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3.14,
).
, ;
(82=0.04 ) 12=0.59.
(. 3.13).
, (. 3.17, )
,
(8=0.06 , 1=0.69, =0.27),
(. 3.13).
(. 3.13) (. 3.10,)
(S 1=0.09 ) (li=0.5 , mi=0,56).

,
.
,
,
86
IV

4.1.
,

,
.
( i9

).

(. 3,12,6),
,
:
- {<<
.4.1);
- {<<
.4.1);
- {<< . 4.1);
- ,
,
(
. 4.1).
87

(. 2.2, . 4.1,).
,
(

,

, ,
(. 3.14,6).
. 4.1
,

- ; - ;
1 - , 2 - ,
- , ,
3 - , 4 - ^

( )
.

,
, .
88
, ,
,
(=0.5'^11).
: +/3 (.
4.1, ).

.

,
, ns (.
4.2, ).
. 4.2.

- ; - ; -
( );
1 , ,
2 -
89
(),
( 4.2, ).
:
y=EL3^.Ah,
(4.1)
Fi Fi+i i- . Ah
- .
() ,
), ..
( . 4.2, ).

( ,
,
),
( - -)
= f(x):
Fi = Jydx.
(4.2)

:
S^,=)^4x.
(4.3)
"

( 4.2, ):
=|^,
(4.4)
F:
90
1 =
yci+Yci+i
(4.5)

,
:
(4.6)
i=l
i=l
Gi = Vi-y - .
(. 4.2,6)
, ,
,
.
4.2.

- (. 4.2, ). ,
, = f () - (
- . 4.3).
Z
. 4.3

91
u-v,
Ah
( ) ,
-
u-v ( . 4.3).
= Ah-tgd,
.
() (, )
, (
) = Ah-tgd N ()
( = + , v = + ) (. 4.4).
- U-V 4.4 .
:
( =
f () ),
,
u-v, Ah
).
T ^ S i . N ( = +, V = +)
<
. 4.4. (-)
(u-v)
92

= f () :
.,_df(x)_.
tga;
dx
(4.7)
=-
, :
tga
Ax = n-sina = n
Vl + tgâ'
1
Ay = n-cosa = n
Vl + tgâ'
N:
x+Ax,
(4.8)
y+Ay.
1) : -
( );
2) ~
(
);
)
();
=/(4
= r ^ = tga;
= ' tga
Vl + tgâ'
1
=
Vl + tg'ct'
4) , u = x + Ax = x + n-tga
Ah
Vl + tg^ct
( )
v = y + Ay = y +
Vl + tg'a
5) :
v = f(u)L

(4.9)
( = ()
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
=
'=0
= 0
=
=
v = c+ n
(4.10)
93
- =
+, ,
,
(n/cosa)
() :
= + ,
1)
2)
'=;
=
3)
VT. +
1
VT + a
u = x-n
4)
v = ax + b + n
x = u+n
(4.11)
a
vr+ a ^ ; + b + n Vf + a
1
u
1 + a'
+ b + nF
vr + a^ =au + bi.
vr+ a =au-Hb + n;
v=a u+n
2
5) V = au + n
+ a
: b, = b + n _l + a^ = b + nVl + a^,
1)
2)
3)
4)
= ^ + + ,
'=2 + ;
2 +
=
Vl + (2ax + b)^ '
1
=
Vl + (2ax + b)^ '
2ax + b
u = x +n
Vl + (2x + b)' '
v = ax +bx + c +
+ {2\ + '
(4.12)
94

,
U-V ,
:
1)
2)
VR^^^'
= - ,
R
3)
f1
u = x + n = 1 +
R
I R
4)
(4.13)
I
RJ
u
x=R
v = R^-
5)
[n-|-] = V(R + n)^-"^
R.
= f(x)
f(u)
(Fi) ()
(4.2), ,
(4.1),
(4.5).
,
,
.

(4.6).
,
95
4.3.
,

,
,
.
, (
. 4.5). - u-v,

u-v ( N .
4.5).
. 4.5
(-)
(u-v)

( - . 4.6)
,
.
. 4.6

- , ; -
; - ( );
1 , ,
2 -

: - ,

.
,
,
(Vrp)
().
. 97-100 (. 4.7),
- 3.
97
1.
- ;
( - ;
h - ;
kt -

XS = (1;1)
= x(kt;l)
no

kl = kt - 1
dh = h/ns
9 = /2
kl - ,
;
dh - ;
S - ;
- (. 4.4);
ns =10 (. 4.8)
n = dhtgS
2. 4
1
.

1= 1
(/) = (((/+1,1) - (/,1))/(((/+1,1) - (/,1)))
dl(/) = n/cos(arctg(k(/))
/ = /+1
ns ;
ng
98
; -
/= 1
1= 1
i = i+l
y(/,i+l) = y(/,i)+dl(l)
x(/,i+l) = xs
1=1+1
x(/,i+l) = (y(/,i) + dl(/) - y(/-l,i) - dl(/-l)) / (k(/-l) - k(/))

y(/,i+l) = k(/-l)x(/,i+l)+y(/-l,i)+dl(/-l)
y(kt,i+l) = y(kl,i+l)+k(kl)(xe-xs)
x(kt,i+l) = xe
3.

99
4.
i -
sx(i) - i ;
f(i) - i-mou
1 = 1+1
f(i) = f(i) + ((y(/+l,i) + y(/,i))/2)-(x(/+l,i) - x(/,i))
sx(i) = sx(i) + ABS((y(/+l,if - y(/,if )/6/k(/))
yc(i) -

i-mou
i = i+l
100
V - ;
-
: = v-yc [*]
5.
,

;
v=0
my =
i -
/= 1
/ = /+1
v(i) = (f(i) + f(i+l))/2-dh
V = V + v(i)
> v(i) ~ i-
my = my + v(i)(yc(i) + yc(i+l))/2
m = myy
ke = m/f(l)
- ;
-

V, ,
. 4.7
- ,

101

(Vpp),
.
(h/Ah) ,
6
( ), 12
- , 12

(. 4.8).

,
ns
.
V
Vn.
1 01 1 00 0 99 -
h<
0 98 -
=6-9
0 97 -
h==9J2M
/-? W
QS .
0 94 - / /
0 93 -
0 92 -
h
Ah
0 91 -
*-
0 90
10
11
. 4.8
,
,
102
4.4.

, ,
, , , ,

(. 4.2,6, . 4.6,6).

,

.

( ),

( 4.1,6
, S),
,
.
,
.

.

,
.

(. 4.3 3).

,
103
.
:
( . 4.10, );
( - .
4.10, ), (. 4.9)
(. 4.11).

( = 7 /)
(/ = 1).
^
1.2
0.9
^^^
.
- 0.6b
.
0.50F
0.25F 0.15
0.75F
^-^
j. 1/3 I 1/3 I 1/3 >
I [ 1/3 \ 1/3 \
]f
0.45
. 4.9.
( )
v^
. 4.10. ( ):
- , - , -
104

, 0.25F, 0.5F, 0.75F F
( F = 1 ) .
-
-
( = 16 /\ ( - 5).
F
0.75F
0.50F
0.25F
0.150.3
\. 1/3 [ 1/3 [ 1/3 I
> //i J. 1/3 \ 1/3 \
),
'
V //3 \ 1/3 \ \
I
I
\, 1/3 I 1/3 |. 1/3 \,
. 4.11.
, ,
(. 4.1).
,
(),

(
, ).
4.1
F [ ]
1
1
1
1
1
,
.
[^]
1.15
1.28
1.32
1.40
1.60
[]
10.3
13.6
14.2
16.7
22.8
10.3
13.6
14.2
16.7
22.8

. 4.12,
.
105
0.2F
0.8F
0.6F
0.4F
1.2F
. 4.12

,
, :
(4.14)

:
, -
.
F
. 4.12.

106
. 4.12, .

:

(. 4.1; . 4.12,
),
( .
4.12).
"
"
2.2 ,
,
1.6, 1.4 1.3 .

,
( )
.

()
b /.
(. 4.13, , , ),
(. 4.14, , ).
107
. 4.13.
b ( )
- , - , -

( ) 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 Z> (
b = 1).
0.25
0.25
4 b
0.25b
0.25b
-X-
J ' ' \ '^' \ '^' \ \ '^' \ ^^ J.'' ,|. J.'' \''

4 -
\-
\''
\ \ '^' \''
\''
4 V-
25
25
0.25
:]:
025
-X-
J- ^^ ] '^' \ '^' \ \ '^' \ '^' \'''

4 I-
I ^^' \ '^' \ ''' \ \

4 \-
4 V-
I //5
'^' \1/3^'^
\
I
. 4.14.
0.25^, 0.5Z, 0.75 />; - , -
108
b
. 4.15.
b
1.16 (. 4.15,
).
b
(. 4.15, ).
kg
(
. 4.15) 1.2 .
0.2
0.4
1.2
0.8
. 4.15

()
(
)

109

() ,
.
(
) b
, ,
: /.
,
Z> (. 4.16, ).
, , V,M
)
"
2
1
.'
.-'
b/c
04
10
11
. 4.16.
,
/
- , - /

(biCi = = =
F).
,
:
["44
V 2J
V=h-b-c + h'-tgS + - ;
(4.15)
h = 1,
F
= 1 . V
.
4.16,6.
,
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
, .
Ill
: ,
,

( b . . 1.25).
.
, ,
( ,
).
(. 3.3),
,
.
, ,
.

,
,
,
.
:

:
. 4.17.
\_
112

.
1
45 -
'^ *h-
'
h - .
^
94 20
/) ==
14
-
. _
0 -1
0
1\ 1
1111
3
L,
. 4.17

,

.
113
V

5.1,

,
,
,

.
,
- ,
(. 3.4).
**,
^
.

^*^*^,
114
(
) ,
,
, .

.
(. 5.1) :
);
(,
);
- ,

.
.
:
.
,
115
,
/
"
- (
).
()
. 5.1

,
,
, , ,

.
.
[47]:
h/b = 2.5
( h = 1.5 , b = 0.6 ),
/
,
116
,
.
: / = 3 [36].
,
63x6 ( 8509-93)
(. 9.1).
() 4.

,
.
5.2.
)
1
\
-
[.,, .
. 5.2.
- , - ; 1 - ,
2 - ,
3 - ()
117
(. 9.2).

.
,
-1
-2 -3 (.
5.3, ).
)
\-1 "\li-2y/4^ -1/ -1 \fi^2y^
-1
. 5.3. ( )
- ; - ;
- (); -
( )
(
, . 5.3, ),
-2 (. 5.3, ),
-3 (. 5.3, ).

.
- 10 (. 9.3).
118

(. 9.5,6).

(. 9.4).
(
) 9.5.
(),
(
,
) . 5.4.
) \ \ \
. 5.4. ()
- , - ; 1 - ,
2 - , 3 -
; 4 -
119

1.5x3
1.5
,
, .
:
-
, ,
(. 9.6);
-
, (.
9.7);
-
( -
- . 9.8);
-
(. 9.9, 9.10);
-
.

, (. 9.11);
-
,
- (. 9.12,6).

,
.
120
5.2.
, -
,
.

.
(),
;
() ,

.
. 5.5, - . 5.6.
. 5.5. - ( )
1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 - ;
5 - ; 6 - ; 7 -
121
. 5.6

- ;
- : ,
-, ,

122
5 - (-2, -5),
.
,
.
( 2001-1.5),
1.5 .

( ) - . 5.7.

. 5.7. 2001 - 1.5

1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 - (
); 5 - ; 6 -
, , ,
.

( 12 )
( 1.5 ).
()
123
(),
.
.
. 5.8.
)
. 5.8
2001 - 1.5
- , -
V-
124
(. 5.9)
.

.
,.^
.i!rt,,^!*,iuMHP
. 5.9.
1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 - ;
5 -
,
(. 5.9).
1:5 ( - 300
,
1500 ).
30 (. 5.10).
125
\w
. 5.10.
- ,
-

(. 5.11).
126
12-
IS)"
= 0.773
10-
>
:^
8 - <
s:.
_<V
__
,
4 "
/,
0 -^
~~
^^
Zs^
1,
1 1 111
10
12
14
16
. 5.11.

,

(. 5.12).
. 5.12.
, -
127
( )
- .
Y = 14.6 /^, = 30.

,
, 5.13.
. 5.13.
128
5.3.

,
,
,

.
^,
.
.
1.
.
,

. 5.14.
)
i
/
-i
. 5.14.
- , - , -
( )
\w
129
()
(Gnp)
(Eav).
5.1.
5.1

h,
/,
1,,
, ,
1,
U,
S"
/'
1.50
0.60
3.0
0.30
0.20
0.38
0.38
1.04
0.46
0.07
30
15
14.6
1.20

(. 5.2).
5.2
Eah
Eav
E'ah
E'av
13.70
3.20
26.40
45.70
1.20
0.70

:
= - li + Gnp 'h + Eav-14 = 21.07
,

(. 5.15). .
, ,
.
5.3.
130
. 5.15.
- , -
5.3

S
S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
9.23
20
40
60
90
120
.
,
1.29
2.59
3.88
5.17
6.47
7.76
9.06
10.35
11.64
11.94

, ^
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.6
2.3
6.0
1.7
7.8
4.6
3.5
4.2
4.9
5.6
6.6
7.8
0
0
0
1.6
3.7
3.7
5.7
6.1
6.8
8.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.2
0
0
0
1.6
5.3
9.0
14.7
20.8
27.6
36.5
37.2
37.9
38.6
39.6
40.8
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.1
8.0
3.0
8.4
0.4
1.1
0.5
9.8
9.1
8.4
7.4
6.2
0
0
0
2.1
4.1
5.0
4.6
8.0
9.3
10.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.2
0
0
0
2.1
6.2
11.2
15.8
23.8
33.1
43.7
44.4
45.1
45.8
46.8
48.0
131
9.23 , 11.94 )
: ^^*^ = 11.94
.
. 5.16.
)
14
12
-^^*^=
10
'
0.^
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
J1
11
=:
S
1? 1
j:^-^^*H
' * '
>f
1 -.
8
3
S
<^
>
0. >
10
15
20
25
30
,
*1
1
1
!
1
35
40
45
50
55
. 5.16

- ; -
132
()
(Eah, E'ah).
, :
- = ^'^'^ = ^'^^
(5.1)
21.07- = Ponp"^'-h + Eah- 1 + E'ah- I5;

= 1.39

(^*^*^) (''),
,
,
.
,
.
2.
).

, .

. 5.17.
, -
(. 5.4).
5.4

h,M
b,M
/,
1,,
l2,M
1,
1,
. U,M . lio.M
1.50
0.60
3.0
0.30
0.20
0.38
0.38
1.20
1.04
0.46
30
15
0.07
0.9
0.75
14.6
133
1-1
\
1
.1 F
^
. 5.17.
- , - ( )

5.5.
5.5
Gnp
Eah
Eav
12.80
2.70
26.40
45.70
'
E'avKH
1.20
0.70
,

:
= - h + Gnp h + Eav- I4 = 20.74
,
,
,
(. 5.18).
(. 5.6).
134
. 5.18. jL
, '
(
)
5.6
( )

,
.
.
0.5
0
0
.
4.6
0
0
,
,
1.29
2.59
0.5
4.6
3.88
0.7
0.2
0.2
4.6
5.17
2.8
2.1
2.3
0.5
5.1
5.1
6.47
8.7
5.9
8.2
3.3
7.2
12.3
7.76
4.4
5.7
13.9
7.7
5.6
17.9
9.06
9.8
5.4
19.3
2.2
5.5
23.4
10.35
5.2
5.4
24.7
7.4
4.8
28.2
11.64
1.1
5.9
30.6
2.2
5.2
33.4
10
9.14
11.83
8.9
7.8
38.4
2.7
9.5
42.9
20
9.6
0.7
39.1
2.0
0.7
43.6
40
0.3
0.7
39.8
1.3
0.7
44.3
60
1.0
0.7
40.5
0.6
0.7
45.0
90
2.0
1.0
41.5
9.6
1.0
46.0
120
3.0
1.0
42.5
8.6
1.0
47.0
^1
135
^'"' =
11.83
9.14
),
.

. 5.19.
)
14
)
14
"
12
-<'=*=*"
10
2
22
'
S
8
6
4
2
,
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
. 5.19.

- , -
136
:
- = '"' = ,
20.74- - Ponp'^^'-h + Eah- + E'ah- h;
-1.41

.
,

; .
3.
.
,
. 5.20.
1-1
- \ i i ~
/i
~ ^ S ^ ^ ^ ^ ~
i
1
:
--
I-
<1
^
-
< 1
J'
. 5.20.
- , -
; - (
)
137

5.7, - 5,8.
5.7

h,M
/,
b,M
1,
Ij.M
1,
l7,M
Ig.M
llO.M
"
Y
/'
1.50
0.60
0.26
3.0
0.28
1.05
0.82
0.07
0.68
0.75
30
15
14.6
5.8
1.60
24.80
E'ah
2.63

( ),

(.4, . 4.3, 3): "' = 11.91 .
= 11.91 + - li = 12.33 .
,
,
(. 5.21).
5.9.
^***^ = 4.97 ,
.
138

. 5.22.
. 5.21.
( )
- ,
-
5.9
( )
,
,
1.29
2.59
9.5
1.4
1.4
6.3
0.9
0.9
3.88
3.6
4.1
5.5
8.2
8.1
9.0
3.84
4.97
9.1
5.5
11.0
2.1
6.1
15.1
20
9.8
0.7
11.7
1.4
0.7
15.8
40
0.5
0.7
12.4
0.7
0.7
16.5
60
1.2
0.7
13.1
0.0
0.7
17.2
90
2.2
1.0
14.1
9.0
1.0
18.2
120
3.2
1.0
15.1
8.0
1.0
19.2
.
0
8.1
0
.
.
7.2
0
0
139
1 1 . 9 1 - = Ponp'^^'-h + Eah- + E'ah- I5;
=1.39
,
i1
s (\
*^
3-
IS
i '
10
1
12
J ' :,
1\
11
1\
11
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, 1950.
18. . . - .: , 1980.
19. ..

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148
26. .. : . - .:
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28. .. . - .: . ,
1937.
29. .., ..
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3. B.C.
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. . . . . - : , 1973.
31. ..
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32. ..
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33. .. . - .: , 1964.
34. .. . - .: , 1977. 256 .
35. .. . .:
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37. .., ..
//.
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39,
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149
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//, .2. - .: , 1962.
41. .,, ..

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. 3. - .: , 1964.
42.
// (. Civil engineering).- 1970.- 8.

43. ..
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44. .. ..
. - . : . , 1980.
45. ..
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46. .. //. -
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47. .
. / .- .: , 1990. - 104 .
48. .. . - .:
, 1947.
49. .. .
. 2.- ., 1910. - 250 .
50. .. //.,
. 94. - .: , 1929.
51. ..
//
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1970.-112 .
53.
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54. .. .-: ,1961.
150
55. ..
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56. ..
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. . . - .: , 1975.
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58. ..
, //. , . 63. ., 1969.
59. ..
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36.-., 1970.
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//. , . 57.- ., 1972.
61. A.M. ,
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62. .. //
.- 1972,-10.
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64. ..
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1961.
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151
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70.
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.:
, 1958.
71. .. . .: ,
1983.
72. 11.10 - 65. . - .:
, 1965.
73. 2.02.01 - 83. . - .: , 1985.
74, 2.06.07 - 87. , ,
. - .: , 1987.
75. 2.09.03 - 85. .
. - .: , 1985.
76. ..
. - .: , 1970. - 207 .
77. .. . - .: , 1990.
78. .., ., .., ..
. . : , 1994. - 176 .
79. ..
. . . . .
. . . - : . , 1969.
80. .. . - ,:
, 1990.
81 .
( 167-70/). - .: , 1970.
82. . :
. - .: , 1973.
152
83. ..
// .- 1934.- 6.
84. .. . - .:
, 1969. - 208 .
85. ..
//

/ . - : , 2002. - . 300-303.
86. ..
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-
. - : , 2001. - .76-78.
87.
..,
..
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/ . -
: , 2002. - . 6-7.
88.0 .. . - .: , 1979. - 272 .
89.
..
. . . . . . . . - :
, 1971.
90, .. //
, 10, . 7. - ., 1940.
91. ..
// . . - ., 1955.
92. ..
. . .
. . - . . - .: , 1965.
93. ..
// . - 1973.- 2.
94.
..,
..

// . - 1968.- 7.
153
95. ..
// . , .5. - , 1972.
96. ..
// , .2. - ., 1933.
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156
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CLS
DIM (10,50), (10,50), f (50), v(50), (50), sx(50)
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PRINT " :"
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dh = h / 1 0
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PRINT ""; i: INPUT"", (I, 1)
NEXT
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173
dl ( I ) = otkos / COS(ATN(k ( I )))

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1
NEXT I
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NEXT I
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174
IF k(l) = THEN GOTO 10

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20
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V= V+ V( I )
my = my + V ( i ) * (yc (i) + yc (i+1)) / 2

NEXTi
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PRINT " ,
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PRINT
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END
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si'.

0.6 [76] 0.9 [33]

-;,.'- :::, -f'tm'msaa^s/aummm'mi'^:

sin(ar + ^)- b tanor cos{a + g>)

=0.0297-1311^^ +0.0787-1311^^ + 0.0695-tan .9+ 0.0060

(S 1=0.09 ) (li=0.5 , mi=0,56).

[n-|-] = V(R + n)^-"^

x(/,i+l) = (y(/,i) + dl(/) - y(/-l,i) - dl(/-l)) / (k(/-l) - k(/))

j. 1/3 I 1/3 I 1/3 >

\. 1/3 [ 1/3 [ 1/3 I

> //i J. 1/3 \ 1/3 \

\, 1/3 I 1/3 |. 1/3 \,

1.6, 1.4 1.3 .

J ' ' \ '^' \ '^' \ \ '^' \ ^^ J.'' ,|. J.'' \''

J- ^^ ] '^' \ '^' \ \ '^' \ '^' \'''

I ^^' \ '^' \ ''' \ \

\-1 "\li-2y/4^ -1/ -1 \fi^2y^

. 5.7. 2001 - 1.5

21.07- = Ponp"^'-h + Eah- 1 + E'ah- I5;

1 1 . 9 1 - = Ponp'^^'-h + Eah- + E'ah- I5;

// . .-. -, . 57, . -.,

// (. Civil engineering).- 1970.- 8.

Stiitzwande /Herausgeber: Der Bundesminister fur Verkehr. - Diisseldorf:

llO.Hilmer, Klaus. Schaden im Grundungsbereich. - Berlin: Ernst&Sohn

Stuttgart: IRB Verlag, 1992.

Stiitzkonstruktionen// Bautechnik 79, Heft 2. - Berlin: Ernst&Sohn Verlag,

125.Schmidt, Hans-Henning. Beitrag zur Ermittlung des Erddrucks auf

Berechnung des aktiven Erddruckes. - Stuttgart: Baugrundinstitut, Uni

dl ( I ) = otkos / COS(ATN(k ( I )))

IF k(l) = THEN GOTO 10

my = my + V ( i ) * (yc (i) + yc (i+1)) / 2

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