Ангг

ГОУ ВПО
«Красноярский государственный медицинский

университет им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого»
Министерства здравоохранения и социального
развития Российской Федерации
Кафедра латинского и иностранных языков
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
методические указания к аудиторной работе
студентов 1 курса очной формы обучения
по специальности 060108 – «Фармация»
Красноярск
2011
УДК 378(07)
ББК 81.2 Англ
А 64
Английский язык : методические указания для аудиторной работы студентов

1 курса очной формы обучения по специальности 060108 – «Фармация» / сост.
Л. Г. Носова, Г. В. Юрчук – Красноярск : типография КрасГМУ, 2011. – 105 с.
Составители: Носова Л.Г., Юрчук Г.В.
Методические указания составлены в соответствии с требованиями

Государственного стандарта (2000); учебный материал адаптирован к
образовательным технологиям с учетом специфики обучения по
специальности 060108 «Фармация»; тексты снабжены вопросами и тестовыми
заданиями.
Рецензенты: доцент кафедры иностранных языков-3 ФГОУ «Сибирский

Федеральный Университет», к.филол.н., Сорокина О.Н.
Доцент кафедры психологии и педагогики с курсом медицинской
психологии, психотерапии и педагогики ГОУ ВПО
«Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени
проф. В.Ф.Войно-Ясенецкого», к. п. н. Кононенко И.О.
Утверждено к печати ЦКМС КрасГМУ (протокол № 4 от 16.12.2009 г.)
КрасГМУ
2011
2
Оглавление.
1 курс 1 семестр ...................................................................................................................... 4
Занятие №1. «My future profession».......................................................................... 4
Занятие №2. «My future profession».......................................................................... 7
Занятие №3. «Medicine and health»......................................................................... 10
Занятие №4. «Medical University» .......................................................................... 12
Занятие №5. « Medical University» ......................................................................... 15
Занятие №6. «Medical Education in Russia» ............................................................ 17
Занятие №7. «Medical Education in Russia» ............................................................ 21
Занятие №8. «Practice in Pharmacy» ....................................................................... 23
Занятие №9. « At the Chemist’s » ............................................................................ 26
Занятие №10. « At the Chemist’s » .......................................................................... 28
Занятие №11. «Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Water .................................................... 31
Занятие №12. «Compounds of Sodium and Potassium » .......................................... 34
Занятие №13. «Compounds of Sodium and Potassium » .......................................... 37
Занятие №14. «Aspirin. Ether» ................................................................................ 39
Занятие №15. «Aspirin. Ether» ................................................................................ 42
Занятие №16. «Proteins and Amino-Acids» ............................................................. 44
Занятие №17. «Proteins and Amino-Acids» ............................................................. 46
Занятие №18. «Зачетное занятие» .......................................................................... 48
1 курс 2 семестр .................................................................................................................... 52
Занятие № 1. «The Diseases of Respiratory Tract» ................................................... 52
Занятие № 2. «Pneumonia.Treatment» ..................................................................... 54
Занятие № 3. «Main Medicinal Forms. Medicines».................................................. 56
Занятие № 4. «The Diseases of Cardiovascular System» .......................................... 58
Занятие № 5. «The Diseases of the Coronary Arteries» ............................................ 62
Занятие № 6. «Angina Pectoris.Treatment» .............................................................. 65
Занятие № 7. «The Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Gastritis» ........................ 68
Занятие № 8. «Ulcer» .............................................................................................. 71
Занятие № 9. «Acute Cholecystitis» ......................................................................... 74
Занятие № 10. «Acute Abdomen »........................................................................... 77
Занятие № 11. «Infectious Diseases» ....................................................................... 79
Занятие № 12. «Influenza. Symptoms» .................................................................... 85
Занятие № 13. «Influenza.Treatment» ...................................................................... 89
Занятие № 14. «Influenza.Treatment» ...................................................................... 92
Занятие № 15. «Immunity.Asepsis» ......................................................................... 94
Занятие № 16. «Vitamins around us» ....................................................................... 96
Занятие № 17. «Vitamins» ....................................................................................... 98
Занятие № 18. «Зачетное занятие» ....................................................................... 101
Занятие № 19. «Зачетное занятие». Аннотация текста. ....................................... 103
Список литературы .......................................................................................................... 105
3
1 курс 1 семестр
Занятие №1.
1. Тема: «My future profession»
2. Значение изучения темы – формирование коммуникативной компетенции по
данной теме. Тема отражает особенности и трудности профессии.
3. Цели занятия: на основе теоретических знаний и практических умений
обучающийся должен уметь читать с целью извлечения детальной информации,
уметь правильно произносить тематическую лексику.
4. План изучения темы:
4.1. Исходный контроль знаний.
Agree or disagree with these statements.
- Profession of a doctor is required in all times.
- Pharmacist’s work isn’t connected with selling of drugs.
- The only duty of pharmacists is to manufacture medical preparations.
- It’s important to possess computers literacy nowadays.
- A good specialist should be in the know of all achievements in pharmacology.
4.2.Изучение нового материала.
Изучающее чтение Text G р. 47. Выписать английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний: Как тебе посчастливилось...? произносить речь, не вредить
(своим) больным, бывшие студенты.
Text G. The Oath of Future Doctors
0.: Hallo! Where are you going from, Boris?
В.: Hallo, Oleg! I am returning home from the Institute.
O.: Why so late?
В.: I was at the meeting.
O.: What meeting?
В.: The meeting was held1 to mark the graduation from the Institute of our sixth-year
students.
O.: And how did you happen to be there? В.: I was invited (меня пригласили) to attend
the meeting as a member of our Institute Committee.
O.: Tell me, please, was there anything interesting at the meeting?
В.: First of all I must say that it was a very solemn (торжественная) ceremony. Our
former sixth-year students, now young specialists, looked very happy and excited.
0: Who made a speech?
B.: The rector did. While he was making his speech everybody was listening to him with
great attention. You know, our rector is a brilliant speaker. I shall always remember the
words of the professional oath which the young specialists were repeating after the rector.
0.: What is the essence (сущность) of this oath?
В.: The young specialists promised (обещали) to give all their strength, knowledge and
abilities to people who need their help. They promised to devote all their life to the
4
protection of people's health, to the fight against diseases, not to do any harm to their
patients. They promised to be true to their profession.
O.: Really, it is a great oath.
В.: Then one of the former sixth-year students handed over our Institute banner I (знамя)
to a first-year student. When he was doing that I felt great excitement. Now I understand
still better all the responsibility which I am going to take,' after my graduation, that great
responsibility which my future work of a| doctor will require.
Повторение грамматического материала.
Вспомнить употребление местоимений (таблица). Ex. XIV, XV – p. 21.
Семантизация нового лексического материала:
Theoretical subjects
Practical training
Кnowledge of medicine
То diagnose diseases
То treat people
То cure
То do one's best
То gain confidence
Calling
То make (take) oath
Речевые упражнения Ex. VII, VIII, IX – p.32
5. Основные понятия и положения темы:
Тема «My future profession» предполагает обсуждение информации о будущей
профессии. (См. Приложение №1)
In Russia hundreds of thousands of young реорlе study at different medical institutes.
Тhey study numerous theoretical and special subjects. Тhey have practical training
during which they do the work of nurses and assistant doctors. Such а course of studies
helps them to gain much knowledge of medicine, which will give them the possibility to
diagnose different diseases and treat реорlе. А good doctor must have not on1y deep
knowledge of а paticular field of medicine such as surgery or therapy. Не must give all
his knowledge, аll his abilities, аll his talent, and аll his time to people, to the protection
of their health.
Theoretical subjects
Practical training
Knowledge of medicine
To diagnose diseases
To treat people
To cure
To do one's best
To gain confidence
Calling
To make (take) oath
5
6. Задания для уяснения темы занятия, методики вида деятельности:
6.1. Вопросы для самоподготовки:
1. What must a good doctor know?
2. What does Prof. M.P. Konchalovsky consider?
3. What are difficulties of future profession?
4. What can you say about the motto of the future doctors (pharmacists)?
6.2. Тестовые задания по теме:
Complete the following sentences:
1. Medical students have practical training during which they do the work of
nurses and...
2. The course of studies helps them to gain much.... of medicine.
3. The doctor must love people and have a kind....
4. Medical students must understand well all... of their future profession.
5. A good doctor will always do his best to gain his patient’s....
Doctor's profession requires a real....
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме . Ex. XXIX - р.ЗО.
a) They are students. They like Anatomy best of all. At the end of the first term they
have a credit test in English. At the end of the academic year they have exams in Latin,
Biology, Chemistry and Physics. На каком курсе учатся эти студенты?
b) My friends study, too. They want to become doctors. They like Anatomy and
Physiology best of all. They also have such subjects as Geography, Chemistry,
Mathematics, Literature and others. В каком учебном заведении учатся мои друзья?
7. Список тем по УИРС, УИР:
«Доктор - это профессия или призвание?».
Приложение №1
My future profession
Medicine is a respected sphere of life. Being a doctor is a noble job and it is
required in all times. Pharmacists are very helpful in medicine. It's interesting to know
that in Peter I's times pharmacists were released from taxes.
A pharmacist is a specialist whose work is connected with manufacturing,
preservation and selling of medical preparations. There are technologists who are
responsible for preparation of medicines and analysts who maintain quality audit.
Besides pharmacist's duties are control of selling activities especially narcotic
substances and they also organize and coordinate wholesaling. It's impossible to perform
all these duties without medical and economic knowledge and abilities to supervise, i.e. a
pharmacist must possess communication and management skills, in other words strong
interpersonal skills, ability to manage a team and nowadays computer literacy.
A pharmacist is a doctor, a chemist, a psychologist, a seller and an economist
taken as a whole. Like doctors they help people to treat their diseases to keep fit. They
must know all medicines, their indications and contraindications, proper dosage and
similar preparations. Pharmacology is a making progress now and a good specialist
should be in the know of all achievements in this field of science.
Notes:
1. indications- показания к применению
2. contraindications- противопоказания
6
3. to be in the know of- быть в курсе
1. Тема: «My future profession»
2. Значение изучения темы – тема отражает особенности и трудности профессии
врача (фармацевта).
уметь письменно излагать собственную точку зрения (в виде сочинения).
Agree or disagree.
1. The study of medicine does not demand great intellect.
2. Patient could live or die but the doctor remained unemotional.
3. People with disabilities and/ or diseases can become particularly sensitive doctors.
4. You'll never cease to be a medical student.
4.2. Изучение нового материала.
- Введение грамматического материала по теме: времена группы Indefinite. Гр.
справочник Маслова стр. 281, таблица 16, Ex. XI – p. 14
- Семантизация нового лексического материала (словари медицинских терминов).
- Самостоятельная работа: 40 мин.
Письменный перевод со словарем. Text А - р. 7-8 "How to be a doctor"
(уч.Богданова Л.В.)
Becoming a doctor
Ten people apply for every place ill medical school. How can the interviewers choose
those who will become the best doctors? People sometimes criticise medical schools for
selecting the best students and ignoring qualities such as maturity, adaptability and
common sense. But it, is impossible to say which of all die students being interviewed
will develop these qualities. How, then, should you decide if medicine is the right career
for yon?
Often, the most intelligent children in a school are encouraged lo study medicine. But the
study of medicine does not demand great intellect. It demands л good memory, and the
willpower to read many long and boring textbooks. It demands great physical strength,
for you must sometimes stay awake all night and go for hours without food. It also
demands humility, for you will make many mistakes.
Salary, security and status arc important lo most people. But they are not themselves
good reasons lo study medicine. Love of science is a more honorable aim, but doctors
who love only science will not find fulfillment in clinical medicine. A fascination with
diseases is essential, but the student must also care about the people who suffer from
those diseases. Ask yourself: docs the human side of medicine attract or repel me?
In the past, doctors did not show their emotions. Patients could live or die, but the doctor
remained unemotional. Nowadays, doctors know that their work often needs laughter,
tears and anger as well as science. The good doctor can use his own emotions as part of
7
the therapy. When a child dies in the hospital after a car accident, the parents' only
comfort may be (he sweat and the tears on The face of the doctor who tried lo save him.
Good doctors саn be extroverted or shy, ambitious or modest, radical or conventional,
brilliant or mediocre. People with disabilities and/or diseases -including deafness,
paraplegia, diabetes and cancer-have studied medicine. They can become particularly
sensitive doctors To be a good doctor, you will need a love of life and living things if you
can ignore a crying baby, you have never looked forward to spring, it you find
uneducated people dull, if you are happiest when you are alone-medicine is not the career
for you.
When 1 was a young medical student, 1 was once rude about a patient. My professor
look me aside to discipline me. "From today." he said, "yon will begin to think and act as
a doctor but remember, you will never cease lo be a medical student." The old professor
meant this: first, I must acquire a professional and compassionate approach lo patients,
and second, that medical science is continually changing and my studies would not end
when I graduated.
The first two or three years of medical school arc the pre-clinical years. The student
learns anatomy (the bones, muscles and organs of the human body), physiology (how the
body works), biochemistry (the chemical reactions occurring in the body's cells),
pharmacology (the chemistry of drugs) and pathology (the study of diseases).
There is much to learn. The body has over 50 organs, 100 joints, 200 bones 400 nerves
500 arteries and 600 muscles, as well as К meters of gut
And 100 square meters of lung. Every cell carries 10,000 'genes on 'two meters of DNA
in 46 chromosomes. There are 3,000 known inherited diseases and another 50,000
acquired diseases. More than 20,000 drugs are available to treat these diseases.
Only the foolish medical student tries to learn all this. The wise student learns only the
basic facts. He tries lo view the whole, rather than the details of its parts. He must gain a
"feel" for how the body works and heals. In future years, this feel for the body will
remain when the details are forgotten.
The Inter (clinical) years at medical school are spent in hospitals learning about illness.
Illness is what the patient feels is wrong with turn. A disease (for example, diabetes) can
produce a wide spectrum of illness, depending on how the patient copes with the
problem. Some people with diabetes feel that they are crippled and worthless; other
people with the same disease live normal and active lives. One person who has a cold
goes lo bed for a week; another person goes to the doctor for some medicine, another
person does not even think that he is ill The sludent must learn how The patient's beliefs,
personality and culture influence the disease. He must learn to use his personality lo
reassure and comfort the patient. When he can do this, he will be ready to perform
operations and prescribe drugs.
The medical course in Britain lasts five years; in the United States it lasts eight. After the
final examinations, the student may call himself a doctor, but he cannot practice medicine
alone yet. He does a residency (one or two years), working under supervision, usually in
a hospital. Residents work long hours for a small salary. Their status in the hospital is
low. Much of their work is administrative and boring. They arc usually look
inexperienced lo win the patients' respect. They live cat and sleep within the hospital,
8
which sometimes feels like a prison. The exciting areas of medicine, such as heart
transplants and "wonder drugs," seem a long way away
Residents learn that a degree in medicine is the beginning, not the end, of the road lo
success. Whatever branch of medicine the young doctor enters, he must study for at least
three more years as well as doing a full-time job.
Речевые упражнения: 1-9, П-9, Ш-9, IV-9, V-9 (уч. Богданова Л.В.)
Грамматические упражнения: Ex. XIII -р. 14, Ex. XXVI-p.16.
Тhе study of medicine demands, а good memory and the willpower to read many
textbooks. It demands great physical strength and it also demands humility. Salary,
security and status are important, bиt they are not good reasons to study medicine. To bе
а good doctor, уоu will need а love to life and living things. Тhe good doctor can use his
own emotions as part of the therapy. Every doctor must acquire а professional and
compassionate approach to patients. Medical school is not а passport to а glamorousиs
and exciting life, and there are certainly easier ways to earn а high salary. But the rewards
of understanding, and occasionally curing, the diseases of the human body and mind,
have nо parallel in any other profession.
Грамматический материал занятия:
1. времена группы Indefinite. Гр. справочник Маслова стр. 281, таблица 16, Ex. XI –
p. 14
1. What does the study of medicine demand?
2. Does the human side of medicine attract or repel уоu?
3. Саn the good doctor use his own emotions as the part of the therapy?
4. Enumerate some personal qualities of the doctor.
5. How mаnу inherited diseases do уоu know?
6. What are difficulties of the doctor’s profession?
6.2. Тестовые задания:
Agree or disagree.
1. Тhе study of medicine does not demand great intellect.
2. Patient could live or die but the doctor remained unemotional.
3. People with disabilities and/ or diseases can bесоmе particularly sensitive doctors.
4. Уоu'll never cease to bе а medical student.
6.3. Ситуационные задания по теме.
Дополните предложения по смыслу:
1. Study of medicine demands... .
2. Reasons to study medicine... .
3. Doctors know that their work needs... .
4. То bе а good doctor, уоu will need ... .
5. Тhe wise student must... .
7. Список тем по УИРС:
найти информацию о Гиппократе и о том, в каких древних цивилизациях
развивалась медицина (историческая справка).
9
1. Тема: «Medicine and health»
2. Значение изучения темы – тексты из научной литературы охватывают
основные проблемы современной медицины, таким образом, повышают интерес у
студентов к изучению языка.
обучающийся должен уметь правильно произносить тематическую лексику,
употреблять множественное число имени существительного. Приобрести навыки
перевода со словарем.
Put the verb in the correct form.
- Our health (зависит) on many things: the food we (едим), our good or bed habits, our
physical activity and environmental influence.
- Some people (беспокоятся) about their weight and follow a calorie-controlled diet.
- They (едят) a low-fat food and more fibre.
- The role of sports is significant as it (дает) good physiological results on the body.
- Good exercises (увеличивают) heart action and blood circulation.
If a man (делает) daily exercises he (чувствует) refreshed and (имеет) good posture.
Повторение грамматического материала:
1. Введение грамматического материала по теме: множественное число имени
существительного. (грам.справочник А.М. Маслова. Учебник английского языка
для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002. стр. 269-270, см. пункт 14)
2. Самостоятельная работа: 45 мин. Перевод со словарем: текст «What is the Health
for all?» и «Health and Development in the 90th», «Health is above wealth» (уч.
пособие «Pharmacy in my life».
Health is above wealth.
Our health depends on many things: the food we eat, our good or bed habits, our physical
activity and environmental influence.
Obesity and physical inactivity are known from ancient times. Besides such bad habits
as smoking and drinking too much alcohol, the surprising ―danger‖ of sleeping too much
or too little, eating between meals and skipping breakfast can double the chance of dying
or lead to different diseases.
Of course sleeping too much or too little, snacking and skipping breakfast are not
quite as deadly as smoking, obesity and drinking. But they are indicative dangerously
chaotic lifestyles.
Some people worry about their weight and follow a calorie-controlled diet. They eat a
low-fat food and more fibre. Eat is thought to be the cause of disease. Besides, people
believe that they should exercise more not to be fat. Some people have started counting
the calories they eat every day. So, that they can try to take in less calories and lose
weight. This is called a calorie-controlled diet.
Such bad habits as smoking, drinking too much alcohol can cause a cough, a
headache, some diseases, slow reactions and even loss of memory. Bad habits make teeth
yellow, skin unhealthy, speech unclear and brain centers sleep.
10
The role of sports is significant as it gives good physiological results on the body.
Good exercises increase heart action and blood circulation. They strengthen the nerves.
Taking long walks in the open air is also important. The sun and the air are good
medicines. It’s interesting to know that bees drivers who sit all day have heart diseases
twice as more than conductors who move all day. Physically inactive people get old
earlier than those who exercise. If a man does daily exercises he feels refreshed and has
good posture. And good posture lifts spirits. Poor posture often causes fatigue.
Every one should remember the Latin saying ―Mens sana in corpore sano‖. A healthy
lifestyle is ― a good remedy‖ for the protection of our organism against diseases.
It’s well known that it’s easier to prevent a disease than to cure it. Doctors must promote
a healthy lifestyle and serve an example for other people.
2. Поисковое чтение: а). Поясните, что подразумевает девиз «Здоровье для всех».
б). Перечислите, что необходимо для оздоровления человечества. с) Какие
факторы влияют на здоровье?
Today nearly one thousand mil1ion people do not livе satisfying lives, since they exist in
а state of social and economic poverty.
In the 90th the world medicine has made great progress in some fields of the protection
of human health, but along with the achievements in some spheres of world medicine it is
still faced with а number of problems. There is а rise tropical diseases. Pneumonia,
tuberculosis and hepatitis В remain serious threats. Тhe AIDS pandemic is spreading
globally and rapidly becoming а most serious threat to human existence.
Chronic non-communicable diseases are becoming more widespread. Especially in the
developing world, where the number of cancer cases is higher than in the developed
countries.
Diabetes is increasing everywhere. Alcohol-related diseases are оn the rise. And thanks
to health education cardiovascular diseases are оn the wane in developed countries,
except in eastern Europe.
Infant mortality rate • Life expectancy • To affect • Threat to human existence •
Drug abuse • Non-communicable diseases • Congenital diseases
Текст «What is health for аll?»:
1. How do уоu define health?
2. What does the expression «social and economic poverty» mean? Explain.
З. What have recent studies shown?
Текст «Health and Development in the 90th»:
1. What do уоu know about achievements in some spheres of world medicine?
2. What is the most serious threat to human existence?
3. What well-known diseases in the developing world can уоu enumerate?
Текст «Health is above wealth»:
1. What factors influence health?
2. What bad habits do you know?
3. How do they influence your health and appearance?
11
6.2. .Тестовые задания:
Подтвердите факты, доказывающие, что... (Confirm the facts that prove that ...)
1. Today nearly one thousand million people do not live satisfying lives.
2. Recent studies have shown considerable improvements in people's health.
3. Over the last decades а number of environmental threats to health has bесоmе mоrе
prominent.
6.3. .Ситуационные задания по теме:
Составить сравнительную таблицу (на основе текстов)
Заболевание Ситуация (на сегодняшний день)
7 . Список тем по УИРС, УИР: «Достижения в мировой медицины».

Самые распространенные заболевания последнего времени (статистические
данные).
1. Тема: «Medical University»
2. Значение изучения темы – знакомство студентов с историей образования и
процессом обучения в КрасГМУ
обучающийся должен уметь составлять монологические высказывания на основе
прочитанных текстов, употреблять грамматический материал по теме: времена
группы Continuous.
Индивидуальный устный опрос.
a) What factors influence health?
b) What bad habits do you know?
c) How do they influence your health and appearance?
d) What are the popular ways to lose weight and avoid gaining it?
e) Do you control your weight? How?
f) What do you do to keep fit?
4.2. Изучение нового материала:
- Повторение грамматического материала по теме: времена группы Continuous.
(грам.справочник стр.282 - 283А.М. Маслова. Учебник английского языка для
медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002.)
- Изучающее чтение: Текст «Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy» (КГМУ)
5. Основные понятия и положения темы: Текст KSМU (см. приложение №1)
- KSМU was founded in 1942 оn the base of two Institutes: Leningrad Medical Institute
and Voronezh Stomatologic Institute. At present the Academy consists of 5 departments:
Therapeutic, Paediatric, Stomatologic, Nursing, Advanced Medical department. Every
faculty has а relevant programme for training of the future doctors. Тhе six year state
12
programme is conditionally divided into two periods: during the first two years the
students study the basis of theoretical medicine and during these two years they learn the
structure of human body, and its physiological functions and the course of diseases.
During the last four years the students learn the basic medical subjects and gain
knowledge and work experience in clinics and hospitals. If а student completes the six-
year programme of medical course and passes the state finаl examinations, hе will bе
awarded Тhе Medical Doctor Diploma and the title of practitioner. In 1995 our Institute
changed its status for Academy. In 2005 the department of Pharmacy began working. It
is the newest department at our Academy.
Department • Advanced Medical Courses • Lectures and instructors • Applicant •
Entrance examination • Title of practitioner • Internship • Residency • Postgraduate
course
- Грамматический материал занятия:
Времена группы Continuous. (грам.справочник стр.282 - 283А.М. Маслова.
Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002.)
1. How was KSMA founded?
2. How many departments are at present and what are they?
3. Who works at the Academy?
4. How do young people enter the Academy?
5. How many periods is the state programme devided into?
6. What happens at the end of the six year course?
7. What does а person who cares for science do?
6.2 .Тестовые задания по теме:
Выберите нужное слово и переведите предложения.
1. Every department has а ...programme b) experiences
for students. с) courses
а) research 4. During the first two years the students
b) relevant ... knowledge ofpre-clinical subjects.
с) complete а) gain
2. After the entrance examinations the b) carry out
student ... to а basic programme. с) last
а) gains 5. А 10t of experiments ... at the
b) completes laboratories ofthe Academy.
с) applies а) are relevant
3. At the Academy the students study the b) are carried out
... of diseases. с) are divided
а) departments
6.3.Ситуационные задания по теме: puzzle (Загадки).
1. The science of living matter in аll its forms and phenomena. (Biology)
2. The science dealing with or investigating the composition, properties and
transformation of substances and various elementary forms of matter. (Chemistry)
3. The science dealing with the function of living organisms or their parts.
(Physiology)
13
4. The science dealing with matter, energy, motion and force. (Physics)
«Высшие учебные заведения за рубежом», КрасГМА. Историческая справка.
Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy is situated in the centre of the city. It was
founded in 1942 on the base of two Institutes: Leningrad Medical Institute and Voronezh
Stomatologic Institute. But it was not before 1995 that the status ―Institute‖ was changed
for ―Academy‖. In 2009 Medical Academy has received the status ―University‖.
At present the Academy consists of 5 departments: General Medicine, Pediatric,
Stomatologic Institute, Nursing and Pharmacy with the Distance Learning Department.
Pharmacy department started its work in 2005. It’s the newest department at our
Academy. Each department is headed by a dean. The dean’s office is the place where
students can get all the necessary information.
For the first 3 years all these departments are joined into the faculty of
Fundamental Medical Education which is headed by a professor, a Doctor of Medical
Sciences.
There is a preparatory department for those who wish to pass their entrance exams
successfully. The applicants take three exams Biology, Chemistry and a written essay.
There are also a Faculty of Advanced Training of physicians and pharmacists, and post-
graduate courses for medical graduates conducting research.
The academic year is divided into 2 terms, each of 17-19 weeks duration. At the
end of each term, there is an examination session when students have a number of credit
tests and exams.
The course of training in the General Medicine and Pediatrics lasts for 6 years,
while in the Stomatology and Pharmacy- for 5 years and in the Nursing Department – for
4 years.
The state programm (a curriculum) is conditionally divided into 2 periods: during
the 1-st 2 years the students study the basis of theoretical medicine, Latin and Foreign
Languages, Philosophy and Ethics, Biophysics and Biology, History of Medicine. During
these 2 years they study the structure of human body and its physiological functions and
the courses of diseases. The study of human anatomy, systems and organs is carried out
on corpse material. In the third year (during the second period) senior students begin to
master clinical subjects, such as surgery, internal diseases, ophthalmology, obstetrics and
gynecology, clinical pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and the basics of accounting and
management. They spend most of their time in teaching hospitals and clinics, as well as
in pharmacies and laboratories.
If a student completes the six-years programme of medical course and passes the
state final examinations (or finals), he will be awarded the Medical Doctor Diploma.
After that, there is a further year of training (internship) as medical or pharmacy
interns for those willing to obtain a Certificate of Experience that will enable him to
practise. Those who want to specialize in a definite field and to obtain promotion to a
higher-ranking job must have a period of residency, which is 2 or 3 years, depending on
their speciality. Many medical graduates enter post-graduate courses. They write and
defend a thesis based on original research, and obtain the degree of a Candidate of
Medical or Pharmaceutical Science.
14
There are both free and paid forms of education in our Academy. Students who
pass their exams with excellent grades receive grants, or stipends. Non-resident students
are offered hostel accommodation.
Our Academy ranks high among the higher medical educational establishments
both in Siberia and in the whole of Russia. Our medical graduates work in different parts
of the country and abroad. They work in hospitals, Medical Academies and Scientific
Research Institutes.
1. Тема: « Medical University»
2. Значение изучения темы – знакомство студентов с историей образования и
процессом обучения в КрасГМУ
обучающийся должен уметь составлять монологические высказывания на основе
прочитанных текстов, употреблять грамматический материал по теме: артикль и
числительное.
Фронтальный опрос.
1. When was Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy founded?
2. On what base was the Academy founded?
3. How many departments does the Academy consist of? What are they?
4. How long is the course of training?
5. How many periods is the state programme divided into?
6. What does a medical student do after the 6th year?
7. Which is the newest faculty in the Academy?
8. What faculty are you in?
9. What year are you in?
10. When will you graduate from the Academy if all goes well?
11. What subjects do Pharmacy students study in junior years? in senior years?
12. Do you have to pay for your education? How much is the tuition fee in the day
department? How much is the tuition fee in the Distance Learning Department?
13. Do the students of Distance Learning Department receive grants or scholarships?
14. Is the period of internship obligatory for medical students? What is the period of
residency designed for?
15. Where are you planning to work upon graduation from the Academy?
- Закрепление навыков употребления в речи таких грамматических явлений как
«артикль» и «числительные», гр. справочник А.М. Маслова. Учебник английского
языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002.
(артикль – ex. X (а, б, в) p.20, ex. XI p. 20, XX p. 22; числительные – ex. VII p. 19,
VIII p. 20, IX p.20, XVIII p.22)
- Ознакомительное чтение: Text A стр.15 (см. приложение №1)
- Поисковое чтение: Text В стр. 21 (см. приложение №2)
15
Every year тanу young people who really care for medicine enter medical institutes and
bесоmе students.
Sоmе students live at the hostel, others - with their relatives. Мanу students get stipends.
Тhe students work much in class, at the institute laboratories and libraries. For two years
the students learn the so-called pre-clinical subjects. Тhe students have clinical subjects
from the third to the fifth year.
During the three-years' period the students learn to diagnose different diseases, to carry
out laboratory analyses and to treat people for these diseases. Each year the students have
а practical training. So in five years the students gain the knowledge necessary for а
general practitioner.
Pre-clinical subjects • General practitioner • Surgery • Obstetrics • Subinternship •
Intern • Field of medicine
1. «Артикль» и «числительные», гр. справочник А.М. Маслова. Учебник
английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002. (артикль – ex. X
(а, б, в) p.20, ex. XI p. 20, XX p. 22; числительные – (ex. VII p. 19, VIII p. 20, IX p.20,
XVIII p.22)
1. What are the so-called pre-clinical subjects?
2. What do the students do during the first and the second practical training?
3. What knowledge do the students gain in five years?
4. What main clinical subjects do уои know?
5. Who is an intern?
6.2. .Тестовые задания по теме:
Complete these sentences using the verb from the text.
to obtain to apply to demonstrate to defend to perform to master to prepare
1. Any citizen of our country who has а complete secondary education mау ... to
а medical school.
2. Тhе third year students ... the duties of nurses.
3. Student ... definite number of medical and diagnostic procedures.
4. Тhе graduates have ... their practical skills.
5. For 3 years post graduates do research, ... а thesis, ... it and ... an academic
degree of C.M.S.
6.3. Ситуационные задания по теме: Puzzle (Загадки).
1. Тhе science dealing with the structure of animals and plants. (Anatomy)
2. Тhе branch of biology dealing with the study of biological structures and processes bу
means of the methods of physics. (Biophysics)
3. Тhе branch of biology dealing with the study of tissues. (Histology)
4. The science of the origin and nature of diseases. (Pathology)
7. Список тем по УИРС, УИР: КрасГМА. Историческая справка.
«Высшие учебные заведения за рубежом».
16
Text A. At the Institute
Every year many young people who really care for medicine enter medical institutes and
become students. A new life begins — it is the life of the adult who has the responsibility
(ответственность) for all his actions before the society.
Some students live at the hostel, others—with their relatives. Many students get stipends.
If a student has "fives" in all the subjects at the entrance examinations he gets an
increased stipend.
The students work much in class, at the institute laboratories and libraries. As the
students want to become not ordinary but good doctors they must pay attention to
modern medical literature. It means that they must study not only their textbooks but read
many special medical articles in the Russian and foreign languages. They will continue to
study them in class and at the Foreign Language Society1.
Already in the first year some students join students' scientific societies. There they work
on those subjects which they care for. It may be Biology, Chemistry or Anatomy. In the
Anatomy Scientific Society the subject of the students' work may be the study of the
heart or other organs of the body. In the second year some students join the Physiology
Scientific Society where they study the functions of the organs. This work in the
Scientific Societies will help future doctors to understand better the character of many
diseases. It will teach them to be more observant (наблюдательный).
Text В
The 1st Moscow Medical Institute was founded in 1764. Now it has over 70 departments.
As in all Soviet medical institutes, the course of studies is six years. During this period
the students master (овладевают) the basis of theoretical and practical medicine.
For two years the students learn the so-called pre-clinical subjects,1 such as Physics,
Chemistry, Biology, Human Anatomy, Histology and others.
The students have clinical subjects from the third to the fifth year. During the three-years'
period the students learn to diagnose different diseases, to carry out laboratory analyses
and to treat people for these diseases.
At the end of the third year all the students have a six-weeks' practical training. During
this period they work as nurses. After their 4th year the students have another practical
training. It lasts for eight weeks. During the second practical training they work as
doctors' assistants at the therapeutic, surgical and other departments. After the 5th year
the students have a six-weeks' practical training at a polyclinic. So in five years2 the
students gain the knowledge necessary for a general practitioner3.
1. Тема: «Medical Education in Russia»
2. Значение изучения темы – рассмотрение некоторых аспектов медицинского
образования в России
обучающийся должен уметь составлять диалоги, уметь поддержать беседу с
говорящим, употреблять грамматический материал по теме: предлоги.
17
Индивидуальный устный опрос по теме: «Медицинская академия»
(монологическое высказывание)
Работа в режиме Student - Group
- «Предлоги» таблица 26 на стр. 300 (Марковина И.Ю., Учебник для мед. вузов и
мед. специалистов, 2005.)
- Семантизация новых лексических единиц и их первичное закрепление: ex. 1 p.
230, ex. 2 p. 230,
- Поисковое чтение: Text ―Medical Education in Russia‖ pp. 231 – 233 (Марковина
И.Ю., Учебник для мед.вузов и мед. специалистов, 2005.) Чтение текста с опорой
на ЛЕ (Active Words and Word Combinations) см. приложение №1
Аннотация темы:
Тhе instruction in higher school is given through lectures, group instruction and practical
classes.
The attendance at lectures and classes is compulsory. The academic year is divided into
two terms. At the end of each term the students hаvе to pass а number of examinations.
In the pre-clinical years the curriculum is uniform for the students of different faculties.
Beginnings with the third year special clinical subjects are introduced. At the end of the
third year students take а six-week practical course during which they are exposed to
direct doctor - patient communication.
Список лексических единиц для словарного диктанта.
1. secondary education
2. to apply to medical school
3. to take examinations
4. entrance competitive examinations
5. to admit to medical school
6. voluntary/ compulsory attendance at lectures
7. academic year
8. medical curriculum
9. preventive medicine
10.internal medicine
11.obstetrics
12.medical and diagnostic procedures
13. undergraduate clinical training
14.final state ехаm
15. internship/ residency course
16.narrow specialists
17.supervision of experienced specialists
18. to prepare а thesis
18
19.to obtain an academic degree
True or False?
1. Аll the applicants take entrance exams in biology, chemistry and Russian
language.
2. Applicants who have finished school with а gold or silver medal, take аll exams.
3. Тhe attendance at lectures and classes is voluntary.
4. Тhe academic year is divided into two terms.
5. During the first two years students study clinical subjects.
6. Senior students do а practicum in out - patient clinics.
7 .Interns and residents work under the direct supervision of experienced specialists in
clinic (in hospitals).
6.3. Ситуационные задания по теме:
Read the passages and answer the questions. Explain your answers. Прочитайте данные
отрывки и ответьте на вопросы. Ответы поясните.
1. Fred is in the dissecting room. He is prepering for his Anatomy class. He is
dissecting the corpse.
2. Boris is in the dissecting-room. There he prepares for his Anatomy classes. He
dissects corpses. Кто из них в данное время готовится к занятиям по анатомии?
1. On Fridays Nick went to the clinic. He helped the nurse. He took the patients’
temperature. He gave patients some remedies.
2. It was Friday yesterday. George was at the clinic for the whole day. He was helping
the nurse. He was taking the patients’ temperature. He was giving patients some
remedies. Кто из них обычно ходил в клинику по пятницам?
«Особенности российских медицинских вузов».
приложение №1
Medical Education in Russia
Last year a delegation from the World Health Organization visited Moscow. The
delegates were interested in medical education in Russia. Some of them came to the
Moscow Medical Academy and had a talk on this subject with Dr. Ivanov, the Dean of
the Medical Faculty.
Dr. Conroy:' Dr. Ivanov, my colleagues and I are here by the arrangement with the
World Health Organization. We should like to receive some information on the training
of doctors in your country and about the curricula in the medical institutions of higher
learning, or medical schools as we call them.
Dean-: I'll be happy to answer all your questions.
Dr. Conroy: First of all, would you kindly tell us who has the right to enter a medical
school in your country?
Dean: Any citizen of our country who has a complete secondary education may apply to
medical school.
Dr. Conroy: Applicants have to take examinations, don't they?
Dean: Yes, quite so. All the applicants are required to take entrance competitive
examinations in biology, chemistry, and the Russian language. And those who obtained
the highest marks in the examinations are admitted. Applicants who have finished school
19
with a gold or silver medal are allowed to take only one examination. If they get an
excellent mark, they are admitted to the medical school.
Dr. Brown: Would you tell us, please, how your students are instructed?
Dean: The instruction at higher schools is given through lectures group instruction and
practical classes.
Dr. Scott: Is the attendance at lectures and classes voluntary?
Dean: No, it is compulsory for all students.
Dr. Conroy: How is the students' knowledge checked?
Dean: Our academic year begins on September 1st and is divided into two terms of four
months each. At the end of each term the students have to pass a number of
examinations.
Dr. Brown: We should like to know something about your medical curriculum, if we
may.
Dean: Well, the course of study lasts 6 years and covers basic pre-clinical and clinical
subjects. In the pre-clinical years the curriculum is uniform for the students of the
medical, preventive medicine, stomatological and pediatric faculties. During the first two
years students study physics, general, organic, inorganic and biological chemistry, first
students also study human anatomy, physiology, histology, microbiology, Latin, a
foreign language, and philosophy. Beginning with the third year special clinical subjects
are introduced — all branches of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, obstetrics,
ophthalmology, infectious diseases and others. At the end of the third year students take a
six-week practical course. They perform the duties of nurses. After their fourth year
students take another practical course during which they are exposed to direct doctor-
patient communication at the department of internal diseases as well as at the surgical
department, and the department of obstetrics and gynaecology. Working as doctor's
assistants, students master a definite number of medical and diagnostic procedures
(Senior students also do a practicum in out-patient clinics. They have to attend lectures,
seminars, and clinical conferences as well.
Dr. Conroy: Dr. Ivanov, you've told us about undergraduate clinical training in the
Medical Faculty. How does the training course at a medical school end? And what about
specialization?
Dean: You see, in our country graduate medical students take a final state examination
which includes theoretical questions in internal diseases, surgery and obstetrics and
gynaecology, as well as in clinical cases. The graduates also have to demonstrate their
practical skills. Those who have passed the examination receive their diploma, which
certifies them as doctors. ^Having received a diploma they may either take a one-year
internship course qualifying them as general health care specialists, or a two-year
residency course qualifying them as narrow specialists.
Dr. Brown: Dr. Ivanov, would you kindly tell us what facilities your doctors have for
specialization?
Dean: Interns and residents work under the direct supervision of experienced specialists
in clinics and in major hospitals. Medical graduates can also apply for the post-graduate
training. (For three years postgraduates do research into one of the important problems of
modern medicine, prepare a thesis, defend it, and obtain an academic degree of
Candidate of Medical Science.
20
Medical Education in Russia -О- 233
Dr. Conroy: Dr. Ivanov, thank you very much for the talk. Dean: You are most
welcome. If you like, I'll gladly show you through some of our clinical hospitals and
departments. Dr. Brown: We'd be much obliged to you.
1. Тема: «Medical Education in Russia»
2. Значение изучения темы – рассмотрение некоторых аспектов медицинского
образования в России
обучающийся должен уметь грамотно строить вопросы, уметь их задавать и
отвечать на них, уметь вести диалог с обменом мнениями, с использованием
речевых клише.
1. Письменный опрос (формат - словарный диктант)
2. Тестовые задания по теме: Match the Words
Secondary Specialists
Competitive Anatomy
Gold Classes
Excellent Procedure
Practical Subject
Compulsory Mark
Academic Language
Clinical Department
Preventive Education
Pediatric Examination
Organic Disease
Human Medal
Foreign Attendance
Infectious Year
Surgical Medicine
Diagnostic Faculty
Narrow Chemistry

- Введение грамматической структуры – построение вопросительной формы.
Виды вопросов (стр. 302 – 303, стр. 304 – сводная таблица гр.справочник А.М.
Маслова. Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью,
2002.)
21
- Речевые упражнения: - составление реплик, диалогов с использованием клише.
Ex.5 p.233, Ex.6 p.233, ex.7 p.234, ex.9 p.234 Марковина И.Ю., Учебник для мед.
вузов и мед. специалистов, 2005.
1. Аннотация темы:
In our country graduate medical students take а final state examination which includes
theoretical questions in internal diseases, as well as in clinical cases. Those who have
passed the examinations receive their diploma, which certifies them as doctors.
Нaving received а diploma they mау either take а one-year internship course or two- year
residency course. Interns and residents work under the direct supervision of experienced
specialists in clinics and major hospitals. Medical graduates саn also apply for the post-
graduate training.
Candidate M.D. internal medicine
Residency obstetrics
Internship medical and diagnostic procedures
Scholarship undergraduate clinical training
Pre-clinical subjects final state ехаm
Undergraduate training internship/ residency course
secondary education narrow specialists
to apply to medical school supervision of experienced
entrance competitive examinations specialists
to admit to medical school to prepare а thesis
voluntary/ compulsory attendance at lectures to obtain an academic degree
medical curriculum
preventive medicine
2. Грамматический материал занятия:
Виды вопросов (стр. 302 – 303, стр. 304 – сводная таблица гр.справочник А.М.
Маслова. Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью,
2002.)
1. When does а student apply to medical school?
2. What is the most important factor in the selection of students?
3. What exams do medical students take?
4. What do students study for the first two years?
5. What can уоu say about medical practice?
6. What does а final state ехаm include?
7. What degree dо students receive at the end of study?
8. What facilities do doctors have for specialization?
6.2. Тестовые задания по теме: Match the Words
Secondary Specialists
Competitive Anatomy
Gold Classes
Excellent Procedure
Practical Subject
22
Compulsory Mark
Academic Language
Clinical Department
Preventive Education
Pediatric Examination
Organic Disease
Human Medal
Foreign Attendance
Infectious Year
Surgical Medicine
Diagnostic Faculty
Narrow Chemistry
11.Ситуационные задания по теме: Puzzle (Загадки)
a. Тhe aggregate of courses of study given in а school, college, etc. (Curriculum)
b. Тhе science of dealing with the preparation, uses, and especially the effects of
drugs. (Pharmacology)
c. А recent medical - school graduate serving an apprenticeship under
supervision in а hospital. (Intern)
d. Тhе process of determining the nature and circumstances of а diseased condition
bу examination and analysis. (Diagnosis)
e. Тhе science of treating diseases, injures, or deformities bу operation оn the
body, usually with instruments. (Surgery)
f. The branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment
of diseases. (Internal Medicine)
g. Моnеу awarded to а student to help pursue his or her studies. (Scholarship)
«Приготовить историческую справку о создании медицинской академии им.
Сеченова ».
1. Тема: «Practice in Pharmacy»
2. Значение изучения темы – тема знакомит студентов с такими понятиями, как:
«фармация», «фармакогнозия», «фармакопейное описание».
обучающийся должен уметь читать с целью извлечения конкретной информации.
Индивидуальный устный опрос по теме: «Медицинское образование в России»,
работа в парах, работа в режиме Student - Group
- Семантизация нового лексического материала. Презентация нового
лексического материала:
Pharmacy
Pharmacognozy
23
Pharmacology
Pharmacopoeia
Medicinal substances
Dispensing
Prescription container
- Ознакомительное чтение Text A, p.15, Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy in my
life», Красноярск., КрасГМА 2008г.
Practice of Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science which concerns the study of medical substances. It involves
not only medicines, compounding and dispensing them but their combination, analysis
and standardization as well. The word ―pharmacy‖ is also used to define the place where
medicines are compounded, dispensed, stored and sold. A person who is scientifically
and professionally capable of engaging in the practice of pharmacy is called a
―pharmacist‖.
The compounding of medicines usually requires the scientific combination of 2 or
more ingredients but dispensing may only require the transfer of manufactured products
to a prescription container. Both services demand special knowledge, experience, and
high professional standards. A pharmacist should have knowledge of different subjects,
such as physics, chemistry, botany, etc.
The field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and effect in the body is
called ―pharmacology‖.
Pharmacology is the science which embraces the history, source, cultivation,
collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and preservation
of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.
A governmental agency Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal
responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use. Besides it decides
if a drug may be distributed and sold. There are definite standards for drugs set by an
independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists and manufacturers.
This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.) Two important
standards of the U.S.P. are that the drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients)
and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug has U.S.P.
after its name, it has met the standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published
by the U.S.P. every 5 years. It contains description, tests and formulas for preparing the
same. The Pharmacopeia describes also the proper method of packaging and storing the
drug to prevent or retard deterioration.
But not all drugs are listed in the Pharmacopeia. The National Formulary (N.F.) is a
larger list of drugs which meet purity standards. The letters U.S.P. and N.E. after a drug
indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to U.S.P. or N.E. standards. It
is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufacturers
Pharmacy is the science which treats of medicinal substances. It speaks not only of
medicines and the art of compounding and dispensing them, but of their combination,
analysis and standartization.
24
Pharmacognozy is the science which embraces the history, sourse, cultivation, collection,
preparation, distribution, composition, purity and preservation of drugs of vegetable and
animal origin.
Тhe official description consists usually of physical characteristics, the structure of the
drug when sectioned or powered and usually includes its physical properties.
Pharmacy
Pharmacognozy
Pharmacology
Pharmacopoeia
Medicinal substances
Dispensing
Prescription container
What is necessary:
-to compound medicines?
-to bесоmе а pharmacist?
-for the pharmacist to know?
-to prescribe drugs?
Вставьте вместо пропусков определения к существительным. Подберите их
из текста.
1. Both services demand ... knowledge and ... standards.
2. General chemistry deals with ... principles and ... substances.
3. Pharmacognozy embraces the history and preservation of ... origin.
4. Тhe ... names of chemical substances do not always represent their chemical
composition.
5. Тhe official description usually includes its ... properties.
6. Тhе reaction to litmus is an ... test of identity or purity.
- Прочтите и переведите следующие слова, опираясь на знание латинского
языка.
Pharmacy, medicine, drug, compound, dispence, analyse, pharmacist, medicinal,
physician, prescribe, prescription, ingredient, manufacture, phenomenon, phenomena,
matter, analysis.
- Найдите определения следующих терминов:
Pharmacy, pharmacist, pharmacognozy, pharmacology, pharmacopoeia.
«подготовить историческую справку о развитии фармакологии в России.».
25
1. Тема: « At the Chemist’s »
2. Значение изучения темы – тема раскрывает такие актуальные вопросы, как:
основные лекарственные формы, применение лекарственных препаратов,
домашняя аптечка и т.д.
обучающийся должен уметь читать с целью извлечения конкретной информации.,
уметь употреблять основную терминологиею по специальности, иметь
грамматические навыки в употреблении времен группы Perfect.
4.1. - Анализ аннотаций, сделанных на предыдущем занятии
- Фронтальный опрос.
What is necessary?
-to compound medicines?
-to bесоmе а pharmacist?
-for the pharmacist to know?
-to prescribe drugs?
- Ознакомительное чтение Text C p.164 Маслова А.М., Учебник английского языка
для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002.
- Просмотровое чтение: «At the Chemist’s» p.66, Козырева Л.Г., Шадская Т.В.
Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ, Ростов-на-Дону:
Феникс, 2003 – учебник для медсестер
At the Chemist's
As you know on receiving a prescription from a doctor or on following a home treatment
all of us need medicines which are ordered or bought at a chemist's.
There are usually two departments in a large chemist's. At the chemist's department2 one
can have the medicine immediately; other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription
department.3
At any chemist's all the drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Every small bottle (6yTfaMKa),
a tube or a box of medicine has a label on it. White labels indicate drugs for internal use,
yellow ones indicate drugs for external use and blue ones indicate drugs used for
injections. The dose to be taken and the directions for the administration are also
indicated on a label. Indicating the dose and the name of any medicine is necessary for
chemists, nurses, doctors and patients themselves. It prevents confusing (to confuse—
путаница) different remedies, some of which are poisonous. Their overdosage may
cause unfavourable reactions and sometimes even death.
At a chemist's one can buy different drugs for intramuscular and intravenous injections,
for oral administration and for external use.
Before using the medicine the patient must know well that he is taking the proper drug
and in the necessary dosage.
- повторение грамматического материла времена группы Perfect. (p.283-285)
Маслова А.М., Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист
Нью, 2002.
26
There are usually two departments in а large chemist. At the chemist's department оnе
сan hаvе the medicine immediately, other drugs hаvе to bе ordered at the prescription
department. At anу chemist's аll the drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Every small bottle, а
tube or а bох of medicine has а lable оn it. Тhе dose to bе takеn and the directions for the
administration are also indicated оn а label. At а Chemist' s оnе сan buу different drugs
for intramuscular or intravenous injections, for oral administration and for external use.
Before using the medicine the patient must know well that hе is taking the proper drug
and in the necessary dosage.
Drops
Ointment
Mixture
Tincture
Decoction
Solution
Suppository
Powder
1. Where сan уоu order the drugs?
2. What do white labels indicate?
3. What is it necessary to know for chemists?
4. What mау the overdosage cause?
5. What must the patient know before using the medicine?
6.2. Тестовые задания по теме.
Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрав соответствующую форму Present
Perfect:
1. …you ever …the work of a surgeon in the operating-room? (did…see, have…seen)
2. I… … everything except the last article (have translated, has translated)
3. He… … everything for the experiment. (prepared, has prepared)
4. We… … English test today. (have written, to write)
Прочитайте предложения. Определите, в какой последовательности совершались
действия в предложениях. Подчеркните Past Perfect.
1. My toothache disappeared after I had taken some medicine.
2. He went to the college after he had had his breakfast.
3. When we came home, our granny had made tasty dinner for us.
4. When Tom awoke, his mother had alredy gone.
1. Read the passages and answer the questions.
Yesterday my mother went to the chemist’s in Kirov street and bought a small box of
medicine with a blue label on it.
Yesterday my friend was at the chemist’s and ordered the medicine at the prescription
department. In an hour he received a small bottle with a white label on it.
Which of them had the medicine for infections?
27
Last month my sister was admitted to the in-patient department of our city hospital
because she was ill with an acute form of lobar pneumonia. She was treated with
intramuscular injections of antibiotics.
Last month I fell ill with lobar pneumonia. We called in a doctor who prescribed me
home treatment. Every day the nurse came to give me intramuscular injections of
antibiotics. Which of them had to order the medicine at the chemist’s?
2. Read the dialogue and learn it by heart.
3. Find in the dialogue "At the Pharmacy" English equivalents of the following words
and words combinations.
лекарство в рецепте; сильнодействующий; строго соблюдать предписания врача;
после еды; микстура от кашля; эффективные капли в нос; принимать микстуру;
одна столовая ложка; полоскание; полощите ваше горло каждые два часа;
почувствовать облегчение;
через пару дней.
“At the Pharmacy”
Caroline: Can I have the medication on my prescription?
Chemist: Yes, certainly. But remember, it is a powerful medicine. Follow the doctor's
prescription strictly. Take it after meals.
Caroline: Can I also have some cough mixture and nasal drops?
Chemist: Yes, we've got a good cough mixture and effective nasal drops.
Caroline: How should I take the mixture?
Chemist: Take one tablespoonful 3 times a day after meals.
Caroline: And the nasal drops?
Chemist: Use 2-3 drops 3-4 times a day. Besides, you may have a mouthwash if your
throat is sore.
Caroline: Oh, yes. I need it badly. How should I use it?
Chemist: Gargle every two hours and you'll feel relief in a couple of days.
Caroline: Thank you very much!
«найти информацию о побочных действиях лекарственных препаратов».
1. Тема: « At the Chemist’s »
2. Значение изучения темы – тема раскрывает такие актуальные вопросы, как:
основные лекарственные формы, применение лекарственных препаратов,
домашняя аптечка и т.д.
обучающийся должен уметь читать с целью извлечения конкретной информации,
уметь употреблять основную терминологиею по специальности, использовать
речевую функцию запроса информации.
Устный фронтальный и индивидуальный опрос лексики, изученной на
предыдущем занятии. Работа в режиме Student – Group
28
- Семантизация нового лексического материала.
Sedative
Tranquiliser
Laxative
Hot water bottle
- Постановка вопросов, использование (построение) аналогичных вопросов в
подготовке к диалогическим высказываниям.
- Просмотровое чтение Text ―At the Chemist’s Shop‖, p.96 Козырева Л.Г., Шадская
Т.В. Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ, Ростов-на-Дону:
Феникс, 2003 - учебник для мед.cестер. см. приложение №1
Аннотация темы.
There are usually two departments in а large chemist's. At the chemist's
department оnе сan hаvе the medicine immediately, other drugs hаvе to bе ordered at the
prescription department. At anу chemist's аll the drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Every
small bottle, а tube or а bох of medicine has а lable оn it. Тhе dose to bе takеn and the
directions for the administration are also indicated оn а label. At а Chemist' s оnе сan buу
different drugs for intramuscular or intravenous injections, for oral administration and for
external use. Before using the medicine the patient must know well that hе is taking the
proper drug and in the necessary dosage.
Sedative
Tranquiliser
Laxative
Hot water bottle
1. What rules for nurses do уоu know?
2. Say, how to bе careful with medicine at hоmе?
3. What are the rules for taking drugs?
4. What must уоu have in the drug bох?
Insert the necessary word –заполните пропуски словами по смыслу
1. A person can buy a medicine immediately…
2. All the drugs are kept …
3. One can order a drug ….
4. …. labels indicate drugs for internal use.
5.Yellow labels indicate drugs for…. use
6. …. labels are for injections
7. … and… for the administrations are indicated on a label
Keys: at the chemist’s department, in drug cabinets, at the prescription department, white,
external, blue, the dose and the directions.
6.3. Ситуационные задания по теме: назовите медикаменты, которые используют
при простудных заболеваниях и легких ранениях.
29
Check yourself. Are you a good pharmacist?
Match the following commonly used directions for appropriate drug use to the
pictograms* intended to reinforce printed instructions.
1) Read the label.
2) Shake well.
3) Store in refrigerator.
4) Take by mouth.
5) Take with glass of water.
6) Take with milk.
7) Take with meals.
8) Take in the morning.
9) Take at bedtime.
10) Take two hours before meals.
11) Dilute with water.
12) Drink additional water.
13) Dissolve under the tongue.
14) Place drops in nose.
30
Найти информацию об «организации работы в аптеках за рубежом.»
Text C. AT THE CHEMIST’S
When you are unwell or ill you need medicines. A doctor prescribes you the
treatment and writes out a prescription. Medicines are ordered or bought at a chemist's.
There are usually two departments in a large chemist's. At the chemist's department one
can have the medicine immediately, other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription
department, At any chemist's all the drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Every small bottle, a
tube or a box of medicine has a label on it. White labels indicate drugs for internal use,
yellow ones indicate drugs for external use and blue ones indicate drugs for injections.
The dose to be taken and the directions for the administration are also indicated on a
label. Indicating the dose and the name of any medicine is necessary for chemists, nurses,
doctors and patients themselves. It prevents confusing different remedies, some of which
are poisonous. Their overdosage may cause unfavorable reactions and sometimes even
death.
At a chemist's one can buy different drugs for intramuscular and intravenous
injections, for oral administration and for external use. Before using the medicine the
patient must know well that he is taken the proper drug and in the necessary dosage. At
the chemist's a patient can get patent medicines of all kinds: ampoules of glucose and
camphor for injections, different pills, tablets and powders, cough mixtures, heart drops,
nasal drops, vitamins, cod liver oil, ointments, sleeping draughts, laxatives, sedatives,
bandages, adhesive plasters, mustard plasters, bottles of iodine. One can also buy hot-
water bottles, medicine droppers, ice-bags, sponges, tooth-brushes and tooth-pastes, soap
and many other useful things.
Notes
1. a chemist's (shop) — аптека
2. a chemist's department — отдел ручной продажи
3. a prescription department — рецептурный отдел
1. Тема занятия: «Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Water
2. Значение изучения темы – раздел «Фармацевтическая химия» адекватно
отражает структуру фармацевтической специальности. Используется языковой
материал по неорганической, органической, коллоидной, биологической,
токсикологической и фармацевтической химии.
употреблять придаточные определительные предложения. Иметь практику
группового перевода.
Заслушивание домашних диалогов (индивидуальное и фронтальное
прослушивание)
31
1. Введение грамматического материала §32 стр.309 (Марковина И.Ю., Учебник
для мед. вузов и мед. специалистов, М.:2003)
2.Введение нового лексического минимума (учебный словарь)
Dissolved mineral substances Carbon
Sodium Dioxide
Calcium Soluble form
Potassium Potable water
Bicarbonate Organic matters
3. Изучающее чтение Text A ―Water‖, p.18 text A. Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk
«Pharmacy in my life», Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г.
Water
About 3 quarters of the earth surface is covered with liquid water. Water can be in
liquid, solid and vapour condition. As it can change its condition it constantly moves and
influences everything on the Earth.
In vapour form, water is also an important constituent of the earth’s atmosphere. It
occurs in animals and vegetable tissues. It constitutes some 70 per cent of the human
body and over 90 per cent of some vegetables. So water is very important to all living
things. In the living body water carries foodstuffs from 1 part of the body to another. Man
gets one half of his water in the food he eats, especially in fruit and vegetables. More than
70 per cent of the body is composed of water. Daily we lose some water.
The human body gives off about 5 pints of water every 24 hours through the lungs,
sweat glands and kidneys. We must replace it. If 10 per cent of the body water is lost
without replacements, there will be serious signs of illness. If 20% of the body water is
lost a person can go without water is about 7-10 days.
Potable water is water which is fit to drink. Since water dissolves K a part of nearly
everything with which it comes in contact, absolutely pure water does not occur in
nature.
The water for drinking and domestic purposes is generally supplied by rivers, lakes,
wells, and springs. Such waters commonly contain salts of calcium, iron, magnesium,
potassium, and sodium, organic matters from falling leaves and twigs; and traces of
carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia, and other gases from the atmosphere.
There is also a variety of suspended matter in natural water such as fine particles of
clay, sand, microscopic organisms including bacteria, and fragments of vegetation.
Waters having appreciable amounts of dissolved salts are always more acceptable for
drinking than those free from solids. But good drinking water must be free from toxic
salts, disease producing organisms, and from harmful organic and sewage contamination.
4. Закрепление материала через систему
1) речевых упражнений ex. 6,7,8,9,10 p.20
2) грамматических упражнений ex. 1,2,3,4,5 p.20 (Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy
in my life», Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г.)
4.3. Итоговый контроль знаний:
- Заслушивание переводов в микрогруппах
32
About three quarters of the earth' s surface is covered with liquid water. In vapour
form, water is also аn important constituent of the earth's atmosphere. In addition, water
occurs in animals and vegetable tissues. It constitutes some 70 per cent of the human
body and over 90 per cent of some vegetables.
Potable water is water which is fit to drink. Тhе water for drinking and domestic
purposes is generally supplied bу rivers, lakes, wells, and springs.
There is а variety of suspended matter in natural water such as fine particles of clay, sand,
microscopic organisms including bacteria, and fragments of vegetation.
Good drinking water must bе free from toxic salts, disease producing organisms, and
from harmful organic and sewage contamination.
1. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения. §32 стр.309 (Марковина И.Ю., Учебник
для мед. вузов и мед. специалистов, М.:2003)
- Придаточные дополнительные
- Придаточные определительные
- Условные придаточные
1. Is water widely distributed in nature?
2. In what states of aggregation does water occur in nature?
3. How manу quarters of earth' s surface is covered with liquid water?
4. Where does water occur?
5. What is the composition of water?
6. What kinds of water do you know?
7. What water is fit to drink?
8. Does water play а vital part in the nutrition of animals and plants?
9. Where is water employed bу a man?
10.Does absolutely pure water occur in nature?
Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова:
for drinking, free from toxic salts, acceptable, average, salts, calcium, microscopic
organisms, fine particles, natural waters, pure, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, clay,
sand, sodium
1. Wе hаvе mineral waters in which the total mineral content is significantly аbоvе the ....
2. Alkaline waters contain unusual quantities of ... .
3. Тhе water for drinking and domestic purposes commonly contains ... .
4. There is also а variety of suspended matter in ... .
5. Water having appreciable amounts of dissolved salts is more ... .
6. Good drinking water must bе ... .
6. 3.Ситуационные задания по теме:
Заполните таблицу, указав виды загрязнения воды в соответствующих водоемах и
способы их очистки.
33
Lakes Streams Seas Oceans
Кinds of pollution
Techniques
найти информацию о современных способах очистки воды.»
1. Тема занятия: «Compounds of Sodium and Potassium »
2. Значение изучения темы – ознакомление с терапевтическим действием
соединений натрия и калия и использованием их в фармации.
употреблять причастия и Indefinite Passive.
Заслушивание тезисов
Опрос студентов на знание темы в формате «вопрос – ответ». Режим работы
Student - Group
1. Введение грамматического материала по теме «Причастие» и ―Indefinite
Passive‖, p. 286, p. 294 (таблица 23, 24) грамматический справочник Маслова А.М.,
Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002.
2.Введение нового лексического минимума
Univalent
Soluble
Affinity
Oxidation
Alkali industry
Iron tanks
To be saturated with
3. Изучающее чтение Text A p.22 Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy in my life»,
Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г.
COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
The alkali metals — lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium—which fall in
Group I of the Periodic Classification, are the most strongly electro-positive elements
known. They are all univalent, and their compounds are soluble in water. The metals
themselves are distinguished by their great affinity for oxygen. They undergo oxidation
rapidly on exposure to air,2 and decompose water readily in the cold, with evolution of
hydrogen and formation of soluble, strongly alkaline hydroxides. All these characteristics
are most marked in caesium, and least in lithium.
Sodium and potassium compounds are widely distributed and abundant. Lithium
compounds are found in comparatively small quantities, and rubidium and caesium are
decidedly rare elements. The compounds of sodium and potassium are very widely
34
employed in pharmacy, and corresponding compounds of the two metals are similar in
therapeutic action.
Compounds of sodium. The chief naturally occurring compound of sodium is the
chloride, NaCI, which is present in sea-water to the extent of 2 to 3 per cent, and is also
found as rock salt.
The manufacture of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hydroxide forms
the chief branch of the great alkali industry. Most of the sodium salts used in pharmacy
are made from the
carbonate or hydroxide.
Sodium hydroxide. Contains not less than 95.0 per cent of total alkali, calculated as
NaOH, and not more than 2.5 percent of Na2CO3.
Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by heating sodium carbonate with water and lime in
large iron tanks.3
Most of the sodium carbonate produced at the present day is manufactured by the
ammonia-soda process. The principle of the method is simple. Strong brine containing a
high concentration of ammonia is passed through a "carbonating tower"4 where it is
saturated with carbon dioxide under pressure. The ammonia and carbon dioxide
decomposition with the sodium chloride causes the precipitation of sodium bicarbonate,
which is not very soluble in water, and is still less soluble in brine.
4. Грамматические упражнения:
Ex.1, 2, 3,4,5,6 p.23-24. Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy in my life», Красноярск,
КрасГМА 2008г.
1. Речевые упражнения: ex 1,2,3,7,9 (приложение №1)
2. Ex. 7 p.24 Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy in my life», Красноярск, КрасГМА
2008г.
The alkali metals are the most strongly electro-positive elements known. Тhey are аll
univalent and their compounds are soluble in water. Тhe metals themselves are
distinguished by their great affinity for oxygen. Sodium and potassium compounds are
widely distributed and abundant. Тhe compounds of sodium and potassium are very
widely employed in pharmacy, and corresponding compounds of the two metals are
similar in therapeutic action. Тhe manufacture of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate,
and sodium hydroxide forms the chief branch of the great alkali industry.
Соединения щелочных и щелочноземельных металлов играют важную роль в
жизнедеятельности организмов. Так, ионы натрия, Калия, магния, кальция
составляют в организме примерно 99% от общего содержания металлов.
1. «Причастие» и ―Indefinite Passive‖, p. 286, p. 294 (таблица 23, 24)
грамматический справочник Маслова А.М., Учебник английского языка для
медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002.
1. What kind of metals are lithium, sodium, potassium and caesium?
35
2. In what group of the Periodic Classification do these metals fall?
3. When do these metals undergo oxidation rapidly?
4. Why are sodium and potassium compounds of great importance in pharmacy?
5. What compounds are found in comparatively small quantities?
6. What is the chief naturally occuring compound of sodium?
7. How is sodium hydroxide manufactured at present?
Прочтите предложение, вставьте глагол, данный в скобках в Present,Past или Future
Indefinite Passive.
1. The compounds of sodium and potassium very widely (to employ) in Pharmacy.
2. Тhese methods (to introduce) to pharmaceutical industry some years ago.
3. Тhe experiment (to carry оn) in two months.
4. 1 think the reaction (to follow) bу temperature rise.
5. Most of the sodium salts (to use) in the future.
6. Most of the sodium carbonate (to manufacture) bу the ammonia-soda process.
7. Salts (to produce) bу the interaction of acids and bases.
8. Тhe manufactured sodium compounds widely (to use) now.
9. The elements (to arrange) bу Mendeleyev according to а definite system.
6. 3. Ситуационные задания по теме: Puzzle (Загадки).
1. А salt, silver-white metal1ic element, the lightest of аll metals. (Lithium)
2. А metalllic element that oxidizes rapidly in moist air, occuring in nature only in the
combined state. (Sodium)
З. А silvery-white metal1ic element whose соmроunds are used as fertilizer and in
special hard glasses. (Potassium)
4. А rare, highly reactive, soft, metallic element, used chief1y оn photoelectric cells.
(Caesium)
«Найти информацию о том, как применяются соединения натрия и калия в
фармакологии»
I. Образуйте от следующих глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса -
tion.
eliminate —> elimination.
oxidate, distribute, calculate, concentrate, precipitate, titrate, indicate
II. Назовите существительные в данной группе слов и укажите их суффиксы.
Measurement, titration, alkaline, organic, chemical, solution, completely, sensitive,
particularly, experienced, observer, estimate, important, occurring, condition, acceptable,
measure, contamination, excessive, distillation, proportion
III. При помощи префикса de- образуйте глаголы противоположного действия и
переведите их на русский язык.
compose - decompose
acidify, form, calcify, carbonate, gasify, hydrate, ionize, mineralize, saturate, water
VII. Переведите следующие словосочетания с причастиями на
английский язык:
36
различимые нами признаки; распределенные Менделеевым элементы;
составленные мною таблицы; найденный им способ; прочитанный профессором
доклад; расположенные нами элементы; сделанные студентами сообщения;
известные всем факты; взятая ею пробирка; увиденный нами опыт; используемый
в фармации принцип; приготовленный студентами опыт
IX. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Substances composed of two or more elements are called corn-pounds. 2. Most of the
sodium salts used in pharmacy are made from the carbonate or hydroxide. 3. When
evaporated to dryness, the solid matter contained sodium chloride and organic matter. 4.
Rain-water if collected near the sea contains sodium chloride. 5. the substance obtained
contained a small amount of chlorides.
1. Тема занятия: «Compounds of Sodium and Potassium »
2. Значение изучения темы – ознакомление с терапевтическим действием
соединений натрия и калия и использованием их в фармации.
обучающийся должен уметь переводить текст со словарем, извлекать нужную
информацию из текста, уметь сравнивать.
1.Проверка лексики и домашних упражнений – отработка «по цепочке» -
фронтально, парная работа
2. Ex.,5,6,7 p.23-24. Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy in my life», Красноярск,
КрасГМА 2008г.
1. Презентация новых лексических единиц, встречающихся в тексте
Synthetic fibres Stand for…
Polymers Blood substitutes
Self-hardening plastic Convey
Carbon compounds Durable
To combat a disease To install
2. Ознакомительное чтение Text B (см. приложение №1)
3. Выполнение заданий по тексту a) Прочтите текст. Назовите области медицины,
в которые нашла применение химия. Поставьте к каждому абзацу вопрос так
чтобы охватить содержание абзаца.
1. Проверка (устный фронтальный опрос)
Plastics, synthetic fibres and materials are becoming firmly established in medicine,
helping physicians to combat many diseases. Chemistry in the health services stands for
highly effective medicines, blood substitutes, artificial organs, plastic teeth, hearing aids
etc.
37
Plastics are used especially widely in orthopaedy. Chemistry is widely employed in
dentistry.
The importance of carbon chemistry for man is great. A few of new compounds become
important as medicines, plastics, textiles, solvents, food additives, cosmetics or some
other products.
В медицинской практике широко используются соединяются соединения,
образованные щелочными и щелочноземельными металлами. 0, 9% раствор
хлорида натрия – физиологический раствор, применяемый при большой потере
крови. Глауберова соль применяется как слабительное средство, оксид магния –
как нейтрализующее средство при отравлении кислотами, входит в состав зубных
порошков; гидроксид-карбонат магния применяется в качестве присыпки;
английская соль применяется как слабительное средство, гипс используется для
наложения повязок при переломах костей.
Вопросы для самоподготовки:
I 1.Where are plastics used?
2. In what way is the chemistry employed in dentistry?
3. What does the artificial eardrum improve?
II 1. What role does the element carbon play in the life on the Earth?
2. What products can be prepared from hydrocarbons?
III 1. How do chemicals influence human health and the quality of the environment?
2. Did any tragic incidents occur in the world?
3. What is necessary to do to save present and future generations from the harmful
effect of chemicals?
a) Просмотрите следующий текст.
Colorless, odorless, deadly.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas that is produced
whenever a fuel is burned without enough oxygen available.
In its initial stages carbon-monoxide poisoning is difficult to spot because the symptoms
– headaches, fatigue, nausea – mimic those of the flu. Carbon monoxide kills by limiting
the body’s ability to use oxygen. Normally, oxygen passes through the lungs and then
enters the bloodstream where it bonds to a protein molecule called hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin carries oxygen to the muscles and organs. But carbon monoxide binds to
hemoglobin 300 times aswell as oxygen does, blocking the sites where could ordinarily
land. As the percentage of carbon monoxide in the body the victim succumbs to a slow,
velvety suffocation.
b) Отметьте следующие утверждения True or False
1. Carbon monoxide can be easily recognised by its characteristic odor.
2. Carbon monoxide is produced when something burns without enough oxygen.
3. Carbon –monoxide poisoning is difficult to spot in its initial stages.
4. Carbon monoxide can’t bind to hemoglobin as well as oxygen does.
5. A person with carbon –monoxide poisoning dies from slow suffocation.
Keys: F, T, T, F, T
38
Назовите три газа, используя следующие описания:
- The gas which makes up 4/5 of the Earth’s atmosphere
- The gas which occupies the first position in the Periodic Table
- The gas which is necessary for the existence of all forms of life.
«найти информацию о том, в каких областях медицины и фармакологии нашла
применение химия»
SOVIET CHEMISTRY AND HUMAN HEALTH
Plastics, synthetic fibers and materials are becoming firmly established in medicine,
helping physicians to combat many diseases. Chemistry in the health services stands for
highly effective medicines, blood substitutes, artificial organs, plastic teeth, hearing aids,
etc. Today over 3,000 medical items are made from polymers in our country. Plastics are
used especially widely in orthopaedy. Artificial fingers and hands are formed from elastic
plastics.
Soviet otolaryngologists, using the experience of their Czechoslovak colleagues, are
making an artificial middle ear (среднее ухо) out of plastic. It consists of an eardrum
(барабанная перепонка) made of a polymer, with a special feeler which conveys the
oscillations to the internal ear. This artificial eardrum improves hearing very much.
Patients who previously could only hear words spoken from a distance of 20—30 cm,
can hear ordinary conversation 10-12 meters away from them, after an artificial middle
ear is installed.
Chemistry is widely employed in dentistry. Plastic teeth are durable, comfortable,
light, hygienic and retain the colour of natural teeth. The Kharkov plant for making
dentistry materials has developed a highly effective self-hardening plastic for making
artificial teeth. Plastics as hard as metals are produced for fillings (пломбы). They are
nearly natural in colour and become very firmly attached to the tooth. These fillings will
never fall out.
Chemistry gives our people not only modern machinery, additional millions of tons of
grain and agricultural products, but it also assists our doctors in their noble work of
prolonging human life and of maintaining man's health and ability to work.
1. Тема занятия: «Aspirin. Ether»
2. Значение изучения темы – ознакомление с описанием свойств аспирина, одного
из самых распространенных анальгетиков
обучающийся должен уметь переводить со словарем, употреблять в речи степени
сравнения прилагательных и модальные глаголы, уметь находить в тексте
эквиваленты словосочетаний
39
Индивидуальный устный опрос. Проверка домашнего задания в форме
вопросов-ответов
1. Введение и презентация грамматического материала:
а) степени сравнения прилагательных (грам. справочник, таблица 2, 3 стр. 271,
Нью, 2002.)
б) модальные глаголы (грам. справочник стр. 290 – 291, Маслова А.М., Учебник
английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002.)
2. Введение новой лексики
- Sparingly/readily soluble
- To acidify
- Dilute
- Melting point
- Salicylic acid
- Ammonium fertic alum
- Neutralized against phenolphthalein
3. Ознакомительное чтение Text A «Aspirin», р.24 Перевод со словарем
ASPIRIN
Description and properties. White crystals of a slightly acid odour and taste. Sparingly
soluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol, solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium
carbonate.
Tests for identity.1 Boil 0.5 gm of the preparation in 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution
for 3 minutes, cool and acidify with dilute sulphuric acid. A white crystalline precipitate
appears. The solution possesses the odour of acetic acid.
The melting point is 133—136 (the rate of the rise of temperature is 4—6° per minute).
Tests for purity. Dissolve 0.3 gm of the preparation in 5 ml of alcohol and add 25 ml of
water (test solution). Place 15 ml of this solution in a cylinder, 5 ml of the same solution
in another cylinder. Add to the latter 1 ml of 0.01 per cent aqueous solution of salicylic
acid, 2 ml of alcohol, and make up with water to 15 ml (standard solution).2 Add to both
cylinders 1 ml of a 0.2 per cent acid solution of ammonium ferric alum.3 The colouration
of the tested solution should not be more intensive than that of the standard solution what
corresponds to a free salicylic acid content in the preparation of not more than 0.1 per
cent. Shake 1 gm of the preparation with 20 ml of water during 1 minute and filter. 10 ml
of this filtrate should not contain more chlorides than 10 ml of this standard solution, i. e.
not more than 0.004 per cent in the preparation. The sulphate content of 10 ml of the
same filtrate should not be more than in 10 ml of the standard solution, i. e. not more than
0.02 per cent in the preparation. The contents of sulphate ash of the preparation should
not exceed 0.1 per cent and should not contain more heavy metals than in 10 ml of the
standard solution, i. e. not more than 0.001 per cent in the preparation.
Assay. Dissolve 0.5 gm of the preparation accurately weighed in 10 ml of alcohol
neutralized against phenolphthalein4 and titrate with 0.1 N solution of sodium hydroxide
to pink colouration using the same indicator.
40
1 ml of 0.1 N solution of sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.01802 gm of acetyl-
salicylic acid. The preparation should contain not less than 99.5 per cent of acetyl-
salicylic acid.
The assay is to be made at a temperature not above 20 °C. Storage. In well stoppered
jars.
4. Грамматические упражнения: Ex: 1,2,3,4 p. 26 (Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy
in my life», Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г.)
4.3. Итоговый контроль знаний: Ex. 6, 8, 9 p.26-271 (Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk
«Pharmacy in my life», Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г.)
Аннотация темы: White crystals of а slightly acid odour and taste. Sparingly soluble in
water,
rapidly soluble in alcohol, solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.
Тhe solution posseses the odour of acetic acid. Тhe melting point is 133-136. Тhe
contents of sulphate ash of the preparation should not exceed 0.1 per cent and should not
contain more heavy metals than in 10 ml of the standard solution, i.e. not more than
0.001 per cent in the preparation. Тhe preparation should contain not less than 99.5 реr
cent of acetyl-salicylic асid.
1. степени сравнения прилагательных (грам.справочник, таблица 2, 3 стр. 271,
Нью, 2002.
2. модальные глаголы (грам.справочник стр. 290 – 291, Маслова А.М., Учебник
английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист Нью, 2002.)
1. In what substances is aspirin readi1y soluble?
2. What precipitate appears when testing aspirin for identity?
3. What odour does the solution posses?
4. What is the melting point of aspirin?
5. What substances are taken to carry out tests for pиrity?
6. Is the total solиtion placed in the same cylinder?
7. What is added to both cylinders?
8. What can уои say about the colouration of the tested solution?
9. How much acetyl-salicylic acid should the preparation contain?
10.At what temperature is the assay to bе made?
Вместо пропусков вставьте соответствующие слова:
acid, а cylinder, minutes, colouration, sodium carbonate, solution, water
1. Aspirin is sparingly soluble in water, readi1y soluble in ... .
2. Тhe solution posseses the odour of acetic ... .
3. Тhe colouration of the tested solution should not bе more intensive than that of the
standard ...
4. Let's place 15ml of this solution in ... .
5. 0.5 gm of the preparation is boiled in 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution for 3 ...
41
6. We shake 1gm of the preparation with 20 ml of............. .
7. Тhе preparation is titrated with 0.1 N solution of sodium hydroxide to pink ... .
Keys: sodium carbonate, acid, solution, а cylinder, minutes, water, colouration.
Расскажите об условиях хранения аспирина и последствиях их нарушения.
«найти ответ на вопрос, что нового получили ученые в химии плутония?»
1. Тема занятия: «Aspirin. Ether»
2. Значение изучения темы – рассмотреть описание и свойства эфира
обучающийся должен уметь - уметь переводить со словарем, употреблять в речи и
строить придаточные обстоятельственные предложения.
Проверка домашнего задания (опрос слов, аспирин – его значение и свойства)
1. Введение и презентация грамматического материала: степени сравнения
прилагательных (грам. справочник, стр.306-307, Марковина М.Ю., Учебник для
мед.вузов и мед. специалистов, 2003.)
2. Введение новой лексики.
Boiling point
Opalescence
Turbidity
Picric acid
A ground-in-stopper
3. Ознакомительное чтение Text B ―Ether for Narcosis‖ Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk
«Pharmacy in my life», Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г. Аннотация текста p.27
ETHER FOR NARCOSIS
Description and Properties. Specific gravity — 0.714—0.715. Boiling point is 34—
35°.
Tests for purity. Perform the following test. Shake 20 ml of the preparation with 2 ml of
colourless potassium iodide in a cylinder of 25 ml capacity with a ground-in stopper and,
permit it to stand in a dark place for 3 hours. Neither the ethereal nor the aqueous layer
should take a yellow colour. Compare the aqueous layer with the basic potassium iodide
solution (test for peroxides). Shake 20 ml of the preparation brought to a temperature of
20°, with 2 ml of Nessler's reagent, for 10 seconds in a test-tube of 25 ml capacity and 15
cm in diameter with a ground-in stopper; the test-tube should preliminary be rinsed with
Nessler's reagent and permit to stand for 1 minute. No change of colour and opalescence
is admissible
(test for aldehydes).
42
If a change of colour or the appearance of turbidity of the Nessler's reagent is
observed, distil 50 ml of the preparation from the same bottle at a temperature not above
35°, and repeat the test. Faint opalescence is admissible. Shake 20 ml of the preparation
with 0.05 gm of picric acid in a dry test-tube with a ground-in stopper.
The colouration obtained should not be more intensive than that of the standard solution
В (limit for water contents).
Preparation of the standard solution B. Dissolve 0.1 gm of picric acid in water-solution
A, bring up 5 ml of the solution A to 100 ml by adding water-solution B.
Storage. With precaution (list B), in hermetically stoppered1 orange-glass bottles
of 150 ml capacity, with a metal foil put under the cork, in a cool place, protected from
light, remote from fire. The preparation should be controlled every 6 months.
4. Грамматические упражнения: ex.5 p.26, 7 p. 26
4.3. Итоговый контроль знаний: Проверка выполненных упражнений
Реакция образования сложного эфира из кислоты называется реакцией
этерификации. («этер» - эфир). Многие сложные эфиры обладают приятным
фруктовым запахом. Так, муравьиноамиловый эфир обладает запахом ыишни,
муравьиноэтиловый – рома, уксусноамиловый – бананов, масляноэтиловый –
абрикосов, маслянобутиловый - ананасов, изовалерианоэтиловый – запахом яблок.
Взаимодействие эфиров с водой – их важнейшее химическое свойство (простые
эфиры гидролизу не подвергаются). Получают сложные эфиры реакцией
этерификации, используя кислые катализаторы (хлороводород или серную
кислоту) и обеспечивая смещение равновесия в нужном направлении. Многие
сложные эфиры находят применение как хорошие растворители нитроцеллюлозы
и других органических веществ. Их широко используют для приготовления
фруктовых эссенций. Некоторые сложные эфиры применяются в медицине:
изоамилнитрит ослабляет приступы при грудной жабе, этилнитрит расширяет
периферические кровеносные сосуды.
1. степени сравнения прилагательных (грам.справочник, стр.306-307, Марковина
М.Ю., Учебник для мед.вузов и мед. специалистов, 2005.)
1. What is the specific gravity and boiling point of ether?
2. What analyses must уоu perform for the purity' s test?
3. What can уоu say about either's storage?
Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных:
Difficult, much, few, bad, many, accurate, big, wide, large, high, clean
Keys: more difficult, the most difficult; more, the most; fewer, the fewest; worse, the
worst; more, the most; more accurate, the most accurate; bigger, the biggest; wider, the
widest; larger, the largest; higher, the highest; cleaner, the cleanest.
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме. Скажите:
а) Какие анализы нужно выполнить, чтобы определить чистоту эфира?
43
б) Как нужно хранить стандартный раствор В?
«найти ответ на вопрос, скажите, что нового получили ученые в химии нептуния?»
1. Тема занятия: «Proteins and Amino-Acids»
2. Значение изучения темы – показать студентам важность аминокислот в
различных отраслях пищевой промышленности, приготовление лекарственных
препаратов и т. д.
обучающийся должен уметь - уметь употреблять в речи субъектный
инфинитивный оборот, комбинировать речевые единицы, уметь
трансформировать речевые единицы.
Индивидуальный устный опрос. (монологическое высказывание)
Викторина What do you know about aspirin and ether?
1. Введение и презентация грамматического материала: субъектный
инфинитивный оборот (грам.справочник, стр.302, Ex. VII p.24, Ex. VIII p.25
Марковина М.Ю., Учебник для мед.вузов и мед. специалистов, 2003.)
2. Введение новой лексики:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Denaturation
The break-down of a single protein
3. Изучающее чтение Text А р.28 Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy in my life»,
Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г. (См. приложение №1)
Закрепление грамматического материала через ряд грамматических
упражнений: ex 1,2,5,6,7,8 p.29-30 Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy in my life»,
Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г.
Proteins are highly complex compounds elaborated bу living cells, containing the
elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulphur.
The molecular weights of proteins are known to bе estimated only approxomately. When
the tº is аbоvе 60-80ºС it produces а marked change in protein structure. This is аn
example of «denaturation». Proteins сап bе hydrolysed with formation of simpler
substances.
44
Amino-acids represent the final stage of protein hydrolysis, and mаnу different amino-
acids are produced bу the break-down of а single protein.
Строением белков объясняются их весьма разнообразные свойства. Они имеют
разную растворимость: некоторые растворяются в воде, другие в разбавленных
растворах нейтральных солей, а некоторые совсем не обладают свойством
растворимости (например, белки покровных тканей). По химическому составу
белки делятся на две группы: простые белки (протеины) и сложные белки
(протеиды)
1. субъектный инфинитивный оборот (грам.справочник, стр.302, Ex. VII p.24, Ex.
VIII p.25 Марковина М.Ю., Учебник для мед.вузов и мед. специалистов, 2003.)
1. What kind of compounds are proteins?
2. What are they elaborated bу?
3. What chemical elements do proteins contain?
4. How does the percentage of nitrogen in most proteins vary?
5. How саn the molecular weights of proteins bе estimated?
6. What methods of investigations of proteins do уоu know?
7. What stage of protein hydrolysis do amino-acids present?
8. What happens to proteins during digestion in the stomach aпd intestinal tract?
9. Why are substances intermediate between proteins aпd amino-acids not sharply
differential from оnе another?
Найдите (подберите) эквиваленты русских слов.
1. Proteins are high1y complex compounds (вырабатываемые) bу living cells.
2. Thе percentage of nitrogen in most proteins (варьируется) from above 15 to 19.
3. The molecular weights of proteins саn bе estimated only (приблизительно).
4. Мапу proteins are precipitated bу (электролитами).
5. Thе substances intermediate between proteins aпd amino-acids (не очень резко
отличаются) from оnе another.
6. Proteins саn bе hydrolyzed (с образованием более простых веществ).
7. Amino-acids (представляют собой) the final stage of protein hydrolysis.
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме. Скажите: по какому принципу
классифицируются белки?
«найти информацию о применении аминокислот в фармации»
PROTEINS AND AMINO-ACIDS
Proteins are highly complex compounds elaborated by living cells, and containing the
elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulphur. They are
particularly important as the source of combined nitrogen in foodstuffs. The percentage
of nitrogen in most proteins varies from about 15 to 19.
45
The molecular weights of proteins are known to be estimated only approximately, but
investigations by ultracentrifugal methods give results for the soluble proteins varying
from a few thousands to many millions. Those proteins which are soluble form colloidal
solutions which are generally viscous and may form gels if sufficiently concentrated (e.
g. gelatin). From their colloidal solutions many proteins are precipitated by electrolytes.
Many of them (e. g. egg albumen) are coagulated by heat. When the temperature is
above 60 — 80 °C it produces a marked change in protein structure. This is an example
of "denaturation", with diminution in solubility and other changes in properties, which
may be brought about in proteins by various means, including the action of reagents.
Substances of such high complexity would not be expected to crystallize under ordinary
conditions; nevertheless, some proteins, including egg albumin and hemoglobin, can be
obtained in crystalline form by special methods.
Proteins can be hydrolysed with formation of simpler substances. This process takes
place, for example, during digestion in the stomach and intestinal tract.
Amino-acids represent the final stage of protein hydrolysis, and many different amino-
acids are produced by the breakdown of a single protein.1
The substances intermediate between proteins and amino-acids are not sharply
differentiated from one another, since the breaking down process is a gradual one. The
progressive decrease in molecular complexity on hydrolysis is accompanied by a
corresponding increase in solubility and tendency to crystallization.
1. Тема занятия: «Proteins and Amino-Acids»
2. Значение изучения темы – важность аминокислот в различных отраслях
пищевой промышленности, приготовление лекарственных препаратов и т.д.
обучающийся должен уметь - уметь переводить со словарем, извлекать из текста
нужную информацию, уметь отвечать на вопросы.
Обсуждение плана сообщения. Индивидуальный устный опрос.
(монологическое высказывание)
1. Презентация нового лексического материала
Alums
Albumins
Globulin
Gluten
Gliadin
Glutelin
Sclero-proteins
Proteoses
Peptones
Polypeptides
46
2. Изучающее чтение со словарем Text В р.31 «Classification of protein» L.G
Nosova, G.V. Yurchuk «Pharmacy in my life», Красноярск, КрасГМА 2008г.
PROTEINS AND AMINO-ACIDS
Proteins are highly complex compounds elaborated by living cells, and containing the
elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulphur. They are
particularly important as the source of combined nitrogen in foodstuffs. The percentage
of nitrogen in most proteins varies from about 15 to 19.
The molecular weights of proteins are known to be estimated only approximately, but
investigations by ultracentrifugal methods give results for the soluble proteins varying
from a few thousands to many millions. Those proteins which are soluble form colloidal
solutions which are generally viscous and may form gels if sufficiently concentrated (e.
g. gelatin). From their colloidal solutions many proteins are precipitated by electrolytes.
Many of them (e. g. egg albumen) are coagulated by heat. When the temperature is
above 60 — 80 °C it produces a marked change in protein structure. This is an example
of "denaturation", with diminution in solubility and other changes in properties, which
may be brought about in proteins by various means, including the action of reagents.
Substances of such high complexity would not be expected to crystallize under ordinary
conditions; nevertheless, some proteins, including egg albumin and hemoglobin, can be
obtained in crystalline form by special methods.
Proteins can be hydrolysed with formation of simpler substances. This process takes
place, for example, during digestion in the stomach and intestinal tract.
Amino-acids represent the final stage of protein hydrolysis, and many different amino-
acids are produced by the breakdown of a single protein.1
The substances intermediate between proteins and amino-acids are not sharply
differentiated from one another, since the breaking down process is a gradual one. The
progressive decrease in molecular complexity on hydrolysis is accompanied by a
corresponding increase in solubility and tendency to crystallization.
3. Письменная работа: найти информацию в тексте и ответить на вопросы.
а) В каком случае говорят, что белки денатурируют;
б) В чем растворяются глобулины и альбумины;
в) Все ли белки содержат аминокислоты;
г) По какому принципу классифицируются белки.
Проверка письменных работ
Proteins are complex nitrogenous organic substances of high molecular weight which
form an essential part of all living tissues. It's known that enzymes are proteins or contain
proteins as an essential part and аll the chemical processes involved in respiration,
metabolism and growth are instigated and controlled bу enzyme activity.
Proteins are classified chiefly according to their solubility. Both albumins and globulins
are coagulated bу heat. Аll proteins are insoluble in oganic solvent and in alcohol; they
are precipitated bу salts of heavy metals, bу alums and bу acids of high molecular
weight. Simple proteins are composed of а large number of various amino-acids. Most
proteins contain nearly аll the amino-acids.
47
Белки нельзя отнести к какому - либо одному классу органических соединений,
так как они содержат разнообразные функциональные группы. Это более высокая
форма развития органических соединений и наиболее важная составная часть
организмов. Белки являются материальными носителями жизни. «Жизнь есть
способ существоваия белковых тел», - как определил Ф.Энгельс.
1. What does denaturation of proteins mean?
2. How are proteins classified?
3. What are albuminoids characterised bу?
4. What are simple proteins composed bу?
Дополните следующие предложения по смыслу:
1. Proteins are classified chiefly according to their... . (solubility)
2. Both albumins and globulins are coagulated bу ... . (heat)
3. Hair and wool consist largely of... . (scleroproteins)
4. Аll proteins аrе insoluble in alcohol and in ... . (organic solvents)
5. Simple proteins are composed of а large number of various ... . (amino-acids)
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме.
Скажите: основные принципы денатурации белка.
«найти информацию о роли белка в жизнедеятельности человека»
1. Тема занятия: «Зачетное занятие»
2. Значение темы – выявить уровень умений и навыков
3. Цели занятия: контроль усвоения изученного материала.
1. Повторение грамматического материала.
2. Подготовка к письменному контролю (диктант).
Повторение основных слов и выражений. Повторение лексико-грамматического
материала.
Пример: Лексико-грамматического теста: (см приложение №1)
1. Theoretical subjects, practical training, knowledge of medicine, to diagnose diseases to
treat people, to cure, to do one's best, to gain confidence, Calling
2. Infant mortality rate Life expectancy То affect Тhreat to human existence Drug abuse
Non-communicable diseases Congenital diseases to make (take) oath
3. Department Advanced Medical Courses Lectures and instructors Applicant Entrance
examinations Title of practitioner Internship Residency Postgraduate course
4. Pre-clinical subjects General practitioner Surgery Obstetrics Subinternship InternField
of medicine Residency Postgraduate course
48
5. Pharmacy Pharmacognozy Pharmacology Pharmacopoeia Medicinal substances
Dispensing Prescription container
6. Drops Ointment Mixture Tincture Decoction Solution Suppository Powder
7. Sedative Tranquiliser Laxative Hot water bottle Dissolved mineral substances Sodium
Calcium Potassium Bicarbonate Carbon Dioxide Soluble form Potable water Organic
matters
8. Univalent Soluble Affinity Oxidation Alkali industry Iron tanks To be saturated with
9. Synthetic fibres Polymers Self-hardening plastic Carbon compounds To combat a
disease Stand for…Blood substitutes Convey Durable To install
10. Sparingly/readily soluble To acidify Dilute Melting point Salicylic acid Ammonium
fertic alum Neutralized against phenolphthalein Boiling point Opalescence Turbidity
Picric acid A ground-in-stopper
11. Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur Denaturation The break-down of a single
protein Alums Albumins Globulin Gluten Gliadin Glutelin Sclero-proteins Proteoses
Peptones Polypeptides
Пример: Лексико-грамматического теста:
1. Дополнить предложения по смыслу:
1. Stиdy ofmedicine demands... .
2. Reasons to study medicine... .
3. Doctors know that their work needs... .
4. То bе а good doctor, уоu will need ... .
5. Тhe wise student must... .
2. Выберите нужное слово и переведите предложения.

1. Every department has а ...programme b) experiences
for students. с) courses
а) research 4. During the first two years the students
b) relevant ... knowledge ofpre-clinical subjects.
с) complete а) gain
2. After the entrance examinations the b) carry out
student ... to а basic programme. с) last
а) gains 5. А 10t of experiments ... at the
b) completes laboratories ofthe Academy.
с) applies а) are relevant
3. At the Academy the students study the b) are carried out
... of diseases. с) are divided
а) departments
3. puzzle (Загадки).
1. The science of living matter in аll its forms and phenomena. (Biology)
2. The science dealing with or investigating the composition, properties and
transformation of substances and various elementary forms of matter. (Chemistry)
3. The science dealing with the function of living organisms or their parts.(Physiology)
4. The science dealing with matter, energy, motion and force. (Physics)
49
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрав соответствующую форму Present
Perfect:
1. …you ever …the work of a surgeon in the operating-room? (did…see, have…seen)
2. I… … everything except the last article (have translated, has translated)
3. He… … everything for the experiment. (prepared, has prepared)
4. We… … English test today. (have written, to write)
5. Прочитайте предложения. Определите, в какой последовательности

совершались действия в предложениях. Подчеркните Past Perfect.
1. My toothache disappeared after I had taken some medicine.
2. He went to the college after he had had his breakfast.
3. When we came home, our granny had made tasty dinner for us.
4. When Tom awoke, his mother had already gone.
6. Insert the necessary word –заполните пропуски словами по смыслу

1. A person can buy a medicine immediately…
2. All the drugs are kept …
3. One can order a drug ….
4. …. labels indicate drugs for internal use.
5.Yellow labels indicate drugs for…. use
6. …. labels are for injections
7. … and… for the administrations are indicated on a label
Keys: at the chemist’s department, in drug cabinets, at the prescription department, white,
external, blue, the dose and the directions.
6. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова:

for drinking, free from toxic salts, acceptable, average, salts, calcium, microscopic
organisms, fine particles, natural waters, pure, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, clay,
sand, sodium
1. Wе hаvе mineral waters in which the total mineral content is significantly
аbоvе the ... .
2. Alkaline waters contain unusual quantities of ... .
3. Тhе water for drinking and domestic purposes commonly contains ... .
4. There is also а variety of suspended matter in ... .
5. Water having appreciable amounts of dissolved salts is more ... .
6. Good drinking water must bе ... .
7. Прочтите предложение, вставьте глагол, данный в скобках в Present,Past или

Future Indefinite Passive.
1. The compounds of sodium and potassium very widely (to employ) in Pharmacy.
2. Тhese methods (to introduce) to pharmaceutical industry some years ago.
3. Тhe experiment (to carry оn) in two months.
4. 1 think the reaction (to follow) bу temperature rise.
5. Most of the sodium salts (to use) in the future.
50
6. Most of the sodium carbonate (to manufacture) bу the ammonia-soda process.
7. Salts (to produce) bу the interaction of acids and bases.
8. Тhe manufactured sodium compounds widely (to use) now.
9. The elements (to arrange) bу Mendeleyev according to а definite system.
8. Вместо пропусков вставьте соответствующие слова:

acid, а cylinder, minutes, colouration, sodium carbonate, solution, water
1. Aspirin is sparingly soluble in water, readi1y soluble in ... .
2. Тhe solution posseses the odour of acetic ... .
3. Тhe colouration of the tested solution should not bе more intensive than that of
the standard ... .
4. Let's place 15ml of this solution in ... .
5. 0.5 gm of the preparation is boiled in 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution for 3 ...
6. We shake 1gm of the preparation with 20 ml of ............ .
7. Тhе preparation is titrated with 0.1 N solution of sodium hydroxide to pink ... .
Keys: sodium carbonate, acid, solution, а cylinder, minutes, water, colouration.
Проверка письменных работ
51
1 курс 2 семестр
Занятие № 1.
1. Тема: «The Diseases of Respiratory Tract»
2. Значение изучения темы – тема подготавливает студентов к самостоятельному
чтению и пониманию оригинальной медицинской литературы и к устному
общению в пределах изучаемой тематики.
иметь навыки поискового чтения.
Предварительный контроль знаний. Фронтальный опрос - слова, тестирование -
диктант, индивидуальный устный опрос.
Введение (закрепление) нового материала:
- лексического - упр. 4,5 стр.180 -ознакомительное чтение Text В стр. 135
(историческая справка)
- поисковое чтение Text С стр. 180 «Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Clinical Picture».
- ознакомительное чтение (см. текст в приложении №1)
Тема: «Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Clinical Picture».
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tyberculosis. In the early stage of
tuberculosis the patient usually complains of a general malaise fatique, loss of appetite
and bodyweight. Cough may be dry or productive. Sputum is muca purulent. Blood in
the sputum is sometimes the first sign of tuberculosis. Fever is one of the permanent
symptoms of pulmonary teberculosis. In benign process the body t° is often subfebrile.
Cold profuse per spiration at night is sometimes evidence of a severe form of
tuberculosis. Loss of bodyweight is caused by tuberculous intoxication, a sharp increase
in the metabolic rate and loss of appetite.
1. In what cases is erythrocyte sedimentation rate accelerated?
2. What temperature are benign forms of tuberculosis accomponied by?
3. In case of what disease is a marked shadowing in the lungs revealed by X-ray
examination?
4. What sputum has the patient with tuberculosis of the lungs?
5. Is cold profuse perspiration at night the evidence of a benign or a severe form of
tuberculosis of the lungs?
52
6. What is permanent fever often accompanied by?
1.Выберите правильный ответ:
1. What forms of tuberculosis are b) it may be the evidence of a severe
accompanied by a subfebrile temperature? form of tuberculosis
a) benign forms of tuberculosis are 4. What erythrocyte sedimantation rate
b) pneumonic forms of tuberculosis are has the patient with lobular pneumonia?
2. What kind of sputum has the patient a) it's slow
with tuberculosis? b) it's accelerated
a) it's purulent 5. What does the X-ray examination
b) it's mucopurulent reveal in case of lobular pneumonia?
3. The evidence of what forms of a) it reveals a marked shadowing in the
tuberculosis may cold profuse perspiration lungs
at night be? b) it reveals a cavity in the lungs
a) it may be the evidence of a benign
form of tuberculosis
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: упр. XII стр. 185.
«найти информацию о распространении туберкулеза на территории России.
Угроза человечеству.
Приложение 1
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a contagious viral infection of the airways of infants and young
children that causes difficulty in breathing, especially breathing out.
Bronchiolitis is most often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus, although other
viruses, such as the parainfluenza and adenoviruses, are sometimes involved. Infection
with these viruses causes inflammation of the airways. The inflammation causes the
airways to narrow, obstructing the flow of air into and out of the lungs.
Bronchiolitis typically affects children younger than 18 months of age and is most
common in infants younger than 6 months. During the first year of life, bronchiolitis
affects about 11 of every 100 children, although during some epidemics a much higher
proportion of infants is affected. Winter and early spring are the peak seasons for
bronchiolitis. The disease may be more common in infants whose mothers smoke
cigarettes, particularly those who smoked during pregnancy, and it appears to be less
common among breastfed infants. Parents and older siblings can be infected with the
same virus, but for them the virus usually causes only a mild cold.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Bronchiolitis starts with symptoms of a cold—runny nose, sneezing, mild fever, and
some coughing. After several days, the child develops difficulty breathing, with a
worsened cough. Usually the child has a high-pitched sound on breathing out
(wheezing). In most infants, the symptoms are mild; even though the infant may breathe
somewhat rapidly and be very congested, he is alert, happy, and eating well. Other
infants are more severely affected, breathing rapidly, shallowly, and with difficulty.
Sometimes the child turns blue from a lack of oxygen. The rapid breathing creates a
difficulty in drinking, which may result in dehydration.
53
A doctor bases the diagnosis on the symptoms and the physical examination. Sometimes
the doctor swabs mucus from deep inside the nose to try to identify the virus in the
laboratory.
Prognosis and Treatment
Most children recover at home in 3 to 5 days. During the illness, frequent small feedings
of clear fluids may be given. Increasing difficulty in breathing, bluish skin discoloration,
fatigue, and dehydration indicate that the child should be hospitalized. Children with
congenital heart or lung disease or an impaired immune system may be hospitalized
sooner and are far more likely to become quite ill from bronchiolitis. With proper care,
the chance of dying of bronchiolitis is low, even for children who need to be hospitalized.
In the hospital, oxygen levels are monitored with a sensor on a finger, toe, or an earlobe,
and oxygen is given by an oxygen tent or face mask. A ventilator may be needed to assist
breathing. Intravenous fluids are given if the child cannot drink adequately. Inhaled drugs
that open the airways (bronchodilators) may be tried, although their effectiveness in
bronchiolitis is questionable. The antiviral drug repairing VIRAZOLE may be given by
nebulizer to infants who are premature or who have other conditions that put them at high
risk for severe breathing problems, such as congenital heart or lung disease, cystic
fibrosis, or AIDS. Antibiotics are not helpful.
1. Тема: «Pneumonia.Treatment»
2. Значение изучения темы – тема подготавливает студентов к самостоятельному
чтению и пониманию оригинальной медицинской литературы и к устному
общению в пределах изучаемой тематики.
обучающийся должен уметь употреблять времена группы Perfect. использовать
новую лексику по теме.
(Continuous Active)- Стр. 282 (Perfect Active) - Стр. 283. Тестирование.
Введение нового материала:
1. лексического - упр. VI,V,VII,VIII стр.175
2. грамматического - упр. 1,П,Ш стр. 174
3. речевого - изучающее чтение - Text A «Lobular Pneumonia» стр.176, упр. XIV
стр.178.
Lobular Pneumonia
Patient Smirnov aged 48 was admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of lobular
pneumonia. He had been developing lobular pneumonia gradually. A week before the
admission to the hospital he had had bronchitis after which his condition did not improve.
Fever had an irregular course and the temperature changes were caused by the
appearance of the new foci of inflammation in the pulmonary tissue. Fever had been
persisting for two weeks and had been decreasing gradually.
54
The patient's breathing was rapid with 30-40 respirations per minute. There was
breathlessness and cyanosis of the face associated with the accompanying bronchitis,
decrease in the respiratory surface and occlusion of numerous bronchioles and alveoli.
The patient complained of the pain in the chest particularly on deep breathing in and
cough with purulent sputum. The pulse rate was accelerated and the arterial pressure was
reduced.
On physical examination dullness in the left lung, abnormal respiration, numerous rales
and crepitation were revealed. Dry rales caused by diffuse bronchitis were heard all over
the lungs. The liver and spleen were not enlarged. The examination of the organs of the
alimentary tract failed to reveal any abnormal signs but the tongue was coated.
The blood analysis revealed leucocytosis in the range of 12,000 to 15,000 per cu mm of
blood and an accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
The urine contained a small amount of protein and erythrocytes. The X-ray examination
of the lungs revealed numerous foci of inflammation of various size, irregular form and
different intensity. Shadowing was particularly marked at the root of the left lung due to
the enlargement of the lymphatic glands.
It was a severe form of lobular pneumonia which was difficult to differentiate from
pulmonary tuberculosis and pleurisy. Yet the physician made a correct diagnosis.
Основные понятия и положения темы:
Тема: «Pneumonia.Treatment»
Lobular pneumonia develops gradually. Fever has an irregular course. The parient's
breathing is rapid. There is breathlessness and cyanosis of the face. The patient complains
of the pain in the chest particularly on deep breathing in and cough with purulent sputum.
On physical examination dulness in the lung, abnormal respiration, numerous rales and
crepitation are usually revealed. The blood analysis reveals an accelerated ESR. The X-
ray examination of the lungs reveals numerous foci of inflammation. It's difficult to
differentiate lobular pneumonia from pulmonary tuberculosis and pleurisy.
1. What does purulent sputum always contain?
2. Where is a patient with a severe form of pneumonia admitted to?
3. What temperature is a severe form of lobular pneumonia usually accompanied by?
4. What treatment must a patient follow to improve his state in case of lobular
pneumonia?
6.2.Тестовые задания по теме.
1. Закончите следующие предложения, выбрав нужный по смыслу вариант
окончания.
1. The spleen is the organ
a) located in the left side of the abdominal cavity behind the stomach
b) located in the right side of the thorecic cavity behind the lung
2. Purulent sputum
a) never contains any microorganisms
b) always contains some microorganisms
3. The patient with severe form of pneumonia
a) was allowed to attend the treatment at the polyclinic
55
b) was admitted to the inpatient therapeutic department of the hospital
2. Выберите соответствующее слово.
1. (Dry, moist) rales were caused by diffuse bronchitis.
2. The shadow at the base of the left lung was particularly marked due to the
(enlargement, decrease) of the lymphatic glands.
3. (Mild, severe) forms of lobular pneumonia are difficult to differentiate from
pulmonary tuberculosis and pleurisy.
4. Luminal and bromide were prescribed to the patient (to improve, to impair) his sleep.
6.3. Ситуационная задача упр. IX стр.182
«найти информацию о новых методах лечения и новых лекарственных препаратах,
применяемых при респираторных заболеваниях»
1. Тема: «Main Medicinal Forms. Medicines»
2. Значение изучения темы – знакомство студентов-фармацевтов с основной
терминологией по специальности.
обучающийся должен уметь составлять диалоги, поддерживать беседу по данной
теме.
Письменный опрос.
1. Введение нового и повторение пройденного лексического материала (см.
приложение).
2. - Поисковое чтение Text «Tablets» стр. 71.
- Ознакомительное чтение (см. приложение №1)
3. Упражнения после текста стр. 72-73.
Тема: «Main Medicinal Forms. Medicines»
The tablet is the most common form for the administration of a drug in a dry state.
A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is characterized by a
definite rate of desintegration with water. It's observed that tablets can be made from
certain drugs, even without the addition of auxiliary substances. The application of
different pressure during tableting plays a very important role. It helps to avoid
unnecessary complications. Another important effect of higher pressures is an increase in
friction, which demands the use of greater amount of lubricants and glidants.
1. What is a tablet characterized by when brought into contact with water?
2. What substances are used for tablet making?
3. Why are some difficulties experienced in the process of tabletting?
56
4. What is necessary to do in order to avoid unnecessary complications during
tabletting?

Переведите русские слова каждого предложения, используя слова, данные ниже:
to know, to state, to recognize, to be necessary, to find
1. Известно, that the tablet is the most common form of medication. 2. Было
установлено, that starches possess very good glidant properties increasing the flow of
tablet materials. 3. Было необходимо to remove the testa or pericarp which contains no
oils. 4. Указывают, that the results obtained from these tablets are satisfactory.
«найти информацию о новых методах лечения и новых лекарственных препаратах,
применяемых при респираторных заболеваниях»
Manufacturing of medical products during New time. In XIX century significant
achievements of technology medicinal Forms the invention William Brokdonom of
tablets (1843) is, Introduction by the French pharmacist Lehabom firm gelatinous
Capsules (1846), use as bases for ointments of vaseline (1873) and lanolin (1875).
Lanolin was applied still in Ancient Greece, but in Middle Ages has been forgotten. A
merit of revival Applications of lanolin belongs to the German pharmacologist to the
professor O.Librajhu.
The big influence on pharmaceutical technology rendered Achievements of
microbiology. French scientist L.Pasteur (1822-1895) and others have proved that
fermentation and rotting are Consequence of ability to live of the lowest microorganisms.
Under Influence of jobs of L.Pasteur English surgeon D.Lister has suggested A way of
protection of wounds from a suppuration with the help carboxylic acids (1867.)
At the end of 80th years of XIX century D.Listera's method has been added in the
physical ways of sterilization. Marks in development of technology solutions are:
Introduction of a method of sterilization the ferry in Koch’s device (1885); Results of
studying of Dutch physiologist D.Hamburgera Intravascular application gipo-and
hypertonic solutions, and also use of 0, 9 % of a solution of sodium of chloride in quality
A physiological solution (1885). V.Berkefelda's offer about Sterilizations of solutions by
filtering through ceramic Candles (1891) in 1916г.
The Nobel Prize winner Austrian analytical chemist R.Zhigmondi has made
membrane filters from Derivatives of cellulose. On a boundary of 19 and 20 century the
domestic pharmacy has replenished with a galaxy Scientists who further created Soviet
Pharmaceutical science, the first have organized the maximum Pharmaceutical
educational institutions, formed technology Medicinal forms as scientific discipline.
The decision of the first congress on pharmaceutical education to science, studying
manufacture of medicinal forms and galena preparations, the name « technology has
been appropriated Medicinal forms and galena preparations». Speaking about the period
of becoming of Soviet pharmaceutical science, It is necessary to note some
representatives of the grown-up especially The generations, left the big trace in
development of technology Medicines.
L.G.Spassky (1868-1929) - the professor managing faculties’ technologies galena and
57
dosed out preparations and technology organic pharmaceutical preparations Lenin
pharmaceutical institute. Doctors pharmaceutical B.A.Brodsky's sciences (1872-1937)
and M.G.Volpe (1894-1940) rather fruitfully worked in the field of perfection of
technology galena preparations and chemist's technology. The big erudition professor
L.F.Iljin (1871-1937) possessed- The chief of faculty of pharmacy of army medical
college. To number L.F.Iljina's technological jobs it is necessary to attribute it
Dissertational job « About the pressed medicines and Tablets » - the first extensive and
original research on Russian about tablets. To G.L.Kogan has made the first domestic
manual on « Technologies Pharmaceutical (galena) preparations », issued in 1939году in
Leningrad. The big contribution to development of technology medicinal forms as
scientific discipline professor S.F.Shubin has brought (1898-1942), managing faculty in
Kharkov pharmacological Institute. S.F.Shubinym has been written the tutorial on
technology Medicinal forms for pharmacological institutes.
Fast becoming technology of medicinal forms as scientific disciplines appeared
possible only due to numerous to researches which were actively spent in created
(simultaneously with pharmacological high schools) Research establishments. The
special attention is deserved with activity of the largest scientific the center - All-Union
research pharmaceutical institute created in 1920. The basic structure of institute -
synthesis medical products and allocation in the pure state biologically active substances
from natural products.
In Ukraine the basic research center in area technologies galena preparations and ready
medicinal forms Was, arisen in 1920, HNIHFI (VNTSLS) VNTSLS is the main thing a
scientific research institute on industrial technology Medicinal forms also spends the big
job in area received galena preparations from glycoside-and alkaloid plants, creation of
new type suppositories and ointment bases, and also perfection different stages of
manufacture solutions, tablets, Aerosols and other medicinal forms.
Manufacture of medical products is carried out in 2 Departments - in Ministry of
Health and the Ministry The medical industry. In Ministry of Health this function is
carried out with drugstores and Pharmaceutical factories. In the Ministry of the medical
industry it is concentrated Manufacture almost all groups of medical products. Original
groups of some preparations are delivered the enterprises of other ministries - miasmal,
chemical food the industry, and also the Ministry of Agriculture. Medical products of
industrial production Act in a chemist's network through chemist's warehouses.
1. Тема: «The Diseases of Cardiovascular System»
2. Значение изучения темы – смертность по причине сердечно-сосудистых
заболеваний повышается в современном мире. Поэтому очень важно проследить
причинно-следственные связи этих актуальных заболеваний.
обучающийся должен уметь определять и употреблять в речи структуру «сложное
дополнение», извлекать из текста запрашиваемую информацию, уметь находить
английские эквиваленты для словосочетаний
58
Индивидуальный устный опрос (диалогическое высказывание).
1. Введение нового грамматического материала: стр. 308-309 (сложное дополнение
- complex object) I-Б стр.187, ynp.II, III стр. 187, VI стр. 188
2. Введение нового лексического материала через упражнения: упр.VII стр.188, X
стр.189.
3. Речевое - изучающее чтение Text A стр. 189 «Rheumatic Endocarditis». Найти
эквиваленты. Закрепление материала через систему языковых упражнений:
ynp.IV,V стр188, IX стр.189
- изучающее чтение текста Atherosclerosis (см Приложение1)
Тема: «The Diseases of Cardiovascular System»
The patient usually complains of a general malaise, early fatigue on exertion, cardiac
discomfort and palpitation. The puis rate is irregular and accelerated. The
electrocardiogram shows the changes in the most important readings. The doctor finds a
soft systolic murmur to be heard at the heart apex. It's evidence of an inflammatory
process in the valves. The doctor determines the organic changes in the mitral, aortic and
tricuspid valves to be clearly marked.
1. What most characteristic clinical manifestation has rheumatic endocarditis?
2. What readings does the electrocardiogram show in case of rheumatic endocarditis?
3. How can a therapeutist determine the enlargement of the heart?
4. How can systolic and diastolic heart murmurs be revealed in patient with R.E?
5. What regimen must a patient with R.E follow? Ю.Тестовые задания по теме.
1. Выберите правильный ответ.
1. What disease may the onset rheumatic endocarditis be preceded by?
a) It may be preceded by tonsillitis.
b) It may be preceded by lung abscess.
2. What examination can the enlargement of the heart be determined by?
a) It can be determined by percussion and X-ray examination.
b) It can be determined by electrocardiogram.
3. What must the diet of a patient with rheumatic endocarditis contain?
a) It must contain much salt.
b) It must contain many vitamins.
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: упр. XV стр. 191.
«Группы риска» (сердечно-сосудистые заболевания)
Приложение1
Atherosclerosis is a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic
inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of
59
macrophage white blood cells and promoted by low density (especially small particle)
lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) without adequate
removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high density
lipoproteins (HDL), (see apoA-1 Milano). It is commonly referred to as a hardening or
furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the
arteries.[1]
The atheromatous plaque is divided into three distinct components:
1. The atheroma ("lump of porridge", from Athera, porridge in Greek,), which is the
nodular accumulation of a soft, flaky, yellowish material at the center of large plaques,
composed of macrophages nearest the lumen of the artery
2. Underlying areas of cholesterol crystals
3. Calcification at the outer base of older/more advanced lesions.
The following terms are similar, yet distinct, in both spelling and meaning, and can be
easily confused: arteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis
is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large
arteries (from the Greek Arterio, meaning artery, and sclerosis, meaning hardening);
arteriolosclerosis is any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of arterioles (small arteries);
atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque.
Therefore, atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis, though typically asymptomatic for decades, eventually produces two
main problems: First, the atheromatous plaques, though long compensated for by artery
enlargement (see IMT), eventually lead to plaque ruptures and clots inside the artery
lumen over the ruptures. The clots heal and usually shrink but leave behind stenosis
(narrowing) of the artery (both locally and in smaller downstream branches), or worse,
complete closure, and, therefore, an insufficient blood supply to the tissues and organ it
feeds. Second, if the compensating artery enlargement process is excessive, then a net
aneurysm results.
These complications of advanced atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive and
cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly ruptures (see vulnerable plaque),
causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow, leading to
death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately 5 minutes. This catastrophic event
is called an infarction. One of the most common recognized scenarios is called coronary
thrombosis of a coronary artery, causing myocardial infarction (a heart attack). Even
worse is the same process in an artery to the brain, commonly called stroke. Another
common scenario in very advanced disease is claudication from insufficient blood supply
to the legs, typically due to a combination of both stenosis and aneurysmal segments
narrowed with clots. Since atherosclerosis is a body-wide process, similar events occur
also in the arteries to the brain, intestines, kidneys, legs, etc.
Yet, many infarctions involve only very small amounts of tissue and are termed clinically
silent, because the person having the infarction does not notice the problem, does not
seek medical help or when they do, physicians do not recognize what has happened.
Causes
Atherosclerosis develops from low-density lipoprotein molecules (LDL) becoming
oxidized (ldl-ox) by free radicals, particularly oxygen free radicals (ROS). Blood in
arteries contains plenty of oxygen and is where atherosclerosis develops. Blood in veins
60
contains little oxygen where atherosclerosis rarely develops. When oxidized LDL comes
in contact with an artery wall, a series of reactions occur to repair the damage to the
artery wall caused by oxidized LDL. The LDL molecule is globular shaped with a
hollow core for carrying cholesterol throughout the body for making brain tissue, vitamin
D, etc. Cholesterol does not dissolve in water. Blood is 70% water. The only way
cholesterol can move in the bloodstream is to be carried by LDL.
The body's immune system responds to the damage to the artery wall caused by oxidized
LDL by sending specialized white blood cells (macrophages and T-lymphocytes) to
absorb the oxidized-LDL. Unfortunately, these white blood cells are not able to process
the oxidized-LDL, and ultimately grow then rupture, depositing a greater amount of
oxidized cholesterol into the artery wall. This triggers more white blood cells, continuing
the cycle.
Eventually, the artery becomes inflamed. The cholesterol plaque causes the muscle cells
to enlarge and form a hard cover over the affected area. This hard cover is what causes a
narrowing of the artery, reduces the blood flow and increases blood pressure.
Some researchers believe that atherosclerosis may be caused by an infection of the
vascular smooth muscle cells. Chickens, for example, develop atherosclerosis when
infected with the Marek's disease herpesvirus.[2] Herpesvirus infection of arterial smooth
muscle cells has been shown to cause cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation.[3] Cholesteryl
ester accumulation is associated with atherosclerosis.
Symptoms
Atherosclerosis typically begins in early adolescence, and is usually found in most major
arteries, yet is asymptomatic and not detected by most diagnostic methods during life.
The stage immediately prior to actual atherosclerosis is known as subclinical
atherosclerosis. The majority of the process leading to subclinical atherosclerosis can
happen without our knowing it, especially given the large variety of risk factors.[4]
Autopsies of healthy young men who died during the Korean and Vietnam Wars showed
evidence of the disease.[5][6] It most commonly becomes seriously symptomatic when
interfering with the coronary circulation supplying the heart or cerebral circulation
supplying the brain, and is considered the most important underlying cause of strokes,
heart attacks, various heart diseases including congestive heart failure, and most
cardiovascular diseases, in general. Atheroma in arm, or more often in leg arteries, which
produces decreased blood flow is called peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD).
According to United States data for the year 2004, for about 65% of men and 47% of
women, the first symptom of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is heart attack or
sudden cardiac death (death within one hour of onset of the symptom).
Most artery flow disrupting events occur at locations with less than 50% lumen
narrowing (~20% stenosis is average). [The reader might reflect that the illustration
above, like most illustrations of arterial disease, overemphasizes lumen narrowing, as
opposed to compensatory external diameter enlargement (at least within smaller arteries,
e.g., heart arteries) typical of the atherosclerosis process as it progresses, see Glagov[7]
and the ASTEROID trial,[8] the IVUS photographs on page 8, as examples for a more
accurate understanding. The relative geometry error within the illustration is common to
many older illustrations, an error slowly being more commonly recognized within the
last decade.]
61
Cardiac stress testing, traditionally the most commonly performed non-invasive testing
method for blood flow limitations, in general, detects only lumen narrowing of ~75% or
greater, although some physicians claim that nuclear stress methods can detect as little as
50%.
Treatment
If atherosclerosis leads to symptoms, some symptoms such as angina pectoris can be
treated. Non-pharmaceutical means are usually the first method of treatment, such as
cessation of smoking and practicing regular exercise. If these methods do not work,
medicines are usually the next step in treating cardiovascular diseases, and, with
improvements, have increasingly become the most effective method over the long term.
However, medicines are criticized for their expense, patented control and occasional
undesired effects.
1. Тема: «The Diseases of the Coronary Arteries»
обучающийся должен уметь составлять аннотацию по теме, уметь составлять
монологическое высказывание на основе прочитанного.
1. Введение нового лексического материала:
упр. III, IV, V, VI стр.196-197.
2. Речевого материала - изучающее чтение Text А стр.202 - выписать английские
эквиваленты словосочетаний.
- Ознакомительное чтение – (см. приложение №1 текст Coronary artery
disease)
3. Аннотирование текста: text E стр.197.
Тема: «The Diseases of the Coronary Arteries»
Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from metabolic disturbances and particularly
from disturbances of cholesterol exchange.
Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis consist mainly of a certain regimen for the
patient, which he must strictly follow. Sound sleep is very important since it enables the
nerve cells to rest. Physical exercises must be part of the prescribed regimen. Patients
suffering from atherosclerosis must not smoke. The diet must contain sufficient amount
of proteins and vitamins. Other drugs administered in treating atherosclerosis are the so-
called lipotropic substances, which prevent fat from accumulating in the organism.
62
1. What does atherosclerosis result from?
2. What does prevention of atherosclerosis consist of?
3. Must physical overstrain be excluded in the case of atherosclerosis?
4. In what professional groupa the incidence of atherosclerosis is high?
5. What can you say about smoking affects (in case of atherosclerosis)?
6. What do you know about the diet of the patients with atherosclerosis?
7. What drugs are administrated (in treating atherosclerosis)?
Упр. IV, VII стр. 201.
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: упр. XIV стр. 199.
«новые методы используемые в кардиохирургии»
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease is a type of heart disease. The coronary arteries are blood vessels
that carry blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. When these arteries become clogged
with fatty deposits called plaque, it is called coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is
sometimes called coronary heart disease (CHD). Clogged arteries can keep the heart
from getting enough blood and oxygen and can cause chest pain (angina). If a blood clot
forms, it can suddenly cut off blood flow in the artery and cause a heart attack.
Risk Factors Two of the main risk factors for getting CAD are aging and being male.
Women tend to get heart disease later than men do. It is thought that female hormones
help protect women from heart disease before menopause. After menopause, women
have heart disease as often as men do.
Other things that raise your chances of heart disease include:
High cholesterol levels
high blood pressure
diabetes
a diet too high in saturated fat
being overweight
not exercising
too much stress
smoking
having close relatives with heart disease at younger ages
Symptoms
You may not know that you have CAD until you begin to have symptoms from clogged
arteries. Chest pain (angina) and shortness of breath are often the first signs of coronary
artery disease. Some people don’t know that they have CAD until they have a heart
attack.
If you have several risk factors for CAD, you should talk with your health care provider
even if you have no symptoms. There are things you can do to lower your risks and
improve the health of your heart and blood vessels.
63
Diagnosis
Some of the tests used in diagnosing CAD include:
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This commonly used test records your heart’s
electrical activity and can show certain problems such as abnormal heartbeats or damage
to the heart.
• Stress tests. In a simple stress test, your heart, breathing, and blood pressure are
monitored while you exercise using a treadmill. An ECG is usually done before, during
and after the stress test.
• Echocardiography. An echocardiogram is an exam of the heart using sound waves.
• Coronary angiography or arteriography. This is a computerized x-ray of the coronary
arteries. A catheter (a thin plastic tube) is inserted into an artery in the groin or arm and
threaded into a coronary artery. After a fluid is injected, the x-ray reveals blockages in the
coronary arteries.
Other kinds of tests may help find CAD early, before symptoms appear. Ultrasound and
computed tomography (CT) are examples. If you are at high risk for CAD, your health
care provider may suggest that you be tested even if you have no symptoms.
Treatment
There are three main treatments for CAD - medicine, surgical procedures like
angioplasty that open blocked arteries, and bypass surgery. With each of these
treatments, the results may not be the same in women as compared to men. None of these
treatments cures heart disease. In addition, it is important to make lifestyle changes: eat a
healthy, low-saturated-fat diet, get lots of exercise, and don’t smoke. People with
diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol need to be careful to follow the
treatment plan prescribed by their health care providers.
What are angioplasty and stent procedures?
Coronary or balloon angioplasty is often used to open blocked arteries. In this procedure,
a catheter (a thin tube) is inserted into a forearm or groin artery and threaded into the
narrowed heart artery. The catheter has a tiny balloon at its tip that is repeatedly inflated
and deflated to open and stretch the artery, improving blood flow. The tube is removed
and often a stent (a small metal mesh tube) is put in to keep an artery open after an
angioplasty. The stent stays permanently in the artery. There are other procedures
sometimes used to open the arteries. However, none of these procedures results in a cure
for coronary artery disease and there is a chance that the blockage could return.
What is coronary artery bypass surgery?
Coronary artery bypass surgery (or bypass surgery) is an operation to bring blood to the
heart. A blood vessel is taken from another part of the body and then attached above and
below (bypasses) the narrowed part of the artery. A bypass can be done for each blocked
artery. Bypass surgery can make chest pain better and lower the risk of heart attack.
However, a bypass can also become blocked. This happens in more than 10 percent of
bypass surgeries, usually after 10 or more years.
Bypass surgery may be needed due to various reasons, such as an angioplasty that did not
widen the blood vessel enough, or blockages that cannot treated by angioplasty. In
certain cases, bypass surgery may be preferred. For instance, it may be used for persons
who have both coronary artery disease and diabetes.
64
What is heart revascularization?
A relatively new kind of treatment is called heart revascularization. These procedures are
sometimes used in people for whom other treatments haven’t worked well or can’t be
used. They can be done through surgery or by using a catheter, as in angioplasty. A laser
or a needle is used to make tiny holes or channels in the heart muscle. This seems to
promote the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) that help provide blood to the
heart muscle.
1. Тема: «Angina Pectoris.Treatment»
обучающийся должен уметь составлять диалог, уметь реферировать текст,
заполнять терминологическую таблицу по теме.
Словарный диктант по предыдущей теме «The Diseases of the Coronary Arteries».
1. Введение нового грамматического
материала (грам. справочник - стр. 308-309): упр. IV стр.192, упр. XI стр.194, упр.
V стр.192, упр. X стр.194.
упр. VI стр. 193, упр. VII стр.193.
3. Речевое изучающее чтение Text «Angina Pectoris». (см. приложение №1)
Тема: «Angina Pectoris. Treatment»
Angina pectoris - pain in the centre of the chest, which is induced by exercise and
relieved by rest and may spread to the jaws and arms.
The pain is frequently described as crushing, located under the breastbone.
There may be faintless, shortless of breath, paleness. Cause: Sudden lack of adequate
blood supply to the heart muscle. Treatment: Avoid unusual or preventable stress if
possible. Medication is often used to help relieve the symptoms.
Грамматический материал.
- Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
В английском языке дополнение может состоять из группы. Слов, в состав
которой входит существительное или местоимение в косвенном падеже и
инфинитив глагола. Такое дополнение называется сложным. На русский язык
сложное дополнение переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что, как,
чтобы. При этом существительное (местоимение в косвенном падеже) становится
подлежащим русского придаточного предложения, а инфинитив—сказуемым.
- I know this surgeon (him) to operate on successfully. Я знаю, что этот хирург (он)
оперирует успешно. - I want you to come at 5. Я хочу, чтобы вы пришли в 5 часов.
65
- Сложное дополнение употребляется после глаголов:
а) выражающих желание: to want хотеть; to wish, to desire желать; should like, would
like хотел бы;
б) выражающих предположение: to expect ожидать; to think думать; to believe
полагать; считать; to suppose полагать; to consider считать; to find находить,
признавать;
в) выражающих приказание, просьбу, разрешение: to order, to command
приказывать; to ask просить; to allow разрешать и др.
- Сложное дополнение также употребляется после глаголов, выражающих
чувственное восприятие: to see видеть', to hear слышать', to notice замечать, to feel
чувствовать; to watch (to observe) наблюдать и др. В этом случае в следующей за
ними конструкции сложного дополнения частица to перед глаголом не
употребляется: I felt the pain become less. Я почувствовал, что боль стала меньше.
Примечание. После глаголов to force, to make в значении заставлять, принуждать
частица to тоже опускается: The doctor made the patient lie down.Врач заставил
больного лечь.
1. What is angina pectoris?
2. What is the cause of angina pectoris?
3. What are factors, which can increase the work of the heart?
4. Where does the pain appear?
5. What is the duration of the pain?
6. What character does the pain have?
7. What drugs are used to relieve the pain?
8. What are the types of angina?
9. What are the main drugs for treating angina pectoris?
I. Упр. XIII стр. 195
II. Make your choice.
1. Sudden pain in the chest arises: 3. Pain appears:
a) during eating a) behind the sternum
b) after stress b) in the epigastrium
c) with or after exercise c) in the throat
2. Pain may radiate: 4. Treatment includes:
a) down the arm a) prevention stress
b) into shoulder b) medications to relieve symptoms
c) into lawerjaw c) appropriate diet
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: (упр. XIII стр. 203.)
Read the pairs of sentences and answer the questions supplying your explanations:
1. The young cardiologist has been investigating the character of heart defects since the
beginning of the year. Doctor Sviridov is investigating the character of heart defects. Кто
из них начал раньше заниматься исследованием?
2. My mother has been followed up at the polyclinic since the time she was discharged
from the clinic. My father is followed up at the polyclinic to prevent the recurrence of the
66
disease. За кем из них наблюдение по поводу отдаленных результатов начато
раньше.
«новые методы лечения , используемые при стенокардии»
Angina Pectoris.Treatment
• Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart muscle does not get
enough blood. Angina may feel like pressure or a squeezing pain in your chest. The pain
may also occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
• Most people with angina have coronary artery disease, with narrowed arteries due to
atherosclerosis. When arteries are narrowed, blood flow to the heart is reduced.
• The most common types of angina are stable angina and unstable angina. A less
common type of angina is called variant angina.
• Stable angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart is working harder
than usual. Pain from stable angina goes away when you rest or take your angina
medicine. Angina medicine, such as nitroglycerin, helps widen and relax the arteries so
that more blood can flow to the heart.
• Unstable angina is a very dangerous condition that requires emergency
treatment. Unstable angina is a sign that a heart attack could occur soon. Unstable angina
can occur without physical exertion. It is not relieved by rest or medicine.
• Variant angina is caused by a spasm in a coronary artery. The spasm causes the walls
of the artery to tighten. This narrowing of the artery slows or stops blood flow to the
heart.
• The immediate cause of angina pectoris is believed to be myocardial ischemia. A
coronary artery which has been narrowed by an atherosclerotic plaque may allow enough
blood to pass through it to satisfy the demands of the myocardium during rest and during
mild activity. If cardiac work should increase beyond a certain threshold level, however,
a disproportion between available blood on the one hand and the work of the heart on the
other is created and myocardial ischemia is the result. Angina pectoris is the subjective
manifestation of this myocardial ischemia, and it will last until cardiac demands again
fall to the level which can be satisfied by the coronary blood flow available. In addition
to physical effort, the work of the heart can be increased by eating a meal, by emotional
disturbances, and by peripheral vasospasm such as that which occurs on exposure to a
cold atmosphere. Hence after a meal, during an emotional upset or in cold weather,
angina pectoris occurs with less physical effort than would otherwise be the case. Obesity
also adds to the work of the heart because of the greater demand for blood to nourish the
extra fat, and of the greater amount of effort necessary to carry this extra weight.
• Doctors diagnose angina based on your health history, your family's health history, a
physical exam, and the results of various tests.
• Angina is usually treated with medicines such as nitrates (nitroglycerin). People with
angina may need to take other medicines to lower their blood pressure or cholesterol.
They also may take medicine to prevent blood clots.
• To prevent and treat angina, it is important to make changes to improve your health.
Get regular physical activity, maintain a healthy weight, don't smoke, and eat a healthy
67
diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol. A cardiac rehab program can be helpful
for many people with angina.
• When medicines and lifestyle changes do not control angina, special procedures may
be needed. Angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery are two common procedures
used to treat angina.
1. Тема: «The Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Gastritis»
2. Значение изучения темы – в связи с использованием различных химических
средств в сельском хозяйстве и пищевой промышленности и в связи с
современным образом жизни, с погрешностями питания, нарушением рациона
питания остро встает проблема заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта в
различных возрастных категориях. Поэтому этот вопрос актуален и выносится на
изучение студентами.
обучающийся должен уметь определять функцию Complex Subject в предложении,
уметь высказываться в диалогической речи, делать краткие записи для
монологического высказывания
1. Введение нового материала:
- лексического - упр.III, IV, V стр.206-207
- грамматического - грам. справочник стр. 307. Грамматические упражнения: упр.
I, II стр.205-206
2. Речевое - изучающее чтение Text В «Chronic Gastritis» стр.209
3. Поисковое чтение – (см. приложение №1 Gastroenteritis)
Тема: The Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Gastritis
The most important causes of chronic gastritis proved to be alcohol, inadequate food and
a bad diet regimen.
The characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis are an increased secretion of mucus
and a diminished secretion of acid and pepsin.
The most frequent symptoms of chronic gastritis are loss of appetite, slight pain and
general epigastric discomfort after meals. In severe cases nausea and vomiting of
muscus, particularly in the morning, are often observed. The course of the disease is
chronic and the symptoms are continuous.
What is an important factor in causing the catarrhal condition?
2. What are the most important causes of chronic gastritis?
3. What are the characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis?
68
4. What are the most frequent symptoms of chronic gastritis?
5. What may happen if a sick person doesn't follow the diet regimen strictly?
1. Complete the following sentences.
1. Chronic gastritis may be associated with other diseases, particularly ....
2. The most important causes of chronic gastritis proved to be ....
3. The characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis are ....
4. The most frequent symptoms of chronic gastritis are ....
5. In severe cases ... are often observed.
6. The course of the disease is....
«новые методы лечения , используемые при стенокардии»
Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, tummy bug in the United Kingdom,
and stomach flu, although unrelated to influenza) is inflammation of the gastrointestinal
tract, involving both the stomach and the small intestine (see also gastritis and enteritis)
and resulting in acute diarrhea. The inflammation is caused most often by infection with
certain viruses, less often by bacteria or their toxins, parasites, or adverse reaction to
something in the diet or medication. Worldwide, inadequate treatment of gastroenteritis
kills 5 to 8 million people per year, and is a leading cause of death among infants and
children under 5.
At least 50% of cases of gastroenteritis as foodborne illness are due to norovirus. Another
20% of cases, and the majority of severe cases in children, are due to rotavirus. Other
significant viral agents include adenovirus and astrovirus.
Different species of bacteria can cause gastroenteritis, including Salmonella, Shigella,
Staphylococcus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Yersinia, and
others. Some sources of the infection are improperly prepared food, reheated meat dishes,
seafood, dairy, and bakery products. Each organism causes slightly different symptoms
but all result in diarrhea. Colitis, inflammation of the large intestine, may also be present.
Symptoms and signs
Gastroenteritis often involves stomach pain or spasms (sometimes to the point of being
crippled), diarrhea and/or vomiting, with noninflammatory infection of the upper small
bowel, or inflammatory infections of the colon.
It usually is of acute onset, normally lasting 1-6 days (fewer than 10 days) and self-
limiting.
Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Loss of appetite Abdominal pain Abdominal cramps
Bloody stools (dysentery - suggesting infection by amoeba, Campylobacter, Salmonella,
Shigella or some pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli) Fainting and Weakness
The main contributing factors include poor feeding in infants. Diarrhea is common, and
may be followed by vomiting. Viral diarrhea usually causes frequent watery stools,
whereas blood stained diarrhea may be indicative of bacterial colitis. In some cases, even
when the stomach is empty, bile can be vomited up.
A child with gastroenteritis may be lethargic, suffer lack of sleep, run a low fever, have
signs of dehydration (which include dry mucous membranes), tachycardia, reduced skin
69
turgor, skin color discoloration, sunken fontanelles, sunken eyeballs, darkened eye
circles, glassy eyes, poor perfusion and ultimately shock.
Symptoms occur for up to 6 days on average. Given appropriate treatment, bowel
movements will return to normal within a week after that.
Laboratory tests
Examination of stool for toxins, (e.g. Clostridium difficile toxin)
Stool cultures for the organisms that causes the disease, (e.g. Salmonella, Shigella,
Campylobacter and enterotoxic Escherichia coli)
Microscopy for parasites and their ova and cysts
ELISA for viruses
Infectious
Infectious gastroenteritis is caused by a wide variety of bacteria and viruses.
Bacterial
For a list of bacteria causing gastroenteritis, see above. Pseudomembranous colitis is an
important cause of diarrhea in patients often recently treated with antibiotics. Viruses
causing gastroenteritis include rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus.
If gastroenteritis in a child is severe enough to require admission to a hospital, then it is
important to distinguish between bacterial and viral infections. Bacteria, Shigella and
Campylobacter, for example, and parasites like Giardia can be treated with antibiotics.
Viral
Viruses do not respond to antibiotics and infected children usually make a full recovery
after a few days.[Children admitted to hospital with gastroenteritis routinely are tested for
rotavirus A to gather surveillance data relevant to the epidemiological effects of rotavirus
vaccination programs.]These children are routinely tested also for norovirus, which is
extraordinarily infectious and requires special isolation procedures to avoid transmission
to other patients. Other methods, electron microscopy and polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, are used in research laboratories.
Management
The objective of treatment is to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Oral rehydration is the
preferred treatment of fluid and electrolyte losses caused by diarrhea in children with
mild to moderate dehydration.
Rehydration
The principal treatment of gastroenteritis in both children and adults is rehydration, i.e.,
replenishment of water lost in the stools. Depending on the degree of dehydration, this
can be done by giving the person oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or through intravenous
delivery.
People taking diuretics ("water pills") need to be cautious with diarrhea and may need to
stop taking the medication during an acute episode, as directed by the health care
provider.
Dietary therapy
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for infants and children
include:
Breastfed infants should continue to be nursed on demand.
70
Formula-fed infants should continue their usual formula immediately upon
rehydration in amounts sufficient to satisfy energy and nutrient requirements and at the
usual concentration. Lactose-free or lactose-reduced formulas usually are unnecessary.
Children receiving semisolid or solid foods should continue to receive their usual diet
during episodes of diarrhea. Foods high in simple sugars should be avoided because the
osmotic load might worsen diarrhea; therefore, substantial amounts of soft drinks
(carbonated or flat), juice, gelatin desserts, and other highly sugared liquids should be
avoided. Fatty foods should not be avoided, because maintaining adequate calories
without fat is difficult, and fat might have an added benefit of reducing intestinal motility.
The practice of withholding food for more than 24 hours is yet to be proven more
effective.
The BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast and tea) was recommended in the past.
It is no longer recommended, as it contains insufficient nutrients.
Pharmacologic therapy
Viral gastroenteritis is usually an acute and self-limited disease that does not require
pharmacologic therapy.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics may sometimes be used if symptoms are severe and a bacterial cause is either
isolated or suspected. If antibiotics are decided on, a fluoroquinolone is often used.
Pseudomembranous colitis is treated by discontinuing the causative agent and starting
with metronidazole or vancomycin.
Antibiotics usually are not given for gastroenteritis, although they may be given due to
some bacteria.
1. Тема: «Ulcer»
обучающийся должен уметь определять (использовать) функцию Complex Subject
в предложении уметь переводить со словарем, находить нужную информацию в
тексте
1. Введение нового лексического материала (по теме).
2. Повторение грамматического материала (по теме Complex Subject).
Грамматические упражнения: упр. XI, XII стр.209
3. Речевое - изучающее чтение Text A «Gastritis and Duodenal Ulcers» стр.207
71
4. Поисковое чтение и заполнение таблицы
Causes Symptoms Treatment
Text A. Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

The Soviet scientists N. Burdenko, L, Koreisha, A. Speransky and B. Mogilnitsky
proved the existence of an association between a lesion of the central and peripheral
nervous systems and the development of ulcer.
The neurogenous theory of the pathogenesis of ulcer was developed further I into the
corticovisceral theory by K. Bykov and I. Kurtsin. According to this I theory gastric and
duodenal ulcers were found to result from disturbances in I the central nervous system, i.
e. the brain cortex.The brain cortex under the influence of external and internal stimuli
sends , I impulses to the stomach and the duodenum, which cause a spastic contraction
I of vessels. Such a spastic contraction results in local trophic disturbances I followed by
erosion of the affected area by the gastric juice.
In the majority of cases ulcer is observed to develop in particularly nervous I
persons, often after emotional overstrain. But an irregular diet in combination I with an
emotional overstrain is often observed to contribute to the onset of ulcer I development.
Gastric and duodenal ulcers are found to develop more frequently in men than in women,
mainly at ages of 25 to 40 years. This disease is characterized I by pains, haemorrhages,
nausea, vomiting, etc. At the onset of the disease pain I is usually dull in character. In
gastric ulcers pain is found to grow worse after I meals. Acute pain in the stomach is
known to be characteristic of perforated I ulcers. Pain due to ulcer is well known to occur
periodically and be intermittent I in occurrence.
The course of ulcer has proved to vary with age and sex, location of ulcers, I etc. At
a young age its course has no characteristic clinical manifestations. In old persons the
incidence of ulcers is known to be rare. But they are often complicated by considerable
haemorrhage resulting from sclerotic changes in the stomach.
Ulcers are known to have a chronic, cyclic course, with remissions from 6 to 12 months.
Exacerbation (обострение) of ulcers, particularly which of duodenal ulcers, has been
found to occur in spring and autumn.
Тема: «Ulcer»
In the majority of cases ulcer is observed to develop in particularly nervous persons,
often after emotional overstrain. But an irregular diet in combination with an emotional
overstrain is often observed to contribute to the onset of ulcer development. This disease
is characterized by pains, haemorrhages, nausea, vomiting, etc.
The course of ulcer has proved to vary with age and sex, location of ulcers is found in
women. Ulcers are known to have a chronic, cyclic course, with remission from 6 to 12
months.
Грамматический материал.
Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- В английском языке имеется конструкция сложное подлежащее. Она состоит из
существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и инфинитива.
Между ними обычно находится сказуемое.
72
- Перевод предложений со сложным подлежащим рекомендуется начинать со
сказуемого. Сказуемое переводится неопределенно-личным оборотом или
вводным словом. Инфинитив переводится сказуемым придаточного предложения.
Он может быть простым, перфектным или страдательным. В качестве сказуемого
употребляются следующие глаголы:
а) в страдательном залоге — to say; to report; to expect; to know; to think; to consider;
to show; to see; to find; to hear; to observe; to reveal; to estimate; to believe полагать,
верить; to suppose предполагать и др.:
He is said to live here. Говорят, что он живет здесь.
б) в действительном залоге—to seem, to appear казаться; to prove, to turn out
оказываться; to happen, to chance случаться и некоторые другие:
Не appears to be ill. Кажется, что он болен.
Примечание. Сказуемыми могут быть to be likely вероятно; to be unlikely вряд ли;
to be certain, несомненно; to be sure наверняка. Инфинитив после этих выражений
переводится будущим временем: The doctor Is likely to discharge this patient next
week
Вероятно, врач выпишет этого больного на следующей неделе.
- Если употребляется простой инфинитив, он переводится настоящим временем,
перфектный—прошедшим, а страдательный—сказуемым как в действительном,
так и в страдательном залоге в соответствующем времени:
Не is said to live here. He is said to have lived here. He is thought to be discharged from
the hospital. Говорят, что он живет здесь. Говорят, что он жил здесь. Думают, что
его выпишут из больницы.
1. What do you know about the neurgenous theory of the pathogenesis of ulcer?
2. What are causes of ulcer?
3. What is this disease characterized by?
4. How does the course of ulcer vary?
5. When does the exacerbation of ulcer occur?
Закончите данные предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста А:
1. Patients with perforated ulcers are known to complain of...
(a) an acute pain in the stomach; 6) a sharp pain in the substernal area radiating to the
shoulder)
2. In old persons ulcers are complicated by haemorrhage which is due to...
(a) sclerotic changes in the stomach; 6) an irregular diet in combination with a nervous
overstrain)
3. According to corticovisceral theory the development of ulcer is associated with... (a)
disturbances in the blood supply of the brain; 6) the lesions of the central and peripheral
nervous systems) Ответы: 1-а; 2-а; 3-б.
«методы лечения язвы »
73
1. Тема: «Acute Cholecystitis»
обучающийся должен уметь составлять диалог, употреблять в речи
«самостоятельный причастный оборот», уметь находить нужную информацию в
тексте
упр. VI, VII, VIII стр.218-219.
2. Введение нового грамматического материала (гр. справочник стр.294-295).
Грамматические упражнения: упр. I стр.217, III, IV, V стр.218
3. Речевое - изучающее чтение: Text С «Accute Cholecystitis» стр.223. (приложение
№1)
4. Поисковое чтение Text «Botkin's Disease» стр. 219, упр.Х стр.220. (приложение
№2)
Составление диалогов.
5. Основные понятия и положения темы: Тема: «Acute Cholecystitis»
Cholecystitis - it's the inflammation of the gallbladder. The main forms of cholecystitis
are the following: cattarhal, purulent and gangrenous.
The patient is known to complain of intense pain. An attack of pain is usually preceded
by physical and mental overstrain, sharp physical movements or abnormalities in diet,
fatty food and alcohol being responsible for the onset of pain.
Pain may radiate to the right shoulder, right arm, sternum, and lumbar area.
Dryness in the mouth, vomiting, nausea, and constipation are the characteristic clinical
manifestation of the disease. Purulent form of cholecystitis is highly dangerous to life and
requires an emergency operation.
- Грамматический материал. Самостоятельный причастный, оборот
- Если в английском предложении в состав причастного оборота входит
существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в именительном падеже, и оно
стоит перед причастием, то такой оборот называется самостоятельным.
При этом существительное (местоимение) играет роль подлежащего, а
причастие—сказуемого. Самостоятельный причастный оборот отделяется от
главной части запятой.
74
- Самостоятельный причастный оборот переводится обстоятельственным
придаточным предложением с союзами так как; после того, как; когда; если и др.
или самостоятельным предложением с союзами а, и, причем, при этом:
My friend suffering from a severe pain, I called in a doctor. Так как мой друг страдал
от сильной боли, я вызвал врача.
The doctor palpated the patient's abdomen, the pain becoming severe. Врач
пальпировал живот больного, при этом боль становилась сильнее.
- Причастие может быть простым, перфектным или пассивным. От этого может
зависеть перевод на русский язык. Например:
The doctor having performed the operation, the patient's condition began to
improve. После того, как врач сделал операцию, состояние больного улучшилось.
The operation having been performed, the patient's condition began to improve. После
того как была сделана операция, состояние больного начало улучшаться.
- Если самостоятельный причастный оборот включает причастие от глагола to be,
это причастие может опускаться:
External bleeding being profuse, the patient was taken to the hospital
immediately. Так как наружное кровотечение было сильным, больного немедленно
отвезли и больницу.
External bleeding profuse, the patient was taken to the hospital immediately.
Примечание. С самостоятельным причастным оборотом могу i употребляться
слова there, one, if в роли подлежащего:
There being no high temperature, the patient felt better.
Так как не было высокой температуры, больной чувствовал себя лучше.
1. What are the main forms of cholecystitis?
2. Where does the pain localize?
3. Where may the pain radiate?
4. What are the characteristic clinical manifestation of the disease?
5. What does blood analysis usually reveal?
6. What form of cholecystitis is highly dangerous?
I Выберите правильный вариант.
1. Cholecystitis is a) gangrenous form
a) inflammation of the gallbladder. b) catarrhal form c)purulent form.
b) inflammation of the stomach. II. Complete the following sentences.
c) inflammation of the lungs. 1. The pain is localized in the right
2. The pain grows much worse when the hypochondrium and....
patient is a) in the umbilical area
a) standing up. b) in the stomach
b) lying on his right side. 2. An attack of pain is usually preceded
c) sitting by prysical and mental overstrain ....
3...................of cholecystitis is highly a) sharp physical movements
dangerous to life and requires an b) abnormalities in diet
emergency operation.
75
3. Pain may radiate to the right shoulder, b) constipation
right arm and..... 5. During the attack of pain the face is ...,
a) sternum skin is ..., the tongue is ....
b) lumbar area a) dry
4. Dryness in the mouth, vomiting and ... b) moist
are the characteristic clinical manifistation c) pale
of the disease.
a) nausea
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: упр. VI стр.229.
«новые методы лечения, используемые при остром холецистите»
Text С. Acute Cholecystitis
Among inflammatory diseases of bile ducts the most frequent is cholecystitis or the
inflammation of the gallbladder. Cholecystitis is known to occur rarely in isolated
condition, inflammatory processes both in the intrahepatic and ' extra hepatic ducts,
sometimes with the involvement of the liver being associated with it. The main forms of
cholecystitis are the following: catarrhal, purulent and gangrenous, t •
The patient with cholecystitis is known to complain of intense pain, it being localized in
the right hypochondrium and in the umbilical area. An attack of pain is usually preceded
by physical and mental overstrain, sharp physical movements or abnormalities in diet,
fatty food and alcohol being responsible for the onset of pain. But sometimes pain is
observed to appear suddenly in quite healthy persons. Pain may radiate to the right
shoulder, right arm, sternum, and lumbar area, its intensity depending on the form of
cholecystitis and the patient's sensitivity. The pain grows much worse when the patient is
lying on his right side.
Dryness in the mouth, vomiting, nausea, and constipation are the characteristic clinical
manifestations of the disease.
During the attack of pain the face is moist with cold perspiration, the skin is pale, the
tongue and lips are dry. Even a slight palpation reveals severe tenderness, it being due to
irritation of the peritoneum. Approximately in 40-50% of cases there is slight jaundice of
sclerae. The biochemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they resulting
from the effect of toxic substances in the liver.
Purulent form of cholecystitis is highly dangerous to life and requires an emergency
operation. An even more severe course is observed in gangrenous cholecystitis. Recovery
is achieved by surgical treatment, it being followed by prolonged antibiotic therapy and
chemotherapy.
Text A. Botkin's Disease
Botkin's disease, or the so-called epidemic or infectious hepatitis, is an v,acute viral
disease affecting hepatic cells and bile ducts.
The prominent German scientist Virchow believing it to be due to obstruction of the
common bile duct with mucus during inflammatory processes in the duodenum, the
disease was called catarrhal jaundice.
76
But in 1880 the prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin having advanced the idea of an
infectious origin of this disease, proved his suggestions by such facts as the involvement
in this pathologic process not only of the liver but also of the nervous system, the
kidneys, the enlargement of the spleen, etc.
But it was not before 1940 that the term "Botkin's disease" was introduced into medicine
due to the efforts of the well-known Soviet physician M. Konchalovsky.
Botkin's disease occurs in epidemic form. This disease more commonly affects children,
adults as well as elderly persons suffering from it frequently too.
Botkin's disease is known to be due to a filterable virus present in the blood, liver and
found in stool and urine. The virus is infective only for man. As this virus cannot be seen
under a usual microscope, it is revealed only by an electronic one. Being highly virulent
virus survives in water, food, and on hands for days and weeks.
1. Тема: «Acute Abdomen »
2. Значение изучения темы – заболевания «острого живота» остаются
актуальными на сегодняшний день. Прогноз всегда серьезен, поэтому важно
вовремя определить диагноз. Чем раньше госпитализирован и оперирован больной
(в случае необходимости), тем больше вероятность его выздоровления.
обучающийся должен уметь делать аннотацию текста, анализировать и
производить классификацию, уметь осуществлять продуктивные речевые
действия.
1. Введение и семантизация нового лексического материала:
• Tentative diagnosis
• Perforation
• Obstruction
• Throbbing pain
• Umbilical area
• Micturition
• Pelvic brim
2. Аннотирование текста:
Text F «Acute Appendicitis» стр. 216, Text A «Peritonitis» стр. 230
Acute Appendicitis
Acute appendicitis is known to occur in all age groups. Its incidence varies in different
sex groups; it is more frequent in women from 20 to 40 years of age. Cases of
appendicitis have been noted to occur even in infants and in very old age.
Acute appendicitis is known to begin suddenly with sharp pain which is at first felt in
epigastrium but then becomes generalized in the abdomen. The pain becomes worse on
77
deep breathing in and coughing, it does not radiate and is accompanied by nausea,
retention of stools and gases.
The temperature is normal of subfebrile and there is moderate leucocytosis. The ESR is
initially normal. With the development of the disease temperature elevation is observed
and ESR becomes increased. The pulse is quick but it is found to be not more than 90-
100 beats per minute. The tongue is coated and dry.
The attack of acute appendicitis is known to last for 3-4 days. Then the temperature
returns to normal, abdominal pains decrease and only a moderate tenderness is felt in the
right lower part of the abdomen on palpation.
Acute appendicitis is treated surgically. The operation is performed both under general
and under local anaesthesia.The appendix is removed immediately to prevent its rupture
which may result in peritonitis. Such forms of appendicitis as gangrenous and perforating
are particularly dangerous to life. But sometimes even a mild form of appendicitis may
take a severe course and to result in perforation.
Peritonitis
Peritonitis is known to be general or localized, acute or chronic, primary or secondary.
Acute general purulent peritonitis is believed to be due to perforation of one of the
hollow abdominal organs. The most frequent causes are perforating appendicitis,
inflammatory conditions of the female sex organs and perforating gastric or duodenal
ulcers.
The main symptoms of this condition are vomiting, pain and tenderness in the abdomen,
it being considerably enlarged due to the presence of fluid there. The temperature is
known to be moderately elevated, the pulse rate being considerably changed. The blood
analysis usually reveals leucocytosis.
This condition is extremely dangerous to the patient's life, an emergency surgery being
performed to save the patient. During the operation the primary focus of peritonitis is to
be removed, the danger for the patient being eliminated.
Emergency operative treatment is known to be followed by a course of antibiotic
treatment, which greatly contributes to the recovery.
5. Симптоматика заболеваний (Acute Appendicitis, Peritonitis): составить
сравнительный анализ.
Тема: «Acute Abdomen »
In perforations the pain is sudden and dramatic; in acute obstruction is rapidly become
severe; in appendicitis it generally takes a few hours to develop its maximum intensity.
The perforations, the pain is intense and burning; in obstructions it's spasmodic and
colicky; in inflammation it's aching or throbbing. In perforations, the pain originates over
the perforation and spreads rapidly over the whole abdomen; in intestinal obstruction it's
mainly referred to the umbilical region; in biliary and renal colic it has a characteristuc
distribution; in appendicitis it generally starts in the midline of the upper abdomen and
later settled over the site of the appendix, but it may be localized to that site from the
start.
1. What do you know about character of pain?
78
2. How does the pain spread?
3. Why is the character of the vomit so important for the diagnostic measures?
4. What does a doctor find during the physical examination of the patient's abdomen?
1. In perforations the pain is 3. In appendicitis the pain generally starts
a) sudden a) in the umbilical region
b) severe b) in the midline of the upper abdomen
c) slight c) over the inflamed area
2. In obstruction the pain is 4. In intestinal obstruction vomiting
a) throbbing a) occurs in increasing amount
b) aching b) is often absent
c) spasmodic c) is often repeated and there is much
nausea
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме:
Explain the following terms: hypothermia, fibrillation, leucocytosis, a causative agent,
anaemia, malaise, pathogenesis, aetiology
«острый холецистит методы лечения.»
1. Тема: «Infectious Diseases»
2. Значение изучения темы – благодаря прогрессу в медицине снизилось число
инфекционных заболеваний, но все же эта проблема остается и является очень
актуальной в современном мире. Вспышки эпидемий и пандемий возникают,
время от времени, являясь угрозой здоровью нации.
обучающийся должен уметь употреблять в речи сослагательное наклонение, уметь
аннотировать текст, находить эквиваленты к словам.
Индивидуальный устный опрос. Диктант.
1. Введение нового грамматического материала (гр. справочник стр. 312-313).
Презентация новой лексики по теме.
2. Грамматические упражнения: упр.1, И, III, IV стр. 233-234.
Речевые упражнения: изучающее чтение Text «1-Chickenpox», «2-Mumps», «3-
Measles» (см. приложение №1)
3. Аннотирование текста (по вариантам 1,2,3)
Тема: «Infectious Diseases» предполагает обсуждение информации о различных
видах инфекционных заболеваний «Chickenpox», «Mumps», «Measles»,
осложнениях, методах лечения.
79
Chickenpox
1. What are the main symptoms of chickenpox?
2. What disease does chickenpox resemble?
3. Does vaccination give protection against chickenpox?
4. How long is the incubation period?
5. Where do the vesicles appear?
6. What is the difference with rask in chickenpox and in smallpox?
7. What does the treatment consist of?
Mumps
1. What are group of patients is mostly affected be disease?
2. How long is incubation period?
3. What is the onset usually marked by?
4. How often does the bilateral parotid involvement occur?
5. What is the most alarming complication?
6. What does the treatment consist of?
Measles
1. What part of population is mostly affected by the disease?
2. How is the disease spread?
3. How long is the 6ncubation period?
4. What are the symptoms of the initial period?
5. What is typical for the eruptive stage?
6. Why is the measles dangerous?
I. Point out a wrong word or a group of words in the following sentences:
1. Measles, scarlet fever, plague, chickenpox are diseases of children.
2. Mumps, tuberculosis, hepatitis. Smallpox are caused by a virus.
3. Vaccination is made against plague, malaria, influenza, whooping-cough.
4. Chill, fever, eruption, nosebleed are common symptoms of infectious diseases.
5. A sick person, clothes, boiled water, contaminated milk may be a source of infection.
упр. VI стр.240,VIII стр.240.
найти информацию об осложнениях после перенесенных инфекционных
заболеваний.
Chickenpox or chicken pox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection
with varicella zoster virus (VZV). It generally begins with a vesicular skin rash appearing
in two or three waves, mainly on the body and head rather than the hands and becoming
itchy raw pockmarks, small open sores which heal mostly without scarring.
Chickenpox has a 10-21 day incubation period and is spread easily through coughs or
sneezes of ill individuals, or through direct contact with secretions from the rash.
Following primary infection there is usually lifelong protective immunity from further
episodes of chickenpox.
80
Chickenpox is rarely fatal, although it is generally more severe in adults than in children.
Pregnant women and those with a suppressed immune system are at highest risk of
serious complications. The most common late complication of chicken pox is shingles,
caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus decades after the initial episode of
chickenpox.
Signs and symptoms
Chickenpox is a highly infectious disease that spreads from person to person by direct
contact or by air from an infected person's coughing or sneezing. Touching the fluid from
a chickenpox blister can also spread the disease. A person with chickenpox is infectious
from one to five days before the rash appears. The contagious period continues until all
blisters have formed scabs, which may take 5 to 10 days. It takes from 10 to 21 days after
contact with an infected person for someone to develop chickenpox.
The chicken pox lesions (blisters) start as a two to four millimeter red papule which
develops an irregular outline (a rose petal). A thin-walled, clear vesicle (dew drop)
develops on top of the area of redness. This "dew drop on a rose petal" lesion is very
characteristic of chickenpox. After about 8 to 12 hours the fluid in the vesicle becomes
cloudy and the vesicle breaks leaving a crust. The fluid is highly contagious, but once the
lesion crusts over, it is not considered contagious. The crust usually falls off after seven
days sometimes leaving a crater-like scar. Although one lesion goes through this
complete cycle in about seven days, another hallmark of chickenpox is that new lesions
crop up every day for several days. Therefore it may be a week before new lesions stop
appearing and existing lesions crust over. Children should not be sent back to school until
all lesions have crusted over.
It is not necessary to have contact with the infected person for the disease to spread.
Infected persons can spread chickenpox before they know they have the disease, i.e.
before any rash develops. They can infect others from about two days before the rash
develops until all the sores have crusted over, usually four or five days after the rash
starts.
Diagnosis
Early rash of smallpox vs chickenpox: rash mostly on the torso is characteristic of
chickenpox
The diagnosis of varicella is primarily clinical. In a non-immunized individual with
typical prodromal symptoms associated with the appropriate appearing rash occurring in
"crops", no further investigation would normally be undertaken.
If further investigation is undertaken, confirmation of the diagnosis can be sought
through either examination of the fluid within the vesicles, or by testing blood for
evidence of an acute immunologic response. Vesicle fluid can be examined with a
Tsanck smear, or better with examination for direct fluorescent antibody. The fluid can
also be "cultured", whereby attempts are made to grow the virus from a fluid sample.
Blood tests can be used to identify a response to acute infection (IgM) or previous
infection and subsequent immunity (IgG).
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal varicella infection can be performed using ultrasound, though
a delay of 5 weeks following primary maternal infection is advised. A PCR (DNA) test
of the mother's amniotic fluid can also be performed, though the risk of spontaneous
81
abortion due to the amniocentesis procedure is higher than the risk of the baby
developing foetal varicella syndrome.
Prevention
A varicella vaccine was first developed by Michiaki Takahashi in 1974 derived from the
Oka strain. It has been available in the U.S. since 1995 to inoculate against the disease.
Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption before entering
elementary school. Protection is not lifelong and further vaccination is necessary five
years after the initial immunization.
In the United Kingdom, varicella antibodies are measured in women with no history of
the disease as part of routine prenatal care. By 2005 all National Health Service personnel
had determined their immunity and been immunized if they were non-immune and have
direct patient contact. Population-based immunization against varicella is not otherwise
practiced in the UK. It is feared that there would be a greater number of cases of shingles
in adults, until the vaccination was given to the entire population—because adults who
have had chickenpox as a child are less likely to have shingles in later life if they have
been exposed occasionally to the chickenpox virus (for example by their children). This
is because the exposure acts as a booster vaccine.
Treatment
There is no evidence to support the effectiveness of topical application of calamine
lotion, a topical barrier preparation containing zinc oxide in spite of its wide usage and
excellent safety profile. It is important to maintain good hygiene and daily cleaning of
skin with warm water to avoid secondary bacterial infection.
To relieve the symptoms of chicken pox, people commonly use anti-itching
creams and lotions. These lotions are not to be used on the face or close to the
eyes. An oatmeal bath also might help ease discomfort. Children If oral aciclovir is
started within 24 hours of rash onset it decreases symptoms by one day but has no effect
on complication rates. Use of acyclovir therefore is not currently recommended. Adults
Infection in otherwise healthy adults tends to be more severe and active; treatment with
antiviral drugs (e.g. aciclovir) is generally advised, as long as it is started within 24-48
hours from rash onset. Patients of any age with depressed immune systems or extensive
eczema are at risk of more severe disease and should also be treated with antiviral
medication. In the U.S., 55 percent of chickenpox deaths are in the over-20 age group,
even though they are a tiny fraction of the cases.
Mumps
Mumps is an infection with a virus that causes swelling of the parotid glands in front of
each ear. The parotid glands produce saliva. Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, a
type of paramyxovirus that spreads from person to person through coughs, sneezes and
saliva, as well as through contact with contaminated items and surfaces (used tissues,
shared drinking glasses, dirty hands that touched a runny nose). Once the mumps virus
enters the body, it passes into the bloodstream and can spread to many different glands
and to the brain:
 Salivary glands — Mumps causes pain and swelling in the parotid gland and in other
salivary glands located under the tongue and jaw.
 Testes — In the testes, mumps infection can cause swelling, pain, tenderness and,
sometimes, permanent shrinkage (atrophy), although it rarely causes sterility.
82
 Ovaries — In women, mumps infection of the ovaries can cause pain in the lower
abdomen but poses no long-term threat to fertility.
 Pancreas — The mumps virus may cause inflammation and infection of the pancreas
and abdominal pain.
 Brain — Once it enters the bloodstream, the mumps virus also can travel to the brain,
where it may cause meningitis (inflammation and infection of membranes covering of
the brain) and encephalitis (brain infection). This brain involvement sometimes leads to
long-term complications, such as deafness, paralysis (weakness, especially of facial
muscles), hydrocephalus and seizures.
When a pregnant woman develops mumps, there may be some increased risk of fetal
death and miscarriage if the mother is in her first trimester. However, the infection
probably does not increase the risk of birth defects.
People with mumps are contagious during a period that begins 48 hours before and ends
six to nine days after the beginning of the mumps symptoms. Before an effective vaccine
became available, there were almost 190,000 reported cases of mumps each year in the
United States. Now, thanks to the mumps vaccine, the number of annual cases has
decreased by more than 99 percent, so that only one out of 1 million people in the United
States gets mumps.
Symptoms
In about 15 percent to 20 percent of patients, mumps does not cause any symptoms.
When symptoms occur, they usually begin 14 to 18 days after exposure to someone with
a mumps infection.
In about half of patients, symptoms of mumps infection may include fever, headache,
sore throat, muscle aches, poor appetite and malaise (a general feeling of sickness). The
mumps virus causes pain and swelling in front of the earlobe, called parotitis. Because of
the pain of parotitis, chewing and swallowing may be very uncomfortable, and the
patient may not feel like eating.
Infrequently, male teenagers and adults with mumps can develop swelling and pain in
one or both testes (orchitis). In women, the ovaries may be involved, which can cause
lower abdominal pain.
In patients of either sex, but more commonly in adults than in children, there also may be
more serious complications including:
 Mumps pancreatitis, which causes pain in the upper abdomen
 Aseptic (not bacterial) meningitis, which causes headache, stiff neck and drowsiness
 Mumps encephalitis, which causes high fever and unconsciousness, although this
occurs in less than one in 1,000 patients with mumps
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your exposure to any person who is known to have mumps or
facial swelling. Even if you did not have face-to-face contact with this person, your
doctor will want to know if you attended the same school, lived in the same household or
dormitory, or worked in the same building. Your doctor also will want to know whether
you were immunized against mumps, when you were immunized, and the number of
doses of mumps vaccine you received. Mumps vaccine often is given as part of the
measle/mumps/rubella vaccine, or MMR, shot.
83
Your doctor will suspect that you have mumps if you have had tender parotid swelling on
both sides for at least two days and if you have a history of being exposed to someone
with mumps. In patients without parotid swelling, the diagnosis can be confirmed with
blood tests that measure specific antibodies (defensive proteins made by the immune
system) against the mumps virus. Also, the mumps virus itself may be detected in
samples of urine, saliva or cerebrospinal fluid (fluid surrounding the brain and spinal
cord, which is obtained with a lumbar puncture, or spinal tap).
Expected Duration Symptoms of mumps generally last about 10 days. Once you
recover, you usually are immune from getting the mumps virus for the rest of your life.
Treatment
In patients who are generally healthy, the symptoms of mumps are treated with:
 Acetaminophen (Tylenol) to reduce fever and relieve general body discomfort
 Warm or cold compresses to relieve pain and swelling in the parotid glands
 A soft diet to reduce the need for chewing — Avoid fruit juices and tart beverages
that stimulate the salivary glands and increase gland pain.
 Cool compresses and support for the scrotum to reduce pain and swelling in the
testicles
Aspirin should not be used in children with mumps because of the risk of Reye’s
syndrome, a serious brain problem that develops in children who have certain viral
illnesses and have been treated with aspirin.
Measles is a infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a
paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses,
are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses. Symptoms include fever,
cough, runny nose, red eyes and a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash.
Measles is spread through respiration (contact with fluids from an infected person's nose
and mouth, either directly or through aerosol transmission), and is highly contagious—
90% of people without immunity sharing a house with an infected person will catch it.
The incubation period usually lasts for 4–12 days (during which there are, by definition,
no symptoms). Infected people remain contagious from the appearance of the first
symptoms until 3–5 weeks after the rash appears.German measles' is an unrelated
condition caused by the rubella virus. Rubeola is another historical name for Measles.
Symptoms
The classical symptoms of measles include a four day fever, the three Cs—cough, coryza
(runny nose) and conjunctivitis (red eyes). The fever may reach up to 40° Celsius (104°
Fahrenheit). Koplik's spots seen inside the mouth are pathognomonic (diagnostic) for
measles but are not often seen, even in real cases of measles, because they are transient
and may disappear within a day of arising. The characteristic measles rash is classically
described as a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash that begins several days
after the fever starts. It starts on the head before spreading to cover most of the body,
often causing itching. The rash is said to "stain", changing colour from red to dark brown,
before disappearing.
Diagnosis and treatment
Clinical diagnosis of measles requires a history of fever of at least three days together
with at least one of the three C's (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis). Observation of Koplik's
spots is also diagnostic of measles.
84
Alternatively, laboratory diagnosis of measles can be done with confirmation of positive
measles IgM antibodies or isolation of measles virus RNA from respiratory specimens.
In cases of measles infection following secondary vaccine failure IgM antibody may not
be present. However, in the rare case of a secondary vaccine failure, other external
symptoms may be present, including nausea, headaches, or a feeling of slight dizziness
when turning one's head to the left. In these cases serological confirmation may be made
by showing IgG antibody rises by enzyme immunoassay or complement fixation. In
children, where phlebotomy is inappropriate, saliva can be collected for salivary measles
specific IgA test. Adults are recommended to seek medical help right away.
Positive contact with other patients known to have measles adds strong epidemiological
evidence to the diagnosis. The contact with any infected person in any way, including
semen, saliva, or mucus can cause infection.
There is no specific treatment or antiviral therapy for uncomplicated measles. Most
patients with uncomplicated measles will recover with rest and supportive treatment.
Some patients will develop pneumonia as a sequela to the measles. Histologically, a
unique cell can be found in the paracortical region of hyperplastic lymph nodes in
patients affected with this condition. This cell, known as the Warthin-Finkeldey cell, is a
multinucleated giant with eosinophilic cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions.
1. Тема: «Influenza. Symptoms»
2. Значение изучения темы – восприимчивость к гриппу очень высокая.
Периодичность эпидемий зависит от уровня иммунитета населения и
изменчивости антигенных свойств вирусов. Эпидемии гриппа, вызванные
вирусами типа А и В, иногда могут протекать в одно и тоже время.
обучающийся должен уметь грамотно переводить со словарем, выбирать из текста
медицинские термины, находить в тексте ключевые слова и выражения.
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. How old was the girl?
2. How did she feel in the morning?
3. What did the doctor do?
4. What did the doctor’s examination reveal?
5. Why did the doctor diagnose diphtheria?
6. What are the symptoms of diphtheria?
7. What treatment was used?
8. Did she have any complications?
9. What were the results of the urine tests?
10. What were the results of the smear tests?
11. What is the treatment for diphtheria?
85
1. Введение нового лексического материала (презентация ЛЕ):
• Aches and pains
• Susceptibility
• Antigenic properties
• Congestion
• Cough (dry and hacking to loose and mucousy)
• Complication
• Respiratory secretions
2. Ознакомительное чтение «Grippe».
This disease is characterized in the typical form be sudden onset, fever of one to
seven days duration, accompanied by prostration, aches and pains in the back and limbs,
cold in the head, sore throat and bronchitis, and not uncommonly by pneumonia as a
complication.
It is now recognized that there are several types of influenza! virus. The disease may be
transmitted by direct contact, by droplet infection or by articles freshly soiled with
discharges of the nose and throat of infected persons.
Incubation period is short, usually 24 of 72 hours. Although susceptibility is
general, natural resistance or relative immunity appears to protect from one-quarters of
persons intimately exposed to the disease even during widespread epidemics.
During epidemics efforts should be made by nurses and other attendants which may
prove of value in preventing infection in hospitals. The isolation of early and suspicious
cases of respiratory tract inflammation, particularly when accompanied by a rise in
temperature, may delay the spread of the disease.
3. Дать английские эквиваленты сочетаний, указанных в графах таблицы:
Резкое повышение t°
Сильный озноб
Головная боль
«Ломота» в теле
Заложенность носа
Кашель (сначала сухой, «лающий», затем
- с отделением слизи и мокроты)
Инфицирование одним из вирусов гриппа
4. Письменный (полный) перевод со словарем: (приложение №1)
I вариант - Text « Influenza »
II вариант - Text « Types of influenza virus»
Тема: «Influenza. Symptoms»
Influenza - a highly contagious virus infection that affects the respiratory system. Sudden
appearance of high fever, chills, headache, aches and pains, congestion and cough. There
might be mild intestinal symptoms of nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea, but
the symptoms of congestion and cough are most prominent. The fever lasts for 3 to 4
days, with the cough going from dry and hacking to loose and mucousy.
The influenza virus tends to infect people in epidemic proportions during the winter
months. This disease disappears within a week for people who are usually healthy. In
86
eledery people, or those with chronic problems, it tends to be a more severe disease with
many complications, some leading to death.
Symptoms and diagnosis
In humans, influenza's effects are much more severe and last longer than those of the
common cold. Recovery takes about one to two weeks. Influenza, however, can be
deadly, especially for the weak, old or chronically ill. The flu can worsen chronic health
problems. People with emphysema, chronic bronchitis or asthma may experience
shortness of breath while they have the flu, and influenza may cause worsening of
coronary heart disease or congestive heart failure Smoking is another risk factor
associated with more serious disease and increased mortality from influenza.
Symptoms
Symptoms of influenza can start quite suddenly one to two days after infection. Usually
the first symptoms are chills or a chilly sensation, but fever is also common early in the
infection, with body temperatures ranging from 38-39 °C (approximately 100-103 °F).
Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days, with aches and
pains throughout their bodies, which are worse in their backs and legs. Symptoms of
influenza may include:
Body aches, especially joints and throat
Extreme coldness and fever
Fatigue
Headache
Irritated watering eyes
Reddened eyes, skin (especially face), mouth, throat and nose
Abdominal pain (in children with influenza B)[53]
It can be difficult to distinguish between the common cold and influenza in the
early stages of these infections, but a flu can be identified by a high fever with a
sudden onset and extreme fatigue. Research on signs and symptoms of
influenza found that the best findings for excluding the diagnosis of influenza
(having ratios less than 0.5 between the likelihood of having flu if one does not
have the symptom to the likelihood if one does have the symptom)
1. What is this disease characterized by?
2. How may the disease be transmitted?
3. What are the measures to reduce epidemics?
4. What complications can arise?
I. True or False?
1. There might be mild intestinal symptoms.
2. The fever lasts for 1 day.
3. The influenza virus tends to infect people in epidemic proportions during the summer
months.
4. Influenza is a contagious disease.
5. Onset is sudden with fever, severe generalised myalgia and prostration.
6. Incubation period is long, usually 72 hours and more.
87
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: Complete:
1. Symptoms include headache, fever and ....
2. The disease may be transmitted by direct contact, by droplet infection or by
3. The virus multiplies in cells lining the respiratory tract including the ciliated
epithelium, alveolar cells and ....
4. The infected cells show degenerative changes like swelling, vacuolation and
5. Complications of influenza are: influental pneumonia, neurological disorders and....
написать мини-реферат на тему: «Осложнения после гриппа» (объем 15-29
предложений).
Text 1 Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease that affects birds and
mammals caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza
viruses). The name influenza comes from the Italian: influenza, meaning "influence",
(Latin: influentia). In humans, common symptoms of the disease are chills, fever,
pharyngitis, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness, and general discomfort.
In more serious cases, influenza causes pneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly in
young children and the elderly. Although it is often confused with the common cold,
influenza is a much more severe disease and is caused by a different type of virus.
Influenza can produce nausea and vomiting, especially in children, but these symptoms
are more characteristic of the unrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimes called
"stomach flu" or "24-hour flu".
Typically, influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs or
sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected birds through their
droppings. Influenza can also be transmitted by saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood.
Infections also occur through contact with these body fluids or with contaminated
surfaces. Flu viruses can remain infectious for about one week at human body
temperature, over 30 days at 0 °C (32 °F), and for much longer periods at very low
temperatures. Most influenza strains can be inactivated easily by disinfectants and
detergents.
Flu spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in the deaths of hundreds
of thousands annually — millions in pandemic years. Three influenza pandemics
occurred in the 20th century and killed tens of millions of people, with each of these
pandemics being caused by the appearance of a new strain of the virus in humans. Often,
these new strains result from the spread of an existing flu virus to humans from other
animal species. A deadly avian strain named H5N1 has posed the greatest risk for a new
influenza pandemic since it first killed humans in Asia in the 1990s. Fortunately, this
virus has not mutated to a form that spreads easily between people.
Text 2 Types of influenza virus
Structure of the influenza virion. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)
proteins are shown on the surface of the particle. The viral RNAs that make up the
genome are shown as red coils inside the particle and bound to Ribonuclear Proteins
(RNPs).
88
The influenza virus is an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, which comprises
five genera
Influenzavirus A
This genus has one species, influenza A virus. Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for
a large variety of influenza A. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted to other species and
may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza
pandemics. The type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the three
influenza types and cause the most severe disease. The influenza A virus can be
subdivided into different serotypes based on the antibody response to these viruses. The
serotypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human
pandemic deaths, are:
H1N1, which caused Spanish flu in 1918
H2N2, which caused Asian Flu in 1957
H3N2, which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968
H5N1, a pandemic threat in the 2007–08 flu season
H7N7, which has unusual zoonotic potential
H1N2, endemic in humans and pigs
Influenzavirus B
This genus has one species, influenza B virus. Influenza B almost exclusively infects
humansand is less common than influenza A. The only other animal known to be
susceptible to influenza B infection is the sealThis type of influenza mutates at a rate 2–3
times lower than type A and consequently is less genetically diverse, with only one
influenza B serotype. As a result of this lack of antigenic diversity, a degree of immunity
to influenza B is usually acquired at an early age. However, influenza B mutates enough
that lasting immunity is not possible. This reduced rate of antigenic change, combined
with its limited host range (inhibiting cross species antigenic shift), ensures that
pandemics of influenza B do not occur.
Influenzavirus C
This genus has one species, influenza C virus, which infects humans and pigs and can
cause severe illness and local epidemics. However, influenza C is less common than the
other types and usually seems to cause mild disease in children
Structure and properties
Influenzaviruses A, B and C are very similar in structure. The virus particle is 80–120
nanometres in diameter and usually roughly spherical, although filamentous forms can
occur. Unusually for a virus, its genome is not a single piece of nucleic acid; instead, it
contains seven or eight pieces of segmented negative-sense RNA. The Influenza A
genome encodes 11 proteins: hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein
(NP), M1, M2, NS1, NS2(NEP), PA, PB1, PB1-F2 and PB2.
1. Тема: «Influenza.Treatment»
2. Значение изучения темы – восприимчивость к гриппу очень высокая.
Периодичность эпидемий зависит от уровня иммунитета населения и
изменчивости антигенных свойств вирусов. Очень важно рассмотреть не только
89
клинические проявления этого заболевания, но и методы и различные способы
лечения.
обучающийся должен уметь высказываться в диалоге, в формате discussion/
conversation., подбирать английские эквиваленты, делать краткий обзор
полученной информации.
1. Введение и семантизация новых ЛЕ:
• Secondary infection
• То reduce mortality
• То avoid
• Careful attendance
• Advisable
2. Выписать из прочитанных текстов информацию о лечении гриппа для
построения диалогического высказывания.
Treatment
Further information: Influenza treatment
People with the flu are advised to get plenty of rest, drink plenty of liquids, avoid using
alcohol and tobacco and, if necessary, take medications such as paracetamol
(acetaminophen) to relieve the fever and muscle aches associated with the flu. Children
and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking aspirin during
an influenza infection (especially influenza type B), because doing so can lead to Reye's
syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the liver.[91] Since influenza is caused by
a virus, antibiotics have no effect on the infection; unless prescribed for secondary
infections such as bacterial pneumonia, they may lead to resistant bacteria. Antiviral
medication is sometimes effective, but viruses can develop resistance to the standard
antiviral drugs.
The two classes of anti-virals are neuraminidase inhibitors and M2 inhibitors
(adamantane derivatives). Neuraminidase inhibitors are currently preferred for flu virus
infections. The CDC recommended against using M2 inhibitors during the 2005–06
influenza season.
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (trade name Tamiflu) and zanamivir (trade name
Relenza) are neuraminidase inhibitors that are designed to halt the spread of the virus in
the body. These drugs are often effective against both influenza A and B.[94] The
Cochrane Collaboration reviewed these drugs and concluded that they reduce symptoms
and complications. Different strains of influenza viruses have differing degrees of
resistance against these antivirals, and it is impossible to predict what degree of resistance
a future pandemic strain might have.
M2 inhibitors (adamantanes)
The antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine are designed to block a viral ion channel
(M2 protein) and prevent the virus from infecting cells. These drugs are sometimes
90
effective against influenza A if given early in the infection but are always ineffective
against influenza B. Measured resistance to amantadine and rimantadine in American
isolates of H3N2 has increased to 91% in 2005.
3. Составление диалогов по теме.
Тема: «Influenza.Treatment»
Rest, treatment of the cough if it is severe and preventing sleep snd treatment of
complication if they arise are all that can be done.
To minimize the severity of the disease, and to protect the patient from
secondary infections and thus reduce mortality, patient should go to bed at the beginning
of an attack and not return to work.
Much light and air with t° of 16-17° С is required in the wards; any draught
should be avoided. Reclining position, for a part of the day at any rate is
advisable. Hot baths are sometimes very useful.
1. What is the regime of treatment in complications?
2. What must the patient do to minimize the severity of the disease?
3. Why is it advisible reclining position in the case of influenza?
4. What can you say about using of antibiotics in the case of influenza (is it recomended
or not)?
5. Prognosis is favourable, isn't it?
I. Complete the following advices.
- To minimize....
- To protect (from) ....
- .....are to be especially avoided.
- Should be carried out....
- .... are required.
- .... is advisible
- .... are sometimes very useful.
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: Скажите на английском, что нужно делать:
- в случае потливости
- для усиления потоотделения и дезинтоксикации
- для предотвращения застоя в легких
- в течение всего лихорадочного периода
- в случае осложнений после гриппа
- для уменьшения першения в горле
найдите информацию в Интернете по теме: «Антигриппозные и
антибактериальные препараты-новинки на фармацевтическом рынке».
91
1. Тема: «Influenza.Treatment»
2. Значение изучения темы – микробы и вирусы нарушают постоянство
внутренней среды организма. Для уравновешивания этого нарушения организм
использует весь комплекс механизмов, направленных на поддержание этого
постоянства. Иммунологическая защита - часть этого комплекса.
обучающийся должен уметь употреблять в речи сослагательное наклонение,
аннотировать текст, делать реферативный письменный перевод.
Индивидуальный устный опрос (диалоги).
упр. VII, VIII, IX стр.235
2. Речевое — изучающее чтение: Text A «Immunity» стр.236
3. Реферативный письменный перевод со словарем (см. приложение 1 материал).
4. Аннотирование текста: Text А стр. 236.
Тема: «Immunity»
The human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against
infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial.
To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is
specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin.
The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the
tissues are surrounded by white cells or phadocytes which prevent the spread of
bacteria destroying them.
If the reaction against invading bacteria is unsufficient, vaccines may be
injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective
mechanisms of the body.
1. What are causes о infectious diseases?
2. What is immunity, what kinds of immunity do you know?
3. What do pathogenic microorganisms produce?
4. What is antitoxin?
5. In what way may vaccines be injected?
6.2. Тестовые задания по теме. Упр. XIII стр.237
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: упр. XII стр.237.
13. Перечень практических умений:
найти информацию о появлении на фармацевтическом рынке
иммуностимуляторов (лек. препараты, добавки).
92
приложение 1
Treatments for influenza include a range of medications and therapies that are used in
response to disease influenza. Treatments may either directly target the influenza virus
itself; or instead they may merely offer relief to symptoms of the disease, while the
body's own immune system works to recover from infection.
The United States authority on disease prevention, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), recommends that persons suffering from influenza infections:
stay at home
get plenty of rest
drink a lot of liquids
avoid alcohol use and tobacco smoke
consider over-the-counter medications to relieve flu symptoms
consult a doctor early on for best possible treatment
remain alert for emergency warning signs
Antiviral Drugs
Antiviral drugs directly target the viruses responsible for influenza infections. Generally,
anti-viral drugs work optimally when taken within a few days of the onset of
symptoms.[citation needed] Certain drugs are used prophylactically, that is they are used in
uninfected individuals to guard against infection.
Four licensed influenza antiviral agents are available in the United States: amantadine,
rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir. They are avilable through prescription only.
These drugs fall into categories as either M2-inhibitors (admantane derivatives) or
neuraminidase inhibitors as illustrated in the following table.
In Russia and China Arbidol is a widley used treatment similar to oseltamivir. Testing of
the drug has predominantly occurred in these countries. While Russian tests show it to
have similar efficacy to other US-approved drugs, it has yet to be approved for use in
Western countries.
Peramivir, an experimental anti-influenza drug, developed by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals
has not yet been approved for sale in the United States.
Resistance
Overuse of anti-viral drugs, particularly as a prophylactic measure is thought to
contribute to the development of drug-resistance in emerging influenza viruses.[citation
needed]
During the United States 2005–2006 influenza season, increasing incidence of drug
resistance by strain H3N2 to amantadine and rimantadine led the CDC to recommend
oseltamivir as a prophylactic drug, and the use of either oseltamivir or zanamivir as
treatment.
Over-the-counter medication
Antiviral drugs are prescription-only medication in the United States. Readily available
over-the-counter medication do not directly affect the disease, but the do provide relief
from influenza symtoms, as illustrated in the table below.
Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking aspirin
as taking aspirin in the presence of influenza infection (especially Influenzavirus B) can
lead to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the liver.
93
1. Тема: «Immunity.Asepsis»
2. Значение изучения темы – асептика очень важна в медицине, как метод
профилактики инфекции путем предупреждения проникновения микробов в рану,
ткани или полости тела при хирургических операциях, перевязках и других
лечебных и диагностических манипуляциях.
обучающийся должен уметь переводить со словарем, давать дефиниции терминам
и выражениям, уметь определять внутреннюю организацию текста
3. What do pathogenic microorganisms produce?
4. What is antitoxin?
5. In what way may vaccines be injected?
• Fermentation
• Vaccine/ vaccination
• Charpie
• To attenuate
• Sepsis/ asepsis
2. Поисковое чтение: Text В «Asepsis» стр.237 (см приложение №1)
2.1 Determine the meaning of the words in bold type from the context.
2.2 Say about what Pasteur spoke in his lecture.
2.3 What conclusion have you come to having read the text?
Тема: «Immunity. Asepsis»
In 1878 while delivering his lecture on the theory of microbes at the Academy of
Sciences in Paris Pasteur said that if he were a surgeon, who knew of rhe dangers
produced by microbes existing on the surface of every object, particularly in hospitals,
not only should he use clean instruments, but after washing his hands with greatest care,
he would employ only those bandages and charpie which had been heated to a
temperature of 130° or 150°C. Had those pronciples of asepsis, on which Pasteur
insisted, not been strictly followed in medicine thousands of human lives would have
been lost because of sepsis.
1. What is immunity?
2. What are toxins?
3. What are antitoxins?
4. How can artificial immunity be produced?
5. What role do phagocytes play in the human body?
94
6. What are vaccines used for?
7. What is sepsis?
I. Дать «дефиниции» следующим терминам:
- immunity
- natural immunity
- artificial immunity
- toxin
- antidote
- phagocyte
- sepsis
- asepsis
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: упр. IX стр.243.
написать мини-реферат на тему: «Развитие асептики в хирургии».
Text A. Immunity
Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of
microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with
patients or from indirect one.
But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against
infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Under various
conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely may it be absolute. A
previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection
against its subsequent infection.
In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce
virulent poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular
disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is
specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin. If the patient can
produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital
organs are injured recovery occurs. If the human body had not this capacity we should
suffer from all infectious diseases.
If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men an artificial
immunity can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.
The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the
organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces
leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes
which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.
If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected
subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the
body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to
establish an active artificial immunity.
95
1. Тема: «Vitamins around us»
2. Значение изучения темы – витамины необходимы человеку для нормального
обмена веществ и жизнедеятельности организма. Недостаток витаминов приводит
к нарушению обмена веществ и, в конечном счете, к заболеваниям, носящим
название авитаминозов.
обучающийся должен уметь употреблять и переводить субъектный инфинитивный
оборот, грамотно переводить со словарем, уметь выделять основные моменты в
тексте.
1. What is immunity?
2. What are toxins?
3. What are antitoxins?
4. How can artificial immunity be produced?
5. What role do phagocytes play in the human body?
7. What is sepsis?
• Beri-beri
• «Amino»- nitrogen
• Synthesis of substances
• Whole-grained cereals
• Unsaturated fatty acids
• Refined, carbohydrates
• Intestinal bacteria
2. Закрепление грамматического материала (субъектный инфинитивный оборот):
упр. 10 стр.122, упр.1 стр.125, упр. 9 стр.130
3. Поисковое чтение: Text В стр.132: выделите три основных момента,
обсуждаемых в тексте по теме «Витамины»
4. Ознакомительное чтение: (приложение 1)
Тема: «Vitamins around us»
Vitamin means life. The root «vita» indicates that the substance is essential to life and
health. Today the successful isolation and synthesis of many of the substances has proved
that vitamins are organic chemical compounds to be present in the diet for the
maintenance of growth and health. There are several different kinds of these protective
substances to be provided in the diet. To make sure our bodies get all the vitamins they
need, it's best to include milk and many of the products made from it, all the green leafy
vegetables, fruits, whole-grained cereals, eggs and a number of others.
Грамматический материал: Субъектный инфинитивный оборот
96
Инфинитив может выполнять следующие функции в предложении.
1. Подлежащего.
То know a foreign language is necessary for everybody. Знать один иностранный язык
необходимо каждому.
2. Дополнения.
Не wants to master English and French. Он хочет знать в совершенстве английский и
французский языки.
3. Именной части сказуемого.
The main purpose of our experiment is to determine the cause of lung damage in these
cases. Главная цель нашего эксперимента — установить причину повреждения
легких в этих случаях заболевания.
4. Обстоятельства цели.
The drug was injected intravenously to maintain fluid balance in the body. Для
поддержания уровня жидкости в организме лекарство вводилось внутривенно.
5. Определения.
Here is the diet to be prescribed in your case. Вот диета, которая необходима при
вашем заболевании.
The secret of tasty food depends much on the cook to prepare it. Секрет вкусной пищи
во многом зависит от человека, который
готовит ее.
Vitamin A has the power to improve vision. Витамин А обладает
способностью улучшать зрение.
Не has been the first in our family to fall ill with flu this autumn. Он
первым в нашей семье заболел гриппом этой осенью.
1. Explain the origin of the word «Vitamin».
2. What are vitamins?
3. What we must do to be sure thay our bodies get all the vitamins thay need?
4. What vitamin do fresh raw fruits or vegetables contain?
5. What kind of food must you eat to get proteins?
I. Complete the following sentences.
1. The body is known to utilize six kinds of food-stuffs - carbohydrates, proteins, fats
and ....
2. When burned the proteins, fats and ... are sure to yield a certain definite and
measurable amount of heat energy.
3. Proteins are found to be absolutely essential to ....
4. Vitamin С appeares to be lacking in seeds, white bread, fats, yeast and ....
5. Vitamin D is known to be ....
6. Every organism needs the organic materials to ....
6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: составить суточный рацион питания, включая
витамины (таблица на стр. 135).
витамины и пищевые добавки - новинки на фармацевтическом рынке.
97
приложение 1
Text Vitamins
A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an
organism. A compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient
quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. Thus, the term is
conditional both on the circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic
acid functions as vitamin C for some animals but not others, and vitamins D and K are
required in the human diet only in certain circumstances.
Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus,
each "vitamin" may refer to several vitamer compounds that all show the biological
activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals are grouped under
an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor" title, such as "vitamin A," which includes
the compounds retinal, retinol, and many carotenoids. Vitamers are often inter-converted
in the body. The term vitamin does not include other essential nutrients such as dietary
minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids, nor does it encompass the large
number of other nutrients that promote health but are otherwise required less often.
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions, including function as hormones (e.g.
vitamin D), antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E), and mediators of cell signaling and regulators
of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g. vitamin A). The largest number of
vitamins (e.g. B complex vitamins) function as precursors for enzyme cofactor bio-
molecules (coenzymes), that help act as catalysts and substrates in metabolism. When
acting as part of a catalyst, vitamins are bound to enzymes and are called prosthetic
groups. For example, biotin is part of enzymes involved in making fatty acids. Vitamins
also act as coenzymes to carry chemical groups between enzymes. For example, folic
acid carries various forms of carbon group – methyl, formyl and methylene - in the cell.
Although these roles in assisting enzyme reactions are vitamins' best-known function, the
other vitamin functions are equally important.
Until the 1900s, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake, and changes in diet
(which, for example, could occur during a particular growing season) can alter the types
and amounts of vitamins ingested. Vitamins have been produced as commodity
chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive pills for several decades, allowing
supplementation of the dietary intake.
1. Тема: «Vitamins»
2. Значение изучения темы – витамины необходимы человеку для нормального
обмена веществ и жизнедеятельности организма. Недостаток витаминов приводит
к нарушению обмена веществ и, в конечном счете, к заболеваниям, носящим
название авитаминозов.
обучающийся должен уметь делать краткие записи, отвечать на вопросы,
высказываться в монологе.
98
2. What we must do to be sure that our bodies get all the vitamins that need?
3. What vitamin do fresh raw fruits or vegetables contain?
4. What kind of food must you eat to get proteins?
• Overdosage
• Harmful
• То destroy
• Rickets
• Thrombosis
• Scurvy
• Deficiency diseases
2. Ознакомительное чтение Text «Vitamins». «In nutrition and diseases» (см.
приложение №1)
3. Ответить на вопросы по тексту. Задание «Make a report» - краткое
изложение в письменном виде выводов, которые студенты должны сделать на
основе полученной информации.
Тема: «Vitamins»
Vitamins play a very important role in human health.
Vitamin A is needed to protect eyesight and to increase resistance to infection.
Vitamin В is needed to strengthen our nervous system.
Vitamin С is needed to increase resistance to infection; it helps to recover after illness.
Vitamin D is needed for healthy bones and for protection against rickets.
Vitamin E is needed to improve poor blood circulation, in treatment of thrombosis.
If some vitamins are lacking in the diet of people deficiency diseases may occur.
1. What are sources of vitamins?
2. What kind of substances are vitamins?
3. What diseases does the dificiency of vitamins cause?
4. What vitamins do you know?
5. Why are vitamins very important for the organism?
6. What are vitamins А, В, С characterized by?
I. Complete the following sentences.
1. Vitamin A is needed to protect eyesight and ....
2. Vitamin В is needed to strengthen ....
3. You can find vitamin С in cherry, orange, lemon and ....
4. Vitamin D is needed for healthy ... and for protection against....
5. A lot of deficiency causes ....
99
6. Overdosage of some vitamins may be ... .
Составьте ситуации из 3-4 предложений по предложенным темам, употребив
следующие слова и словосочетания:
1. Vitamins are important constituents of the living organism.
Vitamins, to be important, compounds, man, animal, to be lacking, the diet, a
brearkdown, to occur, processes, metabolic, malnutrition, symptoms, result, to cause,
deficiency, diseases.
2. Vitamins are unlike each other in chemical composition and function.
Vitamins, to be unlike, composition, chemical nature, to be alike, function, to be
synthesized, animals, tissues, to fall into, categories, to perform, normal, matabolic,
strustural.
что такое авитаминоз и как с ним бороться?
In nutrition and diseases
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular
organism. Using the genetic blueprint inherited from its parents, a fetus begins to
develop, at the moment of conception, from the nutrients it absorbs. It requires certain
vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times. These nutrients facilitate the
chemical reactions that produce among other things, skin, bone, and muscle. If there is
serious deficiency in one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency
disease. Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent damage.
For the most part, vitamins are obtained with food, but a few are obtained by other
means. For example, microorganisms in the intestine—commonly known as "gut
flora"—produce vitamin K and biotin, while one form of vitamin D is synthesized in the
skin with the help of the natural ultraviolet wavelength of sunlight. Humans can produce
some vitamins from precursors they consume. Examples include vitamin A, produced
from beta carotene, and niacin, from the amino acid tryptophan.
Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the
healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular
organism; they also enable a multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical energy
provided by food it eats, and to help process the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required
for respiration.
Deficiencies
Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary
deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A
secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the
absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a ―lifestyle factor‖, such as smoking, excessive
alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use
of the vitamin. People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary
vitamin deficiency. In contrast, restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged
vitamin deficits, which may result in often painful and potentially deadly diseases.
100
Because human bodies do not store most vitamins, humans must consume them regularly
to avoid deficiency. Human bodily stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A,
D, and B12 are stored in significant amounts in the human body, mainly in the liver, and
an adult human's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and B12 for many months before
developing a deficiency condition. Vitamin B3 is not stored in the human body in
significant amounts, so stores may only last a couple of weeks.
Well-known human vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine (beriberi), niacin (pellagra),
vitamin C (scurvy) and vitamin D (rickets). In much of the developed world, such
deficiencies are rare; this is due to (1) an adequate supply of food; and (2) the addition of
vitamins and minerals to common foods, often called fortification.
Some evidence also suggests that there is a link between vitamin deficiency and mental
disorders.
Side effects and overdose
In large doses, some vitamins have documented side effects that tend to be more severe
with a larger dosage. The likelihood of consuming too much of any vitamin from food is
remote, but overdosing from vitamin supplementation does occur. At high enough
dosages some vitamins cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.
When side effects emerge, recovery is often accomplished by reducing the dosage. The
concentrations of vitamins an individual can tolerate vary widely, and appear to be
related to age and state of health. In the United States, overdose exposure to all
formulations of vitamins was reported by 62,562 individuals in 2004 (nearly 80% of
these exposures were in children under the age of 6), leading to 53 "major" life-
threatening outcomes and 3 deaths;a small number in comparison to the 19,250 people
who died of unintentional poisoning of all kinds in the U.S. in the same year (2004).
1. Тема занятия: «Зачетное занятие»
4.1. Итоговый контроль знаний.
1. Подготовка к устному тематическому контролю. Повторение основных
ключевых слов и выражений. Обозначение лексического минимума по каждой
теме. Письменный перевод текста.
Practice of Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science which concerns the study of medical substances. It involves not
only medicines, compounding and dispensing them but their combination, analysis and
standardization as well. The word ―pharmacy‖ is also used to define the place where
medicines are compounded, dispensed, stored and sold. A person who is scientifically
and professionally capable of engaging in the practice of pharmacy is called a
―pharmacist‖.
The compounding of medicines usually requires the scientific combination of 2 or
more ingredients but dispensing may only require the transfer of manufactured products
to a prescription container. Both services demand special knowledge, experience, and
101
high professional standards. A pharmacist should have knowledge of different subjects,
such as physics, chemistry, botany, etc.
The field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and effect in the body is
called ―pharmacology‖.
Pharmacology is the science which embraces the history, source, cultivation,
collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and preservation
of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.
A governmental agency Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal
responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use. Besides it decides
if a drug may be distributed and sold. There are definite standards for drugs set by an
independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists and manufacturers.
This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.) Two important
standards of the U.S.P. are that the drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients)
and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug has U.S.P.
after its name, it has met the standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published
by the U.S.P. every 5 years. It contains description, tests and formulas for preparing the
same. The Pharmacopeia describes also the proper method of packaging and storing the
drug to prevent or retard deterioration.
But not all drugs are listed in the Pharmacopeia. The National Formulary (N.F.) is a
larger list of drugs which meet purity standards. The letters U.S.P. and N.E. after a drug
indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to U.S.P. or N.E. standards. It
is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufacturers
Notes:
1. medicinal substances-лекарственные вещества
2. dispensing-расфасовка
3. practice of pharmacy-фармацевт. практика (дело)
4. prescription container- емкость предусмотренная рецептом
5. source-источник
6. storing-хранение
7. retard-задерживать, тормозить
8. deterioration-ухудшение, порча
2. Контроль знания изученных тем через фронтальный опрос.
1. What temperature are benign forms of tuberculosis accompanied by?
2. In case of what disease is a marked shadowing in the lungs revealed by X-ray
examination?
3. Where is a patient with a severe form of pneumonia admitted to?
4. What temperature is a severe form of lobular pneumonia usually accompanied by?
5. What substances are used for tablet making?
6. How can a therapeutist determine the enlargement of the heart?
7. What does atherosclerosis result from?
8. What does prevention of atherosclerosis consist of?
9. What is the cause of angina pectoris?
10. What are factors, which can increase the work of the heart?
11. What are the most important causes of chronic gastritis?
12. What are causes of ulcer?
102
13. What are the main forms of cholecystitis?
14. What are the main symptoms of chickenpox?
15. What can you say about using of antibiotics in the case of influenza (is it
recommended or not)?
19. What we must do to be sure that our bodies get all the vitamins that need?
20. Why are vitamins very important for the organism?
Занятие № 19
1. Тема занятия: «Зачетное занятие». Аннотация текста.
4.1. Итоговый контроль знаний.
1. Проведение диктанта.
2. Аннотация текста.
Тексты на аннотирование.
Text А. Read and translate the text.
VITAMIN С, THE ANTISCORBUTIC VITAMIN
Vitamin C is water-soluble and is found chiefly in fresh fruits and vegetables, but its
distribution is not very uniform. Lemon juice is very easily oxidized, particularly in
alkaline solution. Lemon juice left exposed to the air loses all its vitamin С in three hours.
It is readily destroyed by heat, but is sometimes present in canned or dried food if these
are acid and have been preserved in the absence of air.
It has been synthetized from d-galactose, and exists in an oxidized and reduced form.
Most animals can manufacture it themselves, but they cannot make it in sufficient
quantities and still need an outside supply for a healthy life.
The ease with which it is oxidized suggested that it acts at some point in tissue
respiration and its absence leads to a breakdown of protoplasmic structure. The chief
deficiency disease, associated with it, is characterized by haemorrhage of the limbs and
jaws. This is presumably caused by an increased permeability of the walls of the blood
vessels.
Ascorbic acid is normally excreted in the urine, but in certain infectious diseases it is
found there in smaller quantities than normal, which suggests that it is being used up in
the body. It has recently been shown that it inactivates diphtheria and vaccinia injected
into rabbits. These facts say that its absence leads to a reduced resistance to infections. It
is possible that it is used in the formation of antibodies.
Text В. Read and translate the text.

VITAMIN B, (THIAMINUM BROMATUM)
It is a white crystalline powder with a slightly yellow colour and specific odour.
Vitamin BI is readily soluble in water, methyl alcohol and insoluble in ether. Melting
103
point of thiaminum broma-tum is 210—215°. It is easily destroyed in neutral and alkaline
solutions and stable in acid.
Thiaminum bromatum is a synthetic preparation which fully corresponds to natural
vitamin BI. In nature it is contained in yeast, in brown bread and other products. Man and
most animals are incapable to manufacture B1 and one receives it with food. It is stored to
a considerable extent especially by the liver and kidneys. In spite of the fact that vitamin
BI is present in many food products, the requirements of the organism in it are not always
satisfied.
Vitamin B1 is essential for human nutrition. It is connected with carbohydrate
metabolism. The deficiency of vitamin BI may lead to the accumulation of lactose in the
tissues and this may cause polyneuritis and decompensation of cardio-vascular action.
The lack of vitamin BI in food leads to a serious disease — beriberi.
Minimum daily requirement of this vitamin for children till 7 years is 1 mg, for adults
— 2 mg and for pregnant women — 2.5—3 mg
104
Список литературы
1. Богданова Л.В. English Practice through Reading. KpacГМA, 2002
2. Козырева Л.Г., Шадская Т.В. Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и
училищ, Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 2003 - учебник для мед. сестер
3. Кролик Н.И., Английский язык для студентов медиков. М., 2003. Щедрина Т
.П., Учебник английского языка для студентов медицинских вузов. - М., 2004.
4. Лубенская К.Я. Учебное пособие для студентов начинающих и продолжающих
изучение английского языка в медицинском институте, 1998.
5. Маслова А.М. Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов. - М.: Лист
Нью, 2002. – 336 с.
6. Марковина, З.К. Максимова, М.Б. Ваштейн Английский язык: Учебник для
мед.вузов и мед. специалистов/ И.Ю. – М.: ГЭОТАР- Медиа, 2005- 368 с.
7. Машковский М. Д., Лекарственные средства, Москва «Медицина» 2000.
8. Носова Л.Г, Юрчук. Г.В. Pharmacy in my life: учебное пособие по английскому
языку для студентов 1-2 курсов, специальности «Фармация» / Л.Г. Носова, Г.В.
Юрчук. - Красноярск.: типография КрасГМА, 2008г. – 74 с.
9. Щедрина Т.П. Учебник английского языка для студентов медицинских вузов.
Высшая школа, 2004.
10. English 365 Students Book 1, Bob Dignen, Steve Flinders, Simon Sweeney,
Cambridge University Press, 2004
11. Professional English in Use Medicine, Eric H. Glendinning, Ron Howard
Cambridge University Press, 2007
12. English in Medicine, Eric H. Glendinning, Beverly A. S. Holmstrom, Cambridge
University Press, 2005
13. Англо-русский словарь (В.Мюллер, С. Боянус), Москва, 2003
14. Longman Exams Dictionary, Pearson Education Limited, 2006
15. Популярная медицинская лексика, П.Г.Курячий, М., «Высшая школа», 2008
16. People like Us 2cd
17. English for Health Sciences
18. Учебная программа «Tell me more» 2CD
19. CD European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology выпуск 25, 2001-2007
Полезные ссылки:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy
http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/eng/catalog/news/index.html
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/list.html
105
Типография КрасГМУ
Подписано в печать 06.10.10. Заказ № 1004
Тираж 25 экз.
660022, г.Красноярск, ул.П.Железняка, 1

Ангг

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Вам также может понравиться

Ангг

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Ангг

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

ГОУ ВПО

«Красноярский государственный медицинский

Кафедра латинского и иностранных языков

Английский язык : методические указания для аудиторной работы студентов

Составители: Носова Л.Г., Юрчук Г.В.

Методические указания составлены в соответствии с требованиями

Рецензенты: доцент кафедры иностранных языков-3 ФГОУ «Сибирский

Утверждено к печати ЦКМС КрасГМУ (протокол № 4 от 16.12.2009 г.)

Заболевание Ситуация (на сегодняшний день)

7 . Список тем по УИРС, УИР: «Достижения в мировой медицины».

4.2. Изучение нового материала.

2. Выберите нужное слово и переведите предложения.

5. Прочитайте предложения. Определите, в какой последовательности

6. Insert the necessary word –заполните пропуски словами по смыслу

6. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова:

7. Прочтите предложение, вставьте глагол, данный в скобках в Present,Past или

8. Вместо пропусков вставьте соответствующие слова:

6.2.Тестовые задания по теме.

Text A. Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

Text В. Read and translate the text.

Вам также может понравиться