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Ìèêîëà¿â
ÓÄÌÒÓ
ÓÄÊ 621.3.01
ÁÁÊ 31.211
Æ 85
4
1. ÌÅÒÎÄ ÃÀÐÌÎͲ×ÍÎÃÎ ÀÍÀ˲ÇÓ
äå
2π 2π
1
A0 = 1 ∫ f ( ωt ) d (ωt ); Bkm = ∫ f (ωt)sin kωt d (ωt) ;
2π 0
2π 0
2π
f ( ωt ) = A0 + A1 m sin( ωt + ψ 1 ) + A2 m sin( 2 ωt + ψ 2 ) + K =
∞
= A0 + ∑A
k =0
km sin( kωt + ψ k ),
Akm = Bkm
2
+ Ckm
2
; ψ k = arctg C km Bkm .
f (ωt) f ( ωt ) = ∑A
k =1, 3, 5K
km sin(kωt + ψ k ).
π 0 π 2π ωt A0 = 1 f (ωt ) d (ωt );
∫ (1.2)
π0
π
2
â
Bkm =
π0 ∫ f (ωt )sin kωt d (ωt );
Ðèñ. 1.1 π
2
Ckm =
π0 ∫ f (ωt )cos kωt d (ωt ).
ßêùî äëÿ ôóíêö³¿ f (ωt ) äåÿê³ ç âèä³â ñèìåò𳿠ñïîñòåð³ãàþòüñÿ
îäíî÷àñíî, òî ó ðîçêëàä³ â³äñóòí³ ñêëàäîâ³, ÿê³ âèêëþ÷àþòüñÿ êîæ-
íèì ç öèõ âèä³â.
Ïðèêëàäè ðîçêëàäó â ðÿä äåÿêèõ êðèâèõ, ÿê³ íàéá³ëüø ÷àñòî
çóñòð³÷àþòüñÿ â åëåêòðîòåõí³ö³, íàâåäåí³ ó äîä. 1.
6
ßêùî ïî÷àòîê â³äë³êó ìîæå áóòè îáðàíèé äîâ³ëüíî, éîãî âèá³ð
íåîáõ³äíî âèêîíàòè òàê, ùîá îäåðæàòè íàéá³ëüøó ñèìåòð³þ.
ßêùî äëÿ äåÿêî¿ ôóíêö³¿ â³äîìèé ðîçêëàä ó ðÿä Ôóð'º f (ωt ) , òî
ïðè çì³ùåíí³ ïî÷àòêó â³äë³êó íà äåÿêå çíà÷åííÿ β âïðàâî ÷è âë³âî
â³äíîñíî âèõ³äíîãî ïî÷àòêó êîîðäèíàò ðîçêëàä ó ðÿä Ôóð'º â³äíî-
ñíî íîâî¿ êîîðäèíàòíî¿ ñèñòåìè áóäå îäåðæàíèé çàì³íîþ ωt íà
ωt1 + β, äå ωt1 àáñöèñà â íîâ³é ñèñòåì³ êîîðäèíàò; ïîçèòèâíå çíà-
÷åííÿ β â³äïîâ³äຠçì³ùåííþ íîâîãî ïî÷àòêó â³äë³êó âïðàâî, à
â³ä'ºìíå çíà÷åííÿ âë³âî. Îòæå,
∞
f (ωt1 + β ) = f 1 (ωt1 ) = A0 + ∑[C
k =1
km cos k (ωt1 + β ) + B km sin k ( ωt1 + β )] =
∞
= A0 + ∑A
k =1
km sin k ( ωt1 + ψ 1 + β ) . (1.3)
j 2π
A& km = Akm e jψ k = B km + jC km = ∫ f (ωt ) e − jkωt d (ωt ) . (1.4)
π0
Âèðàç (1.4) ó íàéá³ëüø ñòèñëîìó âèãëÿä³ âèçíà÷ຠêîåô³ö³ºíòè
ðÿäó Ôóð'º äëÿ áóäü-ÿêî¿ ôîðìè éîãî çàïèñó.
ßêùî ôóíêö³ÿ f (ωt ) çàäàíà ãðàô³êîì íåïðàâèëüíî¿ ôîðìè, òî
íàâåäåí³ âèùå ³íòåðâàëè ìîæóòü áóòè âèçíà÷åí³ ÿê ðåçóëüòàò íà-
áëèæåíîãî îá÷èñëåííÿ:
2 n −1
1 2n −1 1 2 n −1
A0 ≈ 1 ∑ f i ; Bkm ≈ ∑ f i sin (kiπ n ); Ckm ≈ ∑
f i cos(kiπ n ).
2n i =0 n i =0 n i =0
Òóò ïåðåäáà÷àºòüñÿ, ùî ïåð³îä 2π ðîçä³ëåíèé íà 2n ð³âíèõ
÷àñòèí, à fi çíà÷åííÿ ôóíêö³¿ f (ωt ) ïðè ωt = πi n .
Ïðèêëàä 1.1. Ðîçêëàñòè â ðÿä Ôóð'º ïèëîïîä³áíó ôóíêö³þ, íà-
âåäåíó íà ðèñ. 1.2, ÿêà â³äïîâ³äຠóìîâ³
7
f (ωt) Ðîçâ'ÿçàííÿ. Äà-
1 íà ôóíêö³ÿ º íåïàð-
íîþ, òîìó â ðîçêëàä³
4π 3π 2π π 0 π 2π 3π 4π ωt â³äñóòí³ ïîñò³éíà
1 ñêëàäîâà òà êîñèíó-
Ðèñ. 1.2 ñî¿äè. ³äïîâ³äíî äî
ôîðìóëè (1.2)
π
∫
2 ωt 2
Bkm = 1 − sin kt d (ωt ) = .
π π kπ
0
Îòæå,
2 sin ωt sin 2ωt sin 3ωt
f (ωt ) = + + + ... .
π 1 2 3
f 1(ωt1) f (ωt)
π
sin ωt1 +
4 2+
³äïîâ³äíî äî (1.3) f1 (ωt1 ) = f (ωt1 + β ) =
π 1
8
π π
sin 3 ωt1 + sin 5 ωt1 +
2 2 4 cos ωt1 cos 3ωt1
+ + + K = − +
3 5 π 1 3
cos 5ωt1
+ − K .
5
Ïðèêëàä 1.3. Ðîçêëàñòè â ðÿä Ôóð'º ñòðóì, êðèâà ÿêîãî íàâå-
äåíà íà ðèñ. 1.4.
Ðîçâ'ÿçàííÿ. Âðà- i³(ωt)
(t)
õîâóþ÷è ñèìåòð³þ
I π
êðèâî¿ ñòðóìó â³ä- π
5π π π 0 π π
5π
7π ωt
t
íîñíî îñ³ àáñöèñ òà
6 2 6 6 2 6 6
ïî÷àòêó êîîðäè-
íàò, â³äïîâ³äíî äî Ðèñ. 1.4
ôîðìóëè (1.4) âèçíà÷èìî êîìïëåêñíó àìïë³òóäó k-î¿ ãàðìîí³êè
ñòðóìó:
π 5π
2 6
.
∫ ∫
2j 2j 4I π
I km = i ( ωt ) e − jkωt d (ωt ) = I e − jkωt d (ωt ) = sin k (− j )k −1.
π π πk 3
0 π
6
Îòæå,
2 3 1 1 1 1
i(ωt ) = I sin ωt − sin 5ωt − sin 7ωt + sin 11ωt + sin 13ωt − K.
π 5 7 11 13
2π 0
9
ijþ÷³ çíà÷åííÿ ïåð³îäè÷íèõ íåñèíóñî¿äàëüíèõ ñòðóì³â òà íà-
ïðóã âèðàæàþòüñÿ òàêèìè ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿìè:
2π ∞
1
∫ i (ωt ) d (ωt ) = I 0 + I1 + I 2 + K + I k + K = ∑ I k2 ;
2 2 2 2 2
I=
2π 0 k =0
2π ∞
1
U= ∫ u (ωt ) d (ωt ) = U 0 + U1 + U 2 + K + U k + K = ∑=0U k2 ,
2 2 2 2 2
(1.5)
2π 0 k
∞
1
kí =
U1
∑=2U k2 .
k
10
Ïðè â³äñóòíîñò³ ïîñò³éíî¿ ñêëàäîâî¿
1 1
kí = U 2 − U12 = 1 − kc2 .
U1 kc
∫
2π 2
1 1 U max U
∫ u ( ωt ) d ( ωt ) =
2
U= ωt d ( ωt ) = max = 0,578 U max ;
2π 0 π π 3
0
∫
1 U max U max
U ñåð = ωt d ( ωt ) = ;
π π 2
0
∫
1 2 U max 2 U max
U1 = sin ωt d ( ωt ) = .
2 π π π
0
Îòæå,
kc = U1 U = 2 3 π ≈ 0,78.
13
6. Çã³äíî ç (1.5) òà (1.6)(1.9) çíàõîäÿòü ä³þ÷³ çíà÷åííÿ ñòðóì³â
òà ïîòóæíîñòåé.
Ïðèì³òêà. ßêùî êîëî çíàõîäèòüñÿ ï³ä 䳺þ ïåð³îäè÷íîãî íåñèíóñî¿äàëü-
íîãî ñòðóìó äæåðåëà, ïîðÿäîê ðîçðàõóíêó àíàëîã³÷íèé.
EäMJ R L EäMJ R
C
Eäm(k) R jX Lk
jXCk
Ðèñ. 1.6
1Rm(k) 1Lm(k) 1Cm(k)
â
EL , A
1,5 EL
EL
0,5
EL
270°
90°
IL
180° 360° Mt
;IL
0,5
Ðèñ. 1.7
U ä (0 ) = 0 Â; U ä (1 ) = 6, 44 Â; U ä ( 2 ) = 3, 22 Â;
U ô = U 12 + U 52 + U 72 + K; I ë = 3 I12 + I 52 + I 72 + K .
Ôàçíèé ñòðóì ãåíåðàòîðà ì³ñòèòü ãàðìîí³êè âñ³õ ïîðÿäê³â, éîãî
ä³þ÷å çíà÷åííÿ I ô = I12 + I 32 + I 52 + I 72 + I 92 + K , îòæå, I ë < 3 I ô .
åÑ = 220 2 sin (ωt − 240° ) + 50 2 sin (3ωt + 90° ) + 30 2 sin (5ωt − 30° ) Â.
A V
B V#
A C
C C C
V L L L V!
åÀ å åÑ 2
A
V"
Ðèñ. 1.8
2 2
E (1 ) E (5 )
I 1 = I ô = I ë = +
= 24, 4 2 + 10 2 = 26, 2 À;
Z (1) Z (5 )
2 2
E E
U 3 = U ô = Z í (1) (1) + Z í (5 ) (5 ) = (24,4 ⋅10)2 + (10 ⋅ 2)2 ≈ 244 Â,
Z (1) Z (5 )
äå Z ( k ) = Z ä ( k ) + Z í (k ) ; U 2 = U 5 = U ë = 3 U ô = 423 Â.
Äëÿ âèïàäêó ç³ðêè ç íóëüîâèì ïðîâîäîì (ðóáèëüíèê Ð çàìêíåíî)
2 2 2
E E E
I1 = I ô = I ë = (1) + (3 ) + (5 ) = 24, 4 2 + 150 2 + 10 2 = 152 À;
Z (1) Z (3 ) Z (5 )
18
2 2 2
E (1) E E
U 3 = U 1 = Z í (1 ) + Z í ( 3 ) (3 ) + Z í (5 ) ( 5 ) =
Z (1)
Z (3 ) Z (5 )
= (24,4 ⋅ 10)2 + (150 ⋅ 3,33)2 + (10 ⋅ 2 )2 = 556 Â;
E (3 ) 50
U 2 = U 5 = U ë = 423 Â; I 2 = I N = 3 =3 = 450 À.
Z (3 ) 0,33
F1 ( p )
FT ( p ) = F1 ( p )(1 + e − pT + e − 2 pT + K) = , (2.1)
1 − e − pT
∞ T
∫
äå F1 ( p ) = e − pt
∫
f1 (t )dt = e − pt f àí (t )dt º çîáðàæåííÿì ä³þ÷î¿ ôóíêö³¿
0 0
íà ïåðøîìó ïåð³îä³.
Çîáðàæåííÿ ðåàêö³¿ êîëà ïðè íóëüîâèõ ïî÷àòêîâèõ óìîâàõ
N (p)
G ( p ) = FT ( p )K ( p ) = ,
M ( p)
äå K(p) ïåðåäàâàëüíà ôóíêö³ÿ êîëà; N ( p ) M ( p ) äðîáîâî-
ðàö³îíàëüíà ôóíêö³ÿ.
Óñòàëåíà ñêëàäîâà ðåàêö³¿ äîð³âíþº ñóì³ ëèøê³â ôóíêö³¿ G(p)ept
â³äíîñíî ïîëþñ³â ä³þ÷î¿ ôóíêö³¿ FT (p) (çíà÷åíü ð = ðF, ïðè ÿêèõ
20
FT (p) ïåðåòâîðþºòüñÿ íà íåñê³í÷åíí³ñòü):
∑Res1F− e p
( )
g óñò = ∑ Res G ( p ) e pt = 1
pT
K ( p ) e pt . (2.2)
p pF
F
N ( p) 1 d m −1 N ( p ) pt
Res e pt = m −1
e ( p − pr ) m , (2.3)
Pr M ( p) (m − 1)! dp M ( p) p = pr
N ( p) 1 d m −1 N ( p ) pt m
Res e pt = e ( p − p ) . (2.4)
M ( p) (m − 1)! dp m −1 M ( p) r
Pr
p = pr
C B B e1(t)
e(t)
Uóñò 1 1
e(t)
0 Ò 2Ò t 0 Ò t
à á â
Ðèñ. 2.2
22
Çîáðàæåííÿ äàíî¿ ïåð³îäè÷íî¿ ôóíêö³¿ e(t) çíàõîäèòüñÿ äîäà-
âàííÿì çîáðàæåíü îäíàêîâèõ òðèêóòíèê³â ç óðàõóâàííÿì çì³ùåííÿ:
E1 ( p ) E ( p)
ET ( p ) = E1 ( p )(1 + e − pT + e − 2 pT + K) = − pT
= 1 −p .
1− e 1− e
Ïåðåäàâàëüíà ôóíêö³ÿ
U ( p) R 2 p
K (p) = = = = .
E(p) 1 1 1
R+ 2+ p+
pC p 2
Çîáðàæåííÿ ðåàêö³¿ êîëà íà ïèëîïîä³áíó ÅÐÑ
1 − e − p − pe − p 1 e− p
U ( p ) = ET ( p )K ( p ) = = − .
1 1 1
p p + (1 − e − p ) ( )
−p
p p + p + 1 − e
2 2 2
³ëüíà íàïðóãà íà îïîð³
e pt
u â³ë (t ) = ∑ Res ET ( p ) K ( p ) e pt = Res
pk
p=−
1
p p + 1
−
2
2
−
t 1
−
t
e p (t −1) −
t
e 2
e 2 −
t
e 2
− Res = −2 e 2 − = −2 e 2 + B.
1
p + (1 − e )
1 1
p=−
1
− p −
1− e 1− e
2 2 2
2
2
23
Óñòàëåíà íàïðóãà íà îïîð³ ïðîòÿãîì ïåðøîãî ïåð³îäó
−
t
−
t
−
t
−
t
e 2 e 2
u óñò (t ) = u (t ) − u â³ë (t ) = 2 − 2e 2
− − 2e 2 + 1 = 2− 1
Â,
1+ e 2
−
1− e
−
2
äå 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 .
³ðí³ñòü â³äïîâ³ä³ ìîæå áóòè ïåðåâ³ðåíà çà óìîâè íåïåðåðâíî-
ñò³ óñòàëåíî¿ íàïðóãè íà ºìíîñò³
−
1
−
1
u óñò (0 ) = u óñò (1) = − 1 + 2e 2 1 − e 2 .
R L B e(t) B e(t)
1
uóñò(t) 3
1 1
0 1 2 3 4 t, ñ 0 1 2 t, ñ
à á 2
Ðèñ. 2.3 â
Ïåðåäàâàëüíà ôóíêö³ÿ
1
U ( p) pC 1 1
K (p) = = = = .
E(p) 1 1 2 3 ( p + 1)( p + 2 )
R + pL + p + p +1
pC 2 2
2 (1 − e − p )e pt
U ( p ) = ET ( p )K ( p ) = .
p2 (1 + e − p )( p + 1)( p + 2 )
³ëüíà íàïðóãà íà ºìíîñò³
2 (1 − e − p ) e pt
u â³ë (t ) = ∑ Res ET ( p ) K ( p ) e pt = Res
pk p = −1 p2 (1 + e − p )( p + 1)( p + 2 )
+
2 (1 − e − p )e pt 1− e 1 1 − e 2 −2 t
+ Res =2 e −t − ⋅ e .
p = −2
p2 (1 + e − p )( p + 1)( p + 2 ) 1+ e 2 1 + ee
1
u I (t ) = (2t − 3 + 4e −t − e −2t ) Â (0 ≤ t ≤ 1) ;
2
25
íà äðóãîìó ³íòåðâàë³ íåïåðåðâíîñò³
u II (t ) = u I (t ) − 2u I (t − 1) Â (1 ≤ t ≤ 2 ) .
Øóêàíà íàïðóãà íà ºìíîñò³
3 4 e − ( t − 2 ) e −2 ( t − 2 )
u I óñò (t ) = u I (t ) − u â³ë (t ) = t − + −  (0 ≤ t ≤ 1) ;
2 1+ e 1+ e2
3 4 e − (t −2 ) e −2 (t −2 )
u II óñò (t ) = u II (t ) − u â³ë (t ) = − (t − 2 ) + − +  (1 ≤ t ≤ 2 ) .
2 1+ e 1+ e2
Ïåðåâ³ðêà:
u óñò ( 0 ) = u óñò ( 2 ) = − 3 + 5 e − 5 e +23 e
2 3
Â.
2 (1 + e )(1 + e )
Ïðèêëàä 2.3. Âèçíà÷èòè óñòàëåíèé ñòðóì íàâàíòàæåííÿ îäíî-
ôàçíîãî ìîñòîâîãî âèïðÿìëÿ÷à ç àêòèâíî-³íäóêòèâíèì íàâàíòà-
æåííÿì, øóíòîâàíèì íóëüîâèì âåíòèëåì (ðèñ. 2.4,à). Âèïðÿìëÿ÷
ïðàöþº â ðåæèì³ íåïåðåðâíîãî ñòðóìó íàâàíòàæåííÿ. ×àñîâ³ ä³à-
ãðàìè ÅÐÑ e(t), äæåðåëà íàïðóãè u(t) òà ñòðóìó i(t) íàâàíòàæåííÿ
íàâåäåí³ íà ðèñ. 2.4,á.
u(t),
i(t)
VS1 VS2
E u(t)
E R L
ióñò(t)
ióñò(t) VD
0 T T t
J 2
VS3 VS4
I II
à á
Ðèñ. 2.4
Ðîçâ'ÿçàííÿ. Âåëè÷èíó ñòðóìó ó êîë³ íàâàíòàæåííÿ ìîæíà çíàé-
di (t )
òè, ðîçâ'ÿçàâøè äèôåðåíö³àëüíå ð³âíÿííÿ L + Ri(t ) = u (t ),
dt
26
0; k T ≤ t ≤ k T + τ
2 2
äå u ( t ) = ; k = 0; 1; 2; K ; E, T, ω
E sin ωt ; k T + τ ≤ t ≤ ( k +1) T
2 2
â³äïîâ³äíî àìïë³òóäà, ïåð³îä ³ ÷àñòîòà ÅÐÑ äæåðåëà; τ = α/ω, α
êóò ââ³ìêíåííÿ âåíòèë³â.
Çàñòîñóâàâøè ïåðåòâîðåííÿ Ëàïëàñà äî äèôåðåíö³éíîãî ð³â-
íÿííÿ, îäåðæèìî pLI ( p ) + RI ( p ) = U ( p ).
I (p) 1
Ïåðåäàâàëüíà ôóíêö³ÿ K ( p ) = = .
U ( p ) pL + R
Ðîçãëÿíåìî ïåðøèé ³íòåðâàë íåïåðåðâíîñò³ u(t): 0 ≤ t ≤ π. Ñó-
ì³ñòèâøè ïî÷àòîê â³äë³êó ÷àñó ç òî÷êîþ t = 0, îòðèìàºìî çîáðà-
æåííÿ ïåð³îäè÷íî¿ ôóíêö³¿ u(t):
−p
T
ω e − pτ + e 2
UT I ( p) = E .
−p
T
(p2 + ω2 )1 − e 2
Îñê³ëüêè íà ïåðøîìó ³íòåðâàë³ íåïåðåðâíîñò³ íàïðóãà u(t) = 0,
UàíI (p) = 0, òî
p1 T2 − τ
sin ψ e + 1
UT I ( p ) pt E p1t
iI óñò (t ) = Re s e = T
e ,
pk = p1 pL + R
R2 + ω2 L2 p1
1− e 2
äå ψ = arctg ωL R ; p1 = − R L .
Äëÿ âèçíà÷åííÿ óñòàëåíîãî ñòðóìó íà äðóãîìó ³íòåðâàë³ íåïå-
ðåðâíîñò³ τ ≤ t ≤ T/2 íåîáõ³äíî âèêîíàòè çì³ùåííÿ ïî÷àòêó â³äë³êó
÷àñó äî òî÷êè t = τ. Âèêîðèñòàâøè òåîðåìó çàãàþâàííÿ, âèçíà÷è-
ìî çîáðàæåííÿ ä³þ÷î¿ íàïðóãè íà äàíîìó ³íòåðâàë³ ÿê ïåð³îäè÷íî¿
òà àíàë³òè÷íî¿ ôóíêö³é:
− p − τ
T
ω 1 + e 2
ω
UT II ( p ) = E ; U àí II = E .
T
p + ω2
2
(p2 + ω2 )1 − e 2
−p
27
Óñòàëåíå çíà÷åííÿ ñòðóìó
sin ψ (1 + e p1τ )
= E e p1t
+ sin ( ωt − ψ ) .
τ
R 2 + ω 2 L2 1 − e p1 2
ff [T]
[T]
f f[5T]
[5T]
f [0]
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T nT nT
à á
Ðèñ. 3.1
¥ðàò÷àñòó ôóíêö³þ ìîæíà óòâîðèòè ç íåïåðåðâíî¿ ôóíêö³¿ ÷àñó
f (t), ÿêùî â îñòàíí³é ïîêëàñòè t = n. Íàïðèêëàä, ÿêùî º íåïåðåðâíà
ôóíêö³ÿ f (t ) = e α t , òî â³äïîâ³äíà ´ðàò÷àñòà ôóíêö³ÿ ìàòèìå âèãëÿä
f [nT ] = e α nT .
Îäí³é ´ðàò÷àñò³é ôóíêö³¿ ìîæóòü â³äïîâ³äàòè äåê³ëüêà íåïå-
ðåðâíèõ ôóíêö³é (äèâ. ðèñ. 3.1,á). Ö³ ôóíêö³¿ ìàþòü íàçâó îáâ³äíèõ
´ðàò÷àñòî¿ ôóíêö³¿.
Ïðè ïåðåõîä³ â³ä íåïåðåðâíî¿ ôóíêö³¿ äî ´ðàò÷àñòî¿ ìàñøòàá
÷àñó íåîáõ³äíî çì³íèòè òàê, ùîá ³íòåðâàë ì³æ ñóì³æíèìè çíà÷åííÿ-
ìè àðãóìåíòó äîð³âíþâàâ îäèíèö³. Íàïðèêëàä, ÿêùî çàäàíà íå-
ïåðåðâíà ôóíêö³ÿ f (t ) = e α t , òî ïðéíÿâøè íåçàëåæíó çì³ííó t = t T ,
îäåðæèìî f (t ) = e a t , äå à = αt. ¥ðàò÷àñòà ôóíêö³ÿ ìàòèìå âèãëÿä
f [n ] = e an (ðèñ. 3.2,à).
an
f [n ] = e f [n] = an
8 8
7 7
6 à = 0,5 6 à = 0,5
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
Ðèñ. 3.2
0 1 2 3 4 n 0 1 2 3 4 n
à á
31
ßêùî íåïåðåðâíà ôóíêö³ÿ f (t ) = sin ωt = sin ωTt , òî â³äïîâ³äíà
´ðàò÷àñòà ôóíêö³ÿ f [n ] = sin ω n , äå ω = ωT . ¥ðàò÷àñòà ôóíêö³ÿ
ïîçíà÷àºòüñÿ f [nÒ] àáî f [n].
гçíèö³ ´ðàò÷àñòèõ ôóíêö³é ìàþòü àíàëîã³þ ç ïîõ³äíèìè íå-
ïåðåðâíèõ ôóíêö³é. Ïåðøà ð³çíèöÿ, àáî ð³çíèöÿ ïåðøîãî ïîðÿäêó,
∆f [n ] = f [n + 1] − f [n ] (3.1)
äîð³âíþº ïðèðîñòó ´ðàò÷àñòî¿ ôóíêö³¿ ïðè ïåðåõîä³ â³ä àðãóìåíòó
n äî àðãóìåíòó (n + 1).
гçíèöÿ äðóãîãî ïîðÿäêó
∆2 f [n ] = ∆f [n + 1] − ∆f [n ] = f [n + 2 ] − f [n + 1] − f [n + 1] + f [n ] =
= f [n + 2 ] − 2 f [n + 1] + f [n ]. (3.2)
∆3 f [n ] = ∆2 f [n + 1] − ∆2 f [n ] = f [n + 3] − 3 f [n + 2] − f [n ]. (3.3)
гçíèöÿ k-ãî ïîðÿäêó
k ( k − 1)
∆k f [n ] = f [n + k ] − kf [n + ( k − 1)] + f [n + ( k − 2 )] + K =
1⋅ 2
k
k!
= ∑ (−1)
ν =0
ν
ν! ( k − ν )!
f [n + k − ν ], (3.4)
äå ââàæàºòüñÿ, ùî 0! = 1.
Ïðèêëàä 3.1. Ðîçãëÿíåìî ð³çíèö³ òàêèõ ´ðàò÷àñòèõ ôóíêö³é.
1. f [n] = an. Äëÿ íå¿
∆f [n ] = a ( n + 1) − an = a; ∆ 2f [n ] = ∆f [n + 1] − ∆f [n ] = a − a = 0.
гçíèö³ á³ëüø âèñîêèõ ïîðÿäê³â òàêîæ äîð³âíþâàòèìóòü íóëþ.
2. f [n] = ean (äèâ. ðèñ. 3.2,à). Äëÿ íå¿
∆2 f [n ] = e a ( n+1) (e a − 1) − e an ( e a − 1);
∆2 f [n ] = e a ( n +1) (e a − 1) − e an ( e a − 1) = (e a − 1)e an (e a − 1) = e an ( e a − 1) 2 ;
...
∆k f [n ] = e an (e a − 1) k .
32
3. f [n] = an2 (äèâ. ðèñ. 3.2,á). Äëÿ íå¿
∆f [n ] = ( n + 2) 2 − an 2 = a ( 2n + 1);
∆2 f [n ] = ( n + 2) 2 − 2 ( n + 1) 2 + n 2 = 2a.
гâíÿííÿì p-ãî ïîðÿäêó â ñê³í÷åííèõ ð³çíèöÿõ, àáî ð³çíèöåâèì
ð³âíÿííÿì p-ãî ïîðÿäêó, íàçèâàþòü ð³âíÿííÿ, äî ÿêîãî âõîäèòü
íåâ³äîìà ôóíêö³ÿ y[n] òà ¿¿ ð³çíèö³ äî p-ãî ïîðÿäêó âêëþ÷íî:
b p ∆ p y [n ] + b p −1∆ p −1 y [n ] + K + b0 y [n ] = f [n ], (3.5)
F * (q ) = D{ f [n ]}. (3.8)
Z { f 1 [n ] + f 2 [n ] } = Z { f 1 [n ] }+ Z { f 2 [n ] }.
2. Çîáðàæåííÿ êîíñòàíòè:
Az
Z{A} = , RC = 1 .
z −1
3. Òåîðåìà çñóâó (çñóíåííÿ íåçàëåæíî¿ çì³ííî¿ â îáëàñò³ îðèã³íàë³â):
k −1
Z{f [n + k ] }= z k F * (z ) − ∑ z − ν f [ν ],
ν=0
Z { f [n − k ] } = z − k F * (z ).
35
4. Çîáðàæåííÿ ð³çíèöü:
Z {∆ f [n ] } = (z −1) F * (z ) − z f [0 ]
Z { ∆ 2 f [n ] }= (z −1) F * (z ) − z (z −1) f [0 ]− z ∆ f [0 ] .
2
k -1
k *
ν =0
∑
Z { ∆ f [n ] }= ( z − 1 ) F ( z ) − z ( z − 1 )
k k −1− ν
∆ f [0 ]
ν
5. Òåîðåìà çãàñàííÿ:
Z { α − n f [n ] }= F * (α ⋅ z ),
n −1 F * (z )
z ∑
ν = 0
f [ν ] =
z −1
.
n z
z ∑
ν = 0
f [ν ] = F (z )
*
z − 1
7. Äèôåðåíö³þâàííÿ çîáðàæåíü:
d F * (z )
−z = z { n f [n ] }
dz
.
k dk F*
(− z ) = z { n f [n ] }
k
d zk
8. Òåîðåìà çãîðòêè:
n
∑
Z f1 [n ]⋅ f 2 [n − ν ] = F1 (z )⋅ F2 (z ).
ν = 0
* *
f [0 ] = lim F * (z ).
z→∞
lim f [n ] = lim (z − 1) F * ( z ) .
n→∞ z →1+ 0
36
Ó äîä. 2 íàâåäåíà òàáëèöÿ â³äïîâ³äíîñò³ îðèã³íàë³â òà çîáðà-
æåíü äëÿ íàéá³ëüø óæèâàíèõ ôóíêö³é.
Ïðèêëàä 3.2. Çíàéòè çîáðàæåííÿ ôóíêö³¿ f [n ] = e nα .
Ðîçâ'ÿçàííÿ. ³äïîâ³äíî äî ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ (3.9)
∞ ∞ n 2
e α = 1 + e α + e α + K .
F * (z ) = ∑
n=0
z −n e n α = ∑
n = 0 z z z
Îäåðæàíèé âèðàç ïðè z > e α ÿâëÿº ñîáîþ ñóìó ñïàäíî¿ ãåîìåò-
ðè÷íî¿ ïðîãðåñ³¿. Òîìó
1 z
F * (z ) =
α
= .
e z − eα
1−
z
Ïðè öüîìó ðàä³óñ çá³æíîñò³ RC = e α.
Çâîðîòíå Z-ïåðåòâîðåííÿ (çâîðîòíå ïåðåòâîðåííÿ Ëîðàíà)
äîçâîëÿº âèçíà÷èòè îðèã³íàë f [n] çà äàíèì çîáðàæåííÿì F *(z).
Ñèìâîë³÷íî çâîðîòíå Z-ïåðåòâîðåííÿ çàïèñóºòüñÿ òàê:
z −1{F * ( z )} = f [ n ] ,
à ôîðìóëà çâîðîòíîãî ïåðåòâîðåííÿ
1
f [ n] = ∫z
n −1
F * ( z ) dz . (3.10)
2 πj
Çã³äíî ç òåîðåìîþ Êîø³ ïðàâà ÷àñòèíà ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ (3.10)
äîð³âíþº ñóì³ ëèøê³â ï³ä³íòåãðàëüíî¿ ôóíêö³¿ z n −1 F * ( z ) = f (z ) ó
âñ³õ ¿¿ ïîëþñàõ ak ó ñåðåäèí³ êîëà ðàä³óñà RC:
d m −1
Res f ( z ) =
a
1
( m − 1)! d z m −1
[ f ( z )( z − a) m ] . (3.12)
z =a
37
Ó á³ëüøîñò³ ïðàêòè÷íèõ çàäà÷ f(z) ÿâëÿº ñîáîþ â³äíîøåííÿ äâîõ
àíàë³òè÷íèõ ôóíêö³é â îêîë³ òî÷êè à: f (z ) = ϕ (z ) ψ ( z ) , ïðè ÷îìó
â³äðàõóâàííÿ ïåðøîãî ïîðÿäêó âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿì
ϕ (a )
Res f (z ) = . (3.13)
a ϕ′ (a )
z n (z + 1) 1 d2
f [n ] = Res = [z n
(z + 1)] =
1 (z − 1) 3
1 ⋅ 2 dz 2
z =1
=
1
[(n + 1) n z n −1
+ n (n − 1) z n −2 ] = n2 .
2 z =1
f [n] = ∑ Res
ak
z n +1
z2 +1
.
38
Îñê³ëüêè ôóíêö³ÿ f (z) ìຠäâà ïîëþñè â òî÷êàõ z1 = +j òà
z2 = j, îðèã³íàë ç óðàõóâàííÿì ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ (3.13) ìàòèìå òà-
êèé âèãëÿä:
2 2
f [ n] = ∑
k =1
z kn + 1
2 zk
= ∑ 12 z
k =1
n
k =
2
[
1 n
j + ( − j ) n ].
π π
1 jn −jn π
f [ n ] = e 2 + e 2 = cos n .
2 2
äå
Y * ( z ) = z {y [n ] }; F * ( z ) = z { f [n ] };
G * ( z ) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + K + a p z p ;
H 1* ( z ) = a1 z + a2 z 2 + K + a p z p ;
p −1
* 2
H 2 ( z ) = a 2 z + a3 z + K + a p z ;
...
H *ð ( z ) = a p z.
39
Îòæå, çîáðàæåííÿ Y *(z) âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ òàêèì ñïîñîáîì:
H * (z)
Y * (z) = , (3.14)
G* ( z )
p
äå H * ( z ) = F * ( z ) + ∑ H k* ( z ) y [k − 1].
k =1
Ïîäàëüøå çàâäàííÿ ïîëÿãຠó âèçíà÷åíí³ îðèã³íàëó øóêàíî¿ ´ðàò-
÷àñòî¿ ôóíêö³¿ çà çîáðàæåííÿì (3.14) çà äîïîìîãîþ çâîðîòíîãî Z-
ïåðåòâîðåííÿ.  îäåðæàíîìó ðåçóëüòàò³ àâòîìàòè÷íî âðàõîâóþòü-
ñÿ âñ³ ïî÷àòêîâ³ óìîâè, àäæå âîíè âõîäÿòü äî ð³âíÿííÿ çîáðàæåííÿ.
à á
e(t)
EÅ
t t T 2T 3T nT (n + 1)T t
â
i(t)
i[n] i[n + 1]
i[3]
i[2]
i[1]
Ðèñ.3.3
T 2T 3T nT (n + 1)T t
ã
Ðîçâ'ÿçàííÿ. Ðîçãëÿäàþ÷è n-é ³íòåðâàë ïîâòîðåííÿ ÅÐÑ e(t)
äæåðåëà, ÿêèé ó ñõåì³ çàì³ùåííÿ (äèâ. ðèñ. 3.3,á) º ðîçðàõóíêîâèì
åêâ³âàëåíòîì øèðîòíî-³ìïóëüñíîãî ïåðåòâîðþâà÷à, îäåðæóºìî
äèôåðåíö³éí³ ð³âíÿííÿ, ÿê³ âèçíà÷àþòü ïåðåõ³äíèé ñòðóì íàâàíòà-
æåííÿ i íà ³íòåðâàëàõ íåïåðåðâíîñò³:
di (t )
L + Ri(t ) = E , nT ≤ t ≤ (n + s ) T ; (3.15)
dt
di (t )
L + Ri (t ) = 0, (n + s ) T ≤ t ≤ (n + 1) T , (3.16)
dt
41
äå Å ÅÐÑ äæåðåëà æèâëåííÿ; L, R ³íäóêòèâí³ñòü òà àêòèâíèé
îï³ð íàâàíòàæåííÿ; Ò ïåð³îä êîìóòàö³¿ òðàíçèñòîðíîãî êëþ÷à
VT; n = 0; 1; 2;...; t ÷àñ ââ³ìêíåíîãî ñòàíó êëþ÷à çà ïåð³îä;
s = t/T â³äíîñíèé ÷àñ ââ³ìêíåíîãî ñòàíó êëþ÷à (øïàðóâàò³ñòü).
Çàñòîñóâàâøè ïðÿìå ïåðåòâîðåííÿ Ëàïëàñà äî ð³âíÿíü (3.15)
òà (3.16), îäåðæèìî
pLI ( p ) + RI ( p ) = E p + Li [ nT ];
pLI ( p ) + RI ( p ) = Li [( n + s ) T ],
E E −β(t − n T )
i (t ) = + i [n T ] − e , nT ≤ t ≤ (n + s )T ; (3.17)
R R
E E −β (1− s ) T
i [(n + 1) T ] = + i [nT ] − e . (3.19)
R R
Ïðèéìåìî â³äíîñíèé ÷àñ t = t/T ³ ðîçâ'ÿæåìî ð³çíèöåâå ð³âíÿí-
íÿ, îòðèìàíå ç âèðàçó (3.19):
i [n + 1] − i [n ] e − α = A, (3.20)
E
(s + 1); A = e −β(1− s )T (1 − e −βsT ) .
TR
äå α =
L R
Çàñòîñóâàâøè ïðÿìå Z-ïåðåòâîðåííÿ äî (3.20), çàïèøåìî ð³â-
íÿííÿ çîáðàæåííÿ:
z I * ( z ) e − α I * ( z ) = A z ( z −1 ) .
42
Îðèã³íàë ´ðàò÷àñòî¿ ôóíêö³¿ çíàéäåìî ÿê ñóìó â³äðàõóâàíü
ôóíêö³¿ zn 1I *(z) â³äíîñíî ïîëþñ³â z1 = 1; z2 = eα:
i [n ] = A (1 − e − α n ) (1 − e − α ).
E A (1 − e − αn ) E −β (t − n T )
i (t ) = + − e , n T ≤ t ≤ (n + s ) T ;
R 1 − e −α R
E A (1 − e − αn ) E −βs T −β[t − (n + s )T ]
i (t ) = + −α
− e e , (n + s )T ≤ t ≤ (n + 1)T .
R 1− e R
Ãðàô³ê i(t) íàâåäåíèé íà ðèñ. 3.3,ã.
Óñòàëåíå çíà÷åííÿ ñòðóìó íàâàíòàæåííÿ îäåðæèìî, ââàæàþ÷è
A0
i óñò (t ) = E + − E e − βt , 0 ≤ t ≤ s T;
R 1 − e −α
R
A0
i óñò (t ) = E + − E e − β s t e −β ( t − s T ) , s T ≤ t ≤ T.
R 1− e −α
R
u (t ) = (− 1) E m sin (ω t + α ).
n
43
V 1 V 2
Âðàõîâóþ÷è, ùî
VS
S1
VS
S 2
e e(t)
(
R i L
R L (− 1)n E m sin (nπ + α + ω t1 ) =
uu
= E m sin (α + ω t1 )
VS4 VS3
V V
4 3 ³ ïî÷èíàþ÷è â³äë³ê ÷àñó â³ä ïî-
S S
e(t)
e àà ÷àòêó n-ãî ³íòåðâàëó íåïå-
(Å mt ðåðâíîñò³, äèôåðåíö³éíå ð³â-
Åm
íÿííÿ äëÿ ñòðóìó íàâàíòà-
æåííÿ i(t1) íà äàíîìó ³íòåðâà-
ë³ îäåðæèìî ó âèãëÿä³
0
π 2π
nπ ωt
n
α di (t1 )
Ri (t1 ) + L =
d t1
á á
u(
u(t) = E m sin (ω t1 + α ) . (3.21)
t
Çàãàëüíèé ðîçâ'ÿçîê öüî-
ãî ð³âíÿííÿ ìຠòàêèé âèãëÿä:
0 π 2π n ωt Em
nπ i (t1 ) = sin (ω t1 + α − ϕ ) +
Z
â
+ A n e −β t1 , (3.22)
Ðèñ. 3.4
äå Z = R 2 + (ω L ) ; β = R L ;
2
Em
A n = i [n ]− sin (α − ϕ ). (3.23)
Z
Ïîçíà÷èìî ñòðóì íàïðèê³íö³ n-ãî ³íòåðâàëó (íà ïî÷àòêó (n +
+ 1)-ãî ³íòåðâàëó) ÿê i[n + 1]. Ç ð³âíÿííÿ (3.22) ç óðàõóâàííÿì (3.23),
ââàæàþ÷è t1 = π ω , îòðèìàºìî ð³çíèöåâå ð³âíÿííÿ
π
Em E −β
i [n + 1] = − sin (α − ϕ ) + i [n ]− m sin (α − ϕ ) e ω . (3.24)
Z Z
44
Ââåäåìî ïîçíà÷åííÿ
π π
Em −β −β
sin ( ϕ − α ) (1 + e ω ) = B ; e ω = q.
Z
Òîä³ ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ (3.24) ìîæíà ïåðåïèñàòè ó âèãëÿä³
i [n + 1]− qi [n ] = B. (3.25)
Çàñòîñóâàâøè äî âèðàçó (3.25) ïðÿìå Z-ïåðåòâîðåííÿ, îäåðæè-
ìî ð³âíÿííÿ çîáðàæåííÿ:
B
z {I *( z ) − i [0] }− qI * ( z ) =
.
z −1
³çüìåìî äî óâàãè, ùî i[0] = 0, ³ çàïèøåìî
Bz
I * (z) = .
(z − 1)(z − q )
Îðèã³íàë îòðèìàºìî çà äîïîìîãîþ çâîðîòíîãî Z-ïåðåòâîðåííÿ:
B zn B
i [n ] = ∑ Res
1; q ( z − 1)( z − q )
=
1− q
.
i[n ] = sin( ϕ − α ) π
1 − e ω .
(3.26)
z −β
1− e ω
uÑ [n ] = − B cos ϕ + An ,
òîìó
An = uÑ [n ]+ B cos ϕ. (3.28)
Gz
z {U c* (z ) − i[0]}− q U c* ( z ) = .
z −1
Ïîçíà÷èâøè uñ [0] = 0, îòðèìàºìî çîáðàæåííÿ
Gz
U c* (z ) = ,
(z − 1)(z − q )
îðèã³íàë ÿêîãî
G (1 − q n )
u c [n ] = ∑ Res
1, q
G zn
(z − 1)(z − q )
=
G qn
+
q − 1 1− q
G
=
1− q
. (3.30)
G (1 − q n )
An = − B cos ϕ + .
1− q
f (wt) AÀmaxmax 4 æ 1 1
f wt = Amax ç sin wt + sin 3wt + sin 5wt + K
p è 3 5
1 ö Amax Amax
0 p 2p wt ... + sin kwt + K÷
k ø
f (w t)
4 Amax æ 1
f wt = ç sin a sin wt + sin 3a sin 3wt + æ aö
Àmax ap è 9 4a Amax ç1 - ÷ A
Amax 1 - è pø
0a p-a 2p wt 1 1 ö 3p
+ sin 5a sin 5wt + K + sin ka sin kwt + K÷
25 k ø
f (ωt) 8Amax æ 1 1
f wt = 2
ç sin wt - sin 3wt + sin 5wt - K
À max
A p è 9 25
max wt
k -1 Amax Amax
00 πp 2p
2π ωt ö
2 ÷
... ( - 1) 3 2
...+ 2
sin kwt + K÷
k ÷
ø
4 Amax æ ap 1 3ap
w t)
ff ((ωt) f w t = ç sin cos wt + sin cos 3w t +
A
p è 2 3 2
À max
max Amax a a Amax
00 p
π 2π2p wt
1 5 ap ö
ap
ωt + sin cos 5wt + K÷
5 2 ø
a2p
α2π é 2æ 1
ff ((ωt)
w t) f w t = Amax êa + ç sin ap cos wt + sin 2ap cos 2 wt +
ë p è 2
A max
À max Amax a a Amax
1 öù
00 2p
2π ωtw t + sin 3ap cos 3wt + K÷ ú
3 øû
f (wt)
A
À max
é1 1 æ 1 1 öù
max f wt = Amax ê - ç sin wt + sin 2 wt + K + sin kwt + K ÷ ú Amax Amax
ë2 pè 2 k øû
3 2
0 2p 4p ωt
wt
f (w t)
A max
Àmax 2
A
é1 + p w - 1
f wt = sin t cos 2wt -
p max êë 2 4 1× 3 Amax Amax
0 p 2p ωt
wt
1 1 ù 2 p
- cos4wt - cos6 wt - Kú
3× 5 5×7 û
49
Ïðîäîâæ. äîä.1
50
Ñåðåäíº çà
ijþ÷å
Ôóíêö³ÿ Ðÿä Ôóðº ìîäóëåì
çíà÷åííÿ
çíà÷åííÿ
f (w t)
4 é1 1 1
f w t = Amax ê - cos 2 w t - cos4 w t -
p ë 2 1× 3 3×5 Amax 2 Amax
1 ù 2 p
À max p
0 A 2p wt - cos6 w t - ... ú
max 5×7 û
2/3 p
ff (ωt)
(wt)
3 3 Amax æ1 1 1
f wt = ç + cos 3wt - cos 6wt + 1 3 3
ÀAmax p è 2 2 × 4 5 ×7 Amax + 3 3 Amax
max
2 8p
1 ö 2p
0 p F ωt
wt + cos 9wt - K÷
8 × 10 ø
p/3
f (wt)
3 Amax æ 2 cos 6wt 2 cos12wt 2 cos18wt ö 1 3 3
ÀAmax f wt = ç1+ - + - K÷ Amax + 3 Amax
max p è 5×7 11×13 17 ×19 ø 2 4p
p
0 F F wt
Äîäàòîê 2
Ðîçðàõóíêîâ³ ôóíêö³¿ òà ¿õ çîáðàæåííÿ
z z - a cos w
9 a n cos nw
z 2 - 2 a z cos w + a 2
an a
10 en
n!
p z
11 sin n
2 z 2 +1
p z2
12 cos n
2 2
z +1
51
ÑÒÈÑËÈÉ ÒÅÌÀÒÈ×ÍÈÉ ÓÊÐÀ¯ÍÑÜÊÎ-
ÐÎѲÉÑÜÊÈÉ ÑËÎÂÍÈÊ
Íåïåðåðâí³ñòü íåïðåðûâíîñòü
Âèêðèâëåííÿ èñêàæåíèå
Âèïðÿìëÿ÷ âûïðÿìèòåëü
¥ðàò÷àñòà ôóíêö³ÿ ðåøåò÷àòàÿ ôóíêöèÿ
Äæåðåëî æèâëåííÿ èñòî÷íèê ïèòàíèÿ
Äîáóòîê ïðîèçâåäåíèå
ÅÐÑ (åëåêòðîðóø³éíà ñèëà) ÝÄÑ (ýëåêòðîäâèæóùàÿ ñèëà)
Çáóäæóâàëüíà ä³ÿ âîçìóùàþùåå âîçäåéñòâèå
Êîëî öåïü
Íàâàíòàæåííÿ íàãðóçêà
Íàïðóãà íàïðÿæåíèå
Îï³ð ñîïðîòèâëåíèå
Ïàðí³ñòü ÷¸òíîñòü
Ïåðåòâîðåííÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå
Ïîòóæí³ñòü ìîùíîñòü
Ïðèëàä ïðèáîð
Ïðèñòð³é óñòðîéñòâî
гçíèöåâå ð³âíÿííÿ ðàçíîñòíîå óðàâíåíèå
Ðîçêëàä ðàçëîæåíèå
Ñòðóì òîê
Óñòàëåíèé óñòàíîâèâøèéñÿ
Øóêàíèé èñêîìûé
˲ÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
Âñòóï .............................................................................................. 3
1. Ìåòîä ãàðìîí³÷íîãî àíàë³çó ................................................... 5
1.1. Ðîçêëàäàííÿ ïåð³îäè÷íèõ êðèâèõ ó ðÿä Ôóð'º .............. 5
1.2. ijþ÷å òà ñåðåäíº çíà÷åííÿ ïåð³îäè÷íî¿ íåñèíóñî¿äàëü-
íî¿ ôóíêö³¿. Êîåô³ö³ºíòè, ÿê³ õàðàêòåðèçóþòü ïåð³îäè÷í³
íåñèíóñî¿äàëüí³ ôóíêö³¿ ........................................................ 9
1.3. Ïîòóæí³ñòü â êîë³ ïåð³îäè÷íîãî íåñèíóñî¿äàëüíîãî ñòðóìó 11
1.4. Çàñòîñóâàííÿ ìåòîäó ãàðìîí³÷íîãî àíàë³çó äëÿ ðîçðà-
õóíêó ïåð³îäè÷íîãî íåñèíóñî¿äàëüíîãî ïðîöåñó ................ 13
1.5. Íåñèíóñî¿äàëüí³ ðåæèìè ñèìåòðè÷íèõ òðèôàçíèõ ê³ë ... 16
2. Ìåòîä îêðåìèõ ñêëàäîâèõ ....................................................... 19
2.1. Îñíîâí³ ïîëîæåííÿ ìåòîäó ............................................. 19
2.2. Ïðèêëàäè ðîçðàõóíêó óñòàëåíèõ ðåæèì³â ïðè ïåð³î-
äè÷íèõ íåñèíóñî¿äàëüíèõ ä³ÿííÿõ ó çàìêíåí³é ôîðì³ ......... 22
3. Ìåòîä ð³çíèöåâèõ ð³âíÿíü ........................................................ 30
3.1. ¥ðàò÷àñò³ ôóíêö³¿ òà ð³çíèöåâ³ ð³âíÿííÿ ....................... 30
3.2. Ïðÿìå ³ çâîðîòíå äèñêðåòí³ ïåðåòâîðåííÿ òà ¿õ çàñòîñó-
âàííÿ ïðè ðîçâ'ÿçàíí³ ð³çíèöåâèõ ð³âíÿíü ............................ 34
3.3. Çàñòîñóâàííÿ ìåòîäó ð³çíèöåâèõ ð³âíÿíü äëÿ ðîçðàõóí-
êó ïåðåõ³äíèõ òà óñòàëåíèõ ðåæèì³â ë³í³éíèõ ê³ë ïðè ïåð³î-
äè÷íèõ ³ìïóëüñíèõ ä³ÿõ .......................................................... 40
Äîäàòêè ......................................................................................... 48
Äîäàòîê 1. Ðîçêëàä ó ðÿä Ôóð'º ........................................... 48
Äîäàòîê 2. Ðîçðàõóíêîâ³ ôóíêö³¿ òà ¿õ çîáðàæåííÿ ........... 51
Ñòèñëèé òåìàòè÷íèé óêðà¿íñüêî-ðîñ³éñüêèé ñëîâíèê .............. 52
˳òåðàòóðà .................................................................................... 53
54
ÆÓÊ Îëåêñàíäð Êèðèëîâè÷
ʲÍÀØ Àíàòîë³é Òèìîô³éîâè÷
Øàíîâí³ ïàíîâå!
Çàïðîøóºìî âàñ îçíàéîìèòèñü ç ìîæëèâîñòÿìè êíèæêîâîãî
âèäàâíèöòâà, âèñîêîêâàë³ô³êîâàí³ ñïåö³àë³ñòè ÿêîãî îïåðàòèâíî
òà ÿê³ñíî âèêîíàþòü çàìîâëåííÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî ð³âíÿ ñêëàäíîñò³.
Íàø ãîëîâíèé ïðèíöèï çàäîâîëüíèòè ïîòðåáè çàìîâíèêà ó
ïîâíîìó êîìïëåêñ³ ïîë³ãðàô³÷íèõ ïîñëóã, ïî÷èíàþ÷è ç ðîçðîáêè
òà ï³äãîòîâêè îðèã³íàëó-ìàêåòà, ùî âèêîíóºòüñÿ íà áàç³ IBM PÑ,
³ çàê³í÷óþ÷è äðóêîì íà îôñåòíèõ ìàøèíàõ.
Êð³ì öüîãî, ìè ìàºìî ïîâíèé êîìïëåêñ ï³ñëÿäðóêàðñüêîãî îá-
ëàäíàííÿ, ùî äຠìîæëèâ³ñòü âèêîíóâàòè:
ü àðêóøåï³äá³ð;
ü áðîøóðóâàííÿ íà ñêîáó, êëåé;
ü ïîð³çêó íà ã³ëüéîòèíàõ;
ü ëàì³íóâàííÿ.
Âèäàâíèöòâî òàêîæ îñíàùåíå ñó÷àñíèì öèôðîâèì äóáë³êà-
òîðîì ô³ðìè "Duplo" ôîðìàòó À3, ùî äຠìîæëèâ³ñòü òèðàæóâà-
òè ç³ øâèäê³ñòþ äî 130 êîï³é çà õâèëèíó.
Äëÿ ïîñò³éíèõ ê볺íò³â ãíó÷êà ñèñòåìà çíèæîê.
Îòæå, ÿêùî âàì ïîòð³áíî íàäðóêóâàòè ï³äðó÷íèêè, êíèãè, áðî-
øóðè, æóðíàëè, êàòàëîãè, ðåêëàìí³ ëèñò³âêè, ïðàéñ-ëèñòè, áëàí-
êè, â³çèòí³ êàðòêè, ìè äî âàøèõ ïîñëóã.