.

ORAZIO SVELTO

PRINCIPLES
of LASERS
FouRTh

Ed iiN

TRANSIATJON FROM ENGHSIH

byD.

N. KOSLOV,

S.

B. SOZINOVANCIK.

G .

EdiTEdbyT.

SAINT-PETERSBURG

A.

ADAMOVICH;
S H M A O N O V

M O S C O W KRASNODAR
2008

. . , . . . .
. .

, ,

-
2008

 32.86-5
3 43
3 43

.
/ . . . . . .
4-. .: , 2008. 720 : .
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I S B N 978-5-8114-0844-3
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32.86-5

06-02-30013

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.
. . , . . ,
. . , . . ,
, 2008
,
,
, 2008
T r a n s l a t i o n f r o m the E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e edition:
Principles of Lasers, 4 e d . B y O r a z i o Svelto
C o p y r i g h t 1998 P l e n u m P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n ,
b e i n g a p a r t of S p r i n g e r Science + Business M e d i a
All Rights Reserved
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F , a G ,
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1 2

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exp{a(iV - )/} (1 - ^ .
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c

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= -1 = ( 1 - ) ,
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(1.2.5)
1

1.

17


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2

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20

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1

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25

. 1.8




D
L
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. D = 100 X = 1 .
(1.4.1) Q = , ,
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, D = D + 2Q L = 2Q L = 2 .
,
, D,
, D .

I(P)a[(E (t)
+ E (t)] ,
E (t)
,
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) = C[ sin(co* + ) + sin(co* + )] ,
10

20

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, = (0 = () (.,
, . 1.6). , ,
( ) ) ,
) . ,

10

20

< )> = [ (sin (* + )> + | (sin (* + )> +

+2
(sin(co* + )sin(co* + ))] =
= [(? / 2 ) + ( | / 2 ) + ((
- ))].
0

10

20

10

20

, , ^*) (*),
(*) = \\fi(t) + kL (*) = (0 + kL , \
, a L L 2

26

. .

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v|/ (f) \\f (t) . , ,
(0 ~ 1(0> , ,
(cos ( - )), ,
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1

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D
S .

,

, , -.
d

1.4.4.

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. , dS
(. 1,9). dP,
dS dQ 0 0 ' ,
dP = Bcos QdSdQ,

(1.4.3)

6 ' . ,
cos0 - ,
' dS
, ', . . cos0<2S.
, (1.4.3),

. 1.9
( )


, ()
D

1.

27

 '. ,
, 0 ' .
,
( ).

D,
(. 1.96). ,
(1.4.3),
cos0 = 1. *S
Q = P/SQ.
2) /4, ,
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(, ), (1.4.3)
:
2

= 4/(2)0) .

(1.4.4)

, -, 0 = 0 ,
(1.4.1) (1.4.4)
d

(1.4.5)
.
,
, .
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(, ),
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0
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0', . 1.106.

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,
. 1.10, 0,
. 1.10 d = 2/0.

. ,
( )
I = 4P/nd = / ( / 0 ) .
2

28

. 1.10
()

9.
()
,

( )

(1.4.4), 1 = (/4)(>//) .
, 1 D.
1 , D D .
:

I = n(NA) B,

(1.4.6)

NA = sin[tan~ () /2/)] = (D /2f) .

(1.4.6) ,
.
(,
) (.,
, 1.7).
. (1.4.6)
, ,
,
, . ,

, .
L

1.4.5.

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2 1. ,
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, -
1 . ,
10 -10 ,
; (
-10 ).
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3

1.

29

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1.5.

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1 (. . )
1 (. . ).
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1.2. 1.1
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1.3. 1 2 . 1.1
( - ),
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2

1.4. = 300
N /N 1/.
v .
?
2

1.5.
^ = ^ ^ 2 = 0,5,
L = 1%. .
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= 2,8 10~ , .
x

19

1.6. (X = 694 )
1 .
, ,
. (
384 .)
1.7. , -,
( Labs, 107/109, 100
) (X = 546 )
95 / .
1 (X = 514,5 ),
-.
2

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31

2.1.

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3.
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H(t) , :
2

| ^| },

(2.2.1)

, ( )
.
,
p , v. p
: p dv
v v + dv. ,
p :

(2.2.2)

I
,
, . , J
p , :
v

I = (c/4n) ,
v

(2.2.3)

Pv

, &
. , I , p ,
,
, , v
. p
.
, ,
.
, , ,
v

2.

33


. , v
,
. , ,
,
. ,
,
v. p > ", ,
(2.2.3), II > / , . .
1 2.
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p = p .
p (v, )
.
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, ,

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v

2.2.1.

, . 2.1.
pv
, .
, ( , z, t)
:
9

V*E-i.0.O,

(2.2.4)

V ,
.

:
= 0,
. 2.1


,

34

(2.2.5)

. ,


.
. .

 ,
. , :
= ( , z)E(t)

(2.2.6)

(2.2.6) (2.2.4),

V u J _ d?E
=

' dt '

, z t,

,
, -k .
( z) E(t):
9

V u = -fc u,

(2.2.7)

^ - = -(c k) E.

(2.2.76)

(2.2.76) :
= cos (* + ),

(2.2.8)

co = c k.

(2.2.9)

E(t) (2.2.8), (2.2.6)

:
( z 1) = (
9

)/(* + ).

(2.2.9)

, ( z)

( z)
.
.
(2.2.7),
, ,
(2.2.5). , :
9

= e cosk x suik y sink z

= e smk x cos k y sink z
u = e sink x sink y cosk z

(2.2.10)
(2.2.106)
(2.2. 10B)

(2.2.7a)
:

k +k +k =k .

29

(2.2.11)

,
(2.2.5). ,
2.

35

(2.2.10) , ,
= 0, = 0, z = 0. , , ,
z = 0, (2.2.5) = = 0,
(2.2.10) (2.2.106) , , 2 = 0.
(2.2.5)
, :

k = ln/2a
k = /2
k = nn/L
x

(2.2.12)
(2.2.126)
(2.2.12b)

1 . , ,
, z = L, (2.2.5)
= = 0 (2.2.10) (2.2.106) , ,
2 = 1 (2.2.12). Z,
, ,

.
, 1
. , k k k
(2.2.12), , (2.2.9) (2.2.11),
:
9

x9

(2.2.13)
, I, .
, ,
.
,
, V = 0, , (2.2.10),
e k + e k + e k = 0.
:
= 0,
(2.2.14)
, z
k k k .
(2.2.14), ,
. , Z, (
), , (2.2.14),
, .
. , \|/
,
, , ,
, . . = ^; + \|/.
, Z,
,
.
iV(v),
0 v. ,

x9

36

. .

k
*
0 2nv/c .
(2.2.12) ,
2n/L_
k k k
,


,
I > .
.
1
.
1
. 2.2.
k k k
,
,
. ,
. 2.2
,


,
. 2 . 1 .


(/2, /2, /L). ,
.
k
0 (2nv/c ) 1/8
(2nv/c )
, (/2, /2, n/L).
, , k
, :
n

x9

x9

n 9

n 9

14 ( 2 \
iV(v) = 2
V .

8 3 [

71

2 2 L

grcv -V,

(2.2.15)

2.2.2.
-

p ,
p (
, ).
p = dN(v)/Vdv, (2.2.15) :
v

1 dN
V dv

Pv

(2.2.16)

p , p

(), , . .:
v

=p {E).

Pv

(2.2.17)

() ,
. dp
2.

37

, + dE,
dp = C exp [-(E/kT)]dE,
,

00
$Cexv[-(E/kT)]dE

= l.

, () :
)Eexp[-(E/kT)]dE
() = *
4

= kT

(2.2.18)

00
jexv[-(E/kT)]dE

(2.2.16) (2.2.18) :
.

Pv =

(2.2.19)

-.
. , , (2.2.19)
,
(. (2.2.2)). ,
, , (2.2.3), I
v ,
, v > <> (
). ,

.
,
X X .
,

hv, v
, a h ,
. ,
, , .
,
v 0 ,
(2.2.18),
:
= nhv,
(2.2.20)
. , ,
,
v

nhvexp[-(nhv/kT)]

^ exn(hv/kT\-l'
exp(hv/kT)-l'

(2.2.21)

exp[-(rc/iv/A!T)]
=0
38

. .

1 6

/ ]

at

. 2.3
p ( v , )
v

v

1 4

[10 ]

(2.2.18). , hv < kT (2.2.21)
(2.2.18). (2.2.16), (2.2.17) (2.2.21)
:
_ 8
p v

hv

exp(*v/*T)-l'

(2.2.22)

,
, h 6,62 10" .
. 2,3 p v
.
,
34

=^1 =
*
(2.2.23)
hv
exp(hv/kT)-l
()
. v = 4 10 , ,
hv 1 . 300 kT = (1/40) , (2.2.23)
, () = ( - 40). , ,

.
,
( 10 , . 7.1 . 7).
w

14

10

2.2.3.

,
, (2.2.20), ,
, . -

(2.2.18) (2.2.21),
,
.
(1904) , ,
,
2.

39

 . ,

(1927).
, , [2].
,
.
, ,
, v
. E (v, t) H^r, t)
,
(2.2.1),

x

(2.2.24)
V . ,
, ^ ( r , t) H (r, t)
[2]. ,
E (r, t)
(r, t), ,
q , , , .
,
q .
, , ,
q
. E (r, t) H (r
i)
,
,
(2.2.4).

, ,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
, :
y

x9

E=

(kpl/2)Hql/2m),

(2.2.25)

k , am .
. ,
,
.
- , , kp /2
,
q /2. , x

, ,
40

. .

 ,
\{\x{H )/2)dV.
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
:
2

E = {l/2)hv

+ nh\,

(2.2.26)

.
,
. ,
, , (2.2.25),
q , , ,
. ,
, , , (2.2.1),
.
. ,
,
( v) (2.2.26),
(. (2.2.20)),
, . ,
h\

. ,
(. 2.2.1)
hv
,
. ,
i hv/2

0 , .
. 2.4
,

(2.2.26)
, ,
, . 2.4. , ,
( ) ( ) .
.
, (hv/2)
. (2.2.24)

E = (\pdv)-(hv/2)

(2.2.27)

, .
, -
( )( )
, .
,
.
2

2.

41

2.3.


,
(. . ),
(. . ).
, (. .
) .
.
,
, ,
, ,
. ,

(
) .
2 31

, ,
2 , ,
, 1 (. . 1.1). ,
, :
2

(,

t)

= ^/

(2.3.1)

vi/ (r, t) = u (r)exv[-j(E /h)t],

2

(2.3.16)

u (r) 1 2,
- , (
), h = h/2n. 2 - 1

:
= a^OVi + a (t)^ ,
(2.3.2)
12

, . ,
\ \ | |
, t
1 2. , , :

kl

+ k l

= i,

(2..)
2

\ \ | | .
, ,
JLI.
:

\x = -\e\y\ rdV,
42

(2.3.4)
. .

 ; .
(2.3.4) , , e|y| dV
,
dV ,
d\x = -(e\\\f | dV)r. (2.3.2) (2.3.4),
(2.3.1) :
2

\ = [ | | | | dV + [ \ \ \ | dV +

+ \ ^^^ exp j((o t) + a[a u{u exp[- j((o t)]

jlV,

(2.3.5)

* , = ( - E )/h.
(2.3.5) , jli \i , ,
:
0

osc

= [2 ^

Pose

( *)],

21

(2.3.6)

Re .
1
2

21 = \u eru dV.
2

(2.3.7)

21 , .
(2.3.6) , 2 1
, ,
^!,
(2.3.7). ,
.
,
.
:
08

*W = cos(co * + ) = [ e x p ( y o O L
0

,
, Re , '
, \' = (').

, :
0

fi=

,
12rce c
3
d

(2.3.8)

, , , ,
, .
1/2
= [ * ] , * ,
(. . *, * * ,
).

2.

43

 =| |=| | ,
,
. (2.3.8)
, [i = 2\a a ^i i\y
. .
2a a \i i. , ,
:
0

=;\ \ \ \ ,

(2.3.9)

/ ,
16
3

(2.3.10)

~

'
|jn| = | | j i .
, ,
, ,
, ,
:
0

2 1

21

Tjf =

(2.3.11)

= \ \ + \ \ .
1

(2.3.12)

(2.3.3), (2.3.12) :
= + hv \a \ ,

(2.3.13)

v = ( - E )/h .
(2.3.9), (2.3.10) (2.3.13) (2.3.11)
:
0

d\a \
2

I % 11 "2 \ =~(1-1
2

\) | | ,
2

(2.3.14)

x = hv / ',
sp

3/isqC
(2.3.15)
16* v rc|uf'
( ) 2
,
. (2.3.15) :
3

s p

1 - tanh

(2.3.16)
2

t , | (0)| .
, (2.3.16)
0

. .
.

44

. .

| (0)|

1-tanh

(2.3.17)

2 sp J _

| (0)| ( , 1)
t . . 2.5
| ()| | (0)| = 0,96.
, | (0)|
t (2.3.16), . . .
, , | (0)| = 0,8, | ()| 2

. 2.5


| ( ) |

=
x P /hv .

;


2

sp

. 2.5 ,
t = 0 0,8.
| ()| (2.3.16).
| ()| , , (2.3.11) (2.3.13),
P = - hv d\a \ /dt.
, = T P /hv ,
. 2.5. ,
| ()|
:
2

sp

\a (t)\ = |a (0)| exp[-(f/x ,)]

2

s;

(2.3.18)

|a (0)| < 1. ,
| | = 1 (2.3.14),
(2.3.18).
, ,
,
. ,
, .

,
, (2.3.18) ,
i - (2.3.15).
,
2

sp

2.

45

 ,
( ) = 1 / :
3

16 ^|1
(2.39)
3he c
, N
, ,
: N (t) = N \a (t)\ N (0) = AT |a (0)| . (2.3.18) N
: N (t) = (0) (-t/i ) (1.1.2),
, .
3

t9

8p

2.3.2.
-

-
,
, ,
.

, , |a (0)| = 1.
(2.3.17) , t = . ,

. , |a (0)| = 1, | (0)| = 0, (2.3.14)
, d\a \ /dt = 0. -
, , ( 0 ) = 0 \x
(2.3.6), .
,
, , .
. , ,
, \ \ 1 t = 0.
,
, | | , 1.
(2.3.6) ,
, . (. .
) ,
1. , \ \ ,
.
, .
2

osc9

,
, :
1. \ \
(2.3.16) ,
(. . \ \ < 1) (.
(2.3.18)).
2.
(. . |a (0)| = 1), (
), .
2

46

. .

 ,
[5, 6]:
1. ,
\ \ ( -) . ,
(2.3.18) | (0)| .
2.
(2.3.15).
3. =
- hv d\a \ /dt,
.
, , - -
(. . 2.5).
,
.
,
-
.

.
(2.3.2), ,
.
,
. , ,

, ,
- , . ,
,
, .
, ,
. ,

. , ,

, .

= . , ,
,
- . , ,
2

, .
v , .
,
, (
) .
0

2.

47

2.2.3, ( ) ( ) ^
nj/
= ( ).
,
, , , . , ,
.
2.3.3.

(2.3.19) , ,
0, , |] 0.
, , ,
. ,
|| = 0, = 0,
. , ,
( ).
.

, . . || = 0. |uj = | |, (2.3.7)
, ,
, (. .
). ,
(2.3.7) - , ()()
u (-r)(-eY)ui(-r)dV.
, ((-) =
= ()) ((-) = -()),
.
- , (2.3.7) ,
= 0. , (
, , ),
(2.3.7) -
. , , || 0,
.
, ,
,
( )
, (
, ).
21

, /() ( ), /(-)
( ),
1

/(-) = -/().

= ),

,
(. . ,
) . , , ,
, .

48

. .

 2.1.
.
,
, (2.3.19)
X = c/v = 500 = , ( = 0,1 ).
, = 10 " (. . x = 10 ).
10 ,
x = 1 . , (2.3.19)
,
.
,
,
.
, (,
X ^ 5 ), ^ (10-100 ),

.

sp

sp

2.4.

, , ,

. ,
W W (.
(1.1.4) (1.1.6)). , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, -
.
,
,
.
,
, .
12

21

2.4.1.

, t ^ 0
,
(2.3.2)
\ (0)\ =1\ (0)\
= 0.
2

2.

49

 /
'.
'
E(t, t)
( ),
- ( )
. ^
:
(0, t) = E s i n ( G ) 0 ,

(2.4.1)

. ,
,
.
(2.4.1)
( ).
,
.

, = -,
. ',
, :
0

' = = - E sin cot.

(2.4.2)

H'(t),
. s ,

. , t > 0 |aj(^)|
2
la^O)! = 1, | 2 (0|
. a (t),
, ,
,
,
t = 0.

| 2 (0| 2 > ^ , :
0

\a (t)\
2

=^

\ ^

E d(v-v )t,

(2.4.3)

v = /2, v = /2, 5 - ,
, | | ,
(2.3.7). (2.4.3) , t > 0 |a (t)|
. ,
,
( ) W$
0

21

21

Wtf =d\a \
2

50

/dt,

(2.4.4)
. .

 (2.4.3):
a

H? =^b il -Eo 8(v-v ).

2

(2.4.5)

, , (2.4.4),
,
; sa ( . single atom
), W .

, , t > 0
(2.3.2). , t > 0
, (2.3.6).
, a (t) a (t)
, \
. , , . .
(0) = 1 (0) = 0,
,
. , ,

[3].
(2.4.5)
.
12

08

08

= */2,

(2.4.6)

,
,
0

|2 p 8 ( v

V o )

( 2

- -

7 )

, W( - .
, W =
v v W = v = v , . .
.
,

. ,
, v
( ) ,
v , , . . ,
, v = v .
(
),
, ,
. ,
, ,
: (2.4.7) , 5-
2

12

2.

51

 , v = v #
, . . ,
/
0

J 8 ( v - v ) d v = l,
0

g(y - v ) , v v ,
, . . ,
0

] * ( v - v ) d v = l,
0

:
_2
1
7iAv l + [ 2 ( v - v ) / A v ] '
2

'

Av . , Wf :
0

W
12 -~-3n s ft
sa

1^21 I

(2.4.9)

Pg(v-Vo).

[g(v - v ) A v ]
(v - v ) / ( A v / 2 ) . 2.6.
(2.4.8) , ,
( F W H M . Full Width at Half Maxi
mum ), Av .
g(v - v ) v = v ,
0

g(0) = 2/rcAv = 0,637/Av .

0

(2.4.96)

, (2.4.8),
. . ,
(2.4.8) [3].

W*g / .
/ = /,
Ate(v-v )Av ]
0

(2.4.10)

, (2.4.9) ,

1 2

__2 __
2

3ne ch

H 2 i l - t e ( v - v ) . (2.4.11)
2

. 2.6

52

.
,
( (2.3.2)
(2.3.1)) '
( (2.4.2))
.
,
| ()|
2

. .

|ai()l (. ) .
,
| (0)| = 1 , , | ( 0 ) | = 0.
,

1 2. ,
,
( ) Wfg (2.4.5)
. (2.3.7) , | = 2 1
| | = | |. ,
2

1 2

12

W^=W f,

(2.4.12)

,
(. (1.1.8)).
, (2.4.9)
(2.4.11), :
1

sa

W
W

= - ^

"

=- ^ \ ^ \

= | | =
12

sa

(2.4.13)

^(v-v ),

(2.4.136)

||i2il
W

p*(v-v ),

(2.4.12),

=W.

sa

2.4.2.

(2.4.13) (2.3.19) ,
W
|| . , ,
. ,

( )
,
sa

: 3 ( 2 . 4 . 3 ) , ( 2 . 4 . 5 ) , ( 2 . 4 . 7 ) , ( 2 . 4 . 9 ) ,
( 2 . 4 . 1 1 ) , ( 2 . 4 . 1 3 ) ( 2 . 4 . 1 3 6 ) ,
( ) .
:

W<*>(\.

-So I ) =1 M I Eg<cos*0) =| 1 El/3,

21

0 ,
. ,
2
21 : <cos0> = 1/3, , . .
21

<cos 6>= Jcos GdQ/47i.

2

|n il /3
. , , ( ,
) 3
, , |ji il
.
2

2.

21

53

.
. , , W = 0,
.
, , 1 2
.
, ,
.
,

,
, (2.4.11).
,
(- - ) .
, ,
,
, .
8a

W W .
, :
,
. ,
.
, (2.4.5), W (^ ) ( ) ,
,
\i
.
2
, W (jn B ) ( 0 ) ,
, \
(3 ((3 == 9,27 10" ) . ,
:
(W /W ) = ( /$ )
= (/$) = 10 .
(2.4.14)
(2.4.14) ,
/ =
( ), , = 0,05 . ,

.
e

24

2.4.3.

2.4.1

,
. N
,
.
t

54

. .

 , v ,
(
). W
, :
0

W (v - v ) = W*4v - v ) .
h

(2.4.15)

, ,

, dN /dt, :
2

(dN /dt)

= W N.

(2.4.16)

W ,
. . F = I/hv,
o :
h

W /F.

(2.4.17)

(2.4.13) (2.4.17) , a

2
3ne ch^H v ' *( v' - v *) '.(2.4.18)
h

, ,
. 1.2, (2.4.16) (2.4.17), ,
2 , (.
( 1

'

2 ) )

'

dF =

-a N Fdz.
h

(2.4.19)

(2.4.19)

. , ,


, ,
(. 2.7).
S
,
dz (. . 1.2) N Sdz,
, a N Sdz.
(dF/F)
dz , ,

. 2.7

(dF/F) = -(o N Sdz/S).

a

(2.4.20)

(2.4.20) (2.4.19) , = ,
, ,
.
,
Vo v (
).

2.

55

 g*(v' - v ) , ,
dN = N g*(v' - v )dv' ,
VQ H V O +dvo. (2.4.16)
d(dN /dt)

dN
0

t9

d(dN /dt) = W dN = W (v 2

)N g * (v' - v Wo>

W (v-v' )

V Q .

h

(dN /dt)

= N \w (v -

)g *(v[> - v Wo .

(2.4.21)

(2.4.21) (2.4.16) ,
W
in9

= lw (v-v' )g*(vo-v Wo.

h

(2.4.22)

(2.4.17)
G G = W /F.
(2.4.22) F (2.4.17), :
IN

<* = j ^ v - v ^ K - v

IN

in

W o -

(2.4.23)

, . 2.7, , G
,
, ,
. , ,

G (v-v' )
, G
. , (2.4.23)
G g*(v - v ) , . .
. ,
, .
, g* ( V Q - v )
:
IN

IN

IN

~\!/2

*(vo-v ) =

Avi

< o - y o > 12
AvJ
V

(2.4.24)

(2.4.24)
jg*(v' -v )dv'
0

=1, , , AvJ

( F W H M ) .
, (2.4.24)
( V Q - v ) = A V Q / 2 , ,
1/2, . . , 1, , ,
( v j ) - v ) = 0. (2.4.24)
g*(v' -v )y AvJ
.
0

56

. .

 (2.4.18) (2.4.23)
:
2

v f t ( v - v o )' .
3ns ch ~>
(2.4.25)
2

)r

o t v

w /

(2.4.25) g (v - v )
,
t

g=

lg*(x)g[(v-v )-x]dx,

(2.4.26)

^ = ( V Q - V ) . <
, ,
(2.4.18) g(v - v ) g (v - v ) .
, , (2.4.26), g
gng*. , ,
, , g

, . . ^g (v-v )dv
t

= l. ,

(2.4.25)
(2.4.18). , (2.4.25) (2.4.26) , a
, g*( o - v ) = 5(VQ - V ) , . .
. , g(v- V Q )
g*(v' - v ) ,
, g(v-v' )
(2.4.26)
8- , g = g*(v - v ) (
). (2.4.24) :
in

^ ^

( V

V o )

U ( ^ r
v

- .

< - > ln2

(2.4.27)

[ ^ * ( ~ o ) ^ o ]
( V - V ) / ( A V Q / 2 ) . 2.8.
, F W H M , (2.4.27)
A[*(v-v )Av*]
A V Q ,
v = v


0

,
(2.4.27),
.

,

= G .

2
||
V ^ ( V - V Q ) .
(2.4.29)
Sne ch
IN

2.

[^/2~
. 2.8

57

 W = GF
:
W

3 ^ ^

'

(2-4.30)

= (nil) = (nFhv/c)
.

. (2.4.12) ,

(2.4.29)
(2.4.30).
, (2.4.29)
(|| , g v ) v
. , (v - v )
,
.
. , ,
N iV , (2.4.19)
:
2

dF = -G(N - N )Fdz.
1

(2.4.31)

1
(1.2.1), gi = g .
(
) .

,
2

OL = G(N -N ).
1

(2.4.32)

N > iV , ,
. (2.4.29),
:
x

2
a

3 ^ h

'

(2.4.33)

, ,
, , , .
,
. , (2.4.31)
(2.4.32) :
dF = -aFdz.

(2.4.34)

, ,
I,
[F(l)/F(0)] = exp(-aZ).
, 58

. .

 .
, N
N , (2.4.32).
, N N (1.2.2),
N = N + N H
.
. , ,
1 . , , ,
1 ,
, kT.
, N > N
, (2.4.32),
, , ,
, .
g :
x

l9

g=

a(N -N ),
2

(2.4.35)

; .
2.4.4.

( ),
[9].
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
.

, , p

(2.2.22). , ,
, .
,
1 2
2 1.
v

W =B p,
21

.2

21

(2.4.36)
(2.4.37)

( ) ,
N{ N 1 2.
, :
21

12

AN* +B

2lPvo

= ^ ^ N{.

2.

(2.4.38)
59

 :
/ = exp(-/*v /kT).

(2.4.39)

(2.4.38) (2.4.39) ,

P v o

B exp(hv /kT)-B
i2

21

(2.4.40)

(2.4.40) (2.2.22), v = v ,
:
= = ,
(2.4.41)
0

1 2

2 1

A
B

Snhvln
e
'

(2 4 42)

(2.4.41) ,
.
, (2.4.41)
(2.4.12),
. ,
(2.4.42) ,
.
(2.4.30), ,
.
p <2v
v v + dv
, .
dW (2.4.30)
p dv.
,
g (v - v ) , p , 6- (. . 2.3),
v

^ =3

( 2

' -

4 3 )

(2.4.43) (2.4.36) (2.4.37)

2

, 2 | u f
'
2

(2.4.44)

(2.4.42) :
(2.4.45)
3hs c
'
, ,
- (. (2.3.19)).
,
(
).
3

16 1|

60

. .

2.5.


, ,
.

. ,
, , .
. ,
,

.
(. . ) ,
.
, ,
g (v - v ) :
1. ,
.
v, .
(2.4.33) , vg (v - v ) .
g (v - v ) , v ,
, v g (v - v ) . ,
g (v - v ) v
.
2. ,

g (v - v ) , .
, ,
- , .
,
, .
t

2.5.1.

.
, ,
. ., .
.
\\f \|/ (. (2.3.1))
. ,
\i (. (2.3.6))
. ,

osc

2.

61

. 2.9


E(t),
,
.
(

1 0 . )
7

.
, ,
,
, \ .
,
, ,
. 2.9,
. ,
. ,

v' v' 4- dV dp = p dV,
, , . . (2.4.7),
:
08

92
d

l2

1^21 P v ' S ( v ' - V ) d v ' .

0

(2.5.1)

(2.5.1) , :
Wl2=

2112

sXlh ^

v ,

jpv' ( - o)rfv'.

(2.5.2)

p :
v

p >=ptf(v'-v)
v

(2.5.3)

(. (2.4.6)),
g(v' - v) p .
v

, , = j p d v ' ,
v

(2.5.3) , g(V - v)

+00

ftf(v'-v)dv' = l.
J

(2.5.4)

-00

(2.5.3) (2.5.2)
8-, :

62

. .

 2.4.1, , W
5(v - v ) (2.4.7) g(v - v ) .
, (2.5.4)
12

+00

Jtf(v-vo)dV = l .

(2.5.6)

-00

g(v' - v ) .

(. 2 . 9 ) , , ,
. ,

= [(-/ )]/ .

(2.5.7)

p dx ,
+ dx. ,
(2.5.7)
, (). ,
,
x

<>

f c * =V

(2.5.8)

, ,
.
, . 2 . 9 ,

/> , ( 2 . 5 . 7 ) . ,
, ,
.

^ ' - ) =2

[ 1 +

,_

( 2

. .
5

9 )

(2.5.5)
(2.5.9) v' v . :
0

g(v-v ) =2T
0

(2.5.10)

. ,
(. . 2 . 6 ) ,
( 2 . 4 . 8 ) , 2 ,
Av ,

=1/ .
0

2.

(2.5.11)

63

 2.2. He-Ne .

.
= l/u , I ,
v , u = (SkT/M) ,

, / ,
, :

th

1/2

th

th

(2.5.12)
, . Ne
= 0,5 ( He-Ne
), (2.5.12), ^0,1 = 0,5,
(2.5.11), Av = 0,64 . ,
, , , Av
. ,

, (Av /p) 1 /
, Ne. ,
,
, = V T . ,
, v = 5 10 ,
5 10 . , . 2.9
,
, .

14

2.3. Nd:YAG.

.
.
,
,
. . 2.10
Nd.YAG,
. ( )
, ,
. , 300
Av = 4 = 120 Nd.YAG
Av = 11 = 330 .
-1

.
1

- 1

v (. . )
w v/, ( / ) . , v
v = cw.
( ) . = c/v = 1/w,
( ) .
1

64

. .

 ,
, .

. , , 2.3.2,
, . .
, . ,
- .
, ,
. - [10] ,
g(v - v ) ,
(2.5.10) 2x ,
x . ,
,
( F W H M )
0

sp

sp

Av =l/2nx .
0

sp

(2.5.13)

, ,
, ,
exp(-t/x ),

,

E(t) = exp(-t/2x )
cos co t.
(
{E (t))) (-/ ),

.
,

E(t), ,
,
(2.5.13).
sp

sp

100

200

300

[ ]
. 2.10


,
,
N d : Y A G

2.4. .

Av .
|] = , = 0,1 , X = 500 ( ), 2.1
, x = 10 . (2.5.13) Av = 16 .
, Av , = 1/
, vfj.
( -
).
nat

sp

nat

nat

89

2.

65

2.5.2.

,

( ).

.
,
. - ,
, .
, ,
, , . (
.)
,
g*(v' - v ) , . .
(2.4.27). A V Q ( F W H M )
,
, .
0

2.5. .
N d .
-
X = 1,05 AvJ = 5,4 , . .
40 Nd.YAG
(. 2.3). ,
.
3+

,
,
. , v
2 ,
. , ,
, v' = v [ l - ( u / c ) ] , .
, ,
> 0, v' < v, . ,
, v'
v , . . v [ l - ( / ) ] = v .
:
v = v /[l-(u /c)],
(2.5.14)
2

:
,
, V Q ,

Vo=v /[l-(u /c)],
(2.5.15)
0

66

. .

 v . ,
, ,
v V Q , . . v = V Q ,
(2.5.14) (2.5.15) , ,

, 2.5.

*( o ~ v ) , , p dv ,

+ du ,
:
0

1 / 2

* [)

(2.5.16)

| |<, (2.5.15) VQ = v [ l + ( u / c ) ] ,
, =c(v' - v ) / v . (2.5.16),
g*( o -v )<2vo = p dv ,
:

( V Q - V Q )
(2.5.17)
2kT
v
, ,
(FWHM) ( )
(2.5.17) (2.4.24):
2

1 / 2

Av* = 2 v [ 2 f t r i n 2 / M c ] / .
0

(2.5.18)

(2.4.27), AvJ
(2.5.18).

2.6. He-Ne .
Ne X = 632,8 ( He-Ne
) = 300 . (2.5.18),
Ne, A V Q =1,7 . ,
(. 2.2)
(. 2.4)
,
.
2.5.3.

,
,
. ,

(2.4.26)
, , .
2.

 2.1

1 -10

5+10 /

-300 -

-10 -

50 - 1

-500 -

1-500

,
Avj A v ,
Av = Av + A v . Av
Av , Av = (Av + A v | ) .
,

.
, , , [11], . , (,
Ne), .
.
. 2.1
.
,
x = 10 , , Av = 10 .
, ,
i = 1 , , Av = 1 , ,

.

, ( = 0,1 ) , ,
A v = 1/ = 100 " .
,
; AvJ, ,
.
300
0,5 , ,
, Nd: Y A G .
2

1 / 2

sp

sp

nat

nat

- 1

-1

2.6.


,
,
.
,
68

. .

 .
, ,
, , :
1. .
, ,
/
. ,
,
.
2. - .

, - , ,
, ,
, .
2.6.1.

[12],
*
, :
*+-++

+ ,

(2.6.1)

*.
,
,
. (2.6.1)
N * ( )
:
dN
-jf- = -k * N *N ,
2.6.2)
B

N , k *
, .
, . . k *
, , (,
0 ),

.
,
(, 2 8-
He-Ne ). (2.6.2)
:
A

W =k . N .
(2.6.2) (2.6.3) :
nr

B A

dN

( 2 )
dt

N
'
2

(2.6.3)
(2.6.4)

2.

69

, , N
( ) *, ,
, , =
(1/W ).
, (2.6.2) , ,
(2.6.1), :
2

nr

+ - * + - ,

(2.6.5)

( ,
). , (2.6.2)
:
(dN .
B

/dt) = -k . N .N
B A

+k N N ,

BA

(2.6.6)

k ,
.
k k * ,
.

:

. , (2.6.6)
:
BA

BA

k . N .N =k N N .
B A

BA

(2.6.7)

:
N * = N (-2/kT), ,
. (2.6.7)
:
B

*2

= BA

exp(AE/kT),

(2.6.8)

, k
(2.6.1) , (2.6.5).
,
kT. , (2.6.8),
k * ^>k . , (2.6.8)
, , ,
,
, -
, ,
, -
B

BA

, 2.4.4 ,
,
.

70

. .

. 2.11
()
, ()

. ,
k ,

.
, ,
, . .
N * N ,
^*^* ^ ^BANE, (2.6.6) (2.6.2).
,
(2.6.4) , >
,
.
(,
(010) 0 ) ,
.
*
, (
) :
B

* + -> + * + ,

(2.6.9)

= -
(. . 2.11).
,
[13]. ,

, (2.6.9)
, , kT.
.

( . ( 2 . 6 . 5 ) ) .
,
, ( . ( 2 . 6 . 1 ) ) ,
, ( . ( 2 . 6 . 9 ) ) .
, , , .

2.

71

 (,
Ne He-Ne
N 0 0 ).
.
,
( , . 2.116):
2

+ *-> * +-.

(2.6.10)

, , , ,
, , (. . = 0),
k * =k .,
^ . ^ ,
(2.6.9) (2.6.10). ,
.
,
,
.
(N * /N )<K
(N * /N ),
, *

B

BA

(dN .
B

/ dt) ~k * N
B

*N .

(2.6.11)

(2.6.4), ( 1 / ) =
k*N.
, , ,
* (, )

.
, ,
(, , 3-4 ) ,
. , ,
,
( ).
, :

*-> + ; ^ ) ,

(2.6.12)

v ,
, ,

. , W

NR

^IBL^-W

(2.6.13)

, , ,
, .
, , .

72

. .

 , ,
,
. ,
v, W
W = (-DAE/hv), ! ) ,
, , * .
,
= AE/hv , . . .
, ,
,
.
W OT
. , ,
.
nr

nr

NR

,
, ,
,
, (2.6.4),
. ,
, ,

2.5.1,
. ,
,
. ,

, , ,
. , , ,
, , , ,
.

262

-

,
, -
, D, , ,
, .
.
[14] [15].
, ,
.
, ,
R .
2.

73

 \x ,
. [16] ,
, R,
( ),
E (t), ,
li /4ns R .


E (t, R), ,
| .
:
D

Hcc\E - \k\ii -ii \/RZ.

D

(2.6.14)

,
, \i .
,
( )
.
,
, R,
[14]:
D

(2.6.14)
,
, g
,
. , , , W
W
\\ , (2.6.14) W
l u x ^ l u j / ^ *
W

(2.6.14) R~ , (1/ ) (, 1/ l u ^ l , .
(2.3.15)), (, |. | ,
. (2.4.29)). , (2.6.14) :
8

DA

D A

D A

DA

(2.6.146)

DA

R
R
0

-|1/6

64

(2.6.146) R
, . , (2.6.146)
, , W = (1/ ) R = R , W = 1 0 ( 1 / T )
R = 10R . R .
0

-6

DA

74

DA

s/)

. .

. 2.12

- :
( ) , () -, () -.

, , -

- . ,
( D)
, ,
(. 2.12).
, ,
D.
, -
D,
-, , ,
. ,
i,
. 2.126 (-).
, . . AE = . ,
,
, ,
(. 2.12). ,
- (. cooperative up-conversion),
, . . = A # 2 i 2i

- ,
, N
N
. (2.6.146) W

R . ,
,
, ,
R .
,
,
,
, ( ).
, ,
D

DA

2.

75

,
:
N (t)

= (0)-[(* ) +

1/2

C* L

(2.6.15)

,
. ,
.

2.7. Yb^-.Er ^'. [17].

Yb :Er : (. 9) -
Y b ,
F , ,
1
(. 2.13). , ,

Y b ,
. , Y b

Y b ,
Y b - E r .
3+

3+

3+

3+

5 / 2

1 1 / 2

3+

3+

3 +

3 +

3+

3+

III.

N ;

N ;

. 2.13
- :
3 +

3+

( ) Y b Yb:Er , ()
N d : Y A G -, () .
3+

2.8.
F Nd:YAG.
F Nd: YAG
-. i . 2.126
I i N d (. 2.136).
,
1 ,
1
1 ( . 2.13,
. . 2.15). (
, 1
- 1 ) 2000 " (,
,
), . . 4 ,
YAG (~450 ) .
N d YAG 1 % .
4

3/2

3 / 2

3+

5 / 2

9 / 2

1 3 / 2

1 3 / 2

/2

11/2

-1

3+

76

. .

3+

2.9. -
[17]. , ,
(. 2.13), . ,
I i ,
1 ,
1 .

1 . - , ,
I i ,
, . . 50% .
3+

3+

3 / 2

15/2

9 / 2

13/2

3+

3 / 2

2.6.3.

,
(2.6.4).
,
, N
:
dN _
(N
N)
2

~~{1

^ 7 /

(2.6.16)

(2.6.16) :
dN /dt

= -(N /x),

(2.6.17)

1
1^1
- =- +

(2.6.18)

N (t) t ,
(2.6.17).
2

iV (0
2

= ^2(0)exp-(fA),

(2.6.19)

N (0) t = 0.
, , (2.6.16)
N /x ,
. , ,

1 v
, t :
2

P(t) = N (t)hv V/T

2

2.

(2.6.20)
77

 V . (2.6.19) (2.6.20) :
P(t) = [N (0)hv V/x ]exp-(t/T).
2

(2.6.21)

,
, , , ,
.
,
t = 0 N (0), ,
(2.6.21), .

,
.
,
2. (2.6.21), :

N (0)V
/
,
, ,
,
, .
, , ,
. ,
(2.6.18), .
2

2.7.


, 1
2 . ,

.
. 2.14, , 1 2 g- ~ >
(.. ),
, . N N
1 2, a N N .

2j

E ,g ,N
2

2.14

,

,
,

78

. .

2.7.1.

.
, ,
;
= N1 [ - ( - ) / ] .
}

(2.7.1)

, , 1
, ;
=/8.

(2.7.2)

=/ .

(2.7.26)

,
}

(2.7.1) (2.7.2) :
=NZ(g /g )exp[-(E -E )/kT].
2

(2.7.3)

,
,
. ,
N
N ; N
i.
,
x

(2.7.4)
Wji
, W , ( 1 )

. , Wj W
(2.4.30), ||
/, |p |
|n y J 2 . , ,
(2.3.7). , \\i j\ (2.3.7),
u , /-
, - .
,
W =W .
(2.7.5)
, ,
,
, , .
,
N = N /g
(2.7.6)
#1* = # 1 / (2.7.66)
tj

tj

i;

2j

V}

2y

2.

79

 (2.7.6) (2.7.4),
dN 1

dt

.
gi

(2.7.7)
x

, (2.7.5),
8\

82

1 1
8l

8l

g2

82

1_ 1

(2.7.9)
#2

(2.7.7) , WN /g


WNi/g

.
dF dz
(. . 1.2)
2

dF = W

-^]dz.
(2.7.10)
Si)


2i = W/(g F),
(2.7.11)
ci2 = W/( F),
(2.7.116)
82

21

12

gl

, , ,
ft<*2i

ft<*i2-

(2.7.12)

(N /g ) > (N /g ), (2.7.10), (2.7.116),

dF = -aFdz,

,
.
1

, (N /g ) > (N /g ),
(2.7.10),
(2.7.11), : dF = gFdz,
g
2

g = a2l(N2-N1&j.

(2.7.14)

, a i
(2.7.11) (2.7.116).
N ^> N (
), (2.7.13)
a = a iVi. , N N (
), (2.7.14) g = a N .
2

12

12

2 1

80

. .

2.7.2.

, 2 1
g g ,
, -
, ,
( ). , ,
, .

, ,
. (2.7.6)
:
X j = f2jN ,
(2.7.15)
N = fiiN
(2.7.156)
f j (fu) 2 ( 1),
j ( 0 . ,
, :
_
g exp-(E /kT)
2

l9

2j

2j

tmg2 ex >-(E /kT)

m

(2.7.16)

2m

g exp-(Eu/kT)

=
U

(2.7.166)

, a g g .
,
(, I) 1 (, )
2. (2.7.4)
2

2m

(2.7.17)
J

1 1

(2.7.15), (2.7.17)
(dN /dt)
2

= -W^N

+W^N

-(N /x),

(2.7.18)

W
W ^,
(1/)
l9

W^ = f W ,
Wg =fiiW ,
2m

(1/) = | \ | \ ( /
1

(2.7.19)
(2.7.196)

ml

lm

2 /

/,).

(2.7.19)

(2.7.18),
dF dz

2.

81

(2.7.20)

dF^WZM-W&NJdz.

G of
e

ml

o =W^ /F

ml

(2.7.21)

tn=W 'k/F

= fu<'im,

(2.7.216)

ml

f a,
2m

(2.7.19 ) G = W /F
o = W /F
I . ,
1 (
), G = G . , ,
(2.7.20) (2.7.21),
:
lm

ml

lm

ml

lm

ml

Gf N -c< N .
m

ml

(2.7.22)

: ( N > N )
,
. ,
N = 0 N = N , N ,
(2.7.22) :
a =a N .
(2.7.23)
, Gf
, .
2

lm

fm

2.10.
= 1,064 Nd:YAG. ,
Nd: YAG,
. 2.15. F > 1
( =
= 1,064 ), ,
/2
I I 3 / 2 (X = 1,32 ) F
- 1
(X = 0,94 ). X =
= 1,064 , = 2, F
, I = 3, 1/ ( R -> Y ).
/22 N /N = N /(N
+ iV )
, N N F ,
N .
, (2.7.3) N = N exp - (AE/kT)> .
f f = 1/[1 + exp(AE/kT)]. = 84
kT = 208 " ( = 300 ) / = 0,4.
R > Y

6,5 10~ [21].
R ^ 3 (2.7.21),
| = / = 2,8
.
4

3 / 2

1 1 / 2

3 / 2

9 / 2

3 / 2

22

22

2l

22

22

21

3 / 2

22

21

22

22

2 2

19

23

23

- 1 9

82

22

23

. .

 2.11. .
2.16.
;
( = 730 * 800 ).
, f ,
, f = N /(N
+ N ), N N
.
N = N exp -(AE/kT), .
f = exp-(AE/kT)/[l
+ exp-(AE/kT)].
= 800 " , = 208 ' ( = 300 ) G = 4 10~ X = 704
[22], , f = 2,1 10~ = 0,8 ~ .
f , .. ,

. ,
, f .
,
, ->
(1/ = 1,5 10 ( = 6,6 ), -
(1/) = 666,6 ( = 1,5 ). (2.7.19B) (1/) = (f /x ) + (f /x ),
f = N /(N
+ N ) = l-f r ,
.
(1/), , = 200 = 300 . ,

( 6,6 200 )
,
, . , ,
, .
4

2T

2T

2T

2T

2E

2T

2E

2T

2E

2T

19

TA

2T

20

2T

2T

-1

2E

2E

2E

2E

2T

2T

= 84

^22

TT 21
*
1,32
= 800
1,064

0,946

.= 7 3 0 - 8 0 0
1,06 |
4

11/2

0,94

\ 9/2

. 2.15
,
X = 1,064
N d : Y A G

. 2.16
,

2.

83

2.8.

( v )
I v = v .
, .
, / , N
N
. N > N ( , N > N ),
, WN
, WN , . . 1 -> 2
, 2 -> 1. ,
/ .
.
0

l9

2.8.1.
:

(iV\ > N ) ,
.
N
,
(. 2.17)
2

d^
at

_ ^

(2.8.1)

/^ 1.
:

\\ -^ WN, WN

N /x

N + N = N,

(2.8.2)

N
. (2.8.1)
,

t

. 2.17

AN = N -N .
t

(2.8.3)

(2.8.2) (2.8.3) N N
AN N (2.8.1) :
t

t9

dAN
dt

-AN( + 2w) + N .
t

(2.8.4)

, . . (dAN/dt) = 0, :
AN =

84

(2.8.5)
l + 2Wx'

. .

 AN ,

(dP/dV),

= (hvWAN

=m

^ r

, . . Wx > 1,
(dP/dV)

= (hv)N /2x.

(2.8.7)

(2.8.7) , (dP/dV) ,
,
, , ,
(N /2)
.
(2.8.5) (2.8.6)
. , (2.4.17)
W
s

W =

oI/hv,

(2.8.8)

.
(2.8.5) (2.8.6), (2.8.8),
:
AN
1
(2.8.9)
dP/dV
(dP/dV) ~l

I/Is
+
(I/I y

(2.8.10)

I = hv/2ax

(2.8.11)

,
.
(2.8.9). , I = I , AN = N /2. v = v ,
1 .
.

,
[/(v)]

J .

, . 2.18,


. 2.18
v', / '

,

v'
.


I'(v')

,
I

v (/(v)
I'(v'))
s

W W

2.

85

 .
(2.4.33)
g (v - v )
g(v' - v ) , v v'. N - N = AN (2.8.9), :
t

(2.8.12)

2
|uf iV,v'(v'-v )
(2.8.13)
3ne ch
v
( ). (2.8.12) (2.8.13)
, I ,
.
,
g(V - v ) . . 2.19
v' I/I .
,
/ = I(t),
.
, ,
.
,
AN
, (2.8.4)
\dAN/dt\ < N /x. , , , AN -
(2.8.9),
, I = I(t).
, . ,
,
, , 2WAN (2.8.4),
, (N - AN)/x,
,
. . [(N - AN)/t]
< 2WAN. (2.8.4),
(2.8.8), :

= -

(dAN/dt) = -2WAN =

I/I

-(2a/hv)I(t)AN.

(2.8.14)

= O

. 2.19



v'
/

(
)

86

. .

 (2.8.14) () = N :
t

(2.8.15)

AN(t) = N exp -(2o/hv)jI(t)dt

l

(2.8.15) ,
t
():
t

<<W'w*

( 2

8 6 )

:
, = Av/2a.

(2.8.17)

(2.8.15) :
AN(t) = N exp[
t

- ((*)/ )].

(2.8.18)

,
, , ,
.
AiV^,
, , (2.8.18),
AN<* = JV,exp[ - ( ) ] ,

(2.8.19)

T .
, ,
, ,
AN^ = N /e.
,
,
, ,
(2.4.33) g (v - v ) g(y' - v ) .


(2.8.12) ( I = I(t))

= [-(*)/ ],
(2.8.20)
. ,
, ,
.
t

2 8.2
:

, 1 2
, . ,
(. . 2.20),
2 1
2.

87

3,iV

2,N

WN,

WN

N /x

. 2.20

,

. , 3 -> 2 1 -> g
, N = N = 0.

N 2:
S

(dN /dt)

=R-

WN - ( / ) ,
2

(2.8.21)

R = W N , 3iN .
(. . dN /dt = 0) N = N (2.8.21)
:
p

1+ WV

(2.8.22)

(2.8.8), (2.8.22) :
^20

No

i+(//i )'

(2.8.23)

==

iV
Rp 2
(. . / = 0),
I = hv/ax.
(2.8.24)
(2.8.24) (2.8.11) ,
I
, ,
. 2.17. - ,

. , AN
.
, ,
. 2.18, v'
, . (2.4.35) = 0,
(2.8.23), g :
20

(2.8.25)

g=

g = <jN / = 0, . .
( ).
, g , (2.4.18),
:

2
= ^ 1 ^ 1
VtfaotfCv'-vo).
(2.8.26)
Sm ch
0

20

88

. .

 (2.8.25) (2.8.26) , ,
,
g J,
.
,
I(t).
,
(2.8.21) N
. (2.8.23)
2 (2.8.25) ,
/ .
,
,
2 R
N /x
WN . , :
2

(dN /dt)

= -(Gl/hv)N

(2.8.27)

29

(2.8.8).
(2.8.27) :
N (t) = JV exp { - [ ( * ) / J},
(2.8.28)
N = Rp/ 2
, T(t) t
(. (2.8.16)),
2

20

20

T = hv/a

(2.8.29)

.
(2.8.29) (2.8.17) ,
,
.
:
g = g exp { - [ ( 0 / . ] } ,
(2.8.30)
g = GN ,
(2.8.26). , ,

.
8

20

2.8.3.

,
,
(. 2.16 2.17 2,
).
,
, ,
(2.4.26). ,
2.

89

v'
. 2.21
,
,
.

~ o )
g ( v - V o )

v

. 2.22


v',
,
J(v')
(
)

g (v - v ) g(v - V Q ) .
,
, . 2.21.
, . 2.18,
/ ( v )
, VQ v.
, I(v)
.
, . 2.22 I(v).
I(v)
v. ,
, . 2.21, . .
. ,
, , .

, . ,
,
.
t

2.9.

2.3
.
, ,
.
,
, .
.
90

. .

2.9.1.

, ,
, ,
, , .
, ,
,
. ,
(
. [18]). , ,

, ,
.
-,
( (2.4.29), |p| v
- v ||
).
.
2

2.9.2.

, ,
, ,
(,
. amplified spontaneous emission ASE).
Q
, ,
, (. 2.23).
G = exp[a(iV - iV )Z]
, , ,
, Q
(
10 ).
,
D
,
(. 2.23),

Q, ,
, .

R=l
(R = 1)

(. 2.236),
. 2.23
.

:

( ) ,
.
()
,
.
2

1.

2.

91

 :
;
, ;
; , ,
.
,
.
. 2.23. D < I
Q . 2.23

Q = TLD /4Z ,
(2.9.1)
D , / , .
, . 2.236,
2

Q' = nD /16l

(2.9.2)

. , , -
,
Q ( . 2.23, )
(2.9.1) (2.9.2) ,
. , D < I,
(. 2.12).
n

2.12. . ,
,
, = 337 (. 10). 2) = 2 / = 1
,
. (2.9.2) Q' = 0,8 10~ , ,
,
4 , . ,
,
.
0'
0' = [Q'/rc] = 5 . ,
,
, Q = (X/D) = 20 , 250 .
4

1/2

, ,
, . . v = v ,
. . 2.24
.
( ~ o ) / p ,
I /I

G.
: g J
g I , a G = exp (OpN l),

,
0

vp

92

vp

. .

1,0

0,8

<

0,6

0,4

- 2 - 1 0
0

2(v-v )/Av

10'
10"
10

0,2

20

MILL

50

100

<yv z

. 2.24

. 2.25
A v ^
A v
o y v y

0

N (, ^ 0 ) .

, .

^ A v ( F W H M )
GpN l . 2.25.
,
Q/4n
(. [23]). ,
1 0 ^ G ^ 1 0 , . . 7 ^ OpN l ^ 1 4 ,
1 0 ~ ^ ( Q / 4 r c ) ^ 1 0 ~
3 4 .
,
, ,
. 2.23

/
/

< t > / s

\ ( G - 1 )

l4^")[GlnGli/2

(2.9.3)

3/2
1

c^GlnG] '

(2.9.36)

.
, a I = hv /<j T
.
,
. ,
s

2.

93

 , /
I . ,
, . 2.23,
4, . 1 = 1
G > 1 (2.9.3) (2.936) ,
:
s

4^.

[ l n G ]

i/2

(2.9.4)

=| ^

(2.9.46)

. ,
(. 2.236),
(2.9.4),
G ,
G , Q
Q'. :
2

2 i^
=

2-|i/2

(2.9.5)

4ii

(2.9.56)

G 2 ] 1 / 2

2.13,
. ,
, Nd: YAG, D = 6 I = 10 ,
= 1,82, ,
. 2.23. (2.9.1) (0/4) = 2,25 10" .
Nd: YAG ,
= 1, (2.9.4) , 4 T O G = 2,5 10 ,
. . OpN l = InG = 10,12.
Nd:YAG 2,8- 10~ (.
2.10), ,
N = 3,6 10 .
, . 2.236,
(2.9.2) (0'/4) = 5,62 10~ , (2.9.5) ,
G = 6,4 10 , . .
.
N = In G/a l = 2,3 10 . ,
, Q
Q', . , ,
Q = 1 = 9,36 10"
Q; = = 2,33 10 .
4

th

19

18

th

18

th

94

. .



. 2.26,

. 2.23
GpN l,
(Q/4n) = 10"
, = 1.
(2.9.3),

/ > I - ,

, / <
,


,
. 2.23, . .
(I/I ) = GpN l/2.


,

, . .
[23].
2

100

. 2.26

J,
/ ,

GpN l

Q = 4 10~
8

,
. 2.236,

, , (. 10).
,
,
. ,
,
,
, ,
11, .
. ,
,

. , /^J/'
, ,
Y
, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier).
^ 1550 .
2

3+

95

2.10.

, . ,
,
, = a(v - v )
.

( A v ) . ,


, . ,

,

, 2.7.
0

2.2 , A v ( AVQ )

.
6G ,
. , ( 10" )
A V Q (
) ( ).
,
. ,
, N d : Y A G - ,
G ( 1 0 ~ ^ 1 0 ~ ) , (
), . ,
( ),

13

20

19

2.2
,



He-Ne

. []

[ ]

X = 0,6328

3 . 10

X = 0,5145

2,5 1 0 -

3 +

X = 1,064

2,8 -

3 +

N d :

X = 1,054

6G

= 0,570

Nd :YAG

3 +

:1 0
2

3 +

Ti :A1 0
2

3 +

Cr :LiSAF

96

4 10

1 3

[]
150 10~

13

1 9

2 0

6- 10-

1,7
1,7

230

120

300

5,4

3,2 10-

16

5,5 10-

= 0,704

0,8 l ( h

20

300

60

= 0,790

4 . 10-

3,9

100

| |

= 0,845

5 10

67

84

| |

19

2 0

46

= 300

. .

 . ,
, 6G,
,

10~ ) ,
,
.
, . 2.2, ,
( : 1 0 ) , ( T i + : A 1 0 ) CnLISAF ( C r : L i S r A l F ) ,

. ,
( ),
, Nd: Y A G ,
.
16

3+

3+

2.1. V = 1 ,
= 10 X = 600 .
2.2. p
^, , p dX
X X + dX.
^ p .
v

2.3. X. ,
, ,
= hc/ky ( ),
5[1 - (-*/)] = .
.

2.4. >
. 2.3, = 2,9 10" (
). = 6000 .
?

2.5. R
( F W H M ) , 330
(. . 2.10).
= 2,5 10~ .
(
= 1,76). ,
3 ?
x

20

2.6. Nd: Y A G ,
Y A 1 0 (- , Y A G ) ,
Y N d .
N d 1%, . . 1% Y
N d . Y A G 4,56 / .
3

1 2

3 +

3 +

3 +

2.

3 +

3 +

97

3 +

N d , 12.
(
) ,
134, 197, 311 848 .
N d , 1 / .
-1

3 +

2.7. = 1,15

Av* = 9 10 . .

,
.
8

- 7

2.8. S -> S (. 9)
6G 0,87,
5 .
S
x

lt

2.9. X = 0,633
, , Av 20 , a Av = 0,64 .
?
nat

2.10. I
.
2.11. N d . Y A G 6,3
7,5 .

1,06 = 2,8 10~ ,
1,82.

() (,
, . . ).
, ,
,
.
19

2.12. (. 8)
(
1,--4,4'-) .

(X = 0,6943 ) 8,1 10" .
22 . .
16

2.13.
( (2.6.9) (2.6.10)),
, ( = 0)
k . = h *, k * k .
.
B A

98

BA

BA

. .

2.14. ,
. 2.18, ,
J(v)
7(v).
,
:
/

((0)

V o )

l + [2(v-v )/Avo] +(/// o)'

( 0 ) (J < I )
v = v , I ,
(2.8.11), v = v .
[: ,
,
_

a (0)
1
0

s0

s0

l V

V o )

l-f[2(v-v )/Av ]
0

11/1.

I v. 1
J .]
8

s0

2.15. , ,

I.
7 ?
s0

2.16. , ,
g, ,
. 2.18,
a-f
a

)\a\ N
W

(2/ )^(^- )
0

-{3m c h)

<) l + ^ v ' - v ^ / A v o ]

, ,

!, /
1
/ l + [2(v-v(>)/Av ]

.
0

s 0

[:
da, g*(v' -v )dv
,
VQ VQ + dv' .]
f

2.17. ,
I < I , , ,
,
s0

1-(2/ ) f

^
2

ho 1 + [2('-' )/ ] }{1
0

[2(\>-' )/^ }_'

0

,
, ,
. 2.22.
2.

99


1. R. Reif f, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York,
1965), Chap. 9.
2. W . Heitler, The Quantum Theory of Radiation, 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press,
London, 1953), Sec. II. 9.
. . M., 1956. . . 9.
3. . A . Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons, 2nd ed. (Dover, New York, 1952), Chap. III.
. . . M.: .-. ., 1956. . .
4. J. A . Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, 1st ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941),
pp.431-438.
.. . .-.: , 1948.
5. R. . PantellandH. . Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley, New
York, 1964), Chap. 6.
P., . . .: , 1972. . 6.
6. W . Louisell, Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics (McGraw-Hill, New York,
1964), Chap. 6.
7. R. H. PantellandH. E. Puthoff, Fundamentals ofQuantum Electronics (Wiley, New
York, 1964), pp. 40-41, 60, 62, and Appendix 4.
P., . . .: , 1972. . 2
4.
8. R. . PantellandH. . Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley, New
York, 1964), Appendix 5.
P., . . .: , 1972.
5.
9. A . Einstein, On the Quantum Theory of Radiation, Z. Phys. 18, 121 (1917).
10. W . Louisell, Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics (McGraw-Hill, New York,
1964), Chap. 5.
. . .: , 1972. . 5.
11. . G. Kuhn, Atomic Spectra, 2nd ed. (Longmans, Green, London, 1969), Chap. VII.
12. Radiationless Transitions, ed. by F. J. Fong (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976), Chap. 4.
13. . K. Rhodes and A. Szoke, Gaseous Lasers: Atomic, Molecular, Ionic in Laser Hand
book ed. by F. T. Arecchi and E. O. Schultz-DuBois (North Holland, Amsterdam,
1972), Vol. 1 pp. 265-324.
14. J. B. Birks, Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules (Wiley-Interscience, New York,
1970), Sec. 11.9.
15. D. L. Dexter, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 836 (1953).
16. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1975), Sec. 9.2.
.. . .: , 1965. . 9.2.
17. W . J. Miniscalco, Optical and Electronic Properties of Rare Earth Ions in Glasses, in
Rare Earth Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers, ed.by M. J .F. Digonnet (Marcel
Dekker, New York, 1993), Chap. 2.
18. T. Holstein, Imprisonment of Resonant Radiation in Gases, Phys. Rev. 72, 1212
(1947).
19. R. Arrathoon, Helium-Neon Lasers and the Positive Column in Lasers ed. by A. K. Levine and A. J. DeMaria (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976), Tab. 2.
20. M. H. Dunn and J. N . Ross, The Argon Laser in Progress in Quantum Electronics,
Vol. 4 ed. by J. H. Sanders and S. Stenholm (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977), Tab. 2.
21. W . F. Krupke, M. D. Shinn, J. E. Marion, J. A . Caird, S. E. Stokowski, Spectroscopic,
Optical and Thermomechanical Properties of Neodymium- and Chromium-Doped
Gadolinium Scandium Gallium Garnet, J. Opt. Soc.Am. 3, 102 (1986).
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able Alexandrite Lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-16, 1302 (1980).
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256(1977).
24. O. Svelto, S. Taccheo and C. Svelto, Analysis of Amplified Spontaneous Emission:
Some Corrections to the Lyndford Formula. Optic. Comm. 149, 227-282 (1998).

100

. .

3 ,
,
.

,
, ,

.
3.1.

, ,
,

,
.

[1].
3.1.1.

: (1)
; (2)
E , ;
(3)
, (4) .
,
. ^/ , ,

3. ,

101

 ,

( ),
(AE ) ( )
.

ft

(3.1.1)

h = //2, ,
.
,
,

;
, R
,
, / ,
. 3.1

,

/ .
,
U R
R
U = k (R - R ) /2 (. . 3.1).
AE
:
2

AE = hv = h
V

1/2

(3.1.2)

= /(
+ ) .
, ,
1

2ko -11/2

(3.1.3)

,

,
.

AE = k a /2.
e

(3.1.4)

k (3.1.1), (3.1.3) (3.1.4),

AE =

2(// .

(3.1.5)

E = h J(J + 1 ) / , J 2

102

. .

. , J = 0
J = 1, = 2 / =2(/) ,
( 3 . 1 . 1 ) . ( 3 . 1 . 5 )

1/2

AE

= (m/M) AE .

(3.1.6)

/ = 10~ ,
,
. ,
, .
, (AE /h), (AE /h)
(AE /h) , , ( 2 5 - 5 0 ) 1 0 , 5 0 0

-1

3000

-1

1-20

- 1

, . ,
, ,
, -,
R .
,
R. (
), ,
JR ,
. 3 . 1 , 1
2 .
(R > ) , ,
. R ,
.
,
, ,

R. ,
1 . 3 . 1 0 ,
.
R
,
,
. ,
(, R ).
, , ,
. ,
R
, , -
, .
,
R. , ,
, 1, ,
0

3. ,

103

R, R . ^ i? ,
.
R 1
. 0

^IIIIZIZZZZZZZZI

= 0

3ZZZZZ

1
i/' = 0

. .2

,


.

,

hv , (3.1.2),
k .
, ,

3.1 0, 1, 2, 3 . . ,
v = 0 , ,
,
(hv /2) .
1 2 ,
, . 3.1
, . 3.2, . 3.1
. , ,
v" = 3 1. . 3.1
, R ,
' .
,
.
R

. ,

, ,
.
.
, . 3.1, R
,
. , , SF ,
(. 3.3), ,
. ,
. 3.3 ( ^ ) , R
- . ,
3.3, SF , "

=0

, . .
.
f_
. -

v"

=1

104

. .

. 3.3
( , S F ) .
,
( , [ 2 ] )
6

-f v' = l

. 3.4

,

.

,
-

,
U

.
,
. 3.1
,
.

,
.
,
;
(. .
)

E = BJ{J+l)

(3.1.7)

, h /2I,
/ ,

. ,

- ,

105

 , .
,
v" = 0 v' = 1 , . 3.4.
, ,

; ,
J, . . [E (J) - E (J - 1)] = 2BJ.
r

3.1.2.

N(E , E , ) -
, ,

e

N(E , E
e

V9

) g g g ex? {-( + E + E )/kT}

(3.1.8)

E , E nE
,
, a g g ng

(. (2.7.3)). ,
3.1.1, E /hc 1000 ,
EJhc
.
kT/hc = 209 " ( = 300 ) ,
E ,
kT. ,

, ,

.


40 J

. 3.5

,
(3.1.7)

(3.1.8),

e

e9

-1

p(J)oc(2J+

l ) e x p [ - J ( J + l)/kT].

(3.1.9)

(2J + 1) ,
J
(2J + 1)- . , , = 0,5 "
kT/hc = 209 ( ),
. 3.5 1

- 1

, , ,
. ( , S F )

1000 ( 100 ) ;

.
6

- 1

106

- 1

. .

 (, ). ,
(3.1.9) (2J 4- 1)
( J = 0) , ,
J
2

(2J + 1) = (2kT/B)i/ .

(3.1.10)

,

.
3.1.3.

,
:
-
, (
);
- ;
-
(-

); ;

, v" = 0,
( ); - .
-
,

. ,
-, ,
(,
).
( .
) .
,

.
, ,
-,

. ,
" = 0 , , . 3.6,
1

,
. ,
v" > 0,
.

3. ,

107

, - -
-'. -

,

"

v'

2

\u ,u ,dR\ ,
v

(3.1.11)

u (R) u (R)

. 3.6
.
,




. v" = ,
, , ,
(3.1.11), ,
u > u .
. 3.6 v' = 2.
, , ,
,
, .

, , (
, . . ,
). ,
v' = 2.

R,
,
' = 2. ,
-
, R

u * u -dR ; -.

(-
) , .
, -. v

-
( , ) . -
,
.
2

108

. .

 = 1 ,
.
v" = 0
v" = 1 (. . 3.2). , , v" = 1,
v" = 2 (),
v" = 0 ().
,
,
-. ,
= 1
. . 3.6
, , , Av = 2, 3 . .,
, (
).
, -
,

,
(3.1.9) (. . 3.5). , ,

.

AJ = 1 ( A J = J" - J\ J " H J'
).
-
(, v" = 0 - > v" = 1 . 3.2),
v ,
(. 3.7). ,
, - A J = + 1 .
- , v ,
, (. . 3.4).
, , -
A J = - 1 . (3.1.7), ,
2B/h.
3.7 ,
0

. 3.7


.

,
v .
: ,
-

AJ = + 1 , ,
-

J = - 1

3. ,

109

 (. . 3.5).
, -
(, ).
AJ = 0;

v (Q-). ,
(, , v' = 1 v" = 0
. 3.4) , ,
. 3.7, , .
0

3.1. 0 = 10,6 .
0001 -> 1000 (. , 0
10), v , ,
v = 960,8 " [20]. 0 =
= 0,387 " [20], ,
(0001) (1000) .
, -

2

E = hv + BJ'(J + 1) - BJ"(J" + 1) = hv - 2BJ",

(3.1.12)
, , J"
. j '

(3.1.10). , 0 , .. = 450,
J
= 19,6. 0 ,
J' J". ,
,
, J' = 19 J' = 21.
J' = 21, -
J" = 22 ((22)-). (3.1.12)
v = v - (2BJ"/h) = 943,8 " ,
X = (1/943,8) = 10,6 . , ,
v , X = 1 / v = 10,4 .


(3.1.12) , -
Av = 2BAJ" = 4 = 1,55 .
0

3.2. 0 . 0
, ( (22)) X = 10,6 ,
, = 450 (. 3.1). 0
(2.5.28), = 5 0 . : ,
(2.5.18), A V Q ~ v , 0
, He-Ne (. 2.7),
, v
17 . ,
,
, 0 ,
, He-Ne .
2

110

. .

 3.3. 0 .
0 , , N 0 .
,

2

Av = 77,58(\|/0 + 0,73 - 4v|/N + 0,6) ^(/) /

(. (2.5.12) (2.5.11)),
, ,
( . .). , ,
( = 15 . . C0 :N :He
1:1:8) = 450 , Av = 40 .
3.2 , 0
. 0
,
(. 10),
.
2

,
. ,

.

A J = 1. ,
J
J - 1.
, ,
- . -
AJ = 1
,
. ,
v"

, ,
-. - -
, , A D = 1
A J = 1
.
A J = 1.
3.1.4.

, ,

(. . 3.6). ,
v' = 0 -
3. ,

111

(, ).
,
. v' = 0 -
(, . . 3.6).
,
-. ,
,
CD . 3.6.
(, )
v" = 0 (, ,
).
. 3.6 ,
.
.

-
. -
Av = 1 / = 1.
,
(. 3.1.1), : AJ = 1.
, - , ,

,
(, x 1/vjj).
,
-
.
,
.
, 2.6.1,
.
(. collisional deactivation)
( (2.6.1))
. ,
(,
) (,
(0,1,0) 0 ; .
10). ,

.
sp

, ,
,
, .

( 3 . 1 . 8 ) .
.

112

. .

(. near-resonant energy trans

fer)

(.

(2.6.9) . 2 . )
,
kT.

0 ,

. 3.8
(0,2,0) (0,1,0) (. 10).

(. in

ternal conversion)

-
(. . 3.8) .
(. unimolecular decay),
.
,
- ,
. , ,
. ,
. 3.6, ,
( v' = 0
. 3.6),
(
).

, ,
.
,
v' = 0, ,
,
.
2

3.2.


(. bulk semiconductors), . .
,
, . - (. quantum-con
fined semiconductors) ,
, , , ,
,
.
3. ,

113

 .
.

[3].
3.2.1.

,
[4]:
(3.2.1)

}/() = ( ) [ ; ( ) ] ,

u (r) ,
. (3.2.1)
,

.
, (
v . valence band), , ,
(
. conduction band).
k, , .
,
k

. 3.9
k :
.
)

114

; )

* * - ^

. ,

. 3.9. ,
, (. . 3.9), :

hh

= ~ ,
2

(3.2.2)

= h /[d E /dk ]

. E ,
, (. . 3.9),
:
hk

k=0

E v

fr^'
(3.2.26)
m = h /(d E /dk )

. ,
,
,
(. 3.96). '
,
, , :
2

k=0

E^=E +E ,

(3.2.3)

El=-E ,

(3.2.36)

Eg , .
.
k , k k ,
, , . ., , ,
, z, (3.2.2)
(3.2.3), k = k +k +k .
,
.
,
L , L L , ,
,
2. :
x

k = (2nl/L ),
t

(3.2.4)

i = , , z, / . , . 3.9

, .
,
. , ,
, 11 .

. .

, \\f
. ,

3. ,

115

>x
E.'2

>
. 3.10

() ()

V i a V i b ,
d

. 3.11

-

N
d

d . d
,
,
. -, , ,
, , ,
-
.

vi/^

, 180 (. 3.10).
, . ,
, d ,
,
.
N , ,
, iV-
N . ,
,
, ,
(. 3.11). ,
N , N
. N
,
.

19

, , (3.2.2) (3.2.3),
(3.2.4),
116

. .

 . ,
= hk (,
= /2),
,
E m . ,
,
k- , :
2

p=

ftk.

(3.2.5)

, (3.2.2) (3.2.3)
, ,

k. ,
Si Ge, ,
.

IIIV, GaAs, InGaAs, AlGaAs InGaAsP.
, GaAs
= 0 , 0 6 7 , . ,
IIIV
, ( hh .
heavy holes) (m = 0,46m GaAs), (
lh . light holes) (m = 0,08m GaAs) - (. 3.12). , ,
, ,

,

.
,
,



, s- .
,
( 1 1 . 3.11),
,
-,
, -,
, .
,
-

,
. 3.12

: ,
-
- V , , k =

.
I I I - V

hh

lh

3. ,

117

 -
- . (,
GaAs = 0,34 ) kT (~ 0,028 ), -
,
. ,
3.2.2, .
, ,
I I I - V .
3.2.2.

,
2.2.1, p(k), &
&. . 2.2 ,
,
k , p(k) , . .
4nk /S ,
, (2n) /L L L
2,
, . ,
t

29

p(k) = (k V/Sn ),

(3.2.6)

V = L L L
.
, p(k), . .
, k k k + dk,
, (3.2.6),
x

, (3.2.7) ,
, , ,
, .
() . p (E)dE
= p (k)dk,
(3.2.2) :
3/2
1
2
() = ^ in { ^h
]'\
(3.2.8)
cv

cv

(2m

^ > = ^ ^ )

, E
(. 3.9). ,
I I I - V m <^rn = rn
< p . , m < m ,

. ,
I I I - V , ,
, .

118

lh

hh9

hh

. .

3.2 3.

: , .
3.2.3.1.

,
. , . .
,
-, .
E'(k)>
( , ,
), :
f(E') =

(3.2.9)

l +

exp[(E'-E )/kT]
F

E' , .
, . 3.96,
. (3.2.9),
E' = E' . , f(E' ) = l/2.
E (3.2.9), -> 0.
, f(E') = 1 '<E
/ ' ) 0 E'>E' .
,
= 0 ,
.
, E
. , > 0
F

. 3.13
) ' k. ) f(E')

f 3. ,

119

 f(E') ' , . 3.136.

, , E kT,
, . .
.
, . 3.9 . 3.13
,
. ,
,
.
. , - E'
,
.
- E'
. ,
(~10 " ) ,
.
,
.
g

18

3.2.3.2.

, ()
-
. ( ,
~1 )
, (
~ 1 , ). ,
,
,
.
f f . ,
f f
(3.2.9). ,
, . 3.9, :
v

(3.2.10)
l+

UE )

exp[(E -E )/kT]
C

Fc

1
l + exp[( -E )/kT]
F u

(3.2.106)

E E
.
, E vlE
f (E )
f (E ) , 3.146. ,

, , , FC

FV

FC

120

FV

. .


= . , . 3.14 =
, ( )
, ( ).
, ,
.
(3.2.10) , . 3.96.
(3.2.3) (3.2.36), :
1
exv[(E' -E' )/kT]

l +

(3.2.11)

Fc

A + exvKK-EkVW

(3.2.116)

, ,
,
. , E nE
(3.2.11)
, .
, ,
, N :
Fc

Fv

N=

(3.2.12)

\ (E )f (E )dE .

Pc

N
, f (E ) = l-f (E )
,
h

- ,

121

 , , !
. (3.2.106) :
^

{ E v }

1 + [(-

E )/kT]'

(3.2.13)

Fv

(3.2.13) , ,
. 3.14, ,
,
(. (3.2.13) (3.2.10)).

. ,
N :
h

00

N = jp (E )f (E )dE .

(3.2.14)

, ,
- ,
, N.
, , N,
, ,
, (3.2.12) (3.2.14),
N = N = N. , (3.2.12)
(3.2.8) (3.2.10) :
e

00

N = 2(2nm kT/h ) ,
= E /kT, a z = E /kT.
, (3.2.14) (3.2.86)
2

3/2

Fc

. 3.15
)
, I kT
N/N .

, )
E /kT

iV G a A s
c

122

. .

(3.2.13) , (3.2.15). (3.2.15)

, E /kT
N/N , . 3.15.
, .
Fc

3.4. GaAs.
= 0,067 m = m = 0,46m = 300 . N =
= 4,12 10 - ^ = (m /m )V N = 7,41 10 " ,
, (3.2.15), &N
.
N N/N ,
. 3.15, E /kT.
.
E JkT
N GaAs, , GaAs,
. 3.156.

17

hh

18

Fc

3.2.4.
:

v . ,
, , ,
(. (2.4.2)):
1

' = -,

(3.2.16)

= E(r, t)
t. :
= , - *),
0

(3.2.17)

k , = 2nv. v ^ E /h,

. {
, W,
(.23) , :
opt

W =g - | H S P 8 ( v - v ) ,
0

v =

< -

2 8

>

ik

\=\jwl(-er'E e ^- )^ dv\ .
0

(3.2.19)

, \\f (3.2.19)
1 2, (3.2.1).
v

, 2,
,
,
. ,
.

3. ,

123

 (3.2.18) (3.2.19)
. 5-
(3.2.18), , v = v . ,

(Ei-E[)
= hv,
(3.2.20)
.
, \\t exp (jk ) \|/ exp (ik ),
(3.2.19) ,
0

k =k +k.
c

opt

(3.2.21)

(3.2.21)
() u (r),
(3.2.1) [15]. (3.3.21)
, , (3.3.19)
exp j[(k + k - k ) ].
, 0,
k + k - = 0. hk
, a hk
, (3.2.21) ,
. , k = 2/,
, , ,
. , , = 3,5 X = 1 k = 10 " .
,
k = 10 - 10 " (. 3.5). , k < k ,
(3.2.21) :

opt

opt

CtV

opt

opt

opt

cv

opt

k =k.
c

cv

(3.2.22)

(3.2.22) ,
. , , ,
(. 3.13).
, ,
, , ,
(3.2.16) . ,
, . . AS

AS = 0.
(3.2.23)
3.5. k
. ,
v , m vf = 3kT> .
= hk = m v . ,
k = [3m kT] /h.
m = 0,067m , GaAs,
kT = 0,028 ( 300 ), k = 2,7 10 .
k = [ / n ^ T ] / / ^ , k = (m /m ) k
= 7 10 ,
m = m = 0,46/ , GaAs.
th

c
1/2

th

c
1/2

124

hh

. .

 , 2,
(3.2.18) ,
.
- . 5- (3.2.18) g(v - v ) ,
, , (2.5.11), Av = 1/ ,
- ( ^ 0,1
GaAs). , 2.4.4, ,
, , (.
(2.4.19)):
2n v ,
0

a =

^ T *

"

'

2 4

< - - )

. = |-|
= \u eru dV,
c

(3.2.25)

= u ^ = u , (3.2.1).
3 JLI /3 (3.3.24),


(. (2.4.13-)).

ck

vk

3.2.5.

[,
= hv , v . ,
(3.2.22), v [
. , (3.2.3) (3.2.2),
:
= E + (h k /2 ),
(3.2.26)
2

E[=-h k /2m ,

(3.2.266)

= = k . -[= =

hv , (3.2.26) :

Av = E + (h k /2m ),
0

(3.2.26)

m ,
~ =~ -\-rn~ . (3.2.26)
, .
(.
joint density of states) = [ ,
r

, . 2.7,
, .
,
. ,
W = o\F, F , , , W = apc/hv,
, a v .

3. ,

125

 PjdE ,
+ dE .
, (3.2.22) (3.2.23),
, ,
, .
,
. , pjdE = p{k)dk,
p(k) = p , (k) (3.2.7), :
0

c v

(E )

Pj

= (k /n )(dk/dE ).

(3.2.27)

(3.2.26), (3.2.27)

p (v )
v = E /h. p ( v ) ^ v = pj(E )dE , (3.2.28) :
;

p,(v ) =
0

| f (2m mhv - .
r

(3.2.29)

dN = p (v )<iv , v v + dv .
, [
, '
. , ,
, :
;

dN =(dN)f (El-fc)],
a

(3.2.30)

f (E{)
, a [l-fdE^)]

, . ,
,
f (E{)nf (E2)
(3.2.116) (3.2.11),
El El [\.' .
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
, :
v

dN

se

= (dN)f (E ')[l-f (E{)].

c

(3.2.31)

, , (2.4.32),
v da = a ( v - Vo)(cW - dN ), a = <j
[ -> ' , (3.2.24) :
a

8e

da

126

= {-j^)-^

(3.2.32)
. .

 v (3.2.32)
v . ,
g(v - v ) v , p (v ) (f - f ),
g(v - v ) 8-, 8 = 5(v - v ) .
:
0

,(,)

^)^

( 2 )

--

[ , hv.
(3.2.26) hv
hv.
(3.2.33) = a(v)
:
2

a = a0[UE[)-Um,
a o

4^j3 '
P

( v )

(3.2.34)

(3.2.35)

a = a ( v ) ,
= .
,
, f (E[) = ln f ( ) = 0. a(v) = a ( v ) ,
,
v. ,
E ^> kT
IIIIV, - f (E[)^lnf (E )
= 0, . . a = a
. (3.2.35), (3.2.29),
v v, :
0

a =a =-^ J^.(2m )8/2[Av- ] /2.

0

(3.2.36)

i r

, a ( v )
(hv E) .
0

1/2

3.6. GaAs.
v, (3.2.36),
v = E /h = 3,43 10 , E
1,424 . m = 0,46 = 0,067 , =
= 0,059m = 5,37 10~ .
\i = [ / 3 ] , , , ,
M
M'a = 3,38 m E [5].
= m (a\[i \/e [5],
= e[S,SSE /m ] /2nv
= 0,68 10" . ,
r = |i /e, r = 0,426 .
v [i y = 3,64 ,
14

32

1 / 2

av

av

1/2

av

au

25

av

av

av

3. ,

127

1/2

(3.2.36) = 19,760[/*v - E ] , " ,

. ,
, . 3.16 ( - E ), = hv.
, hv
10 ,
( 2000 ) .
0

100

200

. 3.16

G a A s
g

300

(E~E ) []
g

() . ,
,
v . , (3.2.34) ,
:
=
(3-2.37)
2

^' )-.

,
= 0 . ,
(3.2.37),
f (E )>
f (E{).
(3.2.11, )
,
0

E - E [ < E '
2

~ E '

(3.2.38)

[6]. , f ( )
- f ({)

(3.2.37) fc(E )[l-f (E{)]-f (E[)[l-f (E )],

.
, - ,
,
, N > N ,
. (3.2.38) ,
= 0 . -
,
. 3.17, , (. .
). (3.2.38) , 2
, 1 1
c

128

. .

 . 3.17.

- ,
(3.2.38)
.
,
-[
= hv, ,
hv > E .
(3.2.38)
:
2

E ^hv^E' -E' ,
g

Fc

(3.2.39)

Fv

.
(3.2.39),
,
E' -E'
>E ;

Fc

. 3.17

-

Fv

E' -E' =E
Fc

Fv

(3.2.40)

(. transparency condition).
g = 0 v = E /h.
, ,
( ), N ,
, ,
(. transparency density).
g

tr

3.7. GaAs.
, (3.2.40) ,
. 3.9. (3.2.3), E' =E +E nE'
=-E ;
(3.2.40) E +E =0. . 3.15
, E /kT
(N/Nc), ..
E /kT=y(N/N ).
E /kT =y(N/N ),

Fc

Fc

Fc

Fv

FV

Fv

Fc

Fc

Fv

y(N /N )
tr

+ <p(N /N ) = 0.

tr

(3.2.41)

N GaAs (3.2.41), . 3.156

E /kT + E /kT N
( ). N
,
. (3.2.41) ,
N
, . 3.156
. . 3.156 , N = 1,2 10 " .
tr

Fc

Fo

tr

18

tr

3. ,

129

160

140

1,424

1,50
[10

. 3.18

. 3.19

,
N (
1 0 ) ,
( 3 . 2 . 3 7 )
G a A s = 300 ( [ 1 5 ] ,
John W i l e y & Sons, I n c . )

G a A s ( [ 1 5 ] ,
John W i l e y & Sons, Inc.)

18

- 3

N
, E -E' >E , , (3.2.39),
E E
-E ,
(3.2.37) GaAs, . 3.18,
N .
, , E - E' ,
,
. . 3.18

0,07 , . .
. . 3.18 ,
N.
GaAs, . 3.19
. *
, #
FC

FV

FC

FC

FV

FV

130

. .

(20 < g < 80 " ) ,

. 3.19 , . .
:
g = a(N~N )

(3.2.42)

tr 9

16

= 1,5 1 0 " GaAs. ,

, (. (3.2.42) (2.4.35)).
, , ,
. , (3.2.42) = dg/dN,

. , ,
,
.
, ,
GaAs.

.
I n ^ G a ^ A s ^ P x ^ , ,
,
(1300 < X < 1600 ).
. 3.1 E /
m /m ,
N
In Ga ,27 o,6 o,4
=
) In Gao,42Aso, Po,i
= 1550 ) [7], a
GaAs,
. , . 3.1 N
, ,
.
, N , InGaAsP
GaAs.
g9

As

0>73

09

hh

tr

0>58

tr

tr

3.1

X, E
, ,
Ntr,

GaAs (X = 850 ) InGaAsP (X = 1300 X = 1500 )
g 9

GaAs

Ino,73Gao,27Aso,ePo,4

Ino,58Gao,42Aso,9Po,i

X []

840

1310

1550

E []

1,424

0,96

0,81

0,067

0,058

0,046

0,46

0,467

0,44

1,2

1,5

1,2+2,5

1,2+2,5

4,5

4,5

rrihhlmo
Ntr [ 1 0 [10-

18

16

- ]
2

[]

3. ,

131

326

R , R dv

, v v + dv.
R
p (v )dv , v v + dv .
dR R ,
v

v9

dR =A g(v-v )-{UE )[l-UEio)]}p (yo)dv ,

v

21

20

= A x(v )
, ag(v - v ) .
, p (v ) f ( ) [1 - f ({)],
, ,

. R

v . ,
21

JA g(v-v ){UE )[l-UE{)]} (v )dv .

21

Pj

(3.2.43)

, g(v - v )
v , ,
( ~ v ) 5- 8(v - v ) ,
(3.2.43)
0

. 3.20

R
g

( , [ 1 1 ] )
v

132

. .


R
R. ,
v

R= JA f (E^)[l~f (E[)] (v)dv.

21 c

(3.2.45)

Pj

, ,
R = BN N =BN?,
e

(3.2.46)

. (3.2.46)
, , , ,
[9]. ,

[10], (3.2.46)
,
. , R , (dNJdt) =
= - . , ,
= N /x , :

- -

(3.2.47)

.
,
, ( ).
, , -.

, .

, .
-.

-
,
( ), ( ) [12].
,

(dN /dt) = -CN N N
= -C/Vf, .

,
e

=[|]

(3.2.48)

GaAs ,
, , -, ,

, InGaAsP, .
3. ,

133

 3.8. GaAs
InGaAsP. GaAs = 1,8 C M V N = N = 1,2 10 " .
= l/BN = 4,6 ,
, ,
= 3 ( = 300 ). = " + TJ, ,
, ,
9 . InGaAsP X = 1300
= 2 1 0 C M V , N = N =l10 " = 3 1 0 .
(3.2.47) = 5 , (3.2.48) = 33,3 ,
,
= 5 { 300 ).
10

18

tr

tr

-1

1 0

18

2 9

tr

3.2.7.

, , ,
,
, 2. ,
, ,
, ,
,
N (
, ).
GaAs InGaAs
. 3.1. ,
, , ,
.
, , (3.2.37)
(
). ,
. 3.1,
(. material gain).

. ,
(. modal gain),
, ,
9, .
TR

3.3.

( , . quantum well QW)
(L = 5-20 )
E
E (. . 3.21). 2

gl

g2

134

. .

. 3.21
)
.
)
(.6.)
(..)

,
. ()

- () (). E < E

:
, u, ,
, (. 3.216).
,
,

. ,

;
.

, , .
( . strained quan
tum wells) ,

. ,
.
,

(. unstrained quantum wells)

,
. ,

,
9, .
, ,
,
.
gl

g29

3.3.1.

, . 3.216, ,
AE = E - E
AE .
g

g2

gl

3. ,

135

( )
.
:
(1) = 0,67 AE = .^ AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs;
(2) = 0,39AE AE = 0,61AJ^ InP/InGaAsP/InP.

,
, ,
(. . ( , AE ) > ).
. 3.22. z ,
, .
(3.2.1), ,
, , :

u r

eikri

VcA ) = ( )

sin(nnz/L ),

(3.3.1)

k (
, ), . ,
\\f
\\f = 0 z = 0 z = L > . . .

/, :

CfV

CfV

= (ln/L ),
k = (mn/L ),

=1
(hh)

E\

IV

Bp,

= 2
(hh)

v.b.
. 3.22


= 1 = 2 (
)


( )
,

136

(3.3.2)
(3.3.26)

1 .
(3.3.2)
(3.2.4), , ,

. ,
, (3.2.5), . .
,
, , ,
.

,
:
2

2m

2m L

CtV

c>v

+ nE ,
1CtV

2m

(3.3.3)

CiV

k\ = k + k , a m

(
); E

( = 1)
, V

cv

l c v

. . >

h 2 j l 2

E=
lcv

CyV

2m L
c>v

(3.3.4)

, (3.3.3), (3.3.4)

. ,
, . .
,
(3.3.1).
,
[14].
, ,
.
(3.3.3) (3.3.4),
(k = 0).
( / I = 1 = 2) ,
. 3.22,
.
L

. 3.23
k = 1 = 2
,
:
L

)
,
.

, ;
) ;

,
.

3. ,

137

 (3.3.3) : = 4 ,
.
k > , k
= 1, = 2 . . ,
. 3.23. ,
.

,
(3.3.2). , ,

,
, ,
. 3.236. '
- (3.2.3),
E (3.3.3).
2

3.9. GaAs/
AlGaAs. L = 10 ,
( ) GaAs , ,
. . = 0,067 m = m = 0,46m . (3.3.4) ,
= 56,2 E = 8 . ,
, A l G a A s , E = 1,674 .
GaAs E = 1,424 , , AE = 250
= 0 , 6 5 ^ = 162,5 AE = 0,35AE = 87,5 .
, ,
.

, , , . 9.1 [3] , = 28 E = 5 .
z

hh

lv

02

0>8

g2

gl

lv

3.3.2.

. 3.24, ,
(3.3.2), (k , k ) (. . 2.2).
, ,
= 1. , L = 10 , L L
10 100 , . . 10 -10 , .
Ak k (Ak = n/L )
10 -10
k k .
, k ,
.
N(k ) , ,
= 1 . 3.24,
0 k . , . 2.2,
, N(k ) k
Ak Ak ^-, ,
x

138

l9

. .

 2

, :
2

2(l/4)nk

( ) =

k
= ^Z >
2
A

(3.3.5)

= L L
.
k
(
), ,
,

l9

. 3.24

2D dN(k )
A dk

k -, k -y ^-
= 1

k_

P k

(3.3.6)

p\
, .
2D , ,
. , (3.3.6)
, .

, , , , p dE = p dk .
(3.3.6) :
D

2D

2D

2> _

(3.3.7)

kdk /ndE .

(3.3.3) , , = 1:
2

k =(2m /h )(E -E ).
c

(3.3.8)

lc

h dh (3.3.7)
(3.3.8). (3.3.7)
L

2D

p =m /nh .

(3.3.9)

2D

, p k . .
fi k\/2 (. (3.3.3)).
. 3.25,
p /
( )
( ). ,
^ ^ ,
= 2. , ^ ,
k = 2K/L ( . 3.24).
, , , = 1, . .
(3.3.9). , ^
= 1 = 2.
. 3.25 ,
= 1 + 2. , . 3.25
l9

2D

3. ,

139

m /nh
c

'

. 3.25
) p% ,
L ,
( ) .
( ) .
) k = 1 = 2
D

, (3.2.9). ,
p /L = > = . .
. 3.256 k
(. . 3.23). ,
^ < , . 3.256
k .

. , p

(3.3.9) m ;
, . 3.25.
GaAs m = m = 5 , ,
. 3.25, pl
5 , E 5 .

2D

2D

hh

3.3.3.

.

(. . 3.236)
, , -, (3.2.10), E' "
. ,
/ = 1,/ = 2 . . , ,
(
= 0,1 ) , .
"
F

140

. .

 .
(3.2.10)
(3.2.106) 3.23
(3.2.1 l a ) (3.2.116) . 3.236.
, E E
N N
.
Fc

Fv

h9

N = j(p/L )f dE ,

(3.3.10)

N = j(p /L )f dE ,

(3.3.106)

2D

2D

N N . (3.3.10) p
, ,
, (3.3.9) (. . 3.25).
(3.3.106) pl -^
, f ,
(3.2.13). p
, (3.3.10) ,
:
e

2D

N =kT

In 1 + exp

i f -

In 1 + exp

N,

rV*h L
2

(3.3.11a)

kT
E, - R
kT

(3.3.116)

, a m m , E E

. ,
ci

vi

ic

iv

. 3.26

E
= 1

,
10 G a A s / A l G a A s
F

1 8

N[10 cm~ ]
3. ,

141

 . 3.23
N nN .
j
e

.. /
GaAs/AlGaAs. m = = 0,067 m = 0,46m , . . ./
, , ^
. , L = 10 = 300 ]
(3.3.11), ( |ta
. 3.26) N (E - E )/kT ,
.
N .
ci

vi

3.3.4.
:

(
) 1 2,
.
W
\[^ | ,
2

\[ \

=\lrc[-erE(r)]y dv\\

(3.3.12)

(3.3.1), ()

(. (3.2.19)).
. () = (),
.
, ()
z, .
, = ( ), . .
. , ()
( ), (3.3.12) :
, z,
:

ri

\ I = | j^e(r)e-^
[~er E e^^]u (rje^'^dxdif
,
,2
\]sin(n nz/L )sin(n nz/L )dz\
.

(3.3.13)

, ,
, h + k = k .
- \k \ < (|k J, | k | ) , (.
vL

opt

, 3

opt

cJL

cl

2 2 , , :

' ^-,(3.3.14,
, -
, , . 3.23

142

. .

 .
(3.3.13), n nn ,
:
c

An = n -n
c

= 0,

(3.3.15)

,
( , )
. , ,
, . .
. ,
, . .
AS = 0,

(3.3.16)

S .
(3.3.14), (3.3.15) (3.3.16)
.
, ,
(. [13]), .
.
3.3.5.

kj_,

, , p J , ^dk

k k k + dk .
. 3.23 AS = ,

,
dk . , (3.3.6), :
2

l9

2 D

P%=P =k /n.
k

(3-3.17)

' [,
, , = 1
. . 3.236 (3.3.3) ,
= hv = - [
2

E =E
0

+ ?-+AE
Zm

(3.3.18)

l9

m , = E + E .
p \
:
r

lc

lv

JF

09

p ^ dE =p ^dk =k dk /n,
o

(3.3.19)

3. ,

143

 ( 3 . 3 . 1 7 ) . k dk
( 3 . 3 . 1 8 ) . -,
( 3 . 3 . 1 9 ) , :
L

1^= /\

(3.3.2/))

v , , ,
p^dvo =p dE
( 3 . 3 . 2 0 ) :
0

2 D

T :Q

09

p=4nm /h.

(21)

v ,
, . . ( 3 . 2 . 3 0 ) ( 3 . 2 . 3 2 ) ,
pj(v ) (Pj? / ),
.
,
, ( 3 . 2 . 3 4 ) ( 3 . 2 . 3 5 )
( = 1 ) - ( = 1 ) :
0

_(2*(%

[f (E{)-f (E )l
v

(3.3.22)

[ ' ,
v.
{ . 3 . 2 3 6 ( 3 . 3 . 1 8 ) ,
v = v.
2

3 . 1 1 .
GaAs/AlGaAs. = 0 .
, ,
f (E{) = lnf (E ) = 0 .

v

(3.3.23)

ne chJ 3 L

^.
( - E ),
( 3 . 3 . 2 3 ) = 1 0 , . 3 . 2 7 .
. 3 . 2 5 , ^ ,
< E + + E = E + . , ( - E ) < \
. m = 0 , 0 6 7 m = 0 , 4 6 m ,
3 . 8 = + E s 6 5 . < ( - E ) <
= + > ^
( 3 . 3 . 2 1 ) v = v,
,
2

lv

lv

2>

_
2

ne Xh
0

144

^3

AT

(3.3.24)

. .

1/2

25

X = c/v. 3.6 \x = [ / 3 ] = 0,68 10~

, = 5,37 10~ , = 3,64 X = 833 . (3.3.24)
a =5/250 " . ( - E ) ^
= 2,
(. . 3.25),
. , , = 4 E = 4
= 4 = 260 . ( . 3.27
. 3.16.)
av

32

QW

2v

. 3.27





10
GaAs/AlGaAs

100

200

300

(- )[]
8

. ,
(3.3.22)
v, 1 2. :
(3.3.25)

f (E ) ^f (E[),

- hv = E -E[^
E' -E' . , hv
, E + ,
c

Fc

Fv

E +AE ^hv^E
g

-E' ,

Fc

(3.3.26)

Fv

. (3.3.26)
, :
E' -E'
Fe

Fv

= E + .

(3.3.27)

3.12.
GaAs. . 3.23 (. (3.2.3)) ,
E' =E +E nE'
= E .
(3.3.27) E E ,
= + :
Fc

Fc

Fv

Fv

Fc

Fv

1>

( -Ei ) + (E -Ei ) = 0.
c

(3.3.28)

3. ,

145

 (3.3.28)
N , . 3.26
[(E -E ) + (E -E )]/kT.

,
. 3.26, N. (3.3.28),
,
. . 3.26 ^
N ~ 1,25 10 / .
tr

Fc

lc

Fv

18

lv

tr

N > N ,
(3.3.25),
N
( . 3.26).

8 G a A s / A l G a A s . 3.28
, N ( 1 0 ~ ) .
, N = 0, ,
. 3.27. . 3.28
,
. , ,
()
(LH), N =2 1 0 ~ . N ^ JV

, (3.2.42), :
tr

02

0>8

18

185

tr

tr

gp = o w(N~N ),
Q

16

tr

(3.3.29)

tr

G = 7 10~ .
,
N ,
G ( ) ,
.
In _ Ga As P _ /InP [14], QW

tr

QW

JC

8000
S

4000

. 3.28

( )

N
( 1 0 ) ,


8 G a A s / A l G a A s
( , [ & ] )
18

[ ]

146

. .


(. . 3.25) [16]. , ,
GaAs/AlGaAs, I n ^ G a ^ A s ^ P ^ / I n P
g N ,
. , g N
, N
g [14],

. , , (3.3.29)
, .
,
, ,
9 (. 9.4.4).
p

3.3.6.

G a A s / A l G a A s GaAs A l G a A s
( IIIV )
, 0,1%.
In^Ga^ASyPx-^/InP, = 0,45*/. , ,
In^Ga^jAs/Alo G a A s , In^Ga^^As
, 1 In
. 0 ^ ^ 0,5 1,424 ^ E ^ 0,9 ,
840 ^ X ^ 1330 .
InGaAs , AlGaAs ( 3,6%
= 0,5), , ,
, . 3.29.
,
InGaAs
, (. 3.296).
InGaAs ,
.
,
,
(. 3.4.2).
0>2

08

0 2

0 > 8

0)8

. 3.29



IIIV
( ,
I n ^ - G a ^ A s )

< ( , A l G a A s )

"

0 8

ll(

= a

l)

< a

< a

12

,
.

3. ,

147

 ( = 0,2),

. p
2# .
]

:
/
N
( N = (0,5-1) 1 0 ) ;
dg/dN
( (15-30) 10~ ) .

2
[17]. ,
N dg/dN
m = .

,
:

N .
J , , 9 (.
9.4.4), J N .
- ,
( 1 / ) = BN,
( 1 / ) = CN N .
^ , J oc 1/ ( .
9.4.4).

, ,
. 9 ,
,
.


.
2D

tr

18

-3

tr

16

tr

tr

th

th

tr

tr

tr

3.4.

3.3 , ,

,
, ,

.
148

. .

. 3.30
()

()

( , [ 1 9 ] )

10

. 3.31

N = 3 1 0

Ga
In
A s

10 ,
10 10


10 10 10
Ga
In As/InP
( , [ 1 9 ] )
18

0 4 7

0 5 1

0 ) 4 7

- 3

tT

_
_

W
>

>>

"-

Ga In As/InP
=300

1 1

=110-
= 10 "

0 4 7

0 5 3

1 3

18

1[101010 ]
3

>
10
!=

<>Ba*

/1^[1010 ]
2

1/

&

Jf
/1/1

^[10]
\

~
\ -

1 1 S \ ^^

0 5 1

2x10'
1,2

1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

, X []

, (. quantum wires)
(. quantum dots), ,

(. 3.30).
, -
. (
. [18]), . 3.306

,
.
, , , ,
. ,
. 3.31
3. ,

149

. 3.32

)
.
)

G a 4 I n A s / I n P ( G a I n A s
).
,
10 , 10 10
10 10 10
( = 3 10 ~ ) [19].
,
(N = 1 , 3 - 1 0 " ),
(N = 1,8 1 0 ~ ).
,
, ,

.
, , .

, -, , . 3.32 3.326.
(
,
)

.
,
,

.
0>

0 51

0>47

05 1

18

18

tr

18

tr

3.5.

3, ,
,
, .
,
.
.
, 7 8,
150

. .


, :
;
, ,

;
, ,
- .
, ,
.

3.1. ,
v = ( 1 / 2 ) ( 2 & / ) ,
, a k .
1/2

- 1

3.2. N v = 2360 .
k .
,
R - R = 0,3 . (
, 10
N . )
2

3.3. N R =
= 0,11 . ,
J = 0 - > J = 1 H
.
2

3.4. ,
N ,
- v" = 0 > v' = l .

" = 0.
2

3.5. 0
001 = 0,37 . , 100
, -
#- 001 - > 100 = 450 . ,
J 00 1
.
2

- 1

3.6. ,
0 = 0,37 , . . ,
(001), R
.
1

3.7. f (E2)^f (E[)

- E' ^ hv.
c

Fv

3. ,

151

3.8. . 3.156, GaAs: ) E

, N = 1,6 10 ;
) .
Fc

18

-3

3.9. , . 3.9,
GaAs ,
0,45/.
2

3.10. . 3.16, GaAs

,
0,45&!, N
=1,6- " .
1 8

3.11. GaAs
N = 1,6 1 0 ~
,
0,45&\ , 3.8, 3.9 3.10,
= dg/dN.
18

3.12. . 3.15,
E /kT,E /kTn(E +E )/kT
Fc

Fv

Fc

Fv

N
InGaAsP X = 1300 .
N ,
. 3.156, , N
, GaAs.
E nE
N = 1,6 10 .
,
, = 0,45&!,
.
tr

tr

Fc

Fv

18

-3

3.13. . 3.26,
10 GaAs.

N = 2 1 0 . ( - E ) . 3.27
, .
18

-3

3.14. , ,
. 3.27, ( - E ) = 65 ,

= 0,1 .
g

1. G. Herzberg, Spectra

of Diatomic

Molecules

(D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton

N. J., 1950).
. . .: . . .
1949.

152

. .

2. G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: Infrared and Raman Spec
tra of Polyatomic Molecules, (Van Nostrand Company, Princeton, NJ., 1968), p. 122,
Fig. 51.
. . .:
. . . 1949.
3. G. . Agrawal and N . . Dutta, Long Wavelength Semiconductor Lasers (Chapman
and Hall, New York, 1986).
4. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1986).
. . .: . 1978.
5. R. . Yan, S. W . Corzine, L. A . Coldren and I. Suemune, Correction for the Expres
sion for Gain in GaAs, IEEE J. Quant. Electr QE-26, 213-216 (1990).
6. M. G. Bernard and G. Duraffourg, Laser Conditions in Semiconductors, Phys. Sta
tus Solidi 1, 699 (1961).
7. Ref. [3], Chapt. 3.
8. S. W . Corzine, R. H. Yan and L. A . Coldren, Optical Gain in III-V Bulk and Quan
tum Well Semiconductors, in Quantum Well Lasers ed. by P. S. Zory (Academic
Press, San Diego, CA, 1993), Chapt. 1.
9. G. H. B. Thompson, Physics of Semiconductor Lasers Devices (John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1980), Sec. 2.5.2.
10. Ref. [9], Sec. 2.4.2.
11. Ref. [8], Fig. 2.14.
12. Ref. [3], Sec. 3.3.
13. Ref. [8], Sec. 3.1.
14. Ref. [3], Chapt. 9.
15. A . Yariv, Quantum Electronics 3rd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1989),
Sec. 11.2.
. . .: . . 1980. . 11.2.
16. Ref. [8], Sec. 4.1.
17. Ref. [8], Fig. 6.
18. E. Kapon, Quantum Wire Semiconductor Lasers, in Quantum Well Lasers, ed. by
P. S. Zory (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1983) Chap. 10.
19. M. Asada, Y . Miyamoto, and Y. Suematsu, Gain and Threshold of Three-Dimensional
Quantum-Box Lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-22, 1915-1921 (1986).
20. P. K. Cheo, C0 Lasers, in Lasers Vol. 3, Eds. A . K. Levine and A . DeMaria (Marcel
Dekker, New York, 1971).
2

3. ,

153

4.1.

, 5,

, , ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
, ,
.
, ,

-.
4.2.


,
,

(, ) [1].
z (,
,
). ,
z
, .
z = z (. 4.1)
, ,
r (z{) Q
2 .

154

. .

. 4.1

z = z r (z )
z 9 . , ,
,
, . 4.1. :
,
,
. , , . 4.1 0 ,
0 .
(. paraxial-ray ap
proximation) , 0 ,
sin 0 = tan 0 = 0 .
( , 0 ) ( , 0 )
.
0 = (dr^/dz )
= { 0 = (dr /dz )
= r\ :
2

2l

22

r =Ar + /,

(4.2.1a)

^+Drl,

(4.2.16)

, , D ,
. , (4.2.1)
:
_|A B | |n, i |
D
4
(4.2.2)
ABCD-, ,
.

Az = L
(. . 4.2).
, ,
, , :
= +{/,
2

^={,

(4.2.3)
(4.2.36)

ABCD- :
1

4.

< - - >
155

. 4.2

ABCD- : () ,
() , ()

/ ( /
). , (. . 4.26)
= .
2

(4.2.5)

, (1/) + (1/q) = (1/f), ,
p = r\/r{,8Lq = -r /r2.
(4.2.5), :
2

ri=-OJf)n+r{.

(4.2.56)

(4.2.5), 2)- :
1

(4.2.6)
-l/f

R ( R
). z z
,

(. 4.2).
.
,
,
z ,
,
z * ,
. 4.2 { , .
-

l9

156

. .

 4.1

/^ = 1

=1

1
-1

R 2

R / = R/2
/ = R/2.
,
1

(4.2.7)

. 4.1
, .
,
, ABCD- 1, . .
AD-BC=1.
(4.2.8)
,
.
,
,
, . ,

z ( 4.3), ABCD- z = z z = z
z = 2 z = z . r /
z = z , , :

1-2/

i9

(4.2.9)

Eg

(4.2.10)

r (4.2.10) (4.2.9),
:
t

As

4.

(4.2.11)

157

. 4.3

,


z = z z = z
z = z n z = z
1

z= z

z= z

, ABCD-
>- . ,
, ,
.
, ,

L

L . (4.2.4),
:
i9

lrl
r
2

T/n\\l
Li/n 1
1 0

II1

LL,/n\\n\
,/n n
1

(4.2.12)

, ^
, *
:
^ ^ /
1

'

(4.2.13)

,
*
1# = + L .

L
= 1, *
R. (4.2.4), (4.2.7) (4.2.11), ABCD-?

1
-(2/)

0 1
1 0

L
1

1
-(2/)

L
1-(2L/R)

(4.2.14)

, (4.2.13) (4.2.14) 1,

,
.
', ', , D'

, , , D
. . 4.1, ,
- , . . *
2

158

. .

 , -
.
,
(. 4.2), : 1) z ,
; 2) z
, ,
z. , - -
(r -r{) ( , - ) . :
2

l9

'

-{

'
D' - '

(4.2.15)

(4.2.15) /.
A'B'C'D'- 1, :
2

r =

D'r +B'r ,

(4.2.16)

ri^'n+A'ri.

(4.2.166)

(4.2.16) (4.2.1) , '

''CD'-

'

'

D'

D,B'

= , = , a D ' =,

(4.2.17)
, (4.2.17) ,

D.
/

. 4.4

,

,
ABCD-
19

,
. ,
, . 4.4
.
, ABCD-,
, .
, . .
, ( )
. R R
z z
:
Ri = i/ i>
(4.2.18)
= / '.
(4.2.186)

4.

159

, (4.2.18)
: R *

. (4.2.1) (4.2.18)
:
AR +
CRi+D'
X

(4.2.19)

(4.2.19)
,
R R


. 4.5
>-.

:
()

()



z . 4.5. (4.2.4) = 1 L = z - z , (4.2.19)
: R = R + (z - Z i ) , , , .

(. 4.56). (4.2.6) (4.2.19) :
2

-i-=-L_I
R

Ri

(4.2.20)

:
-1

. 4.5
(4.2.19),
, , ,
, .
ABCD-
,
(4.2.19).
4.3.

,
[2].

,
, ,
1

160

. .

l2 = (^1 ~ n )/(n
2

+ ),

(4.3.1)

*12 = 2 /(

+ ).

(4.3.2)

, < , < 0; ,
. ,
> , > 0,
. , , (4.3.2), t > 0,
. . .
, ,

. /j- (
)
1

12

12

12

tan(0!-0 )
tan(0!+0 )'
2

=
2

(4.3.2)

s- (
)

since!- )
sintei+eg)'
2

'12

(4.3.26)

0 0
.
. 4.6
,
, R = ( )
0
- (
) s-
( )
= 1 = 1,52. 6 = 0
, (4.3.1),
R = [( - )/( + )] = 4,26%.
, -
( 6 = 56,7 ),
R = 0. (4.3.2)
0 + 0 = .

. 4.7. ,
0 = ,
, . . 0 +
+ 0 = .

.

,

12

40
60
6 []

20

. 4.6
R

9


= 1,5.



(-)

( s - )

4.

161

. 4.7
:
() () .

,
, . .
. , ,
0 ,
, .
:

(4..)

^+ -/2,

0 .

7isin0 = sin0 .

(4.3.4)

, (4.3.3), sin0 = cos0 ,

(4.3.4) :
B

tan0 =
B

rc.

(4.3.5)

,
(. 4.76), ,
(4.3.26), ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
= 1,52,
. . 4.6, s- R = 15%.
, s- 30%
.
30% , s- ,

.
162

. . ,

4.4.

,
,
, ,
,
[3, 4].
(
, , )
,
.
,
.

,
.
(, A g ) ,

. ,
(5 --10%) -

. ,

-, 10,6 0 .

.
, ,
,
,
n . 1 l , n l = n l = , /4, ,
, =
,
, . , ,
(. . 4.8). (4.3.1),


,
= . ,
,
.
1 /4,

= 2 = 2(2 /)1
= . ,
,
2

H H

L L

4.

163

/*

5~

<=
=2kl =n
2

=2^=2

. 4.8

)
, )
.
(., ,
-),
. ,
.
, , ,
. ,
( , / 4 )
, ,
,
.
, J ,
( X = )

0

n ^~nj-^n
H

(4.4.1)

4.1.
. Si0

. Nd:YAG = 1 , 0 6 = 2 , 2 8 ,
n = 1 , 4 5 . -7 ,
= 1 , 5 4 . ( 4 . 4 . 1 ) R = 6 1 , 8 % J = SnR = 9 9 , 8 % J = 1 5 .
, ,
( 4 . 3 . 1 ) , [( - n )/(n + n )] = 4 , 9 % .
2

X , ,
, , ,
( 4 . 4 . 1 ) . . 4 . 9
J = 3 H J = 1 5 .
,
, 0

164

. .

*(%>

. ,

, ,

. =
= -
= (10%) .




,
. n < n , ,
. 4.86,
n l = / 4
.

,
,
, X =

0

. 4.9

,
Si0 ,
3 ( ) 15
( );
-7
2

=[(.-!)/(#.+)]

<-->

,
= ( n ) ,
-
.
1 / 2

4.2.
. -7, X = 1,06
n = 1,54.
,
n = (n )
= 1,24.
, , M g F
() = 1,38. (4.4.2) R = 1,1%.
, , , ,
, ,
(4.3.1), R = [(n - l)/(n + l ) ] = 4,5% . ,
,
. Nd: Y A G (n = 1,82) /4- S i 0
( = 1,45)
. (4.4.2)
R = 3,4%, , , ,
, (R = 8,5%).
, ,
, (4.4.2),
# = 4 10" .
s

1/2

4.

165

 ,
(4.4.2), , , X = .

. , ,
, ,
.

, 4.2 (
, , 0,1%). ,
. ,
,/4- ,
n /n /n .
Zr0 (n
= 2,l)-MgF (tt = 1,38).

; ,
V- .
V-.
0

4.5.
-

- [5]. ,

1899 ., ,
, :

;
,
;

.
4.5.1.
-

-
R R
L .
,
. ,
, 0'
, v (. 4.10).
. 4.10 0.
,
( 1 . 4.10), ,
( 2 3 ). ,
x

2>

166

. .


E

,
.
,


.
, :

= ( exp(4i(j>)
3

E =

E r r exp(2ity)

E = E t
1

- exp(i<j)')
2

. 4.10

E =Y,i i

=[^^1^( )]^( 1 2)

(4.5.1)

( ^)-

(4.5.1), . 4.10,
, ; t nt
,
; '
, -
; 2
, 2 = kL = 2AJLCOS 0 = (4nn v/c)Lcos 9,
L . 4.10, 9
9' (n^in 9 = sin 9'). ,

0

= 2rcL'v/c,

(4.5.2)

I / = JijLcosQ.

(4.5.3)

,
(4.5.1):
0

'

1-( )(2)'
1

(4.5.4)

= | | /|E | , (4.5.4) :
2

22

h 2
1 - 2r r cos (2) + r?r
x

(4.5.5)

2
2

Ri - r , R = r
x

i _

utl=l-r

=1-R ,
2

(4.5.5)
_

(l-R )(l-R )
+4( ) / '
x

[l-CRi# )
2

1 / 2

(4.5.6)

.
-,
. 4.11 v
4.

167

R = R = 64%.

(4.5.6),
(4.5.2). ,

.
,
(4.5.6) 8 = 0, . .
= , m
.
(4.5.2)
v :
x

Av,

. 4.11

v = mc/2U.

(4.5.7)

, ,
(. free spectral range) Av^ . (4.5.7) :
sr

Av

fsr

= c/2L'.

(4.5.8)

= 0, (4.5.6) ,

_(1- )(1- )
(4.5.9)
[l-(R R ) f
, R = R = R, T
= 1
R. ,
, .
, 1 = 1, . .
. (4.5.6)
:
1

m a x

1/2

m a x

(1-R )(1-R )
1

[1+(>)

1 / 2

(4.5.10)

] '

, , , T (. 4.3).
Av , , ,
(4.5.6),
= ,
4( R i? ) sin = [1 - C R i # ) ] . ,
, , = ,
= [1 - (R R ) ]/2[R R ] .
,
, + _,
. = - _, :
min

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/4

168

l-OR^) /

(,)*/'

W-6.il)
. .

 (4.5.2):
Av, _

2V

1-()
n(R R f^
x

1 / 2

'

(4.5.12)

, (. finesse) F

F = Av /Av .
(4.5.13)
(4.5.8) (4.5.12) :
fsr

l-(i*i# )

1 / 2

'

(4.5.14)

,
; 1.

4.3. ,
-. -,

, (
-). L = 1 = 1,54,
,
. . 0 = 0, Av^ = c/2n L = 9,7 .
^ = R = 0,98, (4.5.14) F= 150,
Av = Av /F = 65 . (4.5.9),
, T
= 1;
, (4.5.10), T = 10" .
, T .

sr

fsr

m a x

m i n

min

.
, ( )
, , , . .
R = R = R, (4.5.5) :
x

FP

1-R

(1-)
(1-) +41 (|>'
2

(4.5.146)

= t ( = 1 -

R-A).

4.5.2.
-

-
. ,
(. . cos 0 = 1),
(n = 1). ,
L , ,
(,
, -). ,
r

4.

169

/2

,

v ( ,).

,
, = , . .

L = /2
(. 4.12),
. L,

,

( + 1)/2

AL

= X/2.

fsr

AL

AL

AL , (2nv/c)AL = ,
(4.5.11).
(4.5.14) , AL = X/2F.
, ,
C

. 4.12

-
, :
() ()

(4.5.15)

AL = AL /F,
c

(4.5.16)

fsr

(4.5.13).
,
v v + Av. (v + Av)
, AL ,
v (. 4.126). 2nLv/c = , AL
, 2n(L + AL)(v + Av)/c = , . ., ,
AL = - ( A v / v ) L .
v v + Av , |AL| > AL .

A v , , ( A v / v ) L = AL .
(4.5.16) (4.5.15) ( A v / v ) L = X/2F.
(4.5.8) L' = L ,
C

Av = Av /F.
m

(4.5.17)

fsr

,
.
, |AL| = AL , . . Av = A v = c/2L,
v + Av v ,
. , Av > A v , Av
A v . ,

, Av < A v , , A v ^
.
, , Av
, , ,
fsr

/sr

/sr

/sr

/sr

G8C

170

. .

, A v ^ Av . ,
, ( 4 . 5 . 1 7 ) :
osc

Av

Av

O S C

fsr

/F.

( 4 . 5 . 1 8 )

, F ,
A v .
osc

4 . 4 . .
,
X = 5 1 4 , 5 . , ,
( A V Q = 3 , 5 ).
, Av = AvJ = 3 , 5 .
, Av^ = (c/2L) ^ 3 , 5 , . .
L ^ 4 , 2 8 . , F = 1 5 0 ,
L = 4 , 2 8 , ( 4 . 5 . 1 8 ) ,
Av = Av /F = 2 3 . , ,
Lj = 1 , 5 ,
(. 5 ) Av = c/2L = 1 0 0 .
Av < Av, -
. ,
v = /X = 5 , 8 3 1 0 ,
v/Av = 2 , 5 4 1 0 .
, ,
(v/Av < 1 0 ) .
osc

sr

osc

1 4

4.6.

, (
, ) [ 6 ] .

, :
(, , z, t) = (, , z) exp(;cof),

( 4 . 6 . 1 )

, . .
2

(V +&2

) ( * , * , , * )

= 0,

'

'

k = /.


-.
(x y Zi) z = z (, , z)
l9

l9

4.

171

 z
:
-cosQdxidy .

(4.6.3)

( , )
(, ) (. . 4.13), 0 ,
z = z ,
, z = z ,
S, . , (4.6.3)
.
, [E(jc ,z/ ,2 )dx di/ ][exp-(yfer)]/r
, , dx dy ;

,
, z = z .
cos0,

,


.
( )

,

. ,

. 4.13

/2 ,
() > >
z = z .
( ) z =

,
(. (4.6.2)), (. (4.6.3)) ,
(. paraxial-wave approximation),
, z, 0 .
:

(, , z) = (, , z)exp[-(/fcz)],

(4.6.4)

, . .
z.
(4.6.4) (4.6.2) :
V{u-2jk^

(4.6.5)

= 0,
OZ

= ( / )
+ ( / ).
(4.6.5)
.
(4.6.3)
, cos 0 = 1 = -
1

172

. .

 . kr ; ,
= 1 , Ar = 1 .

/ = 10^ . , ,
= kAr = 2/ X =1 = 2. ,
, , , ,
= . ,
(4.6.3)
. . 4.13
= [ ( - z ) + (- ) + ( - \) ] .
[\ - \ \ - yi\] < \ - \. , :
6

1/2

r=

(*-xi) +(y-yi)
(z-z,)

(z-z )
1

1/2

(4.6.6)

v (-)

+(-)

(4.6.6) (4.6.3) :

X(z-z )
t

(4.6.7)

(x-x^+jy-y^
2(z-z )

JjE(^i,yi,2f )expj-/ft
1

dx dy
x

l9

--
. (4.6.4) (4.6.7) :
2

u x

(, > ) = ^ \\ ( i

>\ > i)

| -7*

\x-x{f+{y-y{f
2L

L Z - 2
(4.6.8)
, ,
, (4.6.5)

. , ,
.


,
ABCD-, 4.2.
. 4.14, u(x y z ) ( z)

2 = 2 =
. , ,
l9

l9

dx dy
x

(4.6.8)

l9

U(X, , 2)

. 4.14

( , )
z
,
ABCD-,

(
y
z)
2 = 2.

4.

lf

173

 /
. 4.14 , , -/
. , , ,

, . .
. ,
, (, > )
,
z = z . [7]:
1

u(x,y,z) =
2

= 4 \\( , , z ) - jk

+ ?) + D(x +
2B

y )-2x x-2y y
1

dx dy
t

(4.6.9)

(4.6.8). ,
(. . 4.1) = D = 1 = L ,
(4.6.9) (4.6.8).
4.7.


,
. , ,
(4.6.5),
- (. (4.6.8) (4.6.9)).
,
,
5.
4.7.1.

,
ABCD- (. . 4.14). ,
(4.6.9),
?
, (4.6.9)?
, , z = 0
, (4.6.9)
- + .
(4.6.9) ,
x

(, , z) exp -jk[(x

+ y )/2q],

(4.7.1)

,
.

174

. .

 q = q(z) (
),
(4.6.9). ,
2

u(x ,y ,z )ccexp-jk[(x +y )/2q ],

1

(4.7.2)

(4.6.9) , ,
2

+
1
(,, ) = - jk
/)*
"
2q

(4.7.3)

q q :
x

Aq +B
x

(4.7.4)
.
Cq +D
(4.7.4), ABCD

, .
(4.2.19), ,

. 4.7.3.

(4.7.1). (4.7.1) (4.6.4), :
-
4

exp - jk z +

(4.7.5)

= =
= z = 0. (, , z)
[exp- jkR]/R,
R
. ,
, (4.6.6), :

R =z+

+
2R '

(4.7.6)

e x p - jk

+
2R

(4.7.7)

(4.7.7) (4.7.5) ,

, q.
,
1/q, . . :
1.1
.-.
q R
(4.7.8)
(4.7.8) (4.7.5) :
2

(, , z) e x p -

e x p - jk

z+

+
2R

4.

(4.7.9)

175

. 4.15

:
) ; ) .

,
(4.7.8).
w
. 4.15
(4.7.9), . . = -[(: + )/ ], r/w, = [ + z / ]
. ,
= 0, = w = 1/.
, w
; ( z ) . ,
/ | | ,
I = / - [ 2 ( + )/ ].

w / = / / , ,
Wj =w/V2.
, ,
w>
.
, ,
, / 1/
.
(4.7.8)
(4.7.9).
(4.7.7), , ,
. R (4.7.8)
.
,
, z z'. , /, z j
9

1/2

176

- .

kz + k(x + y )/2R = kz',

:
+
z=z (4.7.10)
2R '
, (4.7.10) ,
z. , ,
: = 1/ = 0 , . . ,
R. ,
, (4.7.7),
, (4.7.9), .
2

4.7.2.

(4.7.1)
z
(. . ).
(4.7.4) A = D= lnB = z :
g = ?x + z.

(4.7.11)

, = 0 R = , :

a/qi) = -/nw ),

(4.7.12)

w z = 0. (4.7.11)
( l / g ) = l / ( g i + ), 1/q (4.7.8) l/q (4.7.12),
.

w R :
0

w (z) = w$ 1 +

(4.7.13)

: J
>\2

R(z) = z 1 +

(4.7.136)

Xz

(4.7.3) (4.7.12), :
(, , z)

1
[l-j(Xz/nw )

"'*-2"

(4.7.14)

(4.7.14)
.
(4.7.8) (1/q),
:
/
\ o
-
. x +u
u(x,y,z) = - 5 - exp
-JL^exp-jk
^
,
(4.7.15a)
w

4.

177


= tan

(4.7.156)

Ij

(4.7.15), w(z), R(z) (),

(4.7.13) (4.7.156),
. (4.7.13) (4.7.156) , w> jt
(, , )
w ( z). ,
, ,
z 0.
, ,
w , ,
, R = 2 = 0.
z = 0,
z > 0 ,
- (4.6.8).
(4.7.11), , (4.7.13)
z, . .
z = 0. ,
0

z =nw/k,

(4.7.16)

z (
), (4.7.13) (4.7.156)
, :
R

w (z)=w [l
+ (z/z ) ],
R(z) = z[l + (z /z) ]
9

(4.7.17)
(4.7.176)

(2) = tan" (z/z ).

(4.7.17)

(4.7.15) (4.7.17)
. , (, z)
, (w /w) exp -[( + y )/w ], , - jk[(x + y )/2R] , , .
.
9

w/w A
0

z/Zr

z/z

. 4.16
) w. )
R z

178

. .

 (4.7.15) ,
( z > 0, z < 0)
,
(4.7.17). , w (z)
wl (Xz/nw ) , .
w/w z/z
z > 0 . 4.16. z < 0
, w(z) 2 ,
. . . ,
2 = 0 (
); 2 = z w = \[2w . ,
,
V 2 . 2 - > (. . z > z ) :
2

w w z/z = kz/nw .
0

(4.7.18)

(4.7.18) . 4.17 ( ).
2 w z; ,
Q = w/z.

e = X/nw .
(4.7.19)
/
(4.7.15) ,
, ,
2 .
, j j | \ dxdy 2 .
w /w(z) .
, (4.7.15), :
d

+00

j]|u|

+00
2

dxdy = (u%/2)

Jexp(4

00

00

jexp(-r] )dr],

(4.7.20)

= /2/\ = \[2/w. , J | a | d x d z / 2 .
(4.7.15).
, 4.7.1, ,
z > 0
R.
R/z z/z z >
. 4.166. 2 < 0
, R(z) 2 , . .
. , R->oo z = 0
)

. 4.17
(
)
(
)

(TEM )
Q0

4.

179

 = z . z > z R 2 , R = z
. 4.166. ,
z = 0, /
2 , .
,
(4.7.15). (4.6.4) (4.7.156), , -kz
(2),
- ( / 2 ) (/2) z
-z z > z .
, . 4.16, . 4.17,
2w(z) ( ),
( ).
2 = 0;
w
. ,
, R > 0 z > 0 R < 0
2 < 0, z > 0
z < 0.
R

4.7.3.
ABCD

,
ABCD-, (4.7.3) [8].
ABCD-
q q , q
q
(4.7.4). ,
,
. (4.7.4) ,
(4.2.19), ,

. , ,

, (4.7.4) ,
,
. (4.7.4) ABCD
, ,
. 4.7.2
.
.
x

l9

4.5. .
/ . (4.7.4),
q q
:
1

1 _ C+

180

(D/ )
qi

+ (/
1

(4.7.21)
. .

 , . 4.1, :

J L = _ I + _L

(4.7.22)
<?2
f \'
(4.7.8) ,
l / # i , l/q ,
(4.7.22),

:
w = iv
(4.7.23)
2

l9

JL JL_1

(4.7.236)
=
R2 Ri f
, . 4.18,
(4.7.23). (4.7.23), ,
,

; . .
(. . 4.18).
(4.7.236),
(. 4.186). ,
.
JRJ R
(4.2.20). ,
, R
R
(4.2.20). ,

, , (4.2.20)
,
(4.7.236).
19

,
1

\ _ I/ ;'

. 4.18

:
) ; ) .

4.6. .
w ,
/ (. .
).
w . (4.2.4) (4.2.6),
01

02

4.

181

 /,
2,
1-2//

2
(4.7.24)
- 1 / / 1"
q
(4.7.21), , , D
(4.7.24), l/q
2

( 1 / ? 1 ) = - / < =-J/z ,
(4.7.25)
z , .
z
, , (4.7.8), l/q
. ,
(4.7.21) .
(4.7.24) (4.7.25) , z :
Rl

Rl

01

* * = / / [ ! + <//** ) ](4.7.26)
, , ,
z , ,
/ . , ,
z > /, z /.
(4.7.21) (4.7.24)
(4.7.25), w :
m

Rl

02

02

, z

Rl

1/2

w =lf/nw [l
+ (f/z ) ] .
/, (4.7.27) ,
01

(4.7.27)

Rl

w = lf/nw .
02

(4.7.28)

01

4.7.4.

, 4.7.1,
, (4.6.8)
, (4.6.9) .
, ,

. , . 4.14,
,
2

"(^/^

+ f t ) / 2 g i ] , (4.7.29)

H I , q
z = z .
(4.7.29) (4.6.9) :
t

l9

l+l+m

( , z) =
9

182

A+

(B/ y
qi

(J2x
{ w

2 exp-jk (x +y )
2

2q

(4.7.30)
'

. .

 q . 4.14
, (4.7.4), a. w
.
, z
, : q = jnwfi/X, w
. q (4.7.30)
(4.7.8), :
x

u , (x,#,z) =
z

{ - & ( * + )/2
+ (1 + * + 0
(4.7.31)
(4.7.156). (4.7.11)
q = q(z), , w ,
(4.7.13) (4.7.136).

(4.7.31), I = = 0.
, (4.7.31)
, 4.7.1 (.
(4.7.15)). ,
Transverse Electric and Magnetic
(
,

z). 00
(4.7.31).
z
1 ( ) / \ [~2( + y )/w ].
= ( + ) .
,
(. 4.19).

(4.7.31), I = 1 m = 0
( / = 0 = 1). ()
| | - [ ( + y )/w ]. ,
(. . 4.15)
, exp~(x /w ) .
. 4.156 , ,
x/w.
2

00

00

00

00
2

2 1/2

10

10

. 4.19

4.

183



. 4.19.
(I = 0 = 1)

. 4.19 90.

. , I m ,
,
( = + = ) .
10

01

10

4.8.

,
, 5. , ,
(
, , . .)
2 x 2 .
. ,

-.

4.1. , ABCD- ,

,

1
7
2

0
1
R

>

R (R > 0,
).
4.2.

R R .
4.1, ,

1 -(
1
J_^|
/
{ R,
R)
2

, .

4.3. -
R = 0,99
= 0,005.
.
184

. .

4.4. -, ,
L ,

.
,
3 10 ,
60 . L ,
.
, 50%.
9

4.5. -, ,
L,
1
X = 600 .

1 10 .
,
100 .
.
4.6. (4.7.2)
(4.6.9) , (4.6.9)
- + (4.7.3), q q
(4.7.4).
0

4.7. /
d ,
. w ud / ,
.
00

4.8. , ,
w, = (nw /2)I
1 ( = 0 ) .
00

p9

4.9. He-Ne
X = 632,8 , = 5 .
,
, ,
1 .
00

4.10. ,
1 X = 514,5 , ,
100 .
,
,
w = 2 .
00

4.11. w
D / .
00

4.

l9

185

 ,
,
D ^ 2,25w
, : 1) ;
2) , . . w = w ;
3) f^z
= nwl /X\ 4) (4.7.27).

NA (NA = sin 9, 9 = t a n ( D / / ) ,
, 0, NA = (D/f)).
l9

Rl

01

_1

4.12. ,
(X = 694,3 ), 1 ,
,
. ,
z = 348 ,
D = 2,25u> (.
), . (
,
, .)
00

01

4.13. , w ,
L
.
. ABCD
, ,

,
U = L/n. ,
?
0

4.14. (4.7.26) ,
w
, z / 2 , z = ^/.
, ?
01

Rl

Rl

1. . Kogelnik, Propagation of Laser Beams, in Applied Optics and Optical Engineer

ing, ed. by R. Shannon and J. C. Wynant (Academic Press, New York, 1979), Vol. II,
pp.156-190.
2. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1980), Sec. 1.
M., . . M.: , 1970, 2- ., . 1.
3. . Ritter, Coatings and Thin-Film Techniques, in Laser Handbook, ed. by F. T. Arecchi
and E. O. Schultz-Dubois (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), Vol. 1, pp. 897-921.
4. Thin Films for Optical Systems, ed. by F. R. Flory (Marcel Dekker, New York 1995).
5. Ref. [2], Sec. 7.
M., . . M.: , 1970, 2- ., . 7.
6. . . Siegman, Lasers (Oxford University Press, Oxford, U. K.), Chap. 1.
7. Ref. [6], Chap. 20.
8. H. Kogelnik and T. Li, Laser Beams and Resonators, Appl. Opt. 5, 1550 (1966).
186

. .

5.1.

1 5
, . . ,
.
,
(, , ) ,
L. L

,
. ,
,
- (., ,
2.2.1):
, , ,
, . . .

,
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
, 5.1 ,
, He-Ne
, ( 10 ),
. ,

( 6 ).
9

,

- , ,

187

- ( ).
, , , 2.2.1,
, ( . .
) . ,
,
-
.
,

(, t) = ()[(-*/2 ) + *].
0

(5.1.1)

(
) .

.

5.1.1.

( -)

( -)
, .

,
, . 5.1.
,
, L
, .. L = (/2), .
,

. ,

v = n(c/2L).
(5.1.2)
, ,
,
( ) 2, . .
2kL = 2.
.

. 5.1
) , )

188

. .

 , ,
, (
2).
,
.
(5.1.2) , . .
, ,
Av = c/2L.

(5.1.3)

;
,
, . . .
5.1.2.

()

,
R L
, ,
. . L = 2R (. 5.16). . 5.16
.

,
.
(5.1.2)
(5.1.3) .

5.1.3.

R, L
, F F . ,

(. . L = R). ,
,
, . 5.2.
, , . 5.2,
.
,
,
.
, ,
]

, .

L

. 5.2
.

x

5.

189

5.1.4.

,
R
L , R < L < 2R (. .
).
, , L <R. ,
, ,

.

, (R > 0),
(R < 0) ,
L .
,
. ,

9 .
. 5.3.
, , ,
.
5.1.5.

, (. 5.4)
, , , . 5.46
(. folded) .
, ,
. 5.4
. 5.46( )
2. :
v = nc/L

(5.1.4)

. 5.3

190

. 5.4
) .
)

. .

 L . 5.46,
. , ,
. 5.4, , , .
, , , . 5.4
, . ,
.
,
, . 5.4 (
, . 7.8.2.2).
, . ,

. ,
( . 5.4), .
p

5.1. .
He-Ne , X = 633 , AvJ =1,7 10 .
L = 50
. (5.1.3) ,
, N
= 2LAv* /c = 6. ,

2 = 3 . (2.2.16) ,
AvJ, N
= 8rcv FAvo / ,
v = , V = na L .
, ,
N
= (2na/X) N =l,2
10 .
9

open

closed

closed

open

5.2.


(. 5.5),
(
), L
; [1].
, ,
1,
.
(. lensguide structure), . 5.56,
, .
, f f . 5.56
R R . 5.5

f = R /2. , 1 2,
2 2 , . 5.56,
x

5.

191

f = R /2
2

fi

. 5.5

) .
)

. 5.5.
E(x yi,0)

1,
2 = 0.
( 2) , . .
2 = 2L, E(x yi 0)

(. . f f a ! ) .
, , - (. 4.6).
5.5.2,
2! 2 . ,
,
. 5.5, (,
).
, -
, :
l9

l9

l9

29

l9

E(x y 2L)

= (exp-2/fcL) K(x y x y )E{x y 0)dx dy

(5.2.1)
i
1 ( = 0),
( , )
( 2 = 0),
( 2 = 2L). 5.5.2. , E(x y 0)

8- , [ [ . .
E(x y 0)
= 8( -[ -'), ( 5 . 2 )
( 2L) = (-2jkL)K(x ;[ '). ,
exp (-2jkL) ( ; )

, ,
x .

. 5.56 ,
, . 5.5.
, , 9

l9

l9

l9

l9

l9

l9

l9

l9

192

l9

19

. .

,
. ,

(, 2L) = & exp (~2jkL)E(x y 0)
(5.2.2)
,
. :
9

=|<*|/,

(5.2.3)

, || 1 -
.

2L , . . -2kL (
). (5.2.2) (5.2.3)

9

= -21, + .

(5.2.4)

(5.2.1)
(5.2.2),
(,,0)=

jJK(x y;x y )E(x y 0)dx dy

9

l9

l9

l9

(5.2.5)

l9

. ( , 0) (
)
,
. 5.56. ,

1, . 5.5.
(5.2.5)
I .
&i .
,
& , | d | ,

. ,
| &i | < 1;
1

im

1 = 1 -

(5-2.6)

. , (5.2.4) = -2kL + ;
.
,
; = -2 . , : -2kL +
+ = - 2 . k = 2nv/c

Vim
(5.2.7)
+
lmn 2

5.

193

,
() / , / . I
(5.2.5),
2 (. . = - / 2 ) .
,

(5.2.5)

; E
| d | d
, (5.2.6),
, ,
(5.2.7), .
/

im

im

im

5.3.



, , ,
. ,
, .
^
.
. 1
,
(#!, z/i,0) , .
R R ( )
, T
.
I(t) , t = 2L/c, . .
,
0

I(t ) = R R (l-T ) I .
1

(5.3.1)

, T
,
(1 - T ) (1 - T )
() .
, . .
t

t = 2mL/c,

(5.3.2)

WJ

= [ , ( 1 - Ttfrh-

5 3 3

( - - >-

()
t.
, , (0 I(t). ,
(5.3.3),
2

( 0 = [, (1 - , ) ,
2

194

( - - )

. .

 , .
:
0

(* ) = [(-* / )],

(5.3.5)

. , (5.3.5)
(5.3.4), (5.3.2), ,

exp (-2mL/cx )

= [ ^ " T) ] .

(5.3.6)

, m
:

= - 2 L / c l n [ i ? R ( l - *) ].

lJ

(5.3.7)

, (5.3.5)
t , t(> 0). :
m

(*) = (-* ) .

(5.3.8)

(5.1.1)
,
(5.3.7), .
, (5.3.7), (1.2.4) (1.2.6),
:
x = L/cy.
(5.3.9)
,
=L/c ,
() .
c

5.2. .
R = R = R = 0,98, a T = 0. (5.3.7) = /[-1#] = 49,5 ,
.
,
,
. L = 90 , = 3 , = 150 .
1

,

, (5.1.1),
E(t) = Eexp[(-t/2 ) + j(ot]
.
,
.
- ,
,
( F W H M ) ,

A v = 1/2 .
c

5.

(5.3.10)

,
-,
4.5, (. (4.5.6)).
, Av (. (5.3.10)),
(5.3.7) = 0,
, 4.5 (. (4.5.12) I / = L ) .
,
(5.3.8). ,
, ,
, 5.3.
,
, (5.3.10),
(5.3.7).
c

5.3. . R = R =
= # = 0,98, ^ , (5.3.10) (5.3.7) Av = 6,4307 10~
(c/2L), (4.5.12) Av = 6,4308 10 (c/2L).
L = 90 Av =1,1 .
R = R = 0,5 .
, (5.3.10) (5.3.7) Av = 0,221 (c/2L),
(4.5.12) Av = 0,225 (c/2L). L = 90 A v ^ 37,5 .
, Av
.
x

_3

,
, Q-, ( . quality ),
.
, , Q
Q = 2 ( )/(,
). ,
.
/w,
, , hv(-d/dt)(l/v)
=
= -h(d$/dt), :
Q = -2nvty/W/dt).

(5.3.11)

(5.3.8)
Q=

2TIVT ,
C

(5.3.12)

, (5.3.10),
Q = v/Av .
c

(5.3.13)

, Q-
v Av .
c

196

. .

 5.4. Q- .
5.2 = 150 , v = 5 10 (. .
630 ). (5.3.12) Q = 4,7 10 . , Q-
,
,
.
14

5.4.

(. 5.6)
, ,
1. 2 1
.
, ' { ,
,
(4.2.2) :
0

D '
0

(5.4.1)

ABCD- . ,
P\(r {) ( ')

l9

29

(5.4.2)

, ( ,

D 4

(5.4.3)

-2L-

. 5.6
( ) ( )
, A B C D -

5.

197

 , ,
( , ') ( ,)
. ,
0

.

,
ABCD-, ,
, , . .
(. . 5.66). , ABCD- - .
, . 5.6,
,
. ,
, (AD-), 1.
[2], , ,
9
0

cos9 = (A + Z>)/2,

(5.4.4)

1
sin0

A sin 9 - sin ( -1)9

CsnrnG

sin 9
D sinnG - sin ( -1)9

(5.4.5)

(5.4.5) , -
, 9
. , 9 , . .
9 = + ib , , , sinn9 (5.4.5),
sin 9 = [exp (9) + exp (~jnd)]/2j = [exp (jna - nb) - exp (-jna + nb)]/2j. sin AI9 ,
, [(- +
+ nb)]/2j b > 0, -
. ,
, 9 ;
(5.4.4), ,
9

(5.4.6)
(5.4.6)
. 5.66. ,
. 5.6, , 2)- . ,
,
,
, , 198

. .

. , ABCD-
:
1, 2
1, 2,
1 2. . 4.1, :

1
-2/!

0 1
1 0

L
1
1 -2/R2

0 1
1 0

L
1

(5.4.7)

(5.4.7)
+D
2

2L

2L
R

JRJ

21}
R\R

(5.4.8) :
(5.4.9)
,
g - g
x

g^l-iL/RJ,
g =l-(L/R ).
2

(5.4.10)
(5.4.106)

, (5.4.6),
(5.4.9), :
(5.4.11)

0<*1-* <12

(5.4.11)
^ , g (. 5.7). . 5.7 ,
g g = 1 ( ).
(5.4.11), g - g = 0, , g = 0,
g = 0, g g
2

l9

. 5.7



g g .


.

l9

5.

199

 .
, 45 #i g .

( ).
,
,
, .
, ,
, , , , ,
g g = 0 g g = 1,
, .
, ,
. 5.1, .
, .
g - g = 0 gi g = 1 , ,
.
2

5.5.


.
.
5.5.1.

. 5.66 . 5.5 , , , . .
, = = . 5.5. (, , )
5.5 (
. 5.56), . . z = 2L,
(4.6.9) = 0, ABCD-
( ). = 0
E(xi, , 0) = ( ,i/i,0),
(4.6.5) ( , 2L) = ( , 2L) (-2 jkL).
( , z) (4.6.9), :

* + ) + + )-2 1 exp-;*
2
2

E(x y 2L)
9

J Jf

= exp(-2jkL)

- - c o ^

'

- - )

xEix^yxWdxxdyx.

(5.5.1) (5.2.1) ,
( y;x ) :
9

l9

*=
200

- '*

+ ) + (

+
2

)-2 -2
1

(5.5.1)

. .

2w,

2w

I ?1

_4*1

= 2w,

v\

2w

2w

li
c,
fi-Ri
. 5.8

) g- , )
, )
.
)
4.7,
(4.7.1),
(4,7.30),
(4.6.9), , ABCD-,
.
,
. , q
, , , 1 . 5.8,
q
q . ABCD
, . . (4.7.4), q = q,
x

=* + .
(5.5.2)
Cq + D
, q

Cq + (D - A)q - = 0.
(5.5.3)
4

q , ,
(5.5.3) , . .

-) + 4<0.
(5.5.4)
2

5.

201

, AD - = 1, (5.5.4)
(D + ) < 4, . . (5.4.6). ,

, , ,
,
- (4.7.30).
2

5.5.1.1.

. 5.8.

(, , ), 1,
q, (5.5.3),
, , D . g-,
1/q. , (4.7.8),
w R
. w
R , 2 (. 5.86).
5.86
. 5.8, R

fi=R\.
, . 5.8
, ,
1 2
A D (. 5.8).
q (5.5.3),
5.8.
, (4.2.17),
, . . 2 1,
^ ^
nD .

(. . 4.1), R > .

x

l9

1
0

, 1,

2A D -1
1

2B D
l

2
2-1

(5.5.5) , = D, (5.5.3)
1

(5.5.5)

, f = R
f = R /2 (. . 5.56)
. , ,
. 5.8 f ,
, =
R /2.
x

lt

202

. .

(5.5.6a)

<2 = Qi

, (5.4.6)
B D /A C
< 0. , q
, . .
1 (. . 5.8 ) .
, 2, ,
1

AiBi_

(5.5.66)

A B /C D
= (A /B ) (B D /A C )
< 0, q
, 2 .
, , /
5.8 1 . 5.86, R ;
2. ,
,
. . 5.86,
, ,
. ,
. 5.86 ( , ),
2 , (
, ).
2
. , ,
.
(5.5.6)
. . 5.8 ,
1 2
f , L , ,
, f . ) -
,
, .
. 4.1, ,
1

l9

8i

(5.5.7)

^ g (5.4.10). (5.5.6), (4.7.8)

(5.5.7), :
2

/2

-,1/4

(5.5.8)

.ft(l-ftft).

, (5.5.66), :
1/4

(5.5.86)

[_2(l-l2)J

5.

203

 , (5.5.8),
1 2. w = w . 5.8, ,
(4.7.27) / = f w = w , w . :
01

02

1/4

glg2(l~glg2)

ctr

L(gi+g -2gig )
2

(5.5.9)

, w 1,
,
(4.7.26) z / = f = R nz = nw /X.
R = R g = g = g=l(L/R);
(5.5.8) (5.5.86) :
x

Rl

1/4

(5.5.10a)

l-g
(5.5.9) :

1+

g
_4d-g).

l/4

(5.5.106)

5.5. .
(g = 0).
(5.5.10, )
1 2

w = (LX/2K) ' ,

1 2

w = (LX/n) ' ,
c

0c

(5.5.11)

. (5.5.11)
, V2 ,
(. 5.9). , . . R > L,
g = 1 - 8, 8 .
8,
(5.5.10) :
iw /w ) = (w /w ) = (1/28)!/4,
np

0np

(5.5.12)

,
. (5.5.12)
, ;
, (. 5.96).
, . . L = 2R,
g = - 1 - 6, 8
. 8,
(5.5.10) :
(w /w ) = ( 1 / 2 8 ) ^ ,
nc

(w /w )
0nc

= (8/8)^4,

(5.5.13)

. (5.5.13)
, , 8,
, .
204

. .

L= R
w =
c

w = w /yj2
0

{L\/n) >

LR-

-L=-R

. 5.9

:
) , ) ) .

8. . 5.9.
L = 1 = 514 (
), w = 0,4 .
, L = 1 M H X = 514 ,
R = 10 g = 0,9; (5.5.10) = 0,59
w = 0,61 . ,
.
+

5.5.1.2.

(4.7.29) (4.7.30) , ABCD q = q

( , 2L)
1 /[ + (B/q)]

( = = = 0). (5.2.2)
,
^
l9

1+l+m

1+l+m

[A + (B/q)] '

(5.5.14)

(5.5.3) , = D, :
5 5 15

q = jJ=BjC.

(-- >

= + (/),

(5.5.16)
2

(5.5.16), (5.5.15), || = - =AD- = 1.

(5.5.14) ,
1 , (5.2.6),
. ,
/

5.

205

 , ore
, /
(. 5.8), , ,
(. 5.8).
,
:
1

= -.

(5.5.17)

(5.5.17) (5.5.16), (5.5.15) (5.5.5), :

= = 2A D - 1,
(5.5.18)
X

= ^-/

= 2

(5.5.186)

(5.5.186) , 0 < < B D > 0 - < < 0 B D < 0.

(5.5.18) cos (/2) = (1 + )/2 =A D , ,
X

= 2 arccos(VAx ) ,
(5.5.19)
,
^ - ' (5.5.14),
(5.5.16)(5.5.17) =(1 + / + /) = . , . . = (1 + 1 + ).
(5.5.19) (5.2.7) :
/

lmn

2L

arccos(

(5.5.20)

4 - - ,
BxD^
D
(5.5.7). (5.5.20)

lmn

2L

*+

a r c c o s

^ g)
gl

(5.5.21)

(5.5.7) + - ,
g (, , g ).
2

5.6. .
(g = g = 0) (5.5.21)

[2 + (1 + / + ) ] .
(5.5.22)
4L
. 5.10. , ,
2 + I + ,
,
. -.
c/4L,
c/2L, (. (5.1.3)).

(I, ); , c/4L
(, (/, 0, 0) (, 0, 1)).
t

206

. .

n, 1,1
/1+1,0,0.

-1,1,2
n, 0 , 1

-1,1,1
n, 0 , 0

(/H-1,0,0)

( , 0,0)
/
(,1,0)(,0,1)]

I / [(,1,1.,52)1

/
w
w
V

- (c/2L)(2L/rc f*)

c/4L

1/2

-c/2L-

. 5.10
( ) ()

,
(/, ) (, ) 1
(. . ) c/2L, .
00

5.7.
. = g = 1 - (L/R), /R < 1. ,
g 1. arccos (g) = arccos [1 - (L/R)] = ( 2 L / E ) / , a (5.5.21)
2

1/2

n + (1 + Z + w ) (2L\ ~
R 1
2L

(5.5.23)

. 5.106. ,
c/2L,

(c/2L)(2L/n R) / .
2

1 2

5.5.1.3.

, 5.5.1,1-2,
.
.
1

( ) , ,
( ) .
, > m, I ( 5 . 5 . 2 4 ) .

.
, / , (. .
) . ( ) ,
, , I,
/.
/, / .
. ,
(. .
( + 1) ( - 1 ) ) .

5.

207

 (4.7.31) (4.6.4),
:
/
"V2x

V2y

exp

w
w
[-7 + (1 + / + )]
2

xexp[-jk(x

(5.5.4)
(5.5.246)

+ / )/2],

(5.5.24)

w(z), R(z) () (4.7.17).

,
w . ,
I, . I
(5.5.24). ,
k = 2 / , I,
(. (5.5.21)). :
, 4.7.4,

;
5.1.1
, . .
z.
,
(5.5.24) :
. . ,
(4.6.1), = Eexp(jat), = = 2nv

, (5.5.246),

exp j[-kz + + cot], ,

z. ,
, = (-^), ,
z.
, . . Ecoscot.
, , ,
, = Eexp(j(ot)
, 2
z.
0

lmn

009

5.5.2.

5.5.1.2 ,
, . 5.8,
. ,
, ,
(
). ,
,
. 5.11, 00

208

. .


,
2. ,
,
,
.
,
. 5.11
,





,
.

(5.2.5) .
,
,
.
(R = R = R = = ,
.5.12) (. 5.126).
, ,
L , ,
.
, (5.2.5), :
00

++

6(,,0)

= j ^K(x,y x y )E(x ,y ,0)dx dy ,

9

(5.5.25)

--

,
.
z = 0 z = L
(. 5.126),
(5.5.1), ABCD-
L.
L
/ = R/2. , ,
(5.5.25) , + ,
.

f=R/2

f=R/2

. 5.12
) , )

5.

209

 (5.5.25) /
, .
[5],

. (, , 0),
(5.5.25), ,
, (, , L)
.
(5.5.25) , ,
(, , 2L), . .
(
),
,

- ,
.
,
, ,
.

5.8. [6].

,
, . 5.13 (
) . 5.136 ( )
00

01

N = a /LX.

(5.5.26)

. 5.13

( ) TEMqq
()
( [ 6 ] ,
,
1965 . )
01

210

. .

 ,
^-. , g
(, )
. , ,
(5.5.11), N = /nw , w

.
^- (. 5.5),

( ) (; ).
. 5.11 ,
. ,
^- ,
. ,
. ,
, .
00

00

01

00

5.9.
. ,

. ,
, ,
g = 1 g = -1 (. 5.5). , ,
, ,
,
(,
).
, , y i = 10% g < 0,95 (R < 20L). . 5.136
N < 2, .
, L = 2 X = 1,06 ( Nd.YAG )
< 2 . L = 2 M H X = 1 0 , 6 (
0 ) < 6,3 .
00

01

01

. 5.5
. 5.56.
E(xi,yi,Q) (
)
2 = 0 . 5.56, ( , )
z = L

( ,y ,L) = (exp - jkL) jJK

2

12

(x ,y ;x y
2

l9

)( , y , 0)dx

dy ,
x

K = 0 2 = L,
1.
( , ) 2 = 2L
( , / , 2L) = (exp- jkL) jJK
( , ; , )( ,y ,L)dx dy ,
12

21

K = L 2 = 2L,
2.
:
l2

5.

211

( ,

, 2L) = (exp - 2jkL) jJK i (x y ;x y

39

29

)dx dy

x jjK (x y ;x y )E(x y 0)dx dy .

12

29

(5.5.17)

(5.5.27), ,

( , ,2L)
3

= (exp-2jkL)\\( ; )( , ,0)dx dy ,

39

19

(5.5.28)

, (
. 5.56, . . . 5.5),

( , ; ) = ^ (*>; ) ( ,y ,x y )dx dy .
(5.5.29)
3

21

29

12

l9

, (5.2.5)
.
0

5.5.3.

, ,

. ,
, (5.5.10) ,
,
, ,
g = 1 (
).
, ,
,
. ,

, -
( ) [7].
,
R R
,
1//,
(. 5.14).
.

, .
. 5.14
, , ,
x

212

. .

L
. 5.14
) ,
/ ,
, ) (),
D ,

19

w .
,
dw /d(l/f) = 0.
(5.5.30)
, ,
. ,
.

, , ,
(. [8])
a

2a = nw .
a

(5.5.31)

1/f (5.5.30) (5.5.31)

#

1 5

R,
2

L VLL .
X

,
. 5.14 .
, . 5.15 w
1 / /
.
:

, (5.5.30);
a

. 5.15
w


S
1/f
. 5.14

5.

213

 w 1/f,
am ;
,
;
A(l/f) ;

a

(5.5.32)

-(1//) = 2,

.
,
. 5.146 (. . 5.8),
. 5.14 , B H D J
1//. ^
(5.4.6) (5.5.5) ,
0 ^ A D ^ 1. *
5.16,
D . D
1/f,
D 1/f,
A D (. . 5.16).
,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
[9]:
1- *
f~na
(5.5.33)

, , ;
. (5.5.33) 1/f

l9

l9

l9

II//

. 5.16

,
. 5.146.

. 5.15

214

. .

 (5.5.32) , (5.5.31),
(w /a) = ( 2 / ) , ,
, ,
(, = 10
Nd: Y A G , ).
,
.

.
S S
1 2 S = &r /w SQi S = > /> 80 ,
, , 1 5
50! 1,
2.
S =[Sf + S f ] .
. 5.15.
, , 1,
() ,
, 2.
1 ,
, 1 , 2.
,
1
(. . 5.16). ,
w , 0 0 = X/nw
. , ,
,
, .
, . 5.146
, ,
, , ,

. 1
(5.5.30), (5.5.31). , ,
(5.5.30),
, 1. ,
L , . 5.14, ,

1.
, . 5.16, , [
L^ +Lr =f~ ( 1 " - ) ~ +L~
=/ ,
L . 5.14.
/ , ,

,
.
am

cl

1 / 2

_1

5.

215

5.6.


5.4, ,
g g . 5.7 [10].
: (. negativebranch), , g g > 1,
(. positive-branch), g - g < 0.

, ,
. -, 5.5,
, g g ,
, w
, ; ,
1 1 .
5.9, ,
< 2 .


, ( ), ,
. ,
(., , . 5.3),
.
, .
, (
) , (
). , ,
,
, .
l9

l9

00

00

5.6.1.

, ,
[11].
,
(. (5.5.24)):

;
.

;
. , ,
, ,
.
4

216

. .

2
1 2

. 5.17

)
.
)

( )

.2

-,
(5.5.3).
, ,
,
, -
, . . .
,
,
,
. ,
, (5.5.3)
. (5.5.3)
, ,
q, .

. 5.17.
.
:
, 2
, , ,
, , 1
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, . 5.17, ,
g - - . ,
, :

(5.6.1)
1

/2

r =g [l-(glg2) Y +g2-l.
2

(5.6.16)

5.

217

 , . 5.17
1 2, ,
2 1. ,

1 2. .5.17

1 2

21

1 2

1 2

(l + r O M .

(5.6.2a)

21

= (1 + r )/r .
2

(5.6.26)

, (. single-ended), ,
, . 5.176.
2 1 ,
, .
, > .
, , ,
2 (,
1 2 100%).
2 2 (. . 5.176) ,
, ,
,

21

= (1 + r f ) (1 + ; ),

=
21

12

(5.6.3)

(5.6.2). (5.6.1)
(5.6.3)
= (2ft ft - 1) + 2ft ft[l - (ft

1 1 2

ft)" ] / ,

(5.6.4)

, , ,
^- . , ft ft < 0,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
, , 2
,
S -S
2

2 =

M -1
2

(5.6.5)
9

S = \ S = \ ,
2, ,
. ,
, , 2
.
2

218

. .

 5.10. .

,
. . 5.18, .
F F ,
, g g
, . 5.7 (
(2g - l)(2g - 1) = 1).
(g = g = 0)
(g = g = 1) .

. . 5.18 (
(5.6.1)),
, F =F .

= \R \/
\R \, R R ({R^ > \R \).
1 2 (. . 2 > 2 ),
. , ,
,
,
. ,
,
(5.6.5).
1

lf

. 5.18

:
) ; ) .

5.6.2.

.
, , . .
(5.2.5),
- (5.2.1).

,
. , ,
(5.2.5),
5.

219

, 5.5.2
.
, -,
5.5.2.
,
.
:
,
(5.2.5), . . ,
,
.
,

N = [ ( M - l ) / 2 ] ( a f / L A , )
N = [ ( + l)/2](af /Lk) , 2
.
, ,
. 5.19.
= 2,5 N = 0,6, ,

2 (. 5.186). . 5.19
( ),
1. ,
= 2,5 .
, , (/ ) = 0,4,
2 .
eq

eq

eq

. 5.19

. ,
2 (. . 5.186),
. 5.19 ,
-0,4 ^ (/ ) < 0,4. ,
2 ,
. , ,


, . 5.19.
- ,
2. ,
. 5.19
;
,
2. , . 5.19 ,
2,
,
.

220

. .

. 5.19

( [12], )

. 5.20

= 2,5
N = 0,6 ( [10], )
eq

,
,
. ,
, ,
, (. .
, 2,
).

, ,
,
, . .
.

.
. 5.20.
, ,
,
. , , I = 0,
,
. ,
, . . .
,
, . . - ,
L .
, . . ,
.
. 5.21,
a OTN
, . 5.20. ,
2

eq

5.

221

, = 1 - || , I = 1
, N 1 ( 2).
, N , , , N = 0,6
. 5.20, I = 1 , I = 0
, N = 1
. . 5.21 ,
N
. ,

. , ,
, (. . N . 5.21),
.
, , N = 1
/ = 2 CZ = 0 H Z = 1,

. ,
,
, , N .
,
N
eq

eq

eq

eq

eq

eq

eq

eq

eQ

, . .

2 , , .

222

. .

 ,
. . 5.22,

.
(
N ) ,
, (5.6.5),
. ,
,
. ,

(. . 5.20), ,
.
eq

563

, ,
:
, ;
;
( -, ).
:
(. .
). ,
(. 5.18) 2 , 2 .
,
( ),

. , ,

( - 1 ) / ,
,
;

, , ;
, ,
.
,
(
), -,
, -
( ).
2

5.

223

5.6.4.

, ,
,
.
, 1
< > , ,
R
, [14].
() 2

. ,
.
, , ()
,
Mr 2, () ,
2 .
2
, ,
2

'

^.

(5.6.6)

(5.6.6)
, -
.
, .
,
u ( r ) = (), ,
1, . (5.6.6)
:
2

()
2

(5.6.7)

() = () (5.6.7)

2.
, ,
(. (5.2.6)):
2

21

=1- .

(5.6.8)

[11, 12].
:
2

= e x p ( - r /wi),
224

(5.6.9)
. .

 , w
. ,
(5.6.9) ,
, :
0

R = Roexv(-2r /w ),

(5.6.10)

R =pf .
(5.6.9) ,
(5.6.7) :
0

() = ^ ^ / ^ ) ,

(5.6.11)

20

w*=(M -l)w .
m

= /,

(5.6.13)

(5.6.8) , ,
2

=1-( / ).

(5.6.14)

, 2,
:
2

I (r)

= /, (0)exp(-2r /u; ).

in

(5.6.15)

,
, I
. ,
I
2

in

out

hutir) = I (r)[l
in

- R(r)] = I (0)[exv(-2r*/w )

- ( - 2 / , ) ] , (5.6.16)

in

(5.6.15), (5.6.10)
(5.6.12). , I
,
= 0,
. , ,
(d I /dr )
= 0. (5.6.16) ,
R

out

out

r=0

RM
0

= 1.

(5.6.17)

, (5.6.14) (5.6.17),

=1-(1/ ).
(5.6.18)


.
,
2

5.

225

 (N ^ 5)
, [15].

,
ABCD- [16].
eq

5.11.
, . = 0,5,
,
(. 7), ,
. (5.6.18)
M = V 2 , (5.6.17) RQ = 1 / = 1 / 7 2 =0,71, (5.6.12)
w = 0,41w .

. 5.23.
, 2,
I (r).

, . .
, , ,
, I (a)/I (0)
= 2 . = 0,9w ,

w . ,
= 3,2 , , w = 3,5 . ,
R = 71%,
w = 3,5
(, ) ,
= [ 2 ] / = 1,19.
2

in

-2

in

in

kl,R

. 5.23

(I )
(I )

R(r)
(
I

)
in

out

out

r/W

[17]. (5.6.9) (5.6.10) :

= ( - / ) ,

(5.6.19)

R = # e x p ( - 2 r " / w ) .

(5.6.196)

226

. .

 > 2 (5.6.19)
. (5.6.19) (5.6.7)

() = (0) (-r/w ),
(5.6.20)

w = w (M -\) ' .
(5.6.21)
n

x n

, = / = 1 - = 1 - (Ro/M ) . (5.6.20)

IJr)

= I (0)ex (-2r"/w).
in

(5.6.22)

, >
4 '
, .
, I

I = I (r)[l
- R(r)],
.


, . 5.24 I = 2 (
) = 5, 10 ( ).
,
w (5.6.22) (5.6.15) ,
exp(-2a /w )
= 2 10" , . ,

.
. 5.24:
(. .
).
9 ,
5.246.
I (r)
R = 0,45 = 1,8. ,
2

out

out

in

in

out

. 5.24
( = 5, = 10)
:
( ) ()
( [ 1 8 ] , )

5.

227


,
.
, ,
/0^, . ,
,
R ,
5 8 [18].
, ,
= 5 -s- 8

.

5.7.

5
. , ,

, 2. , , ,
(, )
~2 X = 1,06 ~6,5 X = 10,6 .

.

, , ,
.

5.1.
R = - 1
R = 1,5 .
, ?
x

5.2. , , = 514,5 ,
L = 1 . : )
; )
; ) ,

(Av* =3,5; . . 2.2).
+

5.3. 0 , X = 10,6 ,
(- ,
L = R/2) L = 2 . : )
; ) ; )
; ) , 2

00

228

. .

 ( 0
Av ~ 50 ).
2

5.4. ,
4 ,
1 .
,
X = 514,5 (
).
00

5.5. ,
?
5.6. (4.7.26) (5.5.8), ,
. 5.86,
z ,
x

= (1 - g ) g L / ( g

+g2

2g g ).
x

5.7. 5.4
1,5 . : )
; ) .
5.8. ,
. / ,
L ,
?
.

5.9.
,
(. 5.4). , L ,
,
.
.
p

5.10. , X = 630
2 10~ ,
L = 1 .
JR = 10 . ,
.
2

01

00

5.11. He-Ne , X = 630 ,

(. 5.16)
(. .
, = + < L). ,
L = 30 , : )
, w = 0,5 ;
) g g ,
; ) .
m

l9

5.

229

5.12. He-Ne
. , ,
, He-Ne
(. 10), ,
. ,
, He-Ne
2 10~ . (: ,
()

L = 2L, R = R = R-
, . 5.13, ,
g
g.)
0 1

nc

5.13. A B C D ,
. 5.8.
,
: 0 <A D < 1 - 1 < < 0. ,
, , B D /A C
< 0 , , q
(5.5.6) .
1

5.14.
5,


. ,
1
, 5 5 6 = (l/wJidr^dQJ
= (l/w )(dr /dQ ),
(drjd%)
( = 1 , 2 ) 1
1 2 . ,
( 5 ) = 0 ( 5 ) = (nw /X).

12>

12

1 2

5.15. , , ,

, 5 = 5 = 8 = 5 = ( 5 ) 4 w / u > ,
( 5 ) , w
, a.w
.
,
.
3

1 2

1 2

2 1

2 2

12

5.16. (R = L + A, A < L ) ,
1 . , 5 = (S ) (w /u> )
$21 = ( 5 ) ( w / w ) .
, . . w = w ,


?
1 2

12

12

230

. .

5.17. 1 , 2
R = 2 . L = 50 .
: ) g g ; )
(. 5.17); ) ,
,
2; ) .
2

l9

5.18. 0 , X = 10,6 ,
.
L = 1 .
, ?
2! 2 , : a) N = 7,5, )
) 20-
.
: R R .
2

eq

5.19. ( ,
),
, .
?
5.20. ,
R ( 1) ( 2),
50 . ,

= 6,
R = 0,5. ,
(,
Nd: Y A G ) = 3,2 ,
2.
,
= 1,4. : ) w
I
, 2 10~ ; )
; )
; ) .
x

in

1. . . Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1986),

Sec. 14.2.
2. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon Press, London 1980),
Sec. 1.6.5.
M., . . M.: , 1970, 2- ., . 1.6.5.
3. . Kogelnik and . Li, Laser Beams and Resonators, Appl. Opt. 5, 1550 (1966).
4. Ref. [1], Chap. 19.
5. A. G. Fox and T. Li, Resonant Modes in a Maser Interferometer, Bell Syst. Tech. J.
40, 453(1961).
P J

I A B A 5.

231

6. . Li, Diffraction Loss and Selection of Modes in Maser Resonators with Circular
Mirrors, Bell System Tech. J. 44, 917 (1965).
7. V. Magni, Resonators for Solid-State Lasers with Large-Volume Fundamental Mode
and High Alignment Stability, Appl. Opt. 25, 107-117 (1986). See also Erratum
Appl. Opt. 25, 2039 (1986).
8. Ref. [1], p. 666.
9. W . Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Vol. 1, Springer Series in Optical Sci
ences, 4th ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996).
10. Ref. [1], Chap. 22.
11. A . E. Siegman, Unstable Optical Resonators for Laser Applications, Proc. IEEE 53,
277-287(1965).
12. D. B. Rensch and A . N . Chester, Iterative Diffraction Calculations of Transverse
Mode Distributions in Confocal Unstable Laser Resonators, Appl. Opt. 12,997 (1973).
13. A . E. Siegman, Stabilizing Output with Unstable Resonators, Laser Focus 7,42 (May
1971).
14. H. Zucker, Optical Resonators with Variable Reflectivity Mirrors, Bell System Tech.
J. 49, 2349 (1970).
15. A . N . Chester, Mode Selectivity and Mirror Misalignment Effects in Unstable Laser
Resonators, Appl. Opt. 11, 2584 (1972).
16. Ref. [1], Sec. 23.3.
17. S. De Silvestri, P. Laporta, V. Magni and O. Svelto, Solid-State Unstable Resonators
with Tapered Reflectivity Mirrors: The super-Gaussian Approach, IEEE J. Quan
tum Electr. QE-24, 1172 (1988).
18. G. Cerullo et al., Diffraction-Limited Solid State Lasers with Supergaussian Mirror,
in OSA Proc. on Tunable Solid-State Lasers, Vol. 5 ed. by M. Shand and H. Jenssen
(Optical Society of America, Washington, 1989), pp. 378-384.

232

. .

1 , ,
1 3 (
, . 1.4) 0 3 (
, . 1.46)
.
:
, . . ,
;
, . . , ()
,
, .

,
.

(. .
). ,
,
,
. ,
,
, , .
, ,

,
,
.

. ,

. ,

6.

233

,
;
,
.
, ,
- (, , ) ,
-
0 . ,
(
), (
), Nd: Y A G ( ),
. ,
(
), (,

, 60%).
,
, .
3

. ,
, ,
, ,
. , ,
Cs , Cs
.
,
~390 (
) , , Cs.
, , , ,

, .
,
(, 0 ),

(
, . 6.26 6.27). ,
, + - * + ,
, . ,
,
. ,
hv, hv + -> *,
,
. 2,
, , ,
( ) 2

234

. .

 , .
, ,
(, 10~ Ne);
,
. ,

,
. ,

(, , ) . ,
,
, -
p-i-n , .
,
, .
, , ,
(
). , -
,
( ). ,
-
(
), -
- .
, , ,
(X = 1,4 , . .
)
,
.
, ,
!

,
(
, ). ,
:
, . . + > ()*,
;
, ,
. . 4- hv -> + *, (
) .

. ,
. , ,
, ,
,
5

6.

235

 (
) ( ).


(2,2 MIRACL,
Mid-InfraRed Advanced Chemical Laser
-).
, ,

(. directed energy weapons).


, (
).
, 0
(, C 0 : N : H 0
6:76:1).
(, 1 7 ) (
, 1400 ) (, ,
, , N 0 , 0
0 / 0 , 2:1). 0 , ,
,
( 25%) ,
, ( 10%)
. (, 0
- ,

, . .
.)
(, 0,09 )
(.
10).
(, 300 ) . ,
,
. 0
, . ,

. ,
,
,
,
. ,
.
0
( 100 ). 2

236

. .

 ,
, ,
.

2 3
, ,
R ,
(1.3.1).
, . . , R [ 1 ] .
,
[ 2 ] .
,
,
.
p

6.2.


, . .
,
.
. ,

.
621

, ,
. . 6.1
[ 3 ] .
,
.

,
. . 6.1 F
(
1

. 6.1

:
) ; )
.

6.

237

 1 , . pumping
chamber). F .
, F P,
F
F ( PF ). , ,
, .

.
. 6.16 ,
(. close-coupled configuration):

( 1 ).
,
.
, BaS0 ,
,
,
.
.
2

l9

. 6.2 . . 6.2

, . ,
,
. . 6.26 ,
( );

. ,
, . 6.1.
,

, .

. ,
(. 6.3)
(. 6.36).
,
.
. 6.3, -

. 6.2

:
) ;
) .

238

. .


. 6.3
:
() ,
; () , ,
.

---|
\
V '

_|_
^

=1
/
w

. 6.4
-
( ) , ()

.
,
( )
, . ,
,
, ,
.
. 6.36 ,
, ,
.
,
. , ,
.
( 40 ) ,
.
(500 -s-1500 ).

, ,
(. 6.4).

L.
,
6.

239

,
(
, . . 6.4).
,
I
,

( , .
. 6.46). ,
,
. 6.5


,
(
).

(1-^8 );
(. 6.5),
L-C .
,
.

, ,
,
.

.

[ ]

622

,
. 6.6 , ,
- . 6.66

J = 80 / .
(J = 150 / ) ,
. ,

,
. , -
.
( ),

( ).

- .
, ,
NJSf^ N vLN

2

240

. .

400

460
800
[]

1000

700

800
[]

900

. 6.6
( ) - 500
( ) 4

. N = N ,
J
N = J/ev ,
v

. ,
,
J . , . 6.66
, , N ,
, J. ,
,
(. 6.6)
(. 6.66).
,
, . 6.7,
: Nd: Y A G (
N d Y A 1 0 ) , (
1 0 ). ,
,
. 6.7
e

drift

drift

3 +

1 2

3+

. 6.7

N d
Y A G (
)
(
).

N d : Y A G ,
:1 0 .


,
,
-, - -
3 +

3 +

6.

241

 6.6 ,
N d , ,
-.
N d : Y A G
. , . 6.7 6.66 ,
750 -- 900
N d . ,
, Nd,
,
.
, N d : Y A G , ,
, Nd, N d : Y L i F ,
Nd: Y V 0 Nd ( N d ).
, ,
,
. (
1 0 ) ,
,
, Cr:LiSrAlF (
LISAF) Cr:LiCaAlF (LICAF).
3 +

3+

3 +

3 +

3+

3+

623

, , ,
, \
, R
, ,
, . .:
\ = / .
(6.2.1)
,

= (dN /dt) Vhv
= R hv , (dN /dt)
,

, V , a v
(. . 6.17).
:

mp

mp

mp

= hv

mp

\R dV = hv R V,
p

mp

(6.2.2)

,
R . (6.2.1) (6.2.2) :

4 =(hv R V)/P .
P

mp

(6.2.3)

=(hv \R dVdt)/E ,

242

mp

(6.2.4)
. .


, . .
,
:
;
;
;

.
,
, :

(6.2.5)

= *>

| ()
,
( , . radiative
efficiency); r\ ( ) ,
, ( ),
( , . transfer
efficiency); r\ ,
( , . absorption efficiency);
r\ ( ),
(
, . power, energy, quantum efficiency). ,
r\ r\ = R Vhv /P ,

.
,
, ,
[ 1 ] .

.

pq

pq

pq

mp

6.1.
.
6,3 ,
, 2 = 34 2 = 31,2 . ,

,
2000-3000 / .
r\ , r\ , \ r\ , \
, , N d : Y A G N d
. 6.1. , :

50%;
Nd , ,
Nd ,
Nd: Y A G ;
2

6.

pq

243

 6.1

\ %

, %

, %

27

78

31

46

3,0

36

65

52

66

8,0

Nd:YAG

43

82

17

59

3,5

(Q-88)

43

82

28

59

5,8

, %

, .

.
( 10%) ,
, Cr:LISAF CrrLICAF,
(, ) ;
(
) ( 3 - 8 % ) .
3+

3+

,
,
(6.2.3)

(6.2.6)
Alhv
mpJ

, I .
() ,
[4],
. , , R
(6.2.6) , , -
, [1]!
p

6 3

, ,
[5]. ,

( T i : A 1 0 ) ; , N

; N d . Y A G

( , ).
+

3+

244

. .

 .

,
.
:
N d : Y A G , N d : Y L F , N d : Y V 0 Nd,
-800 GaAs/AlGaAs (
1 , 1,3 0,95 );
Y b : Y A G , Yb:Er,
950-980 InGaAs/GaAs
( 1 Yb
1,54 ). ,
Yb Y b ,
,
;
(:1 0 ), CnLiSAF Cr:LiCAF,
640-680 GalnP/AlGalnP
-130
-840 ;
Tm:Ho: Y A G , 785
AlGaAs 2,08 .
,
, .
Nd . 6.8 ,
,
N d : Y A G (
4

3 +

3+

3 +

3 +

12
- N d

3 +

-0

N d : 1

9
9*

fl

'
-

/ I1

l"^

790

\ NdrYAG

V4

1
I
1

\ 1

800

^
820

810

850

900

950

1050

1000

[]

[]

. 6.8
,
:
a) N d : Y A G ( ) N d ( ). N d 1,52 10
N d : Y A G (1,1 .%) 3,2 10 Nd (3,8 % N d 0 ) (
[15], ); ) Y b : Y A G ( ) Y b ( ). Y b
8,98- 10 Y b : Y A G (6,5 .%) 1 10 Y b . Y b : Y A G
Yb [17] [18].
20

20

20

6.

21

245

), Nd ( ). ,
Nd: Y A G X = 808
G a A l A s / G a A l A s ,
1-2 . ,
, Nd

, = 800 . Y b
Yb: Y A G ( )
Yb ( ) . 6.86.
,
Yb: Y A G .
960 Y b : Y A G 980 Y b ;
InGaAs/GaAs
(, I n G a A s / G a A s X = 980 ).
(,
Cr:LiSAF, Cr:LiCAF), ,
. 6.7.
600 0,5 ,
Cr:LiSAF 50 . ,
Cr:LiSAF ,
( 100 , ),

. -
640-680
GalnP/AlGalnP (,
G a I n P / A l 25Ga 25ln P X = 670 ), ,
, GalnP.

. 6 . 2 .
0 9 1

0 09

0 2

07

0 3

0 8

3+

- 1

- 1

0 > 5

0 > 5

0>

0)5

6.2

Nd:YAG

Yb:YAG

1 .%

6,5 . %

Yb:Er:

CriLISAF

Tm:Ho:YAG

1 .%

6,5 . % T m
0,36 . %

AlGaAs

InGaAs

InGaAs

GalnP

AlGaAs

()

808

950

980

670

785

( 1 0 " )

1,38

10 [ Y b ]
1[]

0,9

8[Tm]
0,5 [ H o ]

16

4,5

1,06
1,32, 1,34
0,947

1,03

1,53

0,72-0,84

2,08

2 0

( )
- 1

()

246

. .

631

,
.
: (1) (. single stripe
diode laser); (2) (. diode ar
ray); (3) (. diode bar); (4)
(. stacked bars).
( < 100 )
, ,
(. index-guided laser),
. 6.9.
3-5 ,
.
d 1 , -
, tf 3-6 - .
, , . .
-. ,
1/ 0 = 20 = 0,35
, - . ,
0 = 2X/nd , , X = 800 , d = 1,4 .
9 = 5 = 0,09 ,
, 0 = 2X/ndp d\\ = 5,8 . (

w = d / 2 w \\ ~ <2/2,
(4.7.19).) ,

90
.

01

. 3

"

/
\

.
\ \

/ p-GaAs
()
p-GaAlAs
GaAlAs
(
)
--GaAlAs
Ti-GaAs
()

. 6.9
( ) ,
()

6.

247

 -
-GaAs-

0,20 | *

mm

. 6.10
( ) 1
()

,
,
( 6.96).
20 , 5 ,
~10 .
d\\ = 200 d = 1 ,
0 = 20 0 = 5, . . ,
. 6 , -
, 40
(9|7td||/2A, = 34). ,
,

, -10 ~1 .
~2 .
,

,
(. 6.10). , ,
20 , 500 ;
100 10 .
, , ~1 ,
, .
, , ,
10-20 .

,
. . 6.106
6 , 1 ,
, 0,2 1 .

248

. .

 2%.
1 / ,
100 / .
, N d : Y A G ,
,
.
1 , , ,
(-2 ) N d : Y A G 808 . ,
,
-
, -
.
.
~2 .

:
,
. ,
1.
2

632

. , : (1)
,
; (2) ,
,
. ,

.
6.3.2.1.

( 0,1-1 )
. . 6.1 la-
. 6.11
, ;
,
. 6.116,
.

( 6.116), ,
z (. 6 . ) .
.
6.

249

I
v

V
. 6.11
:
) ; )
)
- .

. 6.12
( )
; ()
; ( )

,
,
.
(. 6.9),
. (

.)


, . 6.12 .
250

. .

 - ; ,
,
- . L f

,
. 0 = 40,
d = 2/ tan0
( , - )
df| = 2 ^ tan 0 ( - ). ,
djd\\ = tan0 /tan0|| = 4.

,
. , ,
4:1
,
. ,
,
L L , , ,
(. 6.126). ,
, / 4 / / 3 ,
/4 /
( ).

,
.
x

, . 6.126,
,
,
.
, . 6.12 [6].
(
).
, ,
D D ,
D /D = cos 0 /cos 0 , 0 0
.
,
, .

t

Z ^ cos0^
(6.3.1)
A C O S 0j
.
, , . 62,
0^,
. ,

6.

251

,
, .

.
, , . 6.12,
0^,
, = 2, . .
= 4. ,
. L . 6.12
,
, , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
. L
/ >
(. 6.11), . . ,
. L ,

-.
2

6.2.
. ,

. 6.12, 0 = 20 0 = 5.
,
, d = 1,4 d\\ = 5,8 (X = 780 ).
L / = 6,5 .
L
D = 2/ tan0 = 4,73 2) = 2/ tan0| = 1,14 .
= (D /D^
s 2.
, ,
-800 = 1,463,
(6.3.1) (sin 0^ = /isin 0 ) 0^
0 . ,
.
0; , ,
= 1,463, 0 .
(6.3.1) = 2
0;, , . . ,
, 0; = 70,
0^ = 67,15 0 = 39.
, ,
,
= 0 = 39. ,
D = D = 4,73 .
L / 26
,

1/2

252

. .

.
d = AXf /nD = 5,52 ( ,
; . (4.7.28)).
, , ,
. , ,
(. 6.12)

f /fi = 4- . d = 1,4 , ,
d = (f /f\)d = 5,6 . ,
, , , L , .
,
L L ,
L 5-10 . ,
, L
0 = D/2/ , D .

n , -
n . n = 1,82,
Nd.YAG, = D/2f n = 0,05 = 3.
2

, , 200 ,
0 0 ,
, , . 6.12-,

. ,
40 ,
L
40:1. 6.2,
L
, , 2,8 112 .
, ,
,
150 .

.
200 200 ,
.
NA (NA = sin Q , Q
) ,
, . .
sin 0^ > sin 0 = 0,4.
,
,
, . . Q = 0^. ,

Q = 0 & = Q = d .

out

in

out

6.

253

,
, ^
, .
NA,
, . . 0^ = 0 . ,
6.3, 200
250-300
NA = 0,1.

6.3. . ,
. 6.13,
/ (
). D =2ftg 0 .


( ).
, ,
, .
Dy L + 2/tg 0,
L . > = D ,
, / = L /2(tg 0 - tg 0). L = 200 , 0 = 20 0 = 5,
, / = 350 .
.
D = 2) = D =
= 2ftgQ = 254 , ,
, 300 ,
. ,
. ,
NA = sin 0 / ^ sin 0 = 0,09.
,
, .

1
1 ,

.
100 (. . 6.10),
200 NA = 0,1 (. 6.13).
20 ,
1-1,5
,
(NA = 0,1). , ,
(. . 6.11) (. 6.116, )
. , 254

. .

85%.

N d : Y V 0 ,

,
-15

- 5 0 % .
. 6.13


,






,
() (
) . ,


.
,
, ,

[7].


,
.

, -
, .
4

00

6.3.2.2.

, . . 6.14
[8]; 25
,
200 NA = 0,4.
-9,5 ,
235 .
1,7 1,8 .
-58,9 , 22
(. . 6.3).


^ ^ ^ 6.

255

j 15 j

' -> >s4 ; i>< -?w * \

. 6.14


N d : Y A G ( [8],
)

N d : Y A G

JC >>< >^< J^-V??N

[ ;fv

jov ;

RTV-

^ S O ^ I M ^

16
(, 10 ,
,
0 8 0 0 , NA = 0,2)

32

. 6.15

N d : Y A G ( [ 9 ] , )

. 6.16

N d : Y A G
,
. 6.15 ( [ 9 ] , )

, 40
-22%.
6.15 ,
N d : Y A G [9]. 4 ,
, ,
,
. 16
800 NA = 0,22,
00

256

. .

 2 .

10 . , ,
, -
. ,
- 8 0 % .

, , ,
.


. . 6.16
13
. , . 6.15,
-60
25%.
00

6.3.3.

, / ( , z)

z , :

R (r,z)

=^ ^ - ,

(6.3.2)

. ,
, . .
1 (,

) = 1 (0,0) - (2 /> )

(-),

(6.3.3)

1 (0, 0) , w
,
z. ,
.
,
, ,
. 1 ( 0)
P :

p i

Ppi = jl (r,0)2nrdr.

(6.3.3) (6.3.4) :
p

2P
I (0,0) = - ^ .
ni

6.

(6.3.4)

(6.3.5)

257

 , P
, , :
pi

Ppt = 4 r\tP ,
r

(6.3.6)

| , a r|
. (6.3.2), (6.3.3), (6.3.5) (6.3.6),
:

R (r,z)

= r\ r\

(-).

exp-

hv J

(6.3.7)

,

(R ), R
. ,
(, )
, (R )
p

\R \u\ dV

<>=

/\\u\ dV,

(6.3.8)

.
. w
, ,
(4.6.4) (5.5.24) R - > = 0, :
00

| | - (2 /wl) cos kz.

(6.3.9)

(6.3.7)-(6.3.9) :
(R )

( 2 [ 1 - e x p - ( / ) ]
hv PJ n(w$+w*)l

= r) r)

(6.3.10)

I . ,
z (6.3.8)
i
i
j e x p - (az) cos kzdz = (1/2) jexp - (az)dz.

, c o s & 2
z, exp -(az), cos kz (cos kz) =
= ( 1 / 2 ) .
2

= 1--(/),

(6.3.11)

(6.3.10) :
(6.3.12)
hv J n(wl

+w )V

r\ = r\ r\ r\
p

258

. .

 (6.3.12)
. ,
, (R ) w , (R )
w -> 0.

,
.

w = w .

P ,
:

pi

jhv R dV
p

= 4P ,

pi

(6.3.13)

| , .
, (6.3.11), \
~(1 - exp - O L D ) , D
(D = D , D , D = 2D
). (6.3.13)
,
. R = const,
(6.3.13) R = r\ r\ r\ P /hVpAl,
(6.3.6). (R ),
, ,
0 < ^ ,
> ( ).
, (6.3.9) ,
R = const 0 ^ ^ = 0 > . (6.3.8) (6.3.9)
:
^[1--(2 /^)]
< > = hvpj

(6.3.14)

= ^\ .

.
, 6.3.5,
.
,
R , . . 0 ^ ^ , (6.2.6) (6.3.8)
:

>

M a ^ " J

'

\ , ,
(6.2.5), \ = ^1

6.

259

6.3.4.

,
6.3.3,
.
:
,
,
(. . 1.46);
,
,
.
, Nd: YAG
X = 1,06 X = 1,32 , T i : A l 0 CnLISAF LICAF.
, ,
, N d : Y A G X = 0,946 , Y b : E r : C T E ^ o
X = 1,45 , Y b : Y A G Y b : C T E ^ o Tm:Ho:YAG.
,

, N .
(1.2.5) N
N = / 1,
(. 2.7.2). ,
- , . . R ,
\\
. ,

(. ) :
2

2c

2c

(N ) = y/G l,
2

(6.3.16)

(N ) ,
2

\N \u\ dV

/\\u\ dV.

(6.3.17)

, ,
,
.
R = N /x,
, (. 2.7.2).
,
(R ) = (N ) /x.
(6.3.18)
(6.3.16) (6.3.18) :
p

2c

2 c

(R ) =~ .
P C

260

(6.3.19)
. .

 ,
. (6.3.19) (6.3.12)
(6.3.14), :
hv

n(wl+w )
2a.

hv

th

(6.3.20)

(6.3.21)

a [ l - e x p - ( 2 a /wg)]
e

. (6.3.20)
, [8]. ,
w ,

.
w ,

, . . .
.
, ,
, (6.3.9)

,
. w , (,
w < 0,7a),
, (6.3.21)
. , [1 - exp -(2 /$)]
1,
(6.3.21) . ,
7, (6.3.21)
.
, 6.3.5,
. (6.3.15)
(6.3.19):
(hv
"
Ptk =
(6.3.22)
a [l-exp-(2a /w;g)]
0

,
( 1),
, , ,
( ).
,
, , , N
1. ,
( 2)
, N 2.
x

6.

261

 ,
.
(6.3.16) (. ) :
[a (N ) '-G (N,) ]l-y,
r

2 c

(6.3.23)

( N ) ( N ) , (6.3.17),
,
.
N + N = N , ( ) + ( N ) = N , ,
(6.3.23), ( N ) .
-
(6.3.18).
2

(N ) ,
2 c

:
{

~( + )1*

(6.3.24)

, (6.3.24) (6.3.19),
0.

,
,
. (6.3.24) (6.3.12) :

a Nl
a

+ y) { hv

= |

+w )
p

(6.3.25)

2(,+ )

, [19].
, (6.3,25) (6.3.20), < > 0.

635

.
,

. (6.3.22) (6.3.20)
(6.3.21), , ,
\ hv /hv ,
v , a v
, . . ,
(. 6.17).
(6.3.20) (6.3.21) :
0(]

mp

mp

n(w*
[ pd

J _ ; i \ ( ^ [ n ^ \
> h

262

[ 4pd )[

+W*)}
> I

" 2 a 7 " " l I'

I
"
) \

[1 - e x p - (2

/ w

) ] {'

. . :

 = = ,

.
(6.3.23), (6.3.26) (6.3.27)

.
0-,
. 6.17
, , , r| , r\
(v )
( )
, , ()

\ = ?-

N d . Y A G , . 6.3
,
. 6.1.
1 ,
4 . , ,
,
. ,

.

( 6 )
( 1,5 ).
,

.
-,
. (6.3.24) (6.3.31),



. ,
(6.3.22) (6.3.26) ,

,

pq

+ >|) * [1 - - (2 / < ) ] / 2 ,

w i .

w w .
0

()

6.3

, (%)

, (%)

43

82

17

59

3,5

()

50

80

98

82

32

50

80

90

82

30

()

6.

, (/.)

<7, (%)

(%)

263

 ,
w , w 2-3 . ,
, w = w = 2 ( ) = 2 , w = 0,5 (
),
!
.
, ,
, . . -
, .
, , (6.3.26) (6.3.27),
, ,
0

ol

+ \) [ 1 " - (2 /w$ ) ] / 2 ,
I t
. w w ,
, .
,
, ,
.
, . . w = w . ,

,
, , .
w = 0,7. ,
, . . w = w ,
t

00

0l

ot

ot

(wl + wj) x [1 - exp - (2a / < ) ] / 2 a - 0,48;

t

,
~2 , .

, ,
,
. ,
,
, r\ (hv/hv )P

, hv . ,
, , , [1 - r\ (hv/hv )]P .

N d . Y A G , (hv/hv ) s 0,9, . 6.3

, ~2
, .

:
,

.

.

pq

mp

pq

mp

mp

264

. . !

6.4.

,
. ,

9.

, ()
.
( , . 6.18), (
, . 6.186).
,

, . ,
, (, )
, . 6.18,
.
,
.
, ,
-,
( ).

. 6.18

:
() () .

R ,
(. 6.18, ).
, . 6.19
( ). ,

.
V ,
, . ,
! . 6.19
V ,
B

J^^^rjIABA 6.

265

. 6.19

. 6.20

( V
I)
( ) ,

( )

R . ,
, ,
(
). ,
, ,
.
(, ),
,
V .
,
(. . 6.46 6.5).
, -
(. . 6.4).
,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
(. . 6.186).
, - ,

, .
,
,
. . 6.20
- ,
B

266

. .

 ,
.
:

, -
, .

^ . 6.18;
, . .
;

, ,
.
, , 0 ,

.
,
. ,
, .

,
. -
, ,
.
,
:
, ,
, . .
2

+ ->*

+ ,

(6.4.1)

X X*
. ;
, ( ),

(. 2.6.1).
. 6.21, ,
, .
,
, kT.B
,
, .

* + -> + * - ,
(6.4.2)
, ,
;
, kT.
6.

267

i.
T
*

. 6.21

,
(. . ). ,
,
,
. , (6.4.2),
.

,
.
1

6.4.1.

.

, .
,
.

( ) ,

. F
( ,
), ,
(. (2.4.20)). ,
dF
dz , :
e

dF^-G^^dz,

(6.4.3)

N . ,
,
. ,
a , ~10~ .
t

16

eZ

.
( ) ,
, ( ,
) . ,
,
( + X* - > + X ) , , , ,
.
1

268

. .


, (6.4.3)

2

(dN /dt)
2

= a NF

e2

= N N va

(6.4.4)

e29

v , N .
<j , , ,
, . . = (). ,

.
(6.4.4) , :
e

e2

(dN /dt)

e2

(6.4.5)

() = jvG(E)f(E)dE,

(6.4.6)

= N N (vu ).

f(E)
. (1.3.1) (6.4.5),

R = N N {va ),
(6.4.7)
(VG) (6.4.6). , R
, /
. .
p

e2

6.4.1.1.

. 6.22

: (1) , (2)
, (3)
.
. ,
E ,
. ,
E ,
.
, ,
.
:

10~ , 10
, ( . 6.22);

( 10~ ) ,
th

th

16

19

1|^^ 6.

269

. 6.22

:
)
, )

)
.

10

12

E/E

th

3-4 ,
( . 6.22);
,
,
:
(
. 6.22).
,
, . .
. ,
( 10" -10~ ).
, , 6.1,
.

(, )
, (, ).
,
, *
.


.
,
( ) , ,
- ,
, , .
,
( ) ,
.
, k = 2/, X
. X = (12,26/VF) , V
.
. 4

270

. .

, ,
,
.
. , ,
:
(6.4.8)
, ,
, ,
V = 2/| - J = 2/||
(-0,1 ). , ( - r ) c l || < , .
( - ) ] = ) (6.4.8)
( ) .
, ,
, ) , :
0

(6.4.9)
p i
(. (2.3.7)). , p i * 0, . .
,
.
, ,
.
( AS = 0,
, 1*S - 2 S ; . 10) (6.4.8)
, ,
) , -( ) / 2 .

2

,
, . . .
,

forbidden/ allowed
10" ,
, ~10~
(. (2.4.14)). ,
,
().
,
.
(,
VS->2 S
; . 10),
) .
, ,
3

6.

271

 ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
, , .
,
.
. 6.23
1 S -> 2 S . ,
:
, 1, 2s ,
,
2, .
,
( . .
,
). , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
1 * 2s, 2
.
1 2s,
2
. .
,
, ,
,
.
1

He[l\S]

1
[ 2 S ]
3

. 6.23

VS^>2 SBaTOMe

- ,
( , , N e ) , , H g .

272

. .

6.4.2.

,
, .
,
.
1. ,

, .
, ,
, .
2. . ,
(,
, ),
.
,
, ,
2(/), , .
, - /
(, / = 1,3 10~ ) .
3. - .
,

. ,
,
.

, ,
.
,
f(v , v , v ), , f(v , v , v )dv dv dv
,
dv dv dv (v , v v ).

v

vf =(v ),
(6.4.10)
.
, v f
, . .
5

y9

th

t h

dri

W = <>,>.

(6.4.11)

z ,
.
v v ,
,
.
th9

6.

drift

273

/
/
v

th

: ,
, ,
. ,
mvf / 2 ,
v /l, I
. ,

8(v /l)(mvf /2),

,
, , ev . ,
h

th

. 6.24

th

drift

ev

= 8(v /l)(mvf / 2 ) .

drift

th

(6.4.12)

. ,
;
, . . 6.24
, 1,
, , v ,
6 .
1 2 .
2
, , ;
, v f . ,
, -el/v
I
1 2 (
).
, . . (/ - mv ) = mv .

th9

dri

th9

th

drift

el = mv v ,
th

(6.4.13)

drift

(6.4.12) .
:
v = (2/d)V\el/m)V
(6.4.14)

v
= (d/2)V\el/m)V .
(6.4.15)
2

th

drift

, , (6.4.15) (6.4.14),
:
( W ^ ) = (5/2) / .
(6.4.16)
,
, 2(/).
, 5 = 2(/), (6.4.16) ,
(v f /v )
= (/)
= 10~ . , 1

1/2

dri t

274

th

. .

 ,

, .
(6.4.16) ,
,
5 .
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, . ,
,
;
,
. , -
(6.4.12),
, .
643

.
,
, ,
( )
-. , ,
f(E), f(E)dE

+ dE.
(6.4.17)
. ,
,
, ,
.
, (4.6.10) v
(6.4.17).
v = 2E/m (4.6.10)

th9

th

= [3ftT /m]V2,
e

(6.4.18)

v . (6.4.18) (6.4.14)
th

(6.4.19)

6.

275

 I
/?, (6.4.19) ,
/.
, , (6.4.14), ,
/,
, . .
T = f(/p).
(6.4.20)
, / ,
,
.
,
-. , , , , -
.
, , (6.4.11),
, , , ,
! , ,
; ,

. ,
- ,

,
0 . -
-

..
6.4, ,
,
. ,
,
, , 6.5,
,
.

6.4. 0 .
. 6.25 , C0 :N :He
, 1:1:8.

N v = 5 [10] (,
N
0 , ).
N (~ 3 10~ ),
,
0 (0 2

16

276

. .

. 6.25

f(E)
C 0 : N : H e
,
1:1:8,
f'(E)
(
[ 1 2 ] ) .

()
N v = 5
( [ 1 0 ] ) .


,
,

2

[]

), ,
.
,
ab initio,
( ),
, ( )
[11].

f(E), /
8
1,7[12].
f(E),
. , f(E) > 2 ,
f(E),
N . ,
= 2
,
N . ,
2 .
-1

-1

6.5. He-Ne .
. 6.26 6.4 ,
, He-Ne .

2 S 2 S .
6.4,
Ne,
. , ,
, N .
, ,
(He-Ne ),
,
. ,
X

, , ,
, /.

6.

277

10,

. 6.26


f(E)

VS - > 2 S
1 S - > 2 S
1

10
15
20
25
[ ]

30

10 ,
He-Ne , (.
6.4.5). ,
, ,
, .
6.6. He-Ne 0
. 6.5,
He-Ne () =10 . ,
(mvf /2) = () = 10 , , v = 1,9 10 /.
,
, , (6.4.18),
= 2(E)/Sk. = 7,7 10 .
,
. (6.4.16)
,
.
, (v /v )(m/M )
s 1,16 10~ , ,
v
= 2,2 10 /. 0 ,
6.4, ()= 1,7 .
(muf /2) = () , v = 0,78 10 /.
[12], ,
/ 8 ,
C0 :N :He 1:1:8. , v = 6 10 /.
, ,

. ,
~10 /, -100 .
2

th

1/2

drift

th

He

drift

-1

th

-1

drift

6.4.4.

.
,
. . , .
278

. .

 - .
,
,
. , , .
, , v v = ( m ^ + m v )/(m 4- m ) ,
m^ (i = 1 , 2 ) , a v .
,
[ ( / n u / 2 ) + ( A n y | ) / 2 ] = [ ( / n +m )v /2]
+ , ,
- . ,
mi, , v
v
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
: v , nv
, .
( )
, .
, -
.
2

, ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,

. ,
,
; ,
. ,
JR,
.
R, ,
.
(
, ),
,
.

[ 1 3 ] . , ,
- [ 1 4 ] .

6.

279

 ,
.
-
( ). , ,
, ,
(6.4.21)
< , , a R
. , , . .
G = Ci(E), (^) (6.4.21)
. ,
,
. , N
,
. (6.4.21)

f(T ) =

C/(pD)\

(6.4.22)

(vG^)/kT = f(T ), D = 2R ,
. ,

pD ,
/ (. (6.4.20)).
/ = f(T ) (6.4.22) ,
pD. ,
, -
.
,
. -
pD.
e

6.4.5.

(6.4.20) (6.4.22) ,
,
. ,
,

(. . 6.20). , ,
, . .
, , (6.4.22),
. (6.4.20) ,
, ,
.
(6.4.20) (6.4.22)
. , ,
280

. .

 T ,

. ,
,
.
,
. ,

(
) (
, . . ).
= T (6.4.20), (6.4.22), :
opt

opt

(/) = (/)
(pD) = (pD\
'opf

(6.4.23)
(6.4.236)

, ,
,
pD, /. (6.4.23)
. ,
, ,
, -
, 2 . ,
(6.4.236), - ,
.
, , (6.4.23),
, ,
. .
, V I
(. . 6.20) 2
. ,
V R ,
.
0

6.4.6.

, J = ev N ,
J
N . (6.4.7)
drift

(6.4.24)
,
(L>G> (6.4.24) .
, , (6.4.15) (6.4.19), v

. R
, ,

drift

6.

281

 . ,
(6.4.24) , . .
. , , R
. , ,
()
,
R , ,
. ,
p

RpV

y\ =

Vmp

(6.4.25)

V , a v
. ,
\ ,
R , J.
, (6.4.24) R
,
,
. ,
,
, -.
ab initio

, ( ) ,
. ,
;
, C0 :N :He -*
, 0 , N 0 . ., ,*
. ,
*
. - -^
[11].
, , C0 :N :He, 0 .

, .
(6.4.25) :
a

mp

Alhv

(6.4.26)

, I .
,
, . ,
, (6.4.26)
, -
\ .

282

. .

 6.7. 0 .
. 6.27
C0 :N :He 1:2:3
1:0.25:3 [12].

8/, 8/N, N
. I ,
,
N 0
0 . III IV
,
. II ,
(001) 0
N . ,
N 0 ,
. , II
0
. , , 6.4.5,
(
,
)
8/. 8/

0 .
8/
. ,
8/
| (~80% 1:2:3).
2

10

~! I I 1
I
( I ) ..

S/N

100

I I

0 : N : H e = 1:2:3
2

[ ]

. 6.27


0 ( , [ 1 2 ] )
2

6.

283

6.5.

. , ,
,
.
, , ,
,
,
.
,
.
, (
) ,
.

6.1. , ,
. ,

= 1 - - ( 2 ) ] / ^ J/ , \,
e

R , , &1
.

6.2. Cr.LISAF 6 .

500 , 2400 / .
,
Cr.LISAF
,
4 . 420
650 , 80 120 .
,
,
400-800 .
2

- 1

- 3

6.3. Y A G ( Y A 1 0 ) 4,56 .
Nd , 1%
(1 .% N d ) .
3

1 2

6.4. N d . Y A G 6 7,5 , 1 .% Nd,

. 284

. .


940 .
P = 2 .
,
, ,
\ = 4,5%.
th

6.5. N d . Y A G 1 .% Nd
,
2.8, = 250
,
, .
2.10,
,
NdrYAG 1,064
= 300 = 2,8 10~ .
, .
19

6.6. 6.4 .

~1 / . ,
,
. , 1)
10% ; 2)

(. . 6.1); 3)
90%; 4) .
, ,
, 2
.
,
,
6 7,5 (. .
). ,
~9,3 ,
.
?
2

6.7. NdrYAG 5 5 , 1 .% Nd,

.

, = 3 , 4 . , 1) 3,5%
(. . 6.1) 2) , , 100 ,
.
R .

cp

6.

285

, ,
.
, ,
300 ,
.
3 +

6.8. T i : A 1 0 1
, 514,5 .
. 6. .
= 2 .
,
,
r\ = 0,95. ,
(. . 6.17) T i : 1 0 , = 616 .
.
,
w = 50 ,
,
5%.
2

-1

3+

6.9. 2 , LHG-5
N d , 3,2 1 0 " , AlGaAs ;
803 ,
. 6.11.
, , , . 6.12,
,
, w = 35 .
(. . 6.11)
80%. , ,
9 C M ~ V
= 4,1 10" , 290 ,
0,35%.

.
3 +

20

20

6.10. Y b : Y A G 1,5 , Y b
6,5 .% ,
, . 6.1 la 940 ,
,
ivQ = 45 .
X = 1,03
= 1,9 10" = 0,11 10~ ,
= 1,5 .
3,5% , ,
20

286

20

. . 0

 ,
=- 2 % .
.
6 . . N d : Y A G 4 6,5 , 1 .% Nd,
808 .
. 6.15. , 90%
, ,
.
15%.
= 10%.
,
, ,
= 2,8 10~ .
, 6.9,
.
19

6.12. , -, ( )
10 .
6.13. ,
. ,
,
. ,
, 2/.
6.14. ,
( = 337,1 ),
-10 /, = 30 (
5 10 ).
- 1 . (. . 6.18)
?
6.15. 1 ,
,
N = N = 1 0 .
,
V ?
, .
13

- 3

6.16. ,
,
, E
; . , ,
, ,

iy

r j J

A B A 6.

287

6.17.
pD (
(6.4.22)):

- ^ = 1,210 (^) ,
, = (EJkT ),
. pD
= 80 , ,
: = 3,2 10~ [ ] = 24,46 .
e

- 1

6.18. /
1=1 /NG, N ,
. ,
G
G = 5 10~~ , v v
=
= 10 , = 1,3 , = 400
= 30 /.
EL

16

EL

th

drift

6.19. ,
3 Hg,
-3 = 300 .
,
. ,
1 , 74 .
, , ,
5 = 1 , 4 - ,
,
G = 2 10~ ,
.
- 4

16

EL

1. P. Laporta, V. Magni and . Svelto, Comparative Study of the Optical Pump Effi
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(Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1974).
3. W . Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Vol. 1, Springer Series in Optical Sci
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4. Ref. [3], Chap. 3, Sec. 3.4.
5. P. P. Sorokin and J. R. Lankard, Stimulated Emission Observed by an Organic Dye,
Chloro-Aluminum Phtalocyanine, IBM J. Res. Dev. 10, 162 (1966).
F. P. Schafer, F. P. W . Schmidt and J. Volze, Organic Dye Solution Laser, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 9, 306(1966).
6. J. Berger, D. F. Welch, D. R. Scifres, W . Streifer and P. S. Cross, High power, High
Efficient Neodymiunr.Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser End Pumped by a Laser Di
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7. W . A. Clarkson and D. C. Hanna, Two-mirror beam-shaping technique for high-power
diode-bars, Opt. Lett. 21, 375 (1996).
288

. .

g. R. J. Shine, A . J. Alfrey and R. L. Byer, 40-W cw, TEM -mode> Diode-Pumped,

' NdrYAG Miniature-Slab Laser, Opt. Lett. 20, 459 (1995).
9. D. Golla, M. Bode, S. Knoke, W . Sclmne and A . Tbnnermann, 62-W cw TEM
Nd: YAG Laser Side-pumped by Fiber-coupled Diode Lasers, Opt. Lett. 21,210 (1996).
G: J. Shultz, Vibrational Excitation of N , CO and H by Electron Impact, Phys. Rev.
' 135A, 988(1964).
11. Ref. [2], Sec. 3.2.2.
12. J. J. Lowke, A. V. Phelps and B. W . Irwin, Predicted Electron Transport Coefficients
and Operating Characteristics of C02-N2-He Laser Mixtures, J.Appl. Phys. 44, 4664
(1973).
13. Ref. [2], Sec. 3.2.2.
14. . C. Davis and T. A . King, Gaseous Ion Lasers, in Advances in Quantum Electron
ics, ed. by D. W . Goodwin (Academic Press, New York, 1975), Vol. 3, pp. 170-437.
15. J. T. Verdeyen, Laser Electronics, 3rd ed. (Prentice Hall Intern. Englewoods Clifts,
N. J. 1995), Fig. 10.5.
16. T. Y . Fan and R. L. Byer, Diode Laser-Pumped Solid-State Lasers, IEEE J. Quan
tum Electr. QE-24, 895-912 (1988).
17. T. Y . Fan, Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers, in Laser Sources and Applications,
(SUSSP Publications and IOP Publications, 1996), pp. 163-193.
18. S. J. Hamlin, J. D. Myers and M. J. Myers, High Repetition Rate Q-Switched Er
bium Glass Lasers, Proc. SPIE 1419,100 (1991).
19. K. Kubodera, K. Otsuka and S. Miyazawa, Stable L i N d P 0 Miniature Laser, Appl.
Opt. 18, 884 (1979).
20. T. Y . Fan and R. L. Byer, Modeling and CW Operation of a Quasi-Three-Level 946 nm
Nd:YAG Laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electr. QE-23, 605 (1987).
00

00

A 6.

12

289

7.1.

D
, .
,
2 3;
( 5)
( 6).

,
.
8. ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
[ 1 , 2].
.
,
.
(
,
, . .
), -
( ).
[3].
7.2.


(. 1.46)
,
. , 290

. . 0

 . ,
: 1) - ,
,
; (
, : 1 0 ,
); 2) , 0 , A r , He-Ne, He-Cd,
, HF N .
, Y b ,
Yb:Er, , : , Nd (
), .
3+

7.2.1.

,
( 3
. 7.1),
2,
1 . ,

, ,
.

() : N ^N
= 0. ,
,
N
3,iV

N
. ,

,
.
1

UN,
-

, ,
0, N.

. 7.1



. ,

,
. ,

, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
7.

291

 -
:
(dN /dt) = R - - (N /x),
(7.2 )
2

(dWdt) = V B^N - (/ ).
a

(7.2.16)

(7.2.1) R , (.
1.3.1), ,
.
R 6 ,
.
B$N (7.2.1)
. W,
2 3,
, , , W
. ,

.
, ,
[. (2.6.18)].
,
.
,
,
[. 2.7.19]. (7.2.16)
V B$N

. , B$N (7.2.1)
.

, V BtyN ,
V , . ,
/ , (. 5.3),
, .
, ,
(7.2.16) ,
. , 1,
, , (7.2.1)
.
, , t = 0
(7.2.16) = 0, (d^/dt) = 0,
. ,
,
N /x , N /x (7.2.1),
2. ,
(7.2.16) , , ;
V (N /z ); . ,
p

292

. .

 2 3,
, , ,
, ,
4. (7.2.16) ,
, ,
(. .
, ).
- .
[4]:
- (7.2.16)
:
W/dt)

= vaB(b +

(7.2.2)

- ( c ) -

, *
, .
( )
10 10 (. 7.1)
. ,
,
, ,
^, ; = 1,
.
,

(7.2.1,).
L , Z,
.
, , I
t = 0. /',
1.2,
: = I R R (1 - L^) exp (2GN 1)
R R
, L
; , (1 - )
, exp(2aiV Z)
. , ,

,
, 2.7.
# R : R = 1 - - R = 1 - a - ,
,
.
AI = - / :
10

16

AI = [(1 - aj - TxKl - a - T ) ( l - L ^ e x p ( 2 a N l ) - 1 ] / .
2

7.

(7.2.3)
293

 , ( = = )
, (1 - - ) ( 1 - )(1 - ) (1 - - )
(1 - ) ( 1 - ) . (7.2.3), , :

/ = [(1 - )(1 - )(1 - ) (1 ~ L,)exp(2aiV 0 - 1]/.

2

(7.2.4)

,
(. 1.2),
, [ (1.2.4)]:
= -ln(l-7Y),
= -1(1- ),
, = - [ 1 ( 1 - ) + 1 ( 1 - ^ ) ] .

(7.2.5)
(7.2.6)
(7.2.7)

Y l

1.2,
, ,
.
, ^ .

,
. ,
= - I n (1 - ) . , L
(7.2.7) y + L ,
. ,

. ,
, = 0,1, = 0,104, . . ; = 0,5
= 0,695. ,
, :

i9

Y = Y. + [ ( Y i + Y 2 ) / 2 ] .

(7.2.8)

(7.2.5)-(7.2.8) (7.2.4)
:
[ / - ] < 1.
(7.2.9)
, (7.2.4)
, :
AI = 2[oN l-y]I.
(7.2.10)
At,
, . .
At = 2L /c, L , :
2

L = L + (n- 1)1.

(7.2.11)

AI/At ~ dl/dt, :
dl
(7.2.12)
dt

/ , (7.2.12) (7.2.16), :
294

. .

ale

(7.2.13)

V '

(7.2.14)

V

V=(LJl)V .
(7.2.15)
,
. , (7.2.14)
5.3 . ,

, N
, , 2.7.2,
, (7.2.13),
, ,
,
.
,
, (7.2.1)
,
. N = N - N = N ,
. (7.2.1) :
a

(7.2.16)
(7.2.166)
, , V (
(7.2.13)-(7.2.15) ), ,
.
,
(7.2.16). -,
, ,

.
.
, ,
. ,
,
-
,
- .
-, ,
.
, 2
, ,

7.

295

, . ,

, 8,
.
,
,
. ,

, .
,
,
, .

,
; , , (7.2.16)
.
-, , (7.2.3)
,
. ,

z, .
,
, (
) [5]. ,
(7.2.9), ,
, ,
. ,
(7.2.9)
.
(7.2.16)
[5].
, , ,
(7.2.16) .

( ) ,
.
, ,

( . 2.22
). , '
(7.2.3),
^
, .
,

, , , |
296

 .

[6];
, (7.2.16).
, ,
(7.2.16)
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
(7.2.16).
R = R (t),
. ,
t = 0, N(0) = 0 (0) = ^, ^
,
(, = 1).
. ,
, , () ;
,
. , (7.2.14) (7.2.8)
:
1 YjC Vic
- L 2L,2L (7.2.17)
p

(7.2.166),
, ( /2 )
2.
, :
,
.
2

(7-2.18)

, (7.2.16)
, , (7.2.18),
, .
, (7.2.18)
, 7.1.
7.1.
. HeNe 50 , 630 ,
10 .
= 1%,
= -1(1 - ) 0,01. (7.2.18)
1,06 10 . (10 )
0 , ,
10,6 . L = 150
= 45%.
= -In (1 - ) 0,598 (7.2.18) 0,9 10 .
2

10

16

7.

297

7.2.2.

( 1
. 7.2) , ,
,
, .
2 , ,
, .
N N
. ,
( )


2,
, , ,
N N (
).
0

1
,

1 0
. 7.2
kT.


N (. 2.7.2);
.
2.7.2,
,
N N .
,
, ,
,
. , :
{

+ = ,
(dN /dt) = R - (B N -B N ) - (N /x),
(db/dt) = VMB N - B N ) - (/ ),

(7.2.19)
(7.2.196)
(7.2.19B)

T 2,
:

. = <* c/V,

(7.2.20)
(7.2.206)

(. 2.7.2). ,
(7.2.20) (7.2.19), :

N + N = N,
x

d N

2
dt

298

- _

_ ^

(7.2.21)

(7.2.216)

. .

dq
dt

(7.2.21B)

f = o /o .
a

(7.2.22)

(7.2.216, )
N
N = N -fN .
(7.2.23)
(7.2.21) (7.2.23),
N NnN . (7.2.21)
N.
:
2

dt

:
K

R p ( 1

p ^

+ -^e
>

r f)

dty
dt ~
=

ic^ _/_^_^

VgGeC

(7.2.24a)

(7.2.246)

x,.

, (7.2.16),
(7.2.24)
. ,
t = 0, (7.2.24)
iV(O) = -fN (0) = 1. ,
(7.2.166) (7.2.246)
,
. ,
( + )/ , ,
, .
V = 1 ,
At
. (7.2.246) , (a cN$/V)At = 1.
, (7.2.24) ,
N = [( + c )cNty/V]At = ( + ) / .
AN > 1 , N
, N .
(7.2.23), N , ,
, . ,
N ,
N (. . ,
1 -> 0). ,
N . ,
, , , / ,
(7.2.24) (7.2.16).
1

, ,
, , , , ,
, R .
p

7.

299

 , -
, (7.2.24)
. ,
, ,

N ; ,
2, (7.2.18).
7.3.

:


,
R .
- ,
.
, - .
p

7.3.1.
-

7.2
, ,
.
,

,
. , ,
1
, 1 .
, (^/) = ( i V / T i ) ,
2 > 1.
, ,
, N > N .
,

< .
1

2 1

21

(7.3.1)

,
,
. ,
, ,
( ),
.
. ,
(7.3.1) R , ,
p

300

. . *

 .
, < x i,
(7.2.16).
. ,
t = 0
, (, ^= 1).
(7.2.166) , (d^/dt) > ,
(BV N) > 1/ . ,
, N
N , (. 1.2):
^

N = (l/BV T )
c

= (y/Gl),

(7.3.2),

(7.2.13) (7.2.14).
R
(7.2.16), (dN/dt) = 0,
, N = N = 0. , ,
, R
N /x 2, . .
p

cp

= N /T = (y/Gh),

cp

(7.3.3)

(7.3.2).
R > R ,
, , R
, , ,
. ,
N , (7.2.16),
(dN/dt) = (dfy/dt) = 0. , :
p

cp

N = (l/BV x )
0

= (y/crf),

(7.3.4)

bo = V x [R -(N /T)].
a

(7.3.46)

, (7.3.46)
(7.3.4), (7.2.14) (7.2.15).
(7.3.4)
.
.
(7.3.4) (7.3.2), ,
N = N R > R . .


.
. 7.3
N R . R < R

= 0 N N
R . R = R N = N = 0.
VpToZopeo?^*
^ R , ,
R
(7.3.4), N
0

cp9

cp

cp>

cp

7.

301

 ,
R . ,
, (. .
, );
, (. . ,
).
(7.3.46) ,
(N /x) = (N /T) = R . :
0

cp

=(^ )^(*-1),

x = R /R
p

< - - >

(7.3.6)

cp

.
, ,
:
x = P /P ,
p

(7.3.7)

th

, a P .
(7.3.7) (7.3.4) (7.3.5)
:

th

f-

(7.3.8)

= (V /l) ( ), ,
, = (V/1)
.
.
(7.2.18) (7.3.8), :

P =(A I )\^
0Ut

(7.3.9)

b s

I = hv/cj-z
[. (2.8.24)]. ,
[5] ,
1 .
P
, P = P

S

out

y) = dP /dP ,
s

0Ut

th9

(7.3.10)

| ,
.
, ,
6,
r\ . P (7.3.9) (7.3.10),
:
A hvy
1
~ 4 '
8

out

302

. .

 ,
(6.2.6) (6.4.26) (7.3.3) :
hv

(7.3.12)

, , v
;
. (7.3.11)(7.3.12)
:
\/
2 Y
hv
(7.3.13)

2 hv
mp

, :
* = V W b

(7.3.14)

: 1) \ ; 2) = /2 ,
(, ,
). , | < 1,
= ; = 0; 3) r\ = hv/hv
, (
); 4) r\ =A /A
,
(

). , .

mp

7.2. Nd:YAG
. ,
. 7.4. Nd:YAG 7,5 6,35 (
Nd 1%)
,
. ,
50 .
R = 100%, R = 85%.
P 2 ( )
, ,
. 7.5, [7]. ,
Nd:YAG , 200 .

x

out

^=100%

I = 7,5

=85%

. 7.4
L = 50

7.

Nd:YAG

303

1 6 0

"

12080 h

. 7.5

Nd:YAG
( [ 7 ] )

4<4
2

()

, , 7.2.1,

, -
. , ,
,
, . 7.5
,
(7.3.9). ,
P = 2,2 . ,

:
th

(7.3.15)

, = 53[( /, -1],

P .
(7.3.15): r\ (dP /dP ) =
= 53/, = 2,4%. (7.3.15) (7.3.9),
( 2.10),
X = 1,06 ( Nd:YAG),
= 2,8 10~ = 230
. hv = 3,973 10~
(0,5/1,06) = 1,87 , 3,973
0,5 (. 3).
I = hv/ax = 2,9 / .
R = (1 - - )(1 - ) ,
0,1%.
= -lni? = 0,162. (7.3.15) (7.3.9),
0,23 ,
0,317 .
,
, ,
, YJ. = 0, (7.3.12) (7.2.8)
:
out

0Ut

19

19

- 1 9

- 1 9

(7.3.16)
,
R ,
= -In R P .
2

304

T H

. . !

0,6

. 7.6

(
[8])

-I

1 2

()

, . 7.6.
,
(7.3.16), ( [9]).
, . 7.6 y 0,038 , ,
= ( /2) + y 0,12.
, ,
(7.3.14), , = 2,4%,
. | = /2 0,68.
r\ = / = 0,89, = 0,94 ,
Nd: Y A G
(. . 2.15). , |, = / 0,72.
(7.3.14) = 5,5%,
(. . 6.1).
P
(7.3.12), , hv & 2,11 10~ .
, P 2,26 ,
. ,
. (7.3.2)
N = 5,7 10 / . 1%
Nd N = 1,38 10 / . , N /N =
= 4,1 10~ , . .
.
2

th

19

mp

th

16

20

7.3. 0 .
2

, . 7.7,
,
, ,
. L = 175 ,
I = 140 . C 0 : N : H e
1:1:8 100 .
.
,
(
, . . 6.196). . 7.8
P
,
2

out

7.

-1^=13,5

. 7.7


0

=10?

- / = 1 4 0

/ = 1 7 5

. 7.8

>

,
0

20

40

60

80

120 140

,()

[10].
:
< = 6 , 6 6 [ ( / ) - 1 ] ,

(7.3.17)

P , a P
, (P 44 ).
100 0
. ,
= 400 , A v 430 (.
3.3), -50 (. 3.2).

Av = c/2L = 107 ,

. ,
. , (. 5.6.2)
(N = 7,4), ,
, (.
. 5.21). ,
. ,
,
; 0
, (7.3.17) (7.3.9).
.
,
. 7" ,
() ,
= ( - 1)/ = 0,45 (. (5.6.5)).

= R /\R \ = 1,35, R R
(R < 0, . . 2 ). out

th

th

eq

. .

(7.3.17)(7.3.9) = - l n ( l - )
* 0,6, A I = 22,3 . (.
. 5.186) D = 2 7,6 , 2 = 5,7
(. . 7.7). , A = nD /4 45
I ~ 500 / .
0 [11].
, . 7.8,
g (. .
)
140 . , :
2

g = N G = ^N o
2

20

*th

= ?-.l

(7.3.18)

*th

N =
= 140 , aiV = P . ,
(7.3.4) iV ,
g = iV a g = /1. g
. ,
2%.
, 10,6
, ,
,
. , ^ 0,02, = 0, = 0,6,
0,32. (7.3.18)
g = 6,3 10~ .

.

, [12].
,
. 7.8, . | 0 , 8 (.
. 6.28), ri = /2 = 0,94, 1 r | = hv/hv = 0,4 (.
0 , 10). (7.3.14)
r\ = 0,3, ,
. 7 . 8 ( 0 , 2 1 ) .
:
1. t] .
, r\
, r\ = 0,73,
.
2. . 7.7 ,
, (
0 )
80%.
0
, ~20%.


,
(\ = 40%).
2

20

th

20

20

0t

-1

mp

4s

7.

307

7 3.2.
-

,
.
,
, . /,
, ^ . ,
,
,
. ,
,
,
, . . R = R (r, z).
,
, (7.3.2)
N, . .:
p

<tf>c-(Y/<rf),

(7.3.19)

[.
(6.3.17)], :
(

\
z

<#>=

JN\u\ dV
\

/|u| dF

(7.3.20)

.
( )
,
, , . . R (r, z) =
= N(r, z)/x. :
p

R JML

P)C

JL,

(7.3.21)

(R ) R (, z)
[. (6.3.8) (7.3.19)].
, d$/dt = 0, ,
, . .:
p

ol(N)

= y~cl(N) .

(7.3.22)

,
(N)
(. . 7.3).
(P ) (P )
\\ R .
, .
:
|| =:2 /^)].
(7.3.23)
0

th

out

00

308

. .

 , : 1)
( ); 2)
( . (6.3.9)).
R (, ) : 1)
, . . R = const; 2) ,
, .
0

R (r, z) = [-2( / >| )][-()],

p

,
(. (6.3.7)).
,
, . ,
(6.2.6) (6.4.26), :

>

> ^ & ^ '

(7-3.24)

.
, (. 6.3.3),
0 ^ ^
, (. . > )
- .
.
, (7.3.23) 0 < < ,
, R = const 0 ^ ^ = 0 > 0.
R (7.3.24) (7.3.21)
(7.3.23).
P > , (6.3.22),
\ \ .
, ;
.

p

th

x = P /P ,
p

(7.3.25)

mth

P
,
, (6.3.22),
mth

hv (
2

mth
V

(7.3.26)

y=

(7.3.27)

Pout/Ps,

P , .

s

P s = ^ ^ I

7.

(7.3.28)
309

. 7.9


,

:
00

w .

w , w = w .
0

10

12

, ,

:
(7.3.29)

In 1 +

(7.3.30)

= [-(2 /> )].

0

, ,
,
, ,
- (.
( 7 , 3 . 9 ) ) . , . 7.9 ( )

: , w = 0,7 w = ^ 2 . ,
,
dy/dx .
,
x) = dP /dP
= (P /P )(dy/dx),
(7.3.25)
(7.3.27). (7.3.26) (7.3.28) ,
r| (7.3.14),
= hv/hv r\
1

0Ut

mth

mp

(nw /2) dy
(7.3.31)

dx
( )
,
, = hv/hv . , -> 0, . .
^ o f l , (dy/dx) = 2 -> 0 ( -> 0),
r\ =(nw$ / ).
, (dy/dx) ,
. , * =

( 7 . 3 . 9 ) P = A I y /2,
= (
( 7 . 3 . 2 7 ) ( 7 . 3 . 2 5 ) .
s

310

1),

. .

 , w =
- 0,7. r\
. 7.10 ( ).
0,97(w /a) ~ 0,473,
r\
, ^>1.
,

,
.
, ,
. 7.10
. . - > 1,


( )
t\
,

:


.
,
, . .

.
,

, , .
,
, . . r\ = 1,
[ 6 ] .

,
r\
0

1|

0,8

0,6
= 10

=10

0,4

0,2

0,2

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

0,2

{/af

0,4

0,6

0,8

(u>o/W )
p

. 7.11
2
) r\ (w0/a)
= 10
(w , ) , ) ,
( /> )
= 10
( w ) :
t

, -
= ^ / = 1.

7.

311

(w /a) .
= 10 . 7.11. ,
r\ > 90% w > 0,66, = 0,7
94%.
( )
,

.

, . .
, . (7.3.27),
, (7.3.28).
, . (7.3.25), P

(6.3.20), w < w . ,
P
:
ftv
Pmth (7.3.32)
2a.
0

89

mth

mth

:
b

1 = t- dt
J1 +

(7.3.33)

8 = (w /w ) . ,
,
[13]. w < w 5 - 0, (7.3.33)
, (7.3.29) ( w < , . .
- > 0). , ,
(. . 7.9). ,

.
w = w 8 = 1.
(7.3.33), :
:

1-

1(1 + )

(7.3.34)

, (7.3.34),
. 7.9 .
\ = dP /dP
= (P /P )(dy/dx)
, \
(7.3.14), ,
, hv/hv

out

mth

^nw
dy
~" nw dx'
2

312

(7.3.35)

. .

 r\ w w
(7.3.34) (7.3.35), . 7.10 .
,
. ,
( > 7)
. r\
(w /w )
= 10 . 7.110.
, [13],
. . 7.11 ,
, r\ (w /w )

, .

.
t

p9

7.116 ,
r\ , 94%, w w
. ,
r\ ,
P
(;+ ), (.
(6.3.20)), . ,
w w ( )
. . 7.9

. ,
w = 0,7, ,
w
, ,
, .

,
, . . (>| /2) = . w = w (
),
, (nwfi / 2 ) = . ,
, ,
w = /2.
. 7.9, ,
( ) ( )
. , w = V2a
,
( )

.

, . . \ \ (7.3.23), (6.3.9).
(. . 5.4),
,
,
t

p9

th9

7.

313

.

[6].

(7.3.14),
.
r| , .
r\ = (2/3) = 0,666
, , = (8/9) = 0,89
.
r\ , r\ , :
,
,
, , ,
. ,
, . . , ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
- ,
(N) (R) . , ,
6.3.3, ,
. ,
,
, . ,
, ,
,
- .
z

7.4. Nd:YAG
.
, . 7.12,
Nd: YAG 1 .
, 100 ,
805-808 [15].
6,5
0,615; 4 1

[13],

( , ) ,
, ,
, .

314

. .

95%,
10

0,805-0,808

^
H R 1,06
A R 0,81
A R 1,06

01

1,06

. 7.12
N d : Y A G
( [ 1 5 ] )

,
0

0,3

1,1

1,9

2,8

3,8

400

1600

350

1400

Nd.YAG
300

1200
ft

250

1000

I
g

is!

ft

3*200

800
GaAlAs

35 C

ft

ft 150

600

*g

S
w

400

1 0 0

1200

50h

PQ

PQ
0
0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

, A
. 7.13
N d : Y A G ( , . 7.12)
,
( [ 1 5 ] )

25
(. . 6.12). Nd: Y A G
,
10 , 95%;
5,5 .
93% .
,
w 130 (
).
00

7.

315


.
. 7.13.
P 75 .
= 1,14 P
= 370 .

r\ ~ 40% .

, ,
, ,
~ o
130 . (6.3.22), hv = 2,45 10~ ,
= 2,8 10~ = 230 , (/ ) ~ 3,7 10 .
5% 5 10~ , ,
, y = 0,5 10~ ,
= y + ( /2) = 3 . /\ ,
81% ,
,
.
,
, r\ = {1- [-(aZ)]},

~6 805-808 (. . 6.8)
I = 1 .
.
w w 75 ,
, w > 0,
, . . P
38 . ,
1,14 30. (7.3.34),
= 26, (7.3.35) r\ 0,97.
(/) 0,83 \ = (807/1060) = 0,76. , (
)
r | = ? 0,49,
. ,
,
,

.
(7.3.27) (7.3.28), ,
1,14 , P
= yP = 500 , . .
.
,

w .
00

th

out

19

19

- 2

-1

mth

out

, 40%
.
,
,
\
. . 7.13
29% , ,
11,6% .

316

. .

0<|

7.4.

:


.
- , . 7.2.2.
,
- .
7.4.1.
-

,
, (7.2.24).
, (dty/dt)
(7.2.246), :

, .
(dN/dt) = ,
$ = 0HN = N B (7.2.24). , :
C

/

(7.4.2) (1 + / ) 1. (7.4.2) (7.3.3),
,

, fNt (7.4.2).
5 ,
N . ,
, 6.3.3, R = r\P /hvAl,
, I .
(7.4.2),
:
C

_hv

{fN +N )Al

(7.2.22) (7.4.1)
(7.4.3) ( (7.3.12)):
*th

_(1 + ) (bvp)(

< + /

(7.4.4)

:
= a N l/y.
a

7.

(7.4.5)
317

 ,
, N
(7.2.24), (dN/dt) = (d$/dt) = 0.
, N = N ; ,
(7.2.24) (7.4.2), :
0

fN +N
t

(7.4.6)

(-1),

N (G +<J )Co
0

= R /R = P /P h

. (7.4.1) N ,
(7.2.14), (7.2.15) (7.2.22),
(7.4.6) :
p

sr

(1+)"
0\,+Q

^l(x-l),

(7.4.7)

V = A l A , ,
, ,
.
(,
2) (7.2.18)
(7.4.7) (7.2.14) ( (7.3.9)) :
a

b 9

Pout

out9

(7.4.8)

r| = (dP /dP ),

(7.4.8) :
0Ut

(1+)"

4s =

(1+)"

(7.4.9)

(7.4.4), (7.4.9) :

, ,
, ,
.
, ,

. , ,
,
.
318

. .

7.4.2.
-

,
.
, ,

. ,
, .
,
(7.3.23),
(6.3.7), :
2

(-).
(7.4.11)
hv pj \
,
(7.4.1) N, . .
(,)=

<

(iV) = (y/a Z),

c

(7.4.12)

(7.3.20).
,
, ,
, , ,
. , (7.2.24)
R = [fNt + N(r, z)]/(l + /).
(7.4.12)
, :
p

/\
/

a t

+y

(a +a )ft
e

(7.4.13)

, (7.4.11),
(7.4.13) R
,
, (6.3.25),
( (7.4.4)):
p

Yd + ) hv

P =
th

n(wl+w )
2(a +a )
p

(7.4.14)

(7.4.5).
, (dfy/dt) = 0,
, ;
:
(N)

= (N) = y/G l.
c

(7.4.15)

.

7.

319

 .
,
(7.3.25), P

, ; ; 1 ( . . ^/ < ).
(7.4.14)
mth

hv

mth

(7.4.16)

2(G +G )

,
(7.3.27):
8

2 2(a +<j )
e

(7.4.17)

:
1

1 ( 1

_
1

t dt
l + yt

(7.4.18)

= (w /w ) .
, (7.4.18)
(7.3.33) 0 (<J N l < ), . .
.
, (7.4.18) , (25)
[16].
r\ =
= (dP /dP )
= (P /P )(dy/dx).
(7.4.16) (7.4.17)

0Ut

mth

hv
hv
n

dy
ynwj dx

(7.4.19)

,
. . 7.116 (
),
r\ = (nw$/nwj)(dy/dx),
= 10 = 1. ,
,
(. [16]),
. , (w /w )2
< 1, x\
.
, , ,
,
, , ,
.
|,, , (w /w )
= 1,
*
, . *
,
, *
t

320

. . 0

 . ,
, r\
. ,

, B[IN(1 + )]/ < 1.
(7.4.18) (7.3.33).
t

7.5. Yb:YAG
.
Yb:YAG I = 2,5
Yb 6,5%, Ti :A1 0
= 941 [18].
,
(X = 1,03 ).
, 1 ;

R = 90% .
(. .
) w = 28 ;
.
= 31 . . 7.14

; ,
= 300 .
,
, Yb
N 9 10 " ; , (
X = 1,03 , . . 6.86), = 1,2 10~ .
(
[18]) = 18 10~ .
, ,
( ), = /2 ( 1 - R )/2 = 5 10~ .
(7.4.14) P = 83 ,
70 (. . 7.14).

180 . = /2 ,
3+

20

21

21

th

20

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

()

7.

. 7.14


T i
,
Y b - Y A G


( 7 7 )
( 3 0 0 ) (
[ 1 8 ] )

321

 7.14 ,
(7.4.19) r\ = 1. ,
: r|
=(hv/hv )($1/Wpdx).

r| -(w\dylw dx)
(7.4.16) P
= 6,5 ;
, = 180 = (P /P )
= 27,7.
. 4 [18] ,
p

mth

r\ = dS/dF, = <J N l/y * 5, = w /w

t

mth

* 1,1, (F/F )

= /(1

th

+ )(1 + ) 2,16,

S, Fn F .
ih

, r\ = dS/dF

* 70% r\ = (hv/hv )r\

* 63% .

, (7.4.18),
. 7.14.
r| = 59%
= 180 , 56% ,
,
.
s

7.5.



,
.
,
: 1)
; 2) ,
,
.


.
(7.3.9),
dP /dy = 0 .
, , (7.3.12),
P . (7.3.12)
:
2

0Ut

th

,+(!/2)'

(7.5.1)

P


, . . = 0. (7.3.9)
:
mth

mt

322

1* \ / +

Yi

S +1

(7.5.2)

. .

(Y2/2)
Y*+(Yi/2)

(7.5.3)

= / , .

(7.5.4)

(7.5.2), ,
S, , (7.5.3), .
, dP /dS = 0;
S:
2

0Ut

= (*J

op

1 / 2

-l-

(7.5.5)

(7.5.2), . .
A>I

op

Y; +

Yi

[(* )
m

1 / 2

-l] -

(7.5.6)

,
,
(. . = 1).


. , 7.15
P
S = 10.
(7.5.2), P = 0 , S = 0 (. .
= 0) S = 9; , (7.5.5), ,
4ToS = 2,16. . 7.15 , S, . .
, 50%
, 5%- .
-
, (7.3.29)
(7.3.34) .
,

(. . 7.11), (7.3.9).

out

out

op

. 7.15

P


,

P
10
out

mth

7.

323

 P

( )
(7.5.5),
P
(7.3.26)
(7.3.32) ,
= Yi + (Yi/2).
out

mth

7.6. Nd:YAG
. ,
7.2 (. . 7.4. 7.5),
,
= 7 .
P , . 7.5, 2,2 , (7.5.1)
= 0 P
= P h(lih) 697 , ; = 0,038 = 0,12
7.2
. = P /P h ~ > > ,
(7.5.5) S 2,17. (7.5.3),
( ) ~ 0,165,
( ) = 1 - [ - ( ) ] 15%,
, . 7.6.

th

mth

mt

op

7.6.


(,
)
,

.
(, 0 ), ,
, ,
.
,
.
- (, 0 )

, ( 7.16).

( ^ ) ,
;
.

,
(. 7.166).
,
2

324

. .

. 7.16
(),
, ()

. 7.17

( )

( )
2 ;
.
,
-, , .

(, DP),
0 ( 7.17).
, ,
, ,

. ,
,
.
,
.
,
, .
= 2( - n )L


, L .
, ,
, ,
, 2;

e9

7.

325

 . , ,
2, . .
^(n -n )L =2ln,
e

(7.6.1)

/ ,
.
,
. 7.17.
(. 7.17). ,
45 , = cos (/2).
,
, U ;
(7.6.1). ,
( - )
, ,
, . . Av^ ,
2

sr

, ,
0,3-1,5 , , . .
. ,
. ,

. , ,
,
, , An = - , . , , ,
,
,
, ,
.

7.7. . ,
X = 600 ,
, ( K D P ) L = 1,5 .

= 1,47 = 1,51 .
6 t a n 56,13,
. ' =33,9, , L =L/cosQ' 1,81.
(. 7.17)
,
,

-1

326

. .

 (7.6.2), = 1,51, (7.6.2)

A v ^ 4,14 10 .
= X(Av /v) *5, v = / =
= 5 10 .
(. 7.17) = cos /2),
, (
, )
/2, . . ~2,5 .

12

sr

fsr

14

7.7.


, ,
. ,
, , .
, L = 1 ,
Av = c/2L = 1 5 0 .
-1
,
, 300 .
, , ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
. 7.18,

. ,
. ,
,
c/2L (. . 5.10).
(2.4.35),
(2.4.18). ,
N = N ~ N
- ,
N ,
(. (7.3.2) (7.3.18)).
R ,
N .
, . 7.18 , R > R
00

l9

7.

cp

327

c/2Ljc/2L|
. 7.19

. 7.18

(
);

. ,
, , , R ^ R ,
. 7.18, . ,
'', " . .,
, .
,
.

(. 7.19). ,
(2.4.35), (2.4.23), . .
,
,
g*(v' -v ).
, - |
, ( ) 2.8.3 \
(. . 2.22).
, R R , - <
,
, ' , 0"" . ., \
. ;

.
i
1
(, He-Ne 1
), (, ) |
. , -
. - 1
[20], ,
-
. , -

cp

cp

328

- .

1 2

. 7.20



:

wvwwww

)
(
) ,

( ); )
,
.

(. 7.20). , 1 . 7.20
7.18,
. 1
, ( , . . ) ,

.
. 7.206,
. , 2,
,
, ,
1,
,
1 (. . ).
,
2 , 1; ,
. ,

{
, . 7.19),
(
, . 7.206).
,
.
, (
) ,
2

, , 5 . 1 ,
, L
, . . L = (/2),
. ,
(,/2)
. , ,
{/4) ,
. 7.20.

, 7.3.2 7.4.2, (N)

, ( 7 . 3 . 2 0 ) ,
.

7.

329


.
,
.

,
. , ,


-
- .
,
.
( )
, .
7.8.



.
.
7.8.1.

,
(, 0,5 NdrYAG
1 0 ), , . .
I (. 5).

, ,
,
. ,
N = a /LX
. TEMQO
(
) ,
. 5.13 5.136 g.
,
.
,

.
,
5.5.2, ,
, ,
.
, 5.9, , (N = a /L%*
2

00

01

1 0

00

00

330

. .

 )
, .

. , 5.6.2,
,
(. . 5.18).
, .

,
,
( 5.6.4).
7.8.2.

,
(. . ,
).
Av = c/2L.
,
, Av > A v / 2 , Av . ,
,

, (
) .

1

L<c/Av .

(7.8.1)

, ,
,
,
, ,
. , , . 7.19, ,
R ^ R ^ 2R .
,
,
.
, (
, , (. 5.10
I = = 0) ,
/2).
cp

cp

, . 7.16 7.17,
, 0 , 1 - 1 ,
, A v
, .
.
0

7.

331


, He-Ne ,
( ). ,
He-Ne , ,
AvJ 1,7 ; (7.8.1) : L = 17,5 .
, ,
( ),
(7.8.1)
1 (, -).
(,
)
(7.8.1)
, .
,
(, ),

, .
7.8.2.1.
-

,

,
( - ), ,
JR.
,
-, 0 (. 7.21).
, 4.5.1,

v , :
w

= -

21 2480"

(7.8.2)

R-

, 0'

, L .
. 7.21
,
L
- ,
L,

0 ( , 0')
0 = 0' = 0 ,
(. 7.22).
Av = c/2L
A v / 2 , Av

332

. . !

. 7.22
- ,

,
. (4.5.13),
:
1

=^ A v ,

(7.8.3)

Av^ , F .
,
, A v }
Av ;

.
:
Av^Avo/2.
(7.8.4)
, (7.8.3) (7.8.4) , ( A v / 2 ) ^ A v ^ ^2FAv
, , ,
(Av /2) ^ 2FAv . .
L^(c/Av )2F.
(7.8.5)
(7.8.1), ,

2F. , , F = 30 (
, ,
,
), ,
- ,
.
sr

sr

sr

, > 50%.

7.

333

 (7.8.5), ,
, ,
.

, . Av^
(7.8.3). ,
,
Avf
(. . A v ^ ^ A v / 2 ) . , ,
,
:
sr

sr

s r

L <: (c/Av )(2F) .

(7.8.6)

(7.8.1), (7.8.5) (7.8.6), ,

,

L ^ C / A V Q , C / A V ^ L ^ (c/Av )2F, (c/Av )2i^ ^ L ^ (c/Av )(2.F) .
2

7.8. Nd:YAG .
, X = 514,5 ,
^ = 3 , 5 .

L^c/ AvJ = 8,6 ,
L^(c/Av* )(2F) = 5,14,
F 30.
2 ,
-.
(7.8.2), cosG' = 1 Av' =/2 _; , = 1,5,
(7.8.3) L ^ L/2Fn = 1,66 ,
L = 1,5 . , (7.8.4)
^ ^ ( c / A v J ^ ) = 5,71.
, , L = 3,7 .
Nd.YAG , Av = 120 (
= 300 ) .

L ^ (c/Av n) = 1,4 , YAG
= 1,82 ( YAG
; ,

Av = c/2nL).
Nd: YAG
, YAG-
( -). ,
-, (7.8.5),
L = 9,5 (, F = 30).
0

fsr

334

. . *

7 8 2 2

, ,
, ,
(. . 5.4).
, ,
7.7,
. ,
,
, / -.

,
,
, .

,

. ,
. 7.23. ,
, ,
( 1),
(, ),
( ,
), (
2), , .

,
,
1

1 S

. 7.23
, ( )
1

,

.
2

,
.

7.

335

. 7.24
,
(/2) , ,
( ) ()

,
. ,
,
. ,
,
(. 7.24),
- ( )
(. . 7.246). ,
. ,
(/2)
.
, . . 2( - )1/ = , / ,
/2,
,
, (. 7.24). ,

,

( 2 . 7.23).
, (. . 7.246),

(. 7.246),
, ,
(
1 . 7.23). , 100%
/ 2 . *
0

336

. .

. 7.25

,

,
, ,
.
,

(
. 7.24 ) . ,
.
. 7.25
,
.
,
.

.

-
, .

,
(-).
,
. ,
^ ,

.

7.


, ,
NdrYAG (. 7.26) [21].
( 3 x 6 x 8 ) NdrYAG, D
, BCD,
, .
, ,
. 7.26.
, D,
,
. NdrYAG
,
( ).
,
.
( ABC) D ( CDA)
(-DAB) .
, ( BCD)
.
2
, D. -
,
.
NdrYAG ,
(
. 7.26)
. 7.25,
(
-).

, ,
. ,
.

. 7.26
N d : Y A G
,

(
[ 2 1 ] )

338

. .

7.9.


,
v , v . Av
Av .
v Av (. 7.27).
v
. [3, 22] , v
v v , . .
v .
(
)
: v v ,
. , :
c

( / ) + ( / )
0

VL

(7.9.1)

(1/Av ) + (1//Av ) '

0

, , . Av
-1
300 (. . 2.1).
, 1 Av = 1 /2 = yc/2nL
[. (7.2.14) (5.3.10)] ~1
( , ~1 % ,
,
He-Ne , -50%
). , , ( 1 / A v )
( 1 / A v ) .
A v
, .

, , .
(. 2.3.2),

. ,

,

o-/

i H i h t ^>^
,
-Av

v
v v
0

A v

! /lr
0

7.

^ ^

339

 , ,
, ,
^,
,
. , (7.2.2),

, ,
(d$/dt) = V BN ;
,
, (7.2.2), V BN .
1 0 1 0 (. 7.1), ,
, ,
, . . .
,
E(t) = E sm[2nv t + cp (OL /
, .
, q> (t)
, . .
t, Acp(f) = <[ (*) - (0)] ) > \[t.
, . . E(t),
, ( )
[23]:
se

10

16

1/2

N
Nz-Ni
2

2nhv (Av )

(7.9.2)

.
-, [24] .
, , (7.9.2),
( ),
, . , ,
, Av
, , , He-Ne .
, (GaAs)
, 50-100 , (7.9.2). , .
- , ,
.
,
, , . ,
c

340

!
]
j
j
i
\

\
|
|

|
1

- . j H

(7.9.2) ,
.
, , [25].
7.9. He-Ne
GaAs . He-Ne ,
(X = 632,8 , v = 4,7 10 ).
L = 1 , = 1%. , = 1 .
(7.2.14) (5.3.10) = 3,3 10~
v = 4,7 10 . (7.9.2), N /(N = 1,
Av = 0,43 .
GaAs
(X = 850 ) L = l = 300
R = 0,3 (. . ).
, = -1()= 1,03 ,
, = nL/cy = 3,4 , = 3,5
GaAs. Av = 1/2 = 4,7 10 ,
(7.9.2), N /(N - N ) = 3 = 3 , Av ^ 3,2 .
, 10
, He-Ne ,
, ,
.
14

10

1 . He-Ne ,
(, Nd: Y A G , 0 )
-,
1
. , He-Ne ( v = / = 4,7 1 0 )
, ,
(Av /v )-2,710- .
,
,
. (5.1.2),
= const, (AL/L) = - ( A v / v ) = 2,7 10" , , npnL = 1
|AL| ^ 2,7 10~ . ,
, ~10 ,
, v , ,
v , ,
(7.9.2). ,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
2

14

1 8

18

7.

341

7.10.



I,
L. L = n (L -1) +
4- 1, n .
:

1. , ,
, 1 , L
,
.
2. , , ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, .

, , ,
, ,
.

,
,
(, ) ,
.
| A v / v | = | A L / L | = , AT .
,
\Av \ = v \An \(L - l)/l = v (n - l)\Ap/p\(L - l)/l,
.
L

7.10. .
6

- 1

= 1 10~ ,
, . . v = 5 1 0 .
,
|Av | = 5 10 . ,
0,1 -50 .

, (L -1)/1 = 0,2, ,
= 1,00027. , v = 5 10
|Av | ^ 2,7 10 |/| . ,
|/| = 3 10~ , ,
|Av | = 80 .
14

- 1

14

10

,
, , 1

342

. .

10

TR
u

10

75

. 7.28

N d r Y A G
,

( [ 2 6 ] )

-
10"

LJjJ

10'

I I I1

1_
3

J__L_

10
10
( )

1111

10

,
, 1 10~ ,
0,01 . ,
.


.
,
1 .
, NdrYAG
,
. 7.26
10 .

,
E(t) = E sin[2nv t + ()], v
() , .
v(t) = v +d<p (t)/2ndt = v + v (t)
v (t) , , ,
- .

(. ) , S ( v )
/. v ,
, ()
. S ( v ) , v (t)
, , -
V (t), V (t)
.
. 7.28
\/S (v )
NdrYAG
,
[26]. -
V ^ v ( m ) -
,
-, ,
7

- 1

7.

343

 , , , . . S (v )
[27]
v

S (v )
y

= Av /n,
L

(7.10.1)

Av ( (7.9.2),
-). ,
, 100 ,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
-
( ), ,

.
- 10 , (
) . ,
- 1
.
-
(, -
), ,
, .

(
).
,
, .
,
( ),
3,39 1 633 He-Ne .
1 ( ).
(, )

[28].
L

1 2 9

- [29],
344

. . 0'

 , -
.
, , ,
, , ,
. (4.5.4).
= 21/, I
, .

:
/i(v-v ) =l +
0

2KV

Av

(7.10.2)

a(v-v ),
0

,
, v ,
v Av . ,
v = v = , . .
.
( v ) ,
V Q , g*(v' -v ).

, (7.10.2),
g*(v' - v ) .
, :
0

cN

fvj
fvg-v
Av

-<^(v-v())*(vo-Vo)dvo,

(7.10.3)

N
, G
. (7.10.2)
(7.10.3),
= ( - ) (. . 7.29)

. 7.296.

, = 2 1/,
.
-
.
, . 7.29

,
(

-).

t

. 7.29
-

(
- )

7.

345

 E(t) = [ycof +
+ /Tsin c o t ] ,
.
:
0

+00

E(t) = ^

J (Y)e^t,

(7.10.4)

J .
, (7.10.4) :
n

E{t) = E e^ [-J (Y)e-^

Q

+ J (Y) + J (Y)e^t^

(7.10.5)

J-i(Y) = -J^Y). ,

:
() = ^[-^)-^-^-1

+ J (Y)e~^

+^()^~^]

(7.10.6)

, _! ,
(. 7.296).
,
*, *
. co

=2|

(*)

I R e ^ o ^ i ^ H *
2

(70.7)

-e'<*-i-*]},

Re .
= 2nv , = 0
=
(. 7.29). , (7.10.7) (*)^ = 0 .
, , , 2 , :
_! = - ; (7.10.7) :
0

(*)

= - 4 | | J J, 8 ( ) 8 ( ^ - ) .
0

(7.10.8)

,
, . . ,
.
,

. , ,

.

( A v = 30 )
100 [30].

346

. .

7.11.


,

, ,
.
,
.
:

, , ;
,
;
(
, ),
;
,
, .

,
,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
5()
( ) ,
():
C (x) = (8P(t)dP(t +
PP

x))/(P) ,

(7.11.1)

( ) .
- {)
( R I N - ) ,
:

(7.11.2)

, () (7.11.2)
, . .:

{) = ~

RIN(co)exp(-/cuT)dco.

(7.11.3)

00
7.

347

& -0,2

6 S
0,1

10

JyLililillllliMil

5"

0,01

0,4

0,4
i
10

100 1000

( )

i
20

i
30

i
40

50

()

. 7.30
)
N d : Y A G (. . 7 . 2 6 )
( 1) ( 2 )
, ) ,
( [ 3 1 ] )

,
, . 7.30 (
1). , /,
, :
( / ) Av = 101og[RIN(v) Av],

(7.11.4)

R I N ( v ) = 2rcRIN(co) Av = 1 . ,
v = 300 ,
(. ).
bP(t)/(P)
. 7.306 ( 1). ,
6P(t), . . ^(6P (t)) /() ,
~2 10~ .
. 7.30, , Av
( 3 )
2 ,
8 5 /. ,
(7.11.4), R I N ( v ) = 10" = 3,16 10~ " . ,
(7.11.3) (7.11.1) = 0 :
2

85

(0)

= (6P (t))/(P)
2

s R I N ( v ) Av = 6,32 10"

, , ](6 (t))/()
=2,5 10 .

. ,
,
( ).

, , ,
. , '
,
,
348

. .


,
. . 7.30
( 2), ,

35 . . 7.306 ( 2) , > / ( 8 ( ) ) / ( )
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
, 20 .

,
[20]. ,

, , , ,
,
(,
) [32].

. , . 7.31 2

. 7.31

(
[ 3 3 ] )

7.

349

 ( R I N ),
AlGaAs - 1
(. 9), (
) ( ) [33].
. 7.31 ,
(=2,5 ,

) .
7.12.

- |
. - |
- - I
( - i
- ), i
, ?
. - ]
, - - \
.
,
* \
. ( ) \
- .
,
, - )
. , ,
\
, . |
- j
, ()
. , , , \
, ]
, . -1
,
, ,
. ,
, - \
. , ,
.

, -
, *
, , &JH
:
jH
350

. . <

 ;
; ;
;
;
.
,
.

7.1. ,
= 80%.
7.2. (7.2.11).
7.3. 7.2 . 7.4
L , ,
N d . Y A G = 1,82.
e

7.4. .
2 ^ 1
(3 = 0,51; ,
= 230 (
NdrYAG 1,064 , . 2.13).

(1),
(N /N )
< 1% ?
, 7.2, ,
P = 200 .
(1),
{N /N ) < 1% ?
x

out

7.5. . 7.4 7.2 ,

N d : Y A G N d : Y L F ( Y L F = Y L i F )
.
, = 1,047 ( , -),
X = 1,053 ( , -).

- = 1,8 10~ .
= 480 . ,
,
Nd: Y A G ,
.
Nd: Y A G . ,
F

, ,
Nd: Y A G .
4

19

3/2

* 7.

351

.6.

,
= 7 .

.7. 0 , . 7.7 7.8.

, 7.3,
,
= 140 .
, 7.3,
. . , . 7.7,
. ,
,
.
, 5.6.3,
, ~12 (. . 7.8) = 140

, .
2

.8. N d : Y A G ,
. 7.4.
/; 1 / /
. f= 25
[34] =7 ,
. 7.4. ,
/ = 25 ,
.
.

00

.9. , TEM

(. . I = m ^> 1)
w = \fliv, w
. ,

, , w = [35].
,
, ,
, . 7.4.
TEM
(l = m^> 1), 6 ,
6 = \llX/nw , w
[35]. ,
7.4, ,
.
lm

im

00

lm

lm

/m

00

10. Nd: Y A G 7.4 ,

,
- (
7.5). ,
. .

 , (7.3.34),
(
= 1,14 ).
2

7.11. N d . Y A G 4 , 56 ,
0,9 .% .
807 ,
[36].
w = 1,4 .
= 15%,
= 3,8% (. 7.2).
= 370 ,
= 340 .
.
[36],
.
00

7.12. ,
. , ,
/ = 21 ,
(. . 7.4). ,

/ . ,
w = 1,4 .
.
a

7.13. (7.4.7).
7.14. He-Ne ,
(, = 632,8 ). I = 20 ,
1 , 0,1 ,
1%,
0,5%. 2.12,
= 5,8 10~ = 50
. ,
.
,
Ne .
2 ^-
, ~20,5 .
,

. ,
,
3 .
13

^15. ,
(, = 514,5 ),

7.

353

10%.
R = 5 ,
L = 100 .
= 5%,
.
.
, .
2

00

7.16. 0 ( A V Q =50 )
.
, .
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
2

7.17. ,
(X = 514,5 ), ,
AvJ = 3,5 . L = 120 ,
100 , = 10%.
2.12,

< = 2,5 10~ = 5 . ,


.
.
,
?
e

13

7.18. He-Ne ,

. 50 , 2 % .
, AvJ = 1,7 .
7.19.
. ,
/2
.
7.20. He-Ne ,
. ,

, ,
.
, (. .
)?
354

. .

7 . 2 1 . ,
(- = 5 1 4 , 5 ), 4 % ;
G = expGpNl 1 , 3 ,
1 0 0 .
-, 2
( = 1 , 4 5 ) ,
. ,
(
AvJ = 3 , 5 ) ,
,
.
p

7.22.

7 . 3 1

.

1. . Statz and G. de Mars, Transients and Oscillation Pulses in Masers, in Quantum

Electronics, ed. by . H. Townes (Columbia University Press, New York, 1960),
pp. 530-537.
2. R. Dunsmuir, Theory of Relaxation Oscillations in Optical Masers,J. Electron. Con
trol 10, 453-458 (1961).
3. M. Sargent, M. O. Scully and W . E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addison-Wesley, London,
1974).
4. R. H. Pantell and H. E. Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics, (Wiley,
New York, 1969), Chap. 6, Sect. 6.4.2; P., .
. .: , 1972.
5. W . W . Rigrod, Saturation Effects in High-Gain Lasers, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 24872490(1965).
6. L. W . Casperson, Laser Power Calculations: Sources of Error, Appl. Optics 19, 422431 (1980).
7. W . Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Vol. 1, Springer Series in Optical Sci
ences, fourth edition (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996), Chap. 3, adapted from Fig. 3.21.
8. Ref. [7], Chap. 3, Fig. 3.22.
9. D. Findlay and R. A . Clay, The Measurement of Internal Losses in 4-Level Lasers,
Phys. Lett. 20, 277-278 (1966).
10. Private communication, Istituto di Ricerca per le Tecnologie Meccaniche, Vico
Canavese, Torino.
11. M. C. Fowler, Quantitative Analysis of the Dependence of C0 Laser Performance on
Electrical Discharge Properties, Appl. Phys. Letters 18, 175 (1971).
12. E. Hoag et al. Performance Characteristics of a 10 kW Industrial C 0 Laser System,
Appl. Opt. 13, 1959 (1974).
13. P. F. Moulton, An Investigation of the Co:MgF Laser System, IEEE J. Quant. Electr.
QE-21, 1582-1588(1985).
14. V. Evtuhov and A . E. Siegman, A Twisted-Mode Technique for Obtaining Axially
Uniform Energy Density in a Laser Cavity, Appl. Opt., 4, 142-143 (1965).
15. J. Berger et al. 370 mW, 1.06 mm, cw T E M Output from a NdrYAG Laser Rod
End-Pumped by a Monolithic Diode Array, Electr. Letters 23, 669-670 (1987).
16. W . P. Risk, Modeling of Longitudinally Pumped Solid-State-Lasers Exhibiting Reabsorption Losses, J. Opt. Soc.Am. 5, 1412-1423 (1988).
17. . Y. Fan and R. L. Byer, Modeling and CW Operation of a Quasi-Three-Level 946 nm
NdrYAG Laser, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-23, 605-612 (1987).
2

00

355

18. P. Lacovara et al., Room-Temperature Diode-Pumped Yb:YAG Laser, Opt. Letters

16, 1089-1091 (1991).
19. A . Yariv, Energy and Power Considerations in Injection and Optically Pumped La
sers, Proc. IEEE 51, 1723-1731 (1963).
20. C. L. Tang, H. Statz and G. de Mars, Spectral Output and Spiking Behavior of SolidState Lasers, J.Appl. Phys. 34, 2289-2295 (1963).
21. T. J. Kane and R. L. Byer, Monolithic, Unidirectional Single-Mode NdrYAG Ring
Laser, Opt. Lett. 10, 65 (1985).
22. A . E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Hill Valley, California, 1986),
Chap. 12, Sec. 12.2.
23. Amnon Yariv, Optical Electronics (Saunders College Publishing, Forth Worth, 1991),
Section 10.7; . . 2- . .:
, 1983.
24. A . L. Schawlow and . . Townes, Infrared and Optical Masers, Phys. Rev. 112,19401949 (1958).
25. . H. Henry, Theory of Linewidth of Semiconductor Lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electr.
QE-18, 259 (1982).
26. T. Day, E. K. Gustafson and R. L. Byer, Sub-Hertz Relative Frequency Stabiliza
tion of Two Diode Laser Pumped NdrYAG Lasers Locked to a Fabry-Perot Interfer
ometer, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-28, 1106 (1992).
27. D. K. Owens and R. Weiss, Measurement of the Phase Fluctuation in a He-Ne Zeeman
Laser, Rev. Sci. Instruments, 45, 1060 (1974).
28. Wolfgang Demtrn,der, Laser Spectroscopy, 2 ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996)
Chap. 7; . . .: , 1985.
29. R. W . . Drever, et al., Laser Phase and Frequency Stabilization using an Optical
Resonator, Appl. Phys. B, 31, 97-105 (1983).
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Techn. Information No. 1 (1993).
32. Kenju Otsuka, Winner-Takes-All and Antiphase States in Multimode Lasers, Phys.
Rev. Letters, 67, 1090-1093 (1991).
33. G. P. Agrawal and N . K. Dutta, Long-Wavelength
Semiconductor Lasers, (Van \
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986), Fig. 6.11, by permission.
34. Ref. [7] Sec. 7.1.1. and Fig. 7.5.
35. Ref. [22], Chap. 17, Sec. 17.5 and 17.6.
36. D. Golla et al., 62-W C W TEM
Mode NdrYAG Laser Side-Pumped by Fiber-Coupled ]
Diode-Lasers, Opt. Letters, 21, 210-212 (1996).
0Q

356

. .

8.1.

13 ,
()
. ,
,
.

. ,
.
:
, ,
, . .
,
;
, ,
, . . ,


( ),

( ).
8.2.

,
. ,
, R = R (t) = R ( )
t > 0. ,
, , ,
.
,
p

357

N{t)V

(0
. 8.1


V N(t)

(0


( [ 2 ] )
a

10

12

14

16

t ()

N(t) (), #.
,
, [ 1 , 2 ] .
. 8.1 N(t)
(), ,
[2].
N(0) = ~N
N , t = 0
( 1, . . 1.4).
: (0) = ^,
(, ^ = 1),
, . ,
, . 8.1,
, ,
N(0) = 0. , . 8.1
t = 2 (
),
.
, . 8.1.
t9

1. t = 2
.
- (
)
, (
NoV = 6,66 1 0 ) . ( t > 4 )
. , (7.2.166)
( ) (7.2.246) (
) , N > N ( N
) d/dt > 0.
2.

15

358

. .

(; = 1) , (
= 5,8 1 0 ) .

.
3. (
> ),
. ,
() , N(t)
N . (7.2.166) (7.2.246)
, / /dt = 0 N = N .
4. (
)
N .
,
.
5. < ,
,
, ,
, 1-4.
, ()
, ,
(
). ( )
.
{)

. N(t)
()
. , , ,
, (7.3.4)
(7.3.46) (7.4.1) (7.4.6)
, ,
.
14

(,
t > 14 . 8.1)
. , :
N(t)

= N

(8.2.1)

+ 6iV(r),

(8.2.2)

(*) = + 8(*)

, dN < N 5 < ,
85,
6N 5.
, (8.2.1) (8.2.2)
(7.2.16) (7.2.166). N
0

8.

359

 , ,
(7.2.16) :
(dSN/dt) = -[ + (1/)] - 5,
0

(/dt)

(8.2.3)

= BVJ 8N.

(8.2.4)

, (8.2.4) (7.2.166)
, BV N - ( 1 / ) = 0. (8.2.4) (8.2.3)
:
a

+ [ + ( 1 / ) ] ^ + ( ^ ) 8 = 0.

( 8 2 )

:
6 = 5 (.

(8.2.6)

(8.2.6) (8.2.5) ,
:

+ + =0,

(8.2.7)

(2/*) = [ + (1/)]

(8.2.8)

= .

(8.2.9)

(8.2.7), , :
1/2

(8.2.10)

-"

, (l/t ) < .
(8.2.10) , =
= -(1/* )7',
0

' = [ - ( 1 / t o ) ] / .

(8.2.11)

(8.2.6) 5
(
), . .
8 = Cexp(-f/*o)sin(co'* + ),

(8.2.12)

.
(8.2.4), , 8N
. (l/t ) < ', :
0

= - ^ x - e x p ( - ^ / ^ ) c o s ( c o ^ + ).
0

(8.2.13)

, , ,
8N(t) 5 (t) ,
5 (t), dN(t).
360

. .

 (8.2.8) (8.2.9)
, N ,
(7.3.4) (7.3.46), :
0

* = 2/,

(8.2.14)

= [ ( * - 1 ) / ] 1 / 2 ,

(8.2.15)

= R /R
. ,
t
, = 2/' = 2/
.
p

cp

8.1. Nd:YAG GaAs .

Nd:YAG (. 7.26) ,
-

,
. ,
= 5, (8.2.14) t = 92 ,
= 230 .
/=11,5 . ,
( ) = 0,4%
L = 0,5%. = ( + L) = 0,9%,
= nl/cy = 7,8 ,
= 1,82 Nd:YAG. ,
(8.2.15) v = /2 = 238 .
, t > 1/, , ,
' = . ,

Av = 1 /2nt =1,73 ,
( 3 )
(RIN-) (. . 7.30).
GaAs L = I = 300 ,

. (4.3.1)
( ) R = [( - 1)/( + 1)]2 = 0,3,
= 3,35 GaAs. ,
= = -In = 1,2.
,
= 60 , , ,
y = a L = 1,8. , = y + [( + )/2] = 3
= L /cy = nL/cy = 1 , 1 .
= 3 . = 1,5, (8.2.14)
t = 4 , (8.2.15) v = /2 = 2 .
t 1/, ' ^ .
,
RIN-
(. . 7.31).
0

-1

8.

361

t > 1/ , ,
(8.2.10), .
5()
. t < 1/,
(8.2.14) (8.2.15), ,
:
0

( /)>4(-1)/ .

(8.2.16)

()
= 2. , > ,
.
, .

8.2. He-Ne .
He-Ne , ( = 632,8 ).
= 50 . L = 50 ,
1%, ,
= /2 = 5 10~ = L/cy = 322 . , > ,
(8.2.16) .
(8.2.14) (8.2.15), = 1,5, = 66,6 = 5,6 10 .
(8.2.10) , ,
, 1 33,3 .
3

, ,
,
,
. ,

(. . 8N = 6N 8 = 5 t = 0, bN 8
). ,
t = 0
, .
iV ,
, .
0

8 3


, ,
,
. , ,
,
, , .
362

- . ]

. 8.2



.
50 / ( [ 3 ] )

. 8.2 [3]. ,

( ). ,
, . 8.1.

25 , [ 4 ] .


, .
,
7.11.

, , ,
R = R 4- 5# (*), 8R < R .
(8.2.1) (8.2.2), N(t) = N + 8N exp(j(ot)

( 0 + $ *)
^NQH 5 <
. ,

, , ,
(8.2.11).
,
, ,
.
. 7.30
. ,
,
,
, .
,
( 10 )
Av ,
Av ( ).

,
-.
,
- [5].


[6].
, ,
p

p0

p0

8.

363

 ,
,
[7].
,
,
,
. ,
,
.

(.
7.11), .
8.4.

,

. (.
8.2)
(. . 8.1)
. ,
, , ,
,
, (
). ,

[ 8 ] .

,
.
,
( )
( ).
8.4.1.

,
,
t = 0, . . R (t) = 0 R (t) =
= R = const 0 < t < t . ,
(. 8.3).
< t < t
(7.2.16) (7.2.24)
, .
, :
p

364

. .

() =

-(-*)],

(8.4.1)

:
N^^RpT,

(8.4.2)

(7.2.24) , dN/dt = 0.
N(t) . 8.3. (8.4.1)
. 8.3 , t
, ,
. , t >
,
N(t). (8.4.2) ,

. ,
,
,
.
(, N d ,
Yb, , , , ,
, Cr:LISAF ) (
, 0 ). ,
, ,
(, He-Ne,
), ,
.
,


R (
).
P

, , t = t
()
P9

. 8.3
:
) R
N ; )
N
( ).
p

8.

365

, , ,
( ).
,
(. 8.36). N(t)
()
,
N/T,
. N(t) () . 8.36.

N (8.4.1) t = t >
- ,
,
. N(t)
N , ,
( 8.2)
. , ,
, , , , (
) .
N ,
(. 8.4.4).
, . 8.3 . 8.36
. , . 8.3
, ,
( 100 -1 ),
. 8.36
(. 8.4.4) , ,
( 5-50 ).

,
. ,
,

(
, . .
).


,

.
. 8.4, ,
. 8.4
y(t)



.
*
g(t) = aN(t)l
/

. :
I9

366

. .

 g(t) = GNI
(). ,
t
y(t)
g(t).
, , (
) .
,
,
,
. (
t ),
, ( )
.
l9

8.4.2.

,
[9].
, : 1)
;
2) ( ); 3)
; 4)
.

.

(,
, ).

(,
).
8.4.2.1.

,
. , ( ), KD*P
-,
-.
. . . 8.5
,
.
,
,
.
45.
8.

367

. 8.5
)

,

. ( ) , ( )
()


,

Ej

,
.
,
.
45
(. 8.56) ,
. ,
, :

= kAnL\

(8.4.3)

k = 2/A,, An = - ,
U .
, = /2,
/ 2 . , ,
, , . .
(. 8.5).
,
= / 2 ,
, (
), (
), . 8.5.
,
90
8.56. , ,
(. . 8.5).
.
. .
, , ,
/4-, ,
(8.4.3) AnL' (. .
) /4.

368

. .


.
,
,

1-5 . (
) ,
( , t < 20 ).
s

8 4 22

(
)

,
.
,
, .
,
90- ,
(. 8.6). :
,
(. . 8.6), ,

. ,

,
,
.

,
.
. 8.6

90-

.
, ,
,
.
,
~1
. ,
24 /
(400 ),
400 .
.

8.

369

8.4.2.3.

(,
-),
,
-, (. 8.7).


,
(. 8.76). ,
,
( ).
,
,
, (
). , ,

[10].
(. . 8.76), ,
, (-
). ,
.

.

, , L'
.
, :

riki
, ,
. (8.4.4) ,
L' 1 . ,
, 9' = /
. ,
,
. ,
0 = /2 (. 8.7),

.

, .
-
, -,

370

. .

fr)
^ / / ^

V.
^./

y^J^

\
.

___
-

'

. 8.7
) ,
( ) , )

| (
1-2% -). ,
(8.4.4) (XL'/nX ) ^> .
, ,
( ),
XL'/ ,
. ,
,
, ( ) ,
,
.
a

8.3.
. ,
v = 50 ,
() v = 3,76 10 /.
= v/v = 75 . ,
= 1,45 ( X = 1,06 ),
(8.4.4) , L' > 1,3 . ,
, , 5 ,
. ,
0' = / ^ 0,8 ,
0 = /2 = 0,4.
a

:
, ,
-
1

{2nXL')<^nX ,
(
- ) .
, -
.
a

8.

371

 ().
, , ,
(
,
).
(, Nd: Y A G
).
8.4.2.4.

,
(,
, -).

,
.
,

.
,
. , N d : Y A G 1,2- , BDN - 4-).
(, BDN , F :LiF C r : Y A G , N d : Y A G )
(, SF 0 ) .


(
10~ ) . (2.8.11) ,
I
(1 10 / )
( ).
4+

16

, , ,
,
, .
, (. . )
50%.
,
, .

.
I(t)
1 .

372

. .

60

ln(J.// )
B

40

:__]

-++ -

20

*> !
0

3,7

f []

3,9
f []

. 8.8

/
Nd:YAG ,
( 50 ):
) 1/1 , 1 ,
.
; ) /, = / / / (
), ^ s 1 , .
.

. 8.8 I(t)>
I(t)/I
(. 8.5).
I ( t = t )>
.
,
, ,
. .
. ^ ,

(. . ), .

, , .
( )
. 8.86, ( * ) / * )/1 ( ( 0
"
, / = 1 ,
)
.
NV , V ,
(. 8.5). , ,
,
, ,
, - . ,
,
N ,
.
n

8.

373

 . 8.8 :
,
,
{t ~ 3,94 ). ,
(. . t < t )
, (
). , ,

(-2370 , 8.8).
[11]. ,
,
g g , (g = GNI), .
,
,
t = t (. . ) :
p

h
(8.4.5)
h
t = t (n = 2,310
, . 8.8). ,
5 = (gi - ji) - (g ~ 2)
, (8.4.5)
(Ii/I ) = /. , , 8
( 0,001), = 2310 (1\/1 ) = 2,3 = 10.
,

t = t , , , .
,
-100 ,
,
. , ,
,
-
10 20.

.

( ).
,
. ,
.
s

,
, ( ),

( ). , *
[38].

374

. .

843

:
1. ( 8.9).
R (t) ,
(. 8.9).
N(t)
(t = 0 8.96). ( t > 0)
, ,
t
.
N(t) N ( t = 0)
N
. , , . 8.3,
t < 0 t > 0 .
, t < 0
, t > 0 .

,
.
2. -
(. . 8.10).
( R , . . 8.10)
p

f9

y(t)

ru
A

.ATA >

i ^ i
N,

I : ^

I
1

J
FCV

. 8.9

.

: ( ) R ;
() ; ( )
N; ()
p

8.

. 8.10

,
.
:
( ) R ; ()
; ( ) ;
() N
p

375

 (. 8.106).

(. 8.10),
N ( )
N ( , . 8. ).
N ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.

,
. -
( ,
) ,
, .
,
, -
.
,
.
t

8.4.4.

,
( ) [12].

(7.2.16) (7.2.24)
.
,
(. 8.9), , t < 0 ,
.
, N(t) ,
(7.2.16),
(dN/dt) = 0. , :
N = TR (0)
t

(8.4.6)

R (0) t = 0 (. .
). , R (t)
,
p

^R dty
p

376

. . . R (0)=
p

^R dt
p

. . '

, , JR dt
p

R (0).

, ,

( JR dt)

R (0)

(8.4.6) N . , N

ic

, :
(NJN )

= {E /E )

ic

=x

pc

(8.4.7)

= ( / ) .
N (
, ),
, . . N = N = y/aZ,
. N ,
.. , Z,
, (8.4.7)
N .
, N
(. . t > 0)
(7.2.16) N(0) = N n (0) = ^. ,
, ,
(; = 1). ,
, N(t) ()
, (7.2.16)
R , N/,
. (7.2.16) :

ic

ic

ic

i9

p9

_#,

(8.4.8)

, ,
(8.4.86) N
(. . 8.9), . . (d^/df) = 0, :
p9

N =l/V Bx
p

y/Gl

(8.4.9)

N .
(8.4.7)
N /N , :
c

Wi/N )
p

= x.

(8.4.10)

,
, ,
2. (7.2.18) :
9

^ = ( ! ^

8.

(8.4.11)

377

 ,
.
(8.4.86) (8.4.8). (8.4.9),
:

\ \
-?3L
= -V 1 - ^
(8.4.12)
dN
N

,
= V [N -Na

N ln (Nt/N)],

(8.4.13)

.
:

(8.4.14)

"

, N ( (8.4.9))
(N /N ) ( (8.4.10)). (8.4.11), (8.4.14) (8.4.9)
:

N(hv -N(8.4.15)
^---^--1
" J [
KP
P
J
A = VJl ,
(7.2.14) .
,
(

00

00

= jp(t)dt

= (|f

J Av JW,

(8.4.16)

'

P{t)
(7.2.18). (8.4.16)
, (8.4.86) ,
(0) = ()

0.

Jdt = V i j^BtyNdt. J^BfyNdt

a c

, (8.4.8),

J^B$Ndt = (Ni-Nf),

^ (.

. 8.36). tydt = V x (Ni ~N ),

a

, ,

(8.4.16) :
E = (y /2y)(N -N )(V hv).
2

(8.4.17)

, ,
(N - N ) ,
(N - N )V . , ,
( /2) .
(8.4.17), N .
(8.4.13), t - > . () s ,
:
t

378

. .

N -N
Nt
t

(8.4.18)

"
Ni

N/
f

N /N N /N .
r\ = (N - N )/N

(8.4.18), ( ).
, N ,
(N - N ). (8.4.17)
:
f

iy

4 (Ni/N )
E

= -1(1 - ).

(8.4.19)

. 8.11
\
(Nt/N ),
(8.4.19). ,
(Nt/Np), . .

,
.
, \ (8.4.9)
(8.4.17)
:

. 8.11

|

(8.4.20)

hv,

2 N
n

= VJI .
,
,
= / . (8.4.20) (8.4.15) :

(Nt/N )4
[(Nt/N )-\n(Nt/N )-lY
p

(8.4.21)

, / (Nt/N ) = ,
(N /N ),
2 10, 5,25 - 1,49 . ,
(Nt/Np) = = 2,5 . 8.11 \ = 0,89, (8.4.21)
= 3,81 . , (8.4.21)
.
,
x . , x
,
, (N /N ) = = 2,5
= 1,45 2,06 . ,
(8.4.21)
9% x + x .

(N /N ).

8.

379


(. . 8.9).
, ,

. , , ( 1 / 1 0 ) ,
-
, (8.4.86) N(t) = N .
(8.4.9) (8.4.10)
(d$/dt) = ( - 1)/ , :
T

= ; [ ( - 1)*/ ].

(8.4.22)

= / , x . * = 1,
:

In

(8.4.23)

10

(8.4.14). ,
( 1 0 , . )
(8.4.23) , x
, /10, , /20.

17

5x50
150

|l25

8.4. ,

Nd:YAG
. . 8.12


N d : Y A G
.

[13].
,
KD*P
( ,
K D P 0 ) .
,
= 3,4 ,
= 120 = 10 .

6 .

100

& 75
50 h

25

5
10
15
,

. 8.12

N d : Y A G

,

.

(
[ 1 3 ] )

,
.
= -In R = 1,2 = 0.
,

L = 15% , 2

380

. .

 . , y = - l n ( l - L ) s 0,162
= [( + )/2] + y = 0,762. ( =
10 ) (8.4.20), ,
(N /N ) = ( / ) = 2,9. = = 0,19 ,
. (Ni/N ) = 2,9,
8.11 , \ = 0,94, (8.4.20), ,
= 2,8 10~ (.
2.10), = 200 .
, :
1. ,
.
2. -
(. . ,

). ,
(
) x 20 .
, , ,
(

20% ).
, ,
(7.2.11)
L = L + ( - 1)1 = 22 , = 1,83 Nd:YAG,
, (7.2.14) = L /cy = 1 .
(8.4.21): = \ /( - In - 1) = 3,3
( . 8.11).
( = 6 )
:
1. . ,

.
.
2. ,
, -,

.

(8.4.23), .
N = / = 5,44 10 " , V =A l=Al=l
,
(8.4.14) = 4,54 10 ,
(8.4.23), = 1 = 2,9, x = 20
t

19

17

17

8.5. Nd:YAG
. ,
L = 50
Nd: YAG, D = 5 .
,
,
I = 1 / . ,
e

8.

381


(
) L = 50% .

R = 74%,
.
, = -lnR = 0,3
( ) =
= -In (1 - L) = 0,693
.
y = + ( /2) =
= 0,843. ,

t = 100 (. . 8.13).
(8.4.1)



2

. 8.13

oNL


t = 100 .
= 230

N(t )

= ATJl - e x p ( - t / T ) ] = 0,35 ,
P

(84.24)

= 230 . t (. . 8.13),
:
<yN(t )l = y .
(8.4.25)
th

th

,
10% , :
N(t )=l lN(t ),
P

(8.4.26)

th

N(t ) t = t
(. . 8.13). (8.4.26) (8.4.24)
N(t ) = 0 , 3 2 ^ . , (8.4.1) t = 88 , (8.4.25)
0 ^ = ^/0,32 = 2,64.
t > t g (t'),
,
, :
8net(t) = &Nl-y = G l(dN/dt) t'
V
t = t . (8.4.1)
t , (dN/dt) = (^/ (-t /x) = 0 , 6 8 ( ^ / 1 ) .
g (t ) = 0,68( /)(^ /) ,
(GNJ), :
P

th

th

th

net

th

th

th

th

th

net

g (t')=h8(t'/T).

00

(8.4.27)

net

,

:
(d^/dt) = (g /t )^
net

(8.4.28)

t = L /c = 1,66 .
(8.4.28) , ,
(7.2.12). (8.4.27)
(8.4.28) ,
:
T

. .

 ( 0 = *

0,9| *0ff'

(8.4.29)

If

,
(. (8.4.27)], (*')
t' (. (8.4.29), . 8.8,
t f).
(8.4.29) t' ,
, (')
1(f). ,
/
,
= 2// (. (2.4.10)).
,
: = pA^Jhv = 2IA L /chv,
. ,
= ) /4 = 0,196 , , ,
I = 1 / , = 3,49 10 .
(8.4.29), ; = 1, (t' /t ) = 2,347, . . t' =3,89 ,
, t = 92 (. . 8.13). ,
~2350
, .
.
, t > t

. , ,
, ,
N = N(t ).
, g = <jN l = GNJ[1 - exp-(t /x)] = 0,87,
g = oN l = = 0,15.
NJNp = gi/g = 5,8. V
N V = NjA l = (A /c)g . = 2,8 10~
(. ) g
N V = 6,09 10 (. . 8.86). N V =
= N V /6 8 = 1,05 10 .
(8.4.14), = 3,19 10 . x (
)
(8.4.23) (8.4.21) ,
= t /y s 11 . = 88 ,
= 21 , ,
t' = t' + x +( /2) = 3,99 (. 8.86).
2

15

19

i9

17

17

17

-
(. 8.10). ,

(8.4.8). ,
,
(8.4.15), (8.4.20) (8.4.21) .
8.

383

. 8.14
,

.
(Nj/Np)




f*

(Ni/Np) (8.4.10),
. , ,

,
Nf,
. (7.2.16) = 0, :

N = (R x) - (R T-N )exp
t

(~x /x).

(8.4.30)

(7.3.6), (7.3.3) (8.4.9) : R x = xN = xN .

(8.4.30) :
p

*-^[1-(-1/)] =1--^(-1/),

(8.4.31)

, = xf, f=l/x

. (8.4.31) (8.4.18) ( - )
, (N /N )
(Ni/Nf), /*.
. 8.14 *
(Nt/Np)
/*. f*
. 8.14 (N /N ).
(N /N ), . 8.11 \ .
, (N /N ) \ , (8.4.15), (8.4.20) (8.4.21)
, . ,
f* (N /N )
.

, (7.2.24)
.
p

384

. .

8.5.

, , ,

( )
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
,
, .

, ,
8.1. , R = R (t)
, t = 0
t = 5 ,
(),
t = 5 . ,
,
,
. , ,
,
8.2. ,

R
, , ,
. 8.1.

4-10 , , . 8.1 (
1,48 ).
5-20
. ,
, ,
[14].
, . ,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
,
p

8.

385

 . ,

.

, ,
.
, , ,

,
(
).
,
, ,
, , ,
, . . ~1 .

8.6.

TEA 0 (
, . . 10), .
L = 1 ,
20% ,
, ~ 0,1 . = L/cy ~ 30 . ,
,
-300 ,
.
,
,
, (
, 6G, = 5 ) (-0,5 )
, ,
(, GaAs, ~ 3 ),
(-0,5 ) ,

-100 .
2

8.6.

, .
,

. . 8.15
|(0!
N = 31 ,
2

386

. .

01

x = 1/Av
p

250
200
150
100
50
0

t
. 8.15
\A(t)\
N = 31 ,

2

,
Av. ,
. ,
N ,
, . 8.15
:
, = 1/Av;
,
l / A v , Av = NAv
.
,
(, ,
) Av
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,

, .
, ,
NE$.
,
-
, .
, ,
,
[15].
.
0

8.

387

861

.
2 + 1 (. 8.16).
, cp
, :
0

/ - /-1

(8.6.1)

. E(t)


+

E(t) = Y^iE {[( + lAa)t + Zcp]},

0

(8.6.2)

71

, .
,
. (8.6.2)
:
E(t) = ( ( ),
(8.6.3)

(8.6.4)

A(t) = ^1 [7( t + )].

0

(8.6.3) , E(t)
,
, A(t) .
t\ , ' = + ,
(8.6.4)
0

A(t') = ^ E
t

(8.6.5)

exp /7(.

,
, exp j(A<ot').
, A(t')
, , :
r

sin[(2/i + l ) A c o r 7 2 ]

- ^

sin[Acor'/2]

(8.6.6)
'

Aco

8.16

(
)
:

) , ) "
^*
).

388

. .

 , . 8.17
A (t')/E$
f 2/1 + 1 = 7
, A (t') .
, (.
8.6.1),
.
, (8.6.6)
. , V
V = 0. ,
,
sin = , ,
(8.6.6) : ( 0 ) = (2/ + 1 ) ^ . ,
(8.6.6) .
f, ( A w f / 2 ) = .

2

= 2/ = 1/Av,

(8.6.7)

Av . f > 0 A (f)
. 8.17 , (8.6.6)
. t' ,
[(2 + 1)' /2] = . ,
A (t') (. .
), t' :
p

py

= 2/(2 + 1) = l / A v ,

(8.6.8)

Av = (2 + 1)/2 (. 8.16).
. 8.17 ,
(8.6.5)
. 1-
, ZAw.
f = 0, (8.6.5),
L

N O

i
Seo

/\

x=2L/c

-*-

/1

\s fr,
t'

. 8.17




0

. 8.18


. ( )
? > 0, ()
,

8.

389

 , , ,
(. . 8.18).
(2 + 1) . f > 0 ,
, , / > ,
. . > (,
), <
( ). ,
V > 0 , ,
. 8.18. V 1
2 ( , = 2), - 1
( ) 2, 2 - 2 4.
,
, (2 + 1) .
,
, = 2,
(8.6.7). , 8.17 t' ,
(?) , ,
(. 8.186).
, 1
2 / 5 , , , (2 + 1) 2/(2 + 1).
, t , ,
(8.6.8).
0

,
. ,
(8.6.1)
,
A v . ,
,
- . ,
Av Av ,
,
(
).

, (
) (, ~25
6G ~7 -).
,
( ),
( -100 ). ,
(2 + 1 ) El, ,
,
, ,
(2/I + 1)22Q. ,

390

- .


,
( 1 0 --10 ). ,

, .

,
(. 8.16). , , . ,
(. 8.166). ,
1- :
3

2ZAcoY

Ef = El

(8.6.9)

12

Acojr J

Aco , .
,
(8.6.1) ,
E(t) (8.6.3), A(t)
t'
z

+00

A(O = X ' ' P - W

ex

At0

O-

(8.6.10)

-00

, . .
A(t) = JE

j(lAat)dl,

, A(t) -
. , A (t),
. . , ,

2

2t

A (t)ccexj>

(8.6.11)

12

^ = 21n 2/nAv = 0,441/Av
L

(8.6.12)

, .
,
( (8.6.1))
- .

Av = P / A v ,
( ),
. ,
.
, (8.6.1),

8.

391

 . , (8.6.1),
cpj = Jcp, ,
<fo = Zq>i +
ftp ,
(8.6.13)
. ,
(. . (8.6.9)),
- , E(t)
:
2

E(t)

[-* ] [ * +
0

* )]>

(8.6.14)

(3 Aco .
.
:
1. , |2()| , -
( ),

= (212/) / .
(8.6.15)
2

2. - (8.6.13)
I / E(t)
* . , () =
= d((d t + $t )/dt = + 2$t (
).
3. Ax Av
0,441,
(8.6.12). ,
(8.6.14).
, Av (
)
2

1/2

1+

(8.6.16)

212

, (8.6.15).
(8.6.16) , 0 Ax Av > 0,441 ^>1, . .
, Ax Av
. ,
,
|2()| , . . E(t) (
(8.6.16)),
2* E(t) (
(8.6.16)).
2

862

, (8.6.1)
,
(8.6.7). Av = c/2L, L ,
2L/c,

392

. .

 () . ,
Az
, (
, = 1 Az = = 0,3 ,

). ,

( (8.6.8)),
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
(8.6.1) ,
(. 8.19). ,
.

, . 8.15,
t z/c, z
. , ,
, ( = 2L/c)

. 8.19

:
) ,
Av= c/2L; ) L/2
; ) L/S .
() () 2Av 3Av ,
. ()
,
.

8.

393

 ,
() , . . 8.15.
,
,
, ,
. 8.19. ,
.
= L/c,
, . 8.196.
,
,
. , ,
L / 3
= 2L/3c,
, . 8.19.
,
. , ,
. 8.196 8.19,
2Av 3Av , Av = c/2L
,
. 8.19. ,
. 8.196, ,
, . 8.19
(
.
. .). ,
, . 8.196, ,
,
(8.6.1), ,
. 8.19. , ,
, . 8.19,
/+1 / =
/_1 + , ^ = , ,
, (8.6.1).
/+1

,
(. 8.19). ,
,
,
, ,

, , c/L 2/L Sc/L
, L .
, , /
(. 8.19). , ,
, ,
*
.
pi

394

. .

863

,
, : 1) ,

, 2) ,
,
,

.
8 6 31

, :
,
( AM- );
,
- ;
,
,
Av = c/2L (
).
- ,
, - .
, ,
. ,
,
( ),
,
(
) .


1 .
- ,
,
. * ,
= 2, Av ,
E (t)
:

E (t) = [1 - (5/2)(1 - 8 0]8(, t + ,),

t

(8.6.17)

, , 5 .
, (1 - 5 ) .
, (8.6.17) 2 (5/2)cos co t cos (co t + ^),
/

8.

395

2,/

>

2(0

I(t)

///\

V
t

>

. 8.20

- :

) ; )
,
t ,
; ) ,
t .
m

>

t,m

(E 8/4){cos [(co + oo ) +
+ cos [( - ay )t +
+ ^]}. , E (t) ,
( ).
= ,
. , ,
, .
, . .
,
, [16].
, ,
,
(8.6.1).
- , , ,
, . . 8.20
2 ,
= 2/ . ,
(. . 8.19).
( = ,
, ( I(t)
. 8.20)) t
.
, , t
,
2L/c, .
, ,
, , t (
0

( ) ,
.

396

. .

. 8.206),
,
. ,
, . 8.206, ,
, ,
t . ,
. 8.20 . ,
2y (t)

, ,
, , . . 8.20.
,

.
. ,
, , ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
m

,
,

.
, Av
A V Q . ,
,
.
= , , -
, (8.6.1)
. , ,
, (8.6.12) :
L

= 0,441/AvJ.

(8.6.18)

,

v , ,
. 7.7. , ,
, ,
(. . 8.15) , 1/Av ,
Av . ,
. 8.20,
(. . ).
,
, ,
.
0

8.

397


[17]
[18].
,
.
, ^
:
1/2

Ax zOA5/(v *v ) >
p

(8.6.19)

v ( = / 2 = c/2L
).
(8.6.18)
(8.6.19)
(. . A V Q = A v ) , , ( v / A v ) < 1,
(
> ( )
. , , ,
, . 8.20,
-
, , , . ,

.
,
, (. . 8.15)
,
(. 8.20).
m

>

8.7.AM-
Nd:YAG .
, (
X = 514,5 ).
5 = 3 , 5 . (8.6.18)
^ = 126 . Nd.YAG ,
X = 1,064 . , ,
Av = 4,3 = 129 = 300 .
L = 1,5 ,
- (. 8.19).
, v = c/2L = 100 , (8.6.19)
=125 . ,

, Nd: YAG
30 , .
-1

- ,
,
, .
, *

398

. .

, ^
( = ( 2 ! / ) (), !/ .

(.
(7.10.5)), =
.
,
. 8.21
16],
- .
^
.

(8.6.1).

-
/
,
. 8.21. ,
,

n(t) (, ),
(, ).
, ,
= n(t)L\
L . ,
,
.
, . 8.21,
,
(. . ).
,
, , (
, ),
( , ),
. , ,
, ,
,
,
. (..
,
) .
,
, ,
. , -
. :
;
,
, ,
. 8.21.
( )
AM- , ,
, .

8.

399

 . 8.5.

.
- , ,
, , . , ,
, (. . 8.7),
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
, .

, .
, ,
2.
S = S (coscor)(sin&z).
,
,
( , t = 0 t = /). ,
2,
(. . 8.19) :
0

;
2v ( c / 2 L )
v, c/4L (, v = 50 L = 1,5 ).
- ( ,
), ,
. , >
(. . 8.56),
. ,
,
, = (2nU/) , L'
,
.
, ,
,
, .

8 6 3 2

, :
(
, ),
;
400

. .

 ,

;

,
;
() ,
,
,
,
.
,
,

.
,

.
, , .

, ,

.

[19].
,
.
I (
I )

S

2y, = 2 y - 2 y ' ( / / / ) ,

(8.6.20)

'
.
,
(. . 8.10),
.

(. . 8.15),
2g
.
, . 8.15
2

, .
2

( 2 . 8 . 1 2 ) I <^1 1
= al = 1 [1 - ( / / / ) ] , 1
.
8

8.

401


. [19]
, ,
, , ,
. 8.22, , ,
.

, ,
,

, 2g$
.
,
t ( ),
, .
,
-.

.
,
, :
x

E(t) sech(*/x ),

(8.6.21)

^, ( )
:
1/2

Av

. ' .

-11/2

(8.6.22)

Av ( ) 1
.
, , . 8.22
(
),
0

2y

I
2g'

402

I(t)

. 8.22

. .

. ,
, go
.

I = hv/2(5x [. (2.8.11)],
( ),

(~10~ ). ,

, .
,
( - = - ) , , .
,
,
,
(. . 3.6) .
, ,
,
.

, :
s

16

( 100 ),
;
( 1 ), ;
(
),
.
,
,
.
, .

,
,
, - ,
. . , (
, . . 4.11). ,


.
,
[20].

8.

403

- (A-FPSA, . . anti-resonance-Fabry-Perot-saturable
sorber)
.
/

8.8. Nd:YAG Nd:YLF

.
Nd:YAG ,

- InGaAs/GaAs-
-0,6 (~50 ) [20]. g = 2%, ' = 1%,
Av = 4,5 "" = 135 = 300 1 = 0,3J . (8.6.22)
^ 15 . ,
(8.6.22)
, Nd:YLF
,
Nd:YAG. g , Av
Nd:YLF , Nd:YAG (. . Av = 13 ) ,

, . . = 1 . (8.6.22)
, '
, = ( A v / A v ) .
Av =2,89Av =1,8 ,

.
0

,
.
(KLM, . . Lens-Mode-Locking) [21, 22]. ,
,
I.
, . .
= (1).
/ / :
= + 1,
0

(8.6.23)

,
(, ^ 4,5 10~ / = 3,45 10~
/ ).
,


( ).
, 2

16

16

404

. .

 .
( ). , ,
( ),
, .
, ,
(8.6.23)
= 1,
. , . .
I = I exp-2(r/w) ,
1 w
( ), ,
I,
2

5 = 2/ = (2nn I l/X)exp-2(r/w)
2

s (2nn I l/X)

[1 -

2(r/w) ].

(r/w) 8
r/w,
.
, ,
.
.
,

(8.6.20), . 8.23. ,
,

, . ,

-V

~~
*

.8.2

,
, . 8.22
. ,
, ,
.


( 100 ) .

,
.

.
:

;
8.
405

. 8.24

(
) .

V v .

,
,


,


, . .
,

.

I(t)

[Y = hv/a , . (2.8.29)]
[Y = hv/2<j , . (2.8.17)]
, ;


.
,
, [23] . 8.24,
, , ,
. ,
, .

.


. ^
(. . 8.24), .
t > t .

( 2 , )
. t (. . 8.24)
. t > t
, , , ,
, t <t < t .
-
,

.
, ,
Av .
sg

sa

*
, *
406

, .
,

, . 8.15,
, . 8.24.
,
, ,
. 8.24. , ,
-, ,
,
( . . ) .
, .
,
, ,
(. . 8.3), ,
. ,
, .
,
,
.
( )
(~10~ ) ,
.

( ).
(
) ,
,
.
, ,
.
( ) , ,
. , ,

,
.
16

8.6.4.

,
( 100 ) ,

, .
8.

407

 ,
, ,
.
8.6.4.1.
,

-
, z
. E(t, z)
= [( - fiz)], ,
. = ()

(. . 8.25). , = ^
- <, ,
dt dz
d$ = dt - fidz = 0. ,
:
_dz _
~dt~p
(8.6.24)
0

Vph

.
, ,
G )
Aco (. 8.25). ,

, P = P + ( ^ P / ^ ) C O = C O ( L ) > PL
, co . L

03-CO

. 8.25
)

; )


;
)


Aco
2

408

. . 0

 - , ,
(. ) :
E(t, z) =A[t - (z/v )]exp\J((o t
g

- p z)],

(8.6.25)

A , exp [j((o t - $ z)] .

v
L

8 6 26

' (fL-

<-->

, t - (z/v ), , , ,
v . ,
(8.6.26), = co (. .
v = t g 9 \ . . 8.25). ,
, . 8.25,
ipph ^gQ . . 8.25) .
,
I :
g

, :
( - co ) = ( - co )Z,
L

(8.6.28)

'( 1,) [?( - (>i)/d(u\ . x = '((o )

.
,
&
( > . . 8.256).
,
v v . ,
, ,
I ,

1?

gl

g2

, = '( ) - ) = ) ( - ).
2

(8.6.29)

( ) = [<2 /& ] .
, (8.6.29) ,
, ,
:
1

(w

ai)+

* () - i(S)
1

(8 6 30)

--

ffli

, A o
,
(. 8.25).
,
L

8.

409

. 8.26
,

, .
, Aco
. (8.6.29)
Ax

. , (8.6.29) :
L

Ax = \y(a )\Aa .
d

(8.6.31)

"(%,) ()
co .
. (8.6.28) (8.6.31) , Ax
:
L

Ax =l

(8.6.32)

GVD = (d p/d co)co =[d(l/v )/d^

2

(8.6.33)

() co .

. ,
.
, . 8.26
,
.
L

8.6.4.2.

,
,
(5 / ) ,
(. . 8.22 8.24), , ]

410

. .

 (bx /x ) ( / ) .
,
,
,
(, ). ,
(
) ,

" = "()
g = N cl
( ) .


(bx /x ) (bx /x ) , ,

8
/212\
(8.6.34)
\ / Ax Avg
Av = /2,
p

p g

p g

p D

:(81 2) 11
2

(8.6.35)

" oo .
,
, (8 / ) ,
,
, ( / )
. (8.6.34) (8.6.35) :
L

= 0,14

go

(8.6.36)

,
* . ,

. ,
, (8.6.36),
:
2

AT

27,4

ll/2

|4>"|AVO.

(8.6.37)

So

, , A v ^ 100 (
Ti:Sa) " = 100 (
- 2 X = 800 ) g = 0,1, (8.6.37),
= 162 . , ,
, ~150 ,
A v ( A T p = 1 / A v = 4),
.
0

8.

411


(
),
(8.6.30). , ,
, ,
^ " / ,
co .
,
[24]. , , , Ti:Sa
(Av = 100 T H z )
( -30 ).
L

8.6.4.3.

,
, ~150,

, (
, ).
, X = 800 ,
, "
, , . .
. , , ,
", . . .
,
,
, 8.26 [25].
(. .
)
, .
I I I,
II I . .
',
II I I I ,
.

, (8.6.29)
^ < 0, . . ^( ) < ()
> coj.
. , ,
h,
,
, .
,
. ".
2

412

. .

 , " I
. , I = 250 ,
,
X = 800
6,6 (. . " = -360 ).
,

. :
,
;

I ;
,
(, I I ) , ,
. ,

, , ,
;
,
.
, , '
,
.
' . ,
, .
, . 8.26
",
"', , ,
.
,
. 8.26,
. , ' " / "
.

. "" (,
"'(<1,)/"(>1,) = 19 Ti:Sa , . . X = 800 ).
,
, ,
", ",
"' .

. 8.26
,
(. . , '" = 0).

, (
2

8.

413

) [26]. (~40) *
,
.

,
.
,
" < 0.
",

, . . '" = 0. ,
, ,

,
(, ).
, ,
, ( 5 0 ).
,
.
2

8.6.4.4.

, ,
(8.6.23),
,
z.
, = coL - $ z
L

= n t - <( + 1)^
L

(8.6.38)

I . , I = I(t),
:
d(<Q t-$ z)
dt
L

anz

dl
dt'

(8.6.39)

= co(t)
. , = (0
. 8.27
, ,
. 8.276. .
, , . . ,

, ( ), ,
. ,
. *
414

. .

( )

,

. ,

,
,


,
.
v(*)i

,
[27]. ,

t


(
X > 1300 ),

. 8.27

.

,
()
,
( ) ,

.
,

( A(f) sech(f/ )], . .,
, (
),
.
()
, .

( ) [27]:
1

3 , 1

(8.6.40)

b = ( d p / d c o ) , = n & /cA ,
A ff

(A = nw w). ,
/2
(. (8.6.38)).
2

Wi

eff

eff

,
, , .
, ( . ( 8 . 6 . 2 3 ) )
, - , .
, ,
.

8.

415

 ,
, ,

. ,

[28],
, (. . 8.22
8.24). ,
, ,
,

. , (8.6.40)
i ( = 2,27 )
:

* , = ^

(8.6.41)

" 8

. 8 = yl , 1 . (8.6.41), " = -200 , 8 1 0 ~
&50 ( Ti:Sa ),
= 14 . Ti:Sa
, ( )
[29, 30].

, ,

.
(10-20 ) ,
,
. ,
(~100 )
,
(, *
) [31].

, , ,
(8.6.41) .
K

- 1

8 65

,

.
.
416

. .

. 8.28
:
) ; )
; )
,
.

(. 8.28) ^
,
. 8.6.3.1,

,
,
^
. ,
( ; ,
), .
^ .
(
) ,
(
; , )
,
. '

,
( , . 8.4.4). ,
(
) , ,

,
.
,
( ) .
,
, - .
( ) ,
. ,
,
. , -
. ,
, - .

8.

417

 8.4.2.4,
, .


(. 8.286), ,

(. . 8.19). 8.6.3.1,
, ,
.
,

( ).

(,
). ,
(
)
[32]. ,

(. 8.28)
.
,
1/ (. . 8.28)
.

,
. (
, He-Ne , 0 ),
,
, . 8.1
, ,
Av ,

.
, - ,
= 0,44/Av , , ,
. ,
(7.3.12)
.
1/ ,
1 /Av
. ,
1/Av ,
.
**
2

{)

()

418

. . <

 8.1
,
,

[]

28

230

3,3

390

19

450

1,1

Nd:YV0
X = 1,064

338

76

98

< 10

1,3

X - 1,054

4,1

350

60

55

6G
X = 570

45

2 10

5- 10-

27

10

Cr.LISAF
X = 850

57

4,8

67

18

X = 850

100

38

3,9

6-8

4,4

Av

Nd:YAG
X = 1,064

135

Nd:YLF
X - 1,047
4

[-

: 2- Avo; 3-
; 4- ; 5-
; 6-
, .

. 8.29

,
.
:
1) 6G
; 2) Ti:Sa ( K L M ).
6G (. 8.29)
, ,
,
6G ,
.
2

8.

419

. 8.30




:
) t = ,

(
)
; )
t = L /4c,
,

.
p

,
DODCI ,
[33].

, .

,
(. . )
. ,
,
(. 8.24). ,
L /c, L . 6G
L / 4 .
. 8.30, , ,
6G, L /2c.
6G
, .
,
(. 8.26).

-50 .
, ,

[30].
27 ( ).
Ti:Sa ( z-
) 10- Ti:Sa
(. 8.31).
(. . 8.23)
,
, .
, ,
, z-
4

420

. .

. 8.31

z-

850
= 1 0 0 i

>

|*=100
f

850

[34]. (. .
. 8.26)
.
,
,
30 .
-2
,
-
[35].
,
6-8 [35, 36].
8 7

[37]
( ) ,
.
. 8.32,
,
. = R(t)
- ,

100%. ,
,
, .

,
100%,
, ,

= 1
R=R(t)
R=l

. 8.32
,

,

8.

421

 .

, ,
.
,
,
.

,
(. . 8.28).

.
,
(. . 8.5).
,
100- ,

, .

,
,

, (
, v = c/2L ).
( 100
1 ) ,
(1-10 )

. 8.33

( , N d : Y A G ' ) :
, - 100-
. , .
, ,
(, , )
.
3

422

. .

, .
,
,
,
.
,
.
, () 100%,
,
.

, -
, .
, - ,
.
, ,
.
. 8.33.
, . 8.7, :
1. ,
, (,
v = 380 ) . ,
,
(, 10 ).
,
.

,
. ,
:
( = 10 )
Q . , Q = ,
,
.
2. .

,
. ,
d = 50 v = 3.76 10 / (
), t = d/v = 13,3 .
3.
.
,
.
( - 7 0 % ) .

8.

423

8.8.

,
. ,
:
1. , ,
. ,
, .
, ,

.
2.
, ,
. ,
,
.
, .
,
,
.
,
,
, - ,
, .
,
, .
, , . ,

. ,
,
(,
), .
,
, , ,
.

8.1. ,
( E = 10 ) Nd:YAQ
, . 8.12,
20%.
in

8.2.
An = - , "
() V, An = n^r^V /V

424

 () , L'

.
, ,
, . 8.5,
.
0

63

8.3. , K D P 0 ( , KD*P),
X = 1,06 = 26,4 10" / = 1,51.
, 8.2, ,
,
.
2

12

8.4. N d : Y A G , . 7.4 7.5,

P = 1 0 ,
10
(, ,
, ).
, ,
.
in

8.5.
.
8.6. He-Ne X = 632,8 ( )
(
L i N b 0 ) , 1 (
, L i N b 0
).
L i N b 0 7,4 10 /,
= 2,3, , .
3

8.7. ( 6G),
(. 9)
t ,
. , : 1)
( = 1,36); 2) I = 5
;
3) D = 50 ;
4)
(. ., L ^ 1);
,
50%; 5)
; 6)
X = 570 = 2 10~ ; 7)
t
6G ( s 5 ). ,
pJ

16

* * 8.

425

 ,
4 . : )
; )
; ) (
); ) t

/20,
.
p9

8.8. (8.6.6).
8.9. , (8.6.13).
,
(8.6.14),
Aco .
L

8.10. He-Ne ,
, 1 ,
150 , .

.
8.11. ,
: > - = ^ - + ,
2 . , 2Av,
Av = c/2L ( ),
[: I = 0 , 1 , 2...,
, ,
cp = / , Z, I = 1< + (/2).

,
.]
1+1

8.12. (8.6.16).
8.13. , , . 8.16,
,

( ) ,
.
8.14. pj (. . .pjdl
,
/ J + dl) ,
. 8.15, - ( / / / ) ( .
11.116).
, 21 .

8.15. (8.6.10)

?
426

. .

8.16. KLM- (. .
). (8.6.20)
, 2y = 2 - kP, ,
,
KLM- , 5 10~ .
2g =0,1,
100 ,
W = 40 . ,
,
.
t

-1

8.17. ,
X = 800 50 /.
,
( . . )
10 ,

, 20%.
2

8.18. .
A v = 6 .
5%,
,
, 2%,
, .
0

1. . Statz and G. de Mars, Transients and Oscillation Pulses in Masers, in Quantum

Electronics, ed. . H. Townes (Columbia University Press, New York, I960), p. 530.
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1974).
6. C. L. Tang, H. Statz and G. de Mars, Spectral Output and Spiking Behavior of SolidState Lasers, J.Appl. Phys. 34, 2289-2295 (1963).
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Chap. 12. . . 2- . .:
, 1983.
^ 8.

427

11. W . R. Sooy, The Natural Selection of Modes in a Passive Q-Switched Laser, Appl.
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428

. .

9.1.

,
.
,
. ,

.
,
,
, .

,
.


(, ,
, ,
. .). ,
,
: 1) ;
2) ; 3)
; 4) ; 5)
; 6) .
9.2.


,
, (
). ,
. , .

429

 ,
.
, ,
,
.
, 1 0 ,
, Y L i F ( Y L F ) [1]. 1
,
,
. , Y A 1 0
= ( 1 / 2 ) ( 3 Y 0 + 51 0 ),
, 1 ,
Y
. Y V 0 N d
.
Y L F ,
( )
LiSrAlF ( LiSAF) LiCaAlF (
LiCAF).
, , ,
, . ,

(, ).
, (
, ). ( S i 0 ) ( 0 )
.
,
, , .
,
( ),
.
, ,
; ,

.
2

3 +

1 2

3 +

3 +

3 +

3+

3 +

,
4f 5s 5p 6d 6s , . 9.1 Nd, , Yb, Tm .
, .
, - 4/-
,
(, N-1 = 3 N d ) .
N - 1
4/, .

, : ()
N

3 +

430

. .

 9.1
,

ls 2s 2p 3s 2p6

ATOM

, T m

[Xe]4/ 35do6s

1 0

, Y b

\Xe]4^5d6s

1 0

, Cr

[Ar]3d 4s 4p

[Kr]4d 5s 5p

, N d

[Xe]4/*5d6s

, T i

[Xe]4/^5d6s

[Xe]4/* 5d 6 s

[Ar]3d 4s

, Co

[Ar]3d 4s

, N i

[Ar]3d 4s

: .

-1

4/^ -, -
.
4/-
, -10 . -

, -3000 " .
(
5s 5 ),
, 200 .

4/' ( 4 / - 4/-).
4 / , ,
,
,
. ,
( ). , -
5s 5 -
,

( -

, . . 2.13). ,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
1/ (. (7.3.3)).
-1

- 1

. 9.1
, .
, ,
, (Ar)3d 4s , T i , N i
(Ar)3d^4s ( N = 2 T i , 7
8 N i ) . 4 - ^-
5

9. , .

431

 ,
, ^-,
Ti 4- ^- ,
Ti ,
^-. N i
48- ,
.
?-
(, 24 ) ,
3d?-. ,
, , ?-
, ,
,
(-) ,

.
3d . ,
(
), d-d-epexo
, , ,
( ), 4/-4/-
. N d : Y A G ,
- ,
.
, ,
, U ,
(, U
,
). ,
, .
3 +

3 +

3 +

9.2.1.

,
(. X . , 1960 [2, 3])
[4].
, , .
1 0 (), 1
. ,
1 0 0
(-0,05 . % ) [4]. 0 ()
.
, 0>
( ). *

3 +

3+

3+

3+

432

. .

 , *?^//////////
( ).
*</;//)///^7
.2

3d ,
1 0 .
,
,
-
. 9.1
. 9.1.



,
. ,
,
. , ,
(2S + 1) = 4, . . *S = 3/2, S
^-. ,
.
JF F ,

550 () 420 () (.
. 6.7). ( )
2 ,
. 2
, . , ,
.
1/2, -
. 2
( = 3 ),
.
,
, , ,
. ,
- > ( )
= 694,3 (). ,
2 (~29 " ) kT/h
(-209 " = 300 ) , , 2
. ,
2 -> (R ,
= 692,8 ). , ,
(
).
( . 2.10), R , . ( ) Av = 1 1 " (330 ) = 300 . . 9.2
3+

1
I
I

3+

9. , . . .

433

 9.$

0,05 . %

3 +

1,58 1 0

1 9

694,3 ( R\)
692,9 ( R2)

Ri

11 2,5 1 0 -

20

1,22 10~

(X = 694,3 )

20

= 1,763 ( 1)
= 1,755 ( | | )

.
.

(500 . .) , . 6.1.
5-10 , 5-20 . ,
-, ,
.
,

, (, ).
, -

(-5-10 ) .
,
. ,
,

, 8.4.2.4.
(
)
, (. . 8.28).

,
.
R , R R
, ,
. 7.166. *
2

434

l9

. .


.
, - ,
(
). ,
NdrYAG .

,
(Nd: Y A G , , Yb:Er ).

,
, , N d : Y A G
. , , Nd: Y A G

( )
.
9.2.2.

. Y A 1 0
( Y A G , - ),
Y N d .
(, Y L i F ) (
, Y V 0 ) , .
, N d : Y A G ,
-1 . % .
, ,
N d 14% Y .

N d : Y A G ~4 . % N d 0 .
, Y A G
- , N d
.
3

3 +

1 2

3 +

3 +

3 +

3 +

9.2.2.1.
ND:YAG

.9.2
N d : Y A G . 4/-
N d ,
(5s 5 ). Y A G
, , ,
- .
,
, ,
L S
, J
3 +

2 S + 1

j 9

9. , .

435

11,502 "

11,414
1

2,526

. 9.2


N d r Y A G

u = 2 + 10
2,001

L . ,
L , L = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9...
S, , D, F, G, , I, L, , N...
. , J
HOHaNd
, 2S + 1 = 4 (. . S = 3/2), L = 6 H J = L - S = 9/2.
,
( 2 J + 1), m
- J +J 1. Y A G ,
, \mj\
( )
Lj (2J + 1)/2
. , / F
6 2
(. . 9.2). ,
(. . g = 2),
(. 9.2),
.
N d : Y A G
-730 800 , ,
(. . 6.7) ,
.
- F ,
( // , ^ / 2 / 2 -> - 9.2 . 2.15).
( = 230 ),
( )
(
AJ = 0 1 ) ,
. , ,
- (. . 2.136)
Nd

5s 5 ,
^
. ,
- F
.
4

9/2

Jy

2S+1

/ 2

s/2

3/2

3 / 2

3/2

436

. . )

, F

I F
- //2 , / / ( )
/ ,
.
/ /
, kT, / ,
, ,
. , F
1 /2
.
, F

( i? ), / .
R
/ ,
.
X = 1,064 ( -)
Nd: Y A G .
,
F
- > / (. . 2 . 1 5 , = 1 , 3 1 9
),
,
X = 1,319
X = 1,064 (. . 4.9).

F
- > 1/2- X = 946 (.
. 2.15) i g , ,
, ,
( ),
- .
(= 1,064 ), ,

. Av = 4,2 = 126
= 300 . N d : Y A G
5
(. 8.8).
( = 230 )
N d : Y A G . . 9.3
N d : Y A G
, .
s/2

3/2

9 / 2

/ 2

9 / 2

/ 2

3 / 2

s/2

/ 2

/ 2

s/2

/ 2

s/2

/ 2

-1

N d : Y A G ,
, ,
AlGaAs [5].
(. 6.1),
(. 6.16)
(. 6.2).

9. , .

437

 9.3
Nd:YAG (, = 1,064 ),

Nd:YV0 , Nd:YLF (X = 1,053 ) ()

4

N d [. % ]

NdrYAG
, = 1,064

Nd:YV0
, = 1,064

NdrYLF
X = 1,053

Nd:creiuio
X = 1,054
()

1 . %

1 . %

1 . %

3,8 . %
Nd 0

1,5

1,3

3,2

230

98

450

300

4,5

11,3

13

180

7,6

1,9

0,4

= 1,4481
= 1,4704

= 1,54

Nt [ 1 0

2 0

/ ]

[]
Avo [ ]
1

( [ 1 0 -

1 9

1,38

2,8
= 1,82

=
=

1,958
2,168

:
Nt , , A v
( ) ,
. .
0

(500-1500 . .)
(4-6 .). ,
3 6 5 15 .
,
,
(. 6.3). ,
3%, ,
, ( 1 - 3 ).
(. 6.11)
~15 ;
(. 6.14 6.15)
100 .

10%.
N d : Y A G ,
:
1. (, .).

( 50-100
= 5-10 , = 1-10
/ = 10-100 ).

( 0,5 ^ 2 , , ,
2 ). ,
N d : Y A G 0 ,
,
.
2. .
Nd: Y A G 50 .

438

- .


(, , , )
.
,
(, ),
, , Nd: Y A G ,
.
3. ,
.
, ( 100 ,
& = 5-20 , / = 1-20 ).
4. .
, (X = 532 ),
(X = 355 ) (X = 266 ), ,
. ,
Nd: Y A G
,
X = 532
-10 ,
.

9.2.2.2.

3 +

, N d ,
4/,
(5s ). ,
, N d : Y A G . ,

(X = 1,054 , . . 9.3).
, ,
,
. ,
= 1,054 40
, Nd: Y A G ,
( 7 ). ,
, ,
, ,
,
(-100 ). ,
,
(
) (. (2.9.4)) .
,
N d : Y A G
(. 2.13). , ,
, , Y A G , ,
9. , . .

439

, .
,
, Nd: Y A G , Nd
,
1,6 , N d : Y A G
(. . 6.1).
Nd: Y A G ,
( 10
, Nd: Y A G ) .

( < 5 ), ,
( ).
,
,
. , ,
, , , .


(, ).
, ,
, (Nova-
, . , )
100
100 , = 1 ).
,
(. . 6.36) 4
75 . iVJJF4
( . )
( 10 ),
,
( 2 ) , .
3 +

9.2.2.3.

3 +

Nd
.
Y L i F ( Y L F ) Y V 0 .
Y A G , Y L F
- (
) [7]. Nd: YLF

( )
4

00

,
, .
30 .

440

- .

. Nd: Y L F
Nd:YAG ( 3 , . . 9.3) Nd:YLF

, (. 8.8).
Y L F , Y A G ,
- .
, Nd: Y L F
1053 ,
( . 9.3).
Nd:YLF , ,

.
N d : Y A G , N d : Y V 0
( 7,6 10~ ) ( = 98 ).
,
. ,
Nd: Y V 0
, Nd: Y A G , Nd: Y V 0 .
N d : Y V 0
15 .
Nd: Y V 0 , Nd: Y A G .
4

19

9.2.3.
YB.YAG

Y b : Y A G ( )
,
N d : Y A G .
-1,03 .
,
,
10679
[8].
10624

10327
Y b : Y A G . 9.3.
, ,
968

941
( F ) . ,
1,03
4/ Y b ,
,
785
(. . 9.1).
-612
,
-565
968 941 ,
,
0
941
. 9.3

,

.
Yb:YAG
2

5 / 2

3 +

9. , . . .

441

 9.4

[. % ]
3

YbrYAG
X = 1,03

Nd:YAG
X = 946

Tm:Ho:YAG
X = 2,091

::
()
X = 1,54

6,5 . %

1,1 . %

8 []

10 [ Y b ]
1[]

N t [IO20 / ]

8,97

1,5

0,5 [ ]

[]

1,16

0,23

8,5

86

9,5

42

120
0,8

Avo [ - ]
[ ) "

2 0

[10-20 ]

1,8

2,4

0,9

0,12

0,296

0,153

0,8

= 1,82

= 1,82

= 1,82

= 1,531

: Y b r E r r c r e ^ i o
, ,
.

1,03 ( ).
. 9.4 *
Yb:YAG . ,
( = 1,16 ),
,
.
Yb: Y A G InGaAs/
GaAs (QW),
-.
( 6 0 % ) (^ *
= hv/hv = / = 91,5%) [9]. ,
, 50 [10]. , Y b : Y A G :
1. [(hv - hv)/hv = 9%] ,
, .
2.
Y b : Y A G
.
3.
( 6,5 . % )
, -
.
4. (-86 )
, .
5.
.
, Yb: Y A G *
, ,
8

- 1

442

. .


. ,
Yb: Y A G Nd: Y A G
, ,
, 1 .
9.2.3.1.

,
, ,
.
,
[58, 59].
,
( ), ,
. - ,
,

( )
. ,
,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
. , -
,
,
. ( z
)
, .
,

.
, -0

,

, .
2

, ,
,

. .
,
,
9. , .

443

. 9.3.1

. ,

(, > 1 ) ,
.

[58, 59].
. 9.3.1.
d,
D , d. ,
. d
100 200 (
, ).
D 1 (
).
(
)
. -
, .
(
).
,
(
D),
.
, . . ,
,
. , -
, ,
,
( 1 / ) .
, *
, . 9.3.1. -

3

444

. ,
, . 9.3.16.
.
( )
(, ),

.
( 2 ) ,

(, , 90
).
( 3 ) .

( 4).
( 5 ) .
,
. (
8) ,
, ,
. ,
(16 )
( 9 0 % ) .
, ,
,

. , ,
, .
,
,
.
,
,
(. . 7.4.1).
, ,
,

I/

. 9.3.16
,

9. , . . .

445

 ,
,
.
, ,

. ,
Y b : Y A G .
4 ( > 25%)
( < 20).
( 3 ) ,
.
D 6 (. . 9.3.1). ( 16 )
, ( 4)
.
100 , , ( < 1,2).
,
Yb: Y A G ,
, N d : Y A G . ,

.

. -
, /, ,
, /.
2

9.2.4.
ER:YAG YB:ER

X = 2,94 ( E r : Y A G ) , X = 1,54 (
Yb:Er ) [11],
,
, ,
,
.
Er:YAG Y
. . 9.4.
1
-> 1\/2
2,94 ) [12],
/ / -> 1\/2
= 1>64 ).
Er:YAG ,
X = 2,94 , .
Er:YAG
1/2
600 .
, X = 970
(InGaAs/GaAs ).
( ) , (*
34

3 +

/ 2

1 3

446

. .

a'
i

7
Ml/2
15/9

CO

. 9.4

:
a) E r : Y A G ; ) Yb:Er: .

2 ), , ,
. ,
( ) .
,
(10-50 . % ) - ( - )
, I\s/2 ~~* ^9/2
, - (- , - ), . . 2.13.
, ,
/
/ /
, N d : Y A G , 6
7,5 .
(. . 6.1).
:YAG , ,
1 10 . ,
~2,94 ,
:YAG
.
, 70% ,
2,94 ( E r : Y A G )
5 .
:YLF (
~35%), X = 2,8 ,
1 .
Yb:Er
. 9.46.
[13], [14],
/ i
-> 1\5/2 ( X = 1,54 ).
1,54 ,
* - , . ,
3+

3 +

1 3 / 2

3 / 2

9 . , .

447

 , , ,
, , ,
( )
Y b ( ).
980
Y b ( F
- ^ 5 / 2 ) >
/ / 2 -
(. 2.6.1). ,
1/2 ( = 0,1 )
/ i 3 .
( = 8 ),
. ,
Er-
( ), ,
I\s/2
/ i 5 . , Yb:Er
.
. 9.4.
Cr:Yb:Er ,
,
.
, 1,5
[15]. Yb:Er ,
,
, .
3 +

3+

3 +

7/2

/ 2

/ 2

9.2.5.
TM.HO.YAG

Tm:Ho: Y A G [16] . 9.5.

Y
.
Tm (4-10 .%,
.

, 1 Y A G .
~>
- \
, F
- .
F
AlGaAs ( 785 ),

. ,
, F
- : ( ^ ) +
3 +

3 +

3 +

3+

3 +

3+

3 +

3 +

3+

3 +

, *\
C r , , F VL*f\
(. . 9 . 1 ) .
4

i f

448

4- T m ( i f ) - 2Tm( fiT ). Tm (
, F , , - f f )
i J . Tm,
, -
F , ,
2 (. .
200%). Tm ( - ) ,
Tm .
/ ,
( / -> / ) . ,
/
/ , -462 ,
X = 2,08 ( ).

i 7 -> H Tm, X = 2,02 .

3 +

-1

,
, : Y A G (
),
(. . 6.1.).
1
~200 , 4%
10 .
,
2 (
, 2,94 ).
,
. 6.11.
(
= 6 " )
2-3 , , ,
( - 1 0 . . . - 4 0 )
, .
3 +

. 9.5


C r : T m : H o : Y A G

'

<

3+

'

'

9. , . .

'

3+

'

449

 , Tm:Ho:
Y A G ,
. .
, Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG
,
.
9.2.6.

1

[ 1 7 ]
,
. , ( ,
), .
,
,
, (
), . 9.6, ,
( ), . 9.66.
,
[18],
(
)
.

,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
, . 9.2.6.1,
,
, w w *p

>

> < ^

450

9.6
)
, )
:

,

. , , !

- .

, ( = 2,5 ). w
w 10-50
(. 7.4 7.5). (6.3.19) (6.3.24),
- ,
, P (w$ + > ).
, ,
(, , , | , ), P

. ,

, .
, 7.4 7.5,
1 , . ^
,

. ,
-
(. (7.3.13) (7.4.10) ),
,
\ . ,
( ) ,
(. . r\ = 1). ,
,
,
.
p

th

th

,
,
.
(Nd:) F
( ), a N
N .

:
p

GpFpNg-^/x,

(9.2.1)

<5 ,
. , N = N , F = (I /hv ) = (1/),
1 , a hv .
. 6.8 . 9.3 Nd:KBapn,eBoro
= 2,8 10~ = 300 .
1 = (hv /G T) s 25 / , = 1 = 0,25 ,

, 10" . ,

-1 . ,
, ,
-

20

9. , .

451

 ,
I (I = 1/ ,
).
,
,
.

.
,


.

.
2

,

,
1
,
(. 9.7). ,
,
. 9.7


,
(up-conversion laser)
- .
,
, ,
.
-
, ,
. .2.6.1, ^
, *

, ?
*
~1150 ,

-4500 " .
. ,
,
, Z B L A N (
, , , )
590 " .

-,
. , ,
.

-1

452

. . :

3 +

Z B L A N , .
(X = 1120 * 1150 )
,
(X = 480 ), , 200 .
ZBLAN , ,
-1010 -835
(X = 491, 520, 605, 635 ), ,
, -200 .
, -
.
,
,
,
.
, ,
E r ( E D F A ) ,
,
-1,5 .
.
(
, Y b , YDFA-,
- 1 ).
( ),

.
, .
3 +

3+

3 +

9.2.6.1.

, ,
,
.
, ,
.

, ,
,
.
, -
, ,
, , , -,
,
.
, .
9. , .

453

. 9.7


. ,
Q
,

int

Q ~smQ =(ni-n^)^ /n
int

int

C0

. , ,
.
, ,
- (. 9.7):

6< , - ( , - ) /
2

1/2

= NAI ,

(9.2.2)

,
, a NA ,
,
-.
, /2
/2 > . ,
, , ,
,
, .
(9.2.2)
2a{NA)/X ^ 1.
, ,
. F-

(
, )

V = 2naNA/X ^ 2,4.

(9.2.3)

,

.


.
,

.
,
. ,
( ), . 6.9.
~1 , .
454

. .

, (. . 6.96 6.10)
( 10 )
,
.
,
. 9.66.
( )
( ,
), , , ,
.
.
. , ,
NA
. ,
,
, ,

.
, ,
,
.

,
.
,
()

.
2

.
(, L M A ,
-1000 ) .

( 10 /
).

. -

, . ,
, .
, .
,
( ,
, ).
2

9. , .

455

 , ,
,
.
, ,
,
(. . ,
).
,
,
, ,
1 , 15 .
,
.

9. .
Yb: , [57].
40 / ,
NA < 0,05 (, < 10~ ),
5,3 -1 .
, ,
,
,
~ 1,4. Yb 6000 ppm (
~ 5 10 Yb / )
430 / (
2 10" 975 ).
, , ,
, , . . (40/600) ,
~2 /.

1,5 /,
12 . ,
, . . ,
Yb . , ,
, ,
,
. ,
, Yb
,
. ( ,
) ~ 200.

600 , 0,45 NA, 1
0,45 ( NA)
~ 0,45/(/>) ~ 200. 1,8
1,6 ,
1,36 . ,
83%, -95%.
3

19

20

456

. .

 ,
~20 / 1 . ,

(M% ) /(Mf
) -20000.
(~1,5 / )
,
.
2

iode

iber

,
,
.

, ,
,
(. 8.6.4.4)
( ) .

, SiO
(-14 ). ,
. ,
,
. , . . Q-
,
. ,

(CPA, .
12.3.1),
,
. ,
, (..
),
-100 .
, ,
, ,

.

9.2.7.

,
, 1 0 ,
1 (0,04 -s- 0,12 . % ) .
[19]
( ).
(, = 100 , X = 760
3+

3 +

t
^ L

9. , . . .

457

 ).
, , Cr.LISAF,
,
Co:MgF ( = 800 , = 1,9 ), C r : Y A G ( = 150 , X = 1,45 )
: ( C r : M g S i 0 , , = 250, X = 1,25 ).
[20],
(0,8-4 ).
, ,
- , (
, .),
, (. .
4+

4+

4+

,
12).

.
Cr""
1 0
*

(,
, )
,
,
,
. *
. 9.8



(. .
. 9.8



*

. . 3.3 . 9.9). 9.8
,
, ,
. , , *
, 7 ( 1 ).
, . ,
,
, (. .
)
= 800 ( kT), ,
3 1

3+

2 -

3+

, , ,
F F ( . . 9 . 1 ) .
3 +

458

. .

,
. -, -


.
,
(X = 700 - 800 ).

. , ,

- . ,
,
- ,
( F )
( = 2300 ) , , , F
. , ,
, ->
( . 9.8 9.1).
,
;
(X = 680,4 ).
2

-1

( - 2 \ , . 9.8),
.
,
, ,
,
= 800 .
, . . 2.16 2.11.
= 300 = 200 ,
NdrYAG.
,
( = 6,6 ),
( = 1,5 , 2 -
),
. ,
( = 0,8 10~ )
. ,
-,
. . 9.5

.

N d . Y A G . ,
, . 6.1 6.2.
, ,
4

-1

20

9. , .

459

 9.5



[. % ]
Nt [ 1 0

1 9

0,04-0,12

/ ]

Cr:LISAF

15

CrrLICAF
15

1,8-5,4

3,3

10 [~1 . % ]

760

790

850

780

700-820

660-1180

780-1010

720-840

[ 1 0 - 2 0 ]

0,8

28

4,8

1,3

[]

260

3,2

67

170

53

100

83

64

[]
[]
2

Avo [ ]

= 1,7367

= 1,7421

= 1,755

10 [1 . % ]

1,763

1,4

1,39

= 1,7346
: Nt C n L I S A F C r r L I C A F
~ 1 % CrF3 .

( N d . Y A G )
.
(10-100 ) (
200 ),
( 50 ). -
,
(5070). ,
,
Nd: Y A G
.
100 -250 .
,
= 700 (,
),
(,
).
928
-

- ( T i : A l 0 ) [21, 22]
.
( = 400 ,
Av =100 ), , ,
.
- T i 0
1 0 ( 0,1-0,5 . % ) . T i
1 . T i
*
2

3 +

3 +

460

3 +

. .

.9.9
)
T i : A l 0 . )
3<2-
, )


2

400

500

600
700
800
()

900

. .

:
( [ 5 5 ] )

, 3<2-.
^- 4- Ti (. . 9.1), ,
.
1 T i ,
, " ( 9,9), ,
, ,
( ) d-
T i

( 9.96). ,
, ,
.
(S = 1/2 , , ),
2S + 1 = 2,
, .
, T i - O ,
, 9.9.
, ^-
,
.
,

3 +

3 +

3 +

. [ 2 1 ] [ 2 2 ] .

9. , .

461

 , . 9.10.
, T i , ,
(. . ).
(, ,
-> ),

.
, , ,

.
,
, . 9.5. , ( = 3,2 = 300 , = 3,85 ) ,
. , - ,

, , , . ,
- ( 40 ),
,
Nd:YAG.
, .
3 +

-
,
Nd: Y A G Nd: Y L F ,
. - ,
. .

( > 1 ),
(700-1000 ). ,
- (.
8.6.5) (. 12) .
,
(20 - 1 ) (20-100 ),
.
929
CR:LISAF CR:LICAF

, ,
C r : L i S r A l F (Cr:LISAF) C r : L i C a A l F (Cr:LICAF) [24, 25].
*
, [21, 22].
3+

3+

3+

462

. .

. 9.11


CrrLISAF

,

-
(
[ 2 4 ] )

3+

, CrrLISAF CrrLICAF,
1 .
() ,
. ,

, ,
(. . 9.8).
CrrLISAF
( )
. 9.11, , CrrLISAF
CrrLICAF . ,
,
650 440 , - > - > .
, , ,
( . 9.8
). ,
- , ,
.
,
, , ,
, , , .
, (
) .

. 9.5. ,
, , CrrLISAF
. ,
, ,
3 +

9. , .

463

 CrrLISAF
, CrrLICAF.
CrrLISAF ,
, ,
850 .

. CrrLISAF
GalnP/AlGalnP
(QW), -670 (
. 8.31).
. ,
CrrLISAF ,
-
CrrLISAF , .
, CrrLISAF ,
,
,
.
9.3.

[26]

, , , .

(, ( - = ) ) .
:
1. ,
- (0,7-1,5 ). . 9.12

. 9.12
:
) 3,3' ; ) 6G; ) 2.
.

. . 0

 3,3'-, - ( = 810 ).
2. , .
. 9.126
6G ( = 590 ).
3. , - (400500 ). . 9.12
2, ( = 450 ).

9.3.1.

, ,
- .
( ) ,
,
. . 9.13
6G .
()
700

650

600

550

500

450

. 9.13
,
-


6 G

14

16

18

20
3

22

24

( 1 0 " )

, . 9.13,

.
,
[27]. , . 9.14.
- ,
, (,
9.14 9.146).
, -
,
, .
.
9. , .

465

C H

I I
^ \ ^
I
n

^^
I
I

I
^^

I
^
(CH ) N N(CH )

N N
3

. 9.14

( [ 2 7 ] )

,
, . 9.14.
(. . 9.14),
:
2

hn
SmL

(9.3.1)

, , a L
. , -
. 2N,
,
N
,
. ,

( . 9.15 S ).
, , (9.3.1) = JV.
. 9.15
() ,
, , , S ,
,
. (
S )
( ) .
(E + )
(9.3.1) = N + 1.
S S E
- E , , (9.3.1),
L .
1

N+1

.
,
.
1

466

 , (
; S = 1). S
,
. . , . 9.15
(
) ( ) .
. 9.156
(. .
, ,
). , -
, -
, , -
.
,
. , ,
, AS = 0. , -, -
, - .
,
- (. . 9.156), , ,
- (. 3.1.3),
S S .
,

, . 9.13 6G.
,
. , -
, L
, L ,

. 9.15
) .
, )
. ( [ 2 8 , 5 7 ] . )

9. , .

467

 ( eL). , ,
, (~10~ , . . 9.13).
( , = 100 )
S (. 9.156).

S ( -, .
. 9.156).
,
( ) (. . 9.13).
JLI,
, , (~10~ , . . 9.13).
- S ,

(~100 ) . ,
S
T V (
, ) -
. ( )
> S , -

(, ).
(. 6.4.1.1),
,
. ,
T
-> , .
,
, (. . 9.13), , ,
.

16

16

l9

,
S T : 1)
x S ; 2)
( ) - k S > ; 3)
. S
, , (2.6.18),
:
x

l9

sp

l9

- 1

st

x ^

fesr

(9.3.2)

x ,
(, 5 6G),
. \,
, (, 100
6G), S
sp

468

, -

. .

[]

320

[]

0,1-

Nt [ 1 0 " / ]
[10-16

1500

- - 10-4
3

-5-

2]
2

[10-16 ]

9.6
,

, []

25-30

[]

2-

ksr

100

[]

1-4

[]

0,5 + 0,8

10-

-5-

10-

1,3+1,4

. (
, , ,
S ) . ,
(2.6.22), :
x

(9.3.3)
,
, .
10~ ( , ) 10~ (
).
. 9.6
.

9.3.2.

,

( )
. ,
S
,

. ,
( 1966 .)
[29, 30], . -,
S j ,
.
,
(, 6G),
, N d : Y A G (,

(. (7.3.12)(6.3.20)). - . , ^>k^
, , ,
x

9. , .

469

 ( ) - . ,
, ,
.
, N N
.
,
, -
, . .

vN

> GN,

(9.3.4)

> - ,
> .
N /x

k N
-
, . .

ST

=k xN.
ST

(9.3.5)

(9.3.4) (9.3.5), :
T <G /G k ,
T

(9.3.6)

ST

(. . ,
(7.3.1)
). ,
,
,
, .
, ,
.
, .
, ,
(9.3.6), .
,
:
(
100 );
, .
, ?
,
,
.

(. . 6.1), ,
, , ,
, . *
,
, (
470

. .

. 9.16


:

,
,
Nd: Y A G
,
.

] 1

, ,
, . 6.1.
,
- ,
.
-
( , K r F X e F ) ,
~550600 N d : Y A G
(X = 532 ),
. ,

(30 - 4 0 % )
, - ( - 1 0 % ) . ,

. (
), , ,
. .
(. 9.16).
L ,
, .
( ),
, , 1 .

(-30-50 ) ,
,
2 ( 9.16).
, ,
(-0,01-0,02 ).
, ,
1

S
S j .

-> S ,
2

v / A v ( Av )
, .
, , .

9. , . . .

471

 -,
7.8.2.1.
(
).
, ,
, (. 9.17).
( -200 ),
,
.
, ,
.
, (
10 ) .
.

- ( , )
(. . 7.25).
( )

(. . 8.29). (-25
6G,
, DODCI,
)
, .
,


. ,
( )

,
.
+

75

. 9.17

472

. .

 (
,
), . ,
U
, 20 (
, -100 ).
2 3 5

9.4.

[31, 32]
, ,
,
,
.
.

, , ,
, Si Ge, .

I I I (, 1,
Ga, In) V (, N , , A s , Sb)
.

GaAs, (AlGaAs, InGaAs) (InGaAsP)
.
A B , , 630-1600 .

InGaN,
(-410 ).


- .
A B .

, -
,
II ( Cd Zn) V I (S, Se),
A B .
,
A B , S, Se
,
(4-29 ). -
(
). ,
( -) [56],
.

I V

YI

V I

9. , .

473

9.4.1.

. 9.18, V
, ^ (
). ,
= .
,
(. . 9.18,
,
,
). f7*~ /
,



'
.
(-1 ) . 9.18

,
,
,
, , ,
(. 9.186).
E' E'
(. 3.2.3). = 0
,
.
, *
, ,
- ,
(
, LED).
,
. 3.2.5 ,
, , ,
:

Fc

Fv

E ^hv^E'
g

Fc

-E' .

(9.4.1)

Fy

=
. 9.186,
,
. ,
3.2.5 , (9.4.1)
, /
(9.4.1), ,
474

 .
(9.4.1), E' -E' ^E .
E' nE

, . . N,
(. . 3.15).
, E' = E (N) N ,
E' =E' (N)
. ,
E -E' ^E , . .
, , N
,
Fc

Fc

Fv

Fc

Fv

Fv

Fc

Fv

Fc

Fv

E' (N)-E' (N)

Fc

Fv

=E.

(9.4.2)

,
(9.4.2),
N^.
, N
.
, ( ,
). ,
,
N , N
, ,
.

,

.
,
, ,
-- [33].
1962 .
/>--.
[34-37],
GaAs. ,
,
-- , ,
.
,
(-),
- -, .
,
( = 77 ) ,

,
1

tr9

th

( 9 . 4 . 2 ) , , N
.

^ 9. , .

tr

= N

l9

475

 (1969 .) [38-40]

. ,
-,
.
9.4.2.

--,
- -, (
, GaAs), .
,
( 10 / ), /?-
E - . ,
,
, . 9.19,
, . . .
V,
= eV . . 9.196. ,
(
n-), (
/?-). ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
- .
/?-, , . d,
, D = \/lh, D
. GaAs
D = 10 / = 3 , d 1 ,
,
d, (-0,1 ).
-- . 9.20,
.
18

\AE = eV

476

. 9.19

--

()
>

()I

. . ]

. 9.20

--

, ( ).
,
,
,
.
- ,
(, = 3,6 GaAs)
-,
, (-32%
GaAs). ,
, p-n-, d 1 .
, -
,
( 5 ).

(J 10 / ) ,

( ).
:
(d 1 ) , ,
,
;
, ,
- ,
.

(
=14 ) . ,
, (3.2.37),
.
.
5

th

9. , . . .

477

9.4.3.

, ,
,
,
(-).
,
.
/?-Al Ga
0 3

0 > 7

As

~^ ~1

GaAs\f//////////777Z\
7i-Al G a A s
0 3

p-InP

MKM

-0,15

0 7

~1

Ini-xGa^As^
WZZZZZZZZZZZZZA
rc-InP

MKM

/i -GaAs
^
()

-
()

. 9.21
,
( ) G a A s ( ) I n G a A s P ()

. 9.21
, (0,1-0,2 )
GaAs InGaAsP.
- - A l G a A s InP
. (. . 9.23)

(. . 10 / )
,
.

:
1. (, = 3,6
GaAs) ,
- - (, = 3,4 A l G a A s ) ,
(. . 9.22). ,

GaAs, . . , ( ,
. . 9.226).
2. E (, E 1,5
GaAs) E
(, E = 1,8 A l G a yAs).
,
( ,
. . 9.22). ,
0 3

0j7

0 3

0 7

gl

gl

gi

g2

0 3

A B ,
,
( , ) ,
(, ).
m

478

. .


, , ,
.
3. E ,
E ,
v = E /h
(.
. 9.226),

( ).


, :
(
- 0 , 1 % )
E __ IJ ____
. ,
,

- -

().
. 9.22
) ;
) ,

) ( )

. GaAs/AlGaAs


, GaAs (0,564 ) A l A s (0,566 )
( Ga 1
). In^GajAs^Px^ ,
InP,
/, . ,
InP,
Ga, In (
I n ) . Ga
( -19 ), In, I n ^ G a ^ P
InP. , A s
(As ) ( P i - ) .
As ( -10 ), ,
. ,
/
, Inj^GajAs^P^ InP.

= 2,2. , / (
),
g2

gl

gl

Fp

b j c

9. , .

479

Si

. 9.23
(
)
(
)
J

d
A l G a A s
300 :
th

20
40

40 20
. J


. ( [41].)

pac4

0
0

0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
, d ()

. , I n ^ G a ^ A s ^ P ^
1150-1670
.
(~1300) (-1500 )
.
. 9.23
J d
GaAs [41]. , d
J ,
(J = 1 / d = 0,1 ) .
,
J N . *
R , ( )
. , %
, ?
, ; - (
). r\
,
, .
J , , R
R = r\ J/ed, d
.
N = R x , ( , ,
).
J = edN/r\{i
:
th

th

th

th

th

(9.4.3)
480

. . ]

 (9.4.3)
, . 9.23. -, ,
d N
N (.
9.1) , , . (9.4.3)
, d (, -0,15 )
J d ,
9.23. , d ,
(. . 9.226),
n- ,
.
, ,
N . ,
d J
d.
th

tr

th

th

th

9.1.
-GaAs .
, (
, . 6.3.4) ,
- -
. , :
(g)L = (a )L + (a )L + (a )L + y ,
(9.4.4)
L , g ,
, - -
. (9.4.4)
.
, , :
a

jg\u\

dV

, /, ) .
,
. (g) (g)L

.
, (9.4.4). ,
,
. , = = .

z (, ,
) , --,
(S.4.5) ( ) ( ) (9.4.4)
:
gV = + (1 - ) + [1(1/)/1,],
(9.4.6)

9. , .

481

 R (
)
+d/2
2

j \U\ dx

-d/2

(9.4.7)

U\ dx

x , .
,
(
). ,
3.2.5, g :
g = o(N - N ), N
.
, = , (9.4.6) :
tr

tr

uT(N

th

- N ) = + [1(1/)/] = y/L,
tr

(9.4.8)

N = aL + In (1/R)
. (9.4.8)
:
th

th

= (y/aLT) + N .

(9.4.9)

tr

, ,
,
[42]:
2

= D /(2 + D ),

(9.4.10)

1 2

D = 2*(n*-ni) ' d/X

(9.4.11)

( ,

). , = 3,6, = 3,4 X = 850 (
GaAs ) d = 0,1 ,
D = 0,875 = 0,28.
N
(. . R = 32%)
= 10 L =
= 300 . = \n(l/R) + aL ~ 1,44.
(. . 3.1) = 3,6 10~ N = 2 1 0 " ,
(9.4.9) :

th9

-1

16

18

tr

18

th

= (0,48 + 2) 10 / ,

(9.4.12)

(9.4.9) . , (9.4.12)
, d ,
, (. .
, )
N .
tr

12

. . ]


(9.4.9) (9.4.3):
(9.4.13)
, d
N
(9.4.13). , */^
d,
. 9.23 d (, -0,15 ).
,
. ,
d ,
( (9.4.10),
d d )). , ,
, J ,
d. J
(9.4.13), d = 0,1 , r\ = 1 = 4
N (. ).
J = 10 / ,
, . 9.23.
tr

th

th

th

th

9.4.4.

- ,
(X = h/),
(Quantum Well, QW), -
( ) [43, 44].

(QW) (MQW) .
, ,
(. 3.12)
. ,

,
(. 3.3).

, .
,
.
,
. 9.24.
,
GaAs,
. (-10 )
9. , .

483

 ()

()

. 9.24
) A l / x a ^ A s - G a A s

.
(
[43]). ) A l ^ G a ^ j A s - G a A s

( GaAs),
(-0,1 )
, , (
A l G a A s ) .
(-1 )
( A l G a A s ) , - - .


, ,
, .

. 9.24 ( ). ,
1 /
(-0,8 ). . 9.246
,
A l ^ G a ^ A s , , = 0,2
= 0,6
, . GRINSCH (GRaded-INdex Separated-Confinement Heterostructure)
.
, , . 9.24,
,

, . 9,24 . ,
, ,



0 2

0 8

0 6

0 4

484

(. (9.4.3) (9.4.13)). ,
9.2, J ,
- 4 - 5 , - (. .
200 / ) .
:

;
( 2 )

.
th

9.2.
GaAs/AlGaAs . ,
g = G(N - N )
. , ,
9.1. ,
9.1,
(10 ) R (32%) , ,
( = 1,44).
(300 ) N (2 10 1/ ).
= 6- 10" (. 3.3.5.).
, ,
/--(: /;|), ,
. (9.4.7) =
= (d/Q,62d ), d d = 2w . d = 10
d = 1 , = 1,6 10" . , (9.4.9)
N = (5 + 2) 10 1/ ,
(9.4.9) . ,
, . .
,
, , , N .
,
N (9.4.3).
|;=1 = 4 , J = 280 / , 4 ,
, -. ,
N
J .
, , , = 3 R = 80%, =0,28 ,
, N = (2,3 + 2) 10 1/ J = 170 / .
TH

-1

18

-3

TR

16

18

TH

TR

TH

TH

TH9

TH

-1

18

TH

TH

. 9.24
(QW-cTpyKTypa), ,
((?-).

1

.
, g N ,
( . [ 4 5 ] ) .
y

9. , .

485

0,35

0,25

. 9.25

In Ga
^/InGaP

.
6 7 0

-
-

0 5

0 5

,
(. 9.25).
5 ,
(4 ) , .

,

d. (L > 300 )
N = N , , ,
,
. ,
,
,
[46].
9.4.3 , -

( - 0 , 1 % ) . ,
,

- 1 - 3 % ,
.

,
.
:
,
, - (
, 900-1100 I n G a A s / G a A s ) ;
3.3.6,
, ,
, .

N
.
,

.
th

tn

ljc

tr

486

. .

9.4.5.

,

(. 9.26), (
) ,

. ,
,
, ,
s (s = 3-10 ).
(. . 9.20)

( = Ls, L ),
. , J
I = JA . ,

s,
, .
, . .
(. . 9.26). s
(s < 10 ), ,
,
. , , ,
,
(.
. 9.22) (. . 9.24).
,
( -1x5 ).
(. 9.26) ,
,
.

:) ))
)

. 9.26
- :
) , )
.

9. , .

487


(

).

, (. 9.266).
,

. ,
(,
)
.
,
: , .
. 9.27
-GaAs
. ,
100
.
(-15 )
-GaAs
. ( - 1 )
. (, J = 200 / ,
(. 9.2), s = 4 L = 150 , I = 1,2 . )
. 9.27 , I
. ,
I (/ ),
,
,

. ,
,
AT,
(Ii /If )
= exp(AT/ ).

, ,
I
. ,
. 9.27, , = 91 .
, -GaAs
100-200 ,
GaAs
100
200
300

/ ( )
( > 270 ) . ,
. 9.27




-

X
2

th

th

th

th

th

488

. .



( , . 3.25 . 3.15).
- InGaAsP/InP- ,
, (50 < <70 ) , -
( ) (. 3.2.6).
, (. . 9.27)
-10 . (
50 ) ,

. ,
rj = dP/Vdl, V .
1,8 ,
r\ = 40%.
( 60%). ,

.
0

9.3.
. ,
,
: P = (I - I )r\ hv/e
r\
, 9.4.3, v
.
( , -
), . ,
:
e

th

(9.4.14)
R ,
L .
\

, .. = d(P/hv)/d(I/e). (9.4.14)
:

(9.4.15)
,
. ,

r\ = r\ (eV/hv).

ex

, , -
(-1 ) , ,
-.
9. , . .

489

 , , (-10 ),
- ,
. d d\\ (
1/ ) , ,
.
(4.7.19), ,
(6), , ( 9 ) ,
0 = 2X/nd\\ Q = 2X/nd .
(, 1x5 )
, , ,
, . ,
(. . 6.9)
90.
6.3.2.1,
.
. 9.28 ,

.
-.
:
1. A v / v
(-1,1 10" ), , (9.4.1), ,
E /h.
2. Av = 400 (. . 9.28)
,

( X = 1550 ).

.
.

1^

0,9-

0,8-

0,7-

I I | I I I | I I I |

II|

1-

3, 0,6 -

1,434

- I I I I I I I - II I1 I 1

1,436
436

1,438

1,440

II

II

[.
|

1,442
1,4

1,444

, hv ( )

. 9.28
GaAs -
- 2 5 0

490

. .

9.4.6.

(-)
, , ,
( ) [47]. , 1550 , . 9.29,
InGaAsP (X = 1550 )
InGaAsP (X = 1300 ),
.
InGaAsP ,
InP - /z-,
n (z) = ((, ))
. ( )
(
) , ,
|/(#)| (.
(9.4.5)). , n f(z)
, . .
eff

ef

n (z) =
eff

+ ttiSin

[(2/) + ],

(9.4.16)

(. . 9.29).
,
-
(. . ),
:
X = = 2(n )A,

(9.4.17)

eff

(n ) z n (cu.
). , ,
eff

eff

L/2

. 9.29
-:
) , ) ./4.

9. , .

491

 , n f(z)
. . 9.29

, / 2 .
(.
4.4), ,
((n )A/2)
= ,/4. (9.4.17)
,
, ,
. , ,
(
).
,
-
. ,

, ,
,
. . . ,
,

.
[47, 48].
.
,
. 9.30 = = 0. ef

EFF

5L

5L

. 9.30
( )
5 L gL
:
) ; ) ./4. ( [49].)

492

. .

. 9.31

,



-
( )
,
/4(). (
[49].)

- 1 -

1-

- 1 -

, = |22, L)/Ef(0, 0 ) |
, 8L = ((3 - P ) L .
Ef(x, z)
, L , = 2 / = / .
, , kL = 2
k (k = 2/)
(g)L [49]. . 9.30 ,
(. .
5 = 0), , . .
,
. , ,
. 9.31,
,
[49].
, , + 1 ,
, . . , {n )
(^)_
- 1 . ( )

. (. (9.4.17)),
4-1 - 1
= 2 .
,
. 9.30, .
,
.

. ,
- /4 [50].
/ 4 (. .
z = L / 2 , . . 9.296). . 9.306
5L
(g)L
B

eff ly

9. , .

493

 kL (kL = 2). ,
X = .
, . .
, , (.
. 9.30).
. 9.316, ,

n = () (
) (. . 9.316).
, ( )
(n ) .
(/2 ) = , X
= 2 .

eff

eff

, , /4
. (,
InGaAsP 1550 {neff) = 3,4
(9.4.17) = 0,23 ).
, , ,
,
.
-
, . 9.32.
, ,


.
,
. , ,
(/4)
, ,
, X = 2(neff)A. , (-)
, ,
.
, ,
. ,

494

. 9.32

(-)

. .

 - , - -,
. , -
, ,
.
,
-& ,
.
9.4.7.

,
, ,
, ( ).
, ,
,
, .

:
1. ,
,
45 ,
(. 9.33).
2.
, ,

(
,
VCSEL , . 9.336).
,
. 9.33,
. ,
(. 9.336)
, ,
. ,
,

. 9.33
: ( ) , ,
, ,
4 5 ; ()

9. , .

495

. \7ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZL
16, /4-
^.

i V

- j

/ v

W i V

j
G a A s - A I
As

' I n G a A s

^

G a A l A s
-
I

20,5 /4-
G a A s - A l A s

TZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZL
G a A s

. 9.34
/
/



.
GaAs
,
,


.
( [ 5 2 ] . )

.

, , ,
.
[51].
. 9.34
,
I n G a A s / G a A s - C T p y K T y p b i
( 8 ).
G a A l A s ,
.
20,5 ^- 16
/^- GaAs/1As.
(3,6 GaAs 2,9
A l A s ) (-99%)
. ,
,
(J = 4 / ) .
, ,
(D = 5 -10 ), (~1 ).

, ,
TEM0Q ,
(, 2 ). , -
( 1 - 2 )
(. = 100 ).
,
,
, .

.

,
.
( ./4).
0 2

08

0 5

0 5

th

496

. . J

 .

^ ,
.
50%.

( O K O J ^ O 1 ). ,

.
( (,
8x8), .

9.4.
.
(9.4.9) = 1,
N = (//) + N , I .
9.2, , N = 2 10 a 6 10~

.
= -In R + a L, R
, ^
L . R = 99%,
/ 20 L = 2 , = 1,4 10~ . ,
1 = 24 , N = 11 10 ,
, N (y/aZ),
. (9.4.3), = 1 = 2 ,
J = 3,84 10 / .
D = 8 , I = (> /4) J = 0,44 .
th

tr

18

-3

16

tr

-1

18

-3

th

th

4 i

th

th

th

9.4.8.
-

. ,
,
. (QW)
,
.
I I I - V
(, InGaAsP/InP, GaAs/AlGaAs, InGaN/GaN/AlGaN)
0,3-2 .
-
,
- .
1

, , .

9. , .

497

- (QC )
.
,
, ,

. /,
QC ,
.
,
. QC
: GalnAs/AlInAs/InP, GaAs/AlGaAs,
GalnAs/AlAsSb.
, ,

,
(CVD ) .
,
3-200 .
, ,
, .
,
,

. QC
() (
) .
1
. ,

, QC
.

1971 .

.
,
1994 . QC [60].
. 9.35 ,
QC . ,
,
, .
. ,
( )
. ,
3, *
498

. 9.35
( ) -
() - .

.
3 2 .
, 3 2 1 , - ,

3 2 , > ,
2. ,
2 1 . 2, -
, ,
= 0,2-0,3 .
3 2, 3,
1.
,
. ,
, /-
. QC 20 -- 100
. .
32

32

2 1

, ,
[60].

3,
; ,

.
2. ,

( 1).
2-3 , . . , 2. 1
2 ,
3

9. , .

499

 , 1
2. /
, , ,
.
/
, (/ (SL) [61].
,
.
, ,
(),
().
(. . 9.356).
, , , 2-3 .
(
) -
, -
. ,

. , SL-QC
. ,
, ,

QC . ,
, .
[62] ,
. . 9.36.

, . .

25

500

50
( )

75

100

. 9.36


(-)
-
.



(
)

.

. . )

 .
, .
.
,
. , ,
.

.
,
/.
QC
.
4-9 -.

, QC
.
, .
(DFB)
(. . 9.4.6). QC ,
1,5 - 4,5 (. . 70 200 ),
. QC
-.

- ,
.
, ,
.
9.4.9.

, , ,
.
. . 9.7

.
GaAs,
InP,
-.

( ).
(,
)
, .
501

 9,7

AlGaAs/GaAs

InGaAsPflnP

InGaAs/GaAs

InGaAlP/GaAs

720-850

1200-1650

900-1100

630-700

[ ]

4-15

5-10

2-10

-10

Jth [ / ]

80-700

200-1500

50-400

200-3000

[ ]

120-200

50-70

100-200

60-100

/
[]
1

Al^Gax-^As/Al^Ga^As
,
.
720 850 .
( = 5-20 )
- .
, ,
(. 6.9 6.10)
, Nd ( = 800 ), :
( = 790 ) Cr:LISAF ( = 670 ).
9.2
, .
In _ Ga ASj P _ /InP
= 2,2,
( = 1310 , = 0,27)
( X = 1550 , = 0,42)
. ,
.
1550 .

, ( A v < 10 ).
/ , .
(
/) ,
0 . ,
( /
/) .
-,
( -13 )
1550 . ,
,
.
In _ Ga As/GaAs ^
, , .

:c

JC

!/

502

. .

(900-1100 ). 980 ( = 0,8)

- ,
Yb.Er Y b . Y A G .
~100 - (
1 x 4 ) -1 (
1 30 ). (-40
) .

,
, In . Ga As/GaAs
. ,
, .
1

JC

;c

InGaP/InGaAlP ,
[53].
In G a P / I n ( _ 1 .) - ( = 0,5
= 0,7 , . . 9.25),
670 . ,
( ~20 )
-,
He-Ne ( ) ,
- .

, . 9.7.
,
(- ). III
V , I n G a N / I n 5 G a N - C T p y K ,
(417 ) [54].
, I I - V I ,
ZnCdSe/ZnSSe . ,
,
,
(~100 ). , ,
( 100
),
,
. -
, , -,

.
I V VI , Sn (, PbSSe, PbSnTe PbSnSe),
-
(4-29 ).
( < 100 ) , ,
0 5

0 5

0 5

05

9. , .

0 > 8

0 > 0

0 ) 9 5

503

 ,
. ,
,
(, ). , ,
-
-,
[56].
9.5.

,
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
.

(). ,
, ,
. ,
( ) .
,
( ) .
,
(
)
. ,
,
(,
. .),
.
, ,


-, .

9.1.
, ,
.
9.2.
, 720 .
?
504

. . :

9.3.

50 . ?
9.4.
2 ,
-1 .
?
9.5. ,
6 , 10 .
. 9.3 , 2.9.2,

,
().
N d . Y A G .
4

9.6. ,
(. 9.8) ,
= 1 , 5 = 6,6
. ,
(g = 4),
= 300 = 400 .
-> ,
= 4 10~ . ,
,
300 400 .
2

19

9.7. CrrLISAF
. 647,1 .
,
L I S A F ,
1 . % I = 4 . ,

60 , 1%,
1%. ,
. 9.11 . 9.5,
,
.
3+

9.8. (6.3.19)
,
(
)
(
)?
,
[25].

,11

9. , .

505

9.9.
, - ( ,
).
, Cr.LISAF
.
9.10. ,
, . 9.13,
6G (
580 ) (. 9.17).
, 3%,
1%. , 80%
,
5 ,
- k = 10 " , = 0,1
P , 9.7 Cr.LISAF,
.
7

ST

t h

9.11. d,
J (. 9.23),
-, (9.4.10),
T = D /2, D (9.4.11).
,
d , J .
dm J ,
9.1.
th

th

th

9.12. ,
9.3,
. , 9.1,
- GaAs/AlGaAs,
1,8 .
9.13. - ,
. ,
,
,
w\\ Wj_. ,
.
,
.
X = 850 , w = 0,5 , )\\ = 2,5 .

9.14. ,
X,
506

. .


- (
n = X(dn/dX)).
g

9.15. . 9.30 ,
, kL = 2 (
-,
, a L ).
k 9.4.6, (9.4.16),
X = 1550 , a L = 600 .

9.16. . 9.30
A(8L) =\ 7,28.
Av ,
8 9.4.6.
, - InGaAsP L = 600 ,
= 3,4, X = 1550 . ,


- L, X
n , .
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0

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, a k J (
k ) ,
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. 10.4
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/2* D
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( Oxford Lasers,
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518

. .

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.
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100
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519

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4

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. 10.8 He-Cd,
.
2
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2

5/2

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S .
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.
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().
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.).
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10.2.3.

. ,
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524

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100 )
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3000

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2000

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1000

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526

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, , , 000 -> 100
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(0, 0, )
0 . 0
(001) :
2

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2

(001). ,
,
0 .
2. N .
,
( = 18 ) . ,
N
v = 1 ,
v=l . , 1 -> 0
( ),
N - N .
, N
( <kT)c 0 (
005), 001
0 (10.2.5).
.
, , 001 -> 100,001 - 020,100 010
020 010 ,
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.
x :
2

-1

sp

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t

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,
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10. , ,

527

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C 0 : N : H e 1:1:8), ,
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0 :
2

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(020) + (000) - > ) + CO^OIH)) + .
2

(10.2.7)
(10.2.76)

, '
kT. , 100,
020 01 0 .
01*0
000. ,
01*0 ,
100 020,
01 0. ,
, . .
01 0->000 .
01*0. , ,
01*0 -> 000 ,
01*0
(VT-).
,
, . . . ,
(10.2.6), *
a , .
, ,
20 . ,
.
, ,

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0
.
0 ,
,
k.
, ,
1

528

. .

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, .
, 0
(001) -> (100) (X = 10,6 ), (001) -> (020) (X = 9,6 ).
,
, , , 001 - > 100.
9,6 (
)
- ( ,
. 7.16).
,
,
.
-
, - - (. 3.7), -

.
,
J'=41

+
,
5 ^
J' = 21
J'=31
001 (. 10.11) .
II


-.
'
ft bq

= 21)->(J"=22)
\(J'
, . .
-J'=ll
(22)
,

.
. 10.11
,



0
0 [~10 ( . . ) ]
, (
) ,
.

. ,
, , 0
(22) (. . (J' = 21) - (J" = 22))
(001) - (100). , ,
(00 1) - ( 0 2 0 ) ,
, , , . 7.16 (
0 2 ) .
2

- 1

-1

- 1

, J
.
2

10. , ,

..

529

 0
. , , -
v
( 50 ) (. 3.2).
(. 3.3),
0 ,
( > 100 . .).
, 0
: (1) , (2) *
, (3) , (4) ,
(5) , (6)
, (7)
(TEA ) (8) .
,
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, ,
(, ),
, (15-25%).
(~40%; *
. 10.9) ,
0 (. . 6.28).:
1. . 2
( . , 1964 . [10]).

(. . 10.12) , , w
, . *

( ), !
( , ).
, , ( . 10.12)
, *
, .
, *

2

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-vMMMW

1
_

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0
2

530

. .

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, ,
, :
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dt )

_ J (vo)
' drift

Nf

(10.2.8)
\

J ,
, ,
, N
0 . ,
, (dN /dt)

V . (10.2.8) :
t

JN V
t

JpDH,

(10.2.9)

D , I , .
:

pD [-22,5 ( . .) ;
15 . . D = 1,5 ];
- ,
,
, D.
, J , ,
,
( 20%, , 80%
),
.
, JOTD
, ,
, .
,
J D , ,
(10.2.9),
I.
0
(50-100 ) ,
,
( 1 ).
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,
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), , ,
,
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0 .
0 ,
2

10. , , .

531

 .
( 1%).
0 , -,
:
2

0*+040 +,

(10.2.10

- 0 .
,
.
, ,
0 .

(300) , .

10 .
60 /,
. ( 1 )
( )
. 0 ( 10 )

, .
2

3. .
. 10.12 ( 2 - 4 ),
, .
0 . ,
,
Si0 . 0 ,

(100-200 . .).
. ,
0 (L < 50 ),
. ,
, ,
(-50 /).
0 ,
0 ( < 30 ) (
, ).
,
, , ,
. , . 10.12,
, ,
. 10.13, (
) .
( , / )

2

532

. .

. 10.13

0 -
2

, (
- ) .
(v = 30 ) ,
, , [11]:
,
, ;
,
(, ),
(., , . 6.21).

,
, ;
. ,
0 ,
, .
4. .
,
(.
(10.2.8) (10.2.9)),
( 50 /).
, ,
,
(. . 10.14). ,
, ,
( ),
(. . 6.21).
, ,
J
( - 1 /
). ,
, 0 (

2

10. , ,

533

. 10.14

. 10.15
0

) ; ) .

0 ).
0 .
, .
0 ( 1-3 )
,
, , (-?
).
5. . *

( *
), d,
W ( , .
. 10.15).
, . , P = C(Wl)/d
( ^ 50 /) I [12].
,
WI, , , , 0
(. (10.2.9)).

(, (P ut/ l)
= 20 /
d = 3 ). (. 10.15)
(. 10.156). /
2

out

534

. .

 ,
.
,
, (
) , .

. ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
, [13].
0

( 1 ).
, .
6. .

,
(. 10.16). , ,
, ,
.
,
( /; .
. 7.7), .
,
(~100 . .),
2

. 10.16
0
2

10. , , ...

535

 .
. ,
' ,
/ ,

(. (6.4.22)).
, . 10.12, ,
(100-500
1 ). ,
, (
, . transverse electric
field ).
-0 (
1-20 ) ,
(, , ,
).
,
,
.
,
,
.
7. (TEA
). -0
~100 . .
( )
, .
,
, .
( ),
, ,
.
TEA ( . transversely excited at atmospheric
pressure ).
, TEA
(10-50 / ) .

,
().
. 10.17 ,
-
, . -

,
(-).
2

536

. .

. 10.17

( )
-0
.


-

,

I
_

20

( )
( ).
,
( )
.
( ),
,
(
; . . 5.186).
( 1 ) .
( )

.

(-4 = 1 . ).
, TEA
1 .
-0
(-50 )
((P ) = 300 ) .
-0 ,
, ,
(,

).
2

out

10.2.3.2.

-
, , .
,
, 0 , (, = 5 ),
. [14]
100 , 60%.
2

10. , , .

537

 ,
(77-100 ) .
X = 5 -
(, = 77 ,
v'(ll) - v (10) v'(7) - v (6)).

. N

. 90%

.
, W- , FT-
( ).

,
,
s~
up
.
11L

.
. 10.18
. 10.18,

,
-
(v ' ) ,
((J' = 5) -> (J = 6), (J' = 4) -> (J = 5)) -

, .

,
,
, . ,


.
,

.
,
2

CO(v = ) + ( = ) ->
-> CO(v = + 1) + CO(v = - 1) > . ( ,
)
(. . 3.1).
, , >
, .
, .
, ( ( = ) )
,
.

538

. .


.
FT- ,
.
,
.
, .
, , ,
.
0 ,

,
.
.
( > 1 ) ,

( - 1 0 % ) ,
,
.
2

10.2.3.3.

-
N [15].

X = 337
( ) ,
.
. 10.19

N .
,
. . (
-)
B H (-) . ,
-
N ,
, .
-, -
,
.

14
3

12
10 - 1

Jt

/
/

* 8 - V

>

6
4

2
0
0,8

/
1,2

1
1,6

1
2

1 _L

2,4

2,8

3,2

( )
. 10.19

N .

(v = 0 )

-
( 0 , 7 4 - 1 , 2 ) , B Tl - > .
3

10. , , .

539

10.2

-
KrF

N2

(KrF)*

337,1

248

[ ]

40

0,05

[]

40

10

[]
4

[]
[]
[]

10
0,25

3
120 ( )

40 ( N )
2

960

()

6(F )
2

2400 ()

- ,
v = 0 - ,
v = 0 -. ,
- ,
, -.
() - 40 , -
10 . (7.3.1) , , ,
.
,
40 .
v"(Q) - > v'(0) (
X = 337,1 ) -
. ,
, v"(l) - v'(0) (X = 357,7 )
v"(0) - > v'(l) (X = 315,9 ).
N . 10.2.
N ,
. 10.17.
(~10 / :
N -40 960 ), TEA* |
. (5-10 ),
.
*
( ) ,
. ,
(. 2.9.2),
. ,

.
~1 ~10
100 . N ,
. 2

540

. . ]


( ~1 ).
,
.
(10-50 ) , ,
(~100 100 ).
(~10 ), (~100 )
,
-.
10.2.3.4.

[17]

, .
,
. 10.20.
,
(. .
) .
,
(. .
). ( . excited dimer
). ,
-
.

() ()
(- ).
.
N e ,
(X = 170 ) [16].

, :

1.
. 10.20


,

-.
2.
, -
. ,
, .
3. -
- ,
2

10. , , .

541



(Av = 20-100 " ).
,



,
.

()
(-
- 2 III"I I I I I I I | I | I
).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
()
,

. 10.21
,
(
),
K r F ( [ 1 7 ] )

. .
1

,
( , , )
(F, 1), .
A r F (X = 193 ), KrF (X = 248 ), XeF (, = 351 ) XeCl (X = 309 );
-. ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
, ;

.
.
KrF ,
(. 10.21).

, R -
S F.
.

(0,5-1 ), ,
1

, ,
. , -,
( . excited complex ) .
,
.

542

. . 0

(., , . 10.19).
R > S
.

1 , .
1 -> 1 ,
. ,
F~ .
. 10.2.
,
K r F , , .
,
F :
l

+ -> + *,
* + F - ( K r F ) * + F,

(10.2.11)
(10.2.116)

, ,
:
+

+ - 2 + ,
+ F -> F" + F,
F~ + K r + -> (KrF)* + ,

(10.2.12)
(10.2.126)
(10.2.12B)

F,
,

( ). , (10.2.126)
- .
.
, - (
)
, (
120 , F 6
2400 ). (10.2.12)
(KrF)*.
2

,
. . 10.17
2-, .
,
.
, ,
, (
10-20 ), -0 .
, . 10.17,
. ,
,
.
2

. , , ...

543


500 100 ,

1 . (. . 10.21)
,
( 2 - 4 % ) .
,
,

. ,

. ^
,
.

(, , ), ( *
, ). * 248

.
,
- .
J

10.3.

[18,19] ,

.
, , ,
, .
+
.

- .
, ,
, , . ,
,
- .
3-10 ,
HF DF ,
.
1

0 2 ,
6.1, , ,
, .
1

544

. .


: ABC -> + . ,

.
,
-

(X = 1,315 ).
1 ( C F I ,
C3F7I), - (-300 )
.
:
,
(
), , ,
( -).
:

;
,
( ) (
),
.
2

1/2

1 / 2

3 / 2

10.3.1.
HF

HF
SF F . ,
. -
SF . ,
. SF
.
,
, -0 .
,
. ,

. , F
, ,
. ,
HF .
6

F +
.
:
2

, , F ( 1 6 % F
) 2000 / , 1000
H F ( ) .
2

10. , , ...

545

F + H - > H F * + H,

(10.3.1)

.
, :
^J>
H + F - > H F * + F.

(10.3.2)

,
, . .
, ,
HF
, (10.3.1) (10.3.2) 31,6
98 / , *
. , :
= 31,6 / =1,372 ,
HF.
HF
, 3 ( = 0,414 ), ,
,
HF
v = / = 3 (. . 10.22).
, , ,
,
-. ,
, ,
v = 0, 1, 2 3 .
)
HF. , , 5 18
v = 3 , ,
. , 1 18
H+F

F-bHF(lO)

N(v)
(6)

(9)
(6)
(8)
(9)
(7)
(16)

JSL
J5L
:98 |
F+H

H + HF(3)

|AH:31,6KKI

(0)

546

33
20

N(v)
(3)

10
(1)

(4)

30

(2)
9
(1)
6

. 10.22

H F
:
a) F + H - > HF* + H ; ) + F - > HF* + F.
N{y)
V ,
2

(0)

. .

 (v = 0),
( ,
). ,
,
, ( = 2) - > (v = 1).
(. 10.226) HF,
v = 10.
N(v) , ,
. ,
(v = 5) -> (v = 4).
, , , (10.3.1)
60%
. , HF
.
, .
F - H
,
. -
HF ,
,
HF.
, ,
F,
HF. ,
, HF
.
2

, HF

HF,
, .

HF. ,
, (v = 1) - (v = 0)
( = 6) -> (v = 5).
,
(. 10.22), - ,
( = 2,7-3,3 ). ,
,
, . 10.22. ,
,
: -,
. , (v = 2) > (v = 1)
( ), 2 ,
1 , , ,
(v = 3) -> (v = 2) (v = 1) -> (v = 0). -,
. , , ...

547

. 10.23
H F
( D F )
(
[18])

,

,
. H F
D F , 1 , ,
H F , 3,5-5 .
. 1 0 . 2 3
H F D F .

( 4 ) .
, ,
, ( 1 0 . 3 . 1 ) ( 1 0 . 3 . 2 ) .

, .
, (
),
.
( !)
.
H F - .
,
- (, ).
H F H D F , . 1 0 . 2 3 ,
. ,
.
F
. ,,
, ( 1 0 . 3 . 1 ) ( 1 0 . 3 . 2 )
. ,

, .
MIRACL ( .
mid-infrared advanced chemical laser)
-, 2

548

. .

 DF.
(2,2 ). DF HF
, DF
, .
HF 5 .
,
, ,
,
( ,
).

10.4.

() [20] ,
, ,
, ( ) (. . 10.24).

,
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
, . . , .
,
, , ,
() (. 10.24).

.
, ,

. 10.24
(
, , - )

10. , , .

549

 co = (2n/X )v = (2n/X ) , X v
(
). ,
v .

.
,

q

q c

\l-(v /c) \
2

.
, (
) ,
0

1+

1/2

(/)

2,
'1

l-(v,/c)

(10.4.2)

l-(v /c)
2

^=^[1-( /) ]-

(.4.8)

, , ,
v = . (10.4.2) (10.4.3)
[1 -(v /c) ],
,
, v ,
: [1 - (v /c) ] = ( /) ,
, ->*
. *
v , . . [1 - (v /c) ] .
, ,

0

1
. = ( ) /2
(
, ).
(10.4.2) (10.4.3) (10.4.4) :
2

1/2

(
2{ )
( -->
, ,
X / . ,
, X = 10 = 1, ,
0

( 1 + 2 )

10 4 6

550

. .

10 10
. , , ,
,
(. . 10.24).
, ,
At' = (l/c)[l - (v /c) ] ,
I
. (10.4.1) , ,
, ,
N = ''/2 = l/X , . . N = l/X
. ,
[sin (/2)/(/2)] ,
= 2nN (v - v ) / v .
Av ( )

2

1/2

cyc

Av
v

0,2

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

10 *

-1,0

-0,5

/fTv | | /
-10-8

-6

-4

1 1

-2

1 1

1 1

. 10.25

.
,

,
,


.

,
,


. ,


N ~ 10 , (10.4.7)
A v / v = 5 10" .
,

.

, ,

,
. ,


2

-0,5

-1,0

. 10.25
) )


= 2nN (v - v ) / v
w

. , , . .

551

 .
,
.

( ).
,


. ,
,

, .
. 10.256. ,
, ,
.
, ,
.

( 10),

.
.
,
.
X = 3,4

[21].
3,2 , = 84,7 ,
L ,
(. . L = /2 = 12,7 ) . ,
.

.
(. (10.4.5)), ,
, ,

. , \

, ,
, A v / v , . .
r\
= (1/2N ).
,
( - ) .
:
2
Xq/E
( );
, ,
, .
9

max

- 2

552

- 3

. .

, , ,
, .
,

( > 10 ), (7 - 1-100 ) .
, ,

( ).
, ( = 1-2 )
(I ~ 10-20 ) . ,

( ),

,
. v = 2/
(10.4.5), ,
.
()
,
. ,
, .
0

: (1) ; (2)
, ,
(3) , ,
(
200 ).
, , -,
, ,
, ,
- (100-400 )
(- < 100 ).
10.5.


, ,
. ,
[22] , :
,

;
,
.
10. , , ...

553

 ,
, ,
.
, , (7.3.12)

hvmp_

(10.5.1)

P
= a(v = v ) = ,
. ,
,
.
(2.4.29) (2.3.15) 1/ v /g (0),

||. ,
(2.4.9), (2.4.28) g (0) 1/Av ,
Av ( ).
, (10.5.1), hv = hv ,
P
v A v . , - -,
, . (. (2.5.18)), Av v ,
, P
VQ . ,
,
,
( ). Av 1/ v P
v. , , ,
(X = 500 ) ( = 10 ),
50 , a P
!
,

. ,

.
(
) ,
,
.

( ).
,
, 24-
( S e ) [23].
,

.
Novette (X = 532 ,
~1 , ~1 ), mth

mp

mth

mth

mth

mth

2 4 +

554

. .

. 10.26

Nova- . . (d = 200 , / = 1,2 )

(75 ) ,
150 ( 10.26).
.
(~5 1 0 / ) (Se), d = 200 .
- ,
S e .
, Ne (. . 10.1),
l s 2 s 2 p ( ).
( = 1 )
S e , 2 3
2p 3s ,
3s ,
-> 3s ( ). ,
. 10.26,
( = 20,63 = 20,96 ) 2 3 - 2p 3s (.
. 10.1).
Ne .

G = (a iV7), 700.
, ,
2.9.2. ,
Q = 10~ , -
. (2.9.46) G = 4,5 10 . ,

. ,

(~10~ ) .
,
[24].
,
( A g
) , ( 1
) ,
13

2 4 +

2 4 +

th

10

3 7 +

8 +

1 2 +

10. , , .

5 +

555

1 1 +

10+

51

35+

( S i 1 ) ( ) .
~3,6 47 ,
G 10 10 .

.
( X = 46,9 ) ,
,
1 -10 , .
3

8 +

10.6.

.
, ,
(
). (
), .
, (, N d : Y V 0
)
. He-Ne ,
, InGaAlP
. ,
, ,

. , , -,
0 , ( )
. ,
.
, ,
0 ,
. ,
, , .
4

10.1. ,
- .
10.2. ,

.
, -
?
10.3.
> 1 . ?
556

. .

10.4.
514,5 -3,5 . 100 .

4 . ,


, ,
.
00

00

00

10.5. , ,
.
: 1)
; 2) -.
10.6. , N

. ,
(. 10.9) .
, . 10.19
.
2

10.7. , N - N ,
(v = 1) -> (v = 0) N
.
f

10.8. , 0
- k.
k , v (
v = 1337 ) , ,
.
2

- 1

10.9. k,
, v
, . 10.9.
3

10.10. , 0
, v ,
- 0 .
2

10.11. , ,

0
J' = 21 (. . 10.11).
= 400 , (kT/h) = 280 .
,
.
2

-1

.12. ,
( )
0 (,
- 1

. , , ...

557


, , 0
J).
2

10.13. 0
Av = 7,58 (\|/ + 0 , 7 3 ^ +0,6y )p(300/T)V
,
,
, (.). ,
,
0 A v ^ 2 ,
0 , N 1:1:8.
?
2

He

- 1

10.14. 0 , ,
,
,
?
2

10.15. , , 31,6 /,
HF (. 10.3.1),
1,372 , .
10.16. , . 10.22.
HF,
,
, . ,
], , .
10.17. , ,
(. 10.226).
10.18. (10.3.1)
,
,
.
(10.3.2)
,
. ,

.
2

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. .

4. . . Webb, Metal Vapor Lasers: Recent Advances and Applications, in Gas Flow
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2

IO. , ,

559

 11

1 ,
: 1) ; 2)
( ); 3)
4) . ,
,
(
).


() (
).

t :
E(r, t) =A(r, t) exp {/[<>* - (, )],

(11.1.1)

(, ) (, t) , . .:
dA
Adt

< ( 0 >

(11.1.2)

:
2

/(, t) = E(r, t)E*(r, t) = |A(r, t)\ .

(11.1.3)

11.2.

7 . 9 7.11 ,

,
. , ,

560

. .

 . ,

)
. ,
A(t)

.

(7.9.2).
A v , .
7.9, Av ~0,4 He-Ne
1 . ,
,

( A v = 1 )
.

,
.
(, ,
, . . 7.26) A v
10-50 . ( -0,1 )

, . 7.10.
, , ,
. ,
= 10 Av =100 .
L

, ,
, , . ,
,
, ,

( ) , -
.

. ,
,

(, ).
, ,
, ,
10-100 ,
,
,
1 .
.
, .
11.

561

11.3.

1 ,
,
.
. ,
,

[1].
11.3.1.

,
.
.
,
0 .
E(r
t{) E*(r
) , t ut

-.
,
.
:

l9

l9

r^to, p

t t ) = (E(r
l 9

l f

l9

h)E*(r ,

t )).

(11.3.1)

,
, , ,
,
, , ,
. , ,
= t - t
t n t . :
1

* )^, r
1

l9

t 1)
l9

29

= *\

19

19

) = <(, t + ) E * ( r
T

lf

t))

(11.3.2)

, t = t . \
, (,
),
.
:

( 1 )

r< >(r ,r ,T) =

1

lim^

[E(r t

T->QO 1

l9

+ T)E*(r t)dt.
l9

(11.3.3)

, ,
( , ,
562

) , .
. . ]
1

( 1 )

, , ,
,
.
, 11.3.4,
(11.3.1), .

, (r , )
:
( 1 )

( 1 )

(1)

1?

(1)

( ( ! - ! , * + )*(1,*)>

^^^^

+ ^^ + )) / '

(.3.4)

,
(11.3.4) , (11.1.3),
(I (r )). ,
(11.3.4),
(1)
, | |
. ,
()
, .
* * :
(11.3.4) = 1 = 0;
y ( 1 ) (r 1 ? r -) = ( 1 ) *( , , ), (11.3.4)
(11.1.1);
|y ( i> i > ) 1 ^ 1>

(11.3.4).
, | | = 1 ,
. ,
, , , , ,
, . . = ( ){[ - ()]}. , (11.3.4) ,
ly* ^ = 1.
, (E(r t + x)E*(r t)) ,
, > 0.

(, , . . 2.3).
(1)
| | ,
. 11.1 ( ,
(1)

l9

(1)

(1)

l9

(1)

(1)

l9

l9

(1)

. 11.1


ly* ^ )|
.



1

11.

563

(1)

| | ).
, (
) , , . .
|y(D| = 1 / 2 . , = ,
= 0.
L L = .


:

< )( , ,0) = <( ,*) ,*)> = ^ {E(r t)E*(r ,t)dt.

1

(11.3.5)

^
19

29

0):

(E(r t)E'(r t))

l9

29

(11.3.6)

(1)

( , , 0)
, &
. ,

. ,
| | < 1.
, | | = 1 ( ,
,
, L ).
,
. , ,
| - | | |
1 (, = ) 0.

( 1 )

(1)

(1)

(1)

\^

564

. 11.2

(1)
| ( 2 - )|
^
,

. .

(1)

. 11.2, |y (i*2 ~ i ) l
( )
. , , | |
- (, 1/2)
.
.

, :
2

(1)

^ ! , , ) = (E(r 1 + x)E*(r , t)),

2

l9

(11.3.7)

(E(r t + T)E*(r ,t))

( 1 )

y (ri,r ,T) = -

l9

(11.3.8)

(^(^^!,^) / ^,^^^))

1 7 2

'

, ,

.
(11.1.1) (11.3.8) :

(1)

= |(1)|{[(> - ()]},

( )

(11.3.9)

ly**! () ( ), . .

d\y ) ! dty
\yV\dx dx
9

(11.3.10)

>.

11.3.2.

,
(. 11.3).
1, ,
2, , ,
. ,
t
,
[t - (/)] [t - (L2/c)].
, ,

2 ,
,
( )
E[r 1 - ( /)][ , t - ( L / c ) ] ,
. 11.3
.

l9

,
( 1 1 . 3 . 5 )
( ,
) .

11.

565

 J
J
,
V
max

min

max

(11.3.11)

"t" * m i n

, 1 2
,
, /
= 0, , (..),
V = 1. , (. . ), , . . 7
=J
,
, , V = 0.
, , V
.

E[r 1 - ( /)] E[r , t - (L /c)] .
, L = L .
, . .
, (. 11.1):
1

m i n

max

(1)

l9

( 1 )

^ = 1 ( ! , , 0)|.

(11.3.12)

, 1 2 (
) , (11.3.12) :

-^ffiffi'Vto.

),

di-3.13)

(1 ) (1 ) ,
. ,
, 11.3, V
l y * ^ , , )|, = (L - L )/c.

11.1. .
( , ? ) ( ) (.
. 11.3) t .
, (1 2) (' - L /c)
(f - L /c) , :

) = K.Eir,,

- LJc) + ( ,
2

- L /c),

(11.3.14)

E(r
t' - L /c) E(r , V - L /c)
, ,
.
L , ,
,
.

(. 4.6), , :
ly

566

. .

 = //2)},
= | |{-(;/2)}.

(11.3.15)
(11.3.156)

t = t'- L /c = (L /c) - (L /c)

(11.3.14) :
1

= ( 1

+ ) + { 1).

19

(11.3.16)

29

, (11.1.3)
(11.3.16), I = * =
= \ (
t + ) + K E(r
t)\ . , (11.3.15),
:
2

19

29

I = I (t + T) + I (t) + 2 Re[i JT^fa, t + )* (r ,f)],

1

(11.3.17)

Re . 1 /
,
P
. :

l9

1 = \ \*\( * + )| = \^ 1+
),
/ = \K \ \E(r 1)\
= |# 2 | 2 /( 2 , t),

19

(11.3.18)
(11.3.186)

19

29

I(r 1 + ) , t) .
(11.3.17)
(11.3.7), :
l9

(/> = ( ) + </ > + 2\K^K \Re[Y^\v

2

l9

, )].

(11.3.19)

(11.3.15). (11.3.19)
**,
, (11.3.8) :
1

* 1 + ))(/( 2 ,

(1) =

19

1/2

0>] .

(11.3.20)

(11.3.18),
</) =
+ <I > + 2 ( ( / > < / R e [ Y ( r , , )].
(11.3.9) :
1/2

(1)

(/> = (1 ) + </ > + 2 / ) ( / V 2 | ( i ) |

c o s [ ( a ) > T

( ) ]

(.3.21)

(1)

, | ( , , )|, ()
, (I)
( )
, (). ,
:
1

'mm

'^
= (h) + </ > " WiXhWW= <> + </ > +
2

(11.3.22)
(11.3.226)

, (11.3.11) :
F p =

^^r

| Y < 1 > ( r

r 2

" '

T )

l-

( 1 1

2 3 )

- , = (L /c) - ( /) = 0, (11.3.23)
(11.3.13).
2

11.

567

11.4

)
; ) ,
, L - L

3

(. 11.4)
.
. ,
,
, (.
. 11.12). S
( R = 50%),
. S nS (R = 100%)
, . ,
,
,
2(L - L ) . ,
, ( L - L ) ,
. ,
1
2(L - L ) , . 11.46.
V (x)
(11.3.11) ( L - L )
, . . = 2(L - L )/c
, /
J

. 11.46. , V
, ,
. , :
x

min

^ ( W y ^ r , , ) / ,

(11.3.24)

. ,
V (x) = I Y ^ T ) !
, , , V (T ) = 1 / 2 (. . 11.1).
L = .
, . 11.1, , L
( L - L ) ,
V = 1/2.
P

CO

568

. .

11.3.3.

, ,
,
. ,
, , . .
, Av
.
,
, ,
W(r, ) ( ) (, ). W
- ,
, .
, v ,
.
\ | ( ) | ,

( 1 )

(1)

(<* ) = [ ( - < |()|

<*]]|()<*

()
2

<>=[||()| ^]/[|()| *].

:
2

( ) = <[-<>] >.

(11.3.25)

|(-)| = |()|, () = 0, (11.3.25)

:
2

( ) = < >.

(11.3.26)

( ), ,
, . .
|()|, . . 11.1. , |()|
( ),
.
Av
W (v). ,

( A v ) = ( a ) = ([v - ( v ) ] ) ,
L

(11.3.27)

(v) ,
2

(v) = [ JvT^ dv]/[ J V d v ] .

11-

569

 W ,
, a ( ,
), :
v

CF G
T

^(1/4).

(11.3.28)

,
, ,
[2]. (11.3.28)
, | ()| , , W(y) .
, , ,
[ 2 ] .
(1)

11.2.
. ,

,
(. . 2.9).
()
() ~ {-(||/ )},
.
(11.3.26) :
(1)

(1)

Jx [-(2 / )]dz
2

^ jx exp [-x]dx

Jexp [-(2 / )]dz

Jexp [~x]dx

= 2/ . , = / 7 2 . W(v - v )
(. ),
(11.3.27) :

00

J(v-v )
0

1
d(v-v )
l + 4rc (v-v )2 c2 _
2

Tl

.0
00

f
J

1 + 4* (V-V ) T J

d(v-v )
0

00
2

1 dx

I
"
41 0
2

JLi+* J

dx

x = 2n(y - V ) T . ,
(/4) [11], a = (1/2 ).
, a a
1/(2%/2), 7 2 , 1/4,
.
0

570

. .

11.3.4.

1

, , ,
(11.3.1) = t - ,
t nt .B

,
, .


0 - ,
(,

).

:
( 1 )

^ ' ^ ' W O F f t ^ ^ ^ ^ f e ) )

'

(11.3.29)

t t 0 - ,
. ,
, |y (i, t )\ = 1
t t . ,
.
,
(11.3.29) E(t )E*(t )
EitJE*^)
E(t )E*(t )

( ).
, ,
y (*i, t ) :
x

(1)

2 9

(1)

(1)

, | | = 1.
, ,
,
. ,

. ,
(, )
( ), . .
t - t ,
, -
. , | |
t - t . ,
x

(1)

. .
.

11.

571

 , ,

,
.
11.3.5.

,
. (
7.10 7.11)
.
:

E(r t) = aouirJexvUlat
( 1) = a u(r )exp{j[(ot
l9

29

(*)]},
(*)]},

(11.3.31)
(11.3.316)

, () ,
. (11.3.31)
(11.3.6) = ( )*( )/\( )\\{ )\
, | | = 1.
,
. ,
A v . ,
N d : Y A G (. . 7.26)
Vjr = 20 , , = 1 / A v = 0,05 .
L = = 15 (
).
,
(I ). (
) ,
,
:
0

(1)

(1)

( ,0 = **(1){/[)^- (0]},
1

(11.3.32)

E(r ,t)
2

= Y, aMr )exp{j^t-Ut)]h
k

(11.3.326)

a ,
k- . ,
(, )

k. , ()
(11.3.32).
, :
k

00 9

( t) =
29

*)-

(11.3.33)

, , E(r t)
r l9

l9

572

. .

 .
(11.3.33) (11.3.6) | | = 1.
, ,
(, ),
-
.
, ,
. -

, ,
, ( ).

,
.

.
,
.
2

(1)

00

11.3. ,
. , I
, ,
,
( (11.3.32)):

E(r t)
u

= a u (rOexv{j[^t-b (t)]}>
k

(11.3.34)

E(r ,t) = j^ a u (r )exp{j[^ t-Ut)]}.

2

(11.3.346)

(
) E(r t)E*(r , t),
{[( ~ v)t ~ (& ~ ]} k' k,
,
. , , k' = k.
, :
l9

(( , t)E* (r , t)> = o> a\u (r )u* (r ).

(11.3.35)

= :
2

(E(r

t)E'(r

t)> = | | | )| .

(11.3.36)

= (11.3.35) :

(E(r ,t)E*(r ,t))

2

= Yk\a \ \u (r )\ .
k

(11.3.37)

(11.3.35)-(11.3.37) (11.3.6)
:
11.

573

yd) =

1/2 '

1/2
I . k P l M i i ) !

(11.3.38)

2
2

*|*1 *( )|

R ,
a u (r ) /- ,
R ,
:
Ri R = ^^^^).
(11.3.39)
t

,
-11/2

(11.3.40)

* H R i 1=
1/2

i?2 I R 2 I

|e*l lMi2)l
2

(11.3.41)

.1

(11.3.39)-(11.3.41) (11.3.38), :
y

(l)

R
=

(11.3.42)

R1R2

, R * aR ,
, \^ < 1.
x

11.3.6.

, (
).
,
,
.
,
, ,

(. . 6.66).
(Av = 1 + 10 ) , ,
, . ,
(, . . 6.6)
,
(. . 2.3). , = 1/Av
( < 1 ).

574

. .

. 11.5

,
z
,

d

,
:
, ,
. ,

.
. 11.5,
( ),
d, S.
4.
,
z . ,
,
. ,
z
(, : < <2/2),
.
z
, ,
.
| | z
,
[3]. , | |
(rd/Xz) , ,

(1)

(1)

(1)

, | | = 0,88

r^0,16(A,z/d).

(11.3.43)

.
11.4.

,
(
), :

. , W
, z .
11.

575


:
Q = W/z;

(11.4.1)

J(r)
, .
,
,
.
, 1.8,
,
[ 4 ] . , 0
, ,
, ( 0) :
= /0.

(11.4.2)

, ) ,
.
.

.
, .
11.4.1.

,

( D)
. , ,
J(r)
.
X I X [ 5 ] .
, 1()
, :
2J (ferZ>/2/)
'/,
krD/2f
1

(11.4.3)

k = 2/,, J , 1
x

P , . ,
, (11.4.3),
= , /
.
t

576

. .


I
(. . 11.6):
x = krD/2f.

(11.4.5)

,
,
,
( ),
.
Q
,
. 11.6.
.
, ,
,
(11.4.5) (11.4.2), :
d

. 11.6

D
/

,

= krD/2f

Q =l,22X/D.
d

(11.4.6)

-
( )

.
w ,
R z
, (4.7.17) (4.7.176)
. z (. .
(Xz/nw$)^>l)
, w = Xz/nw R^z.
wuR z,
, ,
.

00 9

Q = w/z = X/nw .
d

(11.4.7)

(11.4.7) (11.4.6) ,
(. . D = 2w )
.
, Q
- :
0

e = pyj>,
d

(11.4.8)

D (3
,
, ,
0 D. .
d

11.

577

11.4.2.

, - ,
. ,
, . 1.6: -,
, ,
,
,
, (11.4.6).
(. . - )
,
[ 3 ] .

!) (. 11.7), (
) d.
,
- (. . ). ,
,
0 = $X/d.
, 0 = fiX/D.
,
.
,
-
!)
(. 11.76).
,
d

= PVZ) ,
c

(11.4.9)

D ,
,
, , 0 ..
, *
.
c

. 11.7
,

- :
) D


d; ) D

. .

11.4.3.
2

(. (11.4.9)
(11.4.8)) ,
.
,
-
, - ,
- [6].
1(, , z)
z. ,


.
c (z), , :
x

9,

\\(x-{x)) I(x,y,z)dxdy

]jl(x,y,z)dxdy

() = [ jjxl(x , z)dxdy^/Y
z)dxdy\.
.
, I(s , s )
s = Q /X
s = 0 , -

[7]. , ,
1(' ') ', ' z
, I( x> y) 1(' '),
:
9

x' = Q z = s Xz

(11.4.11)

y> = Q = Xz.

(11.4.116)

y2

Sy

I(s s )

s
:
x9

y 9

<

j \ ( x - (s Hs > s )ds ds
=~
Iff.
'
^I(s s )ds ds
x

x9

(11.4.12)

Sx

> [ jj **( x'

ds

y ) xds

11.

]/[ J j / ( s , s )ds ds ] .
x

579

 .
(, , z)
( / ~ | | ) u(s ,s )
- ( I ~ | z 2 | ) , ,

[7]. ,
(z)
:
2

c (z) = c +X ol(z-z )\
x

X0

(11.4.13)

0x

, a z ,
. ,
( (11.3.28))
0

0x

o v ^l/4n.
x0

(11.4.14)

Sx

. , 1(, , z) ~ [ - 2 ( +
y )/w (z)].
(11.4.11),
, I(s ,s )<x: [-2n w$(s + s ) ] . ,
(11.4.10) (11.4.12) :
2

G (Z) = W(Z)/2,
G =l/2nw

(11.4.15)
(11.4.156)

Sx

, , (11.4.15) z = 0 :
G

X0

= W /2.

(11.4.15B)

(11.4.156) (11.4.15) :
(o cj )G
x0

= l/4n.

SX

(11.4.16)

,
-, (G G
)
(G G
)G
, . .
2

X0

X0

=(<3 oGs )/(GxOGs )G

x

SX

SX

= 4n(GxOG )-

(11.4.17)

Sx

.
, (11.4.14), ^ 1 .
- .
,
, . ,
,
, . . (G )G = ( a ) ,
,
.
, (11.4.13),
>1
,
2

X0

x 0

580

JEPOB
. .

 , (11.4.15) (11.4.15)
: w {z) = 2G (Z) w = 2G . ,

W (z) W :
x

x0

X0

W (Z)
W
X

x0

x0

= 2G (Z),
= 2a .

(11.4.18)
(11.4.186)

x0

,
W (z) W 0.
(11.4.13) G (Z) (11.4.18) G
(11.4.17), :
x

SX

W %2 Ml-(z-z
r
z ^

W 4z) =

xn

(11.4.19)

0x

, W (z) = w (z), W = w M = 1 ,
(11.4.19) (4.7.13). ,
(11.4.19)
, ,
,
, .
(11.4.19)
, W (z)
. ,
W , z .
W (z)
z. , z
(11.4.19)
x

xQ

x0

x0

0x

0x

W (z) =

(M X/nW )(z-z ).

x0

0x

:
% = W (z)/(z-z )

0x

= M (X/nW ).

(11.4.20)

x0

,

(. . w = W ). (11.4.20) (11.4.9),
, , W
D .
x0

x0

x0

11.4. -
.
AlGaAs/GaAs ,
(. .
) d = 0,8 d\\ = 100 .
= 20 0 = 10. -L ||
--
. d ,

581

 ,
.
,
.
, -- (
), .
w = W [-2(d /2 w ) ] ==
= (1/2). , w = W = d /[2\n 2 ] = 0,68 .
( )
. (11.4.11),
( )
[ - 2 ( 0 2 / W ) ] , W (z) = w (z) ,
[-2(0_LZ/W ) ] = (1/2).
0 = WJz,
0 = [2/ln 2 ] 0 = 0,59 , (11.4.20)
\ - nW Q /X - nd d 12)^ = 1,5, X = 850 . ,
- -
. ,
p-n- ( )
. (11.4.10) W \\ = d\\/2 = 50 .
,
,
. 0 || = [2/1 2] 0 = 0,148 .
(11.4.20) | = 7iW ||0 |/A, = 7t0|d||/[2m2] A, = 55.
,
, -
, . . -.
2

Q1

01

1 / 2

01

01

d l

1 / 2

d l

01

dl

1/2

1/2

11.5.
-
,
11.3, ,
- [ 8 , 9 ] . , ,
.
( ), . . 11.8.
( )
. ,

, ,
.
,
,
.

(. 11.86), /*<

582

. .

(. 11.8),
,
.

,
,
,
. . 11.86, , ,
, .
,
( -,
).
(. 11.8),
, . ,

,

,
. ,
( )

.
d (. .
-) .
(. . 11.9)
, L ,
- (
, ). , ,
. , ,
g

11.

583

743

j)

>1

D'

-L. 11.9
-
( ) , ( )

,
, .
, ,
, , { . ., (
) , , , " . .
:
,
? , ,
, ' ,
, . ,
{ ' ,
{
. .,
. , ,
,
8( - ) - /2.
= ( + L )
= {[(D/2) - ] + L } ,
( D < L) 5 ( - P i P ) = (D/2L)6x.
8( - P i P ) = /2, :

1 / 2

1 / 2

8x = XL/D.

(11.5.1)

, ,
, { ( {
. .), . (
) , . ,
d :
2

d = 2bx = 2XL/D.
g

(11.5.2)

(. 11.86),
,
( ).
, . 11.9
f = L.
= 0 (. . ),
, , 584

. .

 P /,{ . ., ,
29
-
(11.5.2),
d = 2XL/D.
d = 2,44XL/D, , . . 11.6.
:
D
,
L,
2XL/D. ,
D
, : 1) d
D 2)

. ,
(~XL/d ) , (~>).
, L ,
L > d D/X. , d = 10 X = 0,5 , L > 2QD.
,
, ,
(. . 11.96). ,
D' ,
(. . (2XL/d ) ^ D').

d :
l9

d =2XL'/D'.
g

(11.5.3)

, . 11.96
, .
,
. , ^ , (11.5.3),
. ,
d
ag

ag

= dg(L/L') = 2XL/D'.

(11.5.4)

,
, L , , d
L , . .
,
(, ).
.
-
. ,
ag

L D
- [ 7 ] .
- .
y

11.

585

, -. -

.
, -
[9]. -
. , , (-),
, ,
, .

11.5. -, .
He-Ne (
X = 633 ), D = 2
,
d = 50 .
L = 50 . L' = 2
, D' = 2
. (2XL/d ) =12,7
>', ,
.
(11.5.4)
d =316 . ,
L 100 ,
( D = 2 )
~632 .
8

ag

HHUIIIHI.HI Ihl INI, II

II!

1111.111111

I III II

UNI !

1.1

Ulilll.lMHHIU.I

II I IIIII III I I

II.

11.6.

1 (. (1.4.3) (1.4.4)). ,
(, ,
) ,
. 1.4.4, ,
,
, , .
(1.4.6). , ,
, . . 11.10
,
( , f < f\) , ,
. (~ X/D )
, ( ~ A , / ^ i ) > ,
. ,
, (
).

2

586

. .

D

).

V
V

ft
,
. 11.10
.



.
, , , X = 514
( ), 1 ,
.
( Labs 107/109),
-100 , P - 10
~ 95 /( )
X = 546 .
, ,
= (nw$ / 2), w
. 2 ,

(1/), . ,
(1/) 9 = (X/nw )
Q = ( 6 / 2 ) .
= ( P / A Q ) ,
.
:

out

00

= (4 ).

(11.6.1)

,
1,6 10 /( ). , 7
. ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
.
9

11.7.



, ,
,
. E(t) = A(t)exp {j[cot - ()]}
.
11.

587

E(t) = Et exp {j(wt)}, = Aexp {-()},

( )
E(t). ,
, E .
,
()= (
Ei), ,
dp = () dE dE
E nE
+ dE
E E + dE .
()
, , dp = p (E)AdAd


+ dA + d. ()>
(11.1.3)
:

jjUl

JJ

p (E)dE dE
E

jjpElEWErdEt

p (E)AdAd*
E

\\p (E)AdAd$
E

'

(H-7.1)

E nEi.
() ( )
. 11.11. 7.11,
, ,
( )
(
)
, .
-
. , ()
, ( , ),
0 . ,
r

. 11.11
()

E :
) , ; ) ,
.

588

. .

1 / 2

-1

A = [E?
]
= - t a n (E /E )
,
, . 11.11. ,
= A(t)
. ,
,
, (. . 7.30).
:
t

r 9

()

*8(- ),

(11.7.2)

5 , ,
. , (11.7.2)
(11.7.1) (1) = $. , ,
E(t) ( E ),
| |= AQ.
, dfy/dt
.
() ( E )
. 11.116.
( ),
. ,
,
,
.
, :
0

()-

(11.7.3)

, .
, (11.7.3) (11.7.1) (1) = $.
, E
. , ,
E(t) (E , E ),
. ,
(dA/Adt dty/dt ),
.
0

11.8.


: He-Ne ,
( X = 633 )
(1 ), ,
, 1.6 ( Labs
107/109), P = 10
~ 95 /( ) ( ,
out

1 1 .

589

d
. 11.12

out

()

X = 546 ). ,

, . 11.12,
/ D.
,
, d, S.
, 11.3.6, ,
, D
(. (11.3.43)):
D = 0,32kf/d.

(11.8.1)

(^(, ) = 0,88 ), ,
, HeNe ( ).
P = BAQ,
, ( = nd /4) Q
, (Q = 1 > / 4 / ) .
(11.8.1), (1.6.1), :
2

(1)

out

0Ut

(X/4) B.

(11.8.2)
2

( = 95 /( )),
P = 1,8 10~ . ,
5 He-Ne 9
. ,
, (11.8.2), ,
-
, ,
, .
(
) ,
He-Ne .
,
He-Ne .
, -
A v =" 1 0 . -
(
) A v = 1 .
8

out

13

590

. .

 ,
. ,
( 1 ),
(. . 11.12).
,
( ( A v / A v ) = 10" ),

P = 10~ .
, 19
( ),
, He-Ne
(. . 11.12)
.
, (
1 0 ) He-Ne .

. :
, . . .
. ,
,
, , He-Ne
.


. , ,
,
He-Ne , ,
.
,
, 11.7 (. . 11.11 . 11.116).
. ,
, ,
(11.7.2) (11.7.3) .
,
,
, E(t) (E , E ),
. ,
, ,
(E E )
.
, . 11.11, .

,

(. ). ,
(. 11.3)
( )*( )
10

18

out

15

r9

( 1 )

11.

591

 ,
x = (r t ). (1), ,
,
.
,
(( )( )*( )*( ))
-
x #, .

. ,
,
(. ). ,
(
, . . 11.12)

.
,
, ,
, , ,
.
t

i9

l9

( )

11.1.

( 1 )

(r

l9

l9

) .

11.2. (11.3.9).
11.3. , . 11.4,
1
( , , ), = 2 ( L - L )/c.

(1)

11.4.
(. 11.4)
(. 2.9).
Vp = Vp(x).
1 ( ) , ,
( ) , .
(1)

(1)

11.5. , 10,6 ,
10 ( A v
(11.3.27)). . 11.46,
AL
L .
L

11.6.
, , 1

, , ()
J C ,
, .

592

. . /


.
?
11.7. / .

P ,
,
.
(11.4.4).
t

11.8.
N d : Y A G , - = 1,064 ,
( ). ,
,
D = 4 . ,

6 = 3 . -.
2

11.9.
-0 (
),
, = 10,6 ,
1 4 . , -
16. ,
, z = 3
.
2

1. . Born and . Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980),
pp. 491-544. M . . 2- . .: , 1970.
2. W . . Louisell, Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics (McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1964), pp. 47-53. . .
.: , 1972.
3. Ref. [1], pp. 508-518.
4. J. W . Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968).
. -. .: , 1970.
5. Ref. [1], pp. 395-398.
6. . . Siegman, Defining and Measuring Laser Beam Quality, in Solid-State LasersNew Developments and Applications, ed. by M. Inguscio and R. Wallenstein (Ple
num, New York, 1993) pp. 13-28.
7. Ref. [4], Chap. 5.
8. Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, ed. by J. C. Dainty (Springer-Verlag, Ber
lin, 1975).
9. M. Francon, Laser Speckle and Applications in Optics (Academic, New York, 1979).
10. R. J. Glauber, Optical Coherence and Photon Statistics, in Quantum Optics and Elec
tronics, ad. by C. De Witt, A. Blandin and C. Cohen-Tannoudji (Gordon and Breach,
New York, 1965), pp. 71, 94-98, 103, 151-155.
11. A. Jeffrey, Handbook of Mathematical Formulas and Integrals, (Academic, San
Diego, 1995) p. 244.
11.

593

 12

:
, ,
,

12.1.

-
, , ,
.
,

.
(
, ),

. ,
, ,

.
,
. ,
,

(
). ,

. ,

,
,
, (
) ( )
.
.
,
. ,

. .


.

.
,
[1], .

,
.
,
[2].

,
[3], , ,
.
12.2.
:


,
4.7.2
11.4.3 . 4.7.2 , (
, ) ,
z
. 11.4.3 ,
(, )
: z , W
-, .
,
ABCD-, 4.7.3, ,
q
q ,
ABCD-.

ABCD-.

[4, 5]. (,
z)
(11.4.19), :
Q

W 4z) = Wl+M*-^(z-z ) .
2

0x

(12.2.1)

,
,
12.

595

 ,
z ( z),
:
(12.2.2)
w (z) = W (z)/M
0x

=yJM . , (12.2.2)

(12.2.1) (4.7.13). ,
R(z)
( z)
.
, ,
,
ABCD-. ,
, ,
.
1. W , | z
w = W /M

, . . ,
.
2. , ABCD
, ,
.
3.

. , , ,
.
4. W
z W (z) = M w (z).
0x

0x

0x

0x

12.1. Nd:YAG
.
Nd:YAG , X = 1,06
. ,

D = 4 (
). ~40. ,

/ = 10 . ,
( ).
,
, , ,
, ,
.
(W = W ) D
{-2(D/2W ) ) = 1/2. , W = D/[21n 2 ] / s 3,4 ,
, w = W /\lM S 0,54 . (4.7.26), 2

596

 ,
z - nw , / = 85 ,
,
. (4.7.28)

w = Xf/niVQ = 63
W = yjM w
= 400 .
2

of

0f

12.3.
:

,
[ 6 - 8 ] . ,
I ( 2 = 0) z
I. ,
( ).
( ) [8].
,
, ,
< < ,
.
.
, -,
, ,
Nd: Y A G ,
. ,

. ,
(2.4.17) ( F = I/hv)
N(t z) z
:

8K = -WN = -m,
dt
T

(12.3.1)
s

T = (hv/o)
(12.3.2)
(. (2.8.29)).
, (12.3.1) ,
N z t, . .
N = N(t, 2 ) , , / = I(t, z). ,
(12.3.1) N(t):
s

N(t) = N exp{-(r/r )},

0

(12.3.3)

N = N ( - l )
, ,
,
0

12.

597

r(z) = ~fl(z,t)dt

(12.3.4)

-co

.
,
/ .

dz S (
. 12.1):
dt

{dt),

[dt)

(12.3.5)

[dt)

(dp/dt)
, (dp/dt) (,
), (dp/dt) .
(2.4.17), F = I/hv, :
x

|J

=WNhv = vNL

(12.3,6)

(2.4.17) (2.4.32) , :
J

= -W N hv
a

= -aI,

(12.3.7)

N , W
.
(dp/dt) . 12.1, (dp/dt) Sdz
,
.
, (dp/dt) Sdz = S[I(t, z) - I(t, z + dz)], :
a

di ,
-J-z '

dZ

tt[

dZ

12 3 8

< -->

(12.3.6)-(12.3.8), , (/dt) = (dl/cdt),

(12.3.5) :
I . | I
dt

|Z:
dz

^ j _

(12.3.9)

. 12.1



dz S

598

. .

 (12.3.1) .
,
.
(12.3.1) (12.3.9)
.
N(0, z) = N , N
. ,
I (t) , ,
. . I(t, 0) = I (t). (. .
-al) (12.3.1) (12.3.9)
:
0

I(z, ) = / () i 1 - [1 - (-gz)]

//(')<*7

(12.3.10)

= t - (/), ag = GN .
(12.3.1) (12.3.9)
T(z) ,
(12.3.4). , (12.3.1)
( t = - t = + ) (12.3.3),
:
0

(^NIdt/T )

= N -N(+>) = N [1-exp

(-/.)].

, (12.3.9) (
), [ NIdt/ )
+ , z) = - , z) = 0, :
^
'

00

dT :|?,[1- ( - / , ) ] - .
dz
:

(12.3.11)

, , :

( / ) = 1

1 +

Go ,

(12.3.12)

G = (gl) (. .
) ; .
. 12.2 /
T /T G = 3. ,
< (12.3.12)
:
0

in

(0 = G T ,
0

in

(12.3.13)

. . ,
( ). . 12.2
, (12.3.13),
, . ,
T
in

12.

599

. 12.2


F


G = 3.


= /

in

1,5

0,5

/
'

, (12.3.13), . .
. Y > T ( )
, (12.3.12),
:
in

T(l)

= T

in

(12.3.14)

gir

. 12.2 ,
(12.3.14). ,
I
. F gl = N lhv,
, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
7.2.2, , (12.3.1) ,
:
s

= hv/(a + ) ,
8

(12.3.15)

<j
. , , (12.3.9)
, . ,
(12.3.12) ,
(12.3.15) G G = <JeN l.
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
e

600

. .

(12.3.12) ,
(12.3.15),
.
, ,
. , (1)
(
. 12.2), . ,
,
( ,
, . (12.3.14))
(- - (12.3.11)).

. , <,
:

T = r /a.
m

(12.3.16)

, , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
(
10 / ).
, (12.3.14) :

T = gir <Y .
s

(12.3.17)

,
G = exp(a^Z) ,
,
().
,
, ( )
(, ).
2.9.2.

.
.
.
(gl)

g . .
0

max

gl<(gl) ^
m

(12.3.18)

(gl)
3-5.
, 2.9.2 (. (2.9.4)
). (. .
Q = 1) ,
G = 8 ( gl = 2,1), . . ,
m&x

12.

601

 , .
Q ( ) G,
, (. (2.9.4)). ,
,
, , .
, (12.3.17),
(12.3.18),
, :

E =T H=Y {glf /g\

m

(12.3.19)

1 ( ),
(12.3.18). (12.3.19) ,
g,
, , .

12.2. ,
. , gl
, (gOmax =10. ,
, g = 10~ " .
T = 10 / ,
(12.3.19) 1 .
l = (gl) /g = 3 ,
.
2

.

.
. 12.2. ,
(,
),
, . ,
,
. ,
. ,
, ,

. ,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
(12.3.10), ,

, ( ) [7].
602

. . 0

12.3.1.
:

,
(10-100 )
[8].

, . (
NOVA-)
. .
(
).
,
, , ,
, .

, .
NOVA . 12.3.
, ,
380 , 25 50
.
(. . 6.36),
(10 20 ).
. 12.3 (. . 7.23),

II

34

II

34

II I
34

>i !! li !! !i

L1 JL ^JL iNy'^^iiiA>Vlio5H-i
-J

[ N i N- ()


^

UUI , ,
-
. 12.3
i V O F A - ,
( [ 8 ] )

12.

6Q3

 -
, ,
.
, ,
(. . 11.10), ,
. : -,

, -,
. , . 12.3,
10 1 .
NOVA-,
,
100 . ,
1 ,
(
, NIF, . ) ( , Megajoule, . ) (. 9.2.2.2.).
,
(
), [9]
(
-, ).
,
, ,
( ),
(
). ,
, :
( ) ,
.
, ,

( 10 -10 ).

.
, , ,
().

(. 12.5.2 ) .
,
(. 12.5.1),
,
, , ,
, , .
. 12.4
, 3

604

. .

100 , 1

0,1-1
150
1-7

N d : Y L F

1-10
527
1-10

. 12.4

-

. P ,
, (-
), , ,
(- ).

( ),
; ,
, 90 (. . 7.24).
- (
1 / = 80 )
, ,
.

, .
, ,
( 12.5.2.).
, ,
, 5000, 100 500 .
,
(
90)
.
,
,
( ) .
l9

12.

605

 .

, ,
.

-, , ,
.

,
-,
.
.
,
M ,


. , ,
, .
( , 15-20)


. ,
-

. -
,
( )
(
12.5.1).
,
,

- ( 1-10 ,
N d : Y L F , ).
3

l9

,
, [10].
,
,

20 .
,
100 (, 2 20 ).
,
, 1,25
(1 = 10 ) [11], ,
^4.- ( 15

606

. .

 580 460 ).
,
,
( 1 0 - 1 0 / ) , -
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
[12].
19

20

,
,
, () [13].
.
(980 1480 )
(. . 9.4).
,
(,= 1550 ). , ,

( ),
(~10 , . . 9,4),
, . .
. ,
,
.
, ,
, :
+

1. (.
9.2.4), , ,

.
2.
.
3. ,
,
().
[14].
,
(~50 )
( 100 )
. , ,
,
,
, .
12.

607

12.4.
:


,

, . .
(12.4.1)
.
, , (12.4.1)

,
.

.
,
,
. ,
[1, 15], :
1. (),

2 ( . [16]).
2. (),

% % + ( "
[17]).
, ,

( 100% ).

, .
3

12.4.1.

,
, P

:
NL

NL

= 2e dE ,
0

(12.4.2)

d ,
. (12.4.2)
1

2z dE
dE (
) , d .
0

608

. .

 ,
,
.
,
.
(12.4.2) (12.4.1) ,
= %/d
. % = 1, , (1/d)
,
, . .
. , ,
(1/d) , ,
, , . .
(1/d) = /4
( (1/d) ~ 1 0 / = 0,1 ). , ( ,
) d .
, ,
, P = 4- P
. , P ~ dE ,
, d = 0.
. ,
(12.4.2)
, .
2

11

NL

NL

12.4.1.1.

,
z .
, z .
EJjz, t)
:
( 1)

= ( l / 2 ) { ( z , ) [* - )] + . .}.

(12.4.3)

. . , -
,

(12.4.4)

,
. (12.4.3) (12.4.2),
, P ,
2, :

NL

* =( <*/2){ (2,) [ ( 2 ^ - 2 ^ ) ] + } .
0

(12.4.5)

NL

P
= 0,
( ) .

12.

609

 , 2
2 .
2,
2.
, ,
.
:
&

(2, t) = (1/2){(, 2) [(2* - k z)] + . .},

2(0

2(u

(12.4.6)

_ 2 _ 2
2

2. ,
(12.4.2),

, , 2.,
(12.4.5) (12.4.6),
, ,
. , (v = 2/
2k )
(v = 2/&2)' :
P

= 2.

(12.4.8)

, ,
I (. . 2 = 1) (. .
2& /) (k J) ,
2 = 0 2 = 1. I
(2k - k )l ,
I,
. (12.4.8)
. , (12.4.4) (12.4.7)
:

&

2(u

2(0

= .

(12.4.9)

NL

, P ( , )
( (12.4.2)), (12.4.9)
- (An = n - ).
/ ,
P
. 1 (
) ,
,
- - 2Jc - 2k J = . (12.4.4) (12.4.7),
:

2(0

2(D

NL

k=Trt->
4
610

(12.4.10)
. .

 X = 2/ . , , X s 1
An = 10~ , 1 = 25 . ,

180 , , ,
, . , 1
,
.

, , .
()
((o ):
2

SH

co = 2co.

(12.4.11)

Sif

(12.4.11) (12.4.8)
, :
?m = 2fao,
* -2*

(12.4.12)
(12.4.126)

SH

. ,
dl jdz = -dljdz,
J 1
. (12.4.12) dF Jdz =
= -(l/2)dFJdz,
F F .
, ,
, 2.
, (12.4.12)
. , hk,
(12.4.126) , ,
.
(12.4.9)
,
[18, 19].
,
, ,
(12.4.2) .
,
-
.
.
.

,
( z 12.5).

.

( . 12.5) , .
2

2ct)

2(0

12.

611

. 12.5

(
)

(
)

.
,

.
, , ,
. ,
.
,
n (Q) 0
( )
,
( ). ,
> ,
< .
,
( )
(. 12.6).
,

.
,
.
. 12.6
- 2 .


. (12.4.2)
,
. 0

612

. .

 (, t)
Pjvjr,(r, t) 2 :

(, t) = (1/2)[ (, )( + . ] ,

2 (

(12.4.13)

r > t

) = (1/2)[ (,2) (2jcot) + .].

(12.4.136)

(, 2) (, ). , i
:
2

4dfr EfE%.

? =

(12.4.14)

=1,2,3

,
:

^=^( ,
)

1 6.
:
()

()

= 2
2

* =Ejj, (EE)

s E f J B | , ()2

= 2 ,

()

= 2

= 2

=$

()

=%

= 2

2 ,

1, 2, 3, , , 2 . ,
d 3 x 6 ,
- () .

d ,
. 42,
KDP
, d , d d ,
. ,
d , :
im

im

14

2b

S6

36

P = 2e d E E

29

(12.4.16)

P = 2e d E E ,

(12.4.166)

P = 2e d E E ,

(12.4.16B)

36

36

36

2
. . 12.1 ,
,
. AgGaSe ,
10 , -
-.
(- ) ( ),
,
, N d : Y A G . d-,
, KDP,
d = 0,5 10~ / .
2

12

36

12.

613

 12.1

d
(
kKDP)

()

(/ )
2

KDP

2 4

dm = du 1

42m

0,22-1,5

0,2

K D 2 P O 4

dm = du = 0,92

42m

0,22-1,5

0,2

ADP

N H 4 H 2 P O 4

dm du 1,2

42m

0,2-1,2

0,5

CDA

C S H 2 A S O 4

dm = du = 0,92

42m

0,26-1,4

0,5

0,3-5,5

0,5

3m

0,4-5

0,05

mm2

0,35-4,5

3m

ds\ = dvi = d'M

LiI0

dl5 = 12.7

dsi = 12,5
LiNb0

d 2 = 6,35
2

dsi = 13
ds2 = 10

dm = 27,4

diA = 15,2
di5 = 12,2
0,19-3

dm du 538

42m

2,4-20

0,04

dm du 66

42m

0,73-17

0,05

- 0

CdGeAs

AgGaSe

d22 = 4,1

,
42/. (12.4.16)
, = 0, ,
,

^-. (. . 12.5),
= 0 ,
0
. ,


2.
,
0
,
2

n (2co, 0 ) = ().
e

. 12.7
6

I

614

(12.4.17)

. 12.7,
() /1 (2, )
0

. .

 , z .
,
(() < (2),
(2() < /1 (2), ( . 12.7) (2() = (2&,
90) (2) = (2, 0). , (
) ( 2)
0 ( . , 0
(. . ,
z 0 ), (12.4.17)
, , .
0

12.3.
. . 12.7,
. z
,
(2(, 0) , :

,#2
2

( )
2

=1,

( )
2

| = 2^ = (2&).
z (2(, 6) 0
, :
0

)
(|)
9 = (12.4.17),
:

=1,
rtf = (). ,
sin 0 :
0

V"2

sin 0 =
m

, 0 90, , . . ( )
, 0 .
,

, , / (2), 9 0 ) < / ().

(2) ( . . 12.7) ().
, / (2, 9 0 ) = {2() < () < (2), ,
(2) - (2) , (2) - ().

12.

615

 (
).

. ,
0 = 90, . . , (2, 90) == / ().

, ,
, -
. ,
( )
, (
(12.4.16)) ,
( (12.4.16)),
2, : + > .
I.

,
II.
, ,
2,
:
-\- -^ .

2(

, .
,
, .
,

.
( 100%).
Nd: Y A G
( - (X = 1,064 ) (X = 532 )),
- (
X = 205 )
.
, .
,
N d : Y A G , (3- 0
().
, ,
, ,
-, 200 .
0
(, CdGeAs ).
2

, I ,
( , + - > ) ,
I I , .
2

616

. .

12.4.1.2.

.
, , ,
%
, 003 = 0)! + (
).
, =
2.

(12.4.2) P

[ = ( 2 , t) + (z, )],
,
= (! + . , ,
. ,
:
2

NL

&2

/ + fm = / ,

(12.4.18)

( , ) ,
,
. ,
, , . .

+ hk = hk .

(12.4.186)

,
. (12.4.186),
,
(. (12.4.126)).

, .
( ) (
) coi ,
, . .
3

fm = hcox + ,

(12.4.19)

hk

(12.4.196)

= hk -hhk .
1

, ,
. ,


(.
(12.4.2)) ,
coj,
- >! = .
(12.4.196),
.
[ = ( (, t) + E(o (z 1) + Eco (z, t)]
,
3

12.

617

. 12.8

#1

-

,
,
. ,
.

,


( ).
(,
), (
).
, .
,
(. 12.8).
(1 2)
(, R\ = 1 R = 1) (
), ( ).
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, *!,
,
(12.4.19). , 1,

(. .
+ ) , (12.4.196) :
3

((0

39

) = ()

+ co /i (co ).
2

(12.4.20)

0 (. .
) (12.4.20)
, (12.4.19)
.
I , II (,
+
),
( ), (
). , ,
, , ,
,
2

618

. .

, .
,
().
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
,

( ),
. ,
.
,
,
.

(0,5-5 ).
, , LBO
( L i N b 0 ) .
- ( 14 ),
, - (AgGaSe )
(CdSe).
, ,

.
,
, ,
(
), .
,
,
(100%).
3

12.4.2.

, ,
(,
(12.4.2)), . ,
:
V

x E =- ^ ,

12.

(12.4.21)
619

VxH = J + ^ ,
dt
V D = p,

(12.4.216) '
(12.4.21B)

V B = 0,

(12.4.21r)

p . ,
, , .
, :
= JLI H + JLI M
0

= .

(12.4.22)

(, )
a ,
:
s

J = o E.

(12.4.23)

:
L

D = + P + P ^ = + P ^ ,

(12.4.24)

P ,
.
(12.4.21) Vx
Vx d/dt.
(12.4.22), (12.4.216), (12.4.23) (12.4.24), :

Vx Vx = V(V ) - V E ,
V s 0, (12.4.25) :
V

NL

1 _ 1 d P
^
^ *--^--9-'
8

2 4 2*
(12.4.26)

1 / 2

= ( ) ~ .
(12.4.26) ,
. , ,
,
. P ^
. ,
, ,
. ,
2, (12.4.26) :
0

dz

dt

1
dt
2

NL

dP
dt '
2

(12.4.266)

E (z t)
ni

620

= (l/2){E (z)exp
t

[K&it-fyzn + cc.},

(12.4.27)

. .

 E .
co :
t

+ ..}.

P f = ( 1 / 2 ) { ^ ( 2 ) -,)]
B

(12.4.276)

(12.4.266)

, (12.4.27),
(12.4.276).
E (z), (. . , d EJdz < k dEJdz).
(12.4.266) :
2

(12.4.28)
k = / = ? ( a n VLZ
,
^ ).
(12.4.28)
. ,
P (. (12.4.2)),
.
(. (12.4.15)). ,
, (12.4.2)
d d ,
. ,
d
d , (12.4.15)
0 ,
[20] (0 ,
z, ,
- ). ,
42 I
d f = d sin 2 sin 0. (12.4.2)
d, , d , . .
d.
t

i9

NL

eff

eff

im

ef

S6

eff

12.4.2.1.

( 003 = 0)! + ),
. E(z, t)
:
9

E(z,t) = (z,t) + (z,t) +

(z,t),

(12.4.29)

(12.4.27). (12.4.29)
(12.4.2) (12.4.27),
P (z)
( (12.4.276))
NL

12.

621

 ^. ,
, , , , P (z)
/
:
NL

=2s dE (z)E* (z)exv [jfa +h-ft,)*].

(12.4.30)

NL

P
. (12.4.28)
P , ,
:
2

NL

^ ~{2^) ~^

(12.4.31)

dE

( ^ -j(^z)dE E^

(*-],

2 )~* \,)

dz

(12.4.316)

dE*
dz = - ( ^ ) ^ - ^ )

- * - *

( 1 2

- -

3 l B )

. ,
d.
A :
t

1/2

= ("*) *.

(12.4.32)
2

I = \\ /29
F : F = Ii/foobi = (e c/2ft)|Aj .
, [Aj F ,
n ^.
(12.4.31) :
t

= - ^ - 8 * [-/(**)],
3

^ - = -^--j8A A{exp

[-/(Aft*)],

^ - = - ^ ^ - / 5 [y(Aftz)],
1

^ = GI/HISQC,

Aft = ft

ft

- k

(12.4.336)
(12.4.33)

(12.4.33)

d Q)iCQ co
)
2

(12.4.34)

A E ,
(12.4.31) (12.4.33)
5.
(. . = 0),
(12.4.33) { (12.4.336)
, : d\A-^/dz = -d\A \ /dz
t

622

. . *

 (12.4.336) (12.4.33),
d\A \ /dz = -d\A \ /dz. ,
:
d\A,\
d\A f
d ,
dz
dz
dz '
(12.4.35)
2

-. | A j
, (12.4.35)
, , ,
.
, 12.4.1.2.
, (12.4.35) , ,
: (dP /dz) = -( / )(^ // ),
. ,
( / ) .
, (12.4.33)
,
, . ,
,
. 12.8. ,
.
.
,
(

). ,
. 12.9, ,
,
.
, . 12.96,
a (i= 1, 2).
, . 12.96 1
,
3

<

. 12.9
)
;
)


,

j
:

12.

623

. 12.9. , ,
, . -/
, (12.4.33)
,
. (12.4.33),
(. . 5 = 0), , Z,
, ^ (i = 1, 2)
( - ^ ) . ,
.
:

(- )

= R R (l

- L )2,

2i

(12.4.35)

R R ( )
, aLj ( )
*. (. (1.2.4)):
= -1, Y i = - l n E , ^ = - 1 ^ , ; = - 1 ( 1 - ^ ) ^ = [ ( + 7 ^ / 2 ] + ;.
(12.4.35) :
u

2i

2i

1 = 2

(12.4.36)

19

y ( ^) . ,
, ,
, ,
a, (i = 1, 2) .
, ,
, . , ,
(12.4.33)
,
(12.4.36) = 0.

, (12.4.33) ,
,
. ,
, = 0, A (z) = ( 0 ) , ( 0 )
, .
, = 0 ( ),
(12.4.33) :
t

d A

i
dz

dA
dz

a
=

i i
2

(12.4.37)

.g ^
2

(12.4.376)

-.^ -.2 >[^)

*
2
'
3

..

(12 4 38)

. (12.4.37) 624

. .

 dA /dz = dA /dz = ,
:
x

+ jgAZ = 0,

(12.4.39)

ygAi-a A *=0,

(12.4.396)

-
(12.4.376).

= a a = 4(Y y /Z ).
1

(12.4.40)

(12.4.36).
, (12.4.38), g
2f (0), . . . , (12.4.40)
,
.
,
( )
d I .
2

12.4.

.

(12.4.38) (12.4.40)
2| (0),
:
F2

((\\ -

n n

l 2 Y1Y2

/ =
= n s c|E | /2,
:
3

\ \
2

2Zd

(2/)

[Y1Y2L

Z = 1/ = 377
,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
0

. co
(12.4.36).
,
, ,
.
, , (12.4.37)
l9

12.

625

 , , = 0. ,
,
(12.4.376) A{(z) = {(0). , /
:
A (z) = -jgA{(0)z/2,
(12.4.41)
, (0) = 0 (. .
).
(12.4.41) (12.4.37) A (z) = ( 0 ) ,
:
2

I

+^ j .

A (l) = A (0)(l-^
1

(12.4.43)

(1) = (0),

. .

4OL M
=

( 1 2

. .
4

4 4 )

g I
, (12.4.44) (12.4.40)
:
>-=**DRD

(12.4.45)

( S R O D R O
).
= 0,02 (. . 2 % ) , (12.4.45) ,
100
, .
2

12.4.2.2.

:
E(z, t) = (1/2){ [/(* - k^z)] + [/(2* - h J)

NL

P (z,t)

= (l/2){P exp

+ . .},

[*-/ )] + ^ [j(2iot-k z)]

2(0

+ c.c.}.

(12.4.46)
(12.4.47)

(12.4.2)
L

Pl
2

s dE exp
0

=2e dE E:exp
0

2(0

[-2-

(12.4.48)

[-/(^-2kjz].

(12.4.486)

, (12.4.48) (12.4.28)
( . . a = 0), :
t

626

. .
1

dE
dz

2(a

.
_ L _

(j z),

(12.4.49a)

(-jAkz),

(12.4.496)

Ak

dE.
az

j-^dE E* exv
n^c
2(0

Aft = ft - 2ft . (12.4.49)

.
^^ :
2co

0)

='* ,

(12.4.50)

EL=(n2^ E .

(12.4.506)

2e>

, /
\ | , \' | /
,
. (12.4.50)
(12.4.49) :

&

&

&

% -

IsH

^ az = -~
l
SH

(12.4.51)

^()
e

FE^O)
^

["/(Aft*)],

(12.4.516)

Ea(0) 2 = 0 (,
), l
, :
SH

<

>

, , a EJfi)
( ). ,
'
(12.4.51),
l . (12.4.51) :
&

SH

d\EL \
\K\
(12.4.53)
dz
dz
- .
, , ,
, (
) 2. ,
100%-
.

(12.4.51) , (. .
l Ak ^> 1),
. (12.4.51)
=

SH

12.

627

 ' () = ' (0).

, ' (0) = 0, :

(0)

(-jAkl)-l
Ak

SH

(12.4.54)

,
2

sin (AW/2)
(0)

(12.4.55)

(Akl /2f
SH

12

- 1 - 4
^ ,

1
_

|
1
,

I.
(12.4.53)
/ I
,

2(0

2(0

JQ> +

= *>(0). . 12.10

[IJI (0)]
[1 /1 (0)]
m

l/l H

IsH&k = 10. ,

. 12.10


.
,
1

(12.4.55) ,
/
[1^/1^(0)]
/
( )
I = 1 , 1

,

( )
(12.4.10).
(12.4.51)
, (Ak = 0).

, ,
(. . ). ,
(12.4.51) E^(z) = ^(0). Ak = 0,
(12.4.51) ,
' (0) E^(z) , ()
.
, :
2(

2(

=1I

(12.4.56)

EL=-J\EL\.

(12.4.566)

(12.4.51) :
d\K\_
1 \^
dz
628

SH

(12.4.57)

(0) '
. .

d\E ' \
dz

2 G) =

SH

\E\
K(0)'

(12.4.576)

(12.4.57)
( * = 0) = ( 0 )

(0) =0

:
\EL | = K ( 0 ) t a n h ( / ^ ) ,

(12.4.58)

I K |=;(0)sech(z/J ).

(12.4.586)

SK

\'\ , :
2

W-UOH-ELI

/(0)4/1 (0 I

/).

(12.4.58)
/ )/^(0) ^() . 12.9
. , I = l
(~59%) .
l
. (12.4.52),

. , I^> l ,
- (12.4.53)
.

SH

SH

SH

12.5.
:

,
,
.
, , ,
,
= (), v
() , :
v =(d(o/d$)
(. (8.6.26)) = (d $/d(o )
(. (8.6.33))
, co .
, , , , , (.
8.6.4.4) (. ),

E ~ ()
E ~ {[ (>)]}.
x
() : x =(d^/d(o)
(. (8.6.27)) ^ ( ^ / ^ ) ^
.
g

G)

(UL

in

out

aL

12.

629

12.5.1.

,
, . 12.11. ,

(
= 2 ) (, = 6 ),
(
, L = 3 ). (, X = 590 )
(
,< 1,32 ).

, .
, . .

, ,
(, = 200 ) , ,
(, = 20 ).
, , . 12.11,
(, 30)
. ,
, [21, 22].

,
. ,

,
z , ,
(. 8.6.38),
.
,
( ).
,
,
[22]:

t f t l - r f - ^ - ^ *

(12.5.1,

,
(. (8.6.23)), = P(t, z)
0

^25

< \ /

-*Jj--0,2

. 12.11

630

. .

" 7

0,5
. 12.12

()
()




:


,


.

'

IV \

/ 1

/ / !

-20
25

*0

-10
1

" j

-25
-20

20

10

10

-J

10

20

()

, A
.

(12.5.1) :
eff

,
, .
, , . 12.12,
,
. 12.126. , , . .
, ,
(. . ,
).
,
, . . t < t t > t . 12.126.

, ,
().
,
, , . .
( - v t), v (. ) .
z
, . 12.12, ,

v . , , , . 12.12
A

12.

631

 ,
. , . 12.126,
, ,
co . ,
, .
, .
, ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
,
z ,
. 12.12 .
. 12.126. 12.12 ,
, ,
, ,
, . ,

,
.

, ,
L

0,3

'

g 0,2

0,1
S

-20

-10

..J.

0
,

_.l,.,

10

20

0
,

-25

0
,

25

-5

0
,

. 12.13
( ) ()
6
30 ; ( )
; ()
. ( [ 2 1 ] . )

632

. .

 ,
, . 12.13 .
, , , ' = 23 ,

.
. 12.13, ,
, (
, . 12.13,
= 4 ) , (Av^ =50 )

, , . .
Av = 0,45/ = 2,5 " ( = 6 ). ,

, .
, . 12.13 12.136
.
, . 12.12, ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
. ,
, , .
(8.6.27), , dx /d(o
, ,
x .
(. . 12.136),
. 12.13
.
(8.6.31)

- 1

:
d

'J2A>\
I

'

Aco L

'
V

(12.5.3)

^ =2nAv' . 12.136, '

. 12.13. ,

.
(. . , . 12.13),
( , )
, . . = 1/Avi, =0,75. ,
( )
~6 (. . 12.11), ,
.
L

()
( ).

12.

633

 ,
,
.

,
.
,

. () , . 12.13 12.136
( ) t()
. (
) -
2()(). , ()
, :

*() = (-),

(12.5.4)

= (). ,
()
co ( ):
L

() = ( )

(co-co ) + ^

1(

(C0-(0 )

(12.5.5)

(d/d(o)
, (<2 /<2 )
. (12.5.4)
- ()(), ,
(d ^/dco )
(12.5.3),
. ,
, . 12.13.
=0,6, ,

(0,75 ), .

2

,


= dT /dco.
,

.
8.6.4.4,

,
1
. 8.26.

. 12.14



. 12.11 [23].

&L

G)L

634

. . *

 . 12.14,
, , 1.
0; . ,
,
G>I ABCD
HABC'D' . , ,
,
= ABCD/v ,

x =ABC'D'/v
coj.
( > , ,
. ,
[23]:
2

>

dl

? _

dC0 ~

4
3

C0 d

j
2

{[1-[80,-^)] }

/19*\
"

, X , d , aL
. (12.5.6)
, .
, , L ()
0^.
, ,
. 12.14, ,
.
(,
CD CD').
, , ,

.

(12.5.6).
, . 12.11,
,
[24]. , ~6
( ~2 )
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90 (. 12.11),
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50

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( = (d ty/d(o ) )

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635

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12.3 ,
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637

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( = 100 ). , 2.10,
,
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.
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/ 2

1 3

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10 10 100 . (22)
g = 4 10" " .
200 ,
,
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17 .
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2

18

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KDP. 0 , ,
KDP ( = 1,06 ) = 1,507, ( = 532 ) = 1,5283, ( =
= 532 ) = 1,48222.

12.9. (12.4.30).
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= = 1 L i N b 0 5 ,
= 0,5 [7i = /12 = 2,16, = 2,24,
d 6 10" / , Yi = = 2 10" ].
100 ,
?
1

12

650

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,
DP 2,5 ,
X = 1,06 100 /
( KDP s 1,5, d = d sin 0 = 0,28 1 0
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).
2

1 2

eff

36

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nd

652

. .

..

.
(, ,
),
(. . ).
.
, t =
1
. ,

i f . ,

(' = \i E). . ,
. ,
\i
(' =
). ,
. ,
' 7/.
'
.
. ,
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. ,

7/' = 7/osincG*.
:

()

(.2)

74+

H .
t > ^,
ij/
:
Q

654

. .

 \\f(t),
, (2.3.1), 1
2 , :
= ^^/] \|/ =
u exp[-(jE t/h)].
:
2

0^ = ^(1=1,2).

(.4)

:
= a (t)\\t + a (t)y ,
1

(.5)

, ,
, :

\$ + \ = \.

(.6)
2

, (1.1.6), W = -d\a (t)\ /dt =

= d\a (t)\ /dt | (0| -
(.5) :
12

V=

ex

= Ys k k P\--K k/h)tl
1

(. 7)

k , am .
(.), :
0 % + H')a u [-j(E /h)t]
k

= ^{jh(da /dt)u

exp [-j(E /h)t]

+a u E exp
k

(A.8)

[-j(E /h)t]}.

(.4) :
YMda /dt)u exv
k

[-j(E /h)t]

= ^ ^ ^ [-j(E /h)t].

(.9)

* ,

Y,J4da /dt)exp
k

[-]{E /h)t]\u u* dV
k

5>* [-j(E /h)t]\u*

k

'u dV.

u (. . [ * u dV = 6 ),
() :
k

AE -E )t
h
k

(da /dt) = , k H' a exp

n

H' =H' (t)

nk

nk

nk

kn

(.11)

H' {t)=\u* H'u dV.
nk

(A.12)

,
a (t), , .
k

655

 , (.5) (.11),
:
(. 13)

^ J

[ jh~ ^

da
dt

2\

(. 136)

+ 2^2

(0) = 1 (0) = 0.
.
(. 13), .
, (. 13) a (t) = 1
a (t) = 0. (. 13) ,
a (t) a (t) .
.
a {t) a (t), ,
(. 13), , . .
. ,
(. 13) :

(. 14)

(. 146)
= ( - )/h .
, (. 146).
( ) ( 2 )
0

21

= ' sine*
2

= '&

^)-

(-jet)]

2j

(.15)

21
1 = \*2 &idV

( 6)

, , . (.15) (. 146)
(0) = 0, :
2

a (t) ' \ [( - )*] - 1

2

2jh

[;(COQ + )] - 1

( 7)

s , ,
.
0

a (t)^-^ ' [ ( - ; * ) - 1 ~
9

(A. 18)

= - . ,
0

\ zJHll
h
aAt)}

656

sin(Acot/2)

( 9)

. .

. .1
2

= [sin(Acot/2)/Aco]

2

= [sin (/2)/] . . 1 .
,
, . , ,
,
_
2
-
sin(Acof/2)
/ = nt

(.20)
2'
7

t
sin(Acof/2)

= ^5(),

(.21)

5 5- . (. 19)

|a (*)| =L^-f*5(Ac>).
2

, ,
, | ()|
t 2 .
, W
2

12

d\a (t)\ _ \' \\

(.23)
-5().
dt

W ,
| # 2 i | ,

( ). -
,
, = -.
' 1~ = = -eE(r, t) ,
,
. ,
, :
2

12

12

= -eE(r, t) .

(. 24)

(. 12) = 2 k = 1, :
H' i = - ji4Er dV.
(.25)
,
.
2

Ul

657

 ( X = 500 ,
-0,1 ). , (,/)
, (.25)(
- , = 0, . .
( ). ,

(, t) = (0, t) = E sincof,

(.26)

. (.26) (.25)
H' i (.15), , H i :
0

= ,

(.27)

\i2i="ju2erUidV.

(. 28)

2 1

21

. 0 ,
(.27) :
21

|^2 i| -^o lH2il cos 0.

(.29)

| | . ,
,
;
\' \| (. 29)
6 ( ).
, (0) 0. (0)
, p(0)<2Q
dQ,
0. , 0 , (cos 20) = 1/3
( ).
,
.
.
21

21

21

21

(|"2| ) = *|,
0

2 1

/.

(. 23)
^

1 2

=|

( 2 ) 2

| 2 1 | 2

6()-).

(.31)

5( - ) 8(v - v ) ,
(2.4.5), 6(v - v ) = 26( - ).
,
. ( . 13),
: (0) = 0 (0) = 1.
,
(. 13) (.31), ,
1 2. (.28) ,
| | = | |, (.31) , W = W ,
.
0

12

658

21

12

2l

. .

2.5.1,
g(v' - v)
, (.
. 2.9). ,
, 2.9,
:
E(t) = exp;[co* - (*)],

(.1)

, = 2nv ,
() .
, /? ()

(2.5.7).
( ' v) , . . g(co' - ).
, g(v' - v)dv' = #(' - co)dco\ g(V - v) = 2#(' - ). (' - )

' - ) , . 2.9.
, , (2.5.4),
W(co' - ) JW(g)' - co)dco' = 1. ,

+00
+
'-)2'=^ \\E(t)\ dt
= 2nE
(.2)
0

'
-00

JWX' - co)cico' = 1 , ,
2^ = 1 . , g((o' - )
E(t), (.1)
= (2) / .
(.)
W(<o' - ) ,
(.1), -,
W(co' - ) -
(). ,
1

+0

' - ) = |() (-/')<*,

(.4)

659

 () :
+
() = ^ \E'(t)E(t + x)dt.

(.5)

-T

, . 2.9, :
2

() = lim

()

jdt +
[corr.

[-;(* .

uncorr.

(.6)

(.6)
- + ,
, , , E(t) E(t + )
( ). (.6)
, ,
E(t) E(t + ) (
). ,
. . 1,
, E(t) E(t + ).
E(t + ) E(t) (
), ,
.
() (.6). ,
(.6) ,
-() ,
. , (.6) :
9

( ) = ^ ()

dt

(.7)

(.7) , . .
,
. . 1. ' - ( + 1)-
(. . .1),

E(t)

. .1

E(t) E(t + ):

E(t + x)

630

,
.

. .

 ,
' > . , (.7) :
2

() = ) ^ " - "
0

- + N,
^

-"
1-^__((--))

2
2T/N
~
'
'
= 2T/N
, ((' - )) (' - ) (
' > ). (2.5.7)
,
((' - )):

+00

<'->=(1/ ) |('-) [-(7 )]/' =

[-(/ )].

(. 10)

(.8), (.9) (. 10) :

() = $ [ - (/ )]. () < 0, ,
(-) = *(),
:
() = ^ [;-(||/ )].

- (. (.4)),
W(co' - ), , (.)
, g(co' - ). :
0

('-) = ^ .
[1 + ('-) ?]'
2

>

, g(v' - v) = 2ng((o' - ),
(. (2.5.9)):
g(y

'"

V> = 2

[ 1 + ('-)
2

(. 13)

,
(2.5.10).

661

, ()
, ,
, . .1. ,
,
. -,
- .
[1].
,
.
[2], ,
,
.
,
N , , N = N
. I (z, v)
z
z (. . . 1). dl z
,
dz. , :
2

= a JVJ + A Nhv&
v

(B.l)

a v, ,
, a Q(z)
,
dz. , Q(z)/4rc, (. 1),
, dz
4,
, Q(z).
v

. B.1

,
z

662

. .

 I (Z, v)
, . . z = Z, (.1) . ,
, z = 0,
, Q(z) = Q, Q ,
(. . .1).
(.1) ,
I ( 0 , v) = 0, :
V

ftv[exp (/7)-1]
I (Z, v) -
.

(.2)

, A =Ag{y - v ) a = a ^ ( v - v )/g , A
, g(v - v ) ,
, g , ,
v , (.2) :
v

1(/^) = /.^* ( a J W ) - l ] ,

(.)

= / = (. (2.6.22)), J = hv/G x
(. (2.8.24)).
v,
, (.): [7 (Z, v)/J (Z, v ) ] =
= [ ( ^ ) - 1]/[ (OpNl) - 1]. ,


G = exp(GpNl). , . 2.24
2(v - v ) /
Av ,
, 10 10 . ,
AVASE (.), ,
.
:

[ (o Nl) - 1] = [ ( a ^ Z ) - 1] (-kx ),

(.4)

k , .
x = 2(v-v )/Av ,
0

(.5)

Av ( ,
). (.4) kx :
0

kx = In [ (GpNl) - 1] - In [ ( a ^ Z ) - 1].

(B.6)

(.6) f(x),
k :

df
dx

(. 7)

, (.6)
= /(1 + ). , (.7):
GlnG
k =
WTY
(.8)
2

< = -(: 1 2) (.6)

(. 7) ,

,
, ^ = 2(12/&) . , (. 5), A v ^ = (Av /2),
, k (.8) (.9).
, ,
1/2

Av^-th^F*

G-1
GlnG

G-1
AvASE ~
GlnG

-.1/2

Avo

(.)

,1/2

(B.ll)

. (.)
, ,
A V ^ / A V Q oyV7 = lnG,
. 2.25.

I = Jlvdv
.
(.) v :
+00

7=

[eXp

<vM)-l]dv.

(.12)

,
(.4), (.8) (.9),
(.12) . (. (2.9.3)):
,

( Q \(G-l)3/2

* 44^)[Gm^
,

w,, _ ^

(.13)

3 / 2

iG]V2

(. 14)

1. L. W . Casperson, Threshold Characteristics of Mirrorless Lasers, J.Appl. Phys. 48,

256(1977).
2. O. Svelto, S. Taccheo and C. Svelto, Analysis of Amplified Spontaneous Emission:
Some Corrections to the Lyndford Formuls, Opt. Commun. 149, 277 (1988).

664

. .

, ,
.
(2.4.9), ,
||.
, (
) ( )
e ( )

h

R
,
.
,
.e Rj = :

(.1)
i

.
R R
0 - R
. , - ,
(. (2.3.6)):
\x

osc

=2Re J\|/5(r ,JR,r )ji\|/ (r ,r )dr diWr ,

i

i>

(.2)

\\F N\\F
. ,
i|/
R (
0 ),
. -
:
1

RY r ) = u (r
r

i9

R) u (R)u (r )exp[-j(E/h)t],
V

(.)

u , u viu ,
, = + E + .
e

665

 (.) (.2), , v = ( - E )/h , (. (2.3.7)):

08

21

21

(.4)

21 =(lK \i u dR^u; u dr j
)

vl

rl

\ = \i (R) = \u* (r R)\iu (r R)dr

( )
P , (.1).

R, (#)
R :

e2

iy

el

i9

it

#5

) = ) + ^ - ( - ) + . . .

(.)

= = u . (.)
, \x (R ) :
2

vl

) = JPJ^i(RI?o)l ^

(. 7)

\i .
\ = (# ) ,
ep

$u* u dR = | ,! | dR = 1,
2

vl

(.4) | | = | | ,
(2.4.9):
21

N l l

1^21

21

\u; u dr | .
2

rl

(.8)

,
,
\ . ,

.
| |
, (.8).
,
, AJ
A J = 1.
- = ,
, \i (R) = \ (R ) = \
(.4).

21

21

(Vep lu* u dR^ju; u dr y

v2

vl

rl

,
, .
(.),
(.4) | | :
2

21

l^2l| =

2
, I \ii*(if. W I T ' '
*
*
\dR\ | ^ ( - ^ ^ | | ^ 2 1 * | .
2

(.9)

AJ = +1 . 666

. .

 , U(R - R )
( ),
u
, . . .
, | |
Av = 1. ,

(.. )
(. 6) (
). , ,
(. 9)
, -. , ,
, , (,
N ). , ,
, \i (R).
| | (.9) .
.
(.6) , , (.4),
:
Q

21

21

| 1 i i w . ^ i d i ? ! ^ ^ ^ ! .
2

(.)

(. 10) -
,
.

(.) AJ = 1.
(.) , | |
,
-. ,
, u u
. , W
, 3.1.3.
2

21

v2

vl

667

,

, .
-
. ,
.

;
N s N . , ,

-R

-WN--

f -\wN V-^
t

(.1.1)

(.1.16)

(.1.16) ,
7. (. 1.1)
,
. ,
, ,
.
(. 1.16)
.
,
.
, W = oF = al/hv J = /,
, F , I ,
, a n .
W :
W =^ p .
(-1.2)
668

. .

 , , ,
, , , ,

. , ,
, W
. , ,
t ( ),
.
(. 1.1), (. 1.2), :
-
dt ~

nhv

N
'

(.)

--*-.

at

nhv

(.1.36)

, , R (
), N
, - (. 1.36).
,

p

^ |

^ '

(-1.4)

.
L, I ;
, .
p
p :
out

in

P *, = Pokr)| ,
p = rip \u(r)\\

(.1.5)
(.1.56)

in

() , ,
( ),
. (. 1.4) (. 1.5) :
0

nj\u\

dV+ j \ \ dV
u

(.1.6)

. (.1.6) ,
^
2

V=

nj\u\ dV+j\ \ dV
u

(. 1.7)

V
a

V = j\u\*dV.
a

(.1.8)

 (.1.56), (.1.6) (.1.7),

(.):

UN\ P-K

(.1.9)

f$N\u\*dV-

dt

(.1.96)

-
.
(. 1.9)
. , ()
z.
,
. ,
6.3.3;
, .
|()|,
z
0 :
2

|| = (-(/ ) ),

(.1.10)

w . (.1.7) :
0

V =^ L

(.1.11)

L ( .(7.2.11))
e

L = L + (n-\)l.

(.12)

(. 1.8) :
V =^-l.

(.1.13)

(.1.96),
(dty/dt) = 0.
(. (7.3.20))
2

\N\u\ dV
W

ju\ dV

JN\u\ dV
V

'

(.1.14)

(.1.96) (. (7.3.19))
{N)c

-^- 'V~ VV
c

(.1.15)

(.1.11), (.1.13) (7.2.14).

(. 1.9),
(dN/dt) = 0 = 0. :
Rp(r, z) = N(r, z)/x.

(. 1.16)

(R)
670

. .

\R \ufdV

JR\u\ dV

(.1.17)
(.1.16) (.1.17)
(.1.15), :

(.1.18)

GIT

(N)
(. 1.96), (dty/dt) = 0.
0

W o < N > = Y/crf.

(.1.19)

,
(.1.9) (dN/dt) = 0. ,
0

^-||

= .

(.1.20)

, (.1.20) P
(7.2.18). (.1.20) :
0

out

N =
(.1.21)
(. 1.11) (7.2.14)
, P (. (7.3.28))
s

L hv

2 ' 2

(.1.22)

GT'

(. 1.21) \\
, :
dV;

(.1.23)

1 + %

(. 1.14), -
<) , . . .
(.1.19) (. 1.13), (.1.23) :
0

_ 2
G

nW,

R \u\4
p

[l +

dV.

(.1.24)

,
R .
, ,
.
R
, (. (6.2.6) (6.4.26))
p

671

, (. 1.25) 0 ^ ^ ,
, R (r) = 0 > . ,
6.3.3,
(. 1.25)
v ( , . . 6.17)
v ( ).
(. 1.25) (. 1.24), :
p

mp

1:

_2_1
f
2

1+

-0 JJ[ ^ | | :

na hv

2nrdr.

(-1.26)

z
. P
,
(7.3.26), (7.3.25) (7.3.27). (.1.26)
mth

-2(r/w )
e
yexp-2(r/w ) ]

'o ]j[l+

2nrdr;

(.1.27)

\\ (. 1.10).

* = exp(-2(r/w ) ),
(.1.28)
(.1.27) ( (7.3.30)):
2

1=

L*=
Jl
+ yt

hn

(.1.29)

= (-(/> ) ).
(.1.30)
,
, , ,
R (6.3.7). (. 1.24),
\\ (. 1.10), :
0

00
2

1:

hv

jexp - 2r [(w^+w )/w^w ]

2nrdr
U
/
i
>
)
e
x
p
[
2
r
V
^
]
Jl +
2

(.1.31)

x laexp -[az]dz.
(6.3.11),
(.1.31) \ .
(. (7.3.32))

Pmth

J_

hv

nwt

(.1.32)

2a

* A .

r| = ^ .
, (7.3.25) (7.3.27).
(.1.31)
p

672

. .

-2r \jwl
J
1 + yexp

1
X

+ w )/wlw ]
^2nrdr
~[2r /w ]
2

(.1.33)

t (. 1.28), 5, 5 = (w /w )
:
i
9

Jl +

J/5

dt.

(. 1.34)

(. 1.34)
5. , 8 = 1,
1

i-^iMi^)

(. 1.35)

(7.3.34).
.2.

-

, .
, ) (7.2.19):
N.+N^N,,
^

(.2.1)

= R - (W N - WM) - ^ ,
P

(.2.16)

(.2.1)
W W
, (. 1.2), :
e

(.2.2)

W a

nfa^

(.2.26)

.
, (. 1.4) (. 1.8), (
(7.2.24)):

=+
vt

- "V
V

dt

II

\ \2^1,

(.2.3)
.2.86)

^JNWfdV-l-

N = N - fN (. (7.2.23)) / = / (. (7.2.22)).

-
.
2

673

 (.2.3)
. , \()\
(. 1.10) 0 < < , (.1.11), (. 1.12) (.1.13)
V, L V . , (. 1.14)
(. 1.17), (N) ( R ) .
(N) (.2.36)
(dfy/dt) = 0. ,
00

(N)

= y/a L

(.2.4)

( R ) (.2.)
p

(dN/dt)

= 0 = 0.
\ -fWt)

(R
{ R

+ <N) _a (N )l
e

+y

) c

p ~ (1 + /) " (a + a ) h (- - )

(N) (.2.36) (d^/dt) = 0. :
e

(N)

= (N) = y/o L

(.2.3), (dN/dt)
N

R (l

1 +

(^

(.2.6)

= 0, ,

f)x-fN

) 2

'

(.2.7)

(7.2.18). , (.2.7)

0

RJl

f)x-fN

1 |

= P /P ,
P
+

out

' - >

2~2-(5^-F-

--

9)

(.2.8) \\
. (.1.13), (. 1.14) (.2.6),
( (. 1.24)):
_

-~

C[R (l
p

f)x-fN ]\u\
t

'

d V

[1 +

*/ ]

(.2.10)

, R .

(6.3.7). \\ (. 1.10),
(.2.10)
p

^ = *(1 + / )

V dt
-fN,
674

df

^)frfe I

aexp-(a2)d3

-2.11)

^ - .
. .

 t (.1.28) (.1.30),
2

8 = (w /w ) .
0

(.2.12)

, z
, , , , w < (. .
s 0), (.2.11):

51

=(*+)

(.2.13)

2( + ) 1

1 +

1 (1 + )
2/

-dt

(.2.14)

= ojffl/y. (6.3.25)
< w o-iVZ < . (. (7.4.16)):
0

-yf* '

2( + )

(.2.15)

(.2.14) (.2.15), (.
(7.4.18)):
1 ( 1 + )
=(.2.16)
dt
1

675

, 8.6.3,

, ,
. ,
,
,
.

g = oyV Z,
, I , a N
,
. ,
{I) ,
, g:
0

I = hv /o T .
s

1

(D. J. Kuizenga and
. . Siegman, [1]), (. A . Haus,
[2, 3]). ,

91

ZdA (t)]

AAt)

\
1

676

. .

 . , ,
. . 1. ,
2. ,

(. . 8.19).

:
E(t) = (*){ * - )},
(.1.1)
t , .
( - ) -
E(t) . .
0

jW)exp

-^

(-jt)dt=

JA(t)exp [-j((i)- )t]dt.

(E.1.2)

-OO

00

A(t) ( - )
:

+00

| -() [j((o-(o )t]d((o-(o ).

A(t)=

(.1.3)

-00

.

(. . ) , ,
= tgA t
, [4]

1(o9

*' t:

-^/' {^-Z/^

^.1.4)

,
(FWHM). , (.1.4)
:
0

G ( ) = |*J = exp# (co).

(.1.5)

g ((o)
:
^
0

{1 + [2((-)/]
(. 1.6)
. . ,
. ,
, ,
(.1.4), ( - ).
:
g o ( G > )

t = exp-/{(co/iZ/c) + [g (co - )/ ]}
( /2){1 - [2( - )/ ] }.
e

(.7)

=
= (conZ/c) + [g ((o - ( )/( ] i

(. (8.6.27)),

_
g
d^ T A^'
(.1.8)
0

d9

n i

Td

677

, nl/c,
.
,
.
,
, ;
,
. (. 1.7)
2

t = {( /2){1 - [2( - )/<*>] }}.

g

(.1.9)

, 1
,
.
t
(.1.9). ,

g9

tj = ( i W A ) = exp
teo){l-[2(co-co )/Aco ] }},
.
, g < 1, :
l f f l

3(0

(.10)

, .
(FT):
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ - ^ ? ) ) ^

d A(t)
=
[j((O-(O )] A (<D-(D ).
(E.l.ll)
dt
, -
, (. 1.3).
( E . l . l l ) , ^
k(co - ) , k ,
n- A(t) (k/j ).
(. 1.10), :
FT

(u

A (t) = ]l + g 1 +
3

d?_
2

Acoo J

dt

Mt),

(E.1.12)

A (t) A (t)
(. . ) . ( .12) ,

:
2
1 + 1 +
(.1.13)
dt
x

,
.
.
:
A (t) = [exp(- /2)]A (t),
4

678

(.1.14)

. .

 . (1 /1 ) = ( / ) , (.1.14), ,
, (-). (.1.14) , ,
, (-), , < 1,
1 - . , ,
, :
2

7}=1-.

(.1.15)

. [1 - cos (co ,)] .

. ,
.
:

t = exp{-(y /2)[l - cos(cV)]}.

m

(.1.16)

4 = { - ( y ) [ l - c o s (co O]h
m

7 < 1 = 1 - ( y ) [ l - cos(o) O]- ,

,
(. . 8.20), . . t = 0. ,
2/ .

= l - ( y / 2 ) ( c o ) . ,
, :
m

t=l-^(o> *) .
<
>
,
, ,

. :
m

f f ^ A ( r ) = A{t).

(. 18)

, T ,TinT ,
[g , , y ] < 1, :
m

So

^ ) dt

-y-^ t \A(t)
m

= 0,

(.1.19)

. ,

( ),
. :
(*) = # ( ) - [ ^ ] >

2 0

>

- ,

1/4
"

'

L oJ

1/2

(.1.21)

679

 g ,
0

= ^ | ( 2 n + l).
(.1.22)
Aog
,
( = 0).
(.21) (.1.22)
g . ,
, .
(FWHM)

= 2[12] / . , (.21) :
go

1/2

v = /2 Av = /2. ,
(.1.23) 0,45; ,
1/4, .
, , g . ( .23),
(. (8.6.19)): = 0,45/
( v A v ) . (.1.22) ^, /1 = 0. , ,
(.1.22), g
. g , ( )
(I) ,
g = GpNl = , = N/N = R /R
,
.
,
.
m

1/2

pc

2

,
,
( ) [5].
. 1,
.
( .13),

:
[)

dt \\

(.2.1)

, , 8.6.3.2.,
g' . ( 5),
:
0

2 )

,=1- ,
< - .
(.1.14),
:
* = {-(. /2)}.
(.2.3)

680

. .


:
Y
~ l + (J/I )'
(.2.4)
' , I = I(t) , I
.
t - [ - ( y ) ] .
' < 1 (I/I ) < 1 (.2.4),
8

Y s a

sa

s 1 - y 1 - '[1 - ( / / / , ) ] = 1 - '[1 - (I A |

sa

//.)],
2

A(t) , ||
. t
, :
2

(.2.5)

r = l - Y ' + Y'
:
s a

f f f A(t)

(.2.6)

= A(t).

m l sa

(.2.1), (.2.2) (.2.5), , (go,y,y')<l,

:
8 1 + AcooJ dt ~ - ' + ' ^ )

= .

(.2.7)

(.2.7) :
A(t) =

(.2.8)

cosh(f/T )'
p

1/2

1/2

Lf

LIA>I J

(.2.9)

4g&
(.2.10)
Acogx '
(FWHM)

= 1,76 , = 2 , (.2.9)
(8.6.22), , | |
. , (.2.10)
, g' < + ' = Y,
. ,
,
, (. . 8.22).
+ -go

1. D. J. Kuizenga and . . Siegman, FM and AM Mode Locking of the Homogeneous

Laser. Part I: Theory, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-6, 694 (1970).
2. H. A. Haus, A Theory of Forced Mode-Locking, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-11,
323(1975).
3. H. A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewoods
Clifts, 1984, Sec. 9.3.
4. A. E. Siegman, Lasers (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986) Sec. 7.4.
5. H. A. Haus, Theory of Mode-Locking with a Fast Saturable Absorber, J.Appl. Phys.,
46, 3049-3058 (1975), see also [3], Sec. 10.3.

681

,
. co , a Aco
(. . 8.25). (, )
z
:
L

+00

E(t,z)=

JA^co-co )exp [y(co*-pz)]dco,

(.1)

00

= ( - co )
, = ( - co )
.
, Aco
:

P= P l +

(S)

(co-a)L)

'

(.2)

P , ^.
(.2) (.1), :
L

+00

jdAco,
E(t,z) = exp [K(o t-$ z)]x
L

( .)

JAJAcoJexp j/Aco

Aco = - co . , , (.) ,
[t - (dp/dco)^ 2]. , (.)
:
L

E(t, z) = A[t - (z/v )]exp [j(a t - p z)],

g

(.4)

A , exp[/(co - P z)] ,
v
L

4 f L 682

. .

 (t - (z/v )),
v .
v .
(.5). () = co (. . v = tan 6',
. . 8.25).
, Aco
,
(. . 8.25).

, , , .
I Ax
,
.
g

l - I
= - V

=1

dp
dco

dp
dco

(.6)

v'gHVg , ' "

. , Aco
()
, . .
L

(. 7)
(.6) (.7) :
dV
2

dco J

Aco =| "( )| ,
L

1(

1(

(.8)

= PZ, " = d^/dco , "

co . (.8) "()
(. group-delay dispersion, GDD),
L

d(l/v )
dco
g

(.9)
l(0

(. group-velocity dispersion, GVD)

co .
, (.8),
,
,
,
. , ,
( 2 = 0)
, . .
L

(.10)
E(t) = A exp {-(* /2 )} (;co *),
1/.
- co ) ( - co ),
(.1)
, , ,
2

683


( - co ), (. 7).
(. 1)

, .
A(t z) :
L

t' = t-(z/v ),
z' = z,

(. 11)
(.116)

v . ,
,
. [1]:
g

A(t',z)--

(.12)

2(x +jb z)
2

b =(d $/da> )
=GVD (
), (.116), z' = z.
(.12), A(t', z) ,
t' ,
2

A(f,

<OL

z) = \(, )|{-(*', * ) } .

(.13)

(.12)
|A(f, z)\ :
|(*\)|

(. 14)

2(x +h z )
p

(. 14) ,
, (. 10), ,
x (z) z , (z) = ( + b z )/x .

:
2

x (z)-x
l + (j^J
>
(.15)
L - /\
\ . ,
, (.15),

( (4.7.17)),
.

,
[1].
(.12) (\ z):
p

l + (z/L )

(. 16)

\L

sgn(6 ) , . . .
(. 16) , (\ )
2

684

. .

(l/2)tan (z/L ) , ?. ,
(') = d[((o t') - y(f, z)]/dt' :
D

co = co sgn(b )
L+

^
l + (z/L )

-
%

(.17)

. ,
, ,
. ,
.
I L , ,
(. 15), { / ) =
2

M ) - T

] /

(. 18)

\ pJ
t

^ = ^((o ) = [d ^/d(o ] .

(. 10)
: = 2(12) / . (. 18) :
L

0iL

^ 1

= (81 2)^

(.19)

, ,
(. 10), ,
. ( - )
, (. 10):

AJco-coJocexp -

(CO-CO ) T

(.20)

co .
,
(. )
L

G,(co-co ) = exp | ^ { l - [ 2 ( c o - c o ) / A c o ] } J ,
0

(.21)

g = N al
, .
, , :
0

( - ) = G (co - ) - co ).

(.22)

(.22), (.20) (.21), co

:

ArJco-cocOccexp -Uco-coo)

2 I Aeon

(.23)

(.23) ,
, .
(.23) (.20) ,

685

' , ' /2 ,
(.23). , :

1/2

1+i

(.24)

(Sip/ip - ) /
(.24):
2
(.25)

(.25)
Av = /2 = 2(12) .
:
,
,
^_)
J2\n2\
1
(.26)
1/2

/^AT AV

So-

1. Hermann A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics,

glewoods Cliffs, 1984, Sec. 6.6.

686

Prentice Hall, Inc., En-

. .

(1) , 11.3,
(( )*( )) (.
(11.3.7)), x = (r t )

.
1

i9

*\

19

) = (E( )...E(xJE-(x

29

Xl

+ 1)...'( ))

(3.1)

2 ,
2 -
.

9

19

29

()

>( 2,... 2 )
19

,
3

Y[ (E(x )E*(x ))^

r

(->

. , = 1
(11.3.7)(11.3.8).

,
. , ,
(. . , | (: , )\ = 1),
(1)

( )
19

= ( )*( );

'

(3.3)

( 1 )

,
. ,
, (11.3.7) (11.3.8)
.

,
. ,

()

= f[ E(x )f\ E*(x ).

r^(x x ... x )
u

29

2n

(3.4)

n+l

, ,
(3.1)
. (3.4)
(3.2), ,
|< *1,*2.-".*2>1 = 1

(3.5)

687

 . , ,
, ,
(3.4) . ,
11.7, ,
. , ,
. , He-Ne
Av = 1 , 11.8,
= l/Av = 1 . ,
, , . .
, 2 - ,
, = 300 , 2
- (3.4) (3.5).
/- ,
He-Ne ,
, = = ... = = ,
. .
. (, ,
)
(3.1):

()

r f

FE

() = < 2 > = JJ

()*

(3.6)

= ( ) (11.1.1),
() , 11.7. , = 1
:
\\A p (E)AdAd4>

(,)

= (\\ )

(1)=

-.

\\p {E)AdAdb
(3.7)
() (11.7.2).
(3.6) ,
=$ ,
(3.7) p(i) 2. , :
E

<*>(, ,

) = [(,

)] .

(3.8)

, (3.6) (3.7),
(11.7.3) ( ) , :

(1

< >(, , ) = \[ \,

)] .

(3.9)

/1-
***, (3.2), ,
[ (, )] . (3.8) (3.9) :
(1)

/">(*, * , . . . , * ) = 1

(3.10)

^ = \
(3.11)
.
(3.10) , , ,
(3.5). ,
(3.11) ,
= 1, . . . , ,
, ,
, . .
, 11.8.
688

. .

[h]
[h = h/2n]
[]
[ ]
[ ]

[ ]

[]

1,054 572 66(63) 1 0 1,602 177 33(49) 1 0 -

19

1,672 623 1(10) 1 0 -

1,674 928 6(10) 1 0 -

27

/
23

4 10-

[NA]

(4/ )]

- [ a S B ]
[Z = 1/]

[/]

"
1

- -

0,529 177 249(24) 10~

5,670 51(19) 1 (
376,73...

10

- -

1836,152 ...

, 1

1,602 ...

,
X - 1

1,986 ... 10-

,
feT(T=300K)
[v = kT/hc]

/
/

23

8,314 51

[ =

12

6,022 136 7(36) 1 0

[R = NA k]

2 4

8,854 187 817 ... 10~

[]

9,274 015 4(30) . H h

[]

27

1,380 658 (12) 1 0 -

[]

[1 = 760 = 1013 ]

31

2,997 924 58 10

[k]

34

9,109 389 7 1 0 -

3 4

6,626 075 5(40) l O

10-19

19

208,512 ...

1,013 ... 10

"
6

689

1
1.1. : 1 -s- 50 .
: 50 -- 2,5 . : 2,5 - 750 .
: 750 -380 . : 380 -180 .
: 180 - 40 .
: 40 --1 . : 1 - 0,01 .
1.4. g = g (1.2.2) - = kT = 208,5 " ,
X = (1/208,5) = 48 ( ).
1.5. = 1, = -In = 0,693, , s 0,01, = , + ( + )/2 = 0,357, N = y/al s
s 1,7- 10 " .
1.6. D s (2X/D)L = 533 , D , D
, L .

. ,

,
(~1 ).
(
, ).
1

17

Y l

2
4

12

2.1. ) = SnVAX/X = 1,9 10 !

2.2. = p \dX/dv\ = (c /X )p ; A,v =
= , , .
(2.2.22), v = cJX,
2

w x

"
5

X
(hc /XkT)-l'
2.3. (dpJdX) = 0
2.2, 5[exp(hc /XkT) - 1] - (hc /XkT)exp(hc /XkT) = 0.
= (hcJXkT), ,
, , 5[1 - ( )] =
= . ,
: = 4,965. = , , ,
n

690

. .

 , = hc /y k s
2,3 10 ( ).
2.6. N N d / , ,
Nd 1 N = 1 10~ 3(/MW,)N ,
, / , M.W. YAG, aN
. 3
. YAG 594 /, :
N = 1,38 10 / . (1.2.2), /
, 1 ,

_3

3+

3+

9/2

20

9/2

1 + 1

[-(Et/kT)]

i=l

E (i = 1 -- 4)
. E , / = 46%.
2.7. (2.4.25) (2.3.15) . =(X /8n)[g (v - v ) / x ] , = /
v ( ) v . v = v
, (2.4.28),
: = 0,939(, /8)(1/Avoi ).
= 1,15 , Av = 9 1 0 = 10" : = 5,5 10~ .
2.8. / ,
S .
S At = IS At,
V = S(c/n)At.
p (E/V) = (/)1.
2.11. 2.13. (Q/4rc) = (D/4Z) =
= 4,4 10~ ; (2.9.4),
G = l , 2 4 10 . N = I n G / G I =
= 4,49 10 ,
= N (nDH/4)hv = 1,96 .
2.13. (2.6.9) (2.6.10)
. , k * N *N =
k^NsN^.
:
t

s p

sp

12

th

18

-3

th

(N ./N )
A

= (N ./N )

= exv

[-(E/kT)],

.
^* ~ ^*

2.14. :
/ = Ul+[2(v-v )/Av ] },
2

, _

,
(0)
1
"TT[2(^)7A^oF'l + a// )
=
o(0)
L
l +[2(v-v )/Av ]
I
/ l + [2(v-Vo)/Avo]
a (0)
a ( V

V o )

e o

l+

{2(v-v )/A^W+(I/I Y
0

ao

691

2.15. v = v , 2.14, :
0

(0)-

<>

, I
(v = v ) ,
(0)
(0).
= a(v - v ) , 2.14,
v \ [2(v' - v ) / A v ] = 1 4- (I/I ).
(FWHM) Av = Av [l + ( J / / ) ] l .
s0

s0

/2

sat

s0

3
3.1.
. , ,
, ,
, , = -2k (x - ),
. [Md (x - x )dt ] =
= -2k (x - ); , =
[2k /M] .
3.2. 3.1, ,
0

0
2

1/2

ko = (2nvc) (M/2)

= 2,314 "

( =14).
U = k (R - R ) /2, R , R
. R - R = 0,03 U = 6,5 .
3.6. = /21. / = 2M R , ,
. =
= 0,37 = 16 / , = /2[ \
= 0,0515 .
3.8. N = 1,6 10" , . 3.156, ,
2

_ 1

1/2

18

-3

E =2,35kTnE
Fc

=-1.

Fv

, , :
1

Av = (E + E )/hc = 0,9(kT/hc) = 187,65 .

Fc

Fv

(, (kT/hc) = 208,5 " = 300 .)

3.9. + = 0,45feT. (3.2.2) , ( / ) = mjm = 6,865, m
,
. , 2 = 0,392&, . = 0,0572&.
3.10. - = 0,45& =12 , . 3.16, , a = a =
= 1,8 10 .
, (. (3.2.10)):
2

f (E ) =

1
/ () =
I
,
1 + [(E -E )/kT]
1 +
i(E -E )/kT]
3.8 3.9 : f (E ) = 0,877 f (E ) = 0,8186.
(3.2.37), , = a [f (E ) - UEJ] = 104 .
3.11. a = ((dg/dN) = [g/(N - N )] = 2,6 1 0 , g = 104 , N= 1,6 10 "
(. . 7) N = 1,2 10 .
c

, v K

Fc

Fo

16

tr
18

18

tr

692

. .

18

3.13. N = 2 10 , . 3.26, :
E

- E

Fc

= 2

lc

= 72 E

- E

Fo

s -i,ikT

lv

= -28,6

3.9

-128,2 =-20,6.
1

(3.3.26), - E

g

AE =E
1

lc

+E

=64,2^ +E

lv

Fv

= 107,6 .

4
3

4.3. : = 1 - R-A = 5 10~ . (4.5.6):

(T ) = [/(1 - R)] = 25%. ,
.
, (4.5.6) (4.5.6), R = R = R,
, (4.5.14);
, F = # / ( 1 - R) = 312,4.
4.4. (0 = 0)
(n = 1), (4.5.8) (4.5.3) L = c/2Av =
= 5 . (4.5.13) : F = Av /Av = 50. (4.5.14)
R = R = R, R = 94%.
(4.5.6) , 50%, : = 4,24 10" ,
= 1 - - = 1,76 10~ .
4.7.
(. (4.7.176)) R = d[l + (z /d) ], z = KWQ /X .
,
R.
4.9. (4.7.19) = X/nQ = 201 .
, ;
I =P/(nw /2) = 7,85/ . (2.4.10) (2.4.6) ,

I = $ /2Z, Z = 1/ = 377 . = 1
: = [2IZ]
= 77 /.
4.11. (4.7.27) : w = Xf/D.
(. 1.4.4) NA = sin 0, 0 ,
D
. tan0 = D/2f, , w = X/2tan(sin" A A).
: w = X/2NA.
4.13. (4.7.4), q
q
2

FP p

1/2

f8r

fsr

1/2

02

02

02

1_ + (/ )
q A + (B/q )'
0

q = -jz , z = tzWq/X .
ABCD- L
(. . 4.1), :
0

693

1
-JZr
q
l-j(L/nz Y
, (4.7.8),
:
w =w [l +
(L'/z ) l
=

R=

L'[l+(z /L'n
R

U = L/n. 4.13.
, z , ,
z' = (z- L) + (L/n) = z - [(n- l)/n]L.
, . . z > z , w(z) =
= (X/nw ){z - [(/ - l ) / n ] L } . d = w(z)/z
L ^ z , z > L, (X/nw ), . .
.
4.14. (4.7.26) :
R9

z ,
f = z .
z , z = z / 2 .
Rl

Rl

Rl

5
5.2. = ^JLX/2n = 0,29HM;H>S = \[2w = 0,4 ; Av = c/2L =150 .
N = Av* /(c/2L) = 47, (c/4L)
(. . 5.10).
5.4.
. (4.7.136), z = L/2 (L
), :
TlWi
2R

/2

_ _ -

z = Kwl/X = 1,32 nw = 0,466 .

(4.7.13): w = ; [1 + (L/2z ) )]
= 0,498 .
5.6.
, (4.7.176):
R

1/2

-7? = +(4/ ),
1

#2

+( R/ 2)>

L =z z
2

19

z z .
R . , , 1 ,
, , . .
. ,
z :
x

2t

-R z =z?+z ,
R (L + z ) = (L + z ) + z .
1

694

. .

 , z , z [2L - R - R ] = L(R - L).

, R = R = R z = - L/2, . .
. (5.4.10) : R = L/(1 - g )
R = L / ( l - g ). R R
:
+ g - 2g g ) = g (l - g )L.
5.7. : g = 0,333, g = 0,75. z
5.6, = -0,857 . (5,5.8) (5.5.9) : w = 0,533 , w =
= 0,355 = 0,349 .
5.9. ,
L /2 . (4,7.176) ,

R = (L /2)[1 + (2z /L ) ].
, / = R/2. z = >$/X,
, wfi = (X/2n)[L(4f-L )] .
,
2 , L ^ 4/,
.
5.11. : g = 1 g = 1 - L/(L + ) =- A/L. (5.5.86) : w = w =
= (LX/ny/ {l/(A/L)[l
- ( A / L ) ] } / . w = 0,5 , L = 30 X = 633
= 1,85 . , i? = L + A = 31,85cM, g =
= 0,058, , (5.5.8), w = 0,122 .
5.13. , (5.5.5) (5.4.6), ,
: -2 < 2(2A D - 1 ) < 2 , . . 0 < A D < 1. BJ)^ - A C = 1, : -1 < < 0.
5.17. (a)ft = l , f t = l,25;
() (5.6.1): = 2,24 = 1,24;
() >
= 1,8 ;
() = = 2,62, = ( - 1)/ = 0,85.
5.18.
. . 5.22, = 0,2 N = 7 , 5 , ,
= 1,35. , 2 = 2[2LXN /(M - 1 ) ] = 4,26.
: > 2 = 5,75 . ,
: L = (R + -R )/2 = -RJR (, R < 0).
: = 7,7 = -5,7 .
5.20. () (5.6.20) [-2(a/wf] = 2 10' ,. . w = 2,94 .
() (5.6.21) w = /( - I ) / = 2,32 .
( ) = 1 - ( / ) = 0,744.
() g =l,
(5.6.3) (5.6.1) = g {\ + [1 + ( l / i ) ] } ,
g = 1,0285. , ,
R^L/il-gJz
-17,5 .
R

19

1/2

21

1 2

2 1

eq

1/2

eq

1 / 2

6
6.1. ,
,
= jS[l-exp

{-(2aR)}]I dX,
eX

S . ,
,
=

\si dk,
A

695

:
r\ =Pa/Pe

J[l - {-(2aR)}]I dX / \l dX.

el

el

19

6.4. (6.2.6) , hv = 2,11 10~ ( = 940 ),

: ^ =2,01 ^ - - .
6.6. r\ = y] r\ r) = 5,3%.
, 6.4,
= 4 , 5 % : / =2.
: P = ( /'\' ) =2,36.
, ,
, : = 4,72 .
: = /1 = 4,72 , I . D I
,
f = D / = 1, ,
. : / = 0,64/ = 8,05.

f = 8,05 !) = ( 4 / ) = 2,45 ,
.
6.7. R = r\pE /Vhv At, At . hv =
= 2,11 - 10~ , : R = 5,75 10 " . ,
, : (dN /dt) = R - (N /x),
R = const > 0 : N (t) = R t[l - {-(/)}]. = 230 ,
t = At = 100 R ,
: N = R T[1 - {-(At/)}] = 4,66 10 .
At' = 300 , R' ,
,
-
{-(Af/x)}] = R [l-exp
{-(At/x)}].
R' = 0,48 = 2,78
=(R' At'/R At)E
= 1,44 = 4,9.
6.10. . 6.2 N = 9 10 , o N l + = 0,169. ,
-80%,
= r\ r\ = [ 1 - (/)] = 0,424, = 5
(. . 6.2). (6.3.25) w = w
, , =177 .
6.12. - kT = (2/3)(mvf /2).
(mvf /2) = 10, kT = 6,67 .
6.15. - : E(r) = N er/2e .
, :
V = iV>i? /4s = 4,56 10 , R . ,
, , , , .
6.18. : v = (2/)
=
= 1,87 10 /, .
V = RT/p, R = 8,314 " "
. = 1,3 . . = 1,73 10 = 400
: V = 19,2 10 . : N = NJV =
= 3,14 10 , (. ).
: I = 1/No = 638 . (6.4.14)(6.4.15)
: v = el/mv = 1,8 10 / (v /v
= 9,6 10" ).
mp

pq

th

la

1/2

cp

th

mp

mp

19

21

-3

cp

cp

17

2c

CP

cp

cp

2 1

cp

cp

cp

20

<

1/2

th

16

drift

696

tfl

drift

th

. .

 7
7.3. L = L + (- 1)1 = 56,15 , = 0,12, = 15,6 .
7.4.
(1/) = (1/ ) + (1/'), (1/ ) 2 1, (1/')
2.
= (1/ )/(1/) = / , : = / =
= 451 . , , : (N /T ) = ( i V / T ) ,
Tj . , (^/^) <
< 1%, , < 10~ ^ 4,5 . ,
P
= 200 , : (dty/dt) =
= P (2y/y )/hv = 1,58 10 .
: dN'/dt = (d$/dt)/A l = 9,16 10 ,
, . I .
N N = x^dN/dt),
N , . . N = N = 5,7 10 .
(iV /iV ) < 1% : < 10 N /(dN'/dt) s 0,6 . (
Nd: YAG ~100 .)
7.7. P
= P y /y
=
= 2,75 , y (^ = 0,02), ( = 0,32).
, = 140 , , = P /P
= 50,9.
(7.5.5) , S = 6,135, = 2S yj = 0,25.
(7.5.6): =16,78 .
: = 1 - (- ) = 0,25.
( - 1 ) / (. 5.6.3),
: (1 /1) = /
= 16,78 0,22/12
4,45 = 0,777.
7.8. /
, 2/.

R = (L/2) {1 + [z /(L/2)] }
z = tzWq/X, a.iv
. ,
. ,
R = 2/ = 50 . R ,
z = 25 , . . w = 290 . :
w = yf2w = 410 .
7.10. ,
, P^ = P hli/l = 12,5 ( P'
P

(7.3.32)). = 1,14 : = 91,2.

(7.5.5) : S = 8,54, . . = 2S y = 8,5%.
, ,
e

21

21

21

21

21

2 1

21

out

21

out

20

-1

16

-3

mth

th

op

mth

op

th

mth

mth9

op

op

y' = (y 2o /2) + y =4J5%,

, : ' = /',
, 7.4 ( = 30 = 3%). , ' = 19,
, (7.3.34), : ' = 15,6.
= '/)(2 /2)
= ^0 , P , ,
7.4 (P
= 500 , = 26, = 5% ) . ,
, , ' ,
, P .
P

out

out

out

697

7.12. /
, /' = 2f.
w , ,
, .
. (4.7.26) ,
/'
: = f'/[l + (f'/z ) ],
a

2 = = 581.
R

/' = 2/ = 42 = 41,8 .
(4.7.28): w = (X/nw )f = 100 .
7.15. : = -In (1 - ) = 5,1%. ,
: ^7,45%. . 5.136
g = 1 - (L/R) = 0,8 : N = a /XL ^ 2, . . a^\j2XL = 1.
7.17. N = y/G l = 4 10 / ; R = N /x = 8 10 ^" ; Av = c/2L =
= 1,5- 10 ; (R /R ) = exv [(2Av/Av*)) ln2] = 1,005.
7.19. : L = n(X/2), n . ,
L /2 = /.
Xv = , , Av = -(AX/X)v = -v/n. v = n(c/2L)
: Av = -(c/2L).
7.21. , -
.
, Av = c/2L,
, T(Av) -
: (Av)exp (cj Nl - ) ^ 1. , : T(Av) < 0,8.
(4.5.6) (4.5.14), R = R = R, : T(Av) = 1/[1 + ( 2 ^ / ) ] ,
= 2KL'AV/C,
!/ =
= 2,9 (L ,
). , = nL'/L = 9,1 10" , , T(Av) < 0,8,
: (2F/n) sin = (2^/) ^ 0,25, . . F > (0,5/2) = 8,63. (4.5.14)
R = R = R : (1 - R) = nR /F,
, R = 0,7. , ,
-, .
, exp[-(2Av^ /Avo) ln2]xexp (G NI - 1 , . .
(2Av /Av*)) ln2^0,223, Av = (c/2n,L ) .
, L ^[ln2/0,223] c/n Av*) = 10,4; ,
.

01

17

cp

cp

et

1/2

sr

/sr

fsr

et

1/2

8
8.2. kvL' = (/2), : V = /4$ .
8.4. . 8.14 f = fx = 2,3 = 10 /2,2 = 4,55 : N /N s
= 1,89; . 8.11 , = 0,76. = 0,162 = 0,23
(. 7.2), (8.4.20) , 2 = 18 ,
() = / = 1 8 0 , . .
(202 , . . 7.5). = 0,12 (. 7.2)
L = L(n - 1)1 = 56 ( = 1,8 YAG),
= LJcy = 15,6 , (8.4.21), = 90 .
8.7. () tp , :
(dN/dt) = R , . . N = R t. R t = 4N , N ,
, : t = t /4.
63

p p

th

th

th

698

. .

()
: g = G(N - N )l = (4aN l)(t - t )/t , t = t /4.
() , : (dty/dt) = g ty/t , t
.
, , () = $Iexj)[(4oN l)(t' /2t t )]
t' = t - t , = 1.
() f = St /4; (*'),
, : (9GN l/S)(t /t )
= 1( /20)
(8.4.14). , t = (8/9)1( /20),
= (-1 )/2 = 0,35. (8.4.14), , N /N
=4
V N = /, . , , = 5,54 10
, t = 22,7 , t = 1,25 .
8.12. (8.6.14) :
E(t) (- )(/ ), = - / , . .
. - :
2
(( - ) {-( - ) }/4 = {-[( - ) /4( + )]( + /)},
2
: |2( - )| {-[( - ) /2( + )]}. : | (> - ) | {-[4( - ) 12/]}, Aco
. :
net

th

th

th

th

net

th

p T

th

th

10

|=(812)[1 + ( / ) ] .
(8.16.15) Av =
= Aco /2rc (8.6.16).
8.14.

(D^Iptdl/

^ dI

= I,

Pl

P= Pidl/[pjdl

= exp (-2) = 0,135.

Jo

8.16. 2, = 2 - kP
(. (8.6.20)) 2, = 2 - 2'(/ ). ,
, k 2f/P . (8.6.22), :
(0,79/Av )(2g /kP ) ,
.
, ,
= 1,13 .
, (0,79/Av ) (2go/fe)(l,13/E) = 3,5.
8.17. (8.6.35), , " = '7, :
9

1/2

I = (Stp/ip) / ( /p")/2V21n2 = 0,46 ,

" .
1

9
9.5. , , : Q = nD /4l =
= 2,83 10 . , (2.9.46), ,
= 1, : G= 1,37 10 ,. .N = lnG/a l = 2,38 10 " , 4 10"
Nd (. . 9.3). , = N Vhv = 12,7 ,
V = 2,83 . (2.9.4) Nd: YAG ,
= 1, : (3 = 2,5 10 , . . N =
= 3,61 10 , 1,91 .
2

_3

19

TH

20

th

TH

18

699

9.7.
(w = w ), ,
(. (6.3.20)): P =
(/Y\ )(hv /x)(nwl/G ).
: = ( /2) + = 1,5 10 , \ =1- { - ( 0 } = 0,86, = 5
, hv = 3,1 10 , = 67 , w = 60 ,
= 4,8 10" . , P = 190 .
9.8. P =[( + y )/4 ](hv /x)[n(w
+ w )/2(c
-c )].
9.9. P = (y/4 )(hv /x)[n(w +w )/2(o
-ft x a )].
9.12. n = dP/FdJ = (uv/eF)[-lni?/(aL - In )]. A. = 850 , hv/e = 1,46
V = 1,8 : n = 64%.
9.13. ^|[1 + (,/77^|) ]) = ; [1 + (/71; ) ]),
: 2 = 1 ^ /. , w ,, : 2 = 4,6 (
, ).
9.15. (2 /) = 2, . . = X/n = 8,22 1 0 .
0

th

1 9

20

th

th

th

ESA

s r

01

01

10
+

10.4. a(v - v ) ,
, - ( ), ,
a(nAv)Nl > , Av
, N , I ,
. ,
: a(nAv) = a exp{-[(27iAv/Av5) ln2]}.
; , , :
(jpNl = . , 3exp{-[(2nAv/Av*)) ln2]}^l,
n^[ln3/ln2] / (Av? /2Av). Av* = 3,5 Av = c/2L = 150 (L
), ^ 14.7. , ,
, : N = 2 + 1 = 29.
10.6. ,
, (3.1.3), v = (1/2)[2& /] , k
. = 14 . . . = 2,32 10~ v = 2300
, k = 2180 /.
10.8. , ,
, : F = -k(x - ), k
,
. , : = [k/M ],
. v = 1337 = 16 . . . = 2,65 10~
, k = 1683 /.
10.10.
.
Ad,
0

osc

1/2

26

26

Ad =

(x +Ay )V -x .
Q

: Ad = /2 , ,
. ,

, .
10.13. , - ,
, Av ,
, .
0

700

. .

, Av = Av = 6 0 , Av ,
= 1 3 997 . . = 1 8 , 4 . . 1 0 . 1 1 ,
Av J' J ' = 1 1 H J ' = 4 1 ,
. . AJ' = 3 0 . 1 0 . 1 1 ,
0 = 0 , 3 " . Av
Av = 2BAJ' = 6 0 = 1 8 .
10.16. ,
,
c

E =J? N(uyoAE,
0

oV

N(v)
v, (,
). , E

t

E =

bHj? N(v),

Q0

. ,
= (Ev/Et)

= Y,lvN(v)v/ZluN(v)

68,5%.

11
11.3. ,
: = K E(t) 4- K E(t + ).
S 50%
, S S *S ,
: = = . ,

19

<J (t)> = (E (t)E* (t)) = 2\\ {</) + [( >()]},

(I) = (E(t)E*(t)) = (E(t + x)E*(t + )>, a Re
. (11.3.4) (11.3.9), :
c

() = 21 | </>{1+1 * | cos[<co)x - ()]}.

,
,
, J = < >
= 2<J>[1 + ) | ] , / = < J ( t ) U = 2W </>[1 - ) | ] ,
= \()\.
11.5. , / ^ ( )
, . . (1) = {-[(/ ) 12]},
, . 11.1. (11.3.28)
, = 1/4. a = AvL,
[* *] = {-[2(/ ) 1 21} = /2%/12.
: = \/12/27\ = 13,25 L =
= = 3,98 .
11.7. J = 2P /n(Xf/nw ) .
,
D , D ; D = nw
(. (5.5.31)). : I =(2/n)P Dl/(Xf) ,

(11.4.4), D = D , :
1 =(/4)^1/( .
2

max

m i n

co

701

11.9.
, W = 0,5 W = 2 . (11.4.19)
, W (z = 3 ) = 3,28 ,
: W (z = 3 ) s 2,16 .
x0

y0

12
1/2

12.1. = 0,54 , : w(z = 1 ) = [1 -I- (z/z )]

= 0,83
R(z = 1 ) = z[l + (z/z ) ]
= 1,74 , z = nwl/X = 86,1 .
/ : ,
f = R = 1,74 , ,
, / = fj/ifi - f) = 10,61 ,
. ,
z ~ / = 10,61 .
W'Q = (X/nw)f =0,043 ,
:
0

1/2

Wi=ylM*w' 2

0,274 .

12.3. : = hv/a = 4,71 / 5 = KD /4 = 63,6 , , = E /S =

= 7,07 / . , , E = hvNV =
= Sr lnG = 415 , , V .
,
(12.3.12) . : T = [{[( ,/) - 1]/G } + 1] = 2,95 / ,
E = T S = 187,8 . , 415
, , : = E - E = 262,2 .
, .
12.9. (12.4.27) (12.4.29) (12.4.2),
8

out

av

in

in

in

N L

out

= (eod/2) (Xi t ^(2)exp[y(i* -

in

+ . .}*.

, ( = - , j

P =(e d/2){E* (z)E (z)exv

0

Jih-hW

+ c.c).

= - (12.4.276), (12.4.30).
12.11. (12.4.58)
: = 1 /10) = \' | / | I =[tanh(2/Z #)] . (12.4.52),
, (0) I = /,(0)
(0) = (2ZI) , Z = 1/ = 377
, : l = Xn /[2nd (2ZI) ]
= 2,75 ,
DP .
l z = 2,5 , = 51,9%.

2(

2(

1/2

1/2

SH

eff

SH

702

. .

, N

33

539-540
0 527


2

395-398
398-400
395
16

370
370-371

398-399
- 371
279

395-397


389
250-251
538
,
163

265

95
,

133
69
113
-

69, 73-74

69

111-112

75
114

- 75
- 75

16,

79
277
- 665
162

400-401

14,50
107
566
,
113

172
655
64
107

J 102-103
110

110
104
,
569
568
572
571
562

70

703

 14,44
188
596


14
(
) 14
82


79
83




302

82

297
322

236
()

224-226
( ) 57
200-201,

207-208

179

ABCD 180

q 175
174
182
179

177
180

177
178
181
-
362
331
341
35

610
I I I 616
614-615
609
107
409
409

172
24

704

325

(-)
107
107
-
107
539

636

630

68
46
113
46

212

363

248
248
247
248
- 73
42

410
410
412
412
408
- 25
187-188

131

131

489
0 307
N d r Y A G 304
Y b . Y A G 322
4 76
, Q-
196

196
196
293
66
521
0 110
H e - N e 67
2

65

. .

, 91
ABCD
180

280
48
163

224
( )
114
114
44

37
- 37
,
,
379
,
397
,
392
636
630
392
16
308
538
, 68
56*5

169
568
, 169
168
- 166
565
278-280
519
538
560

204
207
71
20
34
148-150

293
46
340

483
135

-
113
148-150
78

21, 562
564
687
564
565
572
562
22, 564
22
21, 562
574
22
-
- 109
Q- 110
- 109
190

337
NdrYAG 338
335
() q
175
ABCD 175
- 468

210
219
204
206-207

129
189
- 75
379

143

125-127
58
85-86
86

218

134
134
128
58-59

145
88-89
88

705

,
() 303
() 303
() 303
() 312
303
,
17
,
301
- 75
30
4 76
478
- 545
545

491

300-301
302
483
300
- 582
597
, .

439
, .

,
456
30
236
- 524
30
457
459
542
478
(0 ) 525

(TEA) 536
530, 544
532
531
533
534

530
535
-
524
537
517
432
300
2

706

549

495
473
553
-
(upconversion laser) 452
491

491

395
30
544
541
Al^Ga^As/ Al^Ga^As 502
, 520
ArF 542
0 , .
Cr: L1CAF 462
Cr: LiSAF 462
463
463
DF 545
. 446
Ga^Ai^As 501-502
GaAs


341
361
147
He-Cd 523
He-Ne 512
HF 545
InGaAs/GaAs 502
InGaAsP/InP 502
InGaN 473
InGaP/InGaAlP 486
KrF 542
N 539
Nd.cTe^io 439
Nd.YAG 435
,
380
436
82
,
303
,
361
435
64
Nd:YLF 440
Nd:YV0 440
460
Tm:Ho:YAG 448
: 441
+

. .

 Yb:Er: 442
Yb: YAG 441

524
464

465

6G 465
465
28

243
243
- 239
() 52
, ABCD-

155-157

158-159
157

175, 180

159-160
155
47

78
54
48
16
568

67

154

43

405
- 344-345

66
65
61
61
75

163
,
413-414
72
35,
188

()
370
366

379
374
366
367
367

377
384
375
369

372
376
367

386
386
-0 386

398
182
- 201

569

260
- 623
2

236
234, 247
243
, 242
237
237
255
260
249
235
,
235
265

237

25 7
234, 265
235

576

578
135
(
) 13

372
400

707


85
87
89
84
87, 89
84

90
574-575

328
397
, 66
268
216
, 218

224
219
218

216

219

216
216
216

221

224
220
41
48
340

109
,
329
328
72
125

58

113
, .


190, 335

337
Nd:YAG 338

330
340
, 61
322

708

pD 281
0 531
He-Ne 516

243
,
243
, 242
237
243
243
187
213
188
204
190
189
198
188,202
216

2

216

,
216

188
188

224
191-193
191-193
207
200
195
335
404

579

618
618
, .


419-420

401
404

405

448, 527
-
73
113
72
448

457
. .


324

325

324

324
() / 79

13
46
113

48
- 109
- 107
- 109
Q- 110
- 109
16, 54

48
42
,
.


359
363

, h h 38
37-39

118

138
125
37
13

- 399
367
422
- 400
74

34
59
35
42
46, 654
134
149
149
483
113
117

473
248
489

480
489
341
248
489

487
476
478
483

483

488
247
495

495
483
360
487

() 491

494
490
482
349
330
330


331

331

331
331

331

335

374
- 332
207
207-208
210
219
206-207

269
15, 55
56

709

 55
82
NdrYAG 82

17, 301, 308

317 319

261
21

412

218
210
17
188
18
18


143
107
666
-
108-109
123
48
536

- 47
114
172
155
49
171
290
50
70
207
207

207
22
578
565
564

( )
203
() 180
204

48
48


578
267

710

195
(Q-) 196

188-189
421
, .

342-343
g- 199
- 188
, .

133
133
240
- 279

() 358
359
553

433
64
- 37
38

405
69
168
15
- 468
386
395
- 395
394
394
400

388

392
416
401

401
404

405
395
416
414
- 398

298
377
291
- 308
. .

 -
300

300
273

301
258
415

123-124

142
611
- 582

132

14
-
46
42
293
59

111-112

587
589

301-302
430
112

63-64
69
70
69
69
61
-

227
227

521
275
,
50

64
273

106
79
70

574
688
575
589

119

140
79
106
16
33
,
112
, .

240
19

466-467
614-615

, N 539
83, 458
, 517
- , He-Cd 523
- , He-Ne 512
, 520
467
433
, TirSp 461
, 0 526, 529
(KrF)* 542
NdrYAG 82-83, 436
Tm:Ho:YAG 448-449
:: 447
Yb:YAG 441

131
59

134
134,
2

481

91
93
129

15
197

197-199

66
, 65
66

711

 61
61
61
-
169
169
168
- 332
414
408
580

() 335
120
,
75

588

2

342

() , #()
57
52
68
38
- 107
- 108
210

0 276
He-Ne 277
275
273
2

544

538

339
342
342
392
19
-,
604
- 340
66
,

379

66
65
339
340

712

61-67
196
63
655
347
577
576

14,60

60
59

220
541

280
281
272
272
268
53

50

50

50
275
/ 276
pD 280

135
103
114

273
273

275

268
269
367

611-612

101
101
101
,
332
() 404
,
.
565
27
. .

1

1.1. ,
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.4.1.
1.4.2.
1.4.3.
1.4.4.
1.4.5.
1.5.

2

2.1.
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.2. -

2.2.3.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2. -
2.3.3.
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.2.
2.4.3.

2.4.4.
2.5.
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.5.3.
2.6.

5
8
11
12
15
18
21
21
21
24
27
29
30
31
32
32
32
34
37
39
42
42
46
48
49
49
53
54
59
61
61
66
67
68
713

2.7.
2.8.

2.9.
2.10.

2.6.1.
2.6.2.
-
2.6.3.


2.7.1.
2.7.2.

2.8.1. :
2.8.2. :
2.8.3.

2.9.1.
2.9.2.

3
,

3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
3.1.4.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.3.1.
3.2.3.2.
3.2.4. :
3.2.5.
3.2.6.
3.2.7.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.3.
3.3.4. :
3.3.5.
3.3.6.
3.4.
3.5.

4

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.

4.4.
4.5. -
4.5.1. -
4.5.2. -
4.6.
714

69
73
77
78
79
81
84
84
87
89
90
91
91
96
97
100

101
101
101
106
107
111
113
114
118
119
119
120
123
125
132
134
134
135
138
140
142
143
147
148
150
151
152
154
154
154
160
163
166
166
169
171

. .

4.7.
4.7.1.
4.7.2.
4.7.3. ABCD
4.7.4.
4.8.

J
Y*Jz
qL
1~0
182
184
1

186

5.1.
5.1.1.
( -)
5.1.2. ()
5.1.3.
5.1.4.
5.1.5.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.5.1.
5.5.1.1.
5.5.1.2.
5.5.1.3.

5.5.2.
5.5.3.
5.6.
5.6.1.
5.6.2.
5.6.3.

5.6.4.

5.7.

187

187
188
189
189
190
190
191
194
197
200
200
202
205
207
208
212
216
216
219
223
224
228
228
231

6.1.
6.2.
6.2.1.
6.2.2.
6.2.3.
6.3.
6.3.1.

6.3.2.
6.3.2.1.
6.3.2.2.
6.3.3.
6.3.4.

6.3.5.

6.4.
6.4.1.

233

233
237
237
240
242
244
247
249
249
255
257
260
262
265
268
715

6.4.1.1.
6.4.2.
6.4.3.
6.4.4.
6.4.5.
6.4.6.
6.5.

290

7.1.
7.2.
7.2.1.
7.2.2.
7.3. :

7.3.1. -
7.3.2. -
7.4. :

7.4.1. -
7.4.2. -
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
7.8.
7.8.1.
7.8.2.
7.8.2.1. -

7.8.2.2.

7.9.
7.10.

7.11.

7.12.

290
290
291
298
300
300
308
317
317
319
322
324
327
330
330
331
332
335
339
342
347
350
351
355

357

8.1.
8.2.
8.2.1.
8.3.
8.4.
8.4.1.
8.4.2.
8.4.2.1.
8.4.2.2.
( )
8.4.2.3.
8.4.2.4.

8.4.3.
8.4.4.

716

269
273
275
278
280
281
284
284
288

357
357
359
362
364
364
367
367
369
370
372
375
376

. .

8.5.
8.6.
8.6.1.
8.6.2.
8.6.3.
8.6.3.1.
8.6.3.2.
8.6.4.

8.6.4.1. ,

8.6.4.2.

8.6.4.3.
8.6.4.4.
8.6.5.

8.7.
8.8.

32*5
386
388
392
395
395
400
407
408
410
412
414
416
421
424
424
427

9
,

9.1.
9.2.
9.2.1.
9.2.2.
9.2.2.1. Nd.YAG
9.2.2.2.
9.2.2.3.
9.2.3. Yb.YAG
9.2.3.1.
9.2.4. ErrYAG Yb.Er
9.2.5. Tm:Ho:YAG
9.2.6.
9.2.6.1.
9.2.7.
9.2.8. -
9.2.9. Cr.LISAF CrrLICAF
9.3.
9.3.1.

9.3.2.
9.4.
9.4.1.
9.4.2.
9.4.3.
9.4.4.
9.4.5.
9.4.6.

9.4.7.

9.4.8. -
9.4.9.
9.5.

429

429
429
432
435
435
439
440
441
443
446
448
450
453
457
460
462
464
465
469
473
474
476
478
483
487
491
495
497
501
504
504
507

717

10

510

10.1.
10.2.
10.2.1.
10.2.1.1. -
10.2.1.2.
10.2.2.
10.2.2.1.
10.2.2.2. He-Cd
10.2.3.
10.2.3.1. 0
10.2.3.2.
10.2.3.3.
10.2.3.4.
10.3.
10.3.1. HF
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.

510
510
512
512
517
519
520
523
524
525
537
539
541
544
545
549
553
556
556
558

11

560

11.1.
560
11.2.
560
11.3.
562
11.3.1.
562
11.3.2. . . . 565
11.3.3.

569
11.3.4.
571
11.3.5.

572
11.3.6.

574
11.4.
575
11.4.1.
576
11.4.2.
578
11.4.3. -

579
11.5. -
582
11.6.
586
11.7.

587
11.8.
589

592

593
2

12

: ,
,

12.1.
12.2. :

12.3. :
12.3.1. :

718

594

594
595
597
603

- .

12.4. :

12.4.1.
12.4.1.1.
12.4.1.2.
12.4.2.
12.4.2.1.
12.4.2.2.
12.5. :
12.5.1.
12.5.2.
12.6.

12.7.

12.7.1.

12.7.2.

12.7.3.

608
608
609
617
619
621
626
629
630
636
638
642
643
645
647
649
651

654

659

662
664

665

-
.1.
.2.

668
668
673

.
.2.

676
676
680
681

682
686

687

689

690
703

719

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065466 21.10.97
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26.04.2007 .,

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www. lanbook .com
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2008



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( 1962 .).
,
,
,
.
200
. 60
.
Principles of Lasers (Springer, 4th ed. 2nd printing,
2005),
.

, , ,
.
, ,
,
,
IX
(IX International Quantum Electronics
C o n f e r e n c e , A m s t e r d a m , 1976),
I
(first CLEO-Europe Conference,
Amsterdam, 1994),

2002 . (program
co-chair for 2002 International Quantum Electronics
Conference, Moscow).
, I taigas
,

(European Physical Society),

(Optical Society of America).
(fellow)
, i
(IEEE).
,

Accademia dei Lincei (
1603 . Federico Cesi).