглавными буквами. Обратите внимание – если вы вдруг
туда записываете неправильный ответ, а правильный ответ остался в основном
бланке – засчитан будет только ответ из нижнего поля.
Тренировочные варианты
Тест 1
Тест 2
Before there was the (1)____________ word, there was the language of dance. WRITE
Dance (2)_______________________ love and hate, joy and sorrow, life and EXPRESS
death, and everything else in between.
Dance in America is everywhere. We dance from Florida to Alaska, from
horizon to horizon and sea to sea. We dance at weddings, birthdays, office
(3)______________ and just to fill the time. PARTY
‘I love (4)___________,’ says Lester Bridges, the owner of a dance studio in DANCE
Iowa. ‘I can’t imagine (5)_____________ anything else with my life.’ Bridges DO
runs dance (6)______________ for all ages. ‘Teaching dance is wonderful. My CLASS OLD
(7)_________ students say it makes them feel young. It’s wonderful to watch THEY
(8)____________. For many of them, it’s a way of meeting people and having
a social life.’
So why do we dance? ‘I can tell you about one young couple,’ says Bridges. LEARN
‘They (9) _____________to do traditional dances right now. They arrive at the
class in a bad mood and they leave with a smile. Dancing seems to change their
mood completely.’
So, do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better, calmer,
(10)______________? Andrea Hillier, a choreographer, says, ‘Dance, like the HEALTHY
rhythm of a beating heart, is life. Even after all these years, I want to get better PRACTISE
and better. I keep (11)________________ even when I’m (12)_____________. EXHAUST
I find it hard to stop! If I (13)________________, I would die! NOT DANCE
Тест 3
(10)_____________ the bottles had disappeared long ago. Suddenly, my eye HOLD
(11)______________ by a (12)______________shoe. Nearby I saw a pair of CATCH
(13)______________ shoes that had perhaps belonged to a child. I felt that the WOMAN
people who had died here in 1912 were speaking to me again. But I knew that a SMALL
private salvage company had legally removed thousands of objects from the
site. A Russian submarine had taken Hollywood filmmaker James Cameron to
the wreck. I wish we (14)__________ save the story of Titanic. It is not about CAN
the ship, it’s about the (15)____________. PERSON
Тест 4
Тест 5
Тест 6
Once, the traditional British holiday was a week at the seaside – either in the
UK or somewhere with (1)______________ weather like the Mediterranean. RELIABLE
But recently, holidaymakers (2)_____________________ for a different LOOK
holiday experience. Perhaps (3)___________ by wildlife documentaries on INSPIRE
television, tourists have gone to places like Kenya and South Africa for safaris
and bush camp holidays. Interest in China has grown too. About half a million
UK tourists (4)____________ China on cultural tours since the 2008 Olympic VISIT
Games. Tour companies have promoted the traditional package holiday with a
new twist to attract more customers – but with mixed results. One holiday
operator has filled all (5)_____________ places on its spa holidays in Spain THAT
for this season, but they have sold only half of (6)__________ available luxury THEY
hotels in Egypt.
One of the (7)________________ changes is that the older generation of INTERESTING
British holidaymakers has travelled like never before. The number of
holidaymakers over 60 has doubled in the last three years. If you go on cruise
destinations in the Caribbean or even to Antarctica, you (8) _________ not MEET
only young adventurers.
Тест 7
Тест 8
There is pizza – and there is Pizza Napoletana. The two, some PERSON
(1)______________ say, have as much in common as olive oil has with
cooking oil. Now, Pizza Napoletana has joined the group of European Union-
certified food and drink products – like Scottish Farmed Salmon, Spanish
Melon from la Mancha and English Blue Stilton cheese. To qualify for this list,
(2)___________ food products have to meet very strict criteria. THIS
Once a product (3)_________________ Guaranteed Traditional Specialty GIVE
status, other similar products can not use the same name. If your Champagne
(4)_____________ from that particular region of France for example, you can’t NOT COME
call it ‘champagne’. But be careful: it takes (5)______________ to read the EU LONG
specifications for ‘real’ Pizza Napoletana than it does to make one. To have the
title ‘Guaranteed Traditional Speciality’, the pizza mustn’t be over 35
centimetres in diameter and the crust mustn’t be (6)____________ than two MANY
centimetres thick. The ingredients must include type 00 flour and up to 100
grams of San Marzano tomatoes. And the cheese (7)________ to be fresh HAVE
‘Mozzarella di Bufala’.
Pizza has a long history in Italy. The word ‘pizza’ first (8)______________ in APPEAR
an AD 997 manuscript from Gaeta, a southern Italian town. A millennium
(9)___________, in 1997, political groups in northern Italy tried to boycott LATE
pizza. Perhaps they should accept that Pizza Napoletana is here to stay now.
Happily, you don’t have to know anything about (10)_________ history to IT
enjoy an authentic Pizza Napoletana!
Тест 9
Nowadays obesity rates (1)______________ fast and we need to find new CLIMB
techniques to help people control overeating. According to new research,
‘imaginary eating’ (2)_____________ be such technique. A psychologist in the CAN
United States reports that if you imagine (3) ____________ a specific food, EAT
your interest in that food will fall. And if you are (4)_________ interested in LITTLE
that food, you eat less of it. Carey Morewedge explains that (5)___________ PERSON
often try to avoid (6)____________ about food when they need to lose weight. THINK
However, this might not, in fact, be a good strategy. On the other hand, if you
force (7)_____________ to think about chewing and actually swallowing food, YOU
you’ll reduce your desire.
COMMENTS
This study is just another proof of how powerful our brain is. The
(8)_____________ we are at using that power when making decisions and GOOD
controlling certain behaviours, the healthier we (9)_____________. BECOME
Тест 10
Of all the visitors to New York City in recent years, one of the
(1)_________________ was a beaver which showed up one morning in 2007. SURPRISE
Nobody knows where the beaver (2)_______________ from and ecologist Eric COME
Sanderson explains that, although beavers were common in the area in the 17th
century, there (3)______________ any for more than 200 years. NOT BE
For Sanderson, the (4)_____________ appearance was symbolic. For ten years, BEAVER
he’s led a project to visualise what the area looked like before the city
transformed it. As Sanderson says, ‘There were views in this city where you
(5)______________ see, except for a person, another living thing. Not a tree or NOT CAN
a plant. How did a place become like that?’
In fact, long before the skyscrapers started (6)________________ the view, this DOMINATE
place was a wilderness where animals like beavers, (7)__________, bears and WOLF
turkeys would walk freely through forests, (8)_______________ and grassland. MARSH
Its ecology was as diverse as Yellowstone or Yosemite today. There were
sandy beaches along the coasts and 90 kilometres of fresh-water streams.
Таблицы