Principles of Lasers

.
ORAZIO SVELTO
PRINCIPLES
of LASERS
FouRTh
Ed iiN
TRANSIATJON FROM ENGHSIH

byD.
N. KOSLOV,
S.
B. SOZINOVANCIK.
G .
EdiTEdbyT.
SAINT-PETERSBURG
A.
ADAMOVICH;
S H M A O N O V
M O S C O W KRASNODAR
2008

. . , . . . .
. .
, ,
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2008
32.86-5
3 43
3 43
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4-. .: , 2008. 720 : .
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I S B N 978-5-8114-0844-3
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32.86-5

06-02-30013
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. . , . . ,
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, 2008
,
,
, 2008
T r a n s l a t i o n f r o m the E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e edition:
Principles of Lasers, 4 e d . B y O r a z i o Svelto
C o p y r i g h t 1998 P l e n u m P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n ,
b e i n g a p a r t of S p r i n g e r Science + Business M e d i a
All Rights Reserved
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dz
x
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Sdz . ,
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1
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= = ,
.
(1.2.1) , N > N
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0
F' = Fexv{o(N
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x
exp{a(iV - )/} (1 - ^ .
2
F = F' , ,
R R (l - 1^) {2( - N^1} = 1. ,
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2
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c
(1.2.3)
(1.2.3) ,
= -In = -1(1 - ),
= -1 = ( 1 - ) ,
Y--ln(l-L;),
(1.2.4)
(1.2.46)
(1.2.4)

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N = y/al,
(1.2.5)
1
1.
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2
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20
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1
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25
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. D = 100 X = 1 .
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, D = D + 2Q L = 2Q L = 2 .
,
, D,
, D .

I(P)a[(E (t)
+ E (t)] ,
E (t)
,
. ,
,
c
- 2
) = C[ sin(co* + ) + sin(co* + )] ,
10
20
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, = (0 = () (.,
, . 1.6). , ,
( ) ) ,
) . ,

10
20
< )> = [ (sin (* + )> + | (sin (* + )> +

+2
(sin(co* + )sin(co* + ))] =
= [(? / 2 ) + ( | / 2 ) + ((
- ))].
0
10
20
10
20
, , ^*) (*),
(*) = \\fi(t) + kL (*) = (0 + kL , \
, a L L 2
26
. .
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v|/ (f) \\f (t) . , ,
(0 ~ 1(0> , ,
(cos ( - )), ,
. :
1
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, : D = 2Q L = 2fi(X/D )L. ,
0 = D/2L = fi(X/D ), . . (1.4.2),
D
S .

,

, , -.
d
1.4.4.

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. , dS
(. 1,9). dP,
dS dQ 0 0 ' ,
dP = Bcos QdSdQ,
(1.4.3)
6 ' . ,
cos0 - ,
' dS
, ', . . cos0<2S.
, (1.4.3),
. 1.9
( )

, ()
D

1.
27
'. ,
, 0 ' .
,
( ).

D,
(. 1.96). ,
(1.4.3),
cos0 = 1. *S
Q = P/SQ.
2) /4, ,
, 0 , 0
(, ), (1.4.3)
:
2
= 4/(2)0) .
(1.4.4)
, -, 0 = 0 ,
(1.4.1) (1.4.4)
d
(1.4.5)
.
,
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- , ,
(, ),
:
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, . 1.96, , 0,
/ .
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0
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0', . 1.106.

, 0' = /0'.
,
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. 1.10 d = 2/0.

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( )
I = 4P/nd = / ( / 0 ) .
2
28
. 1.10
()

9.
()
,
( )
(1.4.4), 1 = (/4)(>//) .
, 1 D.
1 , D D .
:
I = n(NA) B,
(1.4.6)
NA = sin[tan~ () /2/)] = (D /2f) .

(1.4.6) ,
.
(,
) (.,
, 1.7).
. (1.4.6)
, ,
,
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L
1.4.5.

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10 -10 ,
; (
-10 ).
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1.
29
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1.5.

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1 (. . )
1 (. . ).
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1.2. 1.1
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1.3. 1 2 . 1.1
( - ),
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2
1.4. = 300
N /N 1/.
v .
?
2
1.5.
^ = ^ ^ 2 = 0,5,
L = 1%. .
I = 7,5 ,
= 2,8 10~ , .
x
19
1.6. (X = 694 )
1 .
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384 .)
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( Labs, 107/109, 100
) (X = 546 )
95 / .
1 (X = 514,5 ),
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1.
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2.1.

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3.
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[1]. ,
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E(t)
H(t) , :
2
| ^| },
(2.2.1)

, ( )
.
,
p , v. p
: p dv
v v + dv. ,
p :
(2.2.2)
I
,
, . , J
p , :
v
I = (c/4n) ,
v
(2.2.3)
Pv
, &
. , I , p ,
,
, , v
. p
.
, ,
.
, , ,
v
2.
33

. , v
,
. , ,
,
. ,
,
v. p > ", ,
(2.2.3), II > / , . .
1 2.
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p = p .
p (v, )
.
,
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. [1]
,
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, ,

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.
v
2.2.1.

, . 2.1.
pv
, .
, ( , z, t)
:
9
V*E-i.0.O,
(2.2.4)
V ,
.

:
= 0,
. 2.1

,

34
(2.2.5)

. ,

.
. .
,
. , :
= ( , z)E(t)
(2.2.6)
(2.2.6) (2.2.4),
V u J _ d?E
=
' dt '

, z t,

,
, -k .
( z) E(t):
9
V u = -fc u,
(2.2.7)
^ - = -(c k) E.
(2.2.76)
(2.2.76) :
= cos (* + ),

(2.2.8)
co = c k.
(2.2.9)
E(t) (2.2.8), (2.2.6)

:
( z 1) = (
9
)/(* + ).
(2.2.9)
, ( z)

( z)
.
.
(2.2.7),
, ,
(2.2.5). , :
9
= e cosk x suik y sink z

= e smk x cos k y sink z
u = e sink x sink y cosk z
(2.2.10)
(2.2.106)
(2.2. 10B)
(2.2.7a)
:
k +k +k =k .
29
(2.2.11)
,
(2.2.5). ,
2.
35
(2.2.10) , ,
= 0, = 0, z = 0. , , ,
z = 0, (2.2.5) = = 0,
(2.2.10) (2.2.106) , , 2 = 0.
(2.2.5)
, :
k = ln/2a
k = /2
k = nn/L
x
(2.2.12)
(2.2.126)
(2.2.12b)
1 . , ,
, z = L, (2.2.5)
= = 0 (2.2.10) (2.2.106) , ,
2 = 1 (2.2.12). Z,
, ,

.
, 1
. , k k k
(2.2.12), , (2.2.9) (2.2.11),
:
9
x9
(2.2.13)
, I, .
, ,
.
,
, V = 0, , (2.2.10),
e k + e k + e k = 0.
:
= 0,
(2.2.14)
, z
k k k .
(2.2.14), ,
. , Z, (
), , (2.2.14),
, .
. , \|/
,
, , ,
, . . = ^; + \|/.
, Z,
,
.
iV(v),
0 v. ,
x9
36
. .
k
*
0 2nv/c .
(2.2.12) ,
2n/L_
k k k
,

,
I > .
.
1
.
1
. 2.2.
k k k
,
,
. ,
. 2.2
,

,
. 2 . 1 .

(/2, /2, /L). ,
.
k
0 (2nv/c ) 1/8
(2nv/c )
, (/2, /2, n/L).
, , k
, :
n
x9
x9
n 9
n 9
14 ( 2 \
iV(v) = 2
V .
8 3 [
71

2 2 L
grcv -V,
(2.2.15)
2.2.2.
-

p ,
p (
, ).
p = dN(v)/Vdv, (2.2.15) :
v
1 dN
V dv
Pv
(2.2.16)
p , p

(), , . .:
v
=p {E).
Pv
(2.2.17)
() ,
. dp
2.
37
, + dE,
dp = C exp [-(E/kT)]dE,
,
00
$Cexv[-(E/kT)]dE
= l.
, () :
)Eexp[-(E/kT)]dE
() = *
4
= kT
(2.2.18)
00
jexv[-(E/kT)]dE
(2.2.16) (2.2.18) :
.
Pv =
(2.2.19)
-.
. , , (2.2.19)
,
(. (2.2.2)). ,
, , (2.2.3), I
v ,
, v > <> (
). ,

.
,
X X .
,

hv, v
, a h ,
. ,
, , .
,
v 0 ,
(2.2.18),
:
= nhv,
(2.2.20)
. , ,
,
v
nhvexp[-(nhv/kT)]
^ exn(hv/kT\-l'
exp(hv/kT)-l'
(2.2.21)
exp[-(rc/iv/A!T)]
=0
38
. .
1 6
/ ]
at
. 2.3
p ( v , )
v

v
1 4
[10 ]

(2.2.18). , hv < kT (2.2.21)
(2.2.18). (2.2.16), (2.2.17) (2.2.21)
:
_ 8
p v
hv
exp(*v/*T)-l'
(2.2.22)
,
, h 6,62 10" .
. 2,3 p v
.
,
34
=^1 =
*
(2.2.23)
hv
exp(hv/kT)-l
()
. v = 4 10 , ,
hv 1 . 300 kT = (1/40) , (2.2.23)
, () = ( - 40). , ,

.
,
( 10 , . 7.1 . 7).
w
14
10
2.2.3.

,
, (2.2.20), ,
, . -

(2.2.18) (2.2.21),
,
.
(1904) , ,
,
2.
39
. ,

(1927).
, , [2].
,
.
, ,
, v
. E (v, t) H^r, t)
,
(2.2.1),

x
(2.2.24)
V . ,
, ^ ( r , t) H (r, t)
[2]. ,
E (r, t)
(r, t), ,
q , , , .
,
q .
, , ,
q
. E (r, t) H (r
i)
,
,
(2.2.4).

, ,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
, :
y
x9
E=
(kpl/2)Hql/2m),
(2.2.25)
k , am .
. ,
,
.
- , , kp /2
,
q /2. , x
, ,
40
. .
,
\{\x{H )/2)dV.
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
:
2
E = {l/2)hv
+ nh\,
(2.2.26)
.
,
. ,
, , (2.2.25),
q , , ,
. ,
, , , (2.2.1),
.
. ,
,
( v) (2.2.26),
(. (2.2.20)),
, . ,
h\

. ,
(. 2.2.1)
hv
,
. ,
i hv/2

0 , .
. 2.4
,

(2.2.26)
, ,
, . 2.4. , ,
( ) ( ) .
.
, (hv/2)
. (2.2.24)

E = (\pdv)-(hv/2)
(2.2.27)
, .
, -
( )( )
, .
,
.
2
2.
41
2.3.

,
(. . ),
(. . ).
, (. .
) .
.
,
, ,
, ,
. ,

(
) .
2 31

, ,
2 , ,
, 1 (. . 1.1). ,
, :
2
(,
t)
= ^/
(2.3.1)
vi/ (r, t) = u (r)exv[-j(E /h)t],

2
(2.3.16)
u (r) 1 2,
- , (
), h = h/2n. 2 - 1

:
= aÔVi + a (t)^ ,
(2.3.2)
12

, . ,
\ \ | |
, t
1 2. , , :
kl
+ k l
= i,
(2..)
2
\ \ | | .
, ,
JLI.
:
\x = -\e\y\ rdV,
42
(2.3.4)
. .
; .
(2.3.4) , , e|y| dV
,
dV ,
d\x = -(e\\\f | dV)r. (2.3.2) (2.3.4),
(2.3.1) :
2
\ = [ | | | | dV + [ \ \ \ | dV +
+ \ ^^^ exp j((o t) + a[a u{u exp[- j((o t)]
jlV,
(2.3.5)
* , = ( - E )/h.
(2.3.5) , jli \i , ,
:
0
osc
= [2 ^
Pose
( *)],
21
(2.3.6)
Re .
1
2
21 = \u eru dV.
2
(2.3.7)
21 , .
(2.3.6) , 2 1
, ,
^!,
(2.3.7). ,
.
,
.
:
08
*W = cos(co * + ) = [ e x p ( y o O L
0
,
, Re , '
, \' = (').

, :
0
fi=
,
12rce c
3
d
(2.3.8)
, , , ,
, .
1/2
= [ * ] , * ,
(. . *, * * ,
).
2.
43
=| |=| | ,
,
. (2.3.8)
, [i = 2\a a î i\y
. .
2a a \i i. , ,
:
0
=;\ \ \ \ ,
(2.3.9)
/ ,
16
3
(2.3.10)
~

'
|jn| = | | j i .
, ,
, ,
, ,
:
0
2 1
21
Tjf =
(2.3.11)
= \ \ + \ \ .
1
(2.3.12)
(2.3.3), (2.3.12) :
= + hv \a \ ,
(2.3.13)
v = ( - E )/h .
(2.3.9), (2.3.10) (2.3.13) (2.3.11)
:
0
d\a \
2
I % 11 "2 \ =~(1-1
2
\) | | ,
2
(2.3.14)
x = hv / ',
sp
3/isqC
(2.3.15)
16* v rc|uf'
( ) 2
,
. (2.3.15) :
3
s p
1 - tanh
(2.3.16)
2
t , | (0)| .
, (2.3.16)
0

. .
.
44
. .
| (0)|
1-tanh
(2.3.17)
2 sp J _
| (0)| ( , 1)
t . . 2.5
| ()| | (0)| = 0,96.
, | (0)|
t (2.3.16), . . .
, , | (0)| = 0,8, | ()| 2
. 2.5

| ( ) |

=
x P /hv .

;

2
sp
. 2.5 ,
t = 0 0,8.
| ()| (2.3.16).
| ()| , , (2.3.11) (2.3.13),
P = - hv d\a \ /dt.
, = T P /hv ,
. 2.5. ,
| ()|
:
2
sp
\a (t)\ = |a (0)| exp[-(f/x ,)]

2
s;
(2.3.18)
|a (0)| < 1. ,
| | = 1 (2.3.14),
(2.3.18).
, ,
,
. ,
, .

,
, (2.3.18) ,
i - (2.3.15).
,
2
sp
2.
45
,
( ) = 1 / :
3
16 ^|1
(2.39)
3he c
, N
, ,
: N (t) = N \a (t)\ N (0) = AT |a (0)| . (2.3.18) N
: N (t) = (0) (-t/i ) (1.1.2),
, .
3
t9
8p
2.3.2.
-
-
,
, ,
.

, , |a (0)| = 1.
(2.3.17) , t = . ,

. , |a (0)| = 1, | (0)| = 0, (2.3.14)
, d\a \ /dt = 0. -
, , ( 0 ) = 0 \x
(2.3.6), .
,
, , .
. , ,
, \ \ 1 t = 0.
,
, | | , 1.
(2.3.6) ,
, . (. .
) ,
1. , \ \ ,
.
, .
2
osc9
,
, :
1. \ \
(2.3.16) ,
(. . \ \ < 1) (.
(2.3.18)).
2.
(. . |a (0)| = 1), (
), .
2
46
. .
,
[5, 6]:
1. ,
\ \ ( -) . ,
(2.3.18) | (0)| .
2.
(2.3.15).
3. =
- hv d\a \ /dt,
.
, , - -
(. . 2.5).
,
.
,
-
.

.
(2.3.2), ,
.
,
. , ,

, ,
- , . ,
,
, .
, ,
. ,

. , ,

, .

= . , ,
,
- . , ,
2
, .
v , .
,
, (
) .
0
2.
47
2.2.3, ( ) ( ) ^
nj/
= ( ).
,
, , , . , ,
.
2.3.3.

(2.3.19) , ,
0, , |] 0.
, , ,
. ,
|| = 0, = 0,
. , ,
( ).
.

, . . || = 0. |uj = | |, (2.3.7)
, ,
, (. .
). ,
(2.3.7) - , ()()
u (-r)(-eY)ui(-r)dV.
, ((-) =
= ()) ((-) = -()),
.
- , (2.3.7) ,
= 0. , (
, , ),
(2.3.7) -
. , , || 0,
.
, ,
,
( )
, (
, ).
21
, /() ( ), /(-)
( ),
1
/(-) = -/().
= ),
,
(. . ,
) . , , ,
, .
48
. .
2.1.
.
,
, (2.3.19)
X = c/v = 500 = , ( = 0,1 ).
, = 10 " (. . x = 10 ).
10 ,
x = 1 . , (2.3.19)
,
.
,
,
.
, (,
X ^ 5 ), ^ (10-100 ),

.
sp
sp
2.4.

, , ,

. ,
W W (.
(1.1.4) (1.1.6)). , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, -
.
,
,
.
,
, .
12
21
2.4.1.

, t ^ 0
,
(2.3.2)
\ (0)\ =1\ (0)\
= 0.
2
2.
49
/
'.
'
E(t, t)
( ),
- ( )
. ^
:
(0, t) = E s i n ( G ) 0 ,
(2.4.1)
. ,
,
.
(2.4.1)
( ).
,
.

, = -,
. ',
, :
0
' = = - E sin cot.
(2.4.2)

H'(t),
. s ,

. , t > 0 |aj(^)|
2
laÔ)! = 1, | 2 (0|
. a (t),
, ,
,
,
t = 0.

| 2 (0| 2 > ^ , :
0
\a (t)\
2
=^
\ ^
E d(v-v )t,
(2.4.3)
v = /2, v = /2, 5 - ,
, | | ,
(2.3.7). (2.4.3) , t > 0 |a (t)|
. ,
,
( ) W$
0
21
21
Wtf =d\a \
2
50
/dt,
(2.4.4)
. .
(2.4.3):
a
H? =^b il -Eo 8(v-v ).

2
(2.4.5)
, , (2.4.4),
,
; sa ( . single atom
), W .

, , t > 0
(2.3.2). , t > 0
, (2.3.6).
, a (t) a (t)
, \
. , , . .
(0) = 1 (0) = 0,
,
. , ,

[3].
(2.4.5)
.
12
08
08
= */2,
(2.4.6)
,
,
0
|2 p 8 ( v
V o )
( 2
- -
7 )
, W( - .
, W =
v v W = v = v , . .
.
,

. ,
, v
( ) ,
v , , . . ,
, v = v .
(
),
, ,
. ,
, ,
: (2.4.7) , 5-
2
12
2.
51
, v = v #
, . . ,
/
0
J 8 ( v - v ) d v = l,
0
g(y - v ) , v v ,
, . . ,
0
] * ( v - v ) d v = l,
0
:
_2
1
7iAv l + [ 2 ( v - v ) / A v ] '
2
'
Av . , Wf :
0
W
12 -~-3n s ft
sa
1^21 I
(2.4.9)
Pg(v-Vo).
[g(v - v ) A v ]
(v - v ) / ( A v / 2 ) . 2.6.
(2.4.8) , ,
( F W H M . Full Width at Half Maxi
mum ), Av .
g(v - v ) v = v ,
0
g(0) = 2/rcAv = 0,637/Av .

0
(2.4.96)
, (2.4.8),
. . ,
(2.4.8) [3].

W*g / .
/ = /,
Ate(v-v )Av ]
0
(2.4.10)

, (2.4.9) ,
1 2
__2 __
2
3ne ch
H 2 i l - t e ( v - v ) . (2.4.11)
2
. 2.6

52

.
,
( (2.3.2)
(2.3.1)) '
( (2.4.2))
.
,
| ()|
2
. .
|ai()l (. ) .
,
| (0)| = 1 , , | ( 0 ) | = 0.
,

1 2. ,
,
( ) Wfg (2.4.5)
. (2.3.7) , | = 2 1
| | = | |. ,
2
1 2
12
W^=W f,
(2.4.12)
,
(. (1.1.8)).
, (2.4.9)
(2.4.11), :
1
sa
W
W
= - ^
"
=- ^ \ ^ \
= | | =
12
sa
(2.4.13)
^(v-v ),
(2.4.136)
||i2il
W
p*(v-v ),
(2.4.12),
=W.
sa
2.4.2.

(2.4.13) (2.3.19) ,
W
|| . , ,
. ,

( )
,
sa
: 3 ( 2 . 4 . 3 ) , ( 2 . 4 . 5 ) , ( 2 . 4 . 7 ) , ( 2 . 4 . 9 ) ,
( 2 . 4 . 1 1 ) , ( 2 . 4 . 1 3 ) ( 2 . 4 . 1 3 6 ) ,
( ) .
:
W<*>(\.
-So I ) =1 M I Eg<cos*0) =| 1 El/3,

21
0 ,
. ,
2
21 : <cos0> = 1/3, , . .
21
<cos 6>= Jcos GdQ/47i.

2
|n il /3
. , , ( ,
) 3
, , |ji il
.
2
2.
21
53
.
. , , W = 0,
.
, , 1 2
.
, ,
.
,

,
, (2.4.11).
,
(- - ) .
, ,
,
, .
8a

W W .
, :
,
. ,
.
, (2.4.5), W (^ ) ( ) ,
,
\i
.
2
, W (jn B ) ( 0 ) ,
, \
(3 ((3 == 9,27 10" ) . ,
:
(W /W ) = ( /$ )
= (/$) = 10 .
(2.4.14)
(2.4.14) ,
/ =
( ), , = 0,05 . ,

.
e
24
2.4.3.

2.4.1

,
. N
,
.
t
54
. .
, v ,
(
). W
, :
0
W (v - v ) = W*4v - v ) .
h
(2.4.15)
, ,

, dN /dt, :
2
(dN /dt)
= W N.
(2.4.16)
W ,
. . F = I/hv,
o :
h
W /F.
(2.4.17)
(2.4.13) (2.4.17) , a
2
3ne ch^H v ' *( v' - v *) '.(2.4.18)
h
, ,
. 1.2, (2.4.16) (2.4.17), ,
2 , (.
( 1
'
2 ) )
'
dF =
-a N Fdz.
h
(2.4.19)
(2.4.19)

. , ,

, ,
(. 2.7).
S
,
dz (. . 1.2) N Sdz,
, a N Sdz.
(dF/F)
dz , ,
. 2.7

(dF/F) = -(o N Sdz/S).

a
(2.4.20)
(2.4.20) (2.4.19) , = ,
, ,
.
,
Vo v (
).
2.
55
g*(v' - v ) , ,
dN = N g*(v' - v )dv' ,
VQ H V O +dvo. (2.4.16)
d(dN /dt)

dN
0
t9
d(dN /dt) = W dN = W (v 2
)N g * (v' - v Wo>
W (v-v' )

V Q .

h
(dN /dt)
= N \w (v -
)g *(v[> - v Wo .
(2.4.21)
(2.4.21) (2.4.16) ,
W
in9
= lw (v-v' )g*(vo-v Wo.

h
(2.4.22)
(2.4.17)
G G = W /F.
(2.4.22) F (2.4.17), :
IN
<* = j ^ v - v ^ K - v
IN
in
W o -
(2.4.23)
, . 2.7, , G
,
, ,
. , ,

G (v-v' )
, G
. , (2.4.23)
G g*(v - v ) , . .
. ,
, .
, g* ( V Q - v )
:
IN
IN
IN
~\!/2
*(vo-v ) =
Avi
< o - y o > 12
AvJ
V
(2.4.24)
(2.4.24)
jg*(v' -v )dv'
0
=1, , , AvJ
( F W H M ) .
, (2.4.24)
( V Q - v ) = A V Q / 2 , ,
1/2, . . , 1, , ,
( v j ) - v ) = 0. (2.4.24)
g*(v' -v )y AvJ
.
0
56
. .
(2.4.18) (2.4.23)
:
2
v f t ( v - v o )' .
3ns ch ~>
(2.4.25)
2
)r
o t v
w /
(2.4.25) g (v - v )
,
t
g=
lg*(x)g[(v-v )-x]dx,
(2.4.26)
^ = ( V Q - V ) . <
, ,
(2.4.18) g(v - v ) g (v - v ) .
, , (2.4.26), g
gng*. , ,
, , g
, . . ^g (v-v )dv
t
= l. ,
(2.4.25)
(2.4.18). , (2.4.25) (2.4.26) , a
, g*( o - v ) = 5(VQ - V ) , . .
. , g(v- V Q )
g*(v' - v ) ,
, g(v-v' )
(2.4.26)
8- , g = g*(v - v ) (
). (2.4.24) :
in
^ ^
( V
V o )
U ( ^ r
v
- .
< - > ln2
(2.4.27)
[ ^ * ( ~ o ) ^ o ]
( V - V ) / ( A V Q / 2 ) . 2.8.
, F W H M , (2.4.27)
A[*(v-v )Av*]
A V Q ,
v = v

0
,
(2.4.27),
.

,

= G .

2
||
V ^ ( V - V Q ) .
(2.4.29)
Sne ch
IN
2.
[^/2~
. 2.8

57
W = GF
:
W
3 ^ ^
'
(2-4.30)
= (nil) = (nFhv/c)
.

. (2.4.12) ,

(2.4.29)
(2.4.30).
, (2.4.29)
(|| , g v ) v
. , (v - v )
,
.
. , ,
N iV , (2.4.19)
:
2
dF = -G(N - N )Fdz.
1
(2.4.31)
1
(1.2.1), gi = g .
(
) .

,
2
OL = G(N -N ).
1
(2.4.32)
N > iV , ,
. (2.4.29),
:
x
2
a
3 ^ h
'
(2.4.33)

, ,
, , , .
,
. , (2.4.31)
(2.4.32) :
dF = -aFdz.
(2.4.34)
, ,
I,
[F(l)/F(0)] = exp(-aZ).
, 58
. .
.
, N
N , (2.4.32).
, N N (1.2.2),
N = N + N H
.
. , ,
1 . , , ,
1 ,
, kT.
, N > N
, (2.4.32),
, , ,
, .
g :
x
l9
g=
a(N -N ),
2
(2.4.35)
; .
2.4.4.

( ),
[9].
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
.

, , p

(2.2.22). , ,
, .
,
1 2
2 1.
v
W =B p,
21
.2
21
(2.4.36)
(2.4.37)
( ) ,
N{ N 1 2.
, :
21
12
AN* +B
2lPvo
= ^ ^ N{.
2.
(2.4.38)
59
:
/ = exp(-/*v /kT).
(2.4.39)
(2.4.38) (2.4.39) ,
P v o
B exp(hv /kT)-B
i2
21
(2.4.40)
(2.4.40) (2.2.22), v = v ,
:
= = ,
(2.4.41)
0
1 2
2 1
A
B
Snhvln
e
'
(2 4 42)
(2.4.41) ,
.
, (2.4.41)
(2.4.12),
. ,
(2.4.42) ,
.
(2.4.30), ,
.
p <2v
v v + dv
, .
dW (2.4.30)
p dv.
,
g (v - v ) , p , 6- (. . 2.3),
v
^ =3
( 2
' -
4 3 )
(2.4.43) (2.4.36) (2.4.37)

2
, 2 | u f
'
2
(2.4.44)
(2.4.42) :
(2.4.45)
3hs c
'
, ,
- (. (2.3.19)).
,
(
).
3
16 1|
60
. .
2.5.

, ,
.

. ,
, , .
. ,
,

.
(. . ) ,
.
, ,
g (v - v ) :
1. ,
.
v, .
(2.4.33) , vg (v - v ) .
g (v - v ) , v ,
, v g (v - v ) . ,
g (v - v ) v
.
2. ,

g (v - v ) , .
, ,
- , .
,
, .
t
2.5.1.

.
, ,
. ., .
.
\\f \|/ (. (2.3.1))
. ,
\i (. (2.3.6))
. ,

osc
2.
61
. 2.9

E(t),
,
.
(

1 0 . )
7
.
, ,
,
, \ .
,
, ,
. 2.9,
. ,
. ,

v' v' 4- dV dp = p dV,
, , . . (2.4.7),
:
08
92
d
l2
1^21 P v ' S ( v ' - V ) d v ' .

0
(2.5.1)

(2.5.1) , :
Wl2=
2112
sXlh ^
v ,
jpv' ( - o)rfv'.
(2.5.2)
p :
v
p >=ptf(v'-v)
v
(2.5.3)
(. (2.4.6)),
g(v' - v) p .
v
, , = j p d v ' ,
v
(2.5.3) , g(V - v)
+00
ftf(v'-v)dv' = l.
J
(2.5.4)
-00
(2.5.3) (2.5.2)
8-, :
62
. .
2.4.1, , W
5(v - v ) (2.4.7) g(v - v ) .
, (2.5.4)
12
+00
Jtf(v-vo)dV = l .
(2.5.6)
-00

g(v' - v ) .

(. 2 . 9 ) , , ,
. ,

= [(-/ )]/ .
(2.5.7)
p dx ,
+ dx. ,
(2.5.7)
, (). ,
,
x
<>
f c * =V
(2.5.8)
, ,
.
, . 2 . 9 ,

/> , ( 2 . 5 . 7 ) . ,
, ,
.

^ ' - ) =2
[ 1 +
,_
( 2
. .
5
9 )
(2.5.5)
(2.5.9) v' v . :
0
g(v-v ) =2T
0
(2.5.10)
. ,
(. . 2 . 6 ) ,
( 2 . 4 . 8 ) , 2 ,
Av ,
=1/ .
0
2.
(2.5.11)
63
2.2. He-Ne .

.
= l/u , I ,
v , u = (SkT/M) ,
, / ,
, :
th
1/2
th
th
(2.5.12)
, . Ne
= 0,5 ( He-Ne
), (2.5.12), ^0,1 = 0,5,
(2.5.11), Av = 0,64 . ,
, , , Av
. ,

, (Av /p) 1 /
, Ne. ,
,
, = V T . ,
, v = 5 10 ,
5 10 . , . 2.9
,
, .
14
2.3. Nd:YAG.

.
.
,
,
. . 2.10
Nd.YAG,
. ( )
, ,
. , 300
Av = 4 = 120 Nd.YAG
Av = 11 = 330 .
-1

.
1
- 1
v (. . )
w v/, ( / ) . , v
v = cw.
( ) . = c/v = 1/w,
( ) .
1
64
. .
,
, .

. , , 2.3.2,
, . .
, . ,
- .
, ,
. - [10] ,
g(v - v ) ,
(2.5.10) 2x ,
x . ,
,
( F W H M )
0
sp
sp
Av =l/2nx .
0
sp
(2.5.13)

, ,
, ,
exp(-t/x ),

,

E(t) = exp(-t/2x )
cos co t.
(
{E (t))) (-/ ),

.
,

E(t), ,
,
(2.5.13).
sp
sp
100
200
300
[ ]
. 2.10

,
,
N d : Y A G
2.4. .

Av .
|] = , = 0,1 , X = 500 ( ), 2.1
, x = 10 . (2.5.13) Av = 16 .
, Av , = 1/
, vfj.
( -
).
nat
sp
nat
nat
89
2.
65
2.5.2.

,

( ).

.
,
. - ,
, .
, ,
, , . (
.)
,
g*(v' - v ) , . .
(2.4.27). A V Q ( F W H M )
,
, .
0
2.5. .
N d .
-
X = 1,05 AvJ = 5,4 , . .
40 Nd.YAG
(. 2.3). ,
.
3+
,
,
. , v
2 ,
. , ,
, v' = v [ l - ( u / c ) ] , .
, ,
> 0, v' < v, . ,
, v'
v , . . v [ l - ( / ) ] = v .
:
v = v /[l-(u /c)],
(2.5.14)
2
:
,
, V Q ,

Vo=v /[l-(u /c)],
(2.5.15)
0
66
. .
v . ,
, ,
v V Q , . . v = V Q ,
(2.5.14) (2.5.15) , ,

, 2.5.

*( o ~ v ) , , p dv ,

+ du ,
:
0
1 / 2
* [)
(2.5.16)
| |<, (2.5.15) VQ = v [ l + ( u / c ) ] ,
, =c(v' - v ) / v . (2.5.16),
g*( o -v )<2vo = p dv ,
:
( V Q - V Q )
(2.5.17)
2kT
v
, ,
(FWHM) ( )
(2.5.17) (2.4.24):
2
1 / 2
Av* = 2 v [ 2 f t r i n 2 / M c ] / .
0
(2.5.18)

(2.4.27), AvJ
(2.5.18).
2.6. He-Ne .
Ne X = 632,8 ( He-Ne
) = 300 . (2.5.18),
Ne, A V Q =1,7 . ,
(. 2.2)
(. 2.4)
,
.
2.5.3.
,
,
. ,

(2.4.26)
, , .
2.
2.1

1 -10
5+10 /
-300 -
-10 -
50 - 1
-500 -
1-500
,
Avj A v ,
Av = Av + A v . Av
Av , Av = (Av + A v | ) .
,

.
, , , [11], . , (,
Ne), .
.
. 2.1
.
,
x = 10 , , Av = 10 .
, ,
i = 1 , , Av = 1 , ,

.

, ( = 0,1 ) , ,
A v = 1/ = 100 " .
,
; AvJ, ,
.
300
0,5 , ,
, Nd: Y A G .
2
1 / 2
sp
sp
nat
nat
- 1
-1
2.6.

,
,
.
,
68
. .
.
, ,
, , :
1. .
, ,
/
. ,
,
.
2. - .

, - , ,
, ,
, .
2.6.1.

[12],
*
, :
*+-++
+ ,
(2.6.1)
*.
,
,
. (2.6.1)
N * ( )
:
dN
-jf- = -k * N *N ,
2.6.2)
B
N , k *
, .
, . . k *
, , (,
0 ),

.
,
(, 2 8-
He-Ne ). (2.6.2)
:
A
W =k . N .
(2.6.2) (2.6.3) :
nr
B A
dN
( 2 )
dt
N
'
2
(2.6.3)
(2.6.4)
2.
69
, , N
( ) *, ,
, , =
(1/W ).
, (2.6.2) , ,
(2.6.1), :
2
nr
+ - * + - ,
(2.6.5)

( ,
). , (2.6.2)
:
(dN .
B
/dt) = -k . N .N
B A
+k N N ,
BA
(2.6.6)
k ,
.
k k * ,
.

:

. , (2.6.6)
:
BA
BA
k . N .N =k N N .
B A
BA
(2.6.7)
:
N * = N (-2/kT), ,
. (2.6.7)
:
B
*2
= BA
exp(AE/kT),
(2.6.8)
, k
(2.6.1) , (2.6.5).
,
kT. , (2.6.8),
k * ^>k . , (2.6.8)
, , ,
,
, -
, ,
, -
B
BA
, 2.4.4 ,
,
.
70
. .
. 2.11
()
, ()
. ,
k ,

.
, ,
, . .
N * N ,
^*^* ^ ^BANE, (2.6.6) (2.6.2).
,
(2.6.4) , >
,
.
(,
(010) 0 ) ,
.
*
, (
) :
B
* + -> + * + ,
(2.6.9)
= -
(. . 2.11).
,
[13]. ,

, (2.6.9)
, , kT.
.

( . ( 2 . 6 . 5 ) ) .
,
, ( . ( 2 . 6 . 1 ) ) ,
, ( . ( 2 . 6 . 9 ) ) .
, , , .
2.
71
(,
Ne He-Ne
N 0 0 ).
.
,
( , . 2.116):
2
+ *-> * +-.
(2.6.10)
, , , ,
, , (. . = 0),
k * =k .,
^ . ^ ,
(2.6.9) (2.6.10). ,
.
,
,
.
(N * /N )<K
(N * /N ),
, *

B
BA
(dN .
B
/ dt) ~k * N
B
*N .
(2.6.11)
(2.6.4), ( 1 / ) =
k*N.
, , ,
* (, )

.
, ,
(, , 3-4 ) ,
. , ,
,
( ).
, :

*-> + ; ^ ) ,
(2.6.12)
v ,
, ,

. , W
NR
ÎBL^-W
(2.6.13)
, , ,
, .
, , .
72
. .
, ,
,
. ,
v, W
W = (-DAE/hv), ! ) ,
, , * .
,
= AE/hv , . . .
, ,
,
.
W OT
. , ,
.
nr
nr
NR
,
, ,
,
, (2.6.4),
. ,
, ,

2.5.1,
. ,
,
. ,

, , ,
. , , ,
, , , ,
.
262

-
,
, -
, D, , ,
, .
.
[14] [15].
, ,
.
, ,
R .
2.
73
\x ,
. [16] ,
, R,
( ),
E (t), ,
li /4ns R .

E (t, R), ,
| .
:
D
Hcc\E - \k\ii -ii \/RZ.

D
(2.6.14)
,
, \i .
,
( )
.
,
, R,
[14]:
D
(2.6.14)
,
, g
,
. , , , W
W
\\ , (2.6.14) W
l u x ^ l u j / ^ *
W
(2.6.14) R~ , (1/ ) (, 1/ l u ^ l , .
(2.3.15)), (, |. | ,
. (2.4.29)). , (2.6.14) :
8
DA
D A
D A
DA
(2.6.146)
DA
R
R
0
-|1/6
64
(2.6.146) R
, . , (2.6.146)
, , W = (1/ ) R = R , W = 1 0 ( 1 / T )
R = 10R . R .
0
-6
DA
74
DA
s/)
. .
. 2.12

- :
( ) , () -, () -.
, , -

- . ,
( D)
, ,
(. 2.12).
, ,
D.
, -
D,
-, , ,
. ,
i,
. 2.126 (-).
, . . AE = . ,
,
, ,
(. 2.12). ,
- (. cooperative up-conversion),
, . . = A # 2 i 2i

- ,
, N
N
. (2.6.146) W

R . ,
,
, ,
R .
,
,
,
, ( ).
, ,
D
DA
2.
75
,
:
N (t)
= (0)-[(* ) +
1/2
C* L
(2.6.15)
,
. ,
.
2.7. Yb^-.Er ^'. [17].

Yb :Er : (. 9) -
Y b ,
F , ,
1
(. 2.13). , ,

Y b ,
. , Y b

Y b ,
Y b - E r .
3+
3+
3+
3+
5 / 2
1 1 / 2
3+
3+
3 +
3 +
3+
3+
III.
N ;
N ;
. 2.13
- :
3 +
3+
( ) Y b Yb:Er , ()
N d : Y A G -, () .
3+
2.8.
F Nd:YAG.
F Nd: YAG
-. i . 2.126
I i N d (. 2.136).
,
1 ,
1
1 ( . 2.13,
. . 2.15). (
, 1
- 1 ) 2000 " (,
,
), . . 4 ,
YAG (~450 ) .
N d YAG 1 % .
4
3/2
3 / 2
3+
5 / 2
9 / 2
1 3 / 2
1 3 / 2
/2
11/2
-1
3+
76
. .
3+
2.9. -
[17]. , ,
(. 2.13), . ,
I i ,
1 ,
1 .

1 . - , ,
I i ,
, . . 50% .
3+
3+
3 / 2
15/2
9 / 2
13/2
3+
3 / 2
2.6.3.

,
(2.6.4).
,
, N
:
dN _
(N
N)
2
~~{1
^ 7 /
(2.6.16)
(2.6.16) :
dN /dt
= -(N /x),
(2.6.17)

1
1^1
- =- +
(2.6.18)
N (t) t ,
(2.6.17).
2
iV (0
2
= ^2(0)exp-(fA),
(2.6.19)
N (0) t = 0.
, , (2.6.16)
N /x ,
. , ,

1 v
, t :
2
P(t) = N (t)hv V/T

2
2.
(2.6.20)
77
V . (2.6.19) (2.6.20) :
P(t) = [N (0)hv V/x ]exp-(t/T).
2
(2.6.21)
,
, , , ,
.
,
t = 0 N (0), ,
(2.6.21), .

,
.
,
2. (2.6.21), :
N (0)V
/
,
, ,
,
, .
, , ,
. ,
(2.6.18), .
2
2.7.

, 1
2 . ,

.
. 2.14, , 1 2 g- ~ >
(.. ),
, . N N
1 2, a N N .
2j
E ,g ,N
2
2.14
,

,
,

78
. .
2.7.1.

.
, ,
;
= N1 [ - ( - ) / ] .
}
(2.7.1)
, , 1
, ;
=/8.
(2.7.2)
=/ .
(2.7.26)
,
}
(2.7.1) (2.7.2) :
=NZ(g /g )exp[-(E -E )/kT].
2
(2.7.3)
,
,
. ,
N
N ; N
i.
,
x
(2.7.4)
Wji
, W , ( 1 )

. , Wj W
(2.4.30), ||
/, |p |
|n y J 2 . , ,
(2.3.7). , \\i j\ (2.3.7),
u , /-
, - .
,
W =W .
(2.7.5)
, ,
,
, , .
,
N = N /g
(2.7.6)
#1* = # 1 / (2.7.66)
tj
tj
i;
2j
V}
2y
2.
79
(2.7.6) (2.7.4),
dN 1
dt
.
gi
(2.7.7)
x
, (2.7.5),
8\
82
1 1
8l
8l
g2
82
1_ 1
(2.7.9)
#2
(2.7.7) , WN /g

WNi/g

.
dF dz
(. . 1.2)
2
dF = W
-^]dz.
(2.7.10)
Si)

2i = W/(g F),
(2.7.11)
ci2 = W/( F),
(2.7.116)
82
21
12
gl
, , ,
ft<*2i
ft<*i2-
(2.7.12)
(N /g ) > (N /g ), (2.7.10), (2.7.116),

dF = -aFdz,

,
.
1
, (N /g ) > (N /g ),
(2.7.10),
(2.7.11), : dF = gFdz,
g
2
g = a2l(N2-N1&j.
(2.7.14)
, a i
(2.7.11) (2.7.116).
N ^> N (
), (2.7.13)
a = a iVi. , N N (
), (2.7.14) g = a N .
2
12
12
2 1
80
. .
2.7.2.

, 2 1
g g ,
, -
, ,
( ). , ,
, .

, ,
. (2.7.6)
:
X j = f2jN ,
(2.7.15)
N = fiiN
(2.7.156)
f j (fu) 2 ( 1),
j ( 0 . ,
, :
_
g exp-(E /kT)
2
l9
2j
2j
tmg2 ex >-(E /kT)

m
(2.7.16)
2m
g exp-(Eu/kT)
=
U
(2.7.166)

, a g g .
,
(, I) 1 (, )
2. (2.7.4)
2
2m
(2.7.17)
J
1 1
(2.7.15), (2.7.17)
(dN /dt)
2
= -W^N
+W^N
-(N /x),
(2.7.18)
W
W ^,
(1/)
l9
W^ = f W ,
Wg =fiiW ,
2m
(1/) = | \ | \ ( /
1
(2.7.19)
(2.7.196)
ml
lm
2 /
/,).
(2.7.19)
(2.7.18),
dF dz

2.
81
(2.7.20)
dF^WZM-W&NJdz.

G of
e
ml
o =W^ /F
ml
(2.7.21)
tn=W 'k/F
= fu<'im,
(2.7.216)
ml
f a,
2m
(2.7.19 ) G = W /F
o = W /F
I . ,
1 (
), G = G . , ,
(2.7.20) (2.7.21),
:
lm
ml
lm
ml
lm
ml
Gf N -c< N .
m
ml
(2.7.22)

: ( N > N )
,
. ,
N = 0 N = N , N ,
(2.7.22) :
a =a N .
(2.7.23)
, Gf
, .
2
lm
fm
2.10.
= 1,064 Nd:YAG. ,
Nd: YAG,
. 2.15. F > 1
( =
= 1,064 ), ,
/2
I I 3 / 2 (X = 1,32 ) F
- 1
(X = 0,94 ). X =
= 1,064 , = 2, F
, I = 3, 1/ ( R -> Y ).
/22 N /N = N /(N
+ iV )
, N N F ,
N .
, (2.7.3) N = N exp - (AE/kT)> .
f f = 1/[1 + exp(AE/kT)]. = 84
kT = 208 " ( = 300 ) / = 0,4.
R > Y

6,5 10~ [21].
R ^ 3 (2.7.21),
| = / = 2,8
.
4
3 / 2
1 1 / 2
3 / 2
9 / 2
3 / 2
22
22
2l
22
22
21
3 / 2
22
21
22
22
2 2
19
23
23
- 1 9
82
22
23
. .
2.11. .
2.16.
;
( = 730 * 800 ).
, f ,
, f = N /(N
+ N ), N N
.
N = N exp -(AE/kT), .
f = exp-(AE/kT)/[l
+ exp-(AE/kT)].
= 800 " , = 208 ' ( = 300 ) G = 4 10~ X = 704
[22], , f = 2,1 10~ = 0,8 ~ .
f , .. ,

. ,
, f .
,
, ->
(1/ = 1,5 10 ( = 6,6 ), -
(1/) = 666,6 ( = 1,5 ). (2.7.19B) (1/) = (f /x ) + (f /x ),
f = N /(N
+ N ) = l-f r ,
.
(1/), , = 200 = 300 . ,

( 6,6 200 )
,
, . , ,
, .
4
2T
2T
2T
2T
2E
2T
2E
2T
2E
2T
19
TA
2T
20
2T
2T
-1
2E
2E
2E
2E
2T
2T
= 84
^22
TT 21
*
1,32
= 800
1,064
0,946
.= 7 3 0 - 8 0 0
1,06 |
4
11/2
0,94
\ 9/2
. 2.15
,
X = 1,064
N d : Y A G
. 2.16
,

2.
83
2.8.

( v )
I v = v .
, .
, / , N
N
. N > N ( , N > N ),
, WN
, WN , . . 1 -> 2
, 2 -> 1. ,
/ .
.
0
l9
2.8.1.
:

(iV\ > N ) ,
.
N
,
(. 2.17)
2
d^
at
_ ^
(2.8.1)
/^ 1.
:
\\ -^ WN, WN
N /x
N + N = N,
(2.8.2)
N
. (2.8.1)
,

t
. 2.17

AN = N -N .
t
(2.8.3)
(2.8.2) (2.8.3) N N
AN N (2.8.1) :
t
t9
dAN
dt
-AN( + 2w) + N .
t
(2.8.4)
, . . (dAN/dt) = 0, :
AN =
84
(2.8.5)
l + 2Wx'
. .
AN ,

(dP/dV),
= (hvWAN
=m
^ r
, . . Wx > 1,
(dP/dV)
= (hv)N /2x.
(2.8.7)
(2.8.7) , (dP/dV) ,
,
, , ,
(N /2)
.
(2.8.5) (2.8.6)
. , (2.4.17)
W
s
W =
oI/hv,
(2.8.8)
.
(2.8.5) (2.8.6), (2.8.8),
:
AN
1
(2.8.9)
dP/dV
(dP/dV) ~l
I/Is
+
(I/I y
(2.8.10)
I = hv/2ax
(2.8.11)
,
.
(2.8.9). , I = I , AN = N /2. v = v ,
1 .
.
,
[/(v)]

J .

, . 2.18,

. 2.18
v', / '

,

v'
.

I'(v')

,
I

v (/(v)
I'(v'))
s
W W
2.
85
.
(2.4.33)
g (v - v )
g(v' - v ) , v v'. N - N = AN (2.8.9), :
t
(2.8.12)
2
|uf iV,v'(v'-v )
(2.8.13)
3ne ch
v
( ). (2.8.12) (2.8.13)
, I ,
.
,
g(V - v ) . . 2.19
v' I/I .
,
/ = I(t),
.
, ,
.
,
AN
, (2.8.4)
\dAN/dt\ < N /x. , , , AN -
(2.8.9),
, I = I(t).
, . ,
,
, , 2WAN (2.8.4),
, (N - AN)/x,
,
. . [(N - AN)/t]
< 2WAN. (2.8.4),
(2.8.8), :
= -
(dAN/dt) = -2WAN =
I/I
-(2a/hv)I(t)AN.
(2.8.14)
= O
. 2.19

v'
/

(
)
86
. .
(2.8.14) () = N :
t
(2.8.15)
AN(t) = N exp -(2o/hv)jI(t)dt

l
(2.8.15) ,
t
():
t
<<W'w*
( 2
8 6 )
:
, = Av/2a.
(2.8.17)
(2.8.15) :
AN(t) = N exp[
t
- ((*)/ )].
(2.8.18)
,
, , ,
.
AiV^,
, , (2.8.18),
AN<* = JV,exp[ - ( ) ] ,
(2.8.19)
T .
, ,
, ,
AN^ = N /e.
,
,
, ,
(2.4.33) g (v - v ) g(y' - v ) .

(2.8.12) ( I = I(t))
= [-(*)/ ],
(2.8.20)
. ,
, ,
.
t
2 8.2
:

, 1 2
, . ,
(. . 2.20),
2 1
2.
87
3,iV
2,N
WN,
WN
N /x
. 2.20

,

. , 3 -> 2 1 -> g
, N = N = 0.

N 2:
S
(dN /dt)
=R-
WN - ( / ) ,
2
(2.8.21)
R = W N , 3iN .
(. . dN /dt = 0) N = N (2.8.21)
:
p
1+ WV
(2.8.22)
(2.8.8), (2.8.22) :
^20
No
i+(//i )'
(2.8.23)
==
iV
Rp 2
(. . / = 0),
I = hv/ax.
(2.8.24)
(2.8.24) (2.8.11) ,
I
, ,
. 2.17. - ,

. , AN
.
, ,
. 2.18, v'
, . (2.4.35) = 0,
(2.8.23), g :
20
(2.8.25)
g=
g = <jN / = 0, . .
( ).
, g , (2.4.18),
:
2
= ^ 1 ^ 1
VtfaotfCv'-vo).
(2.8.26)
Sm ch
0
20
88
. .
(2.8.25) (2.8.26) , ,
,
g J,
.
,
I(t).
,
(2.8.21) N
. (2.8.23)
2 (2.8.25) ,
/ .
,
,
2 R
N /x
WN . , :
2
(dN /dt)
= -(Gl/hv)N
(2.8.27)
29
(2.8.8).
(2.8.27) :
N (t) = JV exp { - [ ( * ) / J},
(2.8.28)
N = Rp/ 2
, T(t) t
(. (2.8.16)),
2
20
20
T = hv/a
(2.8.29)
.
(2.8.29) (2.8.17) ,
,
.
:
g = g exp { - [ ( 0 / . ] } ,
(2.8.30)
g = GN ,
(2.8.26). , ,

.
8
20
2.8.3.

,
,
(. 2.16 2.17 2,
).
,
, ,
(2.4.26). ,
2.
89
v'
. 2.21
,
,
.

~ o )
g ( v - V o )

v
. 2.22

v',
,
J(v')
(
)
g (v - v ) g(v - V Q ) .
,
, . 2.21.
, . 2.18,
/ ( v )
, VQ v.
, I(v)
.
, . 2.22 I(v).
I(v)
v. ,
, . 2.21, . .
. ,
, , .

, . ,
,
.
t
2.9.

2.3
.
, ,
.
,
, .
.
90
. .
2.9.1.

, ,
, ,
, , .
, ,
,
. ,
(
. [18]). , ,

, ,
.
-,
( (2.4.29), |p| v
- v ||
).
.
2
2.9.2.

, ,
, ,
(,
. amplified spontaneous emission ASE).
Q
, ,
, (. 2.23).
G = exp[a(iV - iV )Z]
, , ,
, Q
(
10 ).
,
D
,
(. 2.23),
Q, ,
, .

R=l
(R = 1)
(. 2.236),
. 2.23
.

:

( ) ,
.
()
,
.
2
1.
2.
91
:
;
, ;
; , ,
.
,
.
. 2.23. D < I
Q . 2.23
Q = TLD /4Z ,
(2.9.1)
D , / , .
, . 2.236,
2
Q' = nD /16l
(2.9.2)
. , , -
,
Q ( . 2.23, )
(2.9.1) (2.9.2) ,
. , D < I,
(. 2.12).
n
2.12. . ,
,
, = 337 (. 10). 2) = 2 / = 1
,
. (2.9.2) Q' = 0,8 10~ , ,
,
4 , . ,
,
.
0'
0' = [Q'/rc] = 5 . ,
,
, Q = (X/D) = 20 , 250 .
4
1/2
, ,
, . . v = v ,
. . 2.24
.
( ~ o ) / p ,
I /I

G.
: g J
g I , a G = exp (OpN l),

,
0
vp
92
vp
. .
1,0
0,8
<
0,6
0,4
- 2 - 1 0
0
2(v-v )/Av
10'
10"
10
0,2
20
MILL
50
100
<yv z
. 2.24

. 2.25
A v ^
A v
o y v y

0
N (, ^ 0 ) .

, .

^ A v ( F W H M )
GpN l . 2.25.
,
Q/4n
(. [23]). ,
1 0 ^ G ^ 1 0 , . . 7 ^ OpN l ^ 1 4 ,
1 0 ~ ^ ( Q / 4 r c ) ^ 1 0 ~
3 4 .
,
, ,
. 2.23
/
/
< t > / s
\ ( G - 1 )
l4^")[GlnGli/2
(2.9.3)

3/2
1
c^GlnG] '
(2.9.36)
.
, a I = hv /<j T
.
,
. ,
s
2.
93
, /
I . ,
, . 2.23,
4, . 1 = 1
G > 1 (2.9.3) (2.936) ,
:
s
4^.
[ l n G ]
i/2
(2.9.4)
=| ^
(2.9.46)
. ,
(. 2.236),
(2.9.4),
G ,
G , Q
Q'. :
2
2 i^
=
2-|i/2
(2.9.5)
4ii
(2.9.56)
G 2 ] 1 / 2
2.13,
. ,
, Nd: YAG, D = 6 I = 10 ,
= 1,82, ,
. 2.23. (2.9.1) (0/4) = 2,25 10" .
Nd: YAG ,
= 1, (2.9.4) , 4 T O G = 2,5 10 ,
. . OpN l = InG = 10,12.
Nd:YAG 2,8- 10~ (.
2.10), ,
N = 3,6 10 .
, . 2.236,
(2.9.2) (0'/4) = 5,62 10~ , (2.9.5) ,
G = 6,4 10 , . .
.
N = In G/a l = 2,3 10 . ,
, Q
Q', . , ,
Q = 1 = 9,36 10"
Q; = = 2,33 10 .
4
th
19
18
th
18
th
94
. .

. 2.26,

. 2.23
GpN l,
(Q/4n) = 10"
, = 1.
(2.9.3),

/ > I - ,

, / <
,

,
. 2.23, . .
(I/I ) = GpN l/2.

,

, . .
[23].
2
100
. 2.26

J,
/ ,

GpN l

Q = 4 10~
8

,
. 2.236,

, , (. 10).
,
,
. ,
,
,
, ,
11, .
. ,
,

. , /^J/'
, ,
Y
, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier).
^ 1550 .
2
3+
95
2.10.

, . ,
,
, = a(v - v )
.

( A v ) . ,

, . ,

,

, 2.7.
0
2.2 , A v ( AVQ )

.
6G ,
. , ( 10" )
A V Q (
) ( ).
,
. ,
, N d : Y A G - ,
G ( 1 0 ~ ^ 1 0 ~ ) , (
), . ,
( ),
13
20
19
2.2
,

He-Ne
. []
[ ]
X = 0,6328
3 . 10
X = 0,5145
2,5 1 0 -
3 +
X = 1,064
2,8 -
3 +
N d :
X = 1,054
6G
= 0,570
Nd :YAG
3 +
:1 0
2
3 +
Ti :A1 0
2
3 +
Cr :LiSAF
96
4 10
1 3
[]
150 10~
13
1 9
2 0
6- 10-
1,7
1,7
230
120
300
5,4
3,2 10-
16
5,5 10-
= 0,704
0,8 l ( h
20
300
60
= 0,790
4 . 10-
3,9
100
| |
= 0,845
5 10
67
84
| |
19
2 0
46
= 300
. .
. ,
, 6G,
,

10~ ) ,
,
.
, . 2.2, ,
( : 1 0 ) , ( T i + : A 1 0 ) CnLISAF ( C r : L i S r A l F ) ,

. ,
( ),
, Nd: Y A G ,
.
16
3+
3+
2.1. V = 1 ,
= 10 X = 600 .
2.2. p
^, , p dX
X X + dX.
^ p .
v
2.3. X. ,
, ,
= hc/ky ( ),
5[1 - (-*/)] = .
.
2.4. >
. 2.3, = 2,9 10" (
). = 6000 .
?
2.5. R
( F W H M ) , 330
(. . 2.10).
= 2,5 10~ .
(
= 1,76). ,
3 ?
x
20
2.6. Nd: Y A G ,
Y A 1 0 (- , Y A G ) ,
Y N d .
N d 1%, . . 1% Y
N d . Y A G 4,56 / .
3
1 2
3 +
3 +
3 +
2.
3 +
3 +
97
3 +
N d , 12.
(
) ,
134, 197, 311 848 .
N d , 1 / .
-1
3 +
2.7. = 1,15

Av* = 9 10 . .

,
.
8
- 7
2.8. S -> S (. 9)
6G 0,87,
5 .
S
x
lt
2.9. X = 0,633
, , Av 20 , a Av = 0,64 .
?
nat
2.10. I
.
2.11. N d . Y A G 6,3
7,5 .

1,06 = 2,8 10~ ,
1,82.

() (,
, . . ).
, ,
,
.
19
2.12. (. 8)
(
1,--4,4'-) .

(X = 0,6943 ) 8,1 10" .
22 . .
16
2.13.
( (2.6.9) (2.6.10)),
, ( = 0)
k . = h *, k * k .
.
B A
98
BA
BA
. .
2.14. ,
. 2.18, ,
J(v)
7(v).
,
:
/
((0)
V o )
l + [2(v-v )/Avo] +(/// o)'

( 0 ) (J < I )
v = v , I ,
(2.8.11), v = v .
[: ,
,
_
a (0)
1
0
s0
s0
l V
V o )
l-f[2(v-v )/Av ]
0
11/1.
I v. 1
J .]
8
s0
2.15. , ,

I.
7 ?
s0
2.16. , ,
g, ,
. 2.18,
a-f
a
)\a\ N
W
(2/ )^(^- )
0
-{3m c h)
<) l + ^ v ' - v ^ / A v o ]
, ,
!, /
1
/ l + [2(v-v(>)/Av ]

.
0
s 0
[:
da, g*(v' -v )dv
,
VQ VQ + dv' .]
f
2.17. ,
I -' )/^ }_'

0
,
, ,
. 2.22.
2.
99

1. R. Reif f, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York,
1965), Chap. 9.
2. W . Heitler, The Quantum Theory of Radiation, 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press,
London, 1953), Sec. II. 9.
. . M., 1956. . . 9.
3. . A . Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons, 2nd ed. (Dover, New York, 1952), Chap. III.
. . . M.: .-. ., 1956. . .
4. J. A . Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, 1st ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941),
pp.431-438.
.. . .-.: , 1948.
5. R. . PantellandH. . Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley, New
York, 1964), Chap. 6.
P., . . .: , 1972. . 6.
6. W . Louisell, Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics (McGraw-Hill, New York,
1964), Chap. 6.
7. R. H. PantellandH. E. Puthoff, Fundamentals ofQuantum Electronics (Wiley, New
York, 1964), pp. 40-41, 60, 62, and Appendix 4.
P., . . .: , 1972. . 2
4.
8. R. . PantellandH. . Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley, New
York, 1964), Appendix 5.
P., . . .: , 1972.
5.
9. A . Einstein, On the Quantum Theory of Radiation, Z. Phys. 18, 121 (1917).
10. W . Louisell, Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics (McGraw-Hill, New York,
1964), Chap. 5.
. . .: , 1972. . 5.
11. . G. Kuhn, Atomic Spectra, 2nd ed. (Longmans, Green, London, 1969), Chap. VII.
12. Radiationless Transitions, ed. by F. J. Fong (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976), Chap. 4.
13. . K. Rhodes and A. Szoke, Gaseous Lasers: Atomic, Molecular, Ionic in Laser Hand
book ed. by F. T. Arecchi and E. O. Schultz-DuBois (North Holland, Amsterdam,
1972), Vol. 1 pp. 265-324.
14. J. B. Birks, Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules (Wiley-Interscience, New York,
1970), Sec. 11.9.
15. D. L. Dexter, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 836 (1953).
16. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1975), Sec. 9.2.
.. . .: , 1965. . 9.2.
17. W . J. Miniscalco, Optical and Electronic Properties of Rare Earth Ions in Glasses, in
Rare Earth Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers, ed.by M. J .F. Digonnet (Marcel
Dekker, New York, 1993), Chap. 2.
18. T. Holstein, Imprisonment of Resonant Radiation in Gases, Phys. Rev. 72, 1212
(1947).
19. R. Arrathoon, Helium-Neon Lasers and the Positive Column in Lasers ed. by A. K. Levine and A. J. DeMaria (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976), Tab. 2.
20. M. H. Dunn and J. N . Ross, The Argon Laser in Progress in Quantum Electronics,
Vol. 4 ed. by J. H. Sanders and S. Stenholm (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977), Tab. 2.
21. W . F. Krupke, M. D. Shinn, J. E. Marion, J. A . Caird, S. E. Stokowski, Spectroscopic,
Optical and Thermomechanical Properties of Neodymium- and Chromium-Doped
Gadolinium Scandium Gallium Garnet, J. Opt. Soc.Am. 3, 102 (1986).
22. J. C. Walling, O. G. Peterson, J. P. Jennsen, R. C. Morris and E. W . O'Dell, Tun
able Alexandrite Lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-16, 1302 (1980).
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256(1977).
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Some Corrections to the Lyndford Formula. Optic. Comm. 149, 227-282 (1998).
100
. .
3 ,
,
.

,
, ,

.
3.1.
, ,
,

,
.

[1].
3.1.1.

: (1)
; (2)
E , ;
(3)
, (4) .
,
. ^/ , ,
3. ,
101
,

( ),
(AE ) ( )
.

ft
(3.1.1)
h = //2, ,
.
,
,

;
, R
,
, / ,
. 3.1

,

/ .
,
U R
R
U = k (R - R ) /2 (. . 3.1).
AE
:
2
AE = hv = h
V
1/2
(3.1.2)
= /(
+ ) .
, ,
1
2ko -11/2
(3.1.3)
,

,
.
AE = k a /2.
e
(3.1.4)
k (3.1.1), (3.1.3) (3.1.4),
AE =
2(// .
(3.1.5)

E = h J(J + 1 ) / , J 2
102
. .
. , J = 0
J = 1, = 2 / =2(/) ,
( 3 . 1 . 1 ) . ( 3 . 1 . 5 )
1/2
AE
= (m/M) AE .
(3.1.6)
/ = 10~ ,
,
. ,
, .
, (AE /h), (AE /h)
(AE /h) , , ( 2 5 - 5 0 ) 1 0 , 5 0 0
-1
3000
-1
1-20
- 1

, . ,
, ,
, -,
R .
,
R. (
), ,
JR ,
. 3 . 1 , 1
2 .
(R > ) , ,
. R ,
.
,
, ,

R. ,
1 . 3 . 1 0 ,
.
R
,
,
. ,
(, R ).
, , ,
. ,
R
, , -
, .
,
R. , ,
, 1, ,
0
3. ,
103
R, R . ^ i? ,
.
R 1
. 0
ÎIIIZIZZZZZZZZI
= 0
3ZZZZZ
1
i/' = 0
. .2

,

.

,

hv , (3.1.2),
k .
, ,

3.1 0, 1, 2, 3 . . ,
v = 0 , ,
,
(hv /2) .
1 2 ,
, . 3.1
, . 3.2, . 3.1
. , ,
v" = 3 1. . 3.1
, R ,
' .
,
.
R

. ,

, ,
.
.
, . 3.1, R
,
. , , SF ,
(. 3.3), ,
. ,
. 3.3 ( ^ ) , R
- . ,
3.3, SF , "
=0
, . .
.
f_
. -
v"
=1
104
. .
. 3.3
( , S F ) .
,
( , [ 2 ] )
6
-f v' = l
. 3.4

,

.

,
-
,
U

.
,
. 3.1
,
.

,
.
,
;
(. .
)

E = BJ{J+l)
(3.1.7)
, h /2I,
/ ,

. ,

- ,
105
, .
,
v" = 0 v' = 1 , . 3.4.
, ,

; ,
J, . . [E (J) - E (J - 1)] = 2BJ.
r
3.1.2.

N(E , E , ) -
, ,

e
N(E , E
e
V9
) g g g ex? {-( + E + E )/kT}
(3.1.8)
E , E nE
,
, a g g ng

(. (2.7.3)). ,
3.1.1, E /hc 1000 ,
EJhc
.
kT/hc = 209 " ( = 300 ) ,
E ,
kT. ,

, ,

.

40 J

. 3.5

,
(3.1.7)

(3.1.8),

e
e9
-1
p(J)oc(2J+
l ) e x p [ - J ( J + l)/kT].
(3.1.9)
(2J + 1) ,
J
(2J + 1)- . , , = 0,5 "
kT/hc = 209 ( ),
. 3.5 1
- 1
, , ,
. ( , S F )

1000 ( 100 ) ;

.
6
- 1
106
- 1
. .
(, ). ,
(3.1.9) (2J 4- 1)
( J = 0) , ,
J
2
(2J + 1) = (2kT/B)i/ .
(3.1.10)
,

.
3.1.3.

,
:
-
, (
);
- ;
-
(-
); ;

, v" = 0,
( ); - .
-
,

. ,
-, ,
(,
).
( .
) .
,

.
, ,
-,

. ,
" = 0 , , . 3.6,
1
,
. ,
v" > 0,
.
3. ,
107

, - -
-'. -

,

"

v'

2
\u ,u ,dR\ ,
v
(3.1.11)
u (R) u (R)

. 3.6
.
,

. v" = ,
, , ,
(3.1.11), ,
u > u .
. 3.6 v' = 2.
, , ,
,
, .

, , (
, . . ,
). ,
v' = 2.

R,
,
' = 2. ,
-
, R
u * u -dR ; -.

(-
) , .
, -. v
-
( , ) . -
,
.
2
108
. .
= 1 ,
.
v" = 0
v" = 1 (. . 3.2). , , v" = 1,
v" = 2 (),
v" = 0 ().
,
,
-. ,
= 1
. . 3.6
, , , Av = 2, 3 . .,
, (
).
, -
,

,
(3.1.9) (. . 3.5). , ,

.

AJ = 1 ( A J = J" - J\ J " H J'
).
-
(, v" = 0 - > v" = 1 . 3.2),
v ,
(. 3.7). ,
, - A J = + 1 .
- , v ,
, (. . 3.4).
, , -
A J = - 1 . (3.1.7), ,
2B/h.
3.7 ,
0
. 3.7

.

,
v .
: ,
-

AJ = + 1 , ,
-

J = - 1
3. ,
109
(. . 3.5).
, -
(, ).
AJ = 0;

v (Q-). ,
(, , v' = 1 v" = 0
. 3.4) , ,
. 3.7, , .
0
3.1. 0 = 10,6 .
0001 -> 1000 (. , 0
10), v , ,
v = 960,8 " [20]. 0 =
= 0,387 " [20], ,
(0001) (1000) .
, -

2
E = hv + BJ'(J + 1) - BJ"(J" + 1) = hv - 2BJ",

(3.1.12)
, , J"
. j '

(3.1.10). , 0 , .. = 450,
J
= 19,6. 0 ,
J' J". ,
,
, J' = 19 J' = 21.
J' = 21, -
J" = 22 ((22)-). (3.1.12)
v = v - (2BJ"/h) = 943,8 " ,
X = (1/943,8) = 10,6 . , ,
v , X = 1 / v = 10,4 .

(3.1.12) , -
Av = 2BAJ" = 4 = 1,55 .
0
3.2. 0 . 0
, ( (22)) X = 10,6 ,
, = 450 (. 3.1). 0
(2.5.28), = 5 0 . : ,
(2.5.18), A V Q ~ v , 0
, He-Ne (. 2.7),
, v
17 . ,
,
, 0 ,
, He-Ne .
2
110
. .
3.3. 0 .
0 , , N 0 .
,

2
Av = 77,58(\|/0 + 0,73 - 4v|/N + 0,6) ^(/) /

(. (2.5.12) (2.5.11)),
, ,
( . .). , ,
( = 15 . . C0 :N :He
1:1:8) = 450 , Av = 40 .
3.2 , 0
. 0
,
(. 10),
.
2
,
. ,

.

A J = 1. ,
J
J - 1.
, ,
- . -
AJ = 1
,
. ,
v"

, ,
-. - -
, , A D = 1
A J = 1
.
A J = 1.
3.1.4.
, ,

(. . 3.6). ,
v' = 0 -
3. ,
111
(, ).
,
. v' = 0 -
(, . . 3.6).
,
-. ,
,
CD . 3.6.
(, )
v" = 0 (, ,
).
. 3.6 ,
.
.

-
. -
Av = 1 / = 1.
,
(. 3.1.1), : AJ = 1.
, - , ,

,
(, x 1/vjj).
,
-
.
,
.
, 2.6.1,
.
(. collisional deactivation)
( (2.6.1))
. ,
(,
) (,
(0,1,0) 0 ; .
10). ,

.
sp
, ,
,
, .

( 3 . 1 . 8 ) .
.
112
. .
(. near-resonant energy trans
fer)

(.

(2.6.9) . 2 . )
,
kT.

0 ,

. 3.8
(0,2,0) (0,1,0) (. 10).

(. in

ternal conversion)

-
(. . 3.8) .
(. unimolecular decay),
.
,
- ,
. , ,
. ,
. 3.6, ,
( v' = 0
. 3.6),
(
).

, ,
.
,
v' = 0, ,
,
.
2
3.2.

(. bulk semiconductors), . .
,
, . - (. quantum-con
fined semiconductors) ,
, , , ,
,
.
3. ,
113
.
.

[3].
3.2.1.

,
[4]:
(3.2.1)
}/() = ( ) [ ; ( ) ] ,
u (r) ,
. (3.2.1)
,

.
, (
v . valence band), , ,
(
. conduction band).
k, , .
,
k
. 3.9
k :
.
)
114
; )
* * - ^

. ,
. 3.9. ,
, (. . 3.9), :
hh
= ~ ,
2
(3.2.2)
= h /[d E /dk ]

. E ,
, (. . 3.9),
:
hk
k=0
E v
fr^'
(3.2.26)
m = h /(d E /dk )

. ,
,
,
(. 3.96). '
,
, , :
2
k=0
E^=E +E ,
(3.2.3)
El=-E ,
(3.2.36)
Eg , .
.
k , k k ,
, , . ., , ,
, z, (3.2.2)
(3.2.3), k = k +k +k .
,
.
,
L , L L , ,
,
2. :
x
k = (2nl/L ),
t
(3.2.4)
i = , , z, / . , . 3.9

, .
,
. , ,
, 11 .

. .

, \\f
. ,
3. ,
115
>x
E.'2
>
. 3.10
() ()

V i a V i b ,
d
. 3.11
-

N
d
d . d
,
,
. -, , ,
, , ,
-
.

vi/^

, 180 (. 3.10).
, . ,
, d ,
,
.
N , ,
, iV-
N . ,
,
, ,
(. 3.11). ,
N , N
. N
,
.
19
, , (3.2.2) (3.2.3),
(3.2.4),
116
. .
. ,
= hk (,
= /2),
,
E m . ,
,
k- , :
2
p=
ftk.
(3.2.5)
, (3.2.2) (3.2.3)
, ,

k. ,
Si Ge, ,
.

IIIV, GaAs, InGaAs, AlGaAs InGaAsP.
, GaAs
= 0 , 0 6 7 , . ,
IIIV
, ( hh .
heavy holes) (m = 0,46m GaAs), (
lh . light holes) (m = 0,08m GaAs) - (. 3.12). , ,
, ,

,
.
,
,

, s- .
,
( 1 1 . 3.11),
,
-,
, -,
, .
,
-
,
. 3.12

: ,
-
- V , , k =

.
I I I - V
hh
lh
3. ,
117
-
- . (,
GaAs = 0,34 ) kT (~ 0,028 ), -
,
. ,
3.2.2, .
, ,
I I I - V .
3.2.2.

,
2.2.1, p(k), &
&. . 2.2 ,
,
k , p(k) , . .
4nk /S ,
, (2n) /L L L
2,
, . ,
t
29
p(k) = (k V/Sn ),
(3.2.6)
V = L L L
.
, p(k), . .
, k k k + dk,
, (3.2.6),
x
, (3.2.7) ,
, , ,
, .
() . p (E)dE
= p (k)dk,
(3.2.2) :
3/2
1
2
() = ^ in { ^h
]'\
(3.2.8)
cv
cv
(2m
^ > = ^ ^ )
, E
(. 3.9). ,
I I I - V m <^rn = rn

( , ,
), :
f(E') =
(3.2.9)
l +
exp[(E'-E )/kT]
F
E' , .
, . 3.96,
. (3.2.9),
E' = E' . , f(E' ) = l/2.
E (3.2.9), -> 0.
, f(E') = 1 '<E
/ ' ) 0 E'>E' .
,
= 0 ,
.
, E
. , > 0
F
. 3.13
) ' k. ) f(E')

f 3. ,
119
f(E') ' , . 3.136.

, , E kT,
, . .
.
, . 3.9 . 3.13
,
. ,
,
.
. , - E'
,
.
- E'
. ,
(~10 " ) ,
.
,
.
g
18
3.2.3.2.

, ()
-
. ( ,
~1 )
, (
~ 1 , ). ,
,
,
.
f f . ,
f f
(3.2.9). ,
, . 3.9, :
v
(3.2.10)
l+
UE )
exp[(E -E )/kT]
C
Fc
1
l + exp[( -E )/kT]
F u
(3.2.106)
E E
.
, E vlE
f (E )
f (E ) , 3.146. ,

, , , FC
FV
FC
120
FV
. .

= . , . 3.14 =
, ( )
, ( ).
, ,
.
(3.2.10) , . 3.96.
(3.2.3) (3.2.36), :
1
exv[(E' -E' )/kT]
l +
(3.2.11)
Fc
A + exvKK-EkVW
(3.2.116)
, ,
,
. , E nE
(3.2.11)
, .
, ,
, N :
Fc
Fv
N=
(3.2.12)
\ (E )f (E )dE .
Pc
N
, f (E ) = l-f (E )
,
h
- ,
121
, , !
. (3.2.106) :
^
{ E v }
1 + [(-
E )/kT]'
(3.2.13)
Fv
(3.2.13) , ,
. 3.14, ,
,
(. (3.2.13) (3.2.10)).

. ,
N :
h
00
N = jp (E )f (E )dE .
(3.2.14)
, ,
- ,
, N.
, , N,
, ,
, (3.2.12) (3.2.14),
N = N = N. , (3.2.12)
(3.2.8) (3.2.10) :
e
00
N = 2(2nm kT/h ) ,
= E /kT, a z = E /kT.
, (3.2.14) (3.2.86)
2
3/2
Fc
. 3.15
)
, I kT
N/N .

, )
E /kT
iV G a A s
c
122
. .
(3.2.13) , (3.2.15). (3.2.15)

, E /kT
N/N , . 3.15.
, .
Fc
3.4. GaAs.
= 0,067 m = m = 0,46m = 300 . N =
= 4,12 10 - ^ = (m /m )V N = 7,41 10 " ,
, (3.2.15), &N
.
N N/N ,
. 3.15, E /kT.
.
E JkT
N GaAs, , GaAs,
. 3.156.
17
hh
18
Fc
3.2.4.
:

v . ,
, , ,
(. (2.4.2)):
1
' = -,
(3.2.16)
= E(r, t)
t. :
= , - *),
0
(3.2.17)
k , = 2nv. v ^ E /h,

. {
, W,
(.23) , :
opt
W =g - | H S P 8 ( v - v ) ,
0
v =
< -
2 8
>
ik
\=\jwl(-er'E e ^- )^ dv\ .
0
(3.2.19)
, \\f (3.2.19)
1 2, (3.2.1).
v
, 2,
,
,
. ,
.
3. ,
123
(3.2.18) (3.2.19)
. 5-
(3.2.18), , v = v . ,
(Ei-E[)
= hv,
(3.2.20)
.
, \\t exp (jk ) \|/ exp (ik ),
(3.2.19) ,
0
k =k +k.
c
opt
(3.2.21)
(3.2.21)
() u (r),
(3.2.1) [15]. (3.3.21)
, , (3.3.19)
exp j[(k + k - k ) ].
, 0,
k + k - = 0. hk
, a hk
, (3.2.21) ,
. , k = 2/,
, , ,
. , , = 3,5 X = 1 k = 10 " .
,
k = 10 - 10 " (. 3.5). , k < k ,
(3.2.21) :
opt
opt
CtV
opt
opt
opt
cv
opt
k =k.
c
cv
(3.2.22)
(3.2.22) ,
. , , ,
(. 3.13).
, ,
, , ,
(3.2.16) . ,
, . . AS

AS = 0.
(3.2.23)
3.5. k
. ,
v , m vf = 3kT> .
= hk = m v . ,
k = [3m kT] /h.
m = 0,067m , GaAs,
kT = 0,028 ( 300 ), k = 2,7 10 .
k = [ / n ^ T ] / / ^ , k = (m /m ) k
= 7 10 ,
m = m = 0,46/ , GaAs.
th
c
1/2
th
c
1/2
124
hh
. .
, 2,
(3.2.18) ,
.
- . 5- (3.2.18) g(v - v ) ,
, , (2.5.11), Av = 1/ ,
- ( ^ 0,1
GaAs). , 2.4.4, ,
, , (.
(2.4.19)):
2n v ,
0
a =
^ T *
"
'
2 4
< - - )
. = |-|
= \u eru dV,
c
(3.2.25)
= u ^ = u , (3.2.1).
3 JLI /3 (3.3.24),

(. (2.4.13-)).
ck
vk
3.2.5.

[,
= hv , v . ,
(3.2.22), v [
. , (3.2.3) (3.2.2),
:
= E + (h k /2 ),
(3.2.26)
2
E[=-h k /2m ,
(3.2.266)
= = k . -[= =
hv , (3.2.26) :
Av = E + (h k /2m ),
0
(3.2.26)
m ,
~ =~ -\-rn~ . (3.2.26)
, .
(.
joint density of states) = [ ,
r
, . 2.7,
, .
,
. ,
W = o\F, F , , , W = apc/hv,
, a v .
3. ,
125
PjdE ,
+ dE .
, (3.2.22) (3.2.23),
, ,
, .
,
. , pjdE = p{k)dk,
p(k) = p , (k) (3.2.7), :
0
c v
(E )
Pj
= (k /n )(dk/dE ).
(3.2.27)
(3.2.26), (3.2.27)
p (v )
v = E /h. p ( v ) ^ v = pj(E )dE , (3.2.28) :
;
p,(v ) =
0
| f (2m mhv - .
r
(3.2.29)

dN = p (v )<iv , v v + dv .
, [
, '
. , ,
, :
;
dN =(dN)f (El-fc)],
a
(3.2.30)
f (E{)
, a [l-fdE^)]
, . ,
,
f (E{)nf (E2)
(3.2.116) (3.2.11),
El El [\.' .
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
, :
v
dN
se
= (dN)f (E ')[l-f (E{)].

c
(3.2.31)

, , (2.4.32),
v da = a ( v - Vo)(cW - dN ), a = <j
[ -> ' , (3.2.24) :
a
8e
da
126
= {-j^)-^
(3.2.32)
. .
v (3.2.32)
v . ,
g(v - v ) v , p (v ) (f - f ),
g(v - v ) 8-, 8 = 5(v - v ) .
:
0
,(,)
^)^
( 2 )
--
[ , hv.
(3.2.26) hv
hv.
(3.2.33) = a(v)
:
2
a = a0[UE[)-Um,
a o
4^j3 '
P
( v )
(3.2.34)
(3.2.35)
a = a ( v ) ,
= .
,
, f (E[) = ln f ( ) = 0. a(v) = a ( v ) ,
,
v. ,
E ^> kT
IIIIV, - f (E[)^lnf (E )
= 0, . . a = a
. (3.2.35), (3.2.29),
v v, :
0
a =a =-^ J^.(2m )8/2[Av- ] /2.

0
(3.2.36)
i r
, a ( v )
(hv E) .
0
1/2
3.6. GaAs.
v, (3.2.36),
v = E /h = 3,43 10 , E
1,424 . m = 0,46 = 0,067 , =
= 0,059m = 5,37 10~ .
\i = [ / 3 ] , , , ,
M
M'a = 3,38 m E [5].
= m (a\[i \/e [5],
= e[S,SSE /m ] /2nv
= 0,68 10" . ,
r = |i /e, r = 0,426 .
v [i y = 3,64 ,
14
32
1 / 2
av
av
1/2
av
au
25
av
av
av
3. ,
127
1/2
(3.2.36) = 19,760[/*v - E ] , " ,

. ,
, . 3.16 ( - E ), = hv.
, hv
10 ,
( 2000 ) .
0
100
200
. 3.16
G a A s
g
300
(E~E ) []
g

() . ,
,
v . , (3.2.34) ,
:
=
(3-2.37)
2
^' )-.
,
= 0 . ,
(3.2.37),
f (E )>
f (E{).
(3.2.11, )
,
0
E - E [ < E '
2
~ E '
(3.2.38)

[6]. , f ( )
- f ({)
(3.2.37) fc(E )[l-f (E{)]-f (E[)[l-f (E )],
.
, - ,
,
, N > N ,
. (3.2.38) ,
= 0 . -
,
. 3.17, , (. .
). (3.2.38) , 2
, 1 1
c
128
. .
. 3.17.

- ,
(3.2.38)
.
,
-[
= hv, ,
hv > E .
(3.2.38)
:
2
E ^hvÊ' -E' ,
g
Fc
(3.2.39)
Fv

.
(3.2.39),
,
E' -E'
>E ;

Fc
. 3.17

-

Fv
E' -E' =E
Fc
Fv
(3.2.40)
(. transparency condition).
g = 0 v = E /h.
, ,
( ), N ,
, ,
(. transparency density).
g
tr
3.7. GaAs.
, (3.2.40) ,
. 3.9. (3.2.3), E' =E +E nE'
=-E ;
(3.2.40) E +E =0. . 3.15
, E /kT
(N/Nc), ..
E /kT=y(N/N ).
E /kT =y(N/N ),

Fc
Fc
Fc
Fv
FV
Fv
Fc
Fc
Fv
y(N /N )
tr
+ <p(N /N ) = 0.
tr
(3.2.41)
N GaAs (3.2.41), . 3.156

E /kT + E /kT N
( ). N
,
. (3.2.41) ,
N
, . 3.156
. . 3.156 , N = 1,2 10 " .
tr
Fc
Fo
tr
18
tr
3. ,
129
160
140
1,424
1,50
[10
. 3.18
. 3.19

,
N (
1 0 ) ,
( 3 . 2 . 3 7 )
G a A s = 300 ( [ 1 5 ] ,
John W i l e y & Sons, I n c . )

G a A s ( [ 1 5 ] ,
John W i l e y & Sons, Inc.)
18
- 3
N
, E -E' >E , , (3.2.39),
E E
-E ,
(3.2.37) GaAs, . 3.18,
N .
, , E - E' ,
,
. . 3.18

0,07 , . .
. . 3.18 ,
N.
GaAs, . 3.19
. *
, #
FC
FV
FC
FC
FV
FV
130
. .
(20 < g < 80 " ) ,

. 3.19 , . .
:
g = a(N~N )
(3.2.42)
tr 9
16
= 1,5 1 0 " GaAs. ,

, (. (3.2.42) (2.4.35)).
, , ,
. , (3.2.42) = dg/dN,

. , ,
,
.
, ,
GaAs.

.
I n ^ G a ^ A s ^ P x ^ , ,
,
(1300 < X < 1600 ).
. 3.1 E /
m /m ,
N
In Ga ,27 o,6 o,4
=
) In Gao,42Aso, Po,i
= 1550 ) [7], a
GaAs,
. , . 3.1 N
, ,
.
, N , InGaAsP
GaAs.
g9
As
0>73
09
hh
tr
0>58
tr
tr
3.1
X, E
, ,
Ntr,

GaAs (X = 850 ) InGaAsP (X = 1300 X = 1500 )
g 9
GaAs
Ino,73Gao,27Aso,ePo,4
Ino,58Gao,42Aso,9Po,i
X []
840
1310
1550
E []
1,424
0,96
0,81
0,067
0,058
0,046
0,46
0,467
0,44
1,2
1,5
1,2+2,5
1,2+2,5
4,5
4,5
rrihhlmo
Ntr [ 1 0 [10-
18
16
- ]
2
[]
3. ,
131
326

R , R dv

, v v + dv.
R
p (v )dv , v v + dv .
dR R ,
v
v9
dR =A g(v-v )-{UE )[l-UEio)]}p (yo)dv ,

v
21
20
= A x(v )
, ag(v - v ) .
, p (v ) f ( ) [1 - f ({)],
, ,

. R

v . ,
21
JA g(v-v ){UE )[l-UE{)]} (v )dv .

21
Pj
(3.2.43)
, g(v - v )
v , ,
( ~ v ) 5- 8(v - v ) ,
(3.2.43)
0
. 3.20

R
g

( , [ 1 1 ] )
v
132
. .

R
R. ,
v
R= JA f (E^)[l~f (E[)] (v)dv.

21 c
(3.2.45)
Pj
, ,
R = BN N =BN?,
e
(3.2.46)
. (3.2.46)
, , , ,
[9]. ,

[10], (3.2.46)
,
. , R , (dNJdt) =
= - . , ,
= N /x , :
- -
(3.2.47)
.
,
, ( ).
, , -.

, .

, .
-.

-
,
( ), ( ) [12].
,

(dN /dt) = -CN N N
= -C/Vf, .

,
e
=[|]
(3.2.48)
GaAs ,
, , -, ,

, InGaAsP, .
3. ,
133
3.8. GaAs
InGaAsP. GaAs = 1,8 C M V N = N = 1,2 10 " .
= l/BN = 4,6 ,
, ,
= 3 ( = 300 ). = " + TJ, ,
, ,
9 . InGaAsP X = 1300
= 2 1 0 C M V , N = N =l10 " = 3 1 0 .
(3.2.47) = 5 , (3.2.48) = 33,3 ,
,
= 5 { 300 ).
10
18
tr
tr
-1
1 0
18
2 9
tr
3.2.7.
, , ,
,
, 2. ,
, ,
, ,
,
N (
, ).
GaAs InGaAs
. 3.1. ,
, , ,
.
, , (3.2.37)
(
). ,
. 3.1,
(. material gain).

. ,
(. modal gain),
, ,
9, .
TR
3.3.

( , . quantum well QW)
(L = 5-20 )
E
E (. . 3.21). 2
gl
g2
134
. .
. 3.21
)
.
)
(.6.)
(..)

,
. ()
- () (). E < E

:
, u, ,
, (. 3.216).
,
,

. ,

;
.

, , .
( . strained quan
tum wells) ,

. ,
.
,
(. unstrained quantum wells)

,
. ,

,
9, .
, ,
,
.
gl
g29
3.3.1.

, . 3.216, ,
AE = E - E
AE .
g
g2
gl
3. ,
135
( )
.
:
(1) = 0,67 AE = .^ AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs;
(2) = 0,39AE AE = 0,61AJ^ InP/InGaAsP/InP.
,
, ,
(. . ( , AE ) > ).
. 3.22. z ,
, .
(3.2.1), ,
, , :
u r
eikri
VcA ) = ( )
sin(nnz/L ),
(3.3.1)
k (
, ), . ,
\\f
\\f = 0 z = 0 z = L > . . .

/, :
CfV
CfV
= (ln/L ),
k = (mn/L ),
=1
(hh)
E\
IV
Bp,
= 2
(hh)
v.b.
. 3.22

= 1 = 2 (
)

( )
,

136
(3.3.2)
(3.3.26)
1 .
(3.3.2)
(3.2.4), , ,

. ,
, (3.2.5), . .
,
, , ,
.

,
:
2
2m
2m L
CtV
c>v
+ nE ,
1CtV
2m
(3.3.3)
CiV
k\ = k + k , a m

(
); E
( = 1)
, V

cv
l c v
. . >
h 2 j l 2
E=
lcv
CyV
2m L
c>v
(3.3.4)
, (3.3.3), (3.3.4)

. ,
, . .
,
(3.3.1).
,
[14].
, ,
.
(3.3.3) (3.3.4),
(k = 0).
( / I = 1 = 2) ,
. 3.22,
.
L
. 3.23
k = 1 = 2
,
:
L
)
,
.

, ;
) ;

,
.
3. ,
137
(3.3.3) : = 4 ,
.
k > , k
= 1, = 2 . . ,
. 3.23. ,
.

,
(3.3.2). , ,

,
, ,
. 3.236. '
- (3.2.3),
E (3.3.3).
2
3.9. GaAs/
AlGaAs. L = 10 ,
( ) GaAs , ,
. . = 0,067 m = m = 0,46m . (3.3.4) ,
= 56,2 E = 8 . ,
, A l G a A s , E = 1,674 .
GaAs E = 1,424 , , AE = 250
= 0 , 6 5 ^ = 162,5 AE = 0,35AE = 87,5 .
, ,
.

, , , . 9.1 [3] , = 28 E = 5 .
z
hh
lv
02
0>8
g2
gl
lv
3.3.2.

. 3.24, ,
(3.3.2), (k , k ) (. . 2.2).
, ,
= 1. , L = 10 , L L
10 100 , . . 10 -10 , .
Ak k (Ak = n/L )
10 -10
k k .
, k ,
.
N(k ) , ,
= 1 . 3.24,
0 k . , . 2.2,
, N(k ) k
Ak Ak ^-, ,
x
138
l9
. .
2

, :
2
2(l/4)nk

( ) =
k
= ^Z >
2
A
(3.3.5)
= L L
.
k
(
), ,
,
l9
. 3.24
2D dN(k )
A dk

k -, k -y ^-
= 1
k_
P k
(3.3.6)

p\
, .
2D , ,
. , (3.3.6)
, .

, , , , p dE = p dk .
(3.3.6) :
D
2D
2D
2> _
(3.3.7)
kdk /ndE .
(3.3.3) , , = 1:
2
k =(2m /h )(E -E ).
c
(3.3.8)
lc
h dh (3.3.7)
(3.3.8). (3.3.7)
L
2D
p =m /nh .
(3.3.9)
2D
, p k . .
fi k\/2 (. (3.3.3)).
. 3.25,
p /
( )
( ). ,
^ ^ ,
= 2. , ^ ,
k = 2K/L ( . 3.24).
, , , = 1, . .
(3.3.9). , ^
= 1 = 2.
. 3.25 ,
= 1 + 2. , . 3.25
l9
2D
3. ,
139
m /nh
c
'
. 3.25
) p% ,
L ,
( ) .
( ) .
) k = 1 = 2
D

, (3.2.9). ,
p /L = > = . .
. 3.256 k
(. . 3.23). ,
^ < , . 3.256
k .

. , p

(3.3.9) m ;
, . 3.25.
GaAs m = m = 5 , ,
. 3.25, pl
5 , E 5 .
2D
2D
hh
3.3.3.

.

(. . 3.236)
, , -, (3.2.10), E' "
. ,
/ = 1,/ = 2 . . , ,
(
= 0,1 ) , .
"
F
140
. .
.
(3.2.10)
(3.2.106) 3.23
(3.2.1 l a ) (3.2.116) . 3.236.
, E E
N N
.
Fc
Fv
h9
N = j(p/L )f dE ,
(3.3.10)
N = j(p /L )f dE ,
(3.3.106)
2D
2D
N N . (3.3.10) p
, ,
, (3.3.9) (. . 3.25).
(3.3.106) pl -^
, f ,
(3.2.13). p
, (3.3.10) ,
:
e
2D
N =kT
In 1 + exp
i f -
In 1 + exp
N,
rV*h L
2
(3.3.11a)
kT
E, - R
kT
(3.3.116)
, a m m , E E

. ,
ci
vi
ic
iv
. 3.26

E
= 1

,
10 G a A s / A l G a A s
F
1 8
N[10 cm~ ]
3. ,
141
. 3.23
N nN .
j
e
.. /
GaAs/AlGaAs. m = = 0,067 m = 0,46m , . . ./
, , ^
. , L = 10 = 300 ]
(3.3.11), ( |ta
. 3.26) N (E - E )/kT ,
.
N .
ci
vi
3.3.4.
:
(
) 1 2,
.
W
\[^ | ,
2
\[ \
=\lrc[-erE(r)]y dv\\
(3.3.12)

(3.3.1), ()

(. (3.2.19)).
. () = (),
.
, ()
z, .
, = ( ), . .
. , ()
( ), (3.3.12) :
, z,
:
ri
\ I = | jê(r)e-^
[~er E e^^]u (rje^'^dxdif
,
,2
\]sin(n nz/L )sin(n nz/L )dz\
.
(3.3.13)
, ,
, h + k = k .
- \k \ < (|k J, | k | ) , (.
vL
opt
, 3
opt
cJL
cl
2 2 , , :
' ^-,(3.3.14,
, -
, , . 3.23
142
. .
.
(3.3.13), n nn ,
:
c
An = n -n
c
= 0,
(3.3.15)
,
( , )
. , ,
, . .
. ,
, . .
AS = 0,
(3.3.16)
S .
(3.3.14), (3.3.15) (3.3.16)
.
, ,
(. [13]), .
.
3.3.5.

kj_,

, , p J , ^dk

k k k + dk .
. 3.23 AS = ,

,
dk . , (3.3.6), :
2
l9
2 D
P%=P =k /n.
k
(3-3.17)
' [,
, , = 1
. . 3.236 (3.3.3) ,
= hv = - [
2
E =E
0
+ ?-+AE
Zm
(3.3.18)
l9
m , = E + E .
p \
:
r
lc
lv
JF
09
p ^ dE =p ^dk =k dk /n,
o
(3.3.19)
3. ,
143
( 3 . 3 . 1 7 ) . k dk
( 3 . 3 . 1 8 ) . -,
( 3 . 3 . 1 9 ) , :
L
1^= /\
(3.3.2/))

v , , ,
p^dvo =p dE
( 3 . 3 . 2 0 ) :
0
2 D
T :Q
09
p=4nm /h.
(21)

v ,
, . . ( 3 . 2 . 3 0 ) ( 3 . 2 . 3 2 ) ,
pj(v ) (Pj? / ),
.
,
, ( 3 . 2 . 3 4 ) ( 3 . 2 . 3 5 )
( = 1 ) - ( = 1 ) :
0
_(2*(%
[f (E{)-f (E )l
v
(3.3.22)
[ ' ,
v.
{ . 3 . 2 3 6 ( 3 . 3 . 1 8 ) ,
v = v.
2
3 . 1 1 .
GaAs/AlGaAs. = 0 .
, ,
f (E{) = lnf (E ) = 0 .

v
(3.3.23)
ne chJ 3 L

^.
( - E ),
( 3 . 3 . 2 3 ) = 1 0 , . 3 . 2 7 .
. 3 . 2 5 , ^ ,
< E + + E = E + . , ( - E ) < \
. m = 0 , 0 6 7 m = 0 , 4 6 m ,
3 . 8 = + E s 6 5 . < ( - E ) <
= + > ^
( 3 . 3 . 2 1 ) v = v,
,
2
lv
lv
2>
_
2
ne Xh
0
144
^3
AT
(3.3.24)
. .
1/2
25
X = c/v. 3.6 \x = [ / 3 ] = 0,68 10~

, = 5,37 10~ , = 3,64 X = 833 . (3.3.24)
a =5/250 " . ( - E ) ^
= 2,
(. . 3.25),
. , , = 4 E = 4
= 4 = 260 . ( . 3.27
. 3.16.)
av
32
QW
2v
. 3.27

10
GaAs/AlGaAs
100
200
300
(- )[]
8

. ,
(3.3.22)
v, 1 2. :
(3.3.25)

f (E ) ^f (E[),

- hv = E -E[^
E' -E' . , hv
, E + ,
c
Fc
Fv
E +AE ^hvÊ
g
-E' ,
Fc
(3.3.26)
Fv
. (3.3.26)
, :
E' -E'
Fe
Fv
= E + .
(3.3.27)
3.12.
GaAs. . 3.23 (. (3.2.3)) ,
E' =E +E nE'
= E .
(3.3.27) E E ,
= + :
Fc
Fc
Fv
Fv
Fc
Fv
1>
( -Ei ) + (E -Ei ) = 0.
c
(3.3.28)
3. ,
145
(3.3.28)
N , . 3.26
[(E -E ) + (E -E )]/kT.

,
. 3.26, N. (3.3.28),
,
. . 3.26 ^
N ~ 1,25 10 / .
tr
Fc
lc
Fv
18
lv
tr
N > N ,
(3.3.25),
N
( . 3.26).

8 G a A s / A l G a A s . 3.28
, N ( 1 0 ~ ) .
, N = 0, ,
. 3.27. . 3.28
,
. , ,
()
(LH), N =2 1 0 ~ . N ^ JV

, (3.2.42), :
tr
02
0>8
18
185
tr
tr
gp = o w(N~N ),
Q
16
tr
(3.3.29)
tr
G = 7 10~ .
,
N ,
G ( ) ,
.
In _ Ga As P _ /InP [14], QW
tr
QW
JC
8000
S
4000
. 3.28

( )

N
( 1 0 ) ,

8 G a A s / A l G a A s
( , [ & ] )
18
[ ]
146
. .

(. . 3.25) [16]. , ,
GaAs/AlGaAs, I n ^ G a ^ A s ^ P ^ / I n P
g N ,
. , g N
, N
g [14],

. , , (3.3.29)
, .
,
, ,
9 (. 9.4.4).
p
3.3.6.

G a A s / A l G a A s GaAs A l G a A s
( IIIV )
, 0,1%.
In^GaÂSyPx-^/InP, = 0,45*/. , ,
In^Ga^jAs/Alo G a A s , In^Ga^Âs
, 1 In
. 0 ^ ^ 0,5 1,424 ^ E ^ 0,9 ,
840 ^ X ^ 1330 .
InGaAs , AlGaAs ( 3,6%
= 0,5), , ,
, . 3.29.
,
InGaAs
, (. 3.296).
InGaAs ,
.
,
,
(. 3.4.2).
0>2
08
0 2
0 > 8
0)8
. 3.29

IIIV
( ,
I n ^ - G a ^ A s )

< ( , A l G a A s )
"
0 8
ll(
= a
l)
< a
< a
12
,
.
3. ,
147
( = 0,2),

. p
2# .
]

:
/
N
( N = (0,5-1) 1 0 ) ;
dg/dN
( (15-30) 10~ ) .

2
[17]. ,
N dg/dN
m = .

,
:

N .
J , , 9 (.
9.4.4), J N .
- ,
( 1 / ) = BN,
( 1 / ) = CN N .
^ , J oc 1/ ( .
9.4.4).

, ,
. 9 ,
,
.

.
2D
tr
18
-3
tr
16
tr
tr
th
th
tr
tr
tr
3.4.

3.3 , ,

,
, ,

.
148
. .
. 3.30
()
()

( , [ 1 9 ] )
10
. 3.31

N = 3 1 0
Ga
In
A s

10 ,
10 10

10 10 10
Ga
In As/InP
( , [ 1 9 ] )
18
0 4 7
0 5 1
0 ) 4 7
- 3
tT
_
_
W
>
>>
"-
Ga In As/InP
=300
1 1
=110-
= 10 "
0 4 7
0 5 3
1 3
18
1[101010 ]
3
>
10
!=
<>Ba*
/1^[1010 ]
2
1/
&
Jf
/1/1
^[10]
\
~
\ -
1 1 S \ ^^
0 5 1
2x10'
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
, X []

, (. quantum wires)
(. quantum dots), ,

(. 3.30).
, -
. (
. [18]), . 3.306

,
.
, , , ,
. ,
. 3.31
3. ,
149
. 3.32
)
.
)

G a 4 I n A s / I n P ( G a I n A s
).
,
10 , 10 10
10 10 10
( = 3 10 ~ ) [19].
,
(N = 1 , 3 - 1 0 " ),
(N = 1,8 1 0 ~ ).
,
, ,

.
, , .

, -, , . 3.32 3.326.
(
,
)

.
,
,

.
0>
0 51
0>47
05 1
18
18
tr
18
tr
3.5.
3, ,
,
, .
,
.
.
, 7 8,
150
. .

, :
;
, ,

;
, ,
- .
, ,
.
3.1. ,
v = ( 1 / 2 ) ( 2 & / ) ,
, a k .
1/2
- 1
3.2. N v = 2360 .
k .
,
R - R = 0,3 . (
, 10
N . )
2
3.3. N R =
= 0,11 . ,
J = 0 - > J = 1 H
.
2
3.4. ,
N ,
- v" = 0 > v' = l .

" = 0.
2
3.5. 0
001 = 0,37 . , 100
, -
#- 001 - > 100 = 450 . ,
J 00 1
.
2
- 1
3.6. ,
0 = 0,37 , . . ,
(001), R
.
1
3.7. f (E2)^f (E[)

- E' ^ hv.
c
Fv
3. ,
151
3.8. . 3.156, GaAs: ) E
, N = 1,6 10 ;
) .
Fc
18
-3
3.9. , . 3.9,
GaAs ,
0,45/.
2
3.10. . 3.16, GaAs

,
0,45&!, N
=1,6- " .
1 8
3.11. GaAs
N = 1,6 1 0 ~
,
0,45&\ , 3.8, 3.9 3.10,
= dg/dN.
18
3.12. . 3.15,
E /kT,E /kTn(E +E )/kT
Fc
Fv
Fc
Fv
N
InGaAsP X = 1300 .
N ,
. 3.156, , N
, GaAs.
E nE
N = 1,6 10 .
,
, = 0,45&!,
.
tr
tr
Fc
Fv
18
-3
3.13. . 3.26,
10 GaAs.

N = 2 1 0 . ( - E ) . 3.27
, .
18
-3
3.14. , ,
. 3.27, ( - E ) = 65 ,

= 0,1 .
g
1. G. Herzberg, Spectra
of Diatomic
Molecules
(D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton
N. J., 1950).
. . .: . . .
1949.
152
. .
2. G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: Infrared and Raman Spec
tra of Polyatomic Molecules, (Van Nostrand Company, Princeton, NJ., 1968), p. 122,
Fig. 51.
. . .:
. . . 1949.
3. G. . Agrawal and N . . Dutta, Long Wavelength Semiconductor Lasers (Chapman
and Hall, New York, 1986).
4. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1986).
. . .: . 1978.
5. R. . Yan, S. W . Corzine, L. A . Coldren and I. Suemune, Correction for the Expres
sion for Gain in GaAs, IEEE J. Quant. Electr QE-26, 213-216 (1990).
6. M. G. Bernard and G. Duraffourg, Laser Conditions in Semiconductors, Phys. Sta
tus Solidi 1, 699 (1961).
7. Ref. [3], Chapt. 3.
8. S. W . Corzine, R. H. Yan and L. A . Coldren, Optical Gain in III-V Bulk and Quan
tum Well Semiconductors, in Quantum Well Lasers ed. by P. S. Zory (Academic
Press, San Diego, CA, 1993), Chapt. 1.
9. G. H. B. Thompson, Physics of Semiconductor Lasers Devices (John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1980), Sec. 2.5.2.
10. Ref. [9], Sec. 2.4.2.
11. Ref. [8], Fig. 2.14.
12. Ref. [3], Sec. 3.3.
13. Ref. [8], Sec. 3.1.
14. Ref. [3], Chapt. 9.
15. A . Yariv, Quantum Electronics 3rd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1989),
Sec. 11.2.
. . .: . . 1980. . 11.2.
16. Ref. [8], Sec. 4.1.
17. Ref. [8], Fig. 6.
18. E. Kapon, Quantum Wire Semiconductor Lasers, in Quantum Well Lasers, ed. by
P. S. Zory (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1983) Chap. 10.
19. M. Asada, Y . Miyamoto, and Y. Suematsu, Gain and Threshold of Three-Dimensional
Quantum-Box Lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-22, 1915-1921 (1986).
20. P. K. Cheo, C0 Lasers, in Lasers Vol. 3, Eds. A . K. Levine and A . DeMaria (Marcel
Dekker, New York, 1971).
2
3. ,
153
4.1.

, 5,

, , ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
, ,
.
, ,

-.
4.2.

,
,

(, ) [1].
z (,
,
). ,
z
, .
z = z (. 4.1)
, ,
r (z{) Q
2 .
154
. .
. 4.1

z = z r (z )
z 9 . , ,
,
, . 4.1. :
,
,
. , , . 4.1 0 ,
0 .
(. paraxial-ray ap
proximation) , 0 ,
sin 0 = tan 0 = 0 .
( , 0 ) ( , 0 )
.
0 = (dr^/dz )
= { 0 = (dr /dz )
= r\ :
2
2l
22
r =Ar + /,
(4.2.1a)
^+Drl,
(4.2.16)
, , D ,
. , (4.2.1)
:
_|A B | |n, i |
D
4
(4.2.2)
ABCD-, ,
.

Az = L
(. . 4.2).
, ,
, , :
= +{/,
2
^={,
(4.2.3)
(4.2.36)
ABCD- :
1
4.
< - - >
155
. 4.2
ABCD- : () ,
() , ()

/ ( /
). , (. . 4.26)
= .
2
(4.2.5)

, (1/) + (1/q) = (1/f), ,
p = r\/r{,8Lq = -r /r2.
(4.2.5), :
2
ri=-OJf)n+r{.
(4.2.56)
(4.2.5), 2)- :
1
(4.2.6)
-l/f

R ( R
). z z
,

(. 4.2).
.
,
,
z ,
,
z * ,
. 4.2 { , .
-
l9
156
. .
4.1
/^ = 1
=1
1
-1
R 2
R / = R/2
/ = R/2.
,
1
(4.2.7)
. 4.1
, .
,
, ABCD- 1, . .
AD-BC=1.
(4.2.8)
,
.
,
,
, . ,

z ( 4.3), ABCD- z = z z = z
z = 2 z = z . r /
z = z , , :
1-2/
i9
(4.2.9)
Eg
(4.2.10)
r (4.2.10) (4.2.9),
:
t
As
4.
(4.2.11)
157
. 4.3

,

z = z z = z
z = z n z = z
1
z= z
z= z
, ABCD-
>- . ,
, ,
.
, ,

L

L . (4.2.4),
:
i9
lrl
r
2
T/n\\l
Li/n 1
1 0
II1
LL,/n\\n\
,/n n
1
(4.2.12)
, ^
, *
:
^ ^ /
1
'
(4.2.13)
,
*
1# = + L .

L
= 1, *
R. (4.2.4), (4.2.7) (4.2.11), ABCD-?

1
-(2/)
0 1
1 0
L
1
1
-(2/)
L
1-(2L/R)
(4.2.14)
, (4.2.13) (4.2.14) 1,

,
.
', ', , D'

, , , D
. . 4.1, ,
- , . . *
2
158
. .
, -
.
,
(. 4.2), : 1) z ,
; 2) z
, ,
z. , - -
(r -r{) ( , - ) . :
2
l9
'
-{
'
D' - '
(4.2.15)
(4.2.15) /.
A'B'C'D'- 1, :
2
r =
D'r +B'r ,
(4.2.16)
ri^'n+A'ri.
(4.2.166)
(4.2.16) (4.2.1) , '

''CD'-
'
'
D'
D,B'
= , = , a D ' =,
(4.2.17)
, (4.2.17) ,

D.
/
. 4.4

,

,
ABCD-
19

,
. ,
, . 4.4
.
, ABCD-,
, .
, . .
, ( )
. R R
z z
:
Ri = i/ i>
(4.2.18)
= / '.
(4.2.186)
4.
159
, (4.2.18)
: R *

. (4.2.1) (4.2.18)
:
AR +
CRi+D'
X
(4.2.19)
(4.2.19)
,
R R

. 4.5
>-.

:
()

()

z . 4.5. (4.2.4) = 1 L = z - z , (4.2.19)
: R = R + (z - Z i ) , , , .

(. 4.56). (4.2.6) (4.2.19) :
2
-i-=-L_I
R
Ri
(4.2.20)
:
-1
. 4.5
(4.2.19),
, , ,
, .
ABCD-
,
(4.2.19).
4.3.

,
[2].

,
, ,
1
160
. .
l2 = (^1 ~ n )/(n
2
+ ),
(4.3.1)

*12 = 2 /(
+ ).
(4.3.2)
, < , < 0; ,
. ,
> , > 0,
. , , (4.3.2), t > 0,
. . .
, ,

. /j- (
)
1
12
12
12
tan(0!-0 )
tan(0!+0 )'
2
=
2
(4.3.2)
s- (
)
since!- )
sintei+eg)'
2
'12
(4.3.26)
0 0
.
. 4.6
,
, R = ( )
0
- (
) s-
( )
= 1 = 1,52. 6 = 0
, (4.3.1),
R = [( - )/( + )] = 4,26%.
, -
( 6 = 56,7 ),
R = 0. (4.3.2)
0 + 0 = .

. 4.7. ,
0 = ,
, . . 0 +
+ 0 = .

.

,
12
40
60
6 []
20
. 4.6
R

9

= 1,5.

(-)

( s - )
4.
161
. 4.7
:
() () .
,
, . .
. , ,
0 ,
, .
:
(4..)
^+ -/2,
0 .
7isin0 = sin0 .
(4.3.4)
, (4.3.3), sin0 = cos0 ,

(4.3.4) :
B
tan0 =
B
rc.
(4.3.5)
,
(. 4.76), ,
(4.3.26), ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
= 1,52,
. . 4.6, s- R = 15%.
, s- 30%
.
30% , s- ,

.
162
. . ,
4.4.

,
,
, ,
,
[3, 4].
(
, , )
,
.
,
.

,
.
(, A g ) ,

. ,
(5 --10%) -

. ,

-, 10,6 0 .

.
, ,
,
,
n . 1 l , n l = n l = , /4, ,
, =
,
, . , ,
(. . 4.8). (4.3.1),

,
= . ,
,
.
1 /4,

= 2 = 2(2 /)1
= . ,
,
2
H H
L L
4.
163
/*
5~
<=
=2kl =n
2
=2^=2
. 4.8
)
, )
.
(., ,
-),
. ,
.
, , ,
. ,
( , / 4 )
, ,
,
.
, J ,
( X = )

0
n ^~nj-^n
H
(4.4.1)
4.1.
. Si0

. Nd:YAG = 1 , 0 6 = 2 , 2 8 ,
n = 1 , 4 5 . -7 ,
= 1 , 5 4 . ( 4 . 4 . 1 ) R = 6 1 , 8 % J = SnR = 9 9 , 8 % J = 1 5 .
, ,
( 4 . 3 . 1 ) , [( - n )/(n + n )] = 4 , 9 % .
2
X , ,
, , ,
( 4 . 4 . 1 ) . . 4 . 9
J = 3 H J = 1 5 .
,
, 0
164
. .
*(%>
. ,

, ,

. =
= -
= (10%) .

,
. n < n , ,
. 4.86,
n l = / 4
.

,
,
, X =

0
. 4.9

,
Si0 ,
3 ( ) 15
( );
-7
2
=[(.-!)/(#.+)]
<-->
,
= ( n ) ,
-
.
1 / 2
4.2.
. -7, X = 1,06
n = 1,54.
,
n = (n )
= 1,24.
, , M g F
() = 1,38. (4.4.2) R = 1,1%.
, , , ,
, ,
(4.3.1), R = [(n - l)/(n + l ) ] = 4,5% . ,
,
. Nd: Y A G (n = 1,82) /4- S i 0
( = 1,45)
. (4.4.2)
R = 3,4%, , , ,
, (R = 8,5%).
, ,
, (4.4.2),
# = 4 10" .
s
1/2
4.
165
,
(4.4.2), , , X = .

. , ,
, ,
.

, 4.2 (
, , 0,1%). ,
. ,
,/4- ,
n /n /n .
Zr0 (n
= 2,l)-MgF (tt = 1,38).

; ,
V- .
V-.
0
4.5.
-

- [5]. ,

1899 ., ,
, :

;
,
;

.
4.5.1.
-
-
R R
L .
,
. ,
, 0'
, v (. 4.10).
. 4.10 0.
,
( 1 . 4.10), ,
( 2 3 ). ,
x
2>
166
. .

E

,
.
,

.
, :
= ( exp(4i(j>)
3
E =
E r r exp(2ity)
E = E t
1
- exp(i<j)')
2
. 4.10
E =Y,i i
=[^^1^( )]^( 1 2)
(4.5.1)
( ^)-
(4.5.1), . 4.10,
, ; t nt
,
; '
, -
; 2
, 2 = kL = 2AJLCOS 0 = (4nn v/c)Lcos 9,
L . 4.10, 9
9' (nîn 9 = sin 9'). ,

0
= 2rcL'v/c,
(4.5.2)
I / = JijLcosQ.
(4.5.3)
,
(4.5.1):
0
'
1-( )(2)'
1
(4.5.4)

= | | /|E | , (4.5.4) :
2
22
h 2
1 - 2r r cos (2) + r?r
x
(4.5.5)
2
2
Ri - r , R = r
x
i _
utl=l-r
=1-R ,
2
(4.5.5)
_
(l-R )(l-R )
+4( ) / '
x
[l-CRi# )
2
1 / 2
(4.5.6)
.
-,
. 4.11 v
4.
167
R = R = 64%.

(4.5.6),
(4.5.2). ,

.
,
(4.5.6) 8 = 0, . .
= , m
.
(4.5.2)
v :
x
Av,
. 4.11
v = mc/2U.
(4.5.7)

, ,
(. free spectral range) Av^ . (4.5.7) :
sr
Av
fsr
= c/2L'.
(4.5.8)
= 0, (4.5.6) ,

_(1- )(1- )
(4.5.9)
[l-(R R ) f
, R = R = R, T
= 1
R. ,
, .
, 1 = 1, . .
. (4.5.6)
:
1
m a x
1/2
m a x
(1-R )(1-R )
1
[1+(>)
1 / 2
(4.5.10)
] '
, , , T (. 4.3).
Av , , ,
(4.5.6),
= ,
4( R i? ) sin = [1 - C R i # ) ] . ,
, , = ,
= [1 - (R R ) ]/2[R R ] .
,
, + _,
. = - _, :
min
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/4
168
l-OR^) /
(,)*/'
W-6.il)
. .
(4.5.2):
Av, _
2V
1-()
n(R R f^
x
1 / 2
'
(4.5.12)
, (. finesse) F

F = Av /Av .
(4.5.13)
(4.5.8) (4.5.12) :
fsr
l-(i*i# )
1 / 2
'
(4.5.14)
,
; 1.
4.3. ,
-. -,

, (
-). L = 1 = 1,54,
,
. . 0 = 0, Av^ = c/2n L = 9,7 .
^ = R = 0,98, (4.5.14) F= 150,
Av = Av /F = 65 . (4.5.9),
, T
= 1;
, (4.5.10), T = 10" .
, T .
sr
fsr
m a x
m i n
min

.
, ( )
, , , . .
R = R = R, (4.5.5) :
x
FP
1-R
(1-)
(1-) +41 (|>'
2
(4.5.146)
= t ( = 1 -
R-A).
4.5.2.
-
-
. ,
(. . cos 0 = 1),
(n = 1). ,
L , ,
(,
, -). ,
r
4.
169
/2
,

v ( ,).

,
, = , . .

L = /2
(. 4.12),
. L,

,
( + 1)/2
AL
= X/2.
fsr
AL
AL

AL , (2nv/c)AL = ,
(4.5.11).
(4.5.14) , AL = X/2F.
, ,
C
. 4.12

-
, :
() ()

(4.5.15)
AL = AL /F,
c
(4.5.16)
fsr
(4.5.13).
,
v v + Av. (v + Av)
, AL ,
v (. 4.126). 2nLv/c = , AL
, 2n(L + AL)(v + Av)/c = , . ., ,
AL = - ( A v / v ) L .
v v + Av , |AL| > AL .

A v , , ( A v / v ) L = AL .
(4.5.16) (4.5.15) ( A v / v ) L = X/2F.
(4.5.8) L' = L ,
C
Av = Av /F.
m
(4.5.17)
fsr
,
.
, |AL| = AL , . . Av = A v = c/2L,
v + Av v ,
. , Av > A v , Av
A v . ,

, Av < A v , , A v ^
.
, , Av
, , ,
fsr
/sr
/sr
/sr
/sr
G8C
170
. .
, A v ^ Av . ,
, ( 4 . 5 . 1 7 ) :
osc
Av
Av
O S C
fsr
/F.
( 4 . 5 . 1 8 )
, F ,
A v .
osc
4 . 4 . .
,
X = 5 1 4 , 5 . , ,
( A V Q = 3 , 5 ).
, Av = AvJ = 3 , 5 .
, Av^ = (c/2L) ^ 3 , 5 , . .
L ^ 4 , 2 8 . , F = 1 5 0 ,
L = 4 , 2 8 , ( 4 . 5 . 1 8 ) ,
Av = Av /F = 2 3 . , ,
Lj = 1 , 5 ,
(. 5 ) Av = c/2L = 1 0 0 .
Av < Av, -
. ,
v = /X = 5 , 8 3 1 0 ,
v/Av = 2 , 5 4 1 0 .
, ,
(v/Av < 1 0 ) .
osc
sr
osc
1 4
4.6.

, (
, ) [ 6 ] .

, :
(, , z, t) = (, , z) exp(;cof),
( 4 . 6 . 1 )

, . .
2
(V +&2
) ( * , * , , * )
= 0,
'
'
k = /.

-.
(x y Zi) z = z (, , z)
l9
l9
4.
171
z
:
-cosQdxidy .
(4.6.3)
( , )
(, ) (. . 4.13), 0 ,
z = z ,
, z = z ,
S, . , (4.6.3)
.
, [E(jc ,z/ ,2 )dx di/ ][exp-(yfer)]/r
, , dx dy ;

,
, z = z .
cos0,

,

.
( )
,

. ,

. 4.13

/2 ,
() > >
z = z .
( ) z =

,
(. (4.6.2)), (. (4.6.3)) ,
(. paraxial-wave approximation),
, z, 0 .
:
(, , z) = (, , z)exp[-(/fcz)],
(4.6.4)
, . .
z.
(4.6.4) (4.6.2) :
V{u-2jk^
(4.6.5)
= 0,
OZ
= ( / )
+ ( / ).
(4.6.5)
.
(4.6.3)
, cos 0 = 1 = -
1
172
. .
. kr ; ,
= 1 , Ar = 1 .

/ = 10^ . , ,
= kAr = 2/ X =1 = 2. ,
, , , ,
= . ,
(4.6.3)
. . 4.13
= [ ( - z ) + (- ) + ( - \) ] .
[\ - \ \ - yi\] < \ - \. , :
6
1/2
r=
(*-xi) +(y-yi)
(z-z,)
(z-z )
1
1/2
(4.6.6)
v (-)
+(-)
(4.6.6) (4.6.3) :
X(z-z )
t
(4.6.7)
(x-x^+jy-y^
2(z-z )
JjE(î,yi,2f )expj-/ft
1
dx dy
x
l9
--
. (4.6.4) (4.6.7) :
2
u x
(, > ) = ^ \\ ( i
>\ > i)
| -7*
\x-x{f+{y-y{f
2L
L Z - 2
(4.6.8)
, ,
, (4.6.5)

. , ,
.

,
ABCD-, 4.2.
. 4.14, u(x y z ) ( z)

2 = 2 =
. , ,
l9
l9
dx dy
x
(4.6.8)
l9
U(X, , 2)
. 4.14

( , )
z
,
ABCD-,

(
y
z)
2 = 2.
4.
lf
173
/
. 4.14 , , -/
. , , ,

, . .
. ,
, (, > )
,
z = z . [7]:
1
u(x,y,z) =
2
= 4 \\( , , z ) - jk
+ ?) + D(x +
2B
y )-2x x-2y y
1
dx dy
t
(4.6.9)
(4.6.8). ,
(. . 4.1) = D = 1 = L ,
(4.6.9) (4.6.8).
4.7.

,
. , ,
(4.6.5),
- (. (4.6.8) (4.6.9)).
,
,
5.
4.7.1.

,
ABCD- (. . 4.14). ,
(4.6.9),
?
, (4.6.9)?
, , z = 0
, (4.6.9)
- + .
(4.6.9) ,
x
(, , z) exp -jk[(x
+ y )/2q],
(4.7.1)
,
.
174
. .
q = q(z) (
),
(4.6.9). ,
2
u(x ,y ,z )ccexp-jk[(x +y )/2q ],

1
(4.7.2)
(4.6.9) , ,
2
+
1
(,, ) = - jk
/)*
"
2q
(4.7.3)
q q :
x
Aq +B
x
(4.7.4)
.
Cq +D
(4.7.4), ABCD
, .
(4.2.19), ,

. 4.7.3.

(4.7.1). (4.7.1) (4.6.4), :
-
4
exp - jk z +
(4.7.5)
= =
= z = 0. (, , z)
[exp- jkR]/R,
R
. ,
, (4.6.6), :
R =z+
+
2R '
(4.7.6)
e x p - jk
+
2R
(4.7.7)
(4.7.7) (4.7.5) ,

, q.
,
1/q, . . :
1.1
.-.
q R
(4.7.8)
(4.7.8) (4.7.5) :
2
(, , z) e x p -
e x p - jk
z+
+
2R
4.
(4.7.9)
175
. 4.15
:
) ; ) .
,
(4.7.8).
w
. 4.15
(4.7.9), . . = -[(: + )/ ], r/w, = [ + z / ]
. ,
= 0, = w = 1/.
, w
; ( z ) . ,
/ | | ,
I = / - [ 2 ( + )/ ].

w / = / / , ,
Wj =w/V2.
, ,
w>
.
, ,
, / 1/
.
(4.7.8)
(4.7.9).
(4.7.7), , ,
. R (4.7.8)
.
,
, z z'. , /, z j
9
1/2
176
- .
kz + k(x + y )/2R = kz',

:
+
z=z (4.7.10)
2R '
, (4.7.10) ,
z. , ,
: = 1/ = 0 , . . ,
R. ,
, (4.7.7),
, (4.7.9), .
2
4.7.2.
(4.7.1)
z
(. . ).
(4.7.4) A = D= lnB = z :
g = ?x + z.
(4.7.11)
, = 0 R = , :
a/qi) = -/nw ),
(4.7.12)
w z = 0. (4.7.11)
( l / g ) = l / ( g i + ), 1/q (4.7.8) l/q (4.7.12),
.

w R :
0
w (z) = w$ 1 +
(4.7.13)
: J
>\2
R(z) = z 1 +
(4.7.136)
Xz
(4.7.3) (4.7.12), :
(, , z)
1
[l-j(Xz/nw )
"'*-2"
(4.7.14)
(4.7.14)
.
(4.7.8) (1/q),
:
/
\ o
-
. x +u
u(x,y,z) = - 5 - exp
-JLêxp-jk
^
,
(4.7.15a)
w
4.
177

= tan
(4.7.156)
Ij
(4.7.15), w(z), R(z) (),

(4.7.13) (4.7.156),
. (4.7.13) (4.7.156) , w> jt
(, , )
w ( z). ,
, ,
z 0.
, ,
w , ,
, R = 2 = 0.
z = 0,
z > 0 ,
- (4.6.8).
(4.7.11), , (4.7.13)
z, . .
z = 0. ,
0
z =nw/k,
(4.7.16)
z (
), (4.7.13) (4.7.156)
, :
R
w (z)=w [l
+ (z/z ) ],
R(z) = z[l + (z /z) ]
9
(4.7.17)
(4.7.176)
(2) = tan" (z/z ).
(4.7.17)
(4.7.15) (4.7.17)
. , (, z)
, (w /w) exp -[( + y )/w ], , - jk[(x + y )/2R] , , .
.
9
w/w A
0
z/Zr
z/z
. 4.16
) w. )
R z
178
. .
(4.7.15) ,
( z > 0, z < 0)
,
(4.7.17). , w (z)
wl (Xz/nw ) , .
w/w z/z
z > 0 . 4.16. z < 0
, w(z) 2 ,
. . . ,
2 = 0 (
); 2 = z w = \[2w . ,
,
V 2 . 2 - > (. . z > z ) :
2
w w z/z = kz/nw .
0
(4.7.18)
(4.7.18) . 4.17 ( ).
2 w z; ,
Q = w/z.
e = X/nw .
(4.7.19)
/
(4.7.15) ,
, ,
2 .
, j j | \ dxdy 2 .
w /w(z) .
, (4.7.15), :
d
+00
j]|u|
+00
2
dxdy = (u%/2)
Jexp(4
00
00
jexp(-r] )dr],
(4.7.20)
= /2/\ = \[2/w. , J | a | d x d z / 2 .
(4.7.15).
, 4.7.1, ,
z > 0
R.
R/z z/z z >
. 4.166. 2 < 0
, R(z) 2 , . .
. , R->oo z = 0
)
. 4.17
(
)
(
)

(TEM )
Q0
4.
179
= z . z > z R 2 , R = z
. 4.166. ,
z = 0, /
2 , .
,
(4.7.15). (4.6.4) (4.7.156), , -kz
(2),
- ( / 2 ) (/2) z
-z z > z .
, . 4.16, . 4.17,
2w(z) ( ),
( ).
2 = 0;
w
. ,
, R > 0 z > 0 R < 0
2 < 0, z > 0
z < 0.
R
4.7.3.
ABCD
,
ABCD-, (4.7.3) [8].
ABCD-
q q , q
q
(4.7.4). ,
,
. (4.7.4) ,
(4.2.19), ,

. , ,

, (4.7.4) ,
,
. (4.7.4) ABCD
, ,
. 4.7.2
.
.
x
l9
4.5. .
/ . (4.7.4),
q q
:
1
1 _ C+
180
(D/ )
qi
+ (/
1
(4.7.21)
. .
, . 4.1, :
J L = _ I + _L
(4.7.22)
<?2
f \'
(4.7.8) ,
l / # i , l/q ,
(4.7.22),

:
w = iv
(4.7.23)
2
l9
JL JL_1
(4.7.236)
=
R2 Ri f
, . 4.18,
(4.7.23). (4.7.23), ,
,

; . .
(. . 4.18).
(4.7.236),
(. 4.186). ,
.
JRJ R
(4.2.20). ,
, R
R
(4.2.20). ,

, , (4.2.20)
,
(4.7.236).
19
,
1
\ _ I/ ;'
. 4.18
:
) ; ) .
4.6. .
w ,
/ (. .
).
w . (4.2.4) (4.2.6),
01
02
4.
181
/,
2,
1-2//
2
(4.7.24)
- 1 / / 1"
q
(4.7.21), , , D
(4.7.24), l/q
2
( 1 / ? 1 ) = - / < =-J/z ,
(4.7.25)
z , .
z
, , (4.7.8), l/q
. ,
(4.7.21) .
(4.7.24) (4.7.25) , z :
Rl
Rl
01
* * = / / [ ! + <//** ) ](4.7.26)
, , ,
z , ,
/ . , ,
z > /, z /.
(4.7.21) (4.7.24)
(4.7.25), w :
m
Rl
02
02
, z
Rl
1/2
w =lf/nw [l
+ (f/z ) ] .
/, (4.7.27) ,
01
(4.7.27)
Rl
w = lf/nw .
02
(4.7.28)
01
4.7.4.

, 4.7.1,
, (4.6.8)
, (4.6.9) .
, ,

. , . 4.14,
,
2
"(^/^
+ f t ) / 2 g i ] , (4.7.29)
H I , q
z = z .
(4.7.29) (4.6.9) :
t
l9
l+l+m
( , z) =
9
182
A+
(B/ y
qi
(J2x
{ w
2 exp-jk (x +y )
2
2q
(4.7.30)
'
. .
q . 4.14
, (4.7.4), a. w
.
, z
, : q = jnwfi/X, w
. q (4.7.30)
(4.7.8), :
x
u , (x,#,z) =
z
{ - & ( * + )/2
+ (1 + * + 0
(4.7.31)
(4.7.156). (4.7.11)
q = q(z), , w ,
(4.7.13) (4.7.136).

(4.7.31), I = = 0.
, (4.7.31)
, 4.7.1 (.
(4.7.15)). ,
Transverse Electric and Magnetic
(
,

z). 00
(4.7.31).
z
1 ( ) / \ [~2( + y )/w ].
= ( + ) .
,
(. 4.19).

(4.7.31), I = 1 m = 0
( / = 0 = 1). ()
| | - [ ( + y )/w ]. ,
(. . 4.15)
, exp~(x /w ) .
. 4.156 , ,
x/w.
2
00
00
00
00
2
2 1/2
10
10
. 4.19

4.
183

. 4.19.
(I = 0 = 1)

. 4.19 90.

. , I m ,
,
( = + = ) .
10
01
10
4.8.

,
, 5. , ,
(
, , . .)
2 x 2 .
. ,

-.
4.1. , ABCD- ,

,
1
7
2
0
1
R
>
R (R > 0,
).
4.2.

R R .
4.1, ,
1 -(
1
J_^|
/
{ R,
R)
2
, .
4.3. -
R = 0,99
= 0,005.
.
184
. .
4.4. -, ,
L ,

.
,
3 10 ,
60 . L ,
.
, 50%.
9
4.5. -, ,
L,
1
X = 600 .

1 10 .
,
100 .
.
4.6. (4.7.2)
(4.6.9) , (4.6.9)
- + (4.7.3), q q
(4.7.4).
0
4.7. /
d ,
. w ud / ,
.
00
4.8. , ,
w, = (nw /2)I
1 ( = 0 ) .
00
p9
4.9. He-Ne
X = 632,8 , = 5 .
,
, ,
1 .
00
4.10. ,
1 X = 514,5 , ,
100 .
,
,
w = 2 .
00
4.11. w
D / .
00
4.
l9
185
,
,
D ^ 2,25w
, : 1) ;
2) , . . w = w ;
3) f^z
= nwl /X\ 4) (4.7.27).

NA (NA = sin 9, 9 = t a n ( D / / ) ,
, 0, NA = (D/f)).
l9
Rl
01
_1
4.12. ,
(X = 694,3 ), 1 ,
,
. ,
z = 348 ,
D = 2,25u> (.
), . (
,
, .)
00
01
4.13. , w ,
L
.
. ABCD
, ,

,
U = L/n. ,
?
0
4.14. (4.7.26) ,
w
, z / 2 , z = ^/.
, ?
01
Rl
Rl
1. . Kogelnik, Propagation of Laser Beams, in Applied Optics and Optical Engineer

ing, ed. by R. Shannon and J. C. Wynant (Academic Press, New York, 1979), Vol. II,
pp.156-190.
2. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1980), Sec. 1.
M., . . M.: , 1970, 2- ., . 1.
3. . Ritter, Coatings and Thin-Film Techniques, in Laser Handbook, ed. by F. T. Arecchi
and E. O. Schultz-Dubois (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), Vol. 1, pp. 897-921.
4. Thin Films for Optical Systems, ed. by F. R. Flory (Marcel Dekker, New York 1995).
5. Ref. [2], Sec. 7.
M., . . M.: , 1970, 2- ., . 7.
6. . . Siegman, Lasers (Oxford University Press, Oxford, U. K.), Chap. 1.
7. Ref. [6], Chap. 20.
8. H. Kogelnik and T. Li, Laser Beams and Resonators, Appl. Opt. 5, 1550 (1966).
186
. .
5.1.
1 5
, . . ,
.
,
(, , ) ,
L. L

,
. ,
,
- (., ,
2.2.1):
, , ,
, . . .

,
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
, 5.1 ,
, He-Ne
, ( 10 ),
. ,

( 6 ).
9
,

- , ,

187
- ( ).
, , , 2.2.1,
, ( . .
) . ,
,
-
.
,

(, t) = ()[(-*/2 ) + *].
0
(5.1.1)
(
) .

.
5.1.1.

( -)
( -)
, .

,
, . 5.1.
,
, L
, .. L = (/2), .
,

. ,

v = n(c/2L).
(5.1.2)
, ,
,
( ) 2, . .
2kL = 2.
.
. 5.1
) , )
188
. .
, ,
, (
2).
,
.
(5.1.2) , . .
, ,
Av = c/2L.
(5.1.3)
;
,
, . . .
5.1.2.
()
,
R L
, ,
. . L = 2R (. 5.16). . 5.16
.

,
.
(5.1.2)
(5.1.3) .
5.1.3.

R, L
, F F . ,

(. . L = R). ,
,
, . 5.2.
, , . 5.2,
.
,
,
.
, ,
]

, .

L

. 5.2
.

x
5.
189
5.1.4.

,
R
L , R < L < 2R (. .
).
, , L <R. ,
, ,

.

, (R > 0),
(R < 0) ,
L .
,
. ,

9 .
. 5.3.
, , ,
.
5.1.5.

, (. 5.4)
, , , . 5.46
(. folded) .
, ,
. 5.4
. 5.46( )
2. :
v = nc/L
(5.1.4)

. 5.3

190
. 5.4
) .
)
. .
L . 5.46,
. , ,
. 5.4, , , .
, , , . 5.4
, . ,
.
,
, . 5.4 (
, . 7.8.2.2).
, . ,

. ,
( . 5.4), .
p
5.1. .
He-Ne , X = 633 , AvJ =1,7 10 .
L = 50
. (5.1.3) ,
, N
= 2LAv* /c = 6. ,

2 = 3 . (2.2.16) ,
AvJ, N
= 8rcv FAvo / ,
v = , V = na L .
, ,
N
= (2na/X) N =l,2
10 .
9
open
closed
closed
open
5.2.

(. 5.5),
(
), L
; [1].
, ,
1,
.
(. lensguide structure), . 5.56,
, .
, f f . 5.56
R R . 5.5
f = R /2. , 1 2,
2 2 , . 5.56,
x
5.
191
f = R /2
2
fi
. 5.5
) .
)
. 5.5.
E(x yi,0)

1,
2 = 0.
( 2) , . .
2 = 2L, E(x yi 0)

(. . f f a ! ) .
, , - (. 4.6).
5.5.2,
2! 2 . ,
,
. 5.5, (,
).
, -
, :
l9
l9
l9
29
l9
E(x y 2L)
= (exp-2/fcL) K(x y x y )E{x y 0)dx dy

(5.2.1)
i
1 ( = 0),
( , )
( 2 = 0),
( 2 = 2L). 5.5.2. , E(x y 0)
8- , [ [ . .
E(x y 0)
= 8( -[ -'), ( 5 . 2 )
( 2L) = (-2jkL)K(x ;[ '). ,
exp (-2jkL) ( ; )

, ,
x .

. 5.56 ,
, . 5.5.
, , 9
l9
l9
l9
l9
l9
l9
l9
l9
192
l9
19
. .
,
. ,

(, 2L) = & exp (~2jkL)E(x y 0)
(5.2.2)
,
. :
9
=|<*|/,
(5.2.3)
, || 1 -
.

2L , . . -2kL (
). (5.2.2) (5.2.3)

9
= -21, + .
(5.2.4)
(5.2.1)
(5.2.2),
(,,0)=
jJK(x y;x y )E(x y 0)dx dy

9
l9
l9
l9
(5.2.5)
l9
. ( , 0) (
)
,
. 5.56. ,

1, . 5.5.
(5.2.5)
I .
&i .
,
& , | d | ,

. ,
| &i | < 1;
1
im
1 = 1 -
(5-2.6)

. , (5.2.4) = -2kL + ;
.
,
; = -2 . , : -2kL +
+ = - 2 . k = 2nv/c

Vim
(5.2.7)
+
lmn 2
5.
193
,
() / , / . I
(5.2.5),
2 (. . = - / 2 ) .
,

(5.2.5)

; E
| d | d
, (5.2.6),
, ,
(5.2.7), .
/
im
im
im
5.3.

, , ,
. ,
, .
^
.
. 1
,
(#!, z/i,0) , .
R R ( )
, T
.
I(t) , t = 2L/c, . .
,
0
I(t ) = R R (l-T ) I .
1
(5.3.1)
, T
,
(1 - T ) (1 - T )
() .
, . .
t
t = 2mL/c,
(5.3.2)

WJ
= [ , ( 1 - Ttfrh-
5 3 3
( - - >-
()
t.
, , (0 I(t). ,
(5.3.3),
2
( 0 = [, (1 - , ) ,
2
194
( - - )
. .
, .
:
0
(* ) = [(-* / )],
(5.3.5)
. , (5.3.5)
(5.3.4), (5.3.2), ,
exp (-2mL/cx )
= [ ^ " T) ] .
(5.3.6)
, m
:
= - 2 L / c l n [ i ? R ( l - *) ].
lJ
(5.3.7)
, (5.3.5)
t , t(> 0). :
m
(*) = (-* ) .
(5.3.8)
(5.1.1)
,
(5.3.7), .
, (5.3.7), (1.2.4) (1.2.6),
:
x = L/cy.
(5.3.9)
,
=L/c ,
() .
c
5.2. .
R = R = R = 0,98, a T = 0. (5.3.7) = /[-1#] = 49,5 ,
.
,
,
. L = 90 , = 3 , = 150 .
1
,

, (5.1.1),
E(t) = Eexp[(-t/2 ) + j(ot]
.
,
.
- ,
,
( F W H M ) ,
A v = 1/2 .
c
5.
(5.3.10)
,
-,
4.5, (. (4.5.6)).
, Av (. (5.3.10)),
(5.3.7) = 0,
, 4.5 (. (4.5.12) I / = L ) .
,
(5.3.8). ,
, ,
, 5.3.
,
, (5.3.10),
(5.3.7).
c
5.3. . R = R =
= # = 0,98, ^ , (5.3.10) (5.3.7) Av = 6,4307 10~
(c/2L), (4.5.12) Av = 6,4308 10 (c/2L).
L = 90 Av =1,1 .
R = R = 0,5 .
, (5.3.10) (5.3.7) Av = 0,221 (c/2L),
(4.5.12) Av = 0,225 (c/2L). L = 90 A v ^ 37,5 .
, Av
.
x
_3
,
, Q-, ( . quality ),
.
, , Q
Q = 2 ( )/(,
). ,
.
/w,
, , hv(-d/dt)(l/v)
=
= -h(d$/dt), :
Q = -2nvty/W/dt).
(5.3.11)
(5.3.8)
Q=
2TIVT ,
C
(5.3.12)
, (5.3.10),
Q = v/Av .
c
(5.3.13)
, Q-
v Av .
c
196
. .
5.4. Q- .
5.2 = 150 , v = 5 10 (. .
630 ). (5.3.12) Q = 4,7 10 . , Q-
,
,
.
14
5.4.

(. 5.6)
, ,
1. 2 1
.
, ' { ,
,
(4.2.2) :
0

D '
0
(5.4.1)
ABCD- . ,
P\(r {) ( ')

l9
29
(5.4.2)
, ( ,

D 4
(5.4.3)
-2L-
. 5.6
( ) ( )
, A B C D -
5.
197
, ,
( , ') ( ,)
. ,
0
.

,
ABCD-, ,
, , . .
(. . 5.66). , ABCD- - .
, . 5.6,
,
. ,
, (AD-), 1.
[2], , ,
9
0
cos9 = (A + Z>)/2,
(5.4.4)
1
sin0
A sin 9 - sin ( -1)9

CsnrnG
sin 9
D sinnG - sin ( -1)9
(5.4.5)
(5.4.5) , -
, 9
. , 9 , . .
9 = + ib , , , sinn9 (5.4.5),
sin 9 = [exp (9) + exp (~jnd)]/2j = [exp (jna - nb) - exp (-jna + nb)]/2j. sin AI9 ,
, [(- +
+ nb)]/2j b > 0, -
. ,
, 9 ;
(5.4.4), ,
9
(5.4.6)
(5.4.6)
. 5.66. ,
. 5.6, , 2)- . ,
,
,
, , 198
. .
. , ABCD-
:
1, 2
1, 2,
1 2. . 4.1, :
1
-2/!
0 1
1 0
L
1
1 -2/R2
0 1
1 0
L
1
(5.4.7)
(5.4.7)
+D
2
2L
2L
R
JRJ
21}
R\R
(5.4.8) :
(5.4.9)
,
g - g
x
g^l-iL/RJ,
g =l-(L/R ).
2
(5.4.10)
(5.4.106)
, (5.4.6),
(5.4.9), :
(5.4.11)
0<*1-* <12
(5.4.11)
^ , g (. 5.7). . 5.7 ,
g g = 1 ( ).
(5.4.11), g - g = 0, , g = 0,
g = 0, g g
2
l9
. 5.7

g g .

.

l9
5.
199
.
, 45 #i g .

( ).
,
,
, .
, ,
, , , , ,
g g = 0 g g = 1,
, .
, ,
. 5.1, .
, .
g - g = 0 gi g = 1 , ,
.
2
5.5.

.
.
5.5.1.
. 5.66 . 5.5 , , , . .
, = = . 5.5. (, , )
5.5 (
. 5.56), . . z = 2L,
(4.6.9) = 0, ABCD-
( ). = 0
E(xi, , 0) = ( ,i/i,0),
(4.6.5) ( , 2L) = ( , 2L) (-2 jkL).
( , z) (4.6.9), :
* + ) + + )-2 1 exp-;*
2
2
E(x y 2L)
9
J Jf
= exp(-2jkL)
- - c o ^
'
- - )
xEix^yxWdxxdyx.
(5.5.1) (5.2.1) ,
( y;x ) :
9
l9
*=
200
- '*
+ ) + (
+
2
)-2 -2
1
(5.5.1)
. .
2w,
2w
I ?1
_4*1
= 2w,
v\
2w
2w
li
c,
fi-Ri
. 5.8
) g- , )
, )
.
)
4.7,
(4.7.1),
(4,7.30),
(4.6.9), , ABCD-,
.
,
. , q
, , , 1 . 5.8,
q
q . ABCD
, . . (4.7.4), q = q,
x
=* + .
(5.5.2)
Cq + D
, q
Cq + (D - A)q - = 0.
(5.5.3)
4
q , ,
(5.5.3) , . .

-) + 4<0.
(5.5.4)
2
5.
201
, AD - = 1, (5.5.4)
(D + ) < 4, . . (5.4.6). ,

, , ,
,
- (4.7.30).
2
5.5.1.1.
. 5.8.

(, , ), 1,
q, (5.5.3),
, , D . g-,
1/q. , (4.7.8),
w R
. w
R , 2 (. 5.86).
5.86
. 5.8, R

fi=R\.
, . 5.8
, ,
1 2
A D (. 5.8).
q (5.5.3),
5.8.
, (4.2.17),
, . . 2 1,
^ ^
nD .

(. . 4.1), R > .

x
l9
1
0
, 1,
2A D -1
1
2B D
l
2
2-1
(5.5.5) , = D, (5.5.3)
1
(5.5.5)
, f = R
f = R /2 (. . 5.56)
. , ,
. 5.8 f ,
, =
R /2.
x
lt
202
. .
(5.5.6a)
<2 = Qi
, (5.4.6)
B D /A C
< 0. , q
, . .
1 (. . 5.8 ) .
, 2, ,
1
AiBi_
(5.5.66)
A B /C D
= (A /B ) (B D /A C )
< 0, q
, 2 .
, , /
5.8 1 . 5.86, R ;
2. ,
,
. . 5.86,
, ,
. ,
. 5.86 ( , ),
2 , (
, ).
2
. , ,
.
(5.5.6)
. . 5.8 ,
1 2
f , L , ,
, f . ) -
,
, .
. 4.1, ,
1
l9
8i
(5.5.7)
^ g (5.4.10). (5.5.6), (4.7.8)

(5.5.7), :
2
/2
-,1/4
(5.5.8)
.ft(l-ftft).
, (5.5.66), :
1/4
(5.5.86)
[_2(l-l2)J
5.
203
, (5.5.8),
1 2. w = w . 5.8, ,
(4.7.27) / = f w = w , w . :
01
02
1/4
glg2(l~glg2)
ctr
L(gi+g -2gig )
2
(5.5.9)
, w 1,
,
(4.7.26) z / = f = R nz = nw /X.
R = R g = g = g=l(L/R);
(5.5.8) (5.5.86) :
x
Rl
1/4
(5.5.10a)
l-g
(5.5.9) :
1+
g
_4d-g).
l/4
(5.5.106)
5.5. .
(g = 0).
(5.5.10, )
1 2
w = (LX/2K) ' ,
1 2
w = (LX/n) ' ,
c
0c
(5.5.11)
. (5.5.11)
, V2 ,
(. 5.9). , . . R > L,
g = 1 - 8, 8 .
8,
(5.5.10) :
iw /w ) = (w /w ) = (1/28)!/4,
np
0np
(5.5.12)
,
. (5.5.12)
, ;
, (. 5.96).
, . . L = 2R,
g = - 1 - 6, 8
. 8,
(5.5.10) :
(w /w ) = ( 1 / 2 8 ) ^ ,
nc
(w /w )
0nc
= (8/8)^4,
(5.5.13)
. (5.5.13)
, , 8,
, .
204
. .
L= R
w =
c
w = w /yj2
0
{L\/n) >
LR-
-L=-R
. 5.9
:
) , ) ) .
8. . 5.9.
L = 1 = 514 (
), w = 0,4 .
, L = 1 M H X = 514 ,
R = 10 g = 0,9; (5.5.10) = 0,59
w = 0,61 . ,
.
+
5.5.1.2.

(4.7.29) (4.7.30) , ABCD q = q

( , 2L)
1 /[ + (B/q)]

( = = = 0). (5.2.2)
,
^
l9
1+l+m
1+l+m
[A + (B/q)] '
(5.5.14)
(5.5.3) , = D, :
5 5 15
q = jJ=BjC.
(-- >

= + (/),
(5.5.16)
2
(5.5.16), (5.5.15), || = - =AD- = 1.

(5.5.14) ,
1 , (5.2.6),
. ,
/
5.
205
, ore
, /
(. 5.8), , ,
(. 5.8).
,
:
1
= -.
(5.5.17)
(5.5.17) (5.5.16), (5.5.15) (5.5.5), :

= = 2A D - 1,
(5.5.18)
X
= ^-/
= 2
(5.5.186)
(5.5.186) , 0 < 0 - < < 0 B D < 0.

(5.5.18) cos (/2) = (1 + )/2 =A D , ,
X
= 2 arccos(VAx ) ,
(5.5.19)
,
^ - ' (5.5.14),
(5.5.16)(5.5.17) =(1 + / + /) = . , . . = (1 + 1 + ).
(5.5.19) (5.2.7) :
/
lmn
2L
arccos(
(5.5.20)
4 - - ,
BxD^
D
(5.5.7). (5.5.20)
lmn
2L
*+
a r c c o s
^ g)
gl
(5.5.21)
(5.5.7) + - ,
g (, , g ).
2
5.6. .
(g = g = 0) (5.5.21)
[2 + (1 + / + ) ] .
(5.5.22)
4L
. 5.10. , ,
2 + I + ,
,
. -.
c/4L,
c/2L, (. (5.1.3)).

(I, ); , c/4L
(, (/, 0, 0) (, 0, 1)).
t
206
. .
n, 1,1
/1+1,0,0.
-1,1,2
n, 0 , 1
-1,1,1
n, 0 , 0
(/H-1,0,0)
( , 0,0)
/
(,1,0)(,0,1)]
I / [(,1,1.,52)1
/
w
w
V
- (c/2L)(2L/rc f*)
c/4L
1/2
-c/2L-
. 5.10
( ) ()
,
(/, ) (, ) 1
(. . ) c/2L, .
00
5.7.
. = g = 1 - (L/R), /R < 1. ,
g 1. arccos (g) = arccos [1 - (L/R)] = ( 2 L / E ) / , a (5.5.21)
2
1/2
n + (1 + Z + w ) (2L\ ~
R 1
2L
(5.5.23)
. 5.106. ,
c/2L,

(c/2L)(2L/n R) / .
2
1 2
5.5.1.3.

, 5.5.1,1-2,
.
.
1

( ) , ,
( ) .
, > m, I ( 5 . 5 . 2 4 ) .

.
, / , (. .
) . ( ) ,
, , I,
/.
/, / .
. ,
(. .
( + 1) ( - 1 ) ) .
5.
207
(4.7.31) (4.6.4),
:
/
"V2x
V2y
exp
w
w
[-7 + (1 + / + )]
2
xexp[-jk(x
(5.5.4)
(5.5.246)
+ / )/2],
(5.5.24)
w(z), R(z) () (4.7.17).

,
w . ,
I, . I
(5.5.24). ,
k = 2 / , I,
(. (5.5.21)). :
, 4.7.4,

;
5.1.1
, . .
z.
,
(5.5.24) :
. . ,
(4.6.1), = Eexp(jat), = = 2nv

, (5.5.246),
exp j[-kz + + cot], ,

z. ,
, = (-^), ,
z.
, . . Ecoscot.
, , ,
, = Eexp(j(ot)
, 2
z.
0
lmn
009
5.5.2.

5.5.1.2 ,
, . 5.8,
. ,
, ,
(
). ,
,
. 5.11, 00
208
. .

,
2. ,
,
,
.
,
. 5.11
,

,
.

(5.2.5) .
,
,
.
(R = R = R = = ,
.5.12) (. 5.126).
, ,
L , ,
.
, (5.2.5), :
00
++
6(,,0)
= j ^K(x,y x y )E(x ,y ,0)dx dy ,

9
(5.5.25)
--
,
.
z = 0 z = L
(. 5.126),
(5.5.1), ABCD-
L.
L
/ = R/2. , ,
(5.5.25) , + ,
.
f=R/2
f=R/2
. 5.12
) , )
5.
209
(5.5.25) /
, .
[5],

. (, , 0),
(5.5.25), ,
, (, , L)
.
(5.5.25) , ,
(, , 2L), . .
(
),
,

- ,
.
,
, ,
.
5.8. [6].

,
, . 5.13 (
) . 5.136 ( )
00
01
N = a /LX.
(5.5.26)
. 5.13

( ) TEMqq
()
( [ 6 ] ,
,
1965 . )
01
210
. .
,
^-. , g
(, )
. , ,
(5.5.11), N = /nw , w

.
^- (. 5.5),

( ) (; ).
. 5.11 ,
. ,
^- ,
. ,
. ,
, .
00
00
01
00
5.9.
. ,

. ,
, ,
g = 1 g = -1 (. 5.5). , ,
, ,
,
(,
).
, , y i = 10% g < 0,95 (R < 20L). . 5.136
N < 2, .
, L = 2 X = 1,06 ( Nd.YAG )
< 2 . L = 2 M H X = 1 0 , 6 (
0 ) < 6,3 .
00
01
01
. 5.5
. 5.56.
E(xi,yi,Q) (
)
2 = 0 . 5.56, ( , )
z = L
( ,y ,L) = (exp - jkL) jJK

2
12
(x ,y ;x y
2
l9
)( , y , 0)dx
dy ,
x
K = 0 2 = L,
1.
( , ) 2 = 2L
( , / , 2L) = (exp- jkL) jJK
( , ; , )( ,y ,L)dx dy ,
12
21
K = L 2 = 2L,
2.
:
l2
5.
211
( ,
, 2L) = (exp - 2jkL) jJK i (x y ;x y
39
29
)dx dy
x jjK (x y ;x y )E(x y 0)dx dy .

12
29
(5.5.17)
(5.5.27), ,

( , ,2L)
3
= (exp-2jkL)\\( ; )( , ,0)dx dy ,
39
19
(5.5.28)
, (
. 5.56, . . . 5.5),
( , ; ) = ^ (*>; ) ( ,y ,x y )dx dy .
(5.5.29)
3
21
29
12
l9
, (5.2.5)
.
0
5.5.3.
, ,

. ,
, (5.5.10) ,
,
, ,
g = 1 (
).
, ,
,
. ,

, -
( ) [7].
,
R R
,
1//,
(. 5.14).
.

, .
. 5.14
, , ,
x
212
. .
L
. 5.14
) ,
/ ,
, ) (),
D ,

19
w .
,
dw /d(l/f) = 0.
(5.5.30)
, ,
. ,
.

, , ,
(. [8])
a
2a = nw .
a
(5.5.31)
1/f (5.5.30) (5.5.31)

#
1 5
R,
2
L VLL .
X
,
. 5.14 .
, . 5.15 w
1 / /
.
:

, (5.5.30);
a
. 5.15
w

S
1/f
. 5.14
5.
213
w 1/f,
am ;
,
;
A(l/f) ;

a
(5.5.32)
-(1//) = 2,
.
,
. 5.146 (. . 5.8),
. 5.14 , B H D J
1//. ^
(5.4.6) (5.5.5) ,
0 ^ A D ^ 1. *
5.16,
D . D
1/f,
D 1/f,
A D (. . 5.16).
,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
[9]:
1- *
f~na
(5.5.33)

, , ;
. (5.5.33) 1/f
l9
l9
l9
II//
. 5.16

,
. 5.146.

. 5.15

214
. .
(5.5.32) , (5.5.31),
(w /a) = ( 2 / ) , ,
, ,
(, = 10
Nd: Y A G , ).
,
.

.
S S
1 2 S = &r /w SQi S = > /> 80 ,
, , 1 5
50! 1,
2.
S =[Sf + S f ] .
. 5.15.
, , 1,
() ,
, 2.
1 ,
, 1 , 2.
,
1
(. . 5.16). ,
w , 0 0 = X/nw
. , ,
,
, .
, . 5.146
, ,
, , ,

. 1
(5.5.30), (5.5.31). , ,
(5.5.30),
, 1. ,
L , . 5.14, ,

1.
, . 5.16, , [
L^ +Lr =f~ ( 1 " - ) ~ +L~
=/ ,
L . 5.14.
/ , ,

,
.
am
cl
1 / 2
_1
5.
215
5.6.

5.4, ,
g g . 5.7 [10].
: (. negativebranch), , g g > 1,
(. positive-branch), g - g < 0.

, ,
. -, 5.5,
, g g ,
, w
, ; ,
1 1 .
5.9, ,
< 2 .

, ( ), ,
. ,
(., , . 5.3),
.
, .
, (
) , (
). , ,
,
, .
l9
l9
00
00
5.6.1.

, ,
[11].
,
(. (5.5.24)):

;
.

;
. , ,
, ,
.
4
216
. .
2
1 2
. 5.17
)
.
)

( )
.2
-,
(5.5.3).
, ,
,
, -
, . . .
,
,
,
. ,
, (5.5.3)
. (5.5.3)
, ,
q, .

. 5.17.
.
:
, 2
, , ,
, , 1
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, . 5.17, ,
g - - . ,
, :
(5.6.1)
1
/2
r =g [l-(glg2) Y +g2-l.
2
(5.6.16)
5.
217
, . 5.17
1 2, ,
2 1. ,

1 2. .5.17
1 2
21
1 2
1 2
(l + r O M .
(5.6.2a)
21
= (1 + r )/r .
2
(5.6.26)

, (. single-ended), ,
, . 5.176.
2 1 ,
, .
, > .
, , ,
2 (,
1 2 100%).
2 2 (. . 5.176) ,
, ,
,
21
= (1 + r f ) (1 + ; ),
=
21
12
(5.6.3)
(5.6.2). (5.6.1)
(5.6.3)
= (2ft ft - 1) + 2ft ft[l - (ft
1 1 2
ft)" ] / ,
(5.6.4)
, , ,
^- . , ft ft < 0,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
, , 2
,
S -S
2
2 =
M -1
2
(5.6.5)
9
S = \ S = \ ,
2, ,
. ,
, , 2
.
2
218
. .
5.10. .

,
. . 5.18, .
F F ,
, g g
, . 5.7 (
(2g - l)(2g - 1) = 1).
(g = g = 0)
(g = g = 1) .

. . 5.18 (
(5.6.1)),
, F =F .
= \R \/
\R \, R R ({R^ > \R \).
1 2 (. . 2 > 2 ),
. , ,
,
,
. ,
,
(5.6.5).
1
lf
. 5.18
:
) ; ) .
5.6.2.

.
, , . .
(5.2.5),
- (5.2.1).

,
. , ,
(5.2.5),
5.
219
, 5.5.2
.
, -,
5.5.2.
,
.
:
,
(5.2.5), . . ,
,
.
,

N = [ ( M - l ) / 2 ] ( a f / L A , )
N = [ ( + l)/2](af /Lk) , 2
.
, ,
. 5.19.
= 2,5 N = 0,6, ,

2 (. 5.186). . 5.19
( ),
1. ,
= 2,5 .
, , (/ ) = 0,4,
2 .
eq
eq
eq
. 5.19

. ,
2 (. . 5.186),
. 5.19 ,
-0,4 ^ (/ ) < 0,4. ,
2 ,
. , ,

, . 5.19.
- ,
2. ,
. 5.19
;
,
2. , . 5.19 ,
2,
,
.
220
. .
. 5.19

( [12], )
. 5.20

= 2,5
N = 0,6 ( [10], )
eq
,
,
. ,
, ,
, (. .
, 2,
).

, ,
,
, . .
.

.
. 5.20.
, ,
,
. , , I = 0,
,
. ,
, . . .
,
, . . - ,
L .
, . . ,
.
. 5.21,
a OTN
, . 5.20. ,
2
eq
5.
221
, = 1 - || , I = 1
, N 1 ( 2).
, N , , , N = 0,6
. 5.20, I = 1 , I = 0
, N = 1
. . 5.21 ,
N
. ,

. , ,
, (. . N . 5.21),
.
, , N = 1
/ = 2 CZ = 0 H Z = 1,

. ,
,
, , N .
,
N
eq
eq
eq
eq
eq
eq
eq
eq
eQ
, . .

2 , , .
222
. .
,
. . 5.22,

.
(
N ) ,
, (5.6.5),
. ,
,
. ,

(. . 5.20), ,
.
eq
563

, ,
:
, ;
;
( -, ).
:
(. .
). ,
(. 5.18) 2 , 2 .
,
( ),

. , ,

( - 1 ) / ,
,
;

, , ;
, ,
.
,
(
), -,
, -
( ).
2
5.
223
5.6.4.

, ,
,
.
, 1
< > , ,
R
, [14].
() 2

. ,
.
, , ()
,
Mr 2, () ,
2 .
2
, ,
2
'
^.
(5.6.6)
(5.6.6)
, -
.
, .
,
u ( r ) = (), ,
1, . (5.6.6)
:
2
()
2
(5.6.7)
() = () (5.6.7)

2.
, ,
(. (5.2.6)):
2
21
=1- .
(5.6.8)

[11, 12].
:
2
= e x p ( - r /wi),
224
(5.6.9)
. .
, w
. ,
(5.6.9) ,
, :
0
R = Roexv(-2r /w ),
(5.6.10)
R =pf .
(5.6.9) ,
(5.6.7) :
0
() = ^ ^ / ^ ) ,
(5.6.11)
20
w*=(M -l)w .
m

= /,
(5.6.13)
(5.6.8) , ,
2
=1-( / ).
(5.6.14)
, 2,
:
2
I (r)
= /, (0)exp(-2r /u; ).
in
(5.6.15)
,
, I
. ,
I
2
in
out
hutir) = I (r)[l
in
- R(r)] = I (0)[exv(-2r*/w )
- ( - 2 / , ) ] , (5.6.16)
in
(5.6.15), (5.6.10)
(5.6.12). , I
,
= 0,
. , ,
(d I /dr )
= 0. (5.6.16) ,
R

out
out
r=0
RM
0
= 1.
(5.6.17)
, (5.6.14) (5.6.17),
=1-(1/ ).
(5.6.18)

.
,
2
5.
225
(N ^ 5)
, [15].

,
ABCD- [16].
eq
5.11.
, . = 0,5,
,
(. 7), ,
. (5.6.18)
M = V 2 , (5.6.17) RQ = 1 / = 1 / 7 2 =0,71, (5.6.12)
w = 0,41w .

. 5.23.
, 2,
I (r).

, . .
, , ,
, I (a)/I (0)
= 2 . = 0,9w ,

w . ,
= 3,2 , , w = 3,5 . ,
R = 71%,
w = 3,5
(, ) ,
= [ 2 ] / = 1,19.
2
in
-2
in
in
kl,R
. 5.23

(I )
(I )

R(r)
(
I
)
in
out
out
r/W

[17]. (5.6.9) (5.6.10) :
= ( - / ) ,
(5.6.19)
R = # e x p ( - 2 r " / w ) .
(5.6.196)
226
. .
> 2 (5.6.19)
. (5.6.19) (5.6.7)
() = (0) (-r/w ),
(5.6.20)
w = w (M -\) ' .
(5.6.21)
n
x n
, = / = 1 - = 1 - (Ro/M ) . (5.6.20)
IJr)
= I (0)ex (-2r"/w).
in
(5.6.22)
, >
4 '
, .
, I
I = I (r)[l
- R(r)],
.

, . 5.24 I = 2 (
) = 5, 10 ( ).
,
w (5.6.22) (5.6.15) ,
exp(-2a /w )
= 2 10" , . ,

.
. 5.24:
(. .
).
9 ,
5.246.
I (r)
R = 0,45 = 1,8. ,
2
out
out
in
in
out
. 5.24
( = 5, = 10)
:
( ) ()
( [ 1 8 ] , )
5.
227

,
.
, ,
/0^, . ,
,
R ,
5 8 [18].
, ,
= 5 -s- 8

.
5.7.
5
. , ,

, 2. , , ,
(, )
~2 X = 1,06 ~6,5 X = 10,6 .

.

, , ,
.
5.1.
R = - 1
R = 1,5 .
, ?
x
5.2. , , = 514,5 ,
L = 1 . : )
; )
; ) ,

(Av* =3,5; . . 2.2).
+
5.3. 0 , X = 10,6 ,
(- ,
L = R/2) L = 2 . : )
; ) ; )
; ) , 2
00
228
. .
( 0
Av ~ 50 ).
2
5.4. ,
4 ,
1 .
,
X = 514,5 (
).
00
5.5. ,
?
5.6. (4.7.26) (5.5.8), ,
. 5.86,
z ,
x
= (1 - g ) g L / ( g
+g2
2g g ).
x
5.7. 5.4
1,5 . : )
; ) .
5.8. ,
. / ,
L ,
?
.
5.9.
,
(. 5.4). , L ,
,
.
.
p
5.10. , X = 630
2 10~ ,
L = 1 .
JR = 10 . ,
.
2
01
00
5.11. He-Ne , X = 630 ,

(. 5.16)
(. .
, = + < L). ,
L = 30 , : )
, w = 0,5 ;
) g g ,
; ) .
m
l9
5.
229
5.12. He-Ne
. , ,
, He-Ne
(. 10), ,
. ,
, He-Ne
2 10~ . (: ,
()

L = 2L, R = R = R-
, . 5.13, ,
g
g.)
0 1
nc
5.13. A B C D ,
. 5.8.
,
: 0 <A D < 1 - 1 < < 0. ,
, , B D /A C
< 0 , , q
(5.5.6) .
1
5.14.
5,

. ,
1
, 5 5 6 = (l/wJidr^dQJ
= (l/w )(dr /dQ ),
(drjd%)
( = 1 , 2 ) 1
1 2 . ,
( 5 ) = 0 ( 5 ) = (nw /X).
12>
12
1 2
5.15. , , ,

, 5 = 5 = 8 = 5 = ( 5 ) 4 w / u > ,
( 5 ) , w
, a.w
.
,
.
3
1 2
1 2
2 1
2 2
12
5.16. (R = L + A, A < L ) ,
1 . , 5 = (S ) (w /u> )
$21 = ( 5 ) ( w / w ) .
, . . w = w ,

?
1 2
12
12
230
. .
5.17. 1 , 2
R = 2 . L = 50 .
: ) g g ; )
(. 5.17); ) ,
,
2; ) .
2
l9
5.18. 0 , X = 10,6 ,
.
L = 1 .
, ?
2! 2 , : a) N = 7,5, )
) 20-
.
: R R .
2
eq
5.19. ( ,
),
, .
?
5.20. ,
R ( 1) ( 2),
50 . ,

= 6,
R = 0,5. ,
(,
Nd: Y A G ) = 3,2 ,
2.
,
= 1,4. : ) w
I
, 2 10~ ; )
; )
; ) .
x
in
1. . . Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1986),

Sec. 14.2.
2. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon Press, London 1980),
Sec. 1.6.5.
M., . . M.: , 1970, 2- ., . 1.6.5.
3. . Kogelnik and . Li, Laser Beams and Resonators, Appl. Opt. 5, 1550 (1966).
4. Ref. [1], Chap. 19.
5. A. G. Fox and T. Li, Resonant Modes in a Maser Interferometer, Bell Syst. Tech. J.
40, 453(1961).
P J
I A B A 5.
231
6. . Li, Diffraction Loss and Selection of Modes in Maser Resonators with Circular
Mirrors, Bell System Tech. J. 44, 917 (1965).
7. V. Magni, Resonators for Solid-State Lasers with Large-Volume Fundamental Mode
and High Alignment Stability, Appl. Opt. 25, 107-117 (1986). See also Erratum
Appl. Opt. 25, 2039 (1986).
8. Ref. [1], p. 666.
9. W . Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Vol. 1, Springer Series in Optical Sci
ences, 4th ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996).
10. Ref. [1], Chap. 22.
11. A . E. Siegman, Unstable Optical Resonators for Laser Applications, Proc. IEEE 53,
277-287(1965).
12. D. B. Rensch and A . N . Chester, Iterative Diffraction Calculations of Transverse
Mode Distributions in Confocal Unstable Laser Resonators, Appl. Opt. 12,997 (1973).
13. A . E. Siegman, Stabilizing Output with Unstable Resonators, Laser Focus 7,42 (May
1971).
14. H. Zucker, Optical Resonators with Variable Reflectivity Mirrors, Bell System Tech.
J. 49, 2349 (1970).
15. A . N . Chester, Mode Selectivity and Mirror Misalignment Effects in Unstable Laser
Resonators, Appl. Opt. 11, 2584 (1972).
16. Ref. [1], Sec. 23.3.
17. S. De Silvestri, P. Laporta, V. Magni and O. Svelto, Solid-State Unstable Resonators
with Tapered Reflectivity Mirrors: The super-Gaussian Approach, IEEE J. Quan
tum Electr. QE-24, 1172 (1988).
18. G. Cerullo et al., Diffraction-Limited Solid State Lasers with Supergaussian Mirror,
in OSA Proc. on Tunable Solid-State Lasers, Vol. 5 ed. by M. Shand and H. Jenssen
(Optical Society of America, Washington, 1989), pp. 378-384.
232
. .
1 , ,
1 3 (
, . 1.4) 0 3 (
, . 1.46)
.
:
, . . ,
;
, . . , ()
,
, .

,
.

(. .
). ,
,
,
. ,
,
, , .
, ,

,
,
.

. ,

. ,
6.
233
,
;
,
.
, ,
- (, , ) ,
-
0 . ,
(
), (
), Nd: Y A G ( ),
. ,
(
), (,

, 60%).
,
, .
3

. ,
, ,
, ,
. , ,
Cs , Cs
.
,
~390 (
) , , Cs.
, , , ,

, .
,
(, 0 ),

(
, . 6.26 6.27). ,
, + - * + ,
, . ,
,
. ,
hv, hv + -> *,
,
. 2,
, , ,
( ) 2
234
. .
, .
, ,
(, 10~ Ne);
,
. ,

,
. ,

(, , ) . ,
,
, -
p-i-n , .
,
, .
, , ,
(
). , -
,
( ). ,
-
(
), -
- .
, , ,
(X = 1,4 , . .
)
,
.
, ,
!

,
(
, ). ,
:
, . . + > ()*,
;
, ,
. . 4- hv -> + *, (
) .

. ,
. , ,
, ,
,
5
6.
235
(
) ( ).

(2,2 MIRACL,
Mid-InfraRed Advanced Chemical Laser
-).
, ,

(. directed energy weapons).

, (
).
, 0
(, C 0 : N : H 0
6:76:1).
(, 1 7 ) (
, 1400 ) (, ,
, , N 0 , 0
0 / 0 , 2:1). 0 , ,
,
( 25%) ,
, ( 10%)
. (, 0
- ,

, . .
.)
(, 0,09 )
(.
10).
(, 300 ) . ,
,
. 0
, . ,

. ,
,
,
,
. ,
.
0
( 100 ). 2
236
. .
,
, ,
.

2 3
, ,
R ,
(1.3.1).
, . . , R [ 1 ] .
,
[ 2 ] .
,
,
.
p
6.2.

, . .
,
.
. ,

.
621

, ,
. . 6.1
[ 3 ] .
,
.

,
. . 6.1 F
(
1
. 6.1

:
) ; )
.
6.
237
1 , . pumping
chamber). F .
, F P,
F
F ( PF ). , ,
, .

.
. 6.16 ,
(. close-coupled configuration):

( 1 ).
,
.
, BaS0 ,
,
,
.
.
2
l9
. 6.2 . . 6.2

, . ,
,
. . 6.26 ,
( );

. ,
, . 6.1.
,

, .

. ,
(. 6.3)
(. 6.36).
,
.
. 6.3, -
. 6.2

:
) ;
) .
238
. .

. 6.3
:
() ,
; () , ,
.
---|
\
V '
_|_
^
=1
/
w
. 6.4
-
( ) , ()
.
,
( )
, . ,
,
, ,
.
. 6.36 ,
, ,
.
,
. , ,
.
( 40 ) ,
.
(500 -s-1500 ).

, ,
(. 6.4).

L.
,
6.
239
,
(
, . . 6.4).
,
I
,
( , .
. 6.46). ,
,
. 6.5

,
(
).

(1-^8 );
(. 6.5),
L-C .
,
.

, ,
,
.

.
[ ]
622

,
. 6.6 , ,
- . 6.66

J = 80 / .
(J = 150 / ) ,
. ,

,
. , -
.
( ),

( ).

- .
, ,
NJSf^ N vLN

2
240
. .
400
460
800
[]
1000
700
800
[]
900
. 6.6
( ) - 500
( ) 4
. N = N ,
J
N = J/ev ,
v

. ,
,
J . , . 6.66
, , N ,
, J. ,
,
(. 6.6)
(. 6.66).
,
, . 6.7,
: Nd: Y A G (
N d Y A 1 0 ) , (
1 0 ). ,
,
. 6.7
e
drift
drift
3 +
1 2
3+
. 6.7

N d
Y A G (
)
(
).

N d : Y A G ,
:1 0 .

,
,
-, - -
3 +
3 +
6.
241
6.6 ,
N d , ,
-.
N d : Y A G
. , . 6.7 6.66 ,
750 -- 900
N d . ,
, Nd,
,
.
, N d : Y A G , ,
, Nd, N d : Y L i F ,
Nd: Y V 0 Nd ( N d ).
, ,
,
. (
1 0 ) ,
,
, Cr:LiSrAlF (
LISAF) Cr:LiCaAlF (LICAF).
3 +
3+
3 +
3 +
3+
3+
623

, , ,
, \
, R
, ,
, . .:
\ = / .
(6.2.1)
,

= (dN /dt) Vhv
= R hv , (dN /dt)
,

, V , a v
(. . 6.17).
:
mp
mp
mp
= hv
mp
\R dV = hv R V,
p
mp
(6.2.2)
,
R . (6.2.1) (6.2.2) :
4 =(hv R V)/P .
P
mp
(6.2.3)
=(hv \R dVdt)/E ,
242
mp
(6.2.4)
. .

, . .
,
:
;
;
;

.
,
, :
(6.2.5)
= *>
| ()
,
( , . radiative
efficiency); r\ ( ) ,
, ( ),
( , . transfer
efficiency); r\ ,
( , . absorption efficiency);
r\ ( ),
(
, . power, energy, quantum efficiency). ,
r\ r\ = R Vhv /P ,

.
,
, ,
[ 1 ] .

.
pq
pq
pq
mp
6.1.
.
6,3 ,
, 2 = 34 2 = 31,2 . ,

,
2000-3000 / .
r\ , r\ , \ r\ , \
, , N d : Y A G N d
. 6.1. , :

50%;
Nd , ,
Nd ,
Nd: Y A G ;
2
6.
pq
243
6.1
\ %
, %
, %
27
78
31
46
3,0
36
65
52
66
8,0
Nd:YAG
43
82
17
59
3,5
(Q-88)
43
82
28
59
5,8
, %
, .

.
( 10%) ,
, Cr:LISAF CrrLICAF,
(, ) ;
(
) ( 3 - 8 % ) .
3+
3+
,
,
(6.2.3)
(6.2.6)
Alhv
mpJ
, I .
() ,
[4],
. , , R
(6.2.6) , , -
, [1]!
p
6 3

, ,
[5]. ,

( T i : A 1 0 ) ; , N

; N d . Y A G

( , ).
+
3+
244
. .
.

,
.
:
N d : Y A G , N d : Y L F , N d : Y V 0 Nd,
-800 GaAs/AlGaAs (
1 , 1,3 0,95 );
Y b : Y A G , Yb:Er,
950-980 InGaAs/GaAs
( 1 Yb
1,54 ). ,
Yb Y b ,
,
;
(:1 0 ), CnLiSAF Cr:LiCAF,
640-680 GalnP/AlGalnP
-130
-840 ;
Tm:Ho: Y A G , 785
AlGaAs 2,08 .
,
, .
Nd . 6.8 ,
,
N d : Y A G (
4
3 +
3+
3 +
3 +
12
- N d
3 +
-0
N d : 1
9
9*
fl
'
-
/ I1
l"^
790
\ NdrYAG
V4
1
I
1
\ 1
800
^
820
810
850
900
950
1050
1000
[]
[]
. 6.8
,
:
a) N d : Y A G ( ) N d ( ). N d 1,52 10
N d : Y A G (1,1 .%) 3,2 10 Nd (3,8 % N d 0 ) (
[15], ); ) Y b : Y A G ( ) Y b ( ). Y b
8,98- 10 Y b : Y A G (6,5 .%) 1 10 Y b . Y b : Y A G
Yb [17] [18].
20
20
20
6.
21
245
), Nd ( ). ,
Nd: Y A G X = 808
G a A l A s / G a A l A s ,
1-2 . ,
, Nd

, = 800 . Y b
Yb: Y A G ( )
Yb ( ) . 6.86.
,
Yb: Y A G .
960 Y b : Y A G 980 Y b ;
InGaAs/GaAs
(, I n G a A s / G a A s X = 980 ).
(,
Cr:LiSAF, Cr:LiCAF), ,
. 6.7.
600 0,5 ,
Cr:LiSAF 50 . ,
Cr:LiSAF ,
( 100 , ),

. -
640-680
GalnP/AlGalnP (,
G a I n P / A l 25Ga 25ln P X = 670 ), ,
, GalnP.

. 6 . 2 .
0 9 1
0 09
0 2
07
0 3
0 8
3+
- 1
- 1
0 > 5
0 > 5
0>
0)5
6.2
Nd:YAG
Yb:YAG
1 .%
6,5 . %
Yb:Er:
CriLISAF
Tm:Ho:YAG
1 .%
6,5 . % T m
0,36 . %
AlGaAs
InGaAs
InGaAs
GalnP
AlGaAs
()
808
950
980
670
785

( 1 0 " )
1,38
10 [ Y b ]
1[]
0,9
8[Tm]
0,5 [ H o ]
16
4,5
1,06
1,32, 1,34
0,947
1,03
1,53
0,72-0,84
2,08
2 0

( )
- 1

()
246
. .
631

,
.
: (1) (. single stripe
diode laser); (2) (. diode ar
ray); (3) (. diode bar); (4)
(. stacked bars).
( < 100 )
, ,
(. index-guided laser),
. 6.9.
3-5 ,
.
d 1 , -
, tf 3-6 - .
, , . .
-. ,
1/ 0 = 20 = 0,35
, - . ,
0 = 2X/nd , , X = 800 , d = 1,4 .
9 = 5 = 0,09 ,
, 0 = 2X/ndp d\\ = 5,8 . (

w = d / 2 w \\ ~ <2/2,
(4.7.19).) ,

90
.
01
. 3
"
/
\
.
\ \
/ p-GaAs
()
p-GaAlAs
GaAlAs
(
)
--GaAlAs
Ti-GaAs
()
. 6.9
( ) ,
()

6.
247
-
-GaAs-
0,20 | *
mm
. 6.10
( ) 1
()
,
,
( 6.96).
20 , 5 ,
~10 .
d\\ = 200 d = 1 ,
0 = 20 0 = 5, . . ,
. 6 , -
, 40
(9|7td||/2A, = 34). ,
,

, -10 ~1 .
~2 .
,

,
(. 6.10). , ,
20 , 500 ;
100 10 .
, , ~1 ,
, .
, , ,
10-20 .

,
. . 6.106
6 , 1 ,
, 0,2 1 .

248
. .
2%.
1 / ,
100 / .
, N d : Y A G ,
,
.
1 , , ,
(-2 ) N d : Y A G 808 . ,
,
-
, -
.
.
~2 .

:
,
. ,
1.
2
632

. , : (1)
,
; (2) ,
,
. ,

.
6.3.2.1.

( 0,1-1 )
. . 6.1 la-
. 6.11
, ;
,
. 6.116,
.

( 6.116), ,
z (. 6 . ) .
.
6.
249
I
v
V
. 6.11
:
) ; )
)
- .
. 6.12
( )
; ()
; ( )
,
,
.
(. 6.9),
. (

.)

, . 6.12 .
250
. .
- ; ,
,
- . L f

,
. 0 = 40,
d = 2/ tan0
( , - )
df| = 2 ^ tan 0 ( - ). ,
djd\\ = tan0 /tan0|| = 4.

,
. , ,
4:1
,
. ,
,
L L , , ,
(. 6.126). ,
, / 4 / / 3 ,
/4 /
( ).

,
.
x
, . 6.126,
,
,
.
, . 6.12 [6].
(
).
, ,
D D ,
D /D = cos 0 /cos 0 , 0 0
.
,
, .

t
Z ^ cos0^
(6.3.1)
A C O S 0j
.
, , . 62,
0^,
. ,
6.
251
,
, .

.
, , . 6.12,
0^,
, = 2, . .
= 4. ,
. L . 6.12
,
, , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
. L
/ >
(. 6.11), . . ,
. L ,

-.
2
6.2.
. ,
. 6.12, 0 = 20 0 = 5.
,
, d = 1,4 d\\ = 5,8 (X = 780 ).
L / = 6,5 .
L
D = 2/ tan0 = 4,73 2) = 2/ tan0| = 1,14 .
= (D /D^
s 2.
, ,
-800 = 1,463,
(6.3.1) (sin 0^ = /isin 0 ) 0^
0 . ,
.
0; , ,
= 1,463, 0 .
(6.3.1) = 2
0;, , . . ,
, 0; = 70,
0^ = 67,15 0 = 39.
, ,
,
= 0 = 39. ,
D = D = 4,73 .
L / 26
,
1/2
252
. .
.
d = AXf /nD = 5,52 ( ,
; . (4.7.28)).
, , ,
. , ,
(. 6.12)

f /fi = 4- . d = 1,4 , ,
d = (f /f\)d = 5,6 . ,
, , , L , .
,
L L ,
L 5-10 . ,
, L
0 = D/2/ , D .

n , -
n . n = 1,82,
Nd.YAG, = D/2f n = 0,05 = 3.
2
, , 200 ,
0 0 ,
, , . 6.12-,

. ,
40 ,
L
40:1. 6.2,
L
, , 2,8 112 .
, ,
,
150 .

.
200 200 ,
.
NA (NA = sin Q , Q
) ,
, . .
sin 0^ > sin 0 = 0,4.
,
,
, . . Q = 0^. ,

Q = 0 & = Q = d .
out
in
out
6.
253
,
, ^
, .
NA,
, . . 0^ = 0 . ,
6.3, 200
250-300
NA = 0,1.
6.3. . ,
. 6.13,
/ (
). D =2ftg 0 .

( ).
, ,
, .
Dy L + 2/tg 0,
L . > = D ,
, / = L /2(tg 0 - tg 0). L = 200 , 0 = 20 0 = 5,
, / = 350 .
.
D = 2) = D =
= 2ftgQ = 254 , ,
, 300 ,
. ,
. ,
NA = sin 0 / ^ sin 0 = 0,09.
,
, .
1
1 ,

.
100 (. . 6.10),
200 NA = 0,1 (. 6.13).
20 ,
1-1,5
,
(NA = 0,1). , ,
(. . 6.11) (. 6.116, )
. , 254
. .
85%.
N d : Y V 0 ,

,
-15

- 5 0 % .
. 6.13

,

,
() (
) . ,

.
,
, ,

[7].

,
.

, -
, .
4
00
6.3.2.2.

, . . 6.14
[8]; 25
,
200 NA = 0,4.
-9,5 ,
235 .
1,7 1,8 .
-58,9 , 22
(. . 6.3).

^ ^ ^ 6.
255
j 15 j
' -> >s4 ; i>< -?w * \
. 6.14

N d : Y A G ( [8],
)
N d : Y A G
JC >>< >^< J^-V??N
[ ;fv
jov ;
RTV-
^ S O ^ I M ^
16
(, 10 ,
,
0 8 0 0 , NA = 0,2)
32
. 6.15

N d : Y A G ( [ 9 ] , )
. 6.16

N d : Y A G
,
. 6.15 ( [ 9 ] , )
, 40
-22%.
6.15 ,
N d : Y A G [9]. 4 ,
, ,
,
. 16
800 NA = 0,22,
00
256
. .
2 .

10 . , ,
, -
. ,
- 8 0 % .

, , ,
.

. . 6.16
13
. , . 6.15,
-60
25%.
00
6.3.3.
, / ( , z)

z , :
R (r,z)
=^ ^ - ,
(6.3.2)
. ,
, . .
1 (,
) = 1 (0,0) - (2 /> )
(-),
(6.3.3)
1 (0, 0) , w
,
z. ,
.
,
, ,
. 1 ( 0)
P :
p i
Ppi = jl (r,0)2nrdr.
(6.3.3) (6.3.4) :
p
2P
I (0,0) = - ^ .
ni
6.
(6.3.4)
(6.3.5)
257
, P
, , :
pi
Ppt = 4 r\tP ,
r
(6.3.6)
| , a r|
. (6.3.2), (6.3.3), (6.3.5) (6.3.6),
:
R (r,z)
= r\ r\
(-).
exp-
hv J
(6.3.7)
,

(R ), R
. ,
(, )
, (R )
p
\R \u\ dV
<>=
/\\u\ dV,
(6.3.8)
.
. w
, ,
(4.6.4) (5.5.24) R - > = 0, :
00
| | - (2 /wl) cos kz.
(6.3.9)
(6.3.7)-(6.3.9) :
(R )
( 2 [ 1 - e x p - ( / ) ]
hv PJ n(w$+w*)l
= r) r)
(6.3.10)
I . ,
z (6.3.8)
i
i
j e x p - (az) cos kzdz = (1/2) jexp - (az)dz.
, c o s & 2
z, exp -(az), cos kz (cos kz) =
= ( 1 / 2 ) .
2
= 1--(/),
(6.3.11)
(6.3.10) :
(6.3.12)
hv J n(wl
+w )V
r\ = r\ r\ r\
p
258
. .
(6.3.12)
. ,
, (R ) w , (R )
w -> 0.

,
.

w = w .

P ,
:
pi
jhv R dV
p
= 4P ,
pi
(6.3.13)
| , .
, (6.3.11), \
~(1 - exp - O L D ) , D
(D = D , D , D = 2D
). (6.3.13)
,
. R = const,
(6.3.13) R = r\ r\ r\ P /hVpAl,
(6.3.6). (R ),
, ,
0 < ^ ,
> ( ).
, (6.3.9) ,
R = const 0 ^ ^ = 0 > . (6.3.8) (6.3.9)
:
^[1--(2 /^)]
< > = hvpj
(6.3.14)
= ^\ .

.
, 6.3.5,
.
,
R , . . 0 ^ ^ , (6.2.6) (6.3.8)
:
>
M a ^ " J
'
\ , ,
(6.2.5), \ = ^1
6.
259
6.3.4.

,
6.3.3,
.
:
,
,
(. . 1.46);
,
,
.
, Nd: YAG
X = 1,06 X = 1,32 , T i : A l 0 CnLISAF LICAF.
, ,
, N d : Y A G X = 0,946 , Y b : E r : C T E ^ o
X = 1,45 , Y b : Y A G Y b : C T E ^ o Tm:Ho:YAG.
,

, N .
(1.2.5) N
N = / 1,
(. 2.7.2). ,
- , . . R ,
\\
. ,

(. ) :
2
2c
2c
(N ) = y/G l,
2
(6.3.16)
(N ) ,
2
\N \u\ dV
/\\u\ dV.
(6.3.17)
, ,
,
.
R = N /x,
, (. 2.7.2).
,
(R ) = (N ) /x.
(6.3.18)
(6.3.16) (6.3.18) :
p
2c
2 c
(R ) =~ .
P C
260
(6.3.19)
. .
,
. (6.3.19) (6.3.12)
(6.3.14), :
hv
n(wl+w )
2a.
hv
th
(6.3.20)
(6.3.21)
a [ l - e x p - ( 2 a /wg)]
e

. (6.3.20)
, [8]. ,
w ,

.
w ,

, . . .
.
, ,
, (6.3.9)

,
. w , (,
w < 0,7a),
, (6.3.21)
. , [1 - exp -(2 /$)]
1,
(6.3.21) . ,
7, (6.3.21)
.
, 6.3.5,
. (6.3.15)
(6.3.19):
(hv
"
Ptk =
(6.3.22)
a [l-exp-(2a /w;g)]
0
,
( 1),
, , ,
( ).
,
, , , N
1. ,
( 2)
, N 2.
x
6.
261
,
.
(6.3.16) (. ) :
[a (N ) '-G (N,) ]l-y,
r
2 c
(6.3.23)
( N ) ( N ) , (6.3.17),
,
.
N + N = N , ( ) + ( N ) = N , ,
(6.3.23), ( N ) .
-
(6.3.18).
2
(N ) ,
2 c
:
{
~( + )1*
(6.3.24)
, (6.3.24) (6.3.19),
0.

,
,
. (6.3.24) (6.3.12) :
a Nl
a
+ y) { hv
= |
+w )
p
(6.3.25)
2(,+ )
, [19].
, (6.3,25) (6.3.20), < > 0.
635

.
,

. (6.3.22) (6.3.20)
(6.3.21), , ,
\ hv /hv ,
v , a v
, . . ,
(. 6.17).
(6.3.20) (6.3.21) :
0(]
mp
mp
n(w*
[ pd
J _ ; i \ ( ^ [ n ^ \
> h
262
[ 4pd )[
+W*)}
> I
" 2 a 7 " " l I'

I
"
) \
[1 - e x p - (2
/ w
) ] {'
. . :
= = ,
.
(6.3.23), (6.3.26) (6.3.27)

.
0-,
. 6.17
, , , r| , r\
(v )
( )
, , ()

\ = ?-

N d . Y A G , . 6.3
,
. 6.1.
1 ,
4 . , ,
,
. ,

.

( 6 )
( 1,5 ).
,

.
-,
. (6.3.24) (6.3.31),

. ,
(6.3.22) (6.3.26) ,

,
pq
+ >|) * [1 - - (2 / < ) ] / 2 ,
w i .

w w .
0
()

6.3
, (%)
, (%)
43
82
17
59
3,5
()
50
80
98
82
32
50
80
90
82
30
()
6.
, (/.)
<7, (%)
(%)
263
,
w , w 2-3 . ,
, w = w = 2 ( ) = 2 , w = 0,5 (
),
!
.
, ,
, . . -
, .
, , (6.3.26) (6.3.27),
, ,
0
ol
+ \) [ 1 " - (2 /w$ ) ] / 2 ,
I t
. w w ,
, .
,
, ,
.
, . . w = w . ,

,
, , .
w = 0,7. ,
, . . w = w ,
t
00
0l
ot
ot
(wl + wj) x [1 - exp - (2a / < ) ] / 2 a - 0,48;

t
,
~2 , .

, ,
,
. ,
,
, r\ (hv/hv )P

, hv . ,
, , , [1 - r\ (hv/hv )]P .
N d . Y A G , (hv/hv ) s 0,9, . 6.3

, ~2
, .

:
,

.

.
pq
mp
pq
mp
mp
264
. . !
6.4.

,
. ,

9.

, ()
.
( , . 6.18), (
, . 6.186).
,

, . ,
, (, )
, . 6.18,
.
,
.
, ,
-,
( ).
. 6.18
:
() () .

R ,
(. 6.18, ).
, . 6.19
( ). ,

.
V ,
, . ,
! . 6.19
V ,
B
J^^^rjIABA 6.
265
. 6.19
. 6.20
( V
I)
( ) ,

( )
R . ,
, ,
(
). ,
, ,
.
(, ),
,
V .
,
(. . 6.46 6.5).
, -
(. . 6.4).
,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
(. . 6.186).
, - ,

, .
,
,
. . 6.20
- ,
B
266
. .
,
.
:

, -
, .

^ . 6.18;
, . .
;

, ,
.
, , 0 ,

.
,
. ,
, .

,
. -
, ,
.
,
:
, ,
, . .
2
+ ->*
+ ,
(6.4.1)
X X*
. ;
, ( ),

(. 2.6.1).
. 6.21, ,
, .
,
, kT.B
,
, .

* + -> + * - ,
(6.4.2)
, ,
;
, kT.
6.
267
i.
T
*
. 6.21
,
(. . ). ,
,
,
. , (6.4.2),
.

,
.
1
6.4.1.

.

, .
,
.

( ) ,

. F
( ,
), ,
(. (2.4.20)). ,
dF
dz , :
e
dF^-G^^dz,
(6.4.3)
N . ,
,
. ,
a , ~10~ .
t
16
eZ

.
( ) ,
, ( ,
) . ,
,
( + X* - > + X ) , , , ,
.
1
268
. .

, (6.4.3)

2
(dN /dt)
2
= a NF
e2
= N N va
(6.4.4)
e29
v , N .
<j , , ,
, . . = (). ,

.
(6.4.4) , :
e
e2
(dN /dt)
e2
(6.4.5)
() = jvG(E)f(E)dE,
(6.4.6)
= N N (vu ).
f(E)
. (1.3.1) (6.4.5),

R = N N {va ),
(6.4.7)
(VG) (6.4.6). , R
, /
. .
p
e2
6.4.1.1.

. 6.22

: (1) , (2)
, (3)
.
. ,
E ,
. ,
E ,
.
, ,
.
:

10~ , 10
, ( . 6.22);

( 10~ ) ,
th
th
16
19
1|^^ 6.
269
. 6.22

:
)
, )

)
.
10
12
E/E
th
3-4 ,
( . 6.22);
,
,
:
(
. 6.22).
,
, . .
. ,
( 10" -10~ ).
, , 6.1,
.

(, )
, (, ).
,
, *
.

.
,
( ) , ,
- ,
, , .
,
( ) ,
.
, k = 2/, X
. X = (12,26/VF) , V
.
. 4
270
. .
, ,
,
.
. , ,
:
(6.4.8)
, ,
, ,
V = 2/| - J = 2/||
(-0,1 ). , ( - r ) c l || < , .
( - ) ] = ) (6.4.8)
( ) .
, ,
, ) , :
0
(6.4.9)
p i
(. (2.3.7)). , p i * 0, . .
,
.
, ,
.
( AS = 0,
, 1*S - 2 S ; . 10) (6.4.8)
, ,
) , -( ) / 2 .

2
,
, . . .
,

forbidden/ allowed
10" ,
, ~10~
(. (2.4.14)). ,
,
().
,
.
(,
VS->2 S
; . 10),
) .
, ,
3
6.
271
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
, , .
,
.
. 6.23
1 S -> 2 S . ,
:
, 1, 2s ,
,
2, .
,
( . .
,
). , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
1 * 2s, 2
.
1 2s,
2
. .
,
, ,
,
.
1
He[l\S]
1
[ 2 S ]
3
. 6.23

VS^>2 SBaTOMe
- ,
( , , N e ) , , H g .
272
. .
6.4.2.

,
, .
,
.
1. ,

, .
, ,
, .
2. . ,
(,
, ),
.
,
, ,
2(/), , .
, - /
(, / = 1,3 10~ ) .
3. - .
,

. ,
,
.

, ,
.
,
f(v , v , v ), , f(v , v , v )dv dv dv
,
dv dv dv (v , v v ).

v
vf =(v ),
(6.4.10)
.
, v f
, . .
5
y9
th
t h
dri
W = <>,>.
(6.4.11)
z ,
.
v v ,
,
.
th9
6.
drift
273
/
/
v
th

: ,
, ,
. ,
mvf / 2 ,
v /l, I
. ,

8(v /l)(mvf /2),

,
, , ev . ,
h
th

. 6.24
th
drift
ev
= 8(v /l)(mvf / 2 ) .
drift
th
(6.4.12)

. ,
;
, . . 6.24
, 1,
, , v ,
6 .
1 2 .
2
, , ;
, v f . ,
, -el/v
I
1 2 (
).
, . . (/ - mv ) = mv .

th9
dri
th9
th
drift
el = mv v ,
th
(6.4.13)
drift
(6.4.12) .
:
v = (2/d)V\el/m)V
(6.4.14)
v
= (d/2)V\el/m)V .
(6.4.15)
2
th
drift
, , (6.4.15) (6.4.14),
:
( W ^ ) = (5/2) / .
(6.4.16)
,
, 2(/).
, 5 = 2(/), (6.4.16) ,
(v f /v )
= (/)
= 10~ . , 1
1/2
dri t
274
th
. .
,

, .
(6.4.16) ,
,
5 .
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, . ,
,
;
,
. , -
(6.4.12),
, .
643

.
,
, ,
( )
-. , ,
f(E), f(E)dE

+ dE.
(6.4.17)
. ,
,
, ,
.
, (4.6.10) v
(6.4.17).
v = 2E/m (4.6.10)
th9
th
= [3ftT /m]V2,
e
(6.4.18)
v . (6.4.18) (6.4.14)
th
(6.4.19)
6.
275
I
/?, (6.4.19) ,
/.
, , (6.4.14), ,
/,
, . .
T = f(/p).
(6.4.20)
, / ,
,
.
,
-. , , , , -
.
, , (6.4.11),
, , , ,
! , ,
; ,

. ,
- ,

,
0 . -
-

..
6.4, ,
,
. ,
,
, , 6.5,
,
.
6.4. 0 .
. 6.25 , C0 :N :He
, 1:1:8.

N v = 5 [10] (,
N
0 , ).
N (~ 3 10~ ),
,
0 (0 2
16
276
. .
. 6.25

f(E)
C 0 : N : H e
,
1:1:8,
f'(E)
(
[ 1 2 ] ) .

()
N v = 5
( [ 1 0 ] ) .

,
,

2
[]
), ,
.
,
ab initio,
( ),
, ( )
[11].

f(E), /
8
1,7[12].
f(E),
. , f(E) > 2 ,
f(E),
N . ,
= 2
,
N . ,
2 .
-1
-1
6.5. He-Ne .
. 6.26 6.4 ,
, He-Ne .

2 S 2 S .
6.4,
Ne,
. , ,
, N .
, ,
(He-Ne ),
,
. ,
X

, , ,
, /.
6.
277
10,
. 6.26

f(E)

VS - > 2 S
1 S - > 2 S
1
10
15
20
25
[ ]
30
10 ,
He-Ne , (.
6.4.5). ,
, ,
, .
6.6. He-Ne 0
. 6.5,
He-Ne () =10 . ,
(mvf /2) = () = 10 , , v = 1,9 10 /.
,
, , (6.4.18),
= 2(E)/Sk. = 7,7 10 .
,
. (6.4.16)
,
.
, (v /v )(m/M )
s 1,16 10~ , ,
v
= 2,2 10 /. 0 ,
6.4, ()= 1,7 .
(muf /2) = () , v = 0,78 10 /.
[12], ,
/ 8 ,
C0 :N :He 1:1:8. , v = 6 10 /.
, ,

. ,
~10 /, -100 .
2
th
1/2
drift
th
He
drift
-1
th
-1
drift
6.4.4.

.
,
. . , .
278
. .
- .
,
,
. , , .
, , v v = ( m ^ + m v )/(m 4- m ) ,
m^ (i = 1 , 2 ) , a v .
,
[ ( / n u / 2 ) + ( A n y | ) / 2 ] = [ ( / n +m )v /2]
+ , ,
- . ,
mi, , v
v
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
: v , nv
, .
( )
, .
, -
.
2
, ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,

. ,
,
; ,
. ,
JR,
.
R, ,
.
(
, ),
,
.

[ 1 3 ] . , ,
- [ 1 4 ] .
6.
279
,
.
-
( ). , ,
, ,
(6.4.21)
< , , a R
. , , . .
G = Ci(E), (^) (6.4.21)
. ,
,
. , N
,
. (6.4.21)
f(T ) =
C/(pD)\
(6.4.22)
(vG^)/kT = f(T ), D = 2R ,
. ,

pD ,
/ (. (6.4.20)).
/ = f(T ) (6.4.22) ,
pD. ,
, -
.
,
. -
pD.
e
6.4.5.

(6.4.20) (6.4.22) ,
,
. ,
,

(. . 6.20). , ,
, . .
, , (6.4.22),
. (6.4.20) ,
, ,
.
(6.4.20) (6.4.22)
. , ,
280
. .
T ,

. ,
,
.
,
. ,

(
) (
, . . ).
= T (6.4.20), (6.4.22), :
opt
opt
(/) = (/)
(pD) = (pD\
'opf
(6.4.23)
(6.4.236)
, ,
,
pD, /. (6.4.23)
. ,
, ,
, -
, 2 . ,
(6.4.236), - ,
.
, , (6.4.23),
, ,
. .
, V I
(. . 6.20) 2
. ,
V R ,
.
0
6.4.6.

, J = ev N ,
J
N . (6.4.7)
drift
(6.4.24)
,
(L>G> (6.4.24) .
, , (6.4.15) (6.4.19), v

. R
, ,
drift
6.
281
. ,
(6.4.24) , . .
. , , R
. , ,
()
,
R , ,
. ,
p
RpV
y\ =
Vmp
(6.4.25)
V , a v
. ,
\ ,
R , J.
, (6.4.24) R
,
,
. ,
,
, -.
ab initio

, ( ) ,
. ,
;
, C0 :N :He -*
, 0 , N 0 . ., ,*
. ,
*
. - -^
[11].
, , C0 :N :He, 0 .

, .
(6.4.25) :
a
mp
Alhv
(6.4.26)
, I .
,
, . ,
, (6.4.26)
, -
\ .
282
. .
6.7. 0 .
. 6.27
C0 :N :He 1:2:3
1:0.25:3 [12].

8/, 8/N, N
. I ,
,
N 0
0 . III IV
,
. II ,
(001) 0
N . ,
N 0 ,
. , II
0
. , , 6.4.5,
(
,
)
8/. 8/

0 .
8/
. ,
8/
| (~80% 1:2:3).
2
10
~! I I 1
I
( I ) ..
S/N
100
I I
0 : N : H e = 1:2:3
2
[ ]
. 6.27

0 ( , [ 1 2 ] )
2
6.
283
6.5.

. , ,
,
.
, , ,
,
,
.
,
.
, (
) ,
.
6.1. , ,
. ,

= 1 - - ( 2 ) ] / ^ J/ , \,
e
R , , &1
.
6.2. Cr.LISAF 6 .

500 , 2400 / .
,
Cr.LISAF
,
4 . 420
650 , 80 120 .
,
,
400-800 .
2
- 1
- 3
6.3. Y A G ( Y A 1 0 ) 4,56 .
Nd , 1%
(1 .% N d ) .
3
1 2
6.4. N d . Y A G 6 7,5 , 1 .% Nd,

. 284
. .

940 .
P = 2 .
,
, ,
\ = 4,5%.
th
6.5. N d . Y A G 1 .% Nd
,
2.8, = 250
,
, .
2.10,
,
NdrYAG 1,064
= 300 = 2,8 10~ .
, .
19
6.6. 6.4 .

~1 / . ,
,
. , 1)
10% ; 2)

(. . 6.1); 3)
90%; 4) .
, ,
, 2
.
,
,
6 7,5 (. .
). ,
~9,3 ,
.
?
2
6.7. NdrYAG 5 5 , 1 .% Nd,

.

, = 3 , 4 . , 1) 3,5%
(. . 6.1) 2) , , 100 ,
.
R .

cp
6.
285
, ,
.
, ,
300 ,
.
3 +
6.8. T i : A 1 0 1
, 514,5 .
. 6. .
= 2 .
,
,
r\ = 0,95. ,
(. . 6.17) T i : 1 0 , = 616 .
.
,
w = 50 ,
,
5%.
2
-1
3+
6.9. 2 , LHG-5
N d , 3,2 1 0 " , AlGaAs ;
803 ,
. 6.11.
, , , . 6.12,
,
, w = 35 .
(. . 6.11)
80%. , ,
9 C M ~ V
= 4,1 10" , 290 ,
0,35%.

.
3 +
20
20
6.10. Y b : Y A G 1,5 , Y b
6,5 .% ,
, . 6.1 la 940 ,
,
ivQ = 45 .
X = 1,03
= 1,9 10" = 0,11 10~ ,
= 1,5 .
3,5% , ,
20
286
20
. . 0
,
=- 2 % .
.
6 . . N d : Y A G 4 6,5 , 1 .% Nd,
808 .
. 6.15. , 90%
, ,
.
15%.
= 10%.
,
, ,
= 2,8 10~ .
, 6.9,
.
19
6.12. , -, ( )
10 .
6.13. ,
. ,
,
. ,
, 2/.
6.14. ,
( = 337,1 ),
-10 /, = 30 (
5 10 ).
- 1 . (. . 6.18)
?
6.15. 1 ,
,
N = N = 1 0 .
,
V ?
, .
13
- 3
6.16. ,
,
, E
; . , ,
, ,

iy
r j J
A B A 6.
287
6.17.
pD (
(6.4.22)):
- ^ = 1,210 (^) ,
, = (EJkT ),
. pD
= 80 , ,
: = 3,2 10~ [ ] = 24,46 .
e
- 1
6.18. /
1=1 /NG, N ,
. ,
G
G = 5 10~~ , v v
=
= 10 , = 1,3 , = 400
= 30 /.
EL
16
EL
th
drift
6.19. ,
3 Hg,
-3 = 300 .
,
. ,
1 , 74 .
, , ,
5 = 1 , 4 - ,
,
G = 2 10~ ,
.
- 4
16
EL
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4. Ref. [3], Chap. 3, Sec. 3.4.
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F. P. Schafer, F. P. W . Schmidt and J. Volze, Organic Dye Solution Laser, Appl. Phys.
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00
00
A 6.
12
289
7.1.
D
, .
,
2 3;
( 5)
( 6).

,
.
8. ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
[ 1 , 2].
.
,
.
(
,
, . .
), -
( ).
[3].
7.2.

(. 1.46)
,
. , 290
. . 0
. ,
: 1) - ,
,
; (
, : 1 0 ,
); 2) , 0 , A r , He-Ne, He-Cd,
, HF N .
, Y b ,
Yb:Er, , : , Nd (
), .
3+
7.2.1.

,
( 3
. 7.1),
2,
1 . ,

, ,
.

() : N ^N
= 0. ,
,
N
3,iV

N
. ,

,
.
1

UN,
-
, ,
0, N.

. 7.1

. ,

,
. ,

, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
7.
291
-
:
(dN /dt) = R - - (N /x),
(7.2 )
2
(dWdt) = V B^N - (/ ).
a
(7.2.16)
(7.2.1) R , (.
1.3.1), ,
.
R 6 ,
.
B$N (7.2.1)
. W,
2 3,
, , , W
. ,

.
, ,
[. (2.6.18)].
,
.
,
,
[. 2.7.19]. (7.2.16)
V B$N

. , B$N (7.2.1)
.

, V BtyN ,
V , . ,
/ , (. 5.3),
, .
, ,
(7.2.16) ,
. , 1,
, , (7.2.1)
.
, , t = 0
(7.2.16) = 0, (d^/dt) = 0,
. ,
,
N /x , N /x (7.2.1),
2. ,
(7.2.16) , , ;
V (N /z ); . ,
p
292
. .
2 3,
, , ,
, ,
4. (7.2.16) ,
, ,
(. .
, ).
- .
[4]:
- (7.2.16)
:
W/dt)
= vaB(b +
(7.2.2)
- ( c ) -
, *
, .
( )
10 10 (. 7.1)
. ,
,
, ,
^, ; = 1,
.
,

(7.2.1,).
L , Z,
.
, , I
t = 0. /',
1.2,
: = I R R (1 - L^) exp (2GN 1)
R R
, L
; , (1 - )
, exp(2aiV Z)
. , ,

,
, 2.7.
# R : R = 1 - - R = 1 - a - ,
,
.
AI = - / :
10
16
AI = [(1 - aj - TxKl - a - T ) ( l - L ^ e x p ( 2 a N l ) - 1 ] / .
2
7.
(7.2.3)
293
, ( = = )
, (1 - - ) ( 1 - )(1 - ) (1 - - )
(1 - ) ( 1 - ) . (7.2.3), , :
/ = [(1 - )(1 - )(1 - ) (1 ~ L,)exp(2aiV 0 - 1]/.

2
(7.2.4)
,
(. 1.2),
, [ (1.2.4)]:
= -ln(l-7Y),
= -1(1- ),
, = - [ 1 ( 1 - ) + 1 ( 1 - ^ ) ] .
(7.2.5)
(7.2.6)
(7.2.7)
Y l
1.2,
, ,
.
, ^ .

,
. ,
= - I n (1 - ) . , L
(7.2.7) y + L ,
. ,

. ,
, = 0,1, = 0,104, . . ; = 0,5
= 0,695. ,
, :
i9
Y = Y. + [ ( Y i + Y 2 ) / 2 ] .
(7.2.8)
(7.2.5)-(7.2.8) (7.2.4)
:
[ / - ] < 1.
(7.2.9)
, (7.2.4)
, :
AI = 2[oN l-y]I.
(7.2.10)
At,
, . .
At = 2L /c, L , :
2
L = L + (n- 1)1.
(7.2.11)
AI/At ~ dl/dt, :
dl
(7.2.12)
dt

/ , (7.2.12) (7.2.16), :
294
. .
ale
(7.2.13)
V '
(7.2.14)
V

V=(LJl)V .
(7.2.15)
,
. , (7.2.14)
5.3 . ,

, N
, , 2.7.2,
, (7.2.13),
, ,
,
.
,
, (7.2.1)
,
. N = N - N = N ,
. (7.2.1) :
a
(7.2.16)
(7.2.166)
, , V (
(7.2.13)-(7.2.15) ), ,
.
,
(7.2.16). -,
, ,

.
.
, ,
. ,
,
-
,
- .
-, ,
.
, 2
, ,
7.
295
, . ,

, 8,
.
,
,
. ,

, .
,
,
, .

,
; , , (7.2.16)
.
-, , (7.2.3)
,
. ,

z, .
,
, (
) [5]. ,
(7.2.9), ,
, ,
. ,
(7.2.9)
.
(7.2.16)
[5].
, , ,
(7.2.16) .

( ) ,
.
, ,

( . 2.22
). , '
(7.2.3),
^
, .
,

, , , |
296
.

[6];
, (7.2.16).
, ,
(7.2.16)
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
(7.2.16).
R = R (t),
. ,
t = 0, N(0) = 0 (0) = ^, ^
,
(, = 1).
. ,
, , () ;
,
. , (7.2.14) (7.2.8)
:
1 YjC Vic
- L 2L,2L (7.2.17)
p
(7.2.166),
, ( /2 )
2.
, :
,
.
2
(7-2.18)
, (7.2.16)
, , (7.2.18),
, .
, (7.2.18)
, 7.1.
7.1.
. HeNe 50 , 630 ,
10 .
= 1%,
= -1(1 - ) 0,01. (7.2.18)
1,06 10 . (10 )
0 , ,
10,6 . L = 150
= 45%.
= -In (1 - ) 0,598 (7.2.18) 0,9 10 .
2
10
16
7.
297
7.2.2.
( 1
. 7.2) , ,
,
, .
2 , ,
, .
N N
. ,
( )

2,
, , ,
N N (
).
0

1
,
1 0
. 7.2
kT.

N (. 2.7.2);
.
2.7.2,
,
N N .
,
, ,
,
. , :
{
+ = ,
(dN /dt) = R - (B N -B N ) - (N /x),
(db/dt) = VMB N - B N ) - (/ ),
(7.2.19)
(7.2.196)
(7.2.19B)
T 2,
:
. = <* c/V,
(7.2.20)
(7.2.206)

(. 2.7.2). ,
(7.2.20) (7.2.19), :
N + N = N,
x
d N
2
dt
298
- _
_ ^
(7.2.21)
(7.2.216)
. .
dq
dt
(7.2.21B)
f = o /o .
a
(7.2.22)
(7.2.216, )
N
N = N -fN .
(7.2.23)
(7.2.21) (7.2.23),
N NnN . (7.2.21)
N.
:
2
dt
:
K
R p ( 1
p ^
+ -ê
>
r f)
dty
dt ~
=
ic^ _/_^_^
VgGeC
(7.2.24a)
(7.2.246)
x,.
, (7.2.16),
(7.2.24)
. ,
t = 0, (7.2.24)
iV(O) = -fN (0) = 1. ,
(7.2.166) (7.2.246)
,
. ,
( + )/ , ,
, .
V = 1 ,
At
. (7.2.246) , (a cN$/V)At = 1.
, (7.2.24) ,
N = [( + c )cNty/V]At = ( + ) / .
AN > 1 , N
, N .
(7.2.23), N , ,
, . ,
N ,
N (. . ,
1 -> 0). ,
N . ,
, , , / ,
(7.2.24) (7.2.16).
1

, ,
, , , , ,
, R .
p
7.
299
, -
, (7.2.24)
. ,
, ,

N ; ,
2, (7.2.18).
7.3.

:

,
R .
- ,
.
, - .
p
7.3.1.
-
7.2
, ,
.
,

,
. , ,
1
, 1 .
, (^/) = ( i V / T i ) ,
2 > 1.
, ,
, N > N .
,
< .
1
2 1
21
(7.3.1)
,
,
. ,
, ,
( ),
.
. ,
(7.3.1) R , ,
p
300
. . *
.
, < x i,
(7.2.16).
. ,
t = 0
, (, ^= 1).
(7.2.166) , (d^/dt) > ,
(BV N) > 1/ . ,
, N
N , (. 1.2):
^
N = (l/BV T )
c
= (y/Gl),
(7.3.2),
(7.2.13) (7.2.14).
R
(7.2.16), (dN/dt) = 0,
, N = N = 0. , ,
, R
N /x 2, . .
p
cp
= N /T = (y/Gh),
cp
(7.3.3)
(7.3.2).
R > R ,
, , R
, , ,
. ,
N , (7.2.16),
(dN/dt) = (dfy/dt) = 0. , :
p
cp
N = (l/BV x )
0
= (y/crf),
(7.3.4)
bo = V x [R -(N /T)].
a
(7.3.46)
, (7.3.46)
(7.3.4), (7.2.14) (7.2.15).
(7.3.4)
.
.
(7.3.4) (7.3.2), ,
N = N R > R . .

.
. 7.3
N R . R < R

= 0 N N
R . R = R N = N = 0.
VpToZopeo?^*
^ R , ,
R
(7.3.4), N
0
cp9
cp
cp>
cp
7.
301
,
R . ,
, (. .
, );
, (. . ,
).
(7.3.46) ,
(N /x) = (N /T) = R . :
0
cp
=(^ )^(*-1),
x = R /R
p
< - - >
(7.3.6)
cp
.
, ,
:
x = P /P ,
p
(7.3.7)
th
, a P .
(7.3.7) (7.3.4) (7.3.5)
:
th
f-
(7.3.8)
= (V /l) ( ), ,
, = (V/1)
.
.
(7.2.18) (7.3.8), :
P =(A I )\^
0Ut
(7.3.9)
b s
I = hv/cj-z
[. (2.8.24)]. ,
[5] ,
1 .
P
, P = P

S
out
y) = dP /dP ,
s
0Ut
th9
(7.3.10)
| ,
.
, ,
6,
r\ . P (7.3.9) (7.3.10),
:
A hvy
1
~ 4 '
8
out
302
. .
,
(6.2.6) (6.4.26) (7.3.3) :
hv
(7.3.12)
, , v
;
. (7.3.11)(7.3.12)
:
\/
2 Y
hv
(7.3.13)
2 hv
mp
, :
* = V W b
(7.3.14)
: 1) \ ; 2) = /2 ,
(, ,
). , | < 1,
= ; = 0; 3) r\ = hv/hv
, (
); 4) r\ =A /A
,
(

). , .
mp
7.2. Nd:YAG
. ,
. 7.4. Nd:YAG 7,5 6,35 (
Nd 1%)
,
. ,
50 .
R = 100%, R = 85%.
P 2 ( )
, ,
. 7.5, [7]. ,
Nd:YAG , 200 .

x
out
^=100%
I = 7,5
=85%
. 7.4
L = 50
7.

Nd:YAG

303
1 6 0
"
12080 h
. 7.5

Nd:YAG
( [ 7 ] )
4<4
2

()
, , 7.2.1,

, -
. , ,
,
, . 7.5
,
(7.3.9). ,
P = 2,2 . ,

:
th
(7.3.15)
, = 53[( /, -1],
P .
(7.3.15): r\ (dP /dP ) =
= 53/, = 2,4%. (7.3.15) (7.3.9),
( 2.10),
X = 1,06 ( Nd:YAG),
= 2,8 10~ = 230
. hv = 3,973 10~
(0,5/1,06) = 1,87 , 3,973
0,5 (. 3).
I = hv/ax = 2,9 / .
R = (1 - - )(1 - ) ,
0,1%.
= -lni? = 0,162. (7.3.15) (7.3.9),
0,23 ,
0,317 .
,
, ,
, YJ. = 0, (7.3.12) (7.2.8)
:
out
0Ut
19
19
- 1 9
- 1 9
(7.3.16)
,
R ,
= -In R P .
2
304
T H
. . !
0,6
. 7.6

(
[8])
-I
1 2
()
, . 7.6.
,
(7.3.16), ( [9]).
, . 7.6 y 0,038 , ,
= ( /2) + y 0,12.
, ,
(7.3.14), , = 2,4%,
. | = /2 0,68.
r\ = / = 0,89, = 0,94 ,
Nd: Y A G
(. . 2.15). , |, = / 0,72.
(7.3.14) = 5,5%,
(. . 6.1).
P
(7.3.12), , hv & 2,11 10~ .
, P 2,26 ,
. ,
. (7.3.2)
N = 5,7 10 / . 1%
Nd N = 1,38 10 / . , N /N =
= 4,1 10~ , . .
.
2
th
19
mp
th
16
20
7.3. 0 .
2
, . 7.7,
,
, ,
. L = 175 ,
I = 140 . C 0 : N : H e
1:1:8 100 .
.
,
(
, . . 6.196). . 7.8
P
,
2
out
7.
-1^=13,5
. 7.7

0
=10?
- / = 1 4 0
/ = 1 7 5
. 7.8

>

,
0
20
40
60
80
120 140
,()
[10].
:
< = 6 , 6 6 [ ( / ) - 1 ] ,
(7.3.17)
P , a P
, (P 44 ).
100 0
. ,
= 400 , A v 430 (.
3.3), -50 (. 3.2).

Av = c/2L = 107 ,

. ,
. , (. 5.6.2)
(N = 7,4), ,
, (.
. 5.21). ,
. ,
,
; 0
, (7.3.17) (7.3.9).
.
,
. 7" ,
() ,
= ( - 1)/ = 0,45 (. (5.6.5)).

= R /\R \ = 1,35, R R
(R < 0, . . 2 ). out
th
th
eq
. .
(7.3.17)(7.3.9) = - l n ( l - )
* 0,6, A I = 22,3 . (.
. 5.186) D = 2 7,6 , 2 = 5,7
(. . 7.7). , A = nD /4 45
I ~ 500 / .
0 [11].
, . 7.8,
g (. .
)
140 . , :
2
g = N G = ^N o
2
20
*th
= ?-.l
(7.3.18)
*th
N =
= 140 , aiV = P . ,
(7.3.4) iV ,
g = iV a g = /1. g
. ,
2%.
, 10,6
, ,
,
. , ^ 0,02, = 0, = 0,6,
0,32. (7.3.18)
g = 6,3 10~ .

.

, [12].
,
. 7.8, . | 0 , 8 (.
. 6.28), ri = /2 = 0,94, 1 r | = hv/hv = 0,4 (.
0 , 10). (7.3.14)
r\ = 0,3, ,
. 7 . 8 ( 0 , 2 1 ) .
:
1. t] .
, r\
, r\ = 0,73,
.
2. . 7.7 ,
, (
0 )
80%.
0
, ~20%.

,
(\ = 40%).
2
20
th
20
20
0t
-1
mp
4s
7.
307
7 3.2.
-
,
.
,
, . /,
, ^ . ,
,
,
. ,
,
,
, . . R = R (r, z).
,
, (7.3.2)
N, . .:
p
<tf>c-(Y/<rf),
(7.3.19)
[.
(6.3.17)], :
(
\
z
<#>=
JN\u\ dV
\
/|u| dF
(7.3.20)
.
( )
,
, , . . R (r, z) =
= N(r, z)/x. :
p
R JML
P)C
JL,
(7.3.21)
(R ) R (, z)
[. (6.3.8) (7.3.19)].
, d$/dt = 0, ,
, . .:
p
ol(N)
= y~cl(N) .
(7.3.22)
,
(N)
(. . 7.3).
(P ) (P )
\\ R .
, .
:
|| =:2 /^)].
(7.3.23)
0
th
out
00
308
. .
, : 1)
( ); 2)
( . (6.3.9)).
R (, ) : 1)
, . . R = const; 2) ,
, .
0
R (r, z) = [-2( / >| )][-()],

p
,
(. (6.3.7)).
,
, . ,
(6.2.6) (6.4.26), :
>
> ^ & ^ '
(7-3.24)
.
, (. 6.3.3),
0 ^ ^
, (. . > )
- .
.
, (7.3.23) 0 < < ,
, R = const 0 ^ ^ = 0 > 0.
R (7.3.24) (7.3.21)
(7.3.23).
P > , (6.3.22),
\ \ .
, ;
.

p
th
x = P /P ,
p
(7.3.25)
mth
P
,
, (6.3.22),
mth
hv (
2
mth
V
(7.3.26)

y=
(7.3.27)
Pout/Ps,
P , .

s
P s = ^ ^ I
7.
(7.3.28)
309
. 7.9

,

:
00

w .

w , w = w .
0
10
12
, ,
:
(7.3.29)
In 1 +
(7.3.30)
= [-(2 /> )].

0
, ,
,
, ,
- (.
( 7 , 3 . 9 ) ) . , . 7.9 ( )

: , w = 0,7 w = ^ 2 . ,
,
dy/dx .
,
x) = dP /dP
= (P /P )(dy/dx),
(7.3.25)
(7.3.27). (7.3.26) (7.3.28) ,
r| (7.3.14),
= hv/hv r\
1
0Ut
mth
mp
(nw /2) dy
(7.3.31)
dx
( )
,
, = hv/hv . , -> 0, . .
^ o f l , (dy/dx) = 2 -> 0 ( -> 0),
r\ =(nw$ / ).
, (dy/dx) ,
. , * =
( 7 . 3 . 9 ) P = A I y /2,
= (
( 7 . 3 . 2 7 ) ( 7 . 3 . 2 5 ) .
s
310
1),
. .
, w =
- 0,7. r\
. 7.10 ( ).
0,97(w /a) ~ 0,473,
r\
, ^>1.
,

,
.
, ,
. 7.10
. . - > 1,

( )
t\
,

:

.
,
, . .

.
,

, , .
,
, . . r\ = 1,
[ 6 ] .

,
r\
0
1|
0,8
0,6
= 10
=10
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
0,2
{/af
0,4
0,6
0,8
(u>o/W )
p
. 7.11
2
) r\ (w0/a)
= 10
(w , ) , ) ,
( /> )
= 10
( w ) :
t
, -
= ^ / = 1.
7.
311
(w /a) .
= 10 . 7.11. ,
r\ > 90% w > 0,66, = 0,7
94%.
( )
,

.

, . .
, . (7.3.27),
, (7.3.28).
, . (7.3.25), P

(6.3.20), w < w . ,
P
:
ftv
Pmth (7.3.32)
2a.
0
89
mth
mth
:
b
1 = t- dt
J1 +
(7.3.33)
8 = (w /w ) . ,
,
[13]. w < w 5 - 0, (7.3.33)
, (7.3.29) ( w < , . .
- > 0). , ,
(. . 7.9). ,

.
w = w 8 = 1.
(7.3.33), :
:
1-
1(1 + )
(7.3.34)
, (7.3.34),
. 7.9 .
\ = dP /dP
= (P /P )(dy/dx)
, \
(7.3.14), ,
, hv/hv
out
mth
^nw
dy
~" nw dx'
2
312
(7.3.35)
. .
r\ w w
(7.3.34) (7.3.35), . 7.10 .
,
. ,
( > 7)
. r\
(w /w )
= 10 . 7.110.
, [13],
. . 7.11 ,
, r\ (w /w )
, .

.
t
p9
7.116 ,
r\ , 94%, w w
. ,
r\ ,
P
(;+ ), (.
(6.3.20)), . ,
w w ( )
. . 7.9

. ,
w = 0,7, ,
w
, ,
, .

,
, . . (>| /2) = . w = w (
),
, (nwfi / 2 ) = . ,
, ,
w = /2.
. 7.9, ,
( ) ( )
. , w = V2a
,
( )

.

, . . \ \ (7.3.23), (6.3.9).
(. . 5.4),
,
,
t
p9
th9
7.
313
.

[6].

(7.3.14),
.
r| , .
r\ = (2/3) = 0,666
, , = (8/9) = 0,89
.
r\ , r\ , :
,
,
, , ,
. ,
, . . , ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
- ,
(N) (R) . , ,
6.3.3, ,
. ,
,
, . ,
, ,
,
- .
z
7.4. Nd:YAG
.
, . 7.12,
Nd: YAG 1 .
, 100 ,
805-808 [15].
6,5
0,615; 4 1
[13],

( , ) ,
, ,
, .
314
. .
95%,
10

0,805-0,808
^
H R 1,06
A R 0,81
A R 1,06
01

1,06
. 7.12
N d : Y A G
( [ 1 5 ] )
,
0
0,3
1,1
1,9
2,8
3,8
400
1600
350
1400
Nd.YAG
300
1200
ft
250
1000
I
g
is!
ft
3*200
800
GaAlAs
35 C
ft
ft 150
600
*g
S
w
400
1 0 0
1200
50h
PQ
PQ
0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
, A
. 7.13
N d : Y A G ( , . 7.12)
,
( [ 1 5 ] )
25
(. . 6.12). Nd: Y A G
,
10 , 95%;
5,5 .
93% .
,
w 130 (
).
00
7.
315

.
. 7.13.
P 75 .
= 1,14 P
= 370 .

r\ ~ 40% .

, ,
, ,
~ o
130 . (6.3.22), hv = 2,45 10~ ,
= 2,8 10~ = 230 , (/ ) ~ 3,7 10 .
5% 5 10~ , ,
, y = 0,5 10~ ,
= y + ( /2) = 3 . /\ ,
81% ,
,
.
,
, r\ = {1- [-(aZ)]},

~6 805-808 (. . 6.8)
I = 1 .
.
w w 75 ,
, w > 0,
, . . P
38 . ,
1,14 30. (7.3.34),
= 26, (7.3.35) r\ 0,97.
(/) 0,83 \ = (807/1060) = 0,76. , (
)
r | = ? 0,49,
. ,
,
,

.
(7.3.27) (7.3.28), ,
1,14 , P
= yP = 500 , . .
.
,

w .
00
th
out
19
19
- 2
-1
mth
out
, 40%
.
,
,
\
. . 7.13
29% , ,
11,6% .
316
. .
0<|
7.4.

:

.
- , . 7.2.2.
,
- .
7.4.1.
-
,
, (7.2.24).
, (dty/dt)
(7.2.246), :
, .
(dN/dt) = ,
$ = 0HN = N B (7.2.24). , :
C
/

(7.4.2) (1 + / ) 1. (7.4.2) (7.3.3),
,

, fNt (7.4.2).
5 ,
N . ,
, 6.3.3, R = r\P /hvAl,
, I .
(7.4.2),
:
C
_hv
{fN +N )Al
(7.2.22) (7.4.1)
(7.4.3) ( (7.3.12)):
*th
_(1 + ) (bvp)(
< + /
(7.4.4)
:
= a N l/y.
a
7.
(7.4.5)
317
,
, N
(7.2.24), (dN/dt) = (d$/dt) = 0.
, N = N ; ,
(7.2.24) (7.4.2), :
0
fN +N
t
(7.4.6)
(-1),
N (G +<J )Co
0
= R /R = P /P h

. (7.4.1) N ,
(7.2.14), (7.2.15) (7.2.22),
(7.4.6) :
p
sr
(1+)"
0\,+Q
^l(x-l),
(7.4.7)
V = A l A , ,
, ,
.
(,
2) (7.2.18)
(7.4.7) (7.2.14) ( (7.3.9)) :
a
b 9
Pout
out9
(7.4.8)
r| = (dP /dP ),

(7.4.8) :
0Ut
(1+)"
4s =
(1+)"
(7.4.9)
(7.4.4), (7.4.9) :
, ,
, ,
.
, ,

. , ,
,
.
318
. .
7.4.2.
-
,
.
, ,

. ,
, .
,
(7.3.23),
(6.3.7), :
2
(-).
(7.4.11)
hv pj \
,
(7.4.1) N, . .
(,)=
<
(iV) = (y/a Z),

c
(7.4.12)
(7.3.20).
,
, ,
, , ,
. , (7.2.24)
R = [fNt + N(r, z)]/(l + /).
(7.4.12)
, :
p
/\
/
a t
+y
(a +a )ft
e
(7.4.13)
, (7.4.11),
(7.4.13) R
,
, (6.3.25),
( (7.4.4)):
p
Yd + ) hv
P =
th
n(wl+w )
2(a +a )
p
(7.4.14)
(7.4.5).
, (dfy/dt) = 0,
, ;
:
(N)
= (N) = y/G l.
c
(7.4.15)
.

7.
319
.
,
(7.3.25), P

, ; ; 1 ( . . ^/ < ).
(7.4.14)
mth
hv
mth
(7.4.16)
2(G +G )
,
(7.3.27):
8
2 2(a +<j )
e
(7.4.17)
:
1
1 ( 1
_
1
t dt
l + yt
(7.4.18)
= (w /w ) .
, (7.4.18)
(7.3.33) 0 (<J N l < ), . .
.
, (7.4.18) , (25)
[16].
r\ =
= (dP /dP )
= (P /P )(dy/dx).
(7.4.16) (7.4.17)
0Ut
mth
hv
hv
n
dy
ynwj dx
(7.4.19)
,
. . 7.116 (
),
r\ = (nw$/nwj)(dy/dx),
= 10 = 1. ,
,
(. [16]),
. , (w /w )2
< 1, x\
.
, , ,
,
, , ,
.
|,, , (w /w )
= 1,
*
, . *
,
, *
t
320
. . 0
. ,
, r\
. ,

, B[IN(1 + )]/ < 1.
(7.4.18) (7.3.33).
t
7.5. Yb:YAG
.
Yb:YAG I = 2,5
Yb 6,5%, Ti :A1 0
= 941 [18].
,
(X = 1,03 ).
, 1 ;

R = 90% .
(. .
) w = 28 ;
.
= 31 . . 7.14

; ,
= 300 .
,
, Yb
N 9 10 " ; , (
X = 1,03 , . . 6.86), = 1,2 10~ .
(
[18]) = 18 10~ .
, ,
( ), = /2 ( 1 - R )/2 = 5 10~ .
(7.4.14) P = 83 ,
70 (. . 7.14).

180 . = /2 ,
3+
20
21
21
th
20
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

()
7.
. 7.14

T i
,
Y b - Y A G

( 7 7 )
( 3 0 0 ) (
[ 1 8 ] )
321
7.14 ,
(7.4.19) r\ = 1. ,
: r|
=(hv/hv )($1/Wpdx).

r| -(w\dylw dx)
(7.4.16) P
= 6,5 ;
, = 180 = (P /P )
= 27,7.
. 4 [18] ,
p
mth
r\ = dS/dF, = <J N l/y * 5, = w /w

t
mth
* 1,1, (F/F )
= /(1
th
+ )(1 + ) 2,16,
S, Fn F .
ih
, r\ = dS/dF
* 70% r\ = (hv/hv )r\
* 63% .

, (7.4.18),
. 7.14.
r| = 59%
= 180 , 56% ,
,
.
s
7.5.

,
.
,
: 1)
; 2) ,
,
.

.
(7.3.9),
dP /dy = 0 .
, , (7.3.12),
P . (7.3.12)
:
2
0Ut
th
,+(!/2)'
(7.5.1)
P

, . . = 0. (7.3.9)
:
mth
mt
322
1* \ / +
Yi
S +1
(7.5.2)
. .
(Y2/2)
Y*+(Yi/2)
(7.5.3)
= / , .
(7.5.4)
(7.5.2), ,
S, , (7.5.3), .
, dP /dS = 0;
S:
2
0Ut
= (*J
op
1 / 2
-l-
(7.5.5)

(7.5.2), . .
A>I
op
Y; +
Yi
[(* )
m
1 / 2
-l] -
(7.5.6)
,
,
(. . = 1).

. , 7.15
P
S = 10.
(7.5.2), P = 0 , S = 0 (. .
= 0) S = 9; , (7.5.5), ,
4ToS = 2,16. . 7.15 , S, . .
, 50%
, 5%- .
-
, (7.3.29)
(7.3.34) .
,

(. . 7.11), (7.3.9).
out
out
op
. 7.15

P

,

P
10
out
mth
7.
323
P

( )
(7.5.5),
P
(7.3.26)
(7.3.32) ,
= Yi + (Yi/2).
out
mth
7.6. Nd:YAG
. ,
7.2 (. . 7.4. 7.5),
,
= 7 .
P , . 7.5, 2,2 , (7.5.1)
= 0 P
= P h(lih) 697 , ; = 0,038 = 0,12
7.2
. = P /P h ~ > > ,
(7.5.5) S 2,17. (7.5.3),
( ) ~ 0,165,
( ) = 1 - [ - ( ) ] 15%,
, . 7.6.
th
mth
mt
op
7.6.

(,
)
,

.
(, 0 ), ,
, ,
.
,
.
- (, 0 )

, ( 7.16).

( ^ ) ,
;
.

,
(. 7.166).
,
2
324
. .
. 7.16
(),
, ()

. 7.17

( )
( )
2 ;
.
,
-, , .

(, DP),
0 ( 7.17).
, ,
, ,

. ,
,
.
,
.
,
, .
= 2( - n )L

, L .
, ,
, ,
, 2;

e9
7.
325
. , ,
2, . .
^(n -n )L =2ln,
e
(7.6.1)
/ ,
.
,
. 7.17.
(. 7.17). ,
45 , = cos (/2).
,
, U ;
(7.6.1). ,
( - )
, ,
, . . Av^ ,
2
sr
, ,
0,3-1,5 , , . .
. ,
. ,

. , ,
,
, , An = - , . , , ,
,
,
, ,
.
7.7. . ,
X = 600 ,
, ( K D P ) L = 1,5 .

= 1,47 = 1,51 .
6 t a n 56,13,
. ' =33,9, , L =L/cosQ' 1,81.
(. 7.17)
,
,
-1
326
. .
(7.6.2), = 1,51, (7.6.2)

A v ^ 4,14 10 .
= X(Av /v) *5, v = / =
= 5 10 .
(. 7.17) = cos /2),
, (
, )
/2, . . ~2,5 .
12
sr
fsr
14
7.7.

, ,
. ,
, , .
, L = 1 ,
Av = c/2L = 1 5 0 .
-1
,
, 300 .
, , ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
. 7.18,

. ,
. ,
,
c/2L (. . 5.10).
(2.4.35),
(2.4.18). ,
N = N ~ N
- ,
N ,
(. (7.3.2) (7.3.18)).
R ,
N .
, . 7.18 , R > R
00
l9
7.
cp
327
c/2Ljc/2L|
. 7.19
. 7.18
(
);
. ,
, , , R ^ R ,
. 7.18, . ,
'', " . .,
, .
,
.

(. 7.19). ,
(2.4.35), (2.4.23), . .
,
,
g*(v' -v ).
, - |
, ( ) 2.8.3 \
(. . 2.22).
, R R , - <
,
, ' , 0"" . ., \
. ;

.
i
1
(, He-Ne 1
), (, ) |
. , -
. - 1
[20], ,
-
. , -

cp
cp
328
- .
1 2
. 7.20

:
wvwwww
)
(
) ,

( ); )
,
.
(. 7.20). , 1 . 7.20
7.18,
. 1
, ( , . . ) ,

.
. 7.206,
. , 2,
,
, ,
1,
,
1 (. . ).
,
2 , 1; ,
. ,

{
, . 7.19),
(
, . 7.206).
,
.
, (
) ,
2
, , 5 . 1 ,
, L
, . . L = (/2),
. ,
(,/2)
. , ,
{/4) ,
. 7.20.
, 7.3.2 7.4.2, (N)

, ( 7 . 3 . 2 0 ) ,
.
7.
329

.
,
.

,
. , ,

-
- .
,
.
( )
, .
7.8.

.
.
7.8.1.

,
(, 0,5 NdrYAG
1 0 ), , . .
I (. 5).

, ,
,
. ,
N = a /LX
. TEMQO
(
) ,
. 5.13 5.136 g.
,
.
,

.
,
5.5.2, ,
, ,
.
, 5.9, , (N = a /L%*
2
00
01
1 0
00
00
330
. .
)
, .

. , 5.6.2,
,
(. . 5.18).
, .

,
,
( 5.6.4).
7.8.2.

,
(. . ,
).
Av = c/2L.
,
, Av > A v / 2 , Av . ,
,

, (
) .

1
L<c/Av .
(7.8.1)
, ,
,
,
, ,
. , , . 7.19, ,
R ^ R ^ 2R .
,
,
.
, (
, , (. 5.10
I = = 0) ,
/2).
cp
cp

, . 7.16 7.17,
, 0 , 1 - 1 ,
, A v
, .
.
0
7.
331

, He-Ne ,
( ). ,
He-Ne , ,
AvJ 1,7 ; (7.8.1) : L = 17,5 .
, ,
( ),
(7.8.1)
1 (, -).
(,
)
(7.8.1)
, .
,
(, ),

, .
7.8.2.1.
-

,

,
( - ), ,
JR.
,
-, 0 (. 7.21).
, 4.5.1,

v , :
w
= -
21 2480"
(7.8.2)
R-
, 0'

, L .
. 7.21
,
L
- ,
L,

0 ( , 0')
0 = 0' = 0 ,
(. 7.22).
Av = c/2L
A v / 2 , Av
332
. . !
. 7.22
- ,
,
. (4.5.13),
:
1
=^ A v ,
(7.8.3)
Av^ , F .
,
, A v }
Av ;

.
:
AvÂvo/2.
(7.8.4)
, (7.8.3) (7.8.4) , ( A v / 2 ) ^ A v ^ ^2FAv
, , ,
(Av /2) ^ 2FAv . .
L^(c/Av )2F.
(7.8.5)
(7.8.1), ,

2F. , , F = 30 (
, ,
,
), ,
- ,
.
sr
sr
sr
, > 50%.
7.
333
(7.8.5), ,
, ,
.

, . Av^
(7.8.3). ,
,
Avf
(. . A v ^ ^ A v / 2 ) . , ,
,
:
sr
sr
s r
L <: (c/Av )(2F) .
(7.8.6)
(7.8.1), (7.8.5) (7.8.6), ,

,

L ^ C / A V Q , C / A V ^ L ^ (c/Av )2F, (c/Av )2i^ ^ L ^ (c/Av )(2.F) .
2
7.8. Nd:YAG .
, X = 514,5 ,
^ = 3 , 5 .

L^c/ AvJ = 8,6 ,
L^(c/Av* )(2F) = 5,14,
F 30.
2 ,
-.
(7.8.2), cosG' = 1 Av' =/2 _; , = 1,5,
(7.8.3) L ^ L/2Fn = 1,66 ,
L = 1,5 . , (7.8.4)
^ ^ ( c / A v J ^ ) = 5,71.
, , L = 3,7 .
Nd.YAG , Av = 120 (
= 300 ) .

L ^ (c/Av n) = 1,4 , YAG
= 1,82 ( YAG
; ,

Av = c/2nL).
Nd: YAG
, YAG-
( -). ,
-, (7.8.5),
L = 9,5 (, F = 30).
0
fsr
334
. . *
7 8 2 2

, ,
, ,
(. . 5.4).
, ,
7.7,
. ,
,
, / -.

,
,
, .

,

. ,
. 7.23. ,
, ,
( 1),
(, ),
( ,
), (
2), , .

,
,
1
1 S

. 7.23
, ( )
1

,

.
2
,
.
7.
335
. 7.24
,
(/2) , ,
( ) ()
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
(. 7.24),
- ( )
(. . 7.246). ,
. ,
(/2)
.
, . . 2( - )1/ = , / ,
/2,
,
, (. 7.24). ,

,

( 2 . 7.23).
, (. . 7.246),

(. 7.246),
, ,
(
1 . 7.23). , 100%
/ 2 . *
0
336
. .
. 7.25

,

,
, ,
.
,

(
. 7.24 ) . ,
.
. 7.25
,
.
,
.

.

-
, .

,
(-).
,
. ,
^ ,

.
7.

, ,
NdrYAG (. 7.26) [21].
( 3 x 6 x 8 ) NdrYAG, D
, BCD,
, .
, ,
. 7.26.
, D,
,
. NdrYAG
,
( ).
,
.
( ABC) D ( CDA)
(-DAB) .
, ( BCD)
.
2
, D. -
,
.
NdrYAG ,
(
. 7.26)
. 7.25,
(
-).

, ,
. ,
.
. 7.26
N d : Y A G
,

(
[ 2 1 ] )
338
. .
7.9.

,
v , v . Av
Av .
v Av (. 7.27).
v
. [3, 22] , v
v v , . .
v .
(
)
: v v ,
. , :
c
( / ) + ( / )
0
VL
(7.9.1)
(1/Av ) + (1//Av ) '

0
, , . Av
-1
300 (. . 2.1).
, 1 Av = 1 /2 = yc/2nL
[. (7.2.14) (5.3.10)] ~1
( , ~1 % ,
,
He-Ne , -50%
). , , ( 1 / A v )
( 1 / A v ) .
A v
, .

, , .
(. 2.3.2),

. ,

,

o-/

i H i h t ^>^
,
-Av

v
v v
0
A v
! /lr
0
7.
^ ^

339
, ,
, ,
^,
,
. , (7.2.2),

, ,
(d$/dt) = V BN ;
,
, (7.2.2), V BN .
1 0 1 0 (. 7.1), ,
, ,
, . . .
,
E(t) = E sm[2nv t + cp (OL /
, .
, q> (t)
, . .
t, Acp(f) = <[ (*) - (0)] ) > \[t.
, . . E(t),
, ( )
[23]:
se
10
16
1/2
N
Nz-Ni
2
2nhv (Av )
(7.9.2)
.
-, [24] .
, , (7.9.2),
( ),
, . , ,
, Av
, , , He-Ne .
, (GaAs)
, 50-100 , (7.9.2). , .
- , ,
.
,
, , . ,
c
340
!
]
j
j
i
\
\
|
|
|
1
- . j H
(7.9.2) ,
.
, , [25].
7.9. He-Ne
GaAs . He-Ne ,
(X = 632,8 , v = 4,7 10 ).
L = 1 , = 1%. , = 1 .
(7.2.14) (5.3.10) = 3,3 10~
v = 4,7 10 . (7.9.2), N /(N = 1,
Av = 0,43 .
GaAs
(X = 850 ) L = l = 300
R = 0,3 (. . ).
, = -1()= 1,03 ,
, = nL/cy = 3,4 , = 3,5
GaAs. Av = 1/2 = 4,7 10 ,
(7.9.2), N /(N - N ) = 3 = 3 , Av ^ 3,2 .
, 10
, He-Ne ,
, ,
.
14
10

1 . He-Ne ,
(, Nd: Y A G , 0 )
-,
1
. , He-Ne ( v = / = 4,7 1 0 )
, ,
(Av /v )-2,710- .
,
,
. (5.1.2),
= const, (AL/L) = - ( A v / v ) = 2,7 10" , , npnL = 1
|AL| ^ 2,7 10~ . ,
, ~10 ,
, v , ,
v , ,
(7.9.2). ,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
2
14
1 8
18
7.
341
7.10.

I,
L. L = n (L -1) +
4- 1, n .
:
1. , ,
, 1 , L
,
.
2. , , ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, .

, , ,
, ,
.
,
,
(, ) ,
.
| A v / v | = | A L / L | = , AT .
,
\Av \ = v \An \(L - l)/l = v (n - l)\Ap/p\(L - l)/l,
.
L
7.10. .
6
- 1
= 1 10~ ,
, . . v = 5 1 0 .
,
|Av | = 5 10 . ,
0,1 -50 .

, (L -1)/1 = 0,2, ,
= 1,00027. , v = 5 10
|Av | ^ 2,7 10 |/| . ,
|/| = 3 10~ , ,
|Av | = 80 .
14
- 1
14
10
,
, , 1
342
. .
10
TR
u
10
75
. 7.28

N d r Y A G
,

( [ 2 6 ] )
-
10"
LJjJ
10'
I I I1
1_
3
J__L_
10
10
( )
1111
10
,
, 1 10~ ,
0,01 . ,
.

.
,
1 .
, NdrYAG
,
. 7.26
10 .

,
E(t) = E sin[2nv t + ()], v
() , .
v(t) = v +d<p (t)/2ndt = v + v (t)
v (t) , , ,
- .

(. ) , S ( v )
/. v ,
, ()
. S ( v ) , v (t)
, , -
V (t), V (t)
.
. 7.28
\/S (v )
NdrYAG
,
[26]. -
V ^ v ( m ) -
,
-, ,
7
- 1
7.
343
, , , . . S (v )
[27]
v
S (v )
y
= Av /n,
L
(7.10.1)
Av ( (7.9.2),
-). ,
, 100 ,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
-
( ), ,

.
- 10 , (
) . ,
- 1
.
-
(, -
), ,
, .

(
).
,
, .
,
( ),
3,39 1 633 He-Ne .
1 ( ).
(, )

[28].
L
1 2 9

- [29],
344
. . 0'
, -
.
, , ,
, , ,
. (4.5.4).
= 21/, I
, .

:
/i(v-v ) =l +
0
2KV
Av
(7.10.2)
a(v-v ),
0
,
, v ,
v Av . ,
v = v = , . .
.
( v ) ,
V Q , g*(v' -v ).
, (7.10.2),
g*(v' - v ) .
, :
0
cN
fvj
fvg-v
Av
-<^(v-v())*(vo-Vo)dvo,
(7.10.3)
N
, G
. (7.10.2)
(7.10.3),
= ( - ) (. . 7.29)

. 7.296.

, = 2 1/,
.
-
.
, . 7.29

,
(

-).

t
. 7.29
-

(
- )
7.
345
E(t) = [ycof +
+ /Tsin c o t ] ,
.
:
0
+00
E(t) = ^
J (Y)e^t,
(7.10.4)
J .
, (7.10.4) :
n
E{t) = E e^ [-J (Y)e-^

Q
+ J (Y) + J (Y)e^t^
(7.10.5)
J-i(Y) = -J^Y). ,

:
() = ^[-^)-^-^-1
+ J (Y)e~^
+^()^~^]
(7.10.6)
, _! ,
(. 7.296).
,
*, *
. co

=2|
(*)
I R e ^ o ^ i ^ H *
2
(70.7)
-e'<*-i-*]},
Re .
= 2nv , = 0
=
(. 7.29). , (7.10.7) (*)^ = 0 .
, , , 2 , :
_! = - ; (7.10.7) :
0
(*)
= - 4 | | J J, 8 ( ) 8 ( ^ - ) .
0
(7.10.8)
,
, . . ,
.
,

. , ,

.

( A v = 30 )
100 [30].
346
. .
7.11.

,

, ,
.
,
.
:

, , ;
,
;
(
, ),
;
,
, .

,
,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
5()
( ) ,
():
C (x) = (8P(t)dP(t +
PP
x))/(P) ,
(7.11.1)
( ) .
- {)
( R I N - ) ,
:
(7.11.2)
, () (7.11.2)
, . .:
{) = ~
RIN(co)exp(-/cuT)dco.
(7.11.3)
00
7.
347
& -0,2
6 S
0,1
10
JyLililillllliMil
5"
0,01
0,4
0,4
i
10
100 1000
( )
i
20
i
30
i
40
50
()
. 7.30
)
N d : Y A G (. . 7 . 2 6 )
( 1) ( 2 )
, ) ,
( [ 3 1 ] )
,
, . 7.30 (
1). , /,
, :
( / ) Av = 101og[RIN(v) Av],
(7.11.4)
R I N ( v ) = 2rcRIN(co) Av = 1 . ,
v = 300 ,
(. ).
bP(t)/(P)
. 7.306 ( 1). ,
6P(t), . . ^(6P (t)) /() ,
~2 10~ .
. 7.30, , Av
( 3 )
2 ,
8 5 /. ,
(7.11.4), R I N ( v ) = 10" = 3,16 10~ " . ,
(7.11.3) (7.11.1) = 0 :
2
85
(0)
= (6P (t))/(P)
2
s R I N ( v ) Av = 6,32 10"
, , ](6 (t))/()
=2,5 10 .

. ,
,
( ).

, , ,
. , '
,
,
348
. .

,
. . 7.30
( 2), ,

35 . . 7.306 ( 2) , > / ( 8 ( ) ) / ( )
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
, 20 .

,
[20]. ,

, , , ,
,
(,
) [32].

. , . 7.31 2
. 7.31
(
[ 3 3 ] )
7.
349
( R I N ),
AlGaAs - 1
(. 9), (
) ( ) [33].
. 7.31 ,
(=2,5 ,

) .
7.12.
- |
. - |
- - I
( - i
- ), i
, ?
. - ]
, - - \
.
,
* \
. ( ) \
- .
,
, - )
. , ,
\
, . |
- j
, ()
. , , , \
, ]
, . -1
,
, ,
. ,
, - \
. , ,
.
, -
, *
, , &JH
:
jH
350
. . <
;
; ;
;
;
.
,
.
7.1. ,
= 80%.
7.2. (7.2.11).
7.3. 7.2 . 7.4
L , ,
N d . Y A G = 1,82.
e
7.4. .
2 ^ 1
(3 = 0,51; ,
= 230 (
NdrYAG 1,064 , . 2.13).

(1),
(N /N )
< 1% ?
, 7.2, ,
P = 200 .
(1),
{N /N ) < 1% ?
x
out
7.5. . 7.4 7.2 ,

N d : Y A G N d : Y L F ( Y L F = Y L i F )
.
, = 1,047 ( , -),
X = 1,053 ( , -).

- = 1,8 10~ .
= 480 . ,
,
Nd: Y A G ,
.
Nd: Y A G . ,
F

, ,
Nd: Y A G .
4
19
3/2
* 7.
351
.6.

,
= 7 .
.7. 0 , . 7.7 7.8.

, 7.3,
,
= 140 .
, 7.3,
. . , . 7.7,
. ,
,
.
, 5.6.3,
, ~12 (. . 7.8) = 140

, .
2
.8. N d : Y A G ,
. 7.4.
/; 1 / /
. f= 25
[34] =7 ,
. 7.4. ,
/ = 25 ,
.
.
00
.9. , TEM
(. . I = m ^> 1)
w = \fliv, w
. ,

, , w = [35].
,
, ,
, . 7.4.
TEM
(l = m^> 1), 6 ,
6 = \llX/nw , w
[35]. ,
7.4, ,
.
lm
im
00
lm
lm
/m
00
10. Nd: Y A G 7.4 ,

,
- (
7.5). ,
. .
, (7.3.34),
(
= 1,14 ).
2
7.11. N d . Y A G 4 , 56 ,
0,9 .% .
807 ,
[36].
w = 1,4 .
= 15%,
= 3,8% (. 7.2).
= 370 ,
= 340 .
.
[36],
.
00
7.12. ,
. , ,
/ = 21 ,
(. . 7.4). ,

/ . ,
w = 1,4 .
.
a
7.13. (7.4.7).
7.14. He-Ne ,
(, = 632,8 ). I = 20 ,
1 , 0,1 ,
1%,
0,5%. 2.12,
= 5,8 10~ = 50
. ,
.
,
Ne .
2 ^-
, ~20,5 .
,

. ,
,
3 .
13
^15. ,
(, = 514,5 ),
7.
353
10%.
R = 5 ,
L = 100 .
= 5%,
.
.
, .
2
00
7.16. 0 ( A V Q =50 )
.
, .
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
2
7.17. ,
(X = 514,5 ), ,
AvJ = 3,5 . L = 120 ,
100 , = 10%.
2.12,

< = 2,5 10~ = 5 . ,

.
.
,
?
e
13
7.18. He-Ne ,

. 50 , 2 % .
, AvJ = 1,7 .
7.19.
. ,
/2
.
7.20. He-Ne ,
. ,

, ,
.
, (. .
)?
354
. .
7 . 2 1 . ,
(- = 5 1 4 , 5 ), 4 % ;
G = expGpNl 1 , 3 ,
1 0 0 .
-, 2
( = 1 , 4 5 ) ,
. ,
(
AvJ = 3 , 5 ) ,
,
.
p
7.22.
7 . 3 1

.
1. . Statz and G. de Mars, Transients and Oscillation Pulses in Masers, in Quantum

Electronics, ed. by . H. Townes (Columbia University Press, New York, 1960),
pp. 530-537.
2. R. Dunsmuir, Theory of Relaxation Oscillations in Optical Masers,J. Electron. Con
trol 10, 453-458 (1961).
3. M. Sargent, M. O. Scully and W . E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addison-Wesley, London,
1974).
4. R. H. Pantell and H. E. Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics, (Wiley,
New York, 1969), Chap. 6, Sect. 6.4.2; P., .
. .: , 1972.
5. W . W . Rigrod, Saturation Effects in High-Gain Lasers, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 24872490(1965).
6. L. W . Casperson, Laser Power Calculations: Sources of Error, Appl. Optics 19, 422431 (1980).
ences, fourth edition (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996), Chap. 3, adapted from Fig. 3.21.
8. Ref. [7], Chap. 3, Fig. 3.22.
9. D. Findlay and R. A . Clay, The Measurement of Internal Losses in 4-Level Lasers,
Phys. Lett. 20, 277-278 (1966).
10. Private communication, Istituto di Ricerca per le Tecnologie Meccaniche, Vico
Canavese, Torino.
11. M. C. Fowler, Quantitative Analysis of the Dependence of C0 Laser Performance on
Electrical Discharge Properties, Appl. Phys. Letters 18, 175 (1971).
12. E. Hoag et al. Performance Characteristics of a 10 kW Industrial C 0 Laser System,
Appl. Opt. 13, 1959 (1974).
13. P. F. Moulton, An Investigation of the Co:MgF Laser System, IEEE J. Quant. Electr.
QE-21, 1582-1588(1985).
14. V. Evtuhov and A . E. Siegman, A Twisted-Mode Technique for Obtaining Axially
Uniform Energy Density in a Laser Cavity, Appl. Opt., 4, 142-143 (1965).
15. J. Berger et al. 370 mW, 1.06 mm, cw T E M Output from a NdrYAG Laser Rod
End-Pumped by a Monolithic Diode Array, Electr. Letters 23, 669-670 (1987).
16. W . P. Risk, Modeling of Longitudinally Pumped Solid-State-Lasers Exhibiting Reabsorption Losses, J. Opt. Soc.Am. 5, 1412-1423 (1988).
17. . Y. Fan and R. L. Byer, Modeling and CW Operation of a Quasi-Three-Level 946 nm
NdrYAG Laser, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-23, 605-612 (1987).
2
00
355
18. P. Lacovara et al., Room-Temperature Diode-Pumped Yb:YAG Laser, Opt. Letters

16, 1089-1091 (1991).
19. A . Yariv, Energy and Power Considerations in Injection and Optically Pumped La
sers, Proc. IEEE 51, 1723-1731 (1963).
20. C. L. Tang, H. Statz and G. de Mars, Spectral Output and Spiking Behavior of SolidState Lasers, J.Appl. Phys. 34, 2289-2295 (1963).
21. T. J. Kane and R. L. Byer, Monolithic, Unidirectional Single-Mode NdrYAG Ring
Laser, Opt. Lett. 10, 65 (1985).
22. A . E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Hill Valley, California, 1986),
Chap. 12, Sec. 12.2.
23. Amnon Yariv, Optical Electronics (Saunders College Publishing, Forth Worth, 1991),
Section 10.7; . . 2- . .:
, 1983.
24. A . L. Schawlow and . . Townes, Infrared and Optical Masers, Phys. Rev. 112,19401949 (1958).
25. . H. Henry, Theory of Linewidth of Semiconductor Lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electr.
QE-18, 259 (1982).
26. T. Day, E. K. Gustafson and R. L. Byer, Sub-Hertz Relative Frequency Stabiliza
tion of Two Diode Laser Pumped NdrYAG Lasers Locked to a Fabry-Perot Interfer
ometer, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-28, 1106 (1992).
27. D. K. Owens and R. Weiss, Measurement of the Phase Fluctuation in a He-Ne Zeeman
Laser, Rev. Sci. Instruments, 45, 1060 (1974).
28. Wolfgang Demtrn,der, Laser Spectroscopy, 2 ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996)
Chap. 7; . . .: , 1985.
29. R. W . . Drever, et al., Laser Phase and Frequency Stabilization using an Optical
Resonator, Appl. Phys. B, 31, 97-105 (1983).
30. N . Uekara and K. Ueda, 193-mHz Beat Linewidth of Frequency Stabilized LaserDiode-Pumped NdrYAG Ring Lasers, Opt. Lett., 18, 505 (1993).
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Techn. Information No. 1 (1993).
32. Kenju Otsuka, Winner-Takes-All and Antiphase States in Multimode Lasers, Phys.
Rev. Letters, 67, 1090-1093 (1991).
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Semiconductor Lasers, (Van \
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986), Fig. 6.11, by permission.
34. Ref. [7] Sec. 7.1.1. and Fig. 7.5.
35. Ref. [22], Chap. 17, Sec. 17.5 and 17.6.
36. D. Golla et al., 62-W C W TEM
Mode NdrYAG Laser Side-Pumped by Fiber-Coupled ]
Diode-Lasers, Opt. Letters, 21, 210-212 (1996).
0Q
356
. .
8.1.
13 ,
()
. ,
,
.

. ,
.
:
, ,
, . .
,
;
, ,
, . . ,

( ),

( ).
8.2.

,
. ,
, R = R (t) = R ( )
t > 0. ,
, , ,
.
,
p
357
N{t)V
(0
. 8.1

V N(t)

(0

( [ 2 ] )
a
10
12
14
16
t ()
N(t) (), #.
,
, [ 1 , 2 ] .
. 8.1 N(t)
(), ,
[2].
N(0) = ~N
N , t = 0
( 1, . . 1.4).
: (0) = ^,
(, ^ = 1),
, . ,
, . 8.1,
, ,
N(0) = 0. , . 8.1
t = 2 (
),
.
, . 8.1.
t9
1. t = 2
.
- (
)
, (
NoV = 6,66 1 0 ) . ( t > 4 )
. , (7.2.166)
( ) (7.2.246) (
) , N > N ( N
) d/dt > 0.
2.

15
358
. .
(; = 1) , (
= 5,8 1 0 ) .

.
3. (
> ),
. ,
() , N(t)
N . (7.2.166) (7.2.246)
, / /dt = 0 N = N .
4. (
)
N .
,
.
5. < ,
,
, ,
, 1-4.
, ()
, ,
(
). ( )
.
{)
. N(t)
()
. , , ,
, (7.3.4)
(7.3.46) (7.4.1) (7.4.6)
, ,
.
14
(,
t > 14 . 8.1)
. , :
N(t)
= N
(8.2.1)
+ 6iV(r),
(8.2.2)
(*) = + 8(*)
, dN < N 5 < ,
85,
6N 5.
, (8.2.1) (8.2.2)
(7.2.16) (7.2.166). N
0
8.
359
, ,
(7.2.16) :
(dSN/dt) = -[ + (1/)] - 5,
0
(/dt)
(8.2.3)
= BVJ 8N.
(8.2.4)
, (8.2.4) (7.2.166)
, BV N - ( 1 / ) = 0. (8.2.4) (8.2.3)
:
a
+ [ + ( 1 / ) ] ^ + ( ^ ) 8 = 0.
( 8 2 )
:
6 = 5 (.
(8.2.6)
(8.2.6) (8.2.5) ,
:
+ + =0,
(8.2.7)
(2/*) = [ + (1/)]
(8.2.8)
= .
(8.2.9)
(8.2.7), , :
1/2
(8.2.10)
-"
, (l/t ) < .
(8.2.10) , =
= -(1/* )7',
0
' = [ - ( 1 / t o ) ] / .
(8.2.11)
(8.2.6) 5
(
), . .
8 = Cexp(-f/*o)sin(co'* + ),
(8.2.12)
.
(8.2.4), , 8N
. (l/t ) < ', :
0
= - ^ x - e x p ( - ^ / ^ ) c o s ( c o ^ + ).
0
(8.2.13)
, , ,
8N(t) 5 (t) ,
5 (t), dN(t).
360
. .
(8.2.8) (8.2.9)
, N ,
(7.3.4) (7.3.46), :
0
* = 2/,
(8.2.14)
= [ ( * - 1 ) / ] 1 / 2 ,
(8.2.15)
= R /R
. ,
t
, = 2/' = 2/
.
p
cp
8.1. Nd:YAG GaAs .

Nd:YAG (. 7.26) ,
-

,
. ,
= 5, (8.2.14) t = 92 ,
= 230 .
/=11,5 . ,
( ) = 0,4%
L = 0,5%. = ( + L) = 0,9%,
= nl/cy = 7,8 ,
= 1,82 Nd:YAG. ,
(8.2.15) v = /2 = 238 .
, t > 1/, , ,
' = . ,

Av = 1 /2nt =1,73 ,
( 3 )
(RIN-) (. . 7.30).
GaAs L = I = 300 ,

. (4.3.1)
( ) R = [( - 1)/( + 1)]2 = 0,3,
= 3,35 GaAs. ,
= = -In = 1,2.
,
= 60 , , ,
y = a L = 1,8. , = y + [( + )/2] = 3
= L /cy = nL/cy = 1 , 1 .
= 3 . = 1,5, (8.2.14)
t = 4 , (8.2.15) v = /2 = 2 .
t 1/, ' ^ .
,
RIN-
(. . 7.31).
0
-1
8.
361
t > 1/ , ,
(8.2.10), .
5()
. t < 1/,
(8.2.14) (8.2.15), ,
:
0
( /)>4(-1)/ .
(8.2.16)
()
= 2. , > ,
.
, .
8.2. He-Ne .
He-Ne , ( = 632,8 ).
= 50 . L = 50 ,
1%, ,
= /2 = 5 10~ = L/cy = 322 . , > ,
(8.2.16) .
(8.2.14) (8.2.15), = 1,5, = 66,6 = 5,6 10 .
(8.2.10) , ,
, 1 33,3 .
3
, ,
,
,
. ,

(. . 8N = 6N 8 = 5 t = 0, bN 8
). ,
t = 0
, .
iV ,
, .
0
8 3

, ,
,
. , ,
,
, , .
362
- . ]
. 8.2

.
50 / ( [ 3 ] )
. 8.2 [3]. ,

( ). ,
, . 8.1.

25 , [ 4 ] .

, .
,
7.11.

, , ,
R = R 4- 5# (*), 8R < R .
(8.2.1) (8.2.2), N(t) = N + 8N exp(j(ot)
( 0 + $ *)
^NQH 5 <
. ,

, , ,
(8.2.11).
,
, ,
.
. 7.30
. ,
,
,
, .
,
( 10 )
Av ,
Av ( ).

,
-.
,
- [5].

[6].
, ,
p
p0
p0
8.
363
,
,
[7].
,
,
,
. ,
,
.

(.
7.11), .
8.4.

,

. (.
8.2)
(. . 8.1)
. ,
, , ,
,
, (
). ,

[ 8 ] .

,
.
,
( )
( ).
8.4.1.

,
,
t = 0, . . R (t) = 0 R (t) =
= R = const 0 < t < t . ,
(. 8.3).
< t < t
(7.2.16) (7.2.24)
, .
, :
p
364
. .
() =

-(-*)],
(8.4.1)
:
N^^RpT,
(8.4.2)
(7.2.24) , dN/dt = 0.
N(t) . 8.3. (8.4.1)
. 8.3 , t
, ,
. , t >
,
N(t). (8.4.2) ,

. ,
,
,
.
(, N d ,
Yb, , , , ,
, Cr:LISAF ) (
, 0 ). ,
, ,
(, He-Ne,
), ,
.
,

R (
).
P
, , t = t
()
P9
. 8.3
:
) R
N ; )
N
( ).
p
8.
365
, , ,
( ).
,
(. 8.36). N(t)
()
,
N/T,
. N(t) () . 8.36.

N (8.4.1) t = t >
- ,
,
. N(t)
N , ,
( 8.2)
. , ,
, , , , (
) .
N ,
(. 8.4.4).
, . 8.3 . 8.36
. , . 8.3
, ,
( 100 -1 ),
. 8.36
(. 8.4.4) , ,
( 5-50 ).

,
. ,
,

(
, . .
).

,

.
. 8.4, ,
. 8.4
y(t)

.
*
g(t) = aN(t)l
/

. :
I9
366
. .
g(t) = GNI
(). ,
t
y(t)
g(t).
, , (
) .
,
,
,
. (
t ),
, ( )
.
l9
8.4.2.

,
[9].
, : 1)
;
2) ( ); 3)
; 4)
.

.

(,
, ).

(,
).
8.4.2.1.
,
. , ( ), KD*P
-,
-.
. . . 8.5
,
.
,
,
.
45.
8.
367
. 8.5
)

,

. ( ) , ( )
()

,

Ej
,
.
,
.
45
(. 8.56) ,
. ,
, :
= kAnL\
(8.4.3)
k = 2/A,, An = - ,
U .
, = /2,
/ 2 . , ,
, , . .
(. 8.5).
,
= / 2 ,
, (
), (
), . 8.5.
,
90
8.56. , ,
(. . 8.5).
.
. .
, , ,
/4-, ,
(8.4.3) AnL' (. .
) /4.
368
. .

.
,
,

1-5 . (
) ,
( , t < 20 ).
s
8 4 22

(
)

,
.
,
, .
,
90- ,
(. 8.6). :
,
(. . 8.6), ,

. ,

,
,
.

,
.
. 8.6

90-

.
, ,
,
.
,
~1
. ,
24 /
(400 ),
400 .
.
8.
369
8.4.2.3.

(,
-),
,
-, (. 8.7).

,
(. 8.76). ,
,
( ).
,
,
, (
). , ,

[10].
(. . 8.76), ,
, (-
). ,
.

.

, , L'
.
, :
riki
, ,
. (8.4.4) ,
L' 1 . ,
, 9' = /
. ,
,
. ,
0 = /2 (. 8.7),

.

, .
-
, -,
370
. .
fr)
^ / / ^
V.
^./
y^J^
\
.
___
-
'
. 8.7
) ,
( ) , )

| (
1-2% -). ,
(8.4.4) (XL'/nX ) ^> .
, ,
( ),
XL'/ ,
. ,
,
, ( ) ,
,
.
a
8.3.
. ,
v = 50 ,
() v = 3,76 10 /.
= v/v = 75 . ,
= 1,45 ( X = 1,06 ),
(8.4.4) , L' > 1,3 . ,
, , 5 ,
. ,
0' = / ^ 0,8 ,
0 = /2 = 0,4.
a
:
, ,
-
1
{2nXL')<^nX ,
(
- ) .
, -
.
a
8.
371
().
, , ,
(
,
).
(, Nd: Y A G
).
8.4.2.4.

,
(,
, -).

,
.
,

.
,
. , N d : Y A G 1,2- , BDN - 4-).
(, BDN , F :LiF C r : Y A G , N d : Y A G )
(, SF 0 ) .

(
10~ ) . (2.8.11) ,
I
(1 10 / )
( ).
4+
16

, , ,
,
, .
, (. . )
50%.
,
, .

.
I(t)
1 .
372
. .
60
ln(J.// )
B
40
:__]
-++ -
20
*> !
0
3,7
f []
3,9
f []
. 8.8
/
Nd:YAG ,
( 50 ):
) 1/1 , 1 ,
.
; ) /, = / / / (
), ^ s 1 , .
.
. 8.8 I(t)>
I(t)/I
(. 8.5).
I ( t = t )>
.
,
, ,
. .
. ^ ,

(. . ), .

, , .
( )
. 8.86, ( * ) / * )/1 ( ( 0
"
, / = 1 ,
)
.
NV , V ,
(. 8.5). , ,
,
, ,
, - . ,
,
N ,
.
n
8.
373
. 8.8 :
,
,
{t ~ 3,94 ). ,
(. . t < t )
, (
). , ,

(-2370 , 8.8).
[11]. ,
,
g g , (g = GNI), .
,
,
t = t (. . ) :
p
h
(8.4.5)
h
t = t (n = 2,310
, . 8.8). ,
5 = (gi - ji) - (g ~ 2)
, (8.4.5)
(Ii/I ) = /. , , 8
( 0,001), = 2310 (1\/1 ) = 2,3 = 10.
,

t = t , , , .
,
-100 ,
,
. , ,
,
-
10 20.

.

( ).
,
. ,
.
s
,
, ( ),

( ). , *
[38].
374
. .
843

:
1. ( 8.9).
R (t) ,
(. 8.9).
N(t)
(t = 0 8.96). ( t > 0)
, ,
t
.
N(t) N ( t = 0)
N
. , , . 8.3,
t < 0 t > 0 .
, t < 0
, t > 0 .

,
.
2. -
(. . 8.10).
( R , . . 8.10)
p
f9
y(t)
ru
A
.ATA >
i ^ i
N,
I : ^
I
1
J
FCV
. 8.9

.

: ( ) R ;
() ; ( )
N; ()
p
8.
. 8.10

,
.
:
( ) R ; ()
; ( ) ;
() N
p
375
(. 8.106).

(. 8.10),
N ( )
N ( , . 8. ).
N ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.

,
. -
( ,
) ,
, .
,
, -
.
,
.
t
8.4.4.

,
( ) [12].

(7.2.16) (7.2.24)
.
,
(. 8.9), , t < 0 ,
.
, N(t) ,
(7.2.16),
(dN/dt) = 0. , :
N = TR (0)
t
(8.4.6)
R (0) t = 0 (. .
). , R (t)
,
p
^R dty
p
376
. . . R (0)=
p
^R dt
p
. . '
, , JR dt
p
R (0).
, ,
( JR dt)
R (0)
(8.4.6) N . , N
ic

, :
(NJN )
= {E /E )
ic
=x
pc
(8.4.7)
= ( / ) .
N (
, ),
, . . N = N = y/aZ,
. N ,
.. , Z,
, (8.4.7)
N .
, N
(. . t > 0)
(7.2.16) N(0) = N n (0) = ^. ,
, ,
(; = 1). ,
, N(t) ()
, (7.2.16)
R , N/,
. (7.2.16) :
ic
ic
ic
i9
p9
_#,
(8.4.8)
, ,
(8.4.86) N
(. . 8.9), . . (d^/df) = 0, :
p9
N =l/V Bx
p
y/Gl
(8.4.9)
N .
(8.4.7)
N /N , :
c
Wi/N )
p
= x.
(8.4.10)
,
, ,
2. (7.2.18) :
9
^ = ( ! ^
8.
(8.4.11)
377
,
.
(8.4.86) (8.4.8). (8.4.9),
:
\ \
-?3L
= -V 1 - ^
(8.4.12)
dN
N
,
= V [N -Na
N ln (Nt/N)],
(8.4.13)
.
:
(8.4.14)
"
, N ( (8.4.9))
(N /N ) ( (8.4.10)). (8.4.11), (8.4.14) (8.4.9)
:
N(hv -N(8.4.15)
^---^--1
" J [
KP
P
J
A = VJl ,
(7.2.14) .
,
(
00
00
= jp(t)dt
= (|f
J Av JW,
(8.4.16)
'
P{t)
(7.2.18). (8.4.16)
, (8.4.86) ,
(0) = ()
0.
Jdt = V i j^BtyNdt. J^BfyNdt

a c
, (8.4.8),
J^B$Ndt = (Ni-Nf),
^ (.
. 8.36). tydt = V x (Ni ~N ),

a
, ,
(8.4.16) :
E = (y /2y)(N -N )(V hv).
2
(8.4.17)
, ,
(N - N ) ,
(N - N )V . , ,
( /2) .
(8.4.17), N .
(8.4.13), t - > . () s ,
:
t
378
. .
N -N
Nt
t
(8.4.18)
"
Ni
N/
f
N /N N /N .
r\ = (N - N )/N

(8.4.18), ( ).
, N ,
(N - N ). (8.4.17)
:
f
iy
4 (Ni/N )
E
= -1(1 - ).
(8.4.19)
. 8.11
\
(Nt/N ),
(8.4.19). ,
(Nt/Np), . .

,
.
, \ (8.4.9)
(8.4.17)
:
. 8.11

|

(8.4.20)
hv,
2 N
n
= VJI .
,
,
= / . (8.4.20) (8.4.15) :
(Nt/N )4
[(Nt/N )-\n(Nt/N )-lY
p
(8.4.21)
, / (Nt/N ) = ,
(N /N ),
2 10, 5,25 - 1,49 . ,
(Nt/Np) = = 2,5 . 8.11 \ = 0,89, (8.4.21)
= 3,81 . , (8.4.21)
.
,
x . , x
,
, (N /N ) = = 2,5
= 1,45 2,06 . ,
(8.4.21)
9% x + x .

(N /N ).
8.
379

(. . 8.9).
, ,

. , , ( 1 / 1 0 ) ,
-
, (8.4.86) N(t) = N .
(8.4.9) (8.4.10)
(d$/dt) = ( - 1)/ , :
T
= ; [ ( - 1)*/ ].
(8.4.22)
= / , x . * = 1,
:
In
(8.4.23)
10
(8.4.14). ,
( 1 0 , . )
(8.4.23) , x
, /10, , /20.
17
5x50
150
|l25
8.4. ,

Nd:YAG
. . 8.12

N d : Y A G
.

[13].
,
KD*P
( ,
K D P 0 ) .
,
= 3,4 ,
= 120 = 10 .

6 .
100
& 75
50 h
25
5
10
15
,
. 8.12

N d : Y A G

,

.

(
[ 1 3 ] )

,
.
= -In R = 1,2 = 0.
,

L = 15% , 2
380
. .
. , y = - l n ( l - L ) s 0,162
= [( + )/2] + y = 0,762. ( =
10 ) (8.4.20), ,
(N /N ) = ( / ) = 2,9. = = 0,19 ,
. (Ni/N ) = 2,9,
8.11 , \ = 0,94, (8.4.20), ,
= 2,8 10~ (.
2.10), = 200 .
, :
1. ,
.
2. -
(. . ,

). ,
(
) x 20 .
, , ,
(

20% ).
, ,
(7.2.11)
L = L + ( - 1)1 = 22 , = 1,83 Nd:YAG,
, (7.2.14) = L /cy = 1 .
(8.4.21): = \ /( - In - 1) = 3,3
( . 8.11).
( = 6 )
:
1. . ,

.
.
2. ,
, -,

.

(8.4.23), .
N = / = 5,44 10 " , V =A l=Al=l
,
(8.4.14) = 4,54 10 ,
(8.4.23), = 1 = 2,9, x = 20
t
19
17
17
8.5. Nd:YAG
. ,
L = 50
Nd: YAG, D = 5 .
,
,
I = 1 / . ,
e
8.
381

(
) L = 50% .

R = 74%,
.
, = -lnR = 0,3
( ) =
= -In (1 - L) = 0,693
.
y = + ( /2) =
= 0,843. ,

t = 100 (. . 8.13).
(8.4.1)

2
. 8.13

oNL

t = 100 .
= 230
N(t )
= ATJl - e x p ( - t / T ) ] = 0,35 ,
P
(84.24)
= 230 . t (. . 8.13),
:
<yN(t )l = y .
(8.4.25)
th
th
,
10% , :
N(t )=l lN(t ),
P
(8.4.26)
th
N(t ) t = t
(. . 8.13). (8.4.26) (8.4.24)
N(t ) = 0 , 3 2 ^ . , (8.4.1) t = 88 , (8.4.25)
0 ^ = ^/0,32 = 2,64.
t > t g (t'),
,
, :
8net(t) = &Nl-y = G l(dN/dt) t'
V
t = t . (8.4.1)
t , (dN/dt) = (^/ (-t /x) = 0 , 6 8 ( ^ / 1 ) .
g (t ) = 0,68( /)(^ /) ,
(GNJ), :
P
th
th
th
net
th
th
th
th
th
net
g (t')=h8(t'/T).
00
(8.4.27)
net
,

:
(d^/dt) = (g /t )^
net
(8.4.28)
t = L /c = 1,66 .
(8.4.28) , ,
(7.2.12). (8.4.27)
(8.4.28) ,
:
T
. .
( 0 = *
0,9| *0ff'
(8.4.29)
If
,
(. (8.4.27)], (*')
t' (. (8.4.29), . 8.8,
t f).
(8.4.29) t' ,
, (')
1(f). ,
/
,
= 2// (. (2.4.10)).
,
: = pA^Jhv = 2IA L /chv,
. ,
= ) /4 = 0,196 , , ,
I = 1 / , = 3,49 10 .
(8.4.29), ; = 1, (t' /t ) = 2,347, . . t' =3,89 ,
, t = 92 (. . 8.13). ,
~2350
, .
.
, t > t

. , ,
, ,
N = N(t ).
, g = <jN l = GNJ[1 - exp-(t /x)] = 0,87,
g = oN l = = 0,15.
NJNp = gi/g = 5,8. V
N V = NjA l = (A /c)g . = 2,8 10~
(. ) g
N V = 6,09 10 (. . 8.86). N V =
= N V /6 8 = 1,05 10 .
(8.4.14), = 3,19 10 . x (
)
(8.4.23) (8.4.21) ,
= t /y s 11 . = 88 ,
= 21 , ,
t' = t' + x +( /2) = 3,99 (. 8.86).
2
15
19
i9
17
17
17
-
(. 8.10). ,

(8.4.8). ,
,
(8.4.15), (8.4.20) (8.4.21) .
8.
383
. 8.14
,

.
(Nj/Np)

f*
(Ni/Np) (8.4.10),
. , ,

,
Nf,
. (7.2.16) = 0, :
N = (R x) - (R T-N )exp
t
(~x /x).
(8.4.30)
(7.3.6), (7.3.3) (8.4.9) : R x = xN = xN .

(8.4.30) :
p
*-^[1-(-1/)] =1--^(-1/),
(8.4.31)

, = xf, f=l/x

. (8.4.31) (8.4.18) ( - )
, (N /N )
(Ni/Nf), /*.
. 8.14 *
(Nt/Np)
/*. f*
. 8.14 (N /N ).
(N /N ), . 8.11 \ .
, (N /N ) \ , (8.4.15), (8.4.20) (8.4.21)
, . ,
f* (N /N )
.

, (7.2.24)
.
p
384
. .
8.5.

, , ,

( )
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
,
, .

, ,
8.1. , R = R (t)
, t = 0
t = 5 ,
(),
t = 5 . ,
,
,
. , ,
,
8.2. ,

R
, , ,
. 8.1.

4-10 , , . 8.1 (
1,48 ).
5-20
. ,
, ,
[14].
, . ,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
,
p
8.
385
. ,

.

, ,
.
, , ,

,
(
).
,
, ,
, , ,
, . . ~1 .
8.6.

TEA 0 (
, . . 10), .
L = 1 ,
20% ,
, ~ 0,1 . = L/cy ~ 30 . ,
,
-300 ,
.
,
,
, (
, 6G, = 5 ) (-0,5 )
, ,
(, GaAs, ~ 3 ),
(-0,5 ) ,

-100 .
2
8.6.

, .
,

. . 8.15
|(0!
N = 31 ,
2
386
. .
01
x = 1/Av
p
250
200
150
100
50
0
t
. 8.15
\A(t)\
N = 31 ,

2
,
Av. ,
. ,
N ,
, . 8.15
:
, = 1/Av;
,
l / A v , Av = NAv
.
,
(, ,
) Av
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,

, .
, ,
NE$.
,
-
, .
, ,
,
[15].
.
0
8.
387
861

.
2 + 1 (. 8.16).
, cp
, :
0
/ - /-1
(8.6.1)
. E(t)

+
E(t) = YîE {[( + lAa)t + Zcp]},

0
(8.6.2)
71
, .
,
. (8.6.2)
:
E(t) = ( ( ),
(8.6.3)
(8.6.4)
A(t) = ^1 [7( t + )].

0
(8.6.3) , E(t)
,
, A(t) .
t\ , ' = + ,
(8.6.4)
0
A(t') = ^ E
t
(8.6.5)
exp /7(.
,
, exp j(A<ot').
, A(t')
, , :
r
sin[(2/i + l ) A c o r 7 2 ]
- ^
sin[Acor'/2]
(8.6.6)
'
Aco
8.16

(
)
:
) , ) "
^*
).
388
. .
, . 8.17
A (t')/E$
f 2/1 + 1 = 7
, A (t') .
, (.
8.6.1),
.
, (8.6.6)
. , V
V = 0. ,
,
sin = , ,
(8.6.6) : ( 0 ) = (2/ + 1 ) ^ . ,
(8.6.6) .
f, ( A w f / 2 ) = .

2
= 2/ = 1/Av,
(8.6.7)
Av . f > 0 A (f)
. 8.17 , (8.6.6)
. t' ,
[(2 + 1)' /2] = . ,
A (t') (. .
), t' :
p
py
= 2/(2 + 1) = l / A v ,
(8.6.8)
Av = (2 + 1)/2 (. 8.16).
. 8.17 ,
(8.6.5)
. 1-
, ZAw.
f = 0, (8.6.5),
L
N O
i
Seo
/\
x=2L/c
-*-
/1
\s fr,
t'
. 8.17

0
. 8.18

. ( )
? > 0, ()
,

8.
389
, , ,
(. . 8.18).
(2 + 1) . f > 0 ,
, , / > ,
. . > (,
), <
( ). ,
V > 0 , ,
. 8.18. V 1
2 ( , = 2), - 1
( ) 2, 2 - 2 4.
,
, (2 + 1) .
,
, = 2,
(8.6.7). , 8.17 t' ,
(?) , ,
(. 8.186).
, 1
2 / 5 , , , (2 + 1) 2/(2 + 1).
, t , ,
(8.6.8).
0

,
. ,
(8.6.1)
,
A v . ,
,
- . ,
Av Av ,
,
(
).

, (
) (, ~25
6G ~7 -).
,
( ),
( -100 ). ,
(2 + 1 ) El, ,
,
, ,
(2/I + 1)22Q. ,

390
- .

,
( 1 0 --10 ). ,

, .

,
(. 8.16). , , . ,
(. 8.166). ,
1- :
3
2ZAcoY
Ef = El
(8.6.9)
12
Acojr J
Aco , .
,
(8.6.1) ,
E(t) (8.6.3), A(t)
t'
z
+00
A(O = X ' ' P - W
ex
At0
O-
(8.6.10)
-00
, . .
A(t) = JE
j(lAat)dl,
, A(t) -
. , A (t),
. . , ,

2
2t
A (t)ccexj>
(8.6.11)
12

^ = 21n 2/nAv = 0,441/Av
L
(8.6.12)
, .
,
( (8.6.1))
- .

Av = P / A v ,
( ),
. ,
.
, (8.6.1),

8.
391
. , (8.6.1),
cpj = Jcp, ,
<fo = Zq>i +
ftp ,
(8.6.13)
. ,
(. . (8.6.9)),
- , E(t)
:
2
E(t)
[-* ] [ * +
0
* )]>
(8.6.14)
(3 Aco .
.
:
1. , |2()| , -
( ),

= (212/) / .
(8.6.15)
2
2. - (8.6.13)
I / E(t)
* . , () =
= d((d t + $t )/dt = + 2$t (
).
3. Ax Av
0,441,
(8.6.12). ,
(8.6.14).
, Av (
)
2
1/2
1+
(8.6.16)
212
, (8.6.15).
(8.6.16) , 0 Ax Av > 0,441 ^>1, . .
, Ax Av
. ,
,
|2()| , . . E(t) (
(8.6.16)),
2* E(t) (
(8.6.16)).
2
862

, (8.6.1)
,
(8.6.7). Av = c/2L, L ,
2L/c,
392
. .
() . ,
Az
, (
, = 1 Az = = 0,3 ,

). ,

( (8.6.8)),
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
(8.6.1) ,
(. 8.19). ,
.

, . 8.15,
t z/c, z
. , ,
, ( = 2L/c)
. 8.19

:
) ,
Av= c/2L; ) L/2
; ) L/S .
() () 2Av 3Av ,
. ()
,
.
8.
393
,
() , . . 8.15.
,
,
, ,
. 8.19. ,
.
= L/c,
, . 8.196.
,
,
. , ,
L / 3
= 2L/3c,
, . 8.19.
,
. , ,
. 8.196 8.19,
2Av 3Av , Av = c/2L
,
. 8.19. ,
. 8.196, ,
, . 8.19
(
.
. .). ,
, . 8.196, ,
,
(8.6.1), ,
. 8.19. , ,
, . 8.19,
/+1 / =
/_1 + , ^ = , ,
, (8.6.1).
/+1
,
(. 8.19). ,
,
,
, ,

, , c/L 2/L Sc/L
, L .
, , /
(. 8.19). , ,
, ,
*
.
pi
394
. .
863

,
, : 1) ,

, 2) ,
,
,

.
8 6 31

, :
,
( AM- );
,
- ;
,
,
Av = c/2L (
).
- ,
, - .
, ,
. ,
,
( ),
,
(
) .

1 .
- ,
,
. * ,
= 2, Av ,
E (t)
:
E (t) = [1 - (5/2)(1 - 8 0]8(, t + ,),

t
(8.6.17)
, , 5 .
, (1 - 5 ) .
, (8.6.17) 2 (5/2)cos co t cos (co t + ^),
/
8.
395
2,/
>

2(0
I(t)
///\
V
t
>
. 8.20

- :
) ; )
,
t ,
; ) ,
t .
m
>
t,m
(E 8/4){cos [(co + oo ) +
+ cos [( - ay )t +
+ ^]}. , E (t) ,
( ).
= ,
. , ,
, .
, . .
,
, [16].
, ,
,
(8.6.1).
- , , ,
, . . 8.20
2 ,
= 2/ . ,
(. . 8.19).
( = ,
, ( I(t)
. 8.20)) t
.
, , t
,
2L/c, .
, ,
, , t (
0

( ) ,
.
396
. .
. 8.206),
,
. ,
, . 8.206, ,
, ,
t . ,
. 8.20 . ,
2y (t)

, ,
, , . . 8.20.
,

.
. ,
, , ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
m
,
,

.
, Av
A V Q . ,
,
.
= , , -
, (8.6.1)
. , ,
, (8.6.12) :
L
= 0,441/AvJ.
(8.6.18)
,

v , ,
. 7.7. , ,
, ,
(. . 8.15) , 1/Av ,
Av . ,
. 8.20,
(. . ).
,
, ,
.
0
8.
397

[17]
[18].
,
.
, ^
:
1/2
Ax zOA5/(v *v ) >
p
(8.6.19)
v ( = / 2 = c/2L
).
(8.6.18)
(8.6.19)
(. . A V Q = A v ) , , ( v / A v ) < 1,
(
> ( )
. , , ,
, . 8.20,
-
, , , . ,

.
,
, (. . 8.15)
,
(. 8.20).
m
>
8.7.AM-
Nd:YAG .
, (
X = 514,5 ).
5 = 3 , 5 . (8.6.18)
^ = 126 . Nd.YAG ,
X = 1,064 . , ,
Av = 4,3 = 129 = 300 .
L = 1,5 ,
- (. 8.19).
, v = c/2L = 100 , (8.6.19)
=125 . ,

, Nd: YAG
30 , .
-1
- ,
,
, .
, *
398
. .
, ^
( = ( 2 ! / ) (), !/ .

(.
(7.10.5)), =
.
,
. 8.21
16],
- .
^
.

(8.6.1).

-
/
,
. 8.21. ,
,

n(t) (, ),
(, ).
, ,
= n(t)L\
L . ,
,
.
, . 8.21,
,
(. . ).
,
, , (
, ),
( , ),
. , ,
, ,
,
,
. (..
,
) .
,
, ,
. , -
. :
;
,
, ,
. 8.21.
( )
AM- , ,
, .
8.
399
. 8.5.

.
- , ,
, , . , ,
, (. . 8.7),
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
, .

, .
, ,
2.
S = S (coscor)(sin&z).
,
,
( , t = 0 t = /). ,
2,
(. . 8.19) :
0

;
2v ( c / 2 L )
v, c/4L (, v = 50 L = 1,5 ).
- ( ,
), ,
. , >
(. . 8.56),
. ,
,
, = (2nU/) , L'
,
.
, ,
,
, .
8 6 3 2

, :
(
, ),
;
400
. .
,

;

,
;
() ,
,
,
,
.
,
,

.
,

.
, , .

, ,

.

[19].
,
.
I (
I )

S
2y, = 2 y - 2 y ' ( / / / ) ,
(8.6.20)
'
.
,
(. . 8.10),
.

(. . 8.15),
2g
.
, . 8.15
2

, .
2
( 2 . 8 . 1 2 ) I <^1 1
= al = 1 [1 - ( / / / ) ] , 1
.
8
8.
401

. [19]
, ,
, , ,
. 8.22, , ,
.

, ,
,

, 2g$
.
,
t ( ),
, .
,
-.

.
,
, :
x
E(t) sech(*/x ),
(8.6.21)
^, ( )
:
1/2
Av
. ' .
-11/2
(8.6.22)
Av ( ) 1
.
, , . 8.22
(
),
0
2y
I
2g'
402
I(t)
. 8.22

. .
. ,
, go
.

I = hv/2(5x [. (2.8.11)],
( ),

(~10~ ). ,

, .
,
( - = - ) , , .
,
,
,
(. . 3.6) .
, ,
,
.

, :
s
16
( 100 ),
;
( 1 ), ;
(
),
.
,
,
.
, .

,
,
, - ,
. . , (
, . . 4.11). ,

.
,
[20].

8.
403
- (A-FPSA, . . anti-resonance-Fabry-Perot-saturable
sorber)
.
/
8.8. Nd:YAG Nd:YLF

.
Nd:YAG ,

- InGaAs/GaAs-
-0,6 (~50 ) [20]. g = 2%, ' = 1%,
Av = 4,5 "" = 135 = 300 1 = 0,3J . (8.6.22)
^ 15 . ,
(8.6.22)
, Nd:YLF
,
Nd:YAG. g , Av
Nd:YLF , Nd:YAG (. . Av = 13 ) ,

, . . = 1 . (8.6.22)
, '
, = ( A v / A v ) .
Av =2,89Av =1,8 ,

.
0

,
.
(KLM, . . Lens-Mode-Locking) [21, 22]. ,
,
I.
, . .
= (1).
/ / :
= + 1,
0
(8.6.23)
,
(, ^ 4,5 10~ / = 3,45 10~
/ ).
,

( ).
, 2
16
16
404
. .
.
( ). , ,
( ),
, .
, ,
(8.6.23)
= 1,
. , . .
I = I exp-2(r/w) ,
1 w
( ), ,
I,
2
5 = 2/ = (2nn I l/X)exp-2(r/w)
2
s (2nn I l/X)
[1 -
2(r/w) ].
(r/w) 8
r/w,
.
, ,
.
.
,

(8.6.20), . 8.23. ,
,

, . ,
-V
~~
*
.8.2

,
, . 8.22
. ,
, ,
.

( 100 ) .

,
.

.
:

;
8.
405

. 8.24

(
) .
V v .
,
,

,

, . .
,

.

I(t)
[Y = hv/a , . (2.8.29)]
[Y = hv/2<j , . (2.8.17)]
, ;

.
,
, [23] . 8.24,
, , ,
. ,
, .

.

. ^
(. . 8.24), .
t > t .

( 2 , )
. t (. . 8.24)
. t > t
, , , ,
, t <t < t .
-
,

.
, ,
Av .
sg
sa
*
, *
406
, .
,

, . 8.15,
, . 8.24.
,
, ,
. 8.24. , ,
-, ,
,
( . . ) .
, .
,
, ,
(. . 8.3), ,
. ,
, .
,
,
.
( )
(~10~ ) ,
.

( ).
(
) ,
,
.
, ,
.
( ) , ,
. , ,

,
.
16
8.6.4.

,
( 100 ) ,

, .
8.
407
,
, ,
.
8.6.4.1.
,

-
, z
. E(t, z)
= [( - fiz)], ,
. = ()

(. . 8.25). , = ^
- <, ,
dt dz
d$ = dt - fidz = 0. ,
:
_dz _
~dt~p
(8.6.24)
0
Vph
.
, ,
G )
Aco (. 8.25). ,

, P = P + ( ^ P / ^ ) C O = C O ( L ) > PL
, co . L
03-CO
. 8.25
)

; )

;
)

Aco
2
408
. . 0
- , ,
(. ) :
E(t, z) =A[t - (z/v )]exp\J((o t
g
- p z)],
(8.6.25)
A , exp [j((o t - $ z)] .

v
L
8 6 26
' (fL-
<-->
, t - (z/v ), , , ,
v . ,
(8.6.26), = co (. .
v = t g 9 \ . . 8.25). ,
, . 8.25,
ipph ^gQ . . 8.25) .
,
I :
g
, :
( - co ) = ( - co )Z,
L
(8.6.28)
'( 1,) [?( - (>i)/d(u\ . x = '((o )

.
,
&
( > . . 8.256).
,
v v . ,
, ,
I ,
1?
gl
g2
, = '( ) - ) = ) ( - ).
2
(8.6.29)
( ) = [<2 /& ] .
, (8.6.29) ,
, ,
:
1
(w
ai)+
* () - i(S)
1
(8 6 30)
--
ffli
, A o
,
(. 8.25).
,
L
8.
409
. 8.26
,

, .
, Aco
. (8.6.29)
Ax

. , (8.6.29) :
L
Ax = \y(a )\Aa .
d
(8.6.31)
"(%,) ()
co .
. (8.6.28) (8.6.31) , Ax
:
L
Ax =l
(8.6.32)
GVD = (d p/d co)co =[d(l/v )/d^

2
(8.6.33)
() co .

. ,
.
, . 8.26
,
.
L
8.6.4.2.

,
,
(5 / ) ,
(. . 8.22 8.24), , ]
410
. .
(bx /x ) ( / ) .
,
,
,
(, ). ,
(
) ,

" = "()
g = N cl
( ) .

(bx /x ) (bx /x ) , ,
8
/212\
(8.6.34)
\ / Ax Avg
Av = /2,
p
p g
p g
p D
:(81 2) 11
2
(8.6.35)
" oo .
,
, (8 / ) ,
,
, ( / )
. (8.6.34) (8.6.35) :
L
= 0,14
go
(8.6.36)
,
* . ,

. ,
, (8.6.36),
:
2
AT
27,4
ll/2
|4>"|AVO.
(8.6.37)
So
, , A v ^ 100 (
Ti:Sa) " = 100 (
- 2 X = 800 ) g = 0,1, (8.6.37),
= 162 . , ,
, ~150 ,
A v ( A T p = 1 / A v = 4),
.
0
8.
411

(
),
(8.6.30). , ,
, ,
^ " / ,
co .
,
[24]. , , , Ti:Sa
(Av = 100 T H z )
( -30 ).
L
8.6.4.3.
,
, ~150,

, (
, ).
, X = 800 ,
, "
, , . .
. , , ,
", . . .
,
,
, 8.26 [25].
(. .
)
, .
I I I,
II I . .
',
II I I I ,
.

, (8.6.29)
^ < 0, . . ^( ) < ()
> coj.
. , ,
h,
,
, .
,
. ".
2
412
. .
, " I
. , I = 250 ,
,
X = 800
6,6 (. . " = -360 ).
,

. :
,
;

I ;
,
(, I I ) , ,
. ,

, , ,
;
,
.
, , '
,
.
' . ,
, .
, . 8.26
",
"', , ,
.
,
. 8.26,
. , ' " / "
.

. "" (,
"'(<1,)/"(>1,) = 19 Ti:Sa , . . X = 800 ).
,
, ,
", ",
"' .

. 8.26
,
(. . , '" = 0).

, (
2
8.
413
) [26]. (~40) *
,
.

,
.
,
" < 0.
",

, . . '" = 0. ,
, ,

,
(, ).
, ,
, ( 5 0 ).
,
.
2
8.6.4.4.

, ,
(8.6.23),
,
z.
, = coL - $ z
L
= n t - <( + 1)^
L
(8.6.38)
I . , I = I(t),
:
d(<Q t-$ z)
dt
L
anz
dl
dt'
(8.6.39)
= co(t)
. , = (0
. 8.27
, ,
. 8.276. .
, , . . ,

, ( ), ,
. ,
. *
414
. .

( )

,
. ,
,
,

,
.
v(*)i

,
[27]. ,

t

(
X > 1300 ),

. 8.27

.

,
()
,
( ) ,

.
,

( A(f) sech(f/ )], . .,
, (
),
.
()
, .

( ) [27]:
1
3 , 1
(8.6.40)
b = ( d p / d c o ) , = n & /cA ,
A ff

(A = nw w). ,
/2
(. (8.6.38)).
2
Wi
eff
eff
,
, , .
, ( . ( 8 . 6 . 2 3 ) )
, - , .
, ,
.
8.
415
,
, ,

. ,

[28],
, (. . 8.22
8.24). ,
, ,
,

. , (8.6.40)
i ( = 2,27 )
:
* , = ^
(8.6.41)
" 8

. 8 = yl , 1 . (8.6.41), " = -200 , 8 1 0 ~
&50 ( Ti:Sa ),
= 14 . Ti:Sa
, ( )
[29, 30].

, ,

.
(10-20 ) ,
,
. ,
(~100 )
,
(, *
) [31].

, , ,
(8.6.41) .
K
- 1
8 65

,

.
.
416
. .
. 8.28
:
) ; )
; )
,
.
(. 8.28) ^
,
. 8.6.3.1,

,
,
^
. ,
( ; ,
), .
^ .
(
) ,
(
; , )
,
. '

,
( , . 8.4.4). ,
(
) , ,
,
.
,
( ) .
,
, - .
( ) ,
. ,
,
. , -
. ,
, - .
8.
417
8.4.2.4,
, .

(. 8.286), ,

(. . 8.19). 8.6.3.1,
, ,
.
,

( ).

(,
). ,
(
)
[32]. ,

(. 8.28)
.
,
1/ (. . 8.28)
.
,
. (
, He-Ne , 0 ),
,
, . 8.1
, ,
Av ,

.
, - ,
= 0,44/Av , , ,
. ,
(7.3.12)
.
1/ ,
1 /Av
. ,
1/Av ,
.
**
2
{)
()
418
. . <
8.1
,
,
[]
28
230
3,3
390
19
450
1,1
Nd:YV0
X = 1,064
338
76
98
< 10
1,3
X - 1,054
4,1
350
60
55
6G
X = 570
45
2 10
5- 10-
27
10
Cr.LISAF
X = 850
57
4,8
67
18
X = 850
100
38
3,9
6-8
4,4
Av
Nd:YAG
X = 1,064
135
Nd:YLF
X - 1,047
4
[-
: 2- Avo; 3-
; 4- ; 5-
; 6-
, .
. 8.29
,
.
:
1) 6G
; 2) Ti:Sa ( K L M ).
6G (. 8.29)
, ,
,
6G ,
.
2
8.
419
. 8.30

:
) t = ,

(
)
; )
t = L /4c,
,

.
p

,
DODCI ,
[33].

, .

,
(. . )
. ,
,
(. 8.24). ,
L /c, L . 6G
L / 4 .
. 8.30, , ,
6G, L /2c.
6G
, .
,
(. 8.26).

-50 .
, ,

[30].
27 ( ).
Ti:Sa ( z-
) 10- Ti:Sa
(. 8.31).
(. . 8.23)
,
, .
, ,
, z-
4
420
. .
. 8.31

z-

850
= 1 0 0 i
>
|*=100
f
850
[34]. (. .
. 8.26)
.
,
,
30 .
-2
,
-
[35].
,
6-8 [35, 36].
8 7

[37]
( ) ,
.
. 8.32,
,
. = R(t)
- ,

100%. ,
,
, .
,
100%,
, ,
= 1
R=R(t)
R=l

. 8.32
,

,

8.
421
.

, ,
.
,
,
.

,
(. . 8.28).

.
,
(. . 8.5).
,
100- ,

, .

,
,

, (
, v = c/2L ).
( 100
1 ) ,
(1-10 )
. 8.33

( , N d : Y A G ' ) :
, - 100-
. , .
, ,
(, , )
.
3
422
. .
, .
,
,
,
.
,
.
, () 100%,
,
.

, -
, .
, - ,
.
, ,
.
. 8.33.
, . 8.7, :
1. ,
, (,
v = 380 ) . ,
,
(, 10 ).
,
.

,
. ,
:
( = 10 )
Q . , Q = ,
,
.
2. .

,
. ,
d = 50 v = 3.76 10 / (
), t = d/v = 13,3 .
3.
.
,
.
( - 7 0 % ) .
8.
423
8.8.
,
. ,
:
1. , ,
. ,
, .
, ,

.
2.
, ,
. ,
,
.
, .
,
,
.
,
,
, - ,
, .
,
, .
, , . ,

. ,
,
(,
), .
,
, , ,
.
8.1. ,
( E = 10 ) Nd:YAQ
, . 8.12,
20%.
in
8.2.
An = - , "
() V, An = n^r^V /V
424
() , L'

.
, ,
, . 8.5,
.
0
63
8.3. , K D P 0 ( , KD*P),
X = 1,06 = 26,4 10" / = 1,51.
, 8.2, ,
,
.
2
12
8.4. N d : Y A G , . 7.4 7.5,

P = 1 0 ,
10
(, ,
, ).
, ,
.
in
8.5.
.
8.6. He-Ne X = 632,8 ( )
(
L i N b 0 ) , 1 (
, L i N b 0
).
L i N b 0 7,4 10 /,
= 2,3, , .
3
8.7. ( 6G),
(. 9)
t ,
. , : 1)
( = 1,36); 2) I = 5
;
3) D = 50 ;
4)
(. ., L ^ 1);
,
50%; 5)
; 6)
X = 570 = 2 10~ ; 7)
t
6G ( s 5 ). ,
pJ
16
* * 8.
425
,
4 . : )
; )
; ) (
); ) t

/20,
.
p9
8.8. (8.6.6).
8.9. , (8.6.13).
,
(8.6.14),
Aco .
L
8.10. He-Ne ,
, 1 ,
150 , .

.
8.11. ,
: > - = ^ - + ,
2 . , 2Av,
Av = c/2L ( ),
[: I = 0 , 1 , 2...,
, ,
cp = / , Z, I = 1< + (/2).

,
.]
1+1
8.12. (8.6.16).
8.13. , , . 8.16,
,

( ) ,
.
8.14. pj (. . .pjdl
,
/ J + dl) ,
. 8.15, - ( / / / ) ( .
11.116).
, 21 .
8.15. (8.6.10)

?
426
. .
8.16. KLM- (. .
). (8.6.20)
, 2y = 2 - kP, ,
,
KLM- , 5 10~ .
2g =0,1,
100 ,
W = 40 . ,
,
.
t
-1
8.17. ,
X = 800 50 /.
,
( . . )
10 ,

, 20%.
2
8.18. .
A v = 6 .
5%,
,
, 2%,
, .
0
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, 1983.
^ 8.
427
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Phys. Lett. 7, 36-37 (1965).
12. W . G. Wagner and B. A . Lengyel, Evolution of the Giant Pulse in a Laser, J.Appl
Phys. 34, 2040-2046 (1963).
ences (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976) Chap. 11, adapted from Fig. 11.23.
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J.Appl. Phys., 47, 4555-4562 (1976).
15. A . E. Siegman, Lasers, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986). Chap. 27 and 28.
16. Ref. [15], Sec. [27.5].
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3049-3058 (1975).
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23. G. H. C. New, Pulse Evolution in Mode-Locked Quasi-Continuous Lasers, IEEE
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428
. .
9.1.

,
.
,
. ,

.
,
,
, .

,
.

(, ,
, ,
. .). ,
,
: 1) ;
2) ; 3)
; 4) ; 5)
; 6) .
9.2.

,
, (
). ,
. , .
429
,
.
, ,
,
.
, 1 0 ,
, Y L i F ( Y L F ) [1]. 1
,
,
. , Y A 1 0
= ( 1 / 2 ) ( 3 Y 0 + 51 0 ),
, 1 ,
Y
. Y V 0 N d
.
Y L F ,
( )
LiSrAlF ( LiSAF) LiCaAlF (
LiCAF).
, , ,
, . ,

(, ).
, (
, ). ( S i 0 ) ( 0 )
.
,
, , .
,
( ),
.
, ,
; ,

.
2
3 +
1 2
3 +
3 +
3 +
3+
3 +
,
4f 5s 5p 6d 6s , . 9.1 Nd, , Yb, Tm .
, .
, - 4/-
,
(, N-1 = 3 N d ) .
N - 1
4/, .

, : ()
N
3 +
430
. .
9.1
,

ls 2s 2p 3s 2p6
ATOM
, T m
[Xe]4/ 35do6s
1 0
, Y b
\Xe]4^5d6s
1 0
, Cr
[Ar]3d 4s 4p
[Kr]4d 5s 5p
, N d
[Xe]4/*5d6s
, T i
[Xe]4/^5d6s
[Xe]4/* 5d 6 s
[Ar]3d 4s
, Co
[Ar]3d 4s
, N i
[Ar]3d 4s
: .
-1
4/^ -, -
.
4/-
, -10 . -

, -3000 " .
(
5s 5 ),
, 200 .

4/' ( 4 / - 4/-).
4 / , ,
,
,
. ,
( ). , -
5s 5 -
,

( -

, . . 2.13). ,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
1/ (. (7.3.3)).
-1
- 1
. 9.1
, .
, ,
, (Ar)3d 4s , T i , N i
(Ar)3d^4s ( N = 2 T i , 7
8 N i ) . 4 - ^-
5
9. , .
431
,
, ^-,
Ti 4- ^- ,
Ti ,
^-. N i
48- ,
.
?-
(, 24 ) ,
3d?-. ,
, , ?-
, ,
,
(-) ,

.
3d . ,
(
), d-d-epexo
, , ,
( ), 4/-4/-
. N d : Y A G ,
- ,
.
, ,
, U ,
(, U
,
). ,
, .
3 +
3 +
3 +
9.2.1.

,
(. X . , 1960 [2, 3])
[4].
, , .
1 0 (), 1
. ,
1 0 0
(-0,05 . % ) [4]. 0 ()
.
, 0>
( ). *

3 +
3+
3+
3+
432
. .
, *?^//////////
( ).
*</;//)///^7
.2

3d ,
1 0 .
,
,
-
. 9.1
. 9.1.

,
. ,
,
. , ,
(2S + 1) = 4, . . *S = 3/2, S
^-. ,
.
JF F ,

550 () 420 () (.
. 6.7). ( )
2 ,
. 2
, . , ,
.
1/2, -
. 2
( = 3 ),
.
,
, , ,
. ,
- > ( )
= 694,3 (). ,
2 (~29 " ) kT/h
(-209 " = 300 ) , , 2
. ,
2 -> (R ,
= 692,8 ). , ,
(
).
( . 2.10), R , . ( ) Av = 1 1 " (330 ) = 300 . . 9.2
3+
1
I
I
3+
9. , . . .
433
9.$

0,05 . %
3 +
1,58 1 0
1 9
694,3 ( R\)
692,9 ( R2)
Ri

11 2,5 1 0 -
20
1,22 10~
(X = 694,3 )
20
= 1,763 ( 1)
= 1,755 ( | | )

.
.

(500 . .) , . 6.1.
5-10 , 5-20 . ,
-, ,
.
,

, (, ).
, -

(-5-10 ) .
,
. ,
,

, 8.4.2.4.
(
)
, (. . 8.28).

,
.
R , R R
, ,
. 7.166. *
2
434
l9
. .

.
, - ,
(
). ,
NdrYAG .

,
(Nd: Y A G , , Yb:Er ).

,
, , N d : Y A G
. , , Nd: Y A G

( )
.
9.2.2.

. Y A 1 0
( Y A G , - ),
Y N d .
(, Y L i F ) (
, Y V 0 ) , .
, N d : Y A G ,
-1 . % .
, ,
N d 14% Y .

N d : Y A G ~4 . % N d 0 .
, Y A G
- , N d
.
3
3 +
1 2
3 +
3 +
3 +
3 +
9.2.2.1.
ND:YAG
.9.2
N d : Y A G . 4/-
N d ,
(5s 5 ). Y A G
, , ,
- .
,
, ,
L S
, J
3 +
2 S + 1
j 9
9. , .
435
11,502 "
11,414
1
2,526
. 9.2

N d r Y A G
u = 2 + 10
2,001
L . ,
L , L = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9...
S, , D, F, G, , I, L, , N...
. , J
HOHaNd
, 2S + 1 = 4 (. . S = 3/2), L = 6 H J = L - S = 9/2.
,
( 2 J + 1), m
- J +J 1. Y A G ,
, \mj\
( )
Lj (2J + 1)/2
. , / F
6 2
(. . 9.2). ,
(. . g = 2),
(. 9.2),
.
N d : Y A G
-730 800 , ,
(. . 6.7) ,
.
- F ,
( // , ^ / 2 / 2 -> - 9.2 . 2.15).
( = 230 ),
( )
(
AJ = 0 1 ) ,
. , ,
- (. . 2.136)
Nd

5s 5 ,
^
. ,
- F
.
4
9/2
Jy
2S+1
/ 2
s/2
3/2
3 / 2
3/2
436
. . )
, F
I F
- //2 , / / ( )
/ ,
.
/ /
, kT, / ,
, ,
. , F
1 /2
.
, F

( i? ), / .
R
/ ,
.
X = 1,064 ( -)
Nd: Y A G .
,
F
- > / (. . 2 . 1 5 , = 1 , 3 1 9
),
,
X = 1,319
X = 1,064 (. . 4.9).

F
- > 1/2- X = 946 (.
. 2.15) i g , ,
, ,
( ),
- .
(= 1,064 ), ,

. Av = 4,2 = 126
= 300 . N d : Y A G
5
(. 8.8).
( = 230 )
N d : Y A G . . 9.3
N d : Y A G
, .
s/2
3/2
9 / 2
/ 2
9 / 2
/ 2
3 / 2
s/2
/ 2
/ 2
s/2
/ 2
s/2
/ 2
-1
N d : Y A G ,
, ,
AlGaAs [5].
(. 6.1),
(. 6.16)
(. 6.2).

9. , .
437
9.3
Nd:YAG (, = 1,064 ),
Nd:YV0 , Nd:YLF (X = 1,053 ) ()

4
N d [. % ]
NdrYAG
, = 1,064
Nd:YV0
, = 1,064
NdrYLF
X = 1,053
Nd:creiuio
X = 1,054
()
1 . %
1 . %
1 . %
3,8 . %
Nd 0
1,5
1,3
3,2
230
98
450
300
4,5
11,3
13
180
7,6
1,9
0,4
= 1,4481
= 1,4704
= 1,54
Nt [ 1 0
2 0
/ ]
[]
Avo [ ]
1
( [ 1 0 -
1 9
1,38
2,8
= 1,82
=
=
1,958
2,168
:
Nt , , A v
( ) ,
. .
0
(500-1500 . .)
(4-6 .). ,
3 6 5 15 .
,
,
(. 6.3). ,
3%, ,
, ( 1 - 3 ).
(. 6.11)
~15 ;
(. 6.14 6.15)
100 .

10%.
N d : Y A G ,
:
1. (, .).

( 50-100
= 5-10 , = 1-10
/ = 10-100 ).

( 0,5 ^ 2 , , ,
2 ). ,
N d : Y A G 0 ,
,
.
2. .
Nd: Y A G 50 .
438
- .

(, , , )
.
,
(, ),
, , Nd: Y A G ,
.
3. ,
.
, ( 100 ,
& = 5-20 , / = 1-20 ).
4. .
, (X = 532 ),
(X = 355 ) (X = 266 ), ,
. ,
Nd: Y A G
,
X = 532
-10 ,
.
9.2.2.2.

3 +
, N d ,
4/,
(5s ). ,
, N d : Y A G . ,

(X = 1,054 , . . 9.3).
, ,
,
. ,
= 1,054 40
, Nd: Y A G ,
( 7 ). ,
, ,
, ,
,
(-100 ). ,
,
(
) (. (2.9.4)) .
,
N d : Y A G
(. 2.13). , ,
, , Y A G , ,
9. , . .
439
, .
,
, Nd: Y A G , Nd
,
1,6 , N d : Y A G
(. . 6.1).
Nd: Y A G ,
( 10
, Nd: Y A G ) .

( < 5 ), ,
( ).
,
,
. , ,
, , , .

(, ).
, ,
, (Nova-
, . , )
100
100 , = 1 ).
,
(. . 6.36) 4
75 . iVJJF4
( . )
( 10 ),
,
( 2 ) , .
3 +
9.2.2.3.

3 +
Nd
.
Y L i F ( Y L F ) Y V 0 .
Y A G , Y L F
- (
) [7]. Nd: YLF

( )
4
00
,
, .
30 .
440
- .
. Nd: Y L F
Nd:YAG ( 3 , . . 9.3) Nd:YLF

, (. 8.8).
Y L F , Y A G ,
- .
, Nd: Y L F
1053 ,
( . 9.3).
Nd:YLF , ,

.
N d : Y A G , N d : Y V 0
( 7,6 10~ ) ( = 98 ).
,
. ,
Nd: Y V 0
, Nd: Y A G , Nd: Y V 0 .
N d : Y V 0
15 .
Nd: Y V 0 , Nd: Y A G .
4
19
9.2.3.
YB.YAG
Y b : Y A G ( )
,
N d : Y A G .
-1,03 .
,
,
10679
[8].
10624

10327
Y b : Y A G . 9.3.
, ,
968

941
( F ) . ,
1,03
4/ Y b ,
,
785
(. . 9.1).
-612
,
-565
968 941 ,
,
0
941
. 9.3

,

.
Yb:YAG
2
5 / 2
3 +
9. , . . .
441
9.4

[. % ]
3
YbrYAG
X = 1,03
Nd:YAG
X = 946
Tm:Ho:YAG
X = 2,091
::
()
X = 1,54
6,5 . %
1,1 . %
8 []
10 [ Y b ]
1[]
N t [IO20 / ]
8,97
1,5
0,5 [ ]
[]
1,16
0,23
8,5
86
9,5
42
120
0,8
Avo [ - ]
[ ) "
2 0
[10-20 ]
1,8
2,4
0,9
0,12
0,296
0,153
0,8
= 1,82
= 1,82
= 1,82
= 1,531
: Y b r E r r c r e ^ i o
, ,
.
1,03 ( ).
. 9.4 *
Yb:YAG . ,
( = 1,16 ),
,
.
Yb: Y A G InGaAs/
GaAs (QW),
-.
( 6 0 % ) (^ *
= hv/hv = / = 91,5%) [9]. ,
, 50 [10]. , Y b : Y A G :
1. [(hv - hv)/hv = 9%] ,
, .
2.
Y b : Y A G
.
3.
( 6,5 . % )
, -
.
4. (-86 )
, .
5.
.
, Yb: Y A G *
, ,
8
- 1
442
. .

. ,
Yb: Y A G Nd: Y A G
, ,
, 1 .
9.2.3.1.

,
, ,
.
,
[58, 59].
,
( ), ,
. - ,
,

( )
. ,
,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
. , -
,
,
. ( z
)
, .
,

.
, -0

,

, .
2
, ,
,

. .
,
,
9. , .
443
. 9.3.1

. ,

(, > 1 ) ,
.

[58, 59].
. 9.3.1.
d,
D , d. ,
. d
100 200 (
, ).
D 1 (
).
(
)
. -
, .
(
).
,
(
D),
.
, . . ,
,
. , -
, ,
,
( 1 / ) .
, *
, . 9.3.1. -

3
444
. ,
, . 9.3.16.
.
( )
(, ),

.
( 2 ) ,

(, , 90
).
( 3 ) .

( 4).
( 5 ) .
,
. (
8) ,
, ,
. ,
(16 )
( 9 0 % ) .
, ,
,

. , ,
, .
,
,
.
,
,
(. . 7.4.1).
, ,
,
I/
. 9.3.16
,

9. , . . .
445
,
,
.
, ,

. ,
Y b : Y A G .
4 ( > 25%)
( < 20).
( 3 ) ,
.
D 6 (. . 9.3.1). ( 16 )
, ( 4)
.
100 , , ( < 1,2).
,
Yb: Y A G ,
, N d : Y A G . ,

.

. -
, /, ,
, /.
2
9.2.4.
ER:YAG YB:ER

X = 2,94 ( E r : Y A G ) , X = 1,54 (
Yb:Er ) [11],
,
, ,
,
.
Er:YAG Y
. . 9.4.
1
-> 1\/2
2,94 ) [12],
/ / -> 1\/2
= 1>64 ).
Er:YAG ,
X = 2,94 , .
Er:YAG
1/2
600 .
, X = 970
(InGaAs/GaAs ).
( ) , (*
34
3 +
/ 2
1 3
446
. .
a'
i
7
Ml/2
15/9
CO
. 9.4
:
a) E r : Y A G ; ) Yb:Er: .
2 ), , ,
. ,
( ) .
,
(10-50 . % ) - ( - )
, I\s/2 ~~* ^9/2
, - (- , - ), . . 2.13.
, ,
/
/ /
, N d : Y A G , 6
7,5 .
(. . 6.1).
:YAG , ,
1 10 . ,
~2,94 ,
:YAG
.
, 70% ,
2,94 ( E r : Y A G )
5 .
:YLF (
~35%), X = 2,8 ,
1 .
Yb:Er
. 9.46.
[13], [14],
/ i
-> 1\5/2 ( X = 1,54 ).
1,54 ,
* - , . ,
3+
3 +
1 3 / 2
3 / 2
9 . , .
447
, , ,
, , ,
( )
Y b ( ).
980
Y b ( F
- ^ 5 / 2 ) >
/ / 2 -
(. 2.6.1). ,
1/2 ( = 0,1 )
/ i 3 .
( = 8 ),
. ,
Er-
( ), ,
I\s/2
/ i 5 . , Yb:Er
.
. 9.4.
Cr:Yb:Er ,
,
.
, 1,5
[15]. Yb:Er ,
,
, .
3 +
3+
3 +
7/2
/ 2
/ 2
9.2.5.
TM.HO.YAG
Tm:Ho: Y A G [16] . 9.5.

Y
.
Tm (4-10 .%,
.

, 1 Y A G .
~>
- \
, F
- .
F
AlGaAs ( 785 ),

. ,
, F
- : ( ^ ) +
3 +
3 +
3 +
3+
3 +
3+
3 +
3 +
3+
3 +
, *\
C r , , F VL*f\
(. . 9 . 1 ) .
4
i f
448
4- T m ( i f ) - 2Tm( fiT ). Tm (
, F , , - f f )
i J . Tm,
, -
F , ,
2 (. .
200%). Tm ( - ) ,
Tm .
/ ,
( / -> / ) . ,
/
/ , -462 ,
X = 2,08 ( ).

i 7 -> H Tm, X = 2,02 .
3 +
-1

,
, : Y A G (
),
(. . 6.1.).
1
~200 , 4%
10 .
,
2 (
, 2,94 ).
,
. 6.11.
(
= 6 " )
2-3 , , ,
( - 1 0 . . . - 4 0 )
, .
3 +
. 9.5

C r : T m : H o : Y A G
'
<
3+
'
'
9. , . .
'
3+
'
449
, Tm:Ho:
Y A G ,
. .
, Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG
,
.
9.2.6.

1
[ 1 7 ]
,
. , ( ,
), .
,
,
, (
), . 9.6, ,
( ), . 9.66.
,
[18],
(
)
.

,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
, . 9.2.6.1,
,
, w w *p
>
> < ^
450
9.6
)
, )
:

,

. , , !
- .
, ( = 2,5 ). w
w 10-50
(. 7.4 7.5). (6.3.19) (6.3.24),
- ,
, P (w$ + > ).
, ,
(, , , | , ), P

. ,

, .
, 7.4 7.5,
1 , . ^
,

. ,
-
(. (7.3.13) (7.4.10) ),
,
\ . ,
( ) ,
(. . r\ = 1). ,
,
,
.
p
th
th
,
,
.
(Nd:) F
( ), a N
N .

:
p
GpFpNg-^/x,
(9.2.1)
<5 ,
. , N = N , F = (I /hv ) = (1/),
1 , a hv .
. 6.8 . 9.3 Nd:KBapn,eBoro
= 2,8 10~ = 300 .
1 = (hv /G T) s 25 / , = 1 = 0,25 ,

, 10" . ,

-1 . ,
, ,
-
20
9. , .
451
,
I (I = 1/ ,
).
,
,
.

.
,

.

.
2

,
,
1
,
(. 9.7). ,
,
. 9.7

,
(up-conversion laser)
- .
,
, ,
.
-
, ,
. .2.6.1, ^
, *

, ?
*
~1150 ,

-4500 " .
. ,
,
, Z B L A N (
, , , )
590 " .

-,
. , ,
.
-1
452
. . :
3 +
Z B L A N , .
(X = 1120 * 1150 )
,
(X = 480 ), , 200 .
ZBLAN , ,
-1010 -835
(X = 491, 520, 605, 635 ), ,
, -200 .
, -
.
,
,
,
.
, ,
E r ( E D F A ) ,
,
-1,5 .
.
(
, Y b , YDFA-,
- 1 ).
( ),

.
, .
3 +
3+
3 +
9.2.6.1.

, ,
,
.
, ,
.

, ,
,
.
, -
, ,
, , , -,
,
.
, .
9. , .
453
. 9.7

. ,
Q
,

int
Q ~smQ =(ni-n^)^ /n
int
int
C0

. , ,
.
, ,
- (. 9.7):
6< , - ( , - ) /
2
1/2
= NAI ,
(9.2.2)
,
, a NA ,
,
-.
, /2
/2 > . ,
, , ,
,
, .
(9.2.2)
2a{NA)/X ^ 1.
, ,
. F-

(
, )
V = 2naNA/X ^ 2,4.
(9.2.3)
,

.

.
,

.
,
. ,
( ), . 6.9.
~1 , .
454
. .
, (. . 6.96 6.10)
( 10 )
,
.
,
. 9.66.
( )
( ,
), , , ,
.
.
. , ,
NA
. ,
,
, ,

.
, ,
,
.

,
.
,
()

.
2

.
(, L M A ,
-1000 ) .

( 10 /
).

. -

, . ,
, .
, .
,
( ,
, ).
2
9. , .
455
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
(. . ,
).
,
,
, ,
1 , 15 .
,
.
9. .
Yb: , [57].
40 / ,
NA < 0,05 (, < 10~ ),
5,3 -1 .
, ,
,
,
~ 1,4. Yb 6000 ppm (
~ 5 10 Yb / )
430 / (
2 10" 975 ).
, , ,
, , . . (40/600) ,
~2 /.

1,5 /,
12 . ,
, . . ,
Yb . , ,
, ,
,
. ,
, Yb
,
. ( ,
) ~ 200.

600 , 0,45 NA, 1
0,45 ( NA)
~ 0,45/(/>) ~ 200. 1,8
1,6 ,
1,36 . ,
83%, -95%.
3
19
20
456
. .
,
~20 / 1 . ,

(M% ) /(Mf
) -20000.
(~1,5 / )
,
.
2
iode
iber
,
,
.

, ,
,
(. 8.6.4.4)
( ) .

, SiO
(-14 ). ,
. ,
,
. , . . Q-
,
. ,

(CPA, .
12.3.1),
,
. ,
, (..
),
-100 .
, ,
, ,

.
9.2.7.

,
, 1 0 ,
1 (0,04 -s- 0,12 . % ) .
[19]
( ).
(, = 100 , X = 760
3+
3 +
t
^ L
9. , . . .
457
).
, , Cr.LISAF,
,
Co:MgF ( = 800 , = 1,9 ), C r : Y A G ( = 150 , X = 1,45 )
: ( C r : M g S i 0 , , = 250, X = 1,25 ).
[20],
(0,8-4 ).
, ,
- , (
, .),
, (. .
4+
4+
4+

,
12).

.
Cr""
1 0
*

(,
, )
,
,
,
. *
. 9.8

(. .
. 9.8

*

. . 3.3 . 9.9). 9.8
,
, ,
. , , *
, 7 ( 1 ).
, . ,
,
, (. .
)
= 800 ( kT), ,
3 1
3+
2 -
3+
, , ,
F F ( . . 9 . 1 ) .
3 +
458
. .
,
. -, -

.
,
(X = 700 - 800 ).

. , ,

- . ,
,
- ,
( F )
( = 2300 ) , , , F
. , ,
, ->
( . 9.8 9.1).
,
;
(X = 680,4 ).
2
-1

( - 2 \ , . 9.8),
.
,
, ,
,
= 800 .
, . . 2.16 2.11.
= 300 = 200 ,
NdrYAG.
,
( = 6,6 ),
( = 1,5 , 2 -
),
. ,
( = 0,8 10~ )
. ,
-,
. . 9.5

.

N d . Y A G . ,
, . 6.1 6.2.
, ,
4
-1
20
9. , .
459
9.5

[. % ]
Nt [ 1 0
1 9
0,04-0,12
/ ]
Cr:LISAF
15
CrrLICAF
15
1,8-5,4
3,3
10 [~1 . % ]
760
790
850
780
700-820
660-1180
780-1010
720-840
[ 1 0 - 2 0 ]
0,8
28
4,8
1,3
[]
260
3,2
67
170
53
100
83
64
[]
[]
2
Avo [ ]

= 1,7367
= 1,7421
= 1,755
10 [1 . % ]
1,763
1,4
1,39
= 1,7346
: Nt C n L I S A F C r r L I C A F
~ 1 % CrF3 .
( N d . Y A G )
.
(10-100 ) (
200 ),
( 50 ). -
,
(5070). ,
,
Nd: Y A G
.
100 -250 .
,
= 700 (,
),
(,
).
928
-
- ( T i : A l 0 ) [21, 22]
.
( = 400 ,
Av =100 ), , ,
.
- T i 0
1 0 ( 0,1-0,5 . % ) . T i
1 . T i
*
2
3 +
3 +
460
3 +
. .
.9.9
)
T i : A l 0 . )
3<2-
, )

2
400
500
600
700
800
()
900
. .

:
( [ 5 5 ] )

, 3<2-.
^- 4- Ti (. . 9.1), ,
.
1 T i ,
, " ( 9,9), ,
, ,
( ) d-
T i

( 9.96). ,
, ,
.
(S = 1/2 , , ),
2S + 1 = 2,
, .
, T i - O ,
, 9.9.
, ^-
,
.
,

3 +
3 +
3 +
. [ 2 1 ] [ 2 2 ] .
9. , .
461
, . 9.10.
, T i , ,
(. . ).
(, ,
-> ),

.
, , ,

.
,
, . 9.5. , ( = 3,2 = 300 , = 3,85 ) ,
. , - ,

, , , . ,
- ( 40 ),
,
Nd:YAG.
, .
3 +
-
,
Nd: Y A G Nd: Y L F ,
. - ,
. .

( > 1 ),
(700-1000 ). ,
- (.
8.6.5) (. 12) .
,
(20 - 1 ) (20-100 ),
.
929
CR:LISAF CR:LICAF

, ,
C r : L i S r A l F (Cr:LISAF) C r : L i C a A l F (Cr:LICAF) [24, 25].
*
, [21, 22].
3+
3+
3+
462
. .
. 9.11

CrrLISAF

,

-
(
[ 2 4 ] )
3+
, CrrLISAF CrrLICAF,
1 .
() ,
. ,

, ,
(. . 9.8).
CrrLISAF
( )
. 9.11, , CrrLISAF
CrrLICAF . ,
,
650 440 , - > - > .
, , ,
( . 9.8
). ,
- , ,
.
,
, , ,
, , , .
, (
) .

. 9.5. ,
, , CrrLISAF
. ,
, ,
3 +
9. , .
463
CrrLISAF
, CrrLICAF.
CrrLISAF ,
, ,
850 .

. CrrLISAF
GalnP/AlGalnP
(QW), -670 (
. 8.31).
. ,
CrrLISAF ,
-
CrrLISAF , .
, CrrLISAF ,
,
,
.
9.3.

[26]

, , , .

(, ( - = ) ) .
:
1. ,
- (0,7-1,5 ). . 9.12
. 9.12
:
) 3,3' ; ) 6G; ) 2.
.
. . 0
3,3'-, - ( = 810 ).
2. , .
. 9.126
6G ( = 590 ).
3. , - (400500 ). . 9.12
2, ( = 450 ).
9.3.1.

, ,
- .
( ) ,
,
. . 9.13
6G .
()
700
650
600
550
500
450
. 9.13
,
-

6 G

14
16
18
20
3
22
24
( 1 0 " )
, . 9.13,

.
,
[27]. , . 9.14.
- ,
, (,
9.14 9.146).
, -
,
, .
.
9. , .
465
C H
I I
^ \ ^
I
n
^^
I
I
I
^^
I
^
(CH ) N N(CH )
N N
3
. 9.14

( [ 2 7 ] )

,
, . 9.14.
(. . 9.14),
:
2
hn
SmL
(9.3.1)
, , a L
. , -
. 2N,
,
N
,
. ,

( . 9.15 S ).
, , (9.3.1) = JV.
. 9.15
() ,
, , , S ,
,
. (
S )
( ) .
(E + )
(9.3.1) = N + 1.
S S E
- E , , (9.3.1),
L .
1
N+1
.
,
.
1
466
, (
; S = 1). S
,
. . , . 9.15
(
) ( ) .
. 9.156
(. .
, ,
). , -
, -
, , -
.
,
. , ,
, AS = 0. , -, -
, - .
,
- (. . 9.156), , ,
- (. 3.1.3),
S S .
,

, . 9.13 6G.
,
. , -
, L
, L ,

. 9.15
) .
, )
. ( [ 2 8 , 5 7 ] . )
9. , .
467
( eL). , ,
, (~10~ , . . 9.13).
( , = 100 )
S (. 9.156).

S ( -, .
. 9.156).
,
( ) (. . 9.13).
JLI,
, , (~10~ , . . 9.13).
- S ,

(~100 ) . ,
S
T V (
, ) -
. ( )
> S , -

(, ).
(. 6.4.1.1),
,
. ,
T
-> , .
,
, (. . 9.13), , ,
.
16
16
l9
,
S T : 1)
x S ; 2)
( ) - k S > ; 3)
. S
, , (2.6.18),
:
x
l9
sp
l9
- 1
st
x ^
fesr
(9.3.2)
x ,
(, 5 6G),
. \,
, (, 100
6G), S
sp
468
, -
. .
[]
320
[]
0,1-
Nt [ 1 0 " / ]
[10-16
1500
- - 10-4
3
-5-
2]
2
[10-16 ]
9.6
,
, []
25-30
[]
2-
ksr
100
[]
1-4
[]
0,5 + 0,8
10-
-5-
10-
1,3+1,4
. (
, , ,
S ) . ,
(2.6.22), :
x
(9.3.3)
,
, .
10~ ( , ) 10~ (
).
. 9.6
.
9.3.2.

,

( )
. ,
S
,

. ,
( 1966 .)
[29, 30], . -,
S j ,
.
,
(, 6G),
, N d : Y A G (,

(. (7.3.12)(6.3.20)). - . , ^>k^
, , ,
x
9. , .
469
( ) - . ,
, ,
.
, N N
.
,
, -
, . .
vN
> GN,
(9.3.4)
> - ,
> .
N /x
k N
-
, . .
ST
=k xN.
ST
(9.3.5)
(9.3.4) (9.3.5), :
T <G /G k ,
T
(9.3.6)
ST
(. . ,
(7.3.1)
). ,
,
,
, .
, ,
.
, .
, ,
(9.3.6), .
,
:
(
100 );
, .
, ?
,
,
.

(. . 6.1), ,
, , ,
, . *
,
, (
470
. .
. 9.16

:

,
,
Nd: Y A G
,
.

] 1
, ,
, . 6.1.
,
- ,
.
-
( , K r F X e F ) ,
~550600 N d : Y A G
(X = 532 ),
. ,

(30 - 4 0 % )
, - ( - 1 0 % ) . ,

. (
), , ,
. .
(. 9.16).
L ,
, .
( ),
, , 1 .

(-30-50 ) ,
,
2 ( 9.16).
, ,
(-0,01-0,02 ).
, ,
1
S
S j .
-> S ,
2
v / A v ( Av )
, .
, , .
9. , . . .
471
-,
7.8.2.1.
(
).
, ,
, (. 9.17).
( -200 ),
,
.
, ,
.
, (
10 ) .
.

- ( , )
(. . 7.25).
( )

(. . 8.29). (-25
6G,
, DODCI,
)
, .
,

. ,
( )

,
.
+

75
. 9.17

472
. .
(
,
), . ,
U
, 20 (
, -100 ).
2 3 5
9.4.

[31, 32]
, ,
,
,
.
.

, , ,
, Si Ge, .

I I I (, 1,
Ga, In) V (, N , , A s , Sb)
.

GaAs, (AlGaAs, InGaAs) (InGaAsP)
.
A B , , 630-1600 .

InGaN,
(-410 ).

- .
A B .
, -
,
II ( Cd Zn) V I (S, Se),
A B .
,
A B , S, Se
,
(4-29 ). -
(
). ,
( -) [56],
.
I V
YI
V I
9. , .
473
9.4.1.

. 9.18, V
, ^ (
). ,
= .
,
(. . 9.18,
,
,
). f7*~ /
,

'
.
(-1 ) . 9.18

,
,
,
, , ,
(. 9.186).
E' E'
(. 3.2.3). = 0
,
.
, *
, ,
- ,
(
, LED).
,
. 3.2.5 ,
, , ,
:

Fc
Fv
E ^hvÊ'
g
Fc
-E' .
(9.4.1)
Fy
=
. 9.186,
,
. ,
3.2.5 , (9.4.1)
, /
(9.4.1), ,
474
.
(9.4.1), E' -E' Ê .
E' nE
, . . N,
(. . 3.15).
, E' = E (N) N ,
E' =E' (N)
. ,
E -E' Ê , . .
, , N
,
Fc
Fc
Fv
Fc
Fv
Fv
Fc
Fv
Fc
Fv
E' (N)-E' (N)

Fc
Fv
=E.
(9.4.2)
,
(9.4.2),
N^.
, N
.
, ( ,
). ,
,
N , N
, ,
.

,

.
,
, ,
-- [33].
1962 .
/>--.
[34-37],
GaAs. ,
,
-- , ,
.
,
(-),
- -, .
,
( = 77 ) ,

,
1
tr9
th
( 9 . 4 . 2 ) , , N
.
^ 9. , .
tr
= N
l9
475
(1969 .) [38-40]

. ,
-,
.
9.4.2.

--,
- -, (
, GaAs), .
,
( 10 / ), /?-
E - . ,
,
, . 9.19,
, . . .
V,
= eV . . 9.196. ,
(
n-), (
/?-). ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
- .
/?-, , . d,
, D = \/lh, D
. GaAs
D = 10 / = 3 , d 1 ,
,
d, (-0,1 ).
-- . 9.20,
.
18
\AE = eV
476
. 9.19

--
()
>

()I
. . ]
. 9.20

--
, ( ).
,
,
,
.
- ,
(, = 3,6 GaAs)
-,
, (-32%
GaAs). ,
, p-n-, d 1 .
, -
,
( 5 ).

(J 10 / ) ,

( ).
:
(d 1 ) , ,
,
;
, ,
- ,
.

(
=14 ) . ,
, (3.2.37),
.
.
5
th
9. , . . .
477
9.4.3.

, ,
,
,
(-).
,
.
/?-Al Ga
0 3
0 > 7
As
~^ ~1
GaAs\f//////////777Z\
7i-Al G a A s
0 3
p-InP
MKM
-0,15
0 7
~1
Ini-xGaÂs^
WZZZZZZZZZZZZZA
rc-InP
MKM
/i -GaAs
^
()
-
()
. 9.21
,
( ) G a A s ( ) I n G a A s P ()
. 9.21
, (0,1-0,2 )
GaAs InGaAsP.
- - A l G a A s InP
. (. . 9.23)

(. . 10 / )
,
.

:
1. (, = 3,6
GaAs) ,
- - (, = 3,4 A l G a A s ) ,
(. . 9.22). ,

GaAs, . . , ( ,
. . 9.226).
2. E (, E 1,5
GaAs) E
(, E = 1,8 A l G a yAs).
,
( ,
. . 9.22). ,
0 3
0j7
0 3
0 7
gl
gl
gi
g2
0 3
A B ,
,
( , ) ,
(, ).
m
478
. .

, , ,
.
3. E ,
E ,
v = E /h
(.
. 9.226),

( ).

, :
(
- 0 , 1 % )
E __ IJ ____
. ,
,

- -

().
. 9.22
) ;
) ,

) ( )

. GaAs/AlGaAs

, GaAs (0,564 ) A l A s (0,566 )
( Ga 1
). In^GajAs^Px^ ,
InP,
/, . ,
InP,
Ga, In (
I n ) . Ga
( -19 ), In, I n ^ G a ^ P
InP. , A s
(As ) ( P i - ) .
As ( -10 ), ,
. ,
/
, Inj^GajAs^P^ InP.

= 2,2. , / (
),
g2
gl
gl
Fp
b j c
9. , .
479
Si
. 9.23
(
)
(
)
J

d
A l G a A s
300 :
th
20
40

40 20
. J

. ( [41].)
pac4
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
, d ()

. , I n ^ G a ^ A s ^ P ^
1150-1670
.
(~1300) (-1500 )
.
. 9.23
J d
GaAs [41]. , d
J ,
(J = 1 / d = 0,1 ) .
,
J N . *
R , ( )
. , %
, ?
, ; - (
). r\
,
, .
J , , R
R = r\ J/ed, d
.
N = R x , ( , ,
).
J = edN/r\{i
:
th
th
th
th
th
(9.4.3)
480
. . ]
(9.4.3)
, . 9.23. -, ,
d N
N (.
9.1) , , . (9.4.3)
, d (, -0,15 )
J d ,
9.23. , d ,
(. . 9.226),
n- ,
.
, ,
N . ,
d J
d.
th
tr
th
th
th
9.1.
-GaAs .
, (
, . 6.3.4) ,
- -
. , :
(g)L = (a )L + (a )L + (a )L + y ,
(9.4.4)
L , g ,
, - -
. (9.4.4)
.
, , :
a
jg\u\
dV
, /, ) .
,
. (g) (g)L

.
, (9.4.4). ,
,
. , = = .

z (, ,
) , --,
(S.4.5) ( ) ( ) (9.4.4)
:
gV = + (1 - ) + [1(1/)/1,],
(9.4.6)
9. , .
481
R (
)
+d/2
2
j \U\ dx
-d/2
(9.4.7)
U\ dx
x , .
,
(
). ,
3.2.5, g :
g = o(N - N ), N
.
, = , (9.4.6) :
tr
tr
uT(N
th
- N ) = + [1(1/)/] = y/L,
tr
(9.4.8)
N = aL + In (1/R)
. (9.4.8)
:
th
th
= (y/aLT) + N .
(9.4.9)
tr
, ,
,
[42]:
2
= D /(2 + D ),
(9.4.10)

1 2
D = 2*(n*-ni) ' d/X
(9.4.11)
( ,

). , = 3,6, = 3,4 X = 850 (
GaAs ) d = 0,1 ,
D = 0,875 = 0,28.
N
(. . R = 32%)
= 10 L =
= 300 . = \n(l/R) + aL ~ 1,44.
(. . 3.1) = 3,6 10~ N = 2 1 0 " ,
(9.4.9) :
th9
-1
16
18
tr
18
th
= (0,48 + 2) 10 / ,
(9.4.12)

(9.4.9) . , (9.4.12)
, d ,
, (. .
, )
N .
tr
12
. . ]

(9.4.9) (9.4.3):
(9.4.13)
, d
N
(9.4.13). , */^
d,
. 9.23 d (, -0,15 ).
,
. ,
d ,
( (9.4.10),
d d )). , ,
, J ,
d. J
(9.4.13), d = 0,1 , r\ = 1 = 4
N (. ).
J = 10 / ,
, . 9.23.
tr
th
th
th
th
9.4.4.

- ,
(X = h/),
(Quantum Well, QW), -
( ) [43, 44].

(QW) (MQW) .
, ,
(. 3.12)
. ,

,
(. 3.3).

, .
,
.
,
. 9.24.
,
GaAs,
. (-10 )
9. , .
483
()
()
. 9.24
) A l / x a ^ A s - G a A s

.
(
[43]). ) A l ^ G a ^ j A s - G a A s

( GaAs),
(-0,1 )
, , (
A l G a A s ) .
(-1 )
( A l G a A s ) , - - .

, ,
, .

. 9.24 ( ). ,
1 /
(-0,8 ). . 9.246
,
A l ^ G a ^ A s , , = 0,2
= 0,6
, . GRINSCH (GRaded-INdex Separated-Confinement Heterostructure)
.
, , . 9.24,
,

, . 9,24 . ,
, ,

0 2
0 8
0 6
0 4
484
(. (9.4.3) (9.4.13)). ,
9.2, J ,
- 4 - 5 , - (. .
200 / ) .
:

;
( 2 )

.
th
9.2.
GaAs/AlGaAs . ,
g = G(N - N )
. , ,
9.1. ,
9.1,
(10 ) R (32%) , ,
( = 1,44).
(300 ) N (2 10 1/ ).
= 6- 10" (. 3.3.5.).
, ,
/--(: /;|), ,
. (9.4.7) =
= (d/Q,62d ), d d = 2w . d = 10
d = 1 , = 1,6 10" . , (9.4.9)
N = (5 + 2) 10 1/ ,
(9.4.9) . ,
, . .
,
, , , N .
,
N (9.4.3).
|;=1 = 4 , J = 280 / , 4 ,
, -. ,
N
J .
, , , = 3 R = 80%, =0,28 ,
, N = (2,3 + 2) 10 1/ J = 170 / .
TH
-1
18
-3
TR
16
18
TH
TR
TH
TH
TH9
TH
-1
18
TH
TH
. 9.24
(QW-cTpyKTypa), ,
((?-).

1
.
, g N ,
( . [ 4 5 ] ) .
y
9. , .
485
0,35
0,25
. 9.25

In Ga
^/InGaP

.
6 7 0
-
-
0 5
0 5
,
(. 9.25).
5 ,
(4 ) , .

,

d. (L > 300 )
N = N , , ,
,
. ,
,
,
[46].
9.4.3 , -

( - 0 , 1 % ) . ,
,

- 1 - 3 % ,
.

,
.
:
,
, - (
, 900-1100 I n G a A s / G a A s ) ;
3.3.6,
, ,
, .

N
.
,

.
th
tn
ljc
tr
486
. .
9.4.5.

,

(. 9.26), (
) ,

. ,
,
, ,
s (s = 3-10 ).
(. . 9.20)

( = Ls, L ),
. , J
I = JA . ,

s,
, .
, . .
(. . 9.26). s
(s < 10 ), ,
,
. , , ,
,
(.
. 9.22) (. . 9.24).
,
( -1x5 ).
(. 9.26) ,
,
.
:) ))
)
. 9.26
- :
) , )
.
9. , .
487

(

).

, (. 9.266).
,

. ,
(,
)
.
,
: , .
. 9.27
-GaAs
. ,
100
.
(-15 )
-GaAs
. ( - 1 )
. (, J = 200 / ,
(. 9.2), s = 4 L = 150 , I = 1,2 . )
. 9.27 , I
. ,
I (/ ),
,
,

. ,
,
AT,
(Ii /If )
= exp(AT/ ).

, ,
I
. ,
. 9.27, , = 91 .
, -GaAs
100-200 ,
GaAs
100
200
300

/ ( )
( > 270 ) . ,
. 9.27

-

X
2
th
th
th
th
th
488
. .

( , . 3.25 . 3.15).
- InGaAsP/InP- ,
, (50 < <70 ) , -
( ) (. 3.2.6).
, (. . 9.27)
-10 . (
50 ) ,

. ,
rj = dP/Vdl, V .
1,8 ,
r\ = 40%.
( 60%). ,

.
0
9.3.
. ,
,
: P = (I - I )r\ hv/e
r\
, 9.4.3, v
.
( , -
), . ,
:
e
th
(9.4.14)
R ,
L .
\

, .. = d(P/hv)/d(I/e). (9.4.14)
:
(9.4.15)
,
. ,

r\ = r\ (eV/hv).
ex
, , -
(-1 ) , ,
-.
9. , . .
489
, , (-10 ),
- ,
. d d\\ (
1/ ) , ,
.
(4.7.19), ,
(6), , ( 9 ) ,
0 = 2X/nd\\ Q = 2X/nd .
(, 1x5 )
, , ,
, . ,
(. . 6.9)
90.
6.3.2.1,
.
. 9.28 ,

.
-.
:
1. A v / v
(-1,1 10" ), , (9.4.1), ,
E /h.
2. Av = 400 (. . 9.28)
,

( X = 1550 ).

.
.
1^
0,9-
0,8-
0,7-
I I | I I I | I I I |
II|
1-
3, 0,6 -
1,434
- I I I I I I I - II I1 I 1
1,436
436
1,438
1,440
II
II
[.
|
1,442
1,4
1,444
, hv ( )
. 9.28
GaAs -
- 2 5 0
490
. .
9.4.6.

(-)
, , ,
( ) [47]. , 1550 , . 9.29,
InGaAsP (X = 1550 )
InGaAsP (X = 1300 ),
.
InGaAsP ,
InP - /z-,
n (z) = ((, ))
. ( )
(
) , ,
|/(#)| (.
(9.4.5)). , n f(z)
, . .
eff
ef
n (z) =
eff
+ ttiSin
[(2/) + ],
(9.4.16)
(. . 9.29).
,
-
(. . ),
:
X = = 2(n )A,
(9.4.17)
eff
(n ) z n (cu.
). , ,
eff
eff
L/2
. 9.29
-:
) , ) ./4.
9. , .
491
, n f(z)
. . 9.29

, / 2 .
(.
4.4), ,
((n )A/2)
= ,/4. (9.4.17)
,
, ,
. , ,
(
).
,
-
. ,

, ,
,
. . . ,
,

.
[47, 48].
.
,
. 9.30 = = 0. ef
EFF
5L
5L
. 9.30
( )
5 L gL
:
) ; ) ./4. ( [49].)
492
. .
. 9.31

,

-
( )
,
/4(). (
[49].)
- 1 -
1-
- 1 -
, = |22, L)/Ef(0, 0 ) |
, 8L = ((3 - P ) L .
Ef(x, z)
, L , = 2 / = / .
, , kL = 2
k (k = 2/)
(g)L [49]. . 9.30 ,
(. .
5 = 0), , . .
,
. , ,
. 9.31,
,
[49].
, , + 1 ,
, . . , {n )
(^)_
- 1 . ( )

. (. (9.4.17)),
4-1 - 1
= 2 .
,
. 9.30, .
,
.

. ,
- /4 [50].
/ 4 (. .
z = L / 2 , . . 9.296). . 9.306
5L
(g)L
B
eff ly
9. , .
493
kL (kL = 2). ,
X = .
, . .
, , (.
. 9.30).
. 9.316, ,

n = () (
) (. . 9.316).
, ( )
(n ) .
(/2 ) = , X
= 2 .
eff
eff
, , /4
. (,
InGaAsP 1550 {neff) = 3,4
(9.4.17) = 0,23 ).
, , ,
,
.
-
, . 9.32.
, ,

.
,
. , ,
(/4)
, ,
, X = 2(neff)A. , (-)
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
494
. 9.32

(-)
. .
- , - -,
. , -
, ,
.
,
-& ,
.
9.4.7.

,
, ,
, ( ).
, ,
,
, .

:
1. ,
,
45 ,
(. 9.33).
2.
, ,

(
,
VCSEL , . 9.336).
,
. 9.33,
. ,
(. 9.336)
, ,
. ,
,
. 9.33
: ( ) , ,
, ,
4 5 ; ()
9. , .
495
. \7ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZL
16, /4-
^.
i V
- j
/ v
W i V
j
G a A s - A I
As
' I n G a A s

^
G a A l A s
-
I
20,5 /4-
G a A s - A l A s
TZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZL
G a A s
. 9.34
/
/

.
GaAs
,
,

.
( [ 5 2 ] . )
.

, , ,
.
[51].
. 9.34
,
I n G a A s / G a A s - C T p y K T y p b i
( 8 ).
G a A l A s ,
.
20,5 ^- 16
/^- GaAs/1As.
(3,6 GaAs 2,9
A l A s ) (-99%)
. ,
,
(J = 4 / ) .
, ,
(D = 5 -10 ), (~1 ).

, ,
TEM0Q ,
(, 2 ). , -
( 1 - 2 )
(. = 100 ).
,
,
, .

.

,
.
( ./4).
0 2
08
0 5
0 5
th
496
. . J
.

^ ,
.
50%.

( O K O J ^ O 1 ). ,

.
( (,
8x8), .
9.4.
.
(9.4.9) = 1,
N = (//) + N , I .
9.2, , N = 2 10 a 6 10~

.
= -In R + a L, R
, ^
L . R = 99%,
/ 20 L = 2 , = 1,4 10~ . ,
1 = 24 , N = 11 10 ,
, N (y/aZ),
. (9.4.3), = 1 = 2 ,
J = 3,84 10 / .
D = 8 , I = (> /4) J = 0,44 .
th
tr
18
-3
16
tr
-1
18
-3
th
th
4 i
th
th
th
9.4.8.
-

. ,
,
. (QW)
,
.
I I I - V
(, InGaAsP/InP, GaAs/AlGaAs, InGaN/GaN/AlGaN)
0,3-2 .
-
,
- .
1
, , .
9. , .
497
- (QC )
.
,
, ,

. /,
QC ,
.
,
. QC
: GalnAs/AlInAs/InP, GaAs/AlGaAs,
GalnAs/AlAsSb.
, ,

,
(CVD ) .
,
3-200 .
, ,
, .
,
,

. QC
() (
) .
1
. ,

, QC
.

1971 .

.
,
1994 . QC [60].
. 9.35 ,
QC . ,
,
, .
. ,
( )
. ,
3, *
498
. 9.35
( ) -
() - .

.
3 2 .
, 3 2 1 , - ,

3 2 , > ,
2. ,
2 1 . 2, -
, ,
= 0,2-0,3 .
3 2, 3,
1.
,
. ,
, /-
. QC 20 -- 100
. .
32
32
2 1
, ,
[60].

3,
; ,

.
2. ,

( 1).
2-3 , . . , 2. 1
2 ,
3
9. , .
499
, 1
2. /
, , ,
.
/
, (/ (SL) [61].
,
.
, ,
(),
().
(. . 9.356).
, , , 2-3 .
(
) -
, -
. ,

. , SL-QC
. ,
, ,

QC . ,
, .
[62] ,
. . 9.36.

, . .

25
500
50
( )
75
100
. 9.36

(-)
-
.

(
)

.

. . )
.
, .
.
,
. , ,
.

.
,
/.
QC
.
4-9 -.

, QC
.
, .
(DFB)
(. . 9.4.6). QC ,
1,5 - 4,5 (. . 70 200 ),
. QC
-.

- ,
.
, ,
.
9.4.9.

, , ,
.
. . 9.7

.
GaAs,
InP,
-.

( ).
(,
)
, .
501
9,7

AlGaAs/GaAs
InGaAsPflnP
InGaAs/GaAs
InGaAlP/GaAs
720-850
1200-1650
900-1100
630-700
[ ]
4-15
5-10
2-10
-10

Jth [ / ]
80-700
200-1500
50-400
200-3000
[ ]
120-200
50-70
100-200
60-100
/
[]
1
Al^Gax-Âs/Al^GaÂs
,
.
720 850 .
( = 5-20 )
- .
, ,
(. 6.9 6.10)
, Nd ( = 800 ), :
( = 790 ) Cr:LISAF ( = 670 ).
9.2
, .
In _ Ga ASj P _ /InP
= 2,2,
( = 1310 , = 0,27)
( X = 1550 , = 0,42)
. ,
.
1550 .

, ( A v < 10 ).
/ , .
(
/) ,
0 . ,
( /
/) .
-,
( -13 )
1550 . ,
,
.
In _ Ga As/GaAs ^
, , .
:c
JC
!/
502
. .
(900-1100 ). 980 ( = 0,8)

- ,
Yb.Er Y b . Y A G .
~100 - (
1 x 4 ) -1 (
1 30 ). (-40
) .

,
, In . Ga As/GaAs
. ,
, .
1
JC
;c
InGaP/InGaAlP ,
[53].
In G a P / I n ( _ 1 .) - ( = 0,5
= 0,7 , . . 9.25),
670 . ,
( ~20 )
-,
He-Ne ( ) ,
- .

, . 9.7.
,
(- ). III
V , I n G a N / I n 5 G a N - C T p y K ,
(417 ) [54].
, I I - V I ,
ZnCdSe/ZnSSe . ,
,
,
(~100 ). , ,
( 100
),
,
. -
, , -,

.
I V VI , Sn (, PbSSe, PbSnTe PbSnSe),
-
(4-29 ).
( < 100 ) , ,
0 5
0 5
0 5
05
9. , .
0 > 8
0 > 0
0 ) 9 5
503
,
. ,
,
(, ). , ,
-
-,
[56].
9.5.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
.

(). ,
, ,
. ,
( ) .
,
( ) .
,
(
)
. ,
,
(,
. .),
.
, ,

-, .
9.1.
, ,
.
9.2.
, 720 .
?
504
. . :
9.3.

50 . ?
9.4.
2 ,
-1 .
?
9.5. ,
6 , 10 .
. 9.3 , 2.9.2,

,
().
N d . Y A G .
4
9.6. ,
(. 9.8) ,
= 1 , 5 = 6,6
. ,
(g = 4),
= 300 = 400 .
-> ,
= 4 10~ . ,
,
300 400 .
2
19
9.7. CrrLISAF
. 647,1 .
,
L I S A F ,
1 . % I = 4 . ,

60 , 1%,
1%. ,
. 9.11 . 9.5,
,
.
3+
9.8. (6.3.19)
,
(
)
(
)?
,
[25].
,11
9. , .
505
9.9.
, - ( ,
).
, Cr.LISAF
.
9.10. ,
, . 9.13,
6G (
580 ) (. 9.17).
, 3%,
1%. , 80%
,
5 ,
- k = 10 " , = 0,1
P , 9.7 Cr.LISAF,
.
7
ST
t h
9.11. d,
J (. 9.23),
-, (9.4.10),
T = D /2, D (9.4.11).
,
d , J .
dm J ,
9.1.
th
th
th
9.12. ,
9.3,
. , 9.1,
- GaAs/AlGaAs,
1,8 .
9.13. - ,
. ,
,
,
w\\ Wj_. ,
.
,
.
X = 850 , w = 0,5 , )\\ = 2,5 .
9.14. ,
X,
506
. .

- (
n = X(dn/dX)).
g
9.15. . 9.30 ,
, kL = 2 (
-,
, a L ).
k 9.4.6, (9.4.16),
X = 1550 , a L = 600 .
9.16. . 9.30
A(8L) =\ 7,28.
Av ,
8 9.4.6.
, - InGaAsP L = 600 ,
= 3,4, X = 1550 . ,

- L, X
n , .
0
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. ., . ., . ., . , . / / .

A l A s - G a A s . , 1969, . 2, . 1289.
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3 +
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508
. . '
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0
th
9. , ..
509
10
,
,

10.1.

, :
, .
, ,
.
,
,
, .

,

(,
, . .),
.

, : ()
; () ; ()
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, ; ()
; () .
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),
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, (
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,
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, -).
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);

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;
.

( - ).
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.
, ,
,
, . ,

( ) :
( 2) ,
( 1);
2 , 1.
,
, 2 > 1 ,
1 (. (7.3.1)).
,
( ).
10. , , ...
511
10.2.1.

,
.
, , ,
. - (1-10 ),
He-Ne ,
. ,
Pb, , , , Sr . ,
.
, (510 ) (578,2 ) .

.
10.2.1.1.
-
He-Ne , ,
[ 1 , 2 ] . ~
,
.
, X = 633 ().
X = 543 -
= 1,15 3,39 . -
,
,
N
e
21
5s ?,
X = 1,15 ,
2\S
*
,
,
20
|2 S

[ 3 ] .
v
.
10.1
19
!
Ne. *%

18
-,
*

17
, 1*S OTBCfl
,
18
16

. 2 S 2 S
,
1\S
oL
2ft;

^
. 10.1

He-Ne
. :
3
512
. .
10,
, .

. ,
ls 2s 2p ,
, 2- s- (3s-, 4s- 5 s ) - (-
4) . , -
2- s- -
4 10 .
. 10.1 , 2 S 2 S
4s 5s Ne. 2 S 2 S
( S-> S ; , , 2 S - > 2 S
, . . ),
4s- Ne ( ).
, He-Ne
, ,
,
Ne. 4s- 5- Ne
,
. , ,
-. , ,
s- (x =100 )
- ( = 10 ), ,
(7.3.1). , ,
(
), ,
,
4s 5s. , ,
4 .
,
5s- 48- ( ) 4/?-,
. . 10.1 ,
.
( > 0 2) ,
, ,

(. . 4.9).
. , ,
He-Ne- (X = 633 X = 632,8 )
,
-1,5 (. 2.6). , (2.5.13)
: Av = 1/(2) = 19 ,
2
nat
10. , , ...
513
10
,

[]
4
[ 1 ]
He-Ne
He-Cd
633
510,5
514,5
441,6
52
700
~ 1
30
[]
150
500
[]
10
[]

[ . .]
- 1
10
1,5
2,5
3,5
4 ()
40 ( )
0,1 ( )
10 ( )
. .
0,8 ( N e )
0,1-1 ( )
0,l(Cd)
= " + " , x s- ^- .
, ,
(, Ne A v = 0,6 = 0,5 . .; . 2.2). ^;
, 633 *
. 10.1.
$
. 10.2 He-Ne . $|!
,
. .
,
.
, ,
He-Ne- . , ,
,
.
. ,
1
. 10.2
-
( )
514
. . )
, , .
,
,
, .
. 10.2 ,

, . . .
He-Ne ,

, .
He-Ne ,
. , . .
J, , (
, 0,633 3,39 ) ,
(2 S 2 )
,
, :
He(2 S) + e ^ H e ( l S ) + e.
(10.2.1)

N , J,
k + k J. k ,
, a k J (
k ) ,
(10.2.1). ,
k J, k .
N k J = (k + k J)N*, N
, aiV*
2 S . 2 S
:
00
00
N*=N
(10.2.2)
&2 +kJ*
,
.
55-
Ne
2 5-,
5s
J (. 10.3).
,
,
( 4)
J (. 10.3)
Ne

.
1
, J
. 10.3

H e - N e

. , , .
515
, ,
, ,
, .
He-Ne
. ,
:

D (pD = 3,6 - 4 . . ).
pD
(. 6.4.5);

Ne (~5:1 X = 632,8 -9:1 X = 1,15 );
(D = 2 ).
: pD, . .
, (
) , \
; ,
, , ,
, ,
,
pD.
,
D, , , ! f

( ).
, . 10.3, He-Ne * %
(
X = 633 1-10
20 50 ,
). He-Ne
( < 10~ ). *
. , . 10.1
,
20 , 2 .
, ;

. ,
(L < 15-20 ), pea*
(,
), , ,
(. 7.8.2.1).
He-Ne
[Av/v =
10~ ] (
, - ),

,
/ ( 633 ).
3
- 1 1
12
1 2 9
516
. .
He-Ne
,
(,
-).
He-Ne
, - .
He-Ne ,
,
. , He-Ne
,
, ,
. :
(, ), , ,
He-Ne ,
. ,
He-Ne
(,
) .
10.2.1.2.

. 10.4
[4],
-. S

3 d 4 s , ,
4- , 4-,

/2* D
D
3d 4s , , - 4-.

,
- ( )
,
D-. , -
(578 )

. ,
(510 )
-> S (,

, AJ = 0 1),

. ,
( = 1500),
1/2

. 10.4

(~0,1 . .),
,
-> S

2
1/2
10
/2
3/2
5/2
l/2
l/2
10. , , . . .
517
. ,
( ) D.
(~0,5 ), . , -
, ,
.

-> >5/2 (), P i -> -^/2
(). , D -> S
( ), D
( ). ,
,

-. , D -> S

, ,

. '
. 10.1.
,
. 10.5,
,
.
,
.
.
( 25-50 . .)
, m
2)- *
.
, , *
2
3 / 2
/ 2
. 10.5

( Oxford Lasers,
Ltd)
518
. .
() .
(Cu-HyBrID ),
.
CuBr, ,
,
.

100
(30-50 ) ( -10 ).
- 1 % .
( - 5 5 % , . . 10.4),
S - .
(-200 ) ( - 3 % )
.

( , ,
, , ),
. ,

(, ) (
) (10-20 ). ,
,
( 100 ),

7.
2
235
10.2.2.

. ,

Ze ( Z , ),
(Z - 2) .
, 2,
.
,
. ,
:
1.
,
+

. ,
(514.5 488 )
(647,1 ) .
+
2.
(Sn, Pb, Zn, Cd Se). Cd , , He-Se .

10. , , ...
519
10.2.2.1.

[5, 6] . 10.6.
-
. 4s 4 ,
- 4s 4.
- 4s 4,
. 10.6 ,
.
4-
,
. , . .
,
.
4- (~10~ , 4 - > 4s)
10 , 4s -> ,
4-. , 4-
, ,
35
4 -> 4s
. ,
'*
4-
30
(. . 10.6):
()
4-
25
; ()
a

8 20
4; ()
,
15
( )
4-. *
, , *
() (ft), ,
10
*
*
. ,
() ()
,
, ,

. 10.6
(dN /dt)
:
+
520
(dN /dt)
N N
e
=N*,
(10.2.3)
. . 1
N nN
(N zN B
).
(. [20]), u

. J = ev N
,
N ,
(10.2.3) , (dN /dt)
J . ,
,

,
(~ 1 / ) . ,

He-Ne [7].
,
4 - 4s. 4s
,
, ( = 514,5 )
( = 488 ).
, AVQ,
, 3500 . , ,
(2.5.18), = 3000 .
,
.
. 10.1.
. 10.7 ( > 1 )
. , ,
() ,
() .
,

, .
(~ 2 ),

(
)
.

. ,
e
drift
drift
00
-

"

. 10.7
-
+
. , , . .
521
,
, .
,
,
.
, ,
.
, ;
, ()
, .
,
( /).
,
.

. *
, ,
. ^
,
. ,
(
). , ( > 1 )
, ?
-,
. ( < 1 )
() , *
. *
, , He-Ne ,
.
1
*
1-20 , *
^
. 7.166. (-100 ) ajH
,
.
( J ) ,
, , He-Ne
. ( < 10~ ). ,
(-7,5%; . . 10.6)
, *
.
2
6.4.4, ,
- ,
, . , ,
.
1
522
. .
.
(-150 ) (~3,5 ),
, , .
(
)
( ).
(
),
( , Ti.Sa ) .

N d : Y V 0 , (
X = 532 ).
.
4
10.2.2.2.
HE-CD
. 10.8 He-Cd,
.
2
-. ( Ds/2
D ) Cd . :
2
5/2
(10.2.4)
* + -> + + ,
+

,
. ,
,
*

( ,

). ,
,

,

. He-Cd
*
2 S 2 S,

Cd
Cd .
, ,
25
.2\S
20
d
2 S^|
*,
15
( )
1\S
Cd
. 10.8

He-Cd
. , , .
523
(, , ) D
, .
, D (-0,1 )
(-1 ).
D
. , AJ = 0, 1,
D
- \/2
325 , ) D
- /2
416 ,
). Cd
S .
He-Cd
, ,
.
, ,
Cd.
(~250) ,
Cd. ,
.
,
. ,
, .
().
, ,
Cd (1 1000 ) .
He-Cd 50-100 ,
He-Ne
( ) ( ).
, He-Cd ,

(, ,
, ,
.).
1
s/2
5/2
1/2
10.2.3.

. ,
:
1. - .

( ),

- (2,5-300 ).
1
, ( 2 . 6 . 2 ) , k .

( 1 0 . 2 . 4 ) (dN/dt)^
= k . N .N ,
(dN/dt)^

A B , a N . N
.
A B
A B
524
. .
0 , 10,6
9,6 . ,
( = 6 ) HF (, = 2,7-3,3 ).
2. - () .

.
- .
( = 337 ). ,
,
.
()
, , , -.
( ), , ,
,
(- ).
.
3. .

( ,
).
- (25 -1 ). ,

,
.
,
, ,
, .
, (
, 0 ). (
, CH F, X = 496 ) ,
,
.
.
2
10.2.3.1.
0
2

0 , N [8, 9].
0 , ,
, .
0 ( 0
100 )
( 15-20%).
. 10.9
0 N . N
2
10.
, , ...
525
4000
v

/
3000
v=l
2000
(100)
1000
v=0
. 10.9
0 N
( )
2
. 10.10
0 : ( v )
, ( v ) , ( v )
2
, ,
(v = 0, v = 1) .
0 ,
.
(. 10.10), : 1) ,
2) 3) .
n ,
. ,
, ,
= hv + hv + hv , v , v v .
, 01 0 ,
( 2) .
2 (
),
. 001 100
2
l9
, ,
( Z), - ,
. , "
. 10.10, , .

, I, , 1 *!*:
0 . , 020
(I = 0 ) ,
0.
526
- .
(X = 10,6 ),
001 020 (X = 9,6 ).
001
:
1. . ,
, , : + (000) ->
- + (001).

100 020. , , 000 > 001
, , , 000 -> 100
. , ,
(0, 0, )
0 . 0
(001) :
2
(0, 0, ) + (0, 0, 0) -> (0, 0, - 1) + (0, 0, 1). (10.2.5)

2

(001). ,
,
0 .
2. N .
,
( = 18 ) . ,
N
v = 1 ,
v=l . , 1 -> 0
( ),
N - N .
, N
( <kT)c 0 (
005), 001
0 (10.2.5).
.
, , 001 -> 100,001 - 020,100 010
020 010 ,
(, x 1/v ).

.
x :
2
-1
sp
(10.2.6)
Pi , a a ,
. , , ,
t
,
,
W'-.
10. , ,
527
15 . . (
C 0 : N : H e 1:1:8), ,
= 0,4
, , 100 - > 020

. , ^ kTi
, ( ,
(. . ).
100 020 01*0 (VT-)

0 :
2
(100) + (000) - > COÔlH)) + ( ^ ) + ,

(020) + (000) - > ) + COÔIH)) + .
2
(10.2.7)
(10.2.76)
, '
kT. , 100,
020 01 0 .
01*0
000. ,
01*0 ,
100 020,
01 0. ,
, . .
01 0->000 .
01*0. , ,
01*0 -> 000 ,
01*0
(VT-).
,
, . . . ,
(10.2.6), *
a , .
, ,
20 . ,
.
, ,

. ,

0
.
0 ,
,
k.
, ,
1
528
. .
N He, , N
, .
, 0
(001) -> (100) (X = 10,6 ), (001) -> (020) (X = 9,6 ).
,
, , , 001 - > 100.
9,6 (
)
- ( ,
. 7.16).
,
,
.
-
, - - (. 3.7), -

.
,
J'=41

+
,
5 ^
J' = 21
J'=31
001 (. 10.11) .
II

-.
'
ft bq

= 21)->(J"=22)
\(J'
, . .
-J'=ll
(22)
,
.
. 10.11
,

0
0 [~10 ( . . ) ]
, (
) ,
.

. ,
, , 0
(22) (. . (J' = 21) - (J" = 22))
(001) - (100). , ,
(00 1) - ( 0 2 0 ) ,
, , , . 7.16 (
0 2 ) .
2
- 1
-1
- 1
, J
.
2
10. , ,
..
529
0
. , , -
v
( 50 ) (. 3.2).
(. 3.3),
0 ,
( > 100 . .).
, 0
: (1) , (2) *
, (3) , (4) ,
(5) , (6)
, (7)
(TEA ) (8) .
,
6.1. ,
, ,
(, ),
, (15-25%).
(~40%; *
. 10.9) ,
0 (. . 6.28).:
1. . 2
( . , 1964 . [10]).

(. . 10.12) , , w
, . *

( ), !
( , ).
, , ( . 10.12)
, *
, .
, *

2
W W W V W -
-vMMMW
1
_
. 10.12
0
2
530
. .
(50-60 /). , (6.4.24)

, ,
, :
dN ^
dt )
_ J (vo)
' drift
Nf
(10.2.8)
\
J ,
, ,
, N
0 . ,
, (dN /dt)
V . (10.2.8) :
t
JN V
t
JpDH,
(10.2.9)
D , I , .
:

pD [-22,5 ( . .) ;
15 . . D = 1,5 ];
- ,
,
, D.
, J , ,
,
( 20%, , 80%
),
.
, JOTD
, ,
, .
,
J D , ,
(10.2.9),
I.
0
(50-100 ) ,
,
( 1 ).
2. . , . 10.12,
,
, ( ,
), , ,
,
0 - - 0 . ,
0 .
0 ,
2
10. , , .
531
.
( 1%).
0 , -,
:
2
0*+040 +,
(10.2.10
- 0 .
,
.
, ,
0 .

(300) , .

10 .
60 /,
. ( 1 )
( )
. 0 ( 10 )

, .
2
3. .
. 10.12 ( 2 - 4 ),
, .
0 . ,
,
Si0 . 0 ,

(100-200 . .).
. ,
0 (L < 50 ),
. ,
, ,
(-50 /).
0 ,
0 ( < 30 ) (
, ).
,
, , ,
. , . 10.12,
, ,
. 10.13, (
) .
( , / )

2
532
. .
. 10.13
0 -
2
, (
- ) .
(v = 30 ) ,
, , [11]:
,
, ;
,
(, ),
(., , . 6.21).

,
, ;
. ,
0 ,
, .
4. .
,
(.
(10.2.8) (10.2.9)),
( 50 /).
, ,
,
(. . 10.14). ,
, ,
( ),
(. . 6.21).
, ,
J
( - 1 /
). ,
, 0 (

2
10. , ,
533
. 10.14

. 10.15
0
) ; ) .
0 ).
0 .
, .
0 ( 1-3 )
,
, , (-?
).
5. . *

( *
), d,
W ( , .
. 10.15).
, . , P = C(Wl)/d
( ^ 50 /) I [12].
,
WI, , , , 0
(. (10.2.9)).

(, (P ut/ l)
= 20 /
d = 3 ). (. 10.15)
(. 10.156). /
2
out
534
. .
,
.
,
, (
) , .

. ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
, [13].
0

( 1 ).
, .
6. .

,
(. 10.16). , ,
, ,
.
,
( /; .
. 7.7), .
,
(~100 . .),
2
. 10.16
0
2
10. , , ...
535
.
. ,
' ,
/ ,

(. (6.4.22)).
, . 10.12, ,
(100-500
1 ). ,
, (
, . transverse electric
field ).
-0 (
1-20 ) ,
(, , ,
).
,
,
.
,
,
.
7. (TEA
). -0
~100 . .
( )
, .
,
, .
( ),
, ,
.
TEA ( . transversely excited at atmospheric
pressure ).
, TEA
(10-50 / ) .

,
().
. 10.17 ,
-
, . -

,
(-).
2
536
. .
. 10.17

( )
-0
.

-

,

I
_
20
( )
( ).
,
( )
.
( ),
,
(
; . . 5.186).
( 1 ) .
( )

.

(-4 = 1 . ).
, TEA
1 .
-0
(-50 )
((P ) = 300 ) .
-0 ,
, ,
(,

).
2
out
10.2.3.2.

-
, , .
,
, 0 , (, = 5 ),
. [14]
100 , 60%.
2
10. , , .
537
,
(77-100 ) .
X = 5 -
(, = 77 ,
v'(ll) - v (10) v'(7) - v (6)).

. N

. 90%

.
, W- , FT-
( ).

,
,
s~
up
.
11L

.
. 10.18
. 10.18,
,
-
(v ' ) ,
((J' = 5) -> (J = 6), (J' = 4) -> (J = 5)) -
, .
,
,
, . ,

.
,

.
,
2
CO(v = ) + ( = ) ->
-> CO(v = + 1) + CO(v = - 1) > . ( ,
)
(. . 3.1).
, , >
, .
, .
, ( ( = ) )
,
.
538
. .

.
FT- ,
.
,
.
, .
, , ,
.
0 ,

,
.
.
( > 1 ) ,

( - 1 0 % ) ,
,
.
2
10.2.3.3.

-
N [15].

X = 337
( ) ,
.
. 10.19

N .
,
. . (
-)
B H (-) . ,
-
N ,
, .
-, -
,
.
14
3

12
10 - 1
Jt
/
/
* 8 - V
>
6
4
2
0
0,8
/
1,2
1
1,6
1
2
1 _L
2,4
2,8
3,2
( )
. 10.19

N .

(v = 0 )

-
( 0 , 7 4 - 1 , 2 ) , B Tl - > .
3
10. , , .
539
10.2
-
KrF
N2
(KrF)*
337,1
248
[ ]
40
0,05
[]
40
10
[]
4
[]
[]
[]
10
0,25
3
120 ( )
40 ( N )
2
960
()
6(F )
2
2400 ()
- ,
v = 0 - ,
v = 0 -. ,
- ,
, -.
() - 40 , -
10 . (7.3.1) , , ,
.
,
40 .
v"(Q) - > v'(0) (
X = 337,1 ) -
. ,
, v"(l) - v'(0) (X = 357,7 )
v"(0) - > v'(l) (X = 315,9 ).
N . 10.2.
N ,
. 10.17.
(~10 / :
N -40 960 ), TEA* |
. (5-10 ),
.
*
( ) ,
. ,
(. 2.9.2),
. ,

.
~1 ~10
100 . N ,
. 2
540
. . ]

( ~1 ).
,
.
(10-50 ) , ,
(~100 100 ).
(~10 ), (~100 )
,
-.
10.2.3.4.

[17]

, .
,
. 10.20.
,
(. .
) .
,
(. .
). ( . excited dimer
). ,
-
.

() ()
(- ).
.
N e ,
(X = 170 ) [16].

, :

1.
. 10.20

,

-.
2.
, -
. ,
, .
3. -
- ,
2
10. , , .
541

(Av = 20-100 " ).
,

,
.

()
(-
- 2 III"I I I I I I I | I | I
).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
()
,

. 10.21
,
(
),
K r F ( [ 1 7 ] )

. .
1
,
( , , )
(F, 1), .
A r F (X = 193 ), KrF (X = 248 ), XeF (, = 351 ) XeCl (X = 309 );
-. ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
, ;

.
.
KrF ,
(. 10.21).

, R -
S F.
.

(0,5-1 ), ,
1
, ,
. , -,
( . excited complex ) .
,
.
542
. . 0
(., , . 10.19).
R > S
.

1 , .
1 -> 1 ,
. ,
F~ .
. 10.2.
,
K r F , , .
,
F :
l
+ -> + *,
* + F - ( K r F ) * + F,
(10.2.11)
(10.2.116)
, ,
:
+
+ - 2 + ,
+ F -> F" + F,
F~ + K r + -> (KrF)* + ,
(10.2.12)
(10.2.126)
(10.2.12B)
F,
,

( ). , (10.2.126)
- .
.
, - (
)
, (
120 , F 6
2400 ). (10.2.12)
(KrF)*.
2
,
. . 10.17
2-, .
,
.
, ,
, (
10-20 ), -0 .
, . 10.17,
. ,
,
.
2
. , , ...
543

500 100 ,

1 . (. . 10.21)
,
( 2 - 4 % ) .
,
,

. ,

. ^
,
.

(, , ), ( *
, ). * 248

.
,
- .
J
10.3.

[18,19] ,

.
, , ,
, .
+
.

- .
, ,
, , . ,
,
- .
3-10 ,
HF DF ,
.
1
0 2 ,
6.1, , ,
, .
1
544
. .

: ABC -> + . ,

.
,
-

(X = 1,315 ).
1 ( C F I ,
C3F7I), - (-300 )
.
:
,
(
), , ,
( -).
:

;
,
( ) (
),
.
2
1/2
1 / 2
3 / 2
10.3.1.
HF
HF
SF F . ,
. -
SF . ,
. SF
.
,
, -0 .
,
. ,

. , F
, ,
. ,
HF .
6
F +
.
:
2
, , F ( 1 6 % F
) 2000 / , 1000
H F ( ) .
2
10. , , ...
545
F + H - > H F * + H,
(10.3.1)
.
, :
^J>
H + F - > H F * + F.
(10.3.2)
,
, . .
, ,
HF
, (10.3.1) (10.3.2) 31,6
98 / , *
. , :
= 31,6 / =1,372 ,
HF.
HF
, 3 ( = 0,414 ), ,
,
HF
v = / = 3 (. . 10.22).
, , ,
,
-. ,
, ,
v = 0, 1, 2 3 .
)
HF. , , 5 18
v = 3 , ,
. , 1 18
H+F
F-bHF(lO)
N(v)
(6)
(9)
(6)
(8)
(9)
(7)
(16)
JSL
J5L
:98 |
F+H
H + HF(3)
|AH:31,6KKI
(0)

546
33
20
N(v)
(3)
10
(1)
(4)
30
(2)
9
(1)
6
. 10.22

H F
:
a) F + H - > HF* + H ; ) + F - > HF* + F.
N{y)
V ,
2
(0)

. .
(v = 0),
( ,
). ,
,
, ( = 2) - > (v = 1).
(. 10.226) HF,
v = 10.
N(v) , ,
. ,
(v = 5) -> (v = 4).
, , , (10.3.1)
60%
. , HF
.
, .
F - H
,
. -
HF ,
,
HF.
, ,
F,
HF. ,
, HF
.
2
, HF

HF,
, .

HF. ,
, (v = 1) - (v = 0)
( = 6) -> (v = 5).
,
(. 10.22), - ,
( = 2,7-3,3 ). ,
,
, . 10.22. ,
,
: -,
. , (v = 2) > (v = 1)
( ), 2 ,
1 , , ,
(v = 3) -> (v = 2) (v = 1) -> (v = 0). -,
. , , ...
547
. 10.23
H F
( D F )
(
[18])
,

,
. H F
D F , 1 , ,
H F , 3,5-5 .
. 1 0 . 2 3
H F D F .

( 4 ) .
, ,
, ( 1 0 . 3 . 1 ) ( 1 0 . 3 . 2 ) .

, .
, (
),
.
( !)
.
H F - .
,
- (, ).
H F H D F , . 1 0 . 2 3 ,
. ,
.
F
. ,,
, ( 1 0 . 3 . 1 ) ( 1 0 . 3 . 2 )
. ,

, .
MIRACL ( .
mid-infrared advanced chemical laser)
-, 2
548
. .
DF.
(2,2 ). DF HF
, DF
, .
HF 5 .
,
, ,
,
( ,
).
10.4.

() [20] ,
, ,
, ( ) (. . 10.24).

,
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
, . . , .
,
, , ,
() (. 10.24).

.
, ,
. 10.24
(
, , - )
10. , , .
549
co = (2n/X )v = (2n/X ) , X v
(
). ,
v .

.
,

q
q c
\l-(v /c) \
2
.
, (
) ,
0
1+
1/2
(/)
2,
'1
l-(v,/c)
(10.4.2)
l-(v /c)
2
^=^[1-( /) ]-
(.4.8)
, , ,
v = . (10.4.2) (10.4.3)
[1 -(v /c) ],
,
, v ,
: [1 - (v /c) ] = ( /) ,
, ->*
. *
v , . . [1 - (v /c) ] .
, ,

0
1
. = ( ) /2
(
, ).
(10.4.2) (10.4.3) (10.4.4) :
2
1/2
(
2{ )
( -->
, ,
X / . ,
, X = 10 = 1, ,
0
( 1 + 2 )
10 4 6
550
. .
10 10
. , , ,
,
(. . 10.24).
, ,
At' = (l/c)[l - (v /c) ] ,
I
. (10.4.1) , ,
, ,
N = ''/2 = l/X , . . N = l/X
. ,
[sin (/2)/(/2)] ,
= 2nN (v - v ) / v .
Av ( )

2
1/2
cyc
Av
v
0,2
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
10 *
-1,0
-0,5
/fTv | | /
-10-8
-6
-4
1 1
-2
1 1
1 1
. 10.25

.
,

,
,

.

,
,

. ,

N ~ 10 , (10.4.7)
A v / v = 5 10" .
,

.

, ,

,
. ,

2
-0,5
-1,0
. 10.25
) )

= 2nN (v - v ) / v
w
. , , . .
551
.
,
.

( ).
,

. ,
,

, .
. 10.256. ,
, ,
.
, ,
.

( 10),

.
.
,
.
X = 3,4

[21].
3,2 , = 84,7 ,
L ,
(. . L = /2 = 12,7 ) . ,
.

.
(. (10.4.5)), ,
, ,

. , \

, ,
, A v / v , . .
r\
= (1/2N ).
,
( - ) .
:
2
Xq/E
( );
, ,
, .
9
max
- 2
552
- 3
. .
, , ,
, .
,

( > 10 ), (7 - 1-100 ) .
, ,

( ).
, ( = 1-2 )
(I ~ 10-20 ) . ,

( ),

,
. v = 2/
(10.4.5), ,
.
()
,
. ,
, .
0

: (1) ; (2)
, ,
(3) , ,
(
200 ).
, , -,
, ,
, ,
- (100-400 )
(- < 100 ).
10.5.

, ,
. ,
[22] , :
,

;
,
.
10. , , ...
553
,
, ,
.
, , (7.3.12)

hvmp_
(10.5.1)
P
= a(v = v ) = ,
. ,
,
.
(2.4.29) (2.3.15) 1/ v /g (0),
||. ,
(2.4.9), (2.4.28) g (0) 1/Av ,
Av ( ).
, (10.5.1), hv = hv ,
P
v A v . , - -,
, . (. (2.5.18)), Av v ,
, P
VQ . ,
,
,
( ). Av 1/ v P
v. , , ,
(X = 500 ) ( = 10 ),
50 , a P
!
,

. ,

.
(
) ,
,
.

( ).
,
, 24-
( S e ) [23].
,

.
Novette (X = 532 ,
~1 , ~1 ), mth
mp
mth
mth
mth
mth
2 4 +
554
. .
. 10.26

Nova- . . (d = 200 , / = 1,2 )

(75 ) ,
150 ( 10.26).
.
(~5 1 0 / ) (Se), d = 200 .
- ,
S e .
, Ne (. . 10.1),
l s 2 s 2 p ( ).
( = 1 )
S e , 2 3
2p 3s ,
3s ,
-> 3s ( ). ,
. 10.26,
( = 20,63 = 20,96 ) 2 3 - 2p 3s (.
. 10.1).
Ne .

G = (a iV7), 700.
, ,
2.9.2. ,
Q = 10~ , -
. (2.9.46) G = 4,5 10 . ,

. ,

(~10~ ) .
,
[24].
,
( A g
) , ( 1
) ,
13
2 4 +
2 4 +
th
10
3 7 +
8 +
1 2 +
10. , , .
5 +
555
1 1 +
10+
51
35+
( S i 1 ) ( ) .
~3,6 47 ,
G 10 10 .

.
( X = 46,9 ) ,
,
1 -10 , .
3
8 +
10.6.

.
, ,
(
). (
), .
, (, N d : Y V 0
)
. He-Ne ,
, InGaAlP
. ,
, ,

. , , -,
0 , ( )
. ,
.
, ,
0 ,
. ,
, , .
4
10.1. ,
- .
10.2. ,

.
, -
?
10.3.
> 1 . ?
556
. .
10.4.
514,5 -3,5 . 100 .

4 . ,

, ,
.
00
00
00
10.5. , ,
.
: 1)
; 2) -.
10.6. , N

. ,
(. 10.9) .
, . 10.19
.
2
10.7. , N - N ,
(v = 1) -> (v = 0) N
.
f
10.8. , 0
- k.
k , v (
v = 1337 ) , ,
.
2
- 1
10.9. k,
, v
, . 10.9.
3
10.10. , 0
, v ,
- 0 .
2
10.11. , ,

0
J' = 21 (. . 10.11).
= 400 , (kT/h) = 280 .
,
.
2
-1
.12. ,
( )
0 (,
- 1
. , , ...
557

, , 0
J).
2
10.13. 0
Av = 7,58 (\|/ + 0 , 7 3 ^ +0,6y )p(300/T)V
,
,
, (.). ,
,
0 A v ^ 2 ,
0 , N 1:1:8.
?
2
He
- 1
10.14. 0 , ,
,
,
?
2
10.15. , , 31,6 /,
HF (. 10.3.1),
1,372 , .
10.16. , . 10.22.
HF,
,
, . ,
], , .
10.17. , ,
(. 10.226).
10.18. (10.3.1)
,
,
.
(10.3.2)
,
. ,

.
2
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. M.: , 1994.
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Conference Series N . 151 (Institute of Physics, Bristol, 1996).
2
IO. , ,
559
11
1 ,
: 1) ; 2)
( ); 3)
4) . ,
,
(
).

() (
).

t :
E(r, t) =A(r, t) exp {/[<>* - (, )],
(11.1.1)
(, ) (, t) , . .:
dA
Adt
< ( 0 >
(11.1.2)

:
2
/(, t) = E(r, t)E*(r, t) = |A(r, t)\ .
(11.1.3)
11.2.
7 . 9 7.11 ,

,
. , ,

560
. .
. ,
)
. ,
A(t)

.

(7.9.2).
A v , .
7.9, Av ~0,4 He-Ne
1 . ,
,

( A v = 1 )
.

,
.
(, ,
, . . 7.26) A v
10-50 . ( -0,1 )

, . 7.10.
, , ,
. ,
= 10 Av =100 .
L
, ,
, , . ,
,
, ,

( ) , -
.

. ,
,

(, ).
, ,
, ,
10-100 ,
,
,
1 .
.
, .
11.
561
11.3.

1 ,
,
.
. ,
,

[1].
11.3.1.

,
.
.
,
0 .
E(r
t{) E*(r
) , t ut

-.
,
.
:
l9
l9
r^to, p
t t ) = (E(r
l 9
l f
l9
h)E*(r ,
t )).
(11.3.1)
,
, , ,
,
, , ,
. , ,
= t - t
t n t . :
1
* )^, r
1
l9
t 1)
l9
29
= *\
19
19
) = <(, t + ) E * ( r
T
lf
t))
(11.3.2)
, t = t . \
, (,
),
.
:
( 1 )
r< >(r ,r ,T) =

1
lim^
[E(r t
T->QO 1
l9
+ T)E*(r t)dt.
l9
(11.3.3)
, ,
( , ,
562
) , .
. . ]
1
( 1 )
, , ,
,
.
, 11.3.4,
(11.3.1), .

, (r , )
:
( 1 )
( 1 )
(1)
1?
(1)
( ( ! - ! , * + )*(1,*)>
^^^^
+ ^^ + )) / '
(.3.4)
,
(11.3.4) , (11.1.3),
(I (r )). ,
(11.3.4),
(1)
, | |
. ,
()
, .
* * :
(11.3.4) = 1 = 0;
y ( 1 ) (r 1 ? r -) = ( 1 ) *( , , ), (11.3.4)
(11.1.1);
|y ( i> i > ) 1 ^ 1>

(11.3.4).
, | | = 1 ,
. ,
, , , , ,
, . . = ( ){[ - ()]}. , (11.3.4) ,
ly* ^ = 1.
, (E(r t + x)E*(r t)) ,
, > 0.

(, , . . 2.3).
(1)
| | ,
. 11.1 ( ,
(1)
l9
(1)
(1)
l9
(1)
(1)
l9
l9
(1)
. 11.1

ly* ^ )|
.

1
11.
563
(1)
| | ).
, (
) , , . .
|y(D| = 1 / 2 . , = ,
= 0.
L L = .

:
< )( , ,0) = <( ,*) ,*)> = ^ {E(r t)E*(r ,t)dt.

1
(11.3.5)

^
19
29
0):
(E(r t)E'(r t))

l9
29
(11.3.6)
(1)
( , , 0)
, &
. ,

. ,
| | < 1.
, | | = 1 ( ,
,
, L ).
,
. , ,
| - | | |
1 (, = ) 0.
( 1 )
(1)
(1)
(1)
\^
564
. 11.2

(1)
| ( 2 - )|
^
,
. .
(1)
. 11.2, |y (i*2 ~ i ) l
( )
. , , | |
- (, 1/2)
.
.

, :
2
(1)
^ ! , , ) = (E(r 1 + x)E*(r , t)),

2
l9
(11.3.7)
(E(r t + T)E*(r ,t))
( 1 )
y (ri,r ,T) = -
l9
(11.3.8)
(^(^^!,^) / ^,^^^))
1 7 2
'
, ,

.
(11.1.1) (11.3.8) :
(1)
= |(1)|{[(> - ()]},
( )
(11.3.9)
ly**! () ( ), . .
d\y ) ! dty
\yV\dx dx
9
(11.3.10)
>.
11.3.2.

,
(. 11.3).
1, ,
2, , ,
. ,
t
,
[t - (/)] [t - (L2/c)].
, ,

2 ,
,
( )
E[r 1 - ( /)][ , t - ( L / c ) ] ,
. 11.3
.
l9
,
( 1 1 . 3 . 5 )
( ,
) .
11.
565
J
J
,
V
max
min
max
(11.3.11)
"t" * m i n
, 1 2
,
, /
= 0, , (..),
V = 1. , (. . ), , . . 7
=J
,
, , V = 0.
, , V
.

E[r 1 - ( /)] E[r , t - (L /c)] .
, L = L .
, . .
, (. 11.1):
1
m i n
max
(1)
l9
( 1 )
^ = 1 ( ! , , 0)|.
(11.3.12)
, 1 2 (
) , (11.3.12) :
-^ffiffi'Vto.
),
di-3.13)
(1 ) (1 ) ,
. ,
, 11.3, V
l y * ^ , , )|, = (L - L )/c.
11.1. .
( , ? ) ( ) (.
. 11.3) t .
, (1 2) (' - L /c)
(f - L /c) , :
) = K.Eir,,
- LJc) + ( ,
2
- L /c),
(11.3.14)
E(r
t' - L /c) E(r , V - L /c)
, ,
.
L , ,
,
.

(. 4.6), , :
ly
566
. .
= //2)},
= | |{-(;/2)}.
(11.3.15)
(11.3.156)
t = t'- L /c = (L /c) - (L /c)

(11.3.14) :
1
= ( 1
+ ) + { 1).
19
(11.3.16)
29
, (11.1.3)
(11.3.16), I = * =
= \ (
t + ) + K E(r
t)\ . , (11.3.15),
:
2
19
29
I = I (t + T) + I (t) + 2 Re[i JT^fa, t + )* (r ,f)],

1
(11.3.17)
Re . 1 /
,
P
. :
l9
1 = \ \*\( * + )| = \^ 1+
),
/ = \K \ \E(r 1)\
= |# 2 | 2 /( 2 , t),
19
(11.3.18)
(11.3.186)
19
29
I(r 1 + ) , t) .
(11.3.17)
(11.3.7), :
l9
(/> = ( ) + </ > + 2\K^K \Re[Y^\v

2
l9
, )].
(11.3.19)
(11.3.15). (11.3.19)
**,
, (11.3.8) :
1
* 1 + ))(/( 2 ,
(1) =
19
1/2
0>] .
(11.3.20)
(11.3.18),
</) =
+ + 2 ( ( / > < / R e [ Y ( r , , )].
(11.3.9) :
1/2
(1)
(/> = (1 ) + </ > + 2 / ) ( / V 2 | ( i ) |
c o s [ ( a ) > T
( ) ]
(.3.21)
(1)
, | ( , , )|, ()
, (I)
( )
, (). ,
:
1
'mm
'^
= (h) + </ > " WiXhWW= <> + </ > +
2
(11.3.22)
(11.3.226)
, (11.3.11) :
F p =
^^r
| Y < 1 > ( r
r 2
" '
T )
l-
( 1 1
2 3 )
- , = (L /c) - ( /) = 0, (11.3.23)
(11.3.13).
2
11.
567
11.4
)
; ) ,
, L - L

3
(. 11.4)
.
. ,
,
, (.
. 11.12). S
( R = 50%),
. S nS (R = 100%)
, . ,
,
,
2(L - L ) . ,
, ( L - L ) ,
. ,
1
2(L - L ) , . 11.46.
V (x)
(11.3.11) ( L - L )
, . . = 2(L - L )/c
, /
J

. 11.46. , V
, ,
. , :
x
min
^ ( W y ^ r , , ) / ,
(11.3.24)
. ,
V (x) = I Y ^ T ) !
, , , V (T ) = 1 / 2 (. . 11.1).
L = .
, . 11.1, , L
( L - L ) ,
V = 1/2.
P
CO
568
. .
11.3.3.
, ,
,
. ,
, , . .
, Av
.
,
, ,
W(r, ) ( ) (, ). W
- ,
, .
, v ,
.
\ | ( ) | ,
( 1 )
(1)
(<* ) = [ ( - < |()|
<*]]|()<*
()
2
<>=[||()| ^]/[|()| *].

:
2
( ) = <[-<>] >.
(11.3.25)
|(-)| = |()|, () = 0, (11.3.25)

:
2
( ) = < >.
(11.3.26)

( ), ,
, . .
|()|, . . 11.1. , |()|
( ),
.
Av
W (v). ,
( A v ) = ( a ) = ([v - ( v ) ] ) ,
L
(11.3.27)
(v) ,
2
(v) = [ JvT^ dv]/[ J V d v ] .
11-
569
W ,
, a ( ,
), :
v
CF G
T
^(1/4).
(11.3.28)
,
, ,
[2]. (11.3.28)
, | ()| , , W(y) .
, , ,
[ 2 ] .
(1)
11.2.
. ,

,
(. . 2.9).
()
() ~ {-(||/ )},
.
(11.3.26) :
(1)
(1)
Jx [-(2 / )]dz
2
^ jx exp [-x]dx
Jexp [-(2 / )]dz
Jexp [~x]dx
= 2/ . , = / 7 2 . W(v - v )
(. ),
(11.3.27) :
00
J(v-v )
0
1
d(v-v )
l + 4rc (v-v )2 c2 _
2
Tl
.0
00
f
J
1 + 4* (V-V ) T J
d(v-v )
0
00
2
1 dx
I
"
41 0
2
JLi+* J
dx
x = 2n(y - V ) T . ,
(/4) [11], a = (1/2 ).
, a a
1/(2%/2), 7 2 , 1/4,
.
0
570
. .
11.3.4.

1
, , ,
(11.3.1) = t - ,
t nt .B

,
, .

0 - ,
(,

).

:
( 1 )
^ ' ^ ' W O F f t ^ ^ ^ ^ f e ) )
'
(11.3.29)
t t 0 - ,
. ,
, |y (i, t )\ = 1
t t . ,
.
,
(11.3.29) E(t )E*(t )
EitJE*^)
E(t )E*(t )
( ).
, ,
y (*i, t ) :
x
(1)
2 9
(1)
(1)
, | | = 1.
, ,
,
. ,

. ,
(, )
( ), . .
t - t ,
, -
. , | |
t - t . ,
x
(1)
. .
.
11.
571
, ,

,
.
11.3.5.
,
. (
7.10 7.11)
.
:
E(r t) = aouirJexvUlat
( 1) = a u(r )exp{j[(ot
l9
29
(*)]},
(*)]},
(11.3.31)
(11.3.316)
, () ,
. (11.3.31)
(11.3.6) = ( )*( )/\( )\\{ )\
, | | = 1.
,
. ,
A v . ,
N d : Y A G (. . 7.26)
Vjr = 20 , , = 1 / A v = 0,05 .
L = = 15 (
).
,
(I ). (
) ,
,
:
0
(1)
(1)
( ,0 = **(1){/[)^- (0]},
1
(11.3.32)
E(r ,t)
2
= Y, aMr )exp{j^t-Ut)]h
k
(11.3.326)
a ,
k- . ,
(, )
k. , ()
(11.3.32).
, :
k
00 9
( t) =
29
*)-
(11.3.33)
, , E(r t)
r l9
l9
572
. .
.
(11.3.33) (11.3.6) | | = 1.
, ,
(, ),
-
.
, ,
. -

, ,
, ( ).

,
.

.
,
.
2
(1)
00
11.3. ,
. , I
, ,
,
( (11.3.32)):
E(r t)
u
= a u (rOexv{j[^t-b (t)]}>
k
(11.3.34)
E(r ,t) = j^ a u (r )exp{j[^ t-Ut)]}.

2
(11.3.346)
(
) E(r t)E*(r , t),
{[( ~ v)t ~ (& ~ ]} k' k,
,
. , , k' = k.
, :
l9
(( , t)E* (r , t)> = o> a\u (r )u* (r ).
(11.3.35)
= :
2
(E(r
t)E'(r
t)> = | | | )| .
(11.3.36)
= (11.3.35) :
(E(r ,t)E*(r ,t))

2
= Yk\a \ \u (r )\ .
k
(11.3.37)
(11.3.35)-(11.3.37) (11.3.6)
:
11.
573
yd) =
1/2 '
1/2
I . k P l M i i ) !
(11.3.38)
2
2
*|*1 *( )|
R ,
a u (r ) /- ,
R ,
:
Ri R = ^^^^).
(11.3.39)
t
,
-11/2
(11.3.40)
* H R i 1=
1/2
i?2 I R 2 I
|e*l lMi2)l
2
(11.3.41)
.1
(11.3.39)-(11.3.41) (11.3.38), :
y
(l)
R
=
(11.3.42)
R1R2
, R * aR ,
, \^ < 1.
x
11.3.6.

, (
).
,
,
.
,
, ,

(. . 6.66).
(Av = 1 + 10 ) , ,
, . ,
(, . . 6.6)
,
(. . 2.3). , = 1/Av
( < 1 ).
574
. .
. 11.5

,
z
,

d
,
:
, ,
. ,

.
. 11.5,
( ),
d, S.
4.
,
z . ,
,
. ,
z
(, : < <2/2),
.
z
, ,
.
| | z
,
[3]. , | |
(rd/Xz) , ,
(1)
(1)
(1)
, | | = 0,88
r^0,16(A,z/d).
(11.3.43)
.
11.4.
,
(
), :

. , W
, z .
11.
575

:
Q = W/z;
(11.4.1)
J(r)
, .
,
,
.
, 1.8,
,
[ 4 ] . , 0
, ,
, ( 0) :
= /0.
(11.4.2)
, ) ,
.
.

.
, .
11.4.1.

,

( D)
. , ,
J(r)
.
X I X [ 5 ] .
, 1()
, :
2J (ferZ>/2/)
'/,
krD/2f
1
(11.4.3)
k = 2/,, J , 1
x
P , . ,
, (11.4.3),
= , /
.
t
576
. .

I
(. . 11.6):
x = krD/2f.
(11.4.5)
,
,
,
( ),
.
Q
,
. 11.6.
.
, ,
,
(11.4.5) (11.4.2), :
d
. 11.6

D
/

,

= krD/2f
Q =l,22X/D.
d
(11.4.6)

-
( )

.
w ,
R z
, (4.7.17) (4.7.176)
. z (. .
(Xz/nw$)^>l)
, w = Xz/nw R^z.
wuR z,
, ,
.
00 9
Q = w/z = X/nw .
d
(11.4.7)
(11.4.7) (11.4.6) ,
(. . D = 2w )
.
, Q
- :
0
e = pyj>,
d
(11.4.8)
D (3
,
, ,
0 D. .
d
11.
577
11.4.2.

, - ,
. ,
, . 1.6: -,
, ,
,
,
, (11.4.6).
(. . - )
,
[ 3 ] .

!) (. 11.7), (
) d.
,
- (. . ). ,
,
0 = $X/d.
, 0 = fiX/D.
,
.
,
-
!)
(. 11.76).
,
d
= PVZ) ,
c
(11.4.9)
D ,
,
, , 0 ..
, *
.
c
. 11.7
,

- :
) D

d; ) D
. .
11.4.3.
2
(. (11.4.9)
(11.4.8)) ,
.
,
-
, - ,
- [6].
1(, , z)
z. ,

.
c (z), , :
x
9,
\\(x-{x)) I(x,y,z)dxdy
]jl(x,y,z)dxdy
() = [ jjxl(x , z)dxdy^/Y
z)dxdy\.
.
, I(s , s )
s = Q /X
s = 0 , -

[7]. , ,
1(' ') ', ' z
, I( x> y) 1(' '),
:
9
x' = Q z = s Xz
(11.4.11)
y> = Q = Xz.
(11.4.116)
y2
Sy
I(s s )

s
:
x9
y 9
<
j \ ( x - (s Hs > s )ds ds
=~
Iff.
'
Î(s s )ds ds
x
x9
(11.4.12)
Sx
> [ jj **( x'
ds
y ) xds
11.
]/[ J j / ( s , s )ds ds ] .
x
579
.
(, , z)
( / ~ | | ) u(s ,s )
- ( I ~ | z 2 | ) , ,

[7]. ,
(z)
:
2
c (z) = c +X ol(z-z )\
x
X0
(11.4.13)
0x
, a z ,
. ,
( (11.3.28))
0
0x
o v ^l/4n.
x0
(11.4.14)
Sx

. , 1(, , z) ~ [ - 2 ( +
y )/w (z)].
(11.4.11),
, I(s ,s )<x: [-2n w$(s + s ) ] . ,
(11.4.10) (11.4.12) :
2
G (Z) = W(Z)/2,
G =l/2nw
(11.4.15)
(11.4.156)
Sx
, , (11.4.15) z = 0 :
G
X0
= W /2.
(11.4.15B)
(11.4.156) (11.4.15) :
(o cj )G
x0
= l/4n.
SX
(11.4.16)
,
-, (G G
)
(G G
)G
, . .
2
X0
X0
=(<3 oGs )/(GxOGs )G

x
SX
SX
= 4n(GxOG )-
(11.4.17)
Sx
.
, (11.4.14), ^ 1 .
- .
,
, . ,
,
, . . (G )G = ( a ) ,
,
.
, (11.4.13),
>1
,
2
X0
x 0
580
JEPOB
. .
, (11.4.15) (11.4.15)
: w {z) = 2G (Z) w = 2G . ,

W (z) W :
x
x0
X0
W (Z)
W
X
x0
x0
= 2G (Z),
= 2a .
(11.4.18)
(11.4.186)
x0
,
W (z) W 0.
(11.4.13) G (Z) (11.4.18) G
(11.4.17), :
x
SX
W %2 Ml-(z-z
r
z ^
W 4z) =
xn
(11.4.19)
0x
, W (z) = w (z), W = w M = 1 ,
(11.4.19) (4.7.13). ,
(11.4.19)
, ,
,
, .
(11.4.19)
, W (z)
. ,
W , z .
W (z)
z. , z
(11.4.19)
x
xQ
x0
x0
0x
0x
W (z) =
(M X/nW )(z-z ).
x0
0x

:
% = W (z)/(z-z )
0x
= M (X/nW ).
(11.4.20)
x0
,

(. . w = W ). (11.4.20) (11.4.9),
, , W
D .
x0
x0
x0
11.4. -
.
AlGaAs/GaAs ,
(. .
) d = 0,8 d\\ = 100 .
= 20 0 = 10. -L ||
--
. d ,
581
,
.
,
.
, -- (
), .
w = W [-2(d /2 w ) ] ==
= (1/2). , w = W = d /[2\n 2 ] = 0,68 .
( )
. (11.4.11),
( )
[ - 2 ( 0 2 / W ) ] , W (z) = w (z) ,
[-2(0_LZ/W ) ] = (1/2).
0 = WJz,
0 = [2/ln 2 ] 0 = 0,59 , (11.4.20)
\ - nW Q /X - nd d 12)^ = 1,5, X = 850 . ,
- -
. ,
p-n- ( )
. (11.4.10) W \\ = d\\/2 = 50 .
,
,
. 0 || = [2/1 2] 0 = 0,148 .
(11.4.20) | = 7iW ||0 |/A, = 7t0|d||/[2m2] A, = 55.
,
, -
, . . -.
2
Q1
01
1 / 2
01
01
d l
1 / 2
d l
01
dl
1/2
1/2
11.5.
-
,
11.3, ,
- [ 8 , 9 ] . , ,
.
( ), . . 11.8.
( )
. ,

, ,
.
,
,
.

(. 11.86), /*<
582
. .
(. 11.8),
,
.

,
,
,
. . 11.86, , ,
, .
,
( -,
).
(. 11.8),
, . ,

,

,
. ,
( )

.
d (. .
-) .
(. . 11.9)
, L ,
- (
, ). , ,
. , ,
g
11.
583
743
j)
>1
D'
-L. 11.9
-
( ) , ( )
,
, .
, ,
, , { . ., (
) , , , " . .
:
,
? , ,
, ' ,
, . ,
{ ' ,
{
. .,
. , ,
,
8( - ) - /2.
= ( + L )
= {[(D/2) - ] + L } ,
( D < L) 5 ( - P i P ) = (D/2L)6x.
8( - P i P ) = /2, :
1 / 2
1 / 2
8x = XL/D.
(11.5.1)
, ,
, { ( {
. .), . (
) , . ,
d :
2
d = 2bx = 2XL/D.
g
(11.5.2)

(. 11.86),
,
( ).
, . 11.9
f = L.
= 0 (. . ),
, , 584
. .
P /,{ . ., ,
29
-
(11.5.2),
d = 2XL/D.
d = 2,44XL/D, , . . 11.6.
:
D
,
L,
2XL/D. ,
D
, : 1) d
D 2)

. ,
(~XL/d ) , (~>).
, L ,
L > d D/X. , d = 10 X = 0,5 , L > 2QD.
,
, ,
(. . 11.96). ,
D' ,
(. . (2XL/d ) ^ D').

d :
l9
d =2XL'/D'.
g
(11.5.3)
, . 11.96
, .
,
. , ^ , (11.5.3),
. ,
d
ag
ag
= dg(L/L') = 2XL/D'.
(11.5.4)
,
, L , , d
L , . .
,
(, ).
.
-
. ,
ag
L D
- [ 7 ] .
- .
y
11.
585
, -. -

.
, -
[9]. -
. , , (-),
, ,
, .
11.5. -, .
He-Ne (
X = 633 ), D = 2
,
d = 50 .
L = 50 . L' = 2
, D' = 2
. (2XL/d ) =12,7
>', ,
.
(11.5.4)
d =316 . ,
L 100 ,
( D = 2 )
~632 .
8
ag
HHUIIIHI.HI Ihl INI, II
II!
1111.111111
I III II
UNI !
1.1
Ulilll.lMHHIU.I
II I IIIII III I I
II.
11.6.

1 (. (1.4.3) (1.4.4)). ,
(, ,
) ,
. 1.4.4, ,
,
, , .
(1.4.6). , ,
, . . 11.10
,
( , f < f\) , ,
. (~ X/D )
, ( ~ A , / ^ i ) > ,
. ,
, (
).

2
586
. .
D

).

V
V

ft
,
. 11.10
.

.
, , , X = 514
( ), 1 ,
.
( Labs 107/109),
-100 , P - 10
~ 95 /( )
X = 546 .
, ,
= (nw$ / 2), w
. 2 ,

(1/), . ,
(1/) 9 = (X/nw )
Q = ( 6 / 2 ) .
= ( P / A Q ) ,
.
:
out
00
= (4 ).
(11.6.1)
,
1,6 10 /( ). , 7
. ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
.
9
11.7.

, ,
,
. E(t) = A(t)exp {j[cot - ()]}
.
11.
587
E(t) = Et exp {j(wt)}, = Aexp {-()},

( )
E(t). ,
, E .
,
()= (
Ei), ,
dp = () dE dE
E nE
+ dE
E E + dE .
()
, , dp = p (E)AdAd

+ dA + d. ()>
(11.1.3)
:
jjUl
JJ
p (E)dE dE
E
jjpElEWErdEt
p (E)AdAd*
E
\\p (E)AdAd$
E
'
(H-7.1)

E nEi.
() ( )
. 11.11. 7.11,
, ,
( )
(
)
, .
-
. , ()
, ( , ),
0 . ,
r
. 11.11
()

E :
) , ; ) ,
.
588
. .
1 / 2
-1
A = [E?
]
= - t a n (E /E )
,
, . 11.11. ,
= A(t)
. ,
,
, (. . 7.30).
:
t
r 9
()
*8(- ),
(11.7.2)
5 , ,
. , (11.7.2)
(11.7.1) (1) = $. , ,
E(t) ( E ),
| |= AQ.
, dfy/dt
.
() ( E )
. 11.116.
( ),
. ,
,
,
.
, :
0
()-
(11.7.3)
, .
, (11.7.3) (11.7.1) (1) = $.
, E
. , ,
E(t) (E , E ),
. ,
(dA/Adt dty/dt ),
.
0
11.8.

: He-Ne ,
( X = 633 )
(1 ), ,
, 1.6 ( Labs
107/109), P = 10
~ 95 /( ) ( ,
out
1 1 .
589
d
. 11.12
out

()
X = 546 ). ,

, . 11.12,
/ D.
,
, d, S.
, 11.3.6, ,
, D
(. (11.3.43)):
D = 0,32kf/d.
(11.8.1)

(^(, ) = 0,88 ), ,
, HeNe ( ).
P = BAQ,
, ( = nd /4) Q
, (Q = 1 > / 4 / ) .
(11.8.1), (1.6.1), :
2
(1)
out
0Ut
(X/4) B.
(11.8.2)
2
( = 95 /( )),
P = 1,8 10~ . ,
5 He-Ne 9
. ,
, (11.8.2), ,
-
, ,
, .
(
) ,
He-Ne .
,
He-Ne .
, -
A v =" 1 0 . -
(
) A v = 1 .
8
out
13
590
. .
,
. ,
( 1 ),
(. . 11.12).
,
( ( A v / A v ) = 10" ),

P = 10~ .
, 19
( ),
, He-Ne
(. . 11.12)
.
, (
1 0 ) He-Ne .

. :
, . . .
. ,
,
, , He-Ne
.

. , ,
,
He-Ne , ,
.
,
, 11.7 (. . 11.11 . 11.116).
. ,
, ,
(11.7.2) (11.7.3) .
,
,
, E(t) (E , E ),
. ,
, ,
(E E )
.
, . 11.11, .

,

(. ). ,
(. 11.3)
( )*( )
10
18
out
15
r9
( 1 )
11.
591
,
x = (r t ). (1), ,
,
.
,
(( )( )*( )*( ))
-
x #, .

. ,
,
(. ). ,
(
, . . 11.12)

.
,
, ,
, , ,
.
t
i9
l9
( )
11.1.
( 1 )
(r
l9
l9
) .
11.2. (11.3.9).
11.3. , . 11.4,
1
( , , ), = 2 ( L - L )/c.
(1)
11.4.
(. 11.4)
(. 2.9).
Vp = Vp(x).
1 ( ) , ,
( ) , .
(1)
(1)
11.5. , 10,6 ,
10 ( A v
(11.3.27)). . 11.46,
AL
L .
L
11.6.
, , 1
, , ()
J C ,
, .
592
. . /

.
?
11.7. / .

P ,
,
.
(11.4.4).
t
11.8.
N d : Y A G , - = 1,064 ,
( ). ,
,
D = 4 . ,

6 = 3 . -.
2
11.9.
-0 (
),
, = 10,6 ,
1 4 . , -
16. ,
, z = 3
.
2
1. . Born and . Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980),
pp. 491-544. M . . 2- . .: , 1970.
2. W . . Louisell, Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics (McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1964), pp. 47-53. . .
.: , 1972.
3. Ref. [1], pp. 508-518.
4. J. W . Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968).
. -. .: , 1970.
5. Ref. [1], pp. 395-398.
6. . . Siegman, Defining and Measuring Laser Beam Quality, in Solid-State LasersNew Developments and Applications, ed. by M. Inguscio and R. Wallenstein (Ple
num, New York, 1993) pp. 13-28.
7. Ref. [4], Chap. 5.
8. Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, ed. by J. C. Dainty (Springer-Verlag, Ber
lin, 1975).
9. M. Francon, Laser Speckle and Applications in Optics (Academic, New York, 1979).
10. R. J. Glauber, Optical Coherence and Photon Statistics, in Quantum Optics and Elec
tronics, ad. by C. De Witt, A. Blandin and C. Cohen-Tannoudji (Gordon and Breach,
New York, 1965), pp. 71, 94-98, 103, 151-155.
11. A. Jeffrey, Handbook of Mathematical Formulas and Integrals, (Academic, San
Diego, 1995) p. 244.
11.
593
12
:
, ,
,

12.1.
-
, , ,
.
,

.
(
, ),

. ,
, ,

.
,
. ,
,

(
). ,

. ,

,
,
, (
) ( )
.
.
,
. ,

. .

.

.
,
[1], .

,
.
,
[2].

,
[3], , ,
.
12.2.
:

,
4.7.2
11.4.3 . 4.7.2 , (
, ) ,
z
. 11.4.3 ,
(, )
: z , W
-, .
,
ABCD-, 4.7.3, ,
q
q ,
ABCD-.

ABCD-.

[4, 5]. (,
z)
(11.4.19), :
Q
W 4z) = Wl+M*-^(z-z ) .
2
0x
(12.2.1)
,
,
12.
595
,
z ( z),
:
(12.2.2)
w (z) = W (z)/M
0x
=yJM . , (12.2.2)
(12.2.1) (4.7.13). ,
R(z)
( z)
.
, ,
,
ABCD-. ,
, ,
.
1. W , | z
w = W /M

, . . ,
.
2. , ABCD
, ,
.
3.

. , , ,
.
4. W
z W (z) = M w (z).
0x
0x
0x
0x
12.1. Nd:YAG
.
Nd:YAG , X = 1,06
. ,

D = 4 (
). ~40. ,

/ = 10 . ,
( ).
,
, , ,
, ,
.
(W = W ) D
{-2(D/2W ) ) = 1/2. , W = D/[21n 2 ] / s 3,4 ,
, w = W /\lM S 0,54 . (4.7.26), 2
596
,
z - nw , / = 85 ,
,
. (4.7.28)

w = Xf/niVQ = 63
W = yjM w
= 400 .
2
of
0f
12.3.
:

,
[ 6 - 8 ] . ,
I ( 2 = 0) z
I. ,
( ).
( ) [8].
,
, ,
< < ,
.
.
, -,
, ,
Nd: Y A G ,
. ,

. ,
(2.4.17) ( F = I/hv)
N(t z) z
:
8K = -WN = -m,
dt
T
(12.3.1)
s
T = (hv/o)
(12.3.2)
(. (2.8.29)).
, (12.3.1) ,
N z t, . .
N = N(t, 2 ) , , / = I(t, z). ,
(12.3.1) N(t):
s
N(t) = N exp{-(r/r )},

0
(12.3.3)
N = N ( - l )
, ,
,
0
12.
597
r(z) = ~fl(z,t)dt
(12.3.4)
-co
.
,
/ .

dz S (
. 12.1):
dt
{dt),
[dt)
(12.3.5)
[dt)
(dp/dt)
, (dp/dt) (,
), (dp/dt) .
(2.4.17), F = I/hv, :
x
|J
=WNhv = vNL
(12.3,6)
(2.4.17) (2.4.32) , :
J
= -W N hv
a
= -aI,
(12.3.7)
N , W
.
(dp/dt) . 12.1, (dp/dt) Sdz
,
.
, (dp/dt) Sdz = S[I(t, z) - I(t, z + dz)], :
a
di ,
-J-z '
dZ
tt[
dZ
12 3 8
< -->
(12.3.6)-(12.3.8), , (/dt) = (dl/cdt),

(12.3.5) :
I . | I
dt
|Z:
dz
^ j _
(12.3.9)
. 12.1

dz S
598
. .
(12.3.1) .
,
.
(12.3.1) (12.3.9)
.
N(0, z) = N , N
. ,
I (t) , ,
. . I(t, 0) = I (t). (. .
-al) (12.3.1) (12.3.9)
:
0
I(z, ) = / () i 1 - [1 - (-gz)]
//(')<*7
(12.3.10)
= t - (/), ag = GN .
(12.3.1) (12.3.9)
T(z) ,
(12.3.4). , (12.3.1)
( t = - t = + ) (12.3.3),
:
0
(^NIdt/T )
= N -N(+>) = N [1-exp
(-/.)].
, (12.3.9) (
), [ NIdt/ )
+ , z) = - , z) = 0, :
^
'
00
dT :|?,[1- ( - / , ) ] - .
dz
:
(12.3.11)
, , :
( / ) = 1
1 +
Go ,
(12.3.12)
G = (gl) (. .
) ; .
. 12.2 /
T /T G = 3. ,
< (12.3.12)
:
0
in
(0 = G T ,
0
in
(12.3.13)
. . ,
( ). . 12.2
, (12.3.13),
, . ,
T
in
12.
599
. 12.2

F

G = 3.

= /
in
1,5
0,5
/
'
, (12.3.13), . .
. Y > T ( )
, (12.3.12),
:
in
T(l)
= T
in
(12.3.14)
gir
. 12.2 ,
(12.3.14). ,
I
. F gl = N lhv,
, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
7.2.2, , (12.3.1) ,
:
s
= hv/(a + ) ,
8
(12.3.15)
<j
. , , (12.3.9)
, . ,
(12.3.12) ,
(12.3.15) G G = <JeN l.
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
e
600
. .
(12.3.12) ,
(12.3.15),
.
, ,
. , (1)
(
. 12.2), . ,
,
( ,
, . (12.3.14))
(- - (12.3.11)).

. , <,
:
T = r /a.
m
(12.3.16)
, , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
(
10 / ).
, (12.3.14) :
T = gir <Y .
s
(12.3.17)
,
G = exp(a^Z) ,
,
().
,
, ( )
(, ).
2.9.2.

.
.
.
(gl)

g . .
0
max
gl<(gl) ^
m
(12.3.18)
(gl)
3-5.
, 2.9.2 (. (2.9.4)
). (. .
Q = 1) ,
G = 8 ( gl = 2,1), . . ,
m&x
12.
601
, .
Q ( ) G,
, (. (2.9.4)). ,
,
, , .
, (12.3.17),
(12.3.18),
, :
E =T H=Y {glf /g\

m
(12.3.19)
1 ( ),
(12.3.18). (12.3.19) ,
g,
, , .
12.2. ,
. , gl
, (gOmax =10. ,
, g = 10~ " .
T = 10 / ,
(12.3.19) 1 .
l = (gl) /g = 3 ,
.
2

.

.
. 12.2. ,
(,
),
, . ,
,
. ,
. ,
, ,

. ,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
(12.3.10), ,

, ( ) [7].
602
. . 0
12.3.1.
:

,
(10-100 )
[8].

, . (
NOVA-)
. .
(
).
,
, , ,
, .

, .
NOVA . 12.3.
, ,
380 , 25 50
.
(. . 6.36),
(10 20 ).
. 12.3 (. . 7.23),
II
34
II
34
II I
34
>i !! li !! !i
L1 JL ^JL iNy'^îiiA>Vlio5H-i
-J
[ N i N- ()

^
UUI , ,
-
. 12.3
i V O F A - ,
( [ 8 ] )
12.
6Q3
-
, ,
.
, ,
(. . 11.10), ,
. : -,

, -,
. , . 12.3,
10 1 .
NOVA-,
,
100 . ,
1 ,
(
, NIF, . ) ( , Megajoule, . ) (. 9.2.2.2.).
,
(
), [9]
(
-, ).
,
, ,
( ),
(
). ,
, :
( ) ,
.
, ,

( 10 -10 ).

.
, , ,
().

(. 12.5.2 ) .
,
(. 12.5.1),
,
, , ,
, , .
. 12.4
, 3
604
. .

100 , 1
0,1-1
150
1-7
N d : Y L F

1-10
527
1-10
. 12.4

-

. P ,
, (-
), , ,
(- ).

( ),
; ,
, 90 (. . 7.24).
- (
1 / = 80 )
, ,
.

, .
, ,
( 12.5.2.).
, ,
, 5000, 100 500 .
,
(
90)
.
,
,
( ) .
l9
12.
605
.

, ,
.

-, , ,
.

,
-,
.
.
,
M ,

. , ,
, .
( , 15-20)

. ,
-

. -
,
( )
(
12.5.1).
,
,

- ( 1-10 ,
N d : Y L F , ).
3
l9
,
, [10].
,
,

20 .
,
100 (, 2 20 ).
,
, 1,25
(1 = 10 ) [11], ,
^4.- ( 15
606
. .
580 460 ).
,
,
( 1 0 - 1 0 / ) , -
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
[12].
19
20
,
,
, () [13].
.
(980 1480 )
(. . 9.4).
,
(,= 1550 ). , ,

( ),
(~10 , . . 9,4),
, . .
. ,
,
.
, ,
, :
+
1. (.
9.2.4), , ,

.
2.
.
3. ,
,
().
[14].
,
(~50 )
( 100 )
. , ,
,
,
, .
12.
607
12.4.
:

,

, . .
(12.4.1)
.
, , (12.4.1)

,
.

.
,
,
. ,
[1, 15], :
1. (),

2 ( . [16]).
2. (),

% % + ( "
[17]).
, ,

( 100% ).

, .
3
12.4.1.

,
, P

:
NL
NL
= 2e dE ,
0
(12.4.2)
d ,
. (12.4.2)
1
2z dE
dE (
) , d .
0
608
. .
,
,
.
,
.
(12.4.2) (12.4.1) ,
= %/d
. % = 1, , (1/d)
,
, . .
. , ,
(1/d) , ,
, , . .
(1/d) = /4
( (1/d) ~ 1 0 / = 0,1 ). , ( ,
) d .
, ,
, P = 4- P
. , P ~ dE ,
, d = 0.
. ,
(12.4.2)
, .
2
11
NL
NL
12.4.1.1.

,
z .
, z .
EJjz, t)
:
( 1)
= ( l / 2 ) { ( z , ) [* - )] + . .}.
(12.4.3)
. . , -
,
(12.4.4)
,
. (12.4.3) (12.4.2),
, P ,
2, :
NL
* =( <*/2){ (2,) [ ( 2 ^ - 2 ^ ) ] + } .
0
(12.4.5)
NL
P
= 0,
( ) .
12.
609
, 2
2 .
2,
2.
, ,
.
:
&
(2, t) = (1/2){(, 2) [(2* - k z)] + . .},

2(0
2(u
(12.4.6)
_ 2 _ 2
2
2. ,
(12.4.2),

, , 2.,
(12.4.5) (12.4.6),
, ,
. , (v = 2/
2k )
(v = 2/&2)' :
P
= 2.
(12.4.8)
, ,
I (. . 2 = 1) (. .
2& /) (k J) ,
2 = 0 2 = 1. I
(2k - k )l ,
I,
. (12.4.8)
. , (12.4.4) (12.4.7)
:
&
2(u
2(0
= .
(12.4.9)
NL
, P ( , )
( (12.4.2)), (12.4.9)
- (An = n - ).
/ ,
P
. 1 (
) ,
,
- - 2Jc - 2k J = . (12.4.4) (12.4.7),
:
2(0
2(D
NL
k=Trt->
4
610
(12.4.10)
. .
X = 2/ . , , X s 1
An = 10~ , 1 = 25 . ,

180 , , ,
, . , 1
,
.

, , .
()
((o ):
2
SH
co = 2co.
(12.4.11)
Sif
(12.4.11) (12.4.8)
, :
?m = 2fao,
* -2*
(12.4.12)
(12.4.126)
SH
. ,
dl jdz = -dljdz,
J 1
. (12.4.12) dF Jdz =
= -(l/2)dFJdz,
F F .
, ,
, 2.
, (12.4.12)
. , hk,
(12.4.126) , ,
.
(12.4.9)
,
[18, 19].
,
, ,
(12.4.2) .
,
-
.
.
.

,
( z 12.5).

.

( . 12.5) , .
2
2ct)
2(0
12.
611
. 12.5

(
)

(
)
.
,

.
, , ,
. ,
.
,
n (Q) 0
( )
,
( ). ,
> ,
< .
,
( )
(. 12.6).
,

.
,
.
. 12.6
- 2 .

. (12.4.2)
,
. 0
612
. .
(, t)
Pjvjr,(r, t) 2 :
(, t) = (1/2)[ (, )( + . ] ,
2 (
(12.4.13)
r > t
) = (1/2)[ (,2) (2jcot) + .].
(12.4.136)

(, 2) (, ). , i
:
2
4dfr EfE%.
? =
(12.4.14)
=1,2,3
,
:
^=^( ,
)
1 6.
:
()
()
= 2
2
* =Ejj, (EE)
s E f J B | , ()2
= 2 ,
()
= 2
= 2
=$
()
=%
= 2
2 ,
1, 2, 3, , , 2 . ,
d 3 x 6 ,
- () .

d ,
. 42,
KDP
, d , d d ,
. ,
d , :
im
im
14
2b
S6
36
P = 2e d E E
29
(12.4.16)
P = 2e d E E ,
(12.4.166)
P = 2e d E E ,
(12.4.16B)
36
36
36
2
. . 12.1 ,
,
. AgGaSe ,
10 , -
-.
(- ) ( ),
,
, N d : Y A G . d-,
, KDP,
d = 0,5 10~ / .
2
12
36
12.
613
12.1
d
(
kKDP)
()
(/ )
2
KDP
2 4
dm = du 1
42m
0,22-1,5
0,2
K D 2 P O 4
dm = du = 0,92
42m
0,22-1,5
0,2
ADP
N H 4 H 2 P O 4
dm du 1,2
42m
0,2-1,2
0,5
CDA
C S H 2 A S O 4
dm = du = 0,92
42m
0,26-1,4
0,5
0,3-5,5
0,5
3m
0,4-5
0,05
mm2
0,35-4,5
3m
ds\ = dvi = d'M

LiI0
dl5 = 12.7
dsi = 12,5
LiNb0
d 2 = 6,35
2
dsi = 13
ds2 = 10
dm = 27,4
diA = 15,2
di5 = 12,2
0,19-3
dm du 538
42m
2,4-20
0,04
dm du 66
42m
0,73-17
0,05
- 0
CdGeAs
AgGaSe
d22 = 4,1

,
42/. (12.4.16)
, = 0, ,
,

^-. (. . 12.5),
= 0 ,
0
. ,

2.
,
0
,
2
n (2co, 0 ) = ().
e
. 12.7
6

I

614
(12.4.17)

. 12.7,
() /1 (2, )
0
. .
, z .
,
(() < (2),
(2() < /1 (2), ( . 12.7) (2() = (2&,
90) (2) = (2, 0). , (
) ( 2)
0 ( . , 0
(. . ,
z 0 ), (12.4.17)
, , .
0
12.3.
. . 12.7,
. z
,
(2(, 0) , :
,#2
2
( )
2
=1,
( )
2
| = 2^ = (2&).
z (2(, 6) 0
, :
0
)
(|)
9 = (12.4.17),
:
=1,
rtf = (). ,
sin 0 :
0
V"2
sin 0 =
m
, 0 90, , . . ( )
, 0 .
,
, , / (2), 9 0 ) < / ().

(2) ( . . 12.7) ().
, / (2, 9 0 ) = {2() < () < (2), ,
(2) - (2) , (2) - ().
12.
615
(
).

. ,
0 = 90, . . , (2, 90) == / ().

, ,
, -
. ,
( )
, (
(12.4.16)) ,
( (12.4.16)),
2, : + > .
I.

,
II.
, ,
2,
:
-\- -^ .
2(

, .
,
, .
,

.
( 100%).
Nd: Y A G
( - (X = 1,064 ) (X = 532 )),
- (
X = 205 )
.
, .
,
N d : Y A G , (3- 0
().
, ,
, ,
-, 200 .
0
(, CdGeAs ).
2
, I ,
( , + - > ) ,
I I , .
2
616
. .
12.4.1.2.
.
, , ,
%
, 003 = 0)! + (
).
, =
2.

(12.4.2) P

[ = ( 2 , t) + (z, )],
,
= (! + . , ,
. ,
:
2
NL
&2
/ + fm = / ,
(12.4.18)
( , ) ,
,
. ,
, , . .
+ hk = hk .
(12.4.186)
,
. (12.4.186),
,
(. (12.4.126)).

, .
( ) (
) coi ,
, . .
3
fm = hcox + ,
(12.4.19)
hk
(12.4.196)
= hk -hhk .
1
, ,
. ,

(.
(12.4.2)) ,
coj,
- >! = .
(12.4.196),
.
[ = ( (, t) + E(o (z 1) + Eco (z, t)]
,
3
12.
617
. 12.8
#1
-

,
,
. ,
.

,

( ).
(,
), (
).
, .
,
(. 12.8).
(1 2)
(, R\ = 1 R = 1) (
), ( ).
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, *!,
,
(12.4.19). , 1,

(. .
+ ) , (12.4.196) :
3
((0
39
) = ()
+ co /i (co ).
2
(12.4.20)
0 (. .
) (12.4.20)
, (12.4.19)
.
I , II (,
+
),
( ), (
). , ,
, , ,
,
2
618
. .
, .
,
().
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
,

( ),
. ,
.
,
,
.

(0,5-5 ).
, , LBO
( L i N b 0 ) .
- ( 14 ),
, - (AgGaSe )
(CdSe).
, ,

.
,
, ,
(
), .
,
,
(100%).
3
12.4.2.

, ,
(,
(12.4.2)), . ,
:
V
x E =- ^ ,
12.
(12.4.21)
619
VxH = J + ^ ,
dt
V D = p,
(12.4.216) '
(12.4.21B)
V B = 0,
(12.4.21r)
p . ,
, , .
, :
= JLI H + JLI M
0
= .
(12.4.22)
(, )
a ,
:
s
J = o E.
(12.4.23)
:
L
D = + P + P ^ = + P ^ ,
(12.4.24)
P ,
.
(12.4.21) Vx
Vx d/dt.
(12.4.22), (12.4.216), (12.4.23) (12.4.24), :
Vx Vx = V(V ) - V E ,
V s 0, (12.4.25) :
V
NL
1 _ 1 d P
^
^ *--^--9-'
8
2 4 2*
(12.4.26)
1 / 2
= ( ) ~ .
(12.4.26) ,
. , ,
,
. P ^
. ,
, ,
. ,
2, (12.4.26) :
0
dz
dt
1
dt
2
NL
dP
dt '
2
(12.4.266)
E (z t)
ni
620
= (l/2){E (z)exp
t
[K&it-fyzn + cc.},
(12.4.27)
. .
E .
co :
t
+ ..}.
P f = ( 1 / 2 ) { ^ ( 2 ) -,)]
B
(12.4.276)
(12.4.266)

, (12.4.27),
(12.4.276).
E (z), (. . , d EJdz < k dEJdz).
(12.4.266) :
2
(12.4.28)
k = / = ? ( a n VLZ
,
^ ).
(12.4.28)
. ,
P (. (12.4.2)),
.
(. (12.4.15)). ,
, (12.4.2)
d d ,
. ,
d
d , (12.4.15)
0 ,
[20] (0 ,
z, ,
- ). ,
42 I
d f = d sin 2 sin 0. (12.4.2)
d, , d , . .
d.
t
i9
NL
eff
eff
im
ef
S6
eff
12.4.2.1.
( 003 = 0)! + ),
. E(z, t)
:
9
E(z,t) = (z,t) + (z,t) +
(z,t),
(12.4.29)
(12.4.27). (12.4.29)
(12.4.2) (12.4.27),
P (z)
( (12.4.276))
NL
12.
621
^. ,
, , , , P (z)
/
:
NL
=2s dE (z)E* (z)exv [jfa +h-ft,)*].
(12.4.30)
NL
P
. (12.4.28)
P , ,
:
2
NL
^ ~{2^) ~^
(12.4.31)
dE
( ^ -j(^z)dE E^
(*-],
2 )~* \,)
dz
(12.4.316)
dE*
dz = - ( ^ ) ^ - ^ )
- * - *
( 1 2
- -
3 l B )

. ,
d.
A :
t
1/2
= ("*) *.
(12.4.32)
2
I = \\ /29
F : F = Ii/foobi = (e c/2ft)|Aj .
, [Aj F ,
n ^.
(12.4.31) :
t
= - ^ - 8 * [-/(**)],
3
^ - = -^--j8A A{exp
[-/(Aft*)],
^ - = - ^ ^ - / 5 [y(Aftz)],
1
^ = GI/HISQC,
Aft = ft
ft
- k
(12.4.336)
(12.4.33)
(12.4.33)
d Q)iCQ co
)
2
(12.4.34)
A E ,
(12.4.31) (12.4.33)
5.
(. . = 0),
(12.4.33) { (12.4.336)
, : d\A-^/dz = -d\A \ /dz
t
622
. . *
(12.4.336) (12.4.33),
d\A \ /dz = -d\A \ /dz. ,
:
d\A,\
d\A f
d ,
dz
dz
dz '
(12.4.35)
2
-. | A j
, (12.4.35)
, , ,
.
, 12.4.1.2.
, (12.4.35) , ,
: (dP /dz) = -( / )(^ // ),
. ,
( / ) .
, (12.4.33)
,
, . ,
,
. 12.8. ,
.
.
,
(

). ,
. 12.9, ,
,
.
, . 12.96,
a (i= 1, 2).
, . 12.96 1
,
3
<
. 12.9
)
;
)

,

j
:
12.
623
. 12.9. , ,
, . -/
, (12.4.33)
,
. (12.4.33),
(. . 5 = 0), , Z,
, ^ (i = 1, 2)
( - ^ ) . ,
.
:
(- )
= R R (l
- L )2,
2i
(12.4.35)
R R ( )
, aLj ( )
*. (. (1.2.4)):
= -1, Y i = - l n E , ^ = - 1 ^ , ; = - 1 ( 1 - ^ ) ^ = [ ( + 7 ^ / 2 ] + ;.
(12.4.35) :
u
2i
2i
1 = 2
(12.4.36)
19
y ( ^) . ,
, ,
, ,
a, (i = 1, 2) .
, ,
, . , ,
(12.4.33)
,
(12.4.36) = 0.

, (12.4.33) ,
,
. ,
, = 0, A (z) = ( 0 ) , ( 0 )
, .
, = 0 ( ),
(12.4.33) :
t
d A
i
dz
dA
dz
a
=
i i
2
(12.4.37)
.g ^
2
(12.4.376)
-.^ -.2 >[^)
*
2
'
3
..
(12 4 38)

. (12.4.37) 624
. .
dA /dz = dA /dz = ,
:
x
+ jgAZ = 0,
(12.4.39)
ygAi-a A *=0,
(12.4.396)
-
(12.4.376).

= a a = 4(Y y /Z ).
1
(12.4.40)
(12.4.36).
, (12.4.38), g
2f (0), . . . , (12.4.40)
,
.
,
( )
d I .
2
12.4.

.
(12.4.38) (12.4.40)
2| (0),
:
F2
((\\ -
n n
l 2 Y1Y2
/ =
= n s c|E | /2,
:
3
\ \
2
2Zd
(2/)
[Y1Y2L
Z = 1/ = 377
,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
0

. co
(12.4.36).
,
, ,
.
, , (12.4.37)
l9
12.
625
, , = 0. ,
,
(12.4.376) A{(z) = {(0). , /
:
A (z) = -jgA{(0)z/2,
(12.4.41)
, (0) = 0 (. .
).
(12.4.41) (12.4.37) A (z) = ( 0 ) ,
:
2
I

+^ j .
A (l) = A (0)(l-^
1
(12.4.43)
(1) = (0),
. .
4OL M
=
( 1 2
. .
4
4 4 )
g I
, (12.4.44) (12.4.40)
:
>-=**DRD
(12.4.45)
( S R O D R O
).
= 0,02 (. . 2 % ) , (12.4.45) ,
100
, .
2
12.4.2.2.

:
E(z, t) = (1/2){ [/(* - k^z)] + [/(2* - h J)
NL
P (z,t)
= (l/2){P exp
+ . .},
[*-/ )] + ^ [j(2iot-k z)]
2(0
+ c.c.}.
(12.4.46)
(12.4.47)
(12.4.2)
L
Pl
2
s dE exp
0
=2e dE E:exp
0
2(0
[-2-
(12.4.48)
[-/(^-2kjz].
(12.4.486)
, (12.4.48) (12.4.28)
( . . a = 0), :
t
626
. .
1
dE
dz
2(a
.
_ L _

(j z),
(12.4.49a)
(-jAkz),
(12.4.496)
Ak
dE.
az
j-^dE E* exv
n^c
2(0
Aft = ft - 2ft . (12.4.49)

.
^^ :
2co
0)
='* ,
(12.4.50)
EL=(n2^ E .
(12.4.506)
2e>
, /
\ | , \' | /
,
. (12.4.50)
(12.4.49) :
&
&
&
% -
IsH
^ az = -~
l
SH
(12.4.51)
^()
e
FEÔ)
^
["/(Aft*)],
(12.4.516)
Ea(0) 2 = 0 (,
), l
, :
SH
<
>
, , a EJfi)
( ). ,
'
(12.4.51),
l . (12.4.51) :
&
SH
d\EL \
\K\
(12.4.53)
dz
dz
- .
, , ,
, (
) 2. ,
100%-
.

(12.4.51) , (. .
l Ak ^> 1),
. (12.4.51)
=
SH
12.
627
' () = ' (0).

, ' (0) = 0, :
(0)
(-jAkl)-l
Ak
SH
(12.4.54)
,
2
sin (AW/2)
(0)
(12.4.55)
(Akl /2f
SH
12
- 1 - 4
^ ,
1
_
|
1
,

I.
(12.4.53)
/ I
,
2(0
2(0
JQ> +
= *>(0). . 12.10

[IJI (0)]
[1 /1 (0)]
m
l/l H
IsH&k = 10. ,

. 12.10

.
,
1

(12.4.55) ,
/
[1^/1^(0)]
/
( )
I = 1 , 1

,

( )
(12.4.10).
(12.4.51)
, (Ak = 0).

, ,
(. . ). ,
(12.4.51) E^(z) = ^(0). Ak = 0,
(12.4.51) ,
' (0) E^(z) , ()
.
, :
2(
2(
=1I
(12.4.56)
EL=-J\EL\.
(12.4.566)
(12.4.51) :
d\K\_
1 \^
dz
628
SH
(12.4.57)
(0) '
. .
d\E ' \
dz
2 G) =
SH
\E\
K(0)'
(12.4.576)
(12.4.57)
( * = 0) = ( 0 )
(0) =0
:
\EL | = K ( 0 ) t a n h ( / ^ ) ,
(12.4.58)
I K |=;(0)sech(z/J ).
(12.4.586)
SK

\'\ , :
2
W-UOH-ELI
/(0)4/1 (0 I
/).
(12.4.58)
/ )/^(0) ^() . 12.9
. , I = l
(~59%) .
l
. (12.4.52),

. , I^> l ,
- (12.4.53)
.
SH
SH
SH
12.5.
:

,
,
.
, , ,
,
= (), v
() , :
v =(d(o/d$)
(. (8.6.26)) = (d $/d(o )
(. (8.6.33))
, co .
, , , , , (.
8.6.4.4) (. ),

E ~ ()
E ~ {[ (>)]}.
x
() : x =(d^/d(o)
(. (8.6.27)) ^ ( ^ / ^ ) ^
.
g
G)
(UL
in
out
aL
12.
629
12.5.1.
,
, . 12.11. ,

(
= 2 ) (, = 6 ),
(
, L = 3 ). (, X = 590 )
(
,< 1,32 ).

, .
, . .

, ,
(, = 200 ) , ,
(, = 20 ).
, , . 12.11,
(, 30)
. ,
, [21, 22].
,
. ,

,
z , ,
(. 8.6.38),
.
,
( ).
,
,
[22]:
t f t l - r f - ^ - ^ *
(12.5.1,
,
(. (8.6.23)), = P(t, z)
0
^25
< \ /

-*Jj--0,2
. 12.11

630
. .
" 7
0,5
. 12.12

()
()

:

,

.
'
IV \
/ 1
/ / !
-20
25
*0
-10
1
" j
-25
-20
20
10
10
-J
10
20
()
, A
.

(12.5.1) :
eff
,
, .
, , . 12.12,
,
. 12.126. , , . .
, ,
(. . ,
).
,
, . . t < t t > t . 12.126.

, ,
().
,
, , . .
( - v t), v (. ) .
z
, . 12.12, ,

v . , , , . 12.12
A
12.
631
,
. , . 12.126,
, ,
co . ,
, .
, .
, ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
,
z ,
. 12.12 .
. 12.126. 12.12 ,
, ,
, ,
, . ,

,
.

, ,
L
0,3
'
g 0,2
0,1
S
-20
-10
..J.
0
,
_.l,.,
10
20
0
,
-25
0
,
25
-5
0
,
. 12.13
( ) ()
6
30 ; ( )
; ()
. ( [ 2 1 ] . )
632
. .
,
, . 12.13 .
, , , ' = 23 ,

.
. 12.13, ,
, (
, . 12.13,
= 4 ) , (Av^ =50 )

, , . .
Av = 0,45/ = 2,5 " ( = 6 ). ,

, .
, . 12.13 12.136
.
, . 12.12, ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
. ,
, , .
(8.6.27), , dx /d(o
, ,
x .
(. . 12.136),
. 12.13
.
(8.6.31)
- 1
:
d
'J2A>\
I
'
Aco L
'
V
(12.5.3)
^ =2nAv' . 12.136, '

. 12.13. ,

.
(. . , . 12.13),
( , )
, . . = 1/Avi, =0,75. ,
( )
~6 (. . 12.11), ,
.
L

()
( ).
12.
633
,
,
.

,
.
,

. () , . 12.13 12.136
( ) t()
. (
) -
2()(). , ()
, :
*() = (-),
(12.5.4)
= (). ,
()
co ( ):
L
() = ( )
(co-co ) + ^
1(
(C0-(0 )
(12.5.5)
(d/d(o)
, (<2 /<2 )
. (12.5.4)
- ()(), ,
(d ^/dco )
(12.5.3),
. ,
, . 12.13.
=0,6, ,

(0,75 ), .
2

,

= dT /dco.
,

.
8.6.4.4,
,
1
. 8.26.

. 12.14

. 12.11 [23].
&L
G)L
634
. . *
. 12.14,
, , 1.
0; . ,
,
G>I ABCD
HABC'D' . , ,
,
= ABCD/v ,
x =ABC'D'/v
coj.
( > , ,
. ,
[23]:
2
>
dl
? _
dC0 ~
4
3
C0 d
j
2
{[1-[80,-^)] }
/19*\
"
, X , d , aL
. (12.5.6)
, .
, , L ()
0^.
, ,
. 12.14, ,
.
(,
CD CD').
, , ,

.

(12.5.6).
, . 12.11,
,
[24]. , ~6
( ~2 )
3
200 ( = 20 ).
90 (. 12.11),
55 .
50

~6 , 10 [25].
,
( = (d ty/d<o ) )
( = (d ty/d(o ) )

( . 12.14)
, . 8.26. ,
g
(UL
mL
12.
635
, ,
.
, (. 12.11),
(d = 5 ).
, ,
(~10 ).
SPM-
( ),
, (, )
( 1 - 3 .) [26]. , 150300 ,
(-2 ).
1 .SPM- (~200 )
(20-150 ).
, ,
[27]
20 -
~4,5[28].
1,5
,
( 100 ).
12.5.2.

12.3 ,
(
). ,
(. . 12.11 12.12).
, (. . 12.136),
,
(. 12.14),
. -
. 12.15
, ,
- ,
1:1
636
. .
(- )

. [29]
,
, -
, ( 1:1),
, . 12.15 [30].

, ,
. . ( , s ) < f, /
. ,

, [30]:
, d , 9 ,
. 12.15. (12.5.7) ,
.
. 12.15, ,
,
i
ABCD ABCD' .
, , ,
=ABCD/v ,
x - ABCD'/v
> % , ,
. ,
, , . 12.15,
,
.
(, CD CD').

, , ,
.

(. 12.15)
(12.5.7).
,
(. 12.15), , (. . 12.14),
,
sin 9 - (X/d) = sin 9 ' , 9; , 9 '
.
(12.5.6) (12.5.7), ,
9 ' = 9 , ,
:
(L /cos Q) = 2f-s s.
(12.5.8)
>
1?
dl
12.
637
,
, . , (12.5.8),
, . 12.15,
, . 12.14. ,
, ,
,
, . ,
, . 12.15,
( ),
(12.5.8)
, , . 12.14.
-
, . 12.15,
,
~100 ,
.
(
1:1)
[31] [32] . ,

10 ,
,
[31].
4
12.6.

.
,

,
. ,
[33, 34].
, , ,
, .
.
,
1
. . ,
, , .
2
, ( S I ) , :
, 9 192 631,770
, .
638
. .
Av = c/2L , L = L (n) n
() . , -
= zi(v), , , Av = Av(v), . .
. ,
,
, , ,
.
8.6, ,
,

.
, t , . .
v =l/, ,rfle:
t = 2 Y -_
4 g
(12.6.1)
l , a v
, . -
,
v ,
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
, , (. . 8.6.4.1).
- A(t)
v ,
v .
, . .
e
ig
ph
E(t)k
. 12.16
(
),

,

1(f)

( )
-1
12.
639
, (. . 12.16),
:
= 2].
(12.6.2)
\Viph
igJ
v . ,
2
,
iph
= ! 2.
(12.6.3)
- ().
- ,
,
v = nv + v ,
n
(12.6.4)
CEO
, 2\
= 2nf
= / ^ = .
, , . . = 0,
v
=f
= A )
. .
v , , = 2. v v

v^ = mv + v
= 2/rv + v
= nv + v # .
v ,
2nv + 2 V .

, ,
2v - v j ^ = V
.
, v ,
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
-
(KLM Ti:sapphire laser), . . 8.6.3.2,
- ( 100 , . . 2.2).

(. . 8.6.4.3).
, I I I , . 8.26,
' .
,
. , 100
, -
, , .
-
(
PCF),
.
(-1,5 ) .
,
-
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, .
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-
v
v
/ - 2 /

.

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(),
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,
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n
C 0
C 0
C i : o
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CEO
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641
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3- 7-
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.
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. 12.18.
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,
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.
1
,
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1
642
. .

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:

.
(2 + 1)

(McPherson) (Ferray) 1980 .
- .
2004 .
700
-
10 .
,
in vivo.

, (Kulander et al.)
(Corkum), ,
.

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.
.
12.7.1.

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1 0 10 / ,
,
.
,
.
.
, .
.
,
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13
14
12.
643
uv
. 12.19
, .
,
.
,
.
, ,
hv = I + E , 1
, a E ,

. ,
, ~0,05

.
hv
= I + 3,17 U , U , . .

. , U = /4/

, , ,
.

.
1994 . (Lewenstein et al.)
.
,
, :
, . .

;
(SFA):
, , . .
;
,
.
,
,
.
p
max
644
. .

( )
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.
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:
,
,
.
,

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, .
- , . .
,
- .
-.
12.7.2.

.
,
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,
.
: Ak = k - qk 0,
q-
. , ,

, L
= /Ak.
,
.
. ,
,
,
, . . U x.
( ,
).
,
g
coh
12.
645
.
,
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.

.
,

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,
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, L = nz /q, z .
g

,
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U x
.
,
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(
). ,
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, ,

.

.
, -

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L = 1/, , .

: L
> 3L
( L
) L
> 5L .
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,
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,
,
, .
.
,
.
p
abs
med
646
ab8
med
coh
ab8
. .
12.7.3.

-.
,
, -,
[35, 36].
(Farkas) (Toth) 1992 .,

. I (t) -

x
|2
1) = 2 ^ + *( )]
A ( ) -
. (> )
,
t : ( ) = qco t .
N ( ),
- T /2N,
.
800 ( = 2,67 )
- () ,
.
,
,
(RABITT).

,
,
( ) .

, , ,
- .
, 2001 .
250 , 1,35 ,
( 11 19). ,
-,
.

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-.
q
0 e
12.
647
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170
(
).
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.
( < 5 )
- ()
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)
.

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,
.
. ,
E (t) = E(t)cos((o t + ), -,
( = 0)
-. , 2004 .
250 .

,
.

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. -
L
648
. .
,

.

.
:
-;

;
;
.
2006 .
130 36 .
1,2 . -

,
, .
,

.
12.1. , N d : Y A G 12.1,
1 ( )
,
/ = 10 .
. [:

fi f [f-i+f-i f-i

, . ]
2
12.2. N d : Y A G
( = 100 , = 20 )
6,3
G = 100. , : 1)
, ; 2)
; 3)
= 2,8 10~ .

.
.
19
12.3.

D = 9 15 .
G ~ 4. ,
0
12.
649

= 4 10" (. . 9.3),
,
, (
1 ), E
= 450 .
, ?
20
OUT
12.4. , (12.3.1)
(12,3.9), , = 0,
(. (7.2.21) (7.2.24)],
(12.3.15).
12.5. , ( 12.2)

( = 100 ). , 2.10,
,
/ / = 0,187,
.
, 12.2.
/ 2
1 3
12.6. -0 - ( C 0 : N : H e = 3:1.4:1)
10 10 100 . (22)
g = 4 10" " .
200 ,
,
.
(22) = 1,54 10~ , a

/ = 0,07 ( = 300 ) .
,
17 .
, .
2
18
12.7. (12.3.12).
12.8. N d : Y A G
KDP. 0 , ,
KDP ( = 1,06 ) = 1,507, ( = 532 ) = 1,5283, ( =
= 532 ) = 1,48222.
12.9. (12.4.30).
12.10.
= = 1 L i N b 0 5 ,
= 0,5 [7i = /12 = 2,16, = 2,24,
d 6 10" / , Yi = = 2 10" ].
100 ,
?
1
12
650
. .
12.11. I
,
DP 2,5 ,
X = 1,06 100 /
( KDP s 1,5, d = d sin 0 = 0,28 1 0
/, 0 = 50
).
2
1 2
eff
36
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nd
652
. .
..

.
(, ,
),
(. . ).
.
, t =
1
. ,

i f . ,

(' = \i E). . ,
. ,
\i
(' =
). ,
. ,
' 7/.
'
.
. ,
' ,
. ,
7/' = 7/osincG*.
:
()
(.2)
74+
H .
t > ^,
ij/
:
Q
654
. .
\\f(t),
, (2.3.1), 1
2 , :
= ^^/] \|/ =
u exp[-(jE t/h)].
:
2
0^ = ^(1=1,2).
(.4)

:
= a (t)\\t + a (t)y ,
1
(.5)
, ,
, :
\$ + \ = \.
(.6)
2
, (1.1.6), W = -d\a (t)\ /dt =

= d\a (t)\ /dt | (0| -
(.5) :
12
V=
ex
= Ys k k P\--K k/h)tl
1
(. 7)
k , am .
(.), :
0 % + H')a u [-j(E /h)t]
k
= ^{jh(da /dt)u
exp [-j(E /h)t]
+a u E exp
k
(A.8)
[-j(E /h)t]}.
(.4) :
YMda /dt)u exv
k
[-j(E /h)t]
= ^ ^ ^ [-j(E /h)t].
(.9)

* ,
Y,J4da /dt)exp
k
[-]{E /h)t]\u u* dV
k
5>* [-j(E /h)t]\u*

k
'u dV.
u (. . [ * u dV = 6 ),
() :
k
AE -E )t
h
k
(da /dt) = , k H' a exp

n
H' =H' (t)

nk
nk
nk
kn
(.11)

H' {t)=\u* H'u dV.
nk
(A.12)
,
a (t), , .
k
655
, (.5) (.11),
:
(. 13)
^ J
[ jh~ ^
da
dt
2\
(. 136)
+ 2^2
(0) = 1 (0) = 0.
.
(. 13), .
, (. 13) a (t) = 1
a (t) = 0. (. 13) ,
a (t) a (t) .
.
a {t) a (t), ,
(. 13), , . .
. ,
(. 13) :
(. 14)
(. 146)
= ( - )/h .
, (. 146).
( ) ( 2 )
0
21
= ' sine*
2
= '&
^)-
(-jet)]
2j
(.15)
21
1 = \*2 &idV
( 6)
, , . (.15) (. 146)
(0) = 0, :
2
a (t) ' \ [( - )*] - 1

2
2jh
[;(COQ + )] - 1
( 7)
s , ,
.
0
a (t)^-^ ' [ ( - ; * ) - 1 ~
9
(A. 18)
= - . ,
0
\ zJHll
h
aAt)}
656
sin(Acot/2)
( 9)
. .
. .1
2
= [sin(Acot/2)/Aco]

2
= [sin (/2)/] . . 1 .
,
, . , ,
,
_
2
-
sin(Acof/2)
/ = nt
(.20)
2'
7
t
sin(Acof/2)
= ^5(),
(.21)
5 5- . (. 19)
|a (*)| =L^-f*5(Ac>).
2
, ,
, | ()|
t 2 .
, W
2
12
d\a (t)\ _ \' \\

(.23)
-5().
dt
W ,
| # 2 i | ,

( ). -
,
, = -.
' 1~ = = -eE(r, t) ,
,
. ,
, :
2
12
12
= -eE(r, t) .
(. 24)
(. 12) = 2 k = 1, :
H' i = - ji4Er dV.
(.25)
,
.
2
Ul
657
( X = 500 ,
-0,1 ). , (,/)
, (.25)(
- , = 0, . .
( ). ,
(, t) = (0, t) = E sincof,
(.26)
. (.26) (.25)
H' i (.15), , H i :
0
= ,
(.27)
\i2i="ju2erUidV.
(. 28)
2 1

21

. 0 ,
(.27) :
21
|^2 i| -ô lH2il cos 0.
(.29)
| | . ,
,
;
\' \| (. 29)
6 ( ).
, (0) 0. (0)
, p(0)<2Q
dQ,
0. , 0 , (cos 20) = 1/3
( ).
,
.
.
21
21
21
21
(|"2| ) = *|,
0
2 1
/.
(. 23)
^
1 2
=|
( 2 ) 2
| 2 1 | 2
6()-).
(.31)
5( - ) 8(v - v ) ,
(2.4.5), 6(v - v ) = 26( - ).
,
. ( . 13),
: (0) = 0 (0) = 1.
,
(. 13) (.31), ,
1 2. (.28) ,
| | = | |, (.31) , W = W ,
.
0
12
658
21
12
2l
. .
2.5.1,
g(v' - v)
, (.
. 2.9). ,
, 2.9,
:
E(t) = exp;[co* - (*)],
(.1)
, = 2nv ,
() .
, /? ()

(2.5.7).
( ' v) , . . g(co' - ).
, g(v' - v)dv' = #(' - co)dco\ g(V - v) = 2#(' - ). (' - )

' - ) , . 2.9.
, , (2.5.4),
W(co' - ) JW(g)' - co)dco' = 1. ,

+00
+
'-)2'=^ \\E(t)\ dt
= 2nE
(.2)
0
'
-00
JWX' - co)cico' = 1 , ,
2^ = 1 . , g((o' - )
E(t), (.1)
= (2) / .
(.)
W(<o' - ) ,
(.1), -,
W(co' - ) -
(). ,
1
+0
' - ) = |() (-/')<*,
(.4)
659
() :
+
() = ^ \E'(t)E(t + x)dt.
(.5)
-T
, . 2.9, :
2
() = lim
()
jdt +
[corr.
[-;(* .
uncorr.
(.6)
(.6)
- + ,
, , , E(t) E(t + )
( ). (.6)
, ,
E(t) E(t + ) (
). ,
. . 1,
, E(t) E(t + ).
E(t + ) E(t) (
), ,
.
() (.6). ,
(.6) ,
-() ,
. , (.6) :
9
( ) = ^ ()
dt
(.7)
(.7) , . .
,
. . 1. ' - ( + 1)-
(. . .1),
E(t)
. .1

E(t) E(t + ):
E(t + x)
630

,
.
. .
,
' > . , (.7) :
2
() = ) ^ " - "
0
- + N,
^
-"
1-^__((--))
2
2T/N
~
'
'
= 2T/N
, ((' - )) (' - ) (
' > ). (2.5.7)
,
((' - )):

+00
<'->=(1/ ) |('-) [-(7 )]/' =
[-(/ )].
(. 10)
(.8), (.9) (. 10) :

() = $ [ - (/ )]. () < 0, ,
(-) = *(),
:
() = ^ [;-(||/ )].
- (. (.4)),
W(co' - ), , (.)
, g(co' - ). :
0
('-) = ^ .
[1 + ('-) ?]'
2
>
, g(v' - v) = 2ng((o' - ),
(. (2.5.9)):
g(y
'"
V> = 2
[ 1 + ('-)
2
(. 13)
,
(2.5.10).
661
, ()
, ,
, . .1. ,
,
. -,
- .
[1].
,
.
[2], ,
,
.
,
N , , N = N
. I (z, v)
z
z (. . . 1). dl z
,
dz. , :
2
= a JVJ + A Nhv&
v
(B.l)
a v, ,
, a Q(z)
,
dz. , Q(z)/4rc, (. 1),
, dz
4,
, Q(z).
v
. B.1

,
z
662
. .
I (Z, v)
, . . z = Z, (.1) . ,
, z = 0,
, Q(z) = Q, Q ,
(. . .1).
(.1) ,
I ( 0 , v) = 0, :
V
ftv[exp (/7)-1]
I (Z, v) -
.
(.2)
, A =Ag{y - v ) a = a ^ ( v - v )/g , A
, g(v - v ) ,
, g , ,
v , (.2) :
v
1(/^) = /.^* ( a J W ) - l ] ,
(.)
= / = (. (2.6.22)), J = hv/G x
(. (2.8.24)).
v,
, (.): [7 (Z, v)/J (Z, v ) ] =
= [ ( ^ ) - 1]/[ (OpNl) - 1]. ,

G = exp(GpNl). , . 2.24
2(v - v ) /
Av ,
, 10 10 . ,
AVASE (.), ,
.
:
[ (o Nl) - 1] = [ ( a ^ Z ) - 1] (-kx ),
(.4)
k , .
x = 2(v-v )/Av ,
0
(.5)
Av ( ,
). (.4) kx :
0
kx = In [ (GpNl) - 1] - In [ ( a ^ Z ) - 1].
(B.6)
(.6) f(x),
k :
df
dx
(. 7)
, (.6)
= /(1 + ). , (.7):
GlnG
k =
WTY
(.8)
2
< = -(: 1 2) (.6)

(. 7) ,

,
, ^ = 2(12/&) . , (. 5), A v ^ = (Av /2),
, k (.8) (.9).
, ,
1/2
Av^-th^F*

G-1
GlnG
G-1
AvASE ~
GlnG
-.1/2
Avo
(.)
,1/2
(B.ll)
. (.)
, ,
A V ^ / A V Q oyV7 = lnG,
. 2.25.

I = Jlvdv
.
(.) v :
+00
7=
[eXp
<vM)-l]dv.
(.12)
,
(.4), (.8) (.9),
(.12) . (. (2.9.3)):
,
( Q \(G-l)3/2
* 44^)[Gm^
,
w,, _ ^
(.13)
3 / 2
iG]V2
(. 14)
1. L. W . Casperson, Threshold Characteristics of Mirrorless Lasers, J.Appl. Phys. 48,

256(1977).
2. O. Svelto, S. Taccheo and C. Svelto, Analysis of Amplified Spontaneous Emission:
Some Corrections to the Lyndford Formuls, Opt. Commun. 149, 277 (1988).
664
. .
, ,
.
(2.4.9), ,
||.
, (
) ( )
e ( )

h
R
,
.
,
.e Rj = :
(.1)
i
.
R R
0 - R
. , - ,
(. (2.3.6)):
\x
osc
=2Re J\|/5(r ,JR,r )ji\|/ (r ,r )dr diWr ,

i
i>
(.2)
\\F N\\F
. ,
i|/
R (
0 ),
. -
:
1
RY r ) = u (r
r
i9
R) u (R)u (r )exp[-j(E/h)t],
V
(.)
u , u viu ,
, = + E + .
e
665
(.) (.2), , v = ( - E )/h , (. (2.3.7)):

08
21
21
(.4)
21 =(lK \i u dRû; u dr j
)
vl
rl
\ = \i (R) = \u* (r R)\iu (r R)dr

( )
P , (.1).

R, (#)
R :
e2
iy
el
i9
it
#5
) = ) + ^ - ( - ) + . . .
(.)
= = u . (.)
, \x (R ) :
2
vl
) = JPJî(RI?o)l ^
(. 7)
\i .
\ = (# ) ,
ep
$u* u dR = | ,! | dR = 1,
2
vl
(.4) | | = | | ,
(2.4.9):
21
N l l
1^21
21
\u; u dr | .
2
rl
(.8)
,
,
\ . ,

.
| |
, (.8).
,
, AJ
A J = 1.
- = ,
, \i (R) = \ (R ) = \
(.4).
21
21
(Vep lu* u dR^ju; u dr y

v2
vl
rl
,
, .
(.),
(.4) | | :
2
21
l^2l| =
2
, I \ii*(if. W I T ' '
*
*
\dR\ | ^ ( - ^ ^ | | ^ 2 1 * | .
2
(.9)

AJ = +1 . 666
. .
, U(R - R )
( ),
u
, . . .
, | |
Av = 1. ,

(.. )
(. 6) (
). , ,
(. 9)
, -. , ,
, , (,
N ). , ,
, \i (R).
| | (.9) .
.
(.6) , , (.4),
:
Q
21
21
| 1 i i w . ^ i d i ? ! ^ ^ ^ ! .
2
(.)
(. 10) -
,
.

(.) AJ = 1.
(.) , | |
,
-. ,
, u u
. , W
, 3.1.3.
2
21
v2
vl
667

,

, .
-
. ,
.

;
N s N . , ,
-R
-WN--
f -\wN V-^
t
(.1.1)
(.1.16)
(.1.16) ,
7. (. 1.1)
,
. ,
, ,
.
(. 1.16)
.
,
.
, W = oF = al/hv J = /,
, F , I ,
, a n .
W :
W =^ p .
(-1.2)
668
. .
, , ,
, , , ,

. , ,
, W
. , ,
t ( ),
.
(. 1.1), (. 1.2), :
-
dt ~

nhv
N
'
(.)
--*-.
at
nhv
(.1.36)
, , R (
), N
, - (. 1.36).
,

p
^ |
^ '
(-1.4)
.
L, I ;
, .
p
p :
out
in
P *, = Pokr)| ,
p = rip \u(r)\\
(.1.5)
(.1.56)
in
() , ,
( ),
. (. 1.4) (. 1.5) :
0
nj\u\
dV+ j \ \ dV
u
(.1.6)

. (.1.6) ,
^
2
V=
nj\u\ dV+j\ \ dV
u
(. 1.7)
V
a
V = j\u\*dV.
a
(.1.8)
(.1.56), (.1.6) (.1.7),

(.):
UN\ P-K
(.1.9)
f$N\u\*dV-
dt
(.1.96)
-
.
(. 1.9)
. , ()
z.
,
. ,
6.3.3;
, .
|()|,
z
0 :
2
|| = (-(/ ) ),
(.1.10)
w . (.1.7) :
0
V =^ L
(.1.11)
L ( .(7.2.11))
e
L = L + (n-\)l.
(.12)
(. 1.8) :
V =^-l.
(.1.13)
(.1.96),
(dty/dt) = 0.
(. (7.3.20))
2
\N\u\ dV
W
ju\ dV
JN\u\ dV
V
'
(.1.14)
(.1.96) (. (7.3.19))
{N)c
-^- 'V~ VV
c
(.1.15)
(.1.11), (.1.13) (7.2.14).

(. 1.9),
(dN/dt) = 0 = 0. :
Rp(r, z) = N(r, z)/x.
(. 1.16)
(R)
670
. .
\R \ufdV
JR\u\ dV
(.1.17)
(.1.16) (.1.17)
(.1.15), :
(.1.18)
GIT
(N)
(. 1.96), (dty/dt) = 0.
0
W o < N > = Y/crf.
(.1.19)
,
(.1.9) (dN/dt) = 0. ,
0
^-||
= .
(.1.20)
, (.1.20) P
(7.2.18). (.1.20) :
0
out
N =
(.1.21)
(. 1.11) (7.2.14)
, P (. (7.3.28))
s
L hv
2 ' 2
(.1.22)
GT'
(. 1.21) \\
, :
dV;
(.1.23)
1 + %
(. 1.14), -
<) , . . .
(.1.19) (. 1.13), (.1.23) :
0
_ 2
G
nW,
R \u\4
p
[l +
dV.
(.1.24)
,
R .
, ,
.
R
, (. (6.2.6) (6.4.26))
p
671
, (. 1.25) 0 ^ ^ ,
, R (r) = 0 > . ,
6.3.3,
(. 1.25)
v ( , . . 6.17)
v ( ).
(. 1.25) (. 1.24), :
p
mp
1:
_2_1
f
2
1+
-0 JJ[ ^ | | :
na hv
2nrdr.
(-1.26)
z
. P
,
(7.3.26), (7.3.25) (7.3.27). (.1.26)
mth
-2(r/w )
e
yexp-2(r/w ) ]
'o ]j[l+
2nrdr;
(.1.27)
\\ (. 1.10).
* = exp(-2(r/w ) ),
(.1.28)
(.1.27) ( (7.3.30)):
2
1=
L*=
Jl
+ yt
hn
(.1.29)
= (-(/> ) ).
(.1.30)
,
, , ,
R (6.3.7). (. 1.24),
\\ (. 1.10), :
0
00
2
1:
hv
jexp - 2r [(w^+w )/w^w ]

2nrdr
U
/
i
>
)
e
x
p
[
2
r
V
^
]
Jl +
2
(.1.31)
x laexp -[az]dz.
(6.3.11),
(.1.31) \ .
(. (7.3.32))
Pmth
J_
hv
nwt
(.1.32)
2a
* A .
r| = ^ .
, (7.3.25) (7.3.27).
(.1.31)
p
672
. .
-2r \jwl
J
1 + yexp
1
X
+ w )/wlw ]
^2nrdr
~[2r /w ]
2
(.1.33)
t (. 1.28), 5, 5 = (w /w )
:
i
9
Jl +
J/5
dt.
(. 1.34)
(. 1.34)
5. , 8 = 1,
1
i-îMi^)
(. 1.35)
(7.3.34).
.2.

-

, .
, ) (7.2.19):
N.+N^N,,
^
(.2.1)
= R - (W N - WM) - ^ ,
P
(.2.16)
(.2.1)
W W
, (. 1.2), :
e
(.2.2)
W a
nfa^
(.2.26)
.
, (. 1.4) (. 1.8), (
(7.2.24)):
=+
vt
- "V
V
dt
II
\ \2^1,
(.2.3)
.2.86)
^JNWfdV-l-
N = N - fN (. (7.2.23)) / = / (. (7.2.22)).
-
.
2
673
(.2.3)
. , \()\
(. 1.10) 0 < < , (.1.11), (. 1.12) (.1.13)
V, L V . , (. 1.14)
(. 1.17), (N) ( R ) .
(N) (.2.36)
(dfy/dt) = 0. ,
00
(N)
= y/a L
(.2.4)
( R ) (.2.)
p
(dN/dt)
= 0 = 0.
\ -fWt)
(R
{ R
+ <N) _a (N )l
e
+y
) c
p ~ (1 + /) " (a + a ) h (- - )

(N) (.2.36) (d^/dt) = 0. :
e
(N)
= (N) = y/o L
(.2.3), (dN/dt)
N
R (l
1 +
(^
(.2.6)
= 0, ,
f)x-fN
) 2
'
(.2.7)

(7.2.18). , (.2.7)

0
RJl
f)x-fN
1 |
= P /P ,
P
+
out
' - >

2~2-(5^-F-
--
9)
(.2.8) \\
. (.1.13), (. 1.14) (.2.6),
( (. 1.24)):
_
-~
C[R (l
p
f)x-fN ]\u\
t
'
d V
[1 +
*/ ]
(.2.10)
, R .

(6.3.7). \\ (. 1.10),
(.2.10)
p
^ = *(1 + / )
V dt
-fN,
674
df
^)frfe I
aexp-(a2)d3
-2.11)
^ - .
. .
t (.1.28) (.1.30),
2
8 = (w /w ) .
0
(.2.12)
, z
, , , , w < (. .
s 0), (.2.11):

51
=(*+)
(.2.13)
2( + ) 1
1 +
1 (1 + )
2/
-dt
(.2.14)
= ojffl/y. (6.3.25)
< w o-iVZ < . (. (7.4.16)):
0
-yf* '
2( + )
(.2.15)
(.2.14) (.2.15), (.
(7.4.18)):
1 ( 1 + )
=(.2.16)
dt
1
675
, 8.6.3,

, ,
. ,
,
,
.

g = oyV Z,
, I , a N
,
. ,
{I) ,
, g:
0
I = hv /o T .
s
1

(D. J. Kuizenga and
. . Siegman, [1]), (. A . Haus,
[2, 3]). ,

91
ZdA (t)]
AAt)
\
1
676
. .
. , ,
. . 1. ,
2. ,

(. . 8.19).

:
E(t) = (*){ * - )},
(.1.1)
t , .
( - ) -
E(t) . .
0
jW)exp
-^
(-jt)dt=
JA(t)exp [-j((i)- )t]dt.
(E.1.2)
-OO
00
A(t) ( - )
:
+00
| -() [j((o-(o )t]d((o-(o ).
A(t)=
(.1.3)
-00
.

(. . ) , ,
= tgA t
, [4]
1(o9
*' t:
-^/' {^-Z/^
^.1.4)
,
(FWHM). , (.1.4)
:
0
G ( ) = |*J = exp# (co).
(.1.5)
g ((o)
:
^
0
{1 + [2((-)/]
(. 1.6)
. . ,
. ,
, ,
(.1.4), ( - ).
:
g o ( G > )
t = exp-/{(co/iZ/c) + [g (co - )/ ]}
( /2){1 - [2( - )/ ] }.
e
(.7)
=
= (conZ/c) + [g ((o - ( )/( ] i
(. (8.6.27)),

_
g
d^ T A^'
(.1.8)
0
d9
n i
Td
677
, nl/c,
.
,
.
,
, ;
,
. (. 1.7)
2
t = {( /2){1 - [2( - )/<*>] }}.

g
(.1.9)
, 1
,
.
t
(.1.9). ,

g9
tj = ( i W A ) = exp
teo){l-[2(co-co )/Aco ] }},
.
, g < 1, :
l f f l
3(0
(.10)

, .
(FT):
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ - ^ ? ) ) ^
d A(t)
=
[j((O-(O )] A (<D-(D ).
(E.l.ll)
dt
, -
, (. 1.3).
( E . l . l l ) , ^
k(co - ) , k ,
n- A(t) (k/j ).
(. 1.10), :
FT
(u
A (t) = ]l + g 1 +
3
d?_
2
Acoo J
dt
Mt),
(E.1.12)
A (t) A (t)
(. . ) . ( .12) ,

:
2
1 + 1 +
(.1.13)
dt
x
,
.
.
:
A (t) = [exp(- /2)]A (t),
4
678
(.1.14)
. .
. (1 /1 ) = ( / ) , (.1.14), ,
, (-). (.1.14) , ,
, (-), , < 1,
1 - . , ,
, :
2
7}=1-.
(.1.15)
. [1 - cos (co ,)] .

. ,
.
:
t = exp{-(y /2)[l - cos(cV)]}.

m
(.1.16)

4 = { - ( y ) [ l - c o s (co O]h
m
7 < 1 = 1 - ( y ) [ l - cos(o) O]- ,

,
(. . 8.20), . . t = 0. ,
2/ .

= l - ( y / 2 ) ( c o ) . ,
, :
m
t=l-^(o> *) .
<
>
,
, ,

. :
m
f f ^ A ( r ) = A{t).
(. 18)
, T ,TinT ,
[g , , y ] < 1, :
m
So
^ ) dt
-y-^ t \A(t)
m
= 0,
(.1.19)
. ,

( ),
. :
(*) = # ( ) - [ ^ ] >
2 0
>
- ,
1/4
"
'
L oJ
1/2
(.1.21)
679
g ,
0
= ^ | ( 2 n + l).
(.1.22)
Aog
,
( = 0).
(.21) (.1.22)
g . ,
, .
(FWHM)

= 2[12] / . , (.21) :
go
1/2
v = /2 Av = /2. ,
(.1.23) 0,45; ,
1/4, .
, , g . ( .23),
(. (8.6.19)): = 0,45/
( v A v ) . (.1.22) ^, /1 = 0. , ,
(.1.22), g
. g , ( )
(I) ,
g = GpNl = , = N/N = R /R
,
.
,
.
m
1/2
pc
2

,
,
( ) [5].
. 1,
.
( .13),

:
[)
dt \\
(.2.1)
, , 8.6.3.2.,
g' . ( 5),
:
0
2 )
,=1- ,
< - .
(.1.14),
:
* = {-(. /2)}.
(.2.3)
680
. .

:
Y
~ l + (J/I )'
(.2.4)
' , I = I(t) , I
.
t - [ - ( y ) ] .
' < 1 (I/I ) < 1 (.2.4),
8
Y s a
sa
s 1 - y 1 - '[1 - ( / / / , ) ] = 1 - '[1 - (I A |
sa
//.)],
2
A(t) , ||
. t
, :
2
(.2.5)
r = l - Y ' + Y'
:
s a
f f f A(t)
(.2.6)
= A(t).
m l sa
(.2.1), (.2.2) (.2.5), , (go,y,y')<l,

:
8 1 + AcooJ dt ~ - ' + ' ^ )
= .
(.2.7)
(.2.7) :
A(t) =
(.2.8)
cosh(f/T )'
p
1/2
1/2
Lf
LIA>I J
(.2.9)
4g&
(.2.10)
Acogx '
(FWHM)

= 1,76 , = 2 , (.2.9)
(8.6.22), , | |
. , (.2.10)
, g' < + ' = Y,
. ,
,
, (. . 8.22).
+ -go
1. D. J. Kuizenga and . . Siegman, FM and AM Mode Locking of the Homogeneous

Laser. Part I: Theory, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-6, 694 (1970).
2. H. A. Haus, A Theory of Forced Mode-Locking, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-11,
323(1975).
3. H. A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewoods
Clifts, 1984, Sec. 9.3.
4. A. E. Siegman, Lasers (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986) Sec. 7.4.
5. H. A. Haus, Theory of Mode-Locking with a Fast Saturable Absorber, J.Appl. Phys.,
46, 3049-3058 (1975), see also [3], Sec. 10.3.
681
,
. co , a Aco
(. . 8.25). (, )
z
:
L
+00
E(t,z)=
JA^co-co )exp [y(co*-pz)]dco,
(.1)
00
= ( - co )
, = ( - co )
.
, Aco
:
P= P l +
(S)
(co-a)L)
'
(.2)
P , ^.
(.2) (.1), :
L
+00
jdAco,
E(t,z) = exp [K(o t-$ z)]x
L
( .)
JAJAcoJexp j/Aco
Aco = - co . , , (.) ,
[t - (dp/dco)^ 2]. , (.)
:
L
E(t, z) = A[t - (z/v )]exp [j(a t - p z)],

g
(.4)
A , exp[/(co - P z)] ,
v
L
4 f L 682
. .
(t - (z/v )),
v .
v .
(.5). () = co (. . v = tan 6',
. . 8.25).
, Aco
,
(. . 8.25).

, , , .
I Ax
,
.
g
l - I
= - V
=1
dp
dco
dp
dco
(.6)
v'gHVg , ' "

. , Aco
()
, . .
L
(. 7)
(.6) (.7) :
dV
2
dco J
Aco =| "( )| ,
L
1(
1(
(.8)
= PZ, " = d^/dco , "

co . (.8) "()
(. group-delay dispersion, GDD),
L
d(l/v )
dco
g
(.9)
l(0
(. group-velocity dispersion, GVD)

co .
, (.8),
,
,
,
. , ,
( 2 = 0)
, . .
L
(.10)
E(t) = A exp {-(* /2 )} (;co *),
1/.
- co ) ( - co ),
(.1)
, , ,
2
683

( - co ), (. 7).
(. 1)

, .
A(t z) :
L
t' = t-(z/v ),
z' = z,
(. 11)
(.116)
v . ,
,
. [1]:
g
A(t',z)--
(.12)
2(x +jb z)
2
b =(d $/da> )
=GVD (
), (.116), z' = z.
(.12), A(t', z) ,
t' ,
2
A(f,
<OL
z) = $, )|{-(*', * ) } .
(.13)
(.12)
|A(f, z)\ :
|(*$|
(. 14)
2(x +h z )
p
(. 14) ,
, (. 10), ,
x (z) z , (z) = ( + b z )/x .

:
2
x (z)-x
l + (j^J
>
(.15)
L - /\
\ . ,
, (.15),

( (4.7.17)),
.

,
[1].
(.12) (\ z):
p
l + (z/L )
(. 16)
\L
sgn(6 ) , . . .
(. 16) , (\ )
2
684
. .
(l/2)tan (z/L ) , ?. ,
(') = d[((o t') - y(f, z)]/dt' :
D
co = co sgn(b )
L+
^
l + (z/L )
-
%
(.17)
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
I L , ,
(. 15), { / ) =
2
M ) - T
] /
(. 18)
\ pJ
t
^ = ^((o ) = [d ^/d(o ] .

(. 10)
: = 2(12) / . (. 18) :
L
0iL
^ 1
= (81 2)^
(.19)
, ,
(. 10), ,
. ( - )
, (. 10):
AJco-coJocexp -
(CO-CO ) T
(.20)
co .
,
(. )
L
G,(co-co ) = exp | ^ { l - [ 2 ( c o - c o ) / A c o ] } J ,
0
(.21)
g = N al
, .
, , :
0
( - ) = G (co - ) - co ).
(.22)
(.22), (.20) (.21), co

:
ArJco-cocOccexp -Uco-coo)
2 I Aeon
(.23)
(.23) ,
, .
(.23) (.20) ,
685
' , ' /2 ,
(.23). , :
1/2
1+i
(.24)

(Sip/ip - ) /
(.24):
2
(.25)
(.25)
Av = /2 = 2(12) .
:
,
,
^_)
J2\n2\
1
(.26)
1/2
/ÂT AV
So-
1. Hermann A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics,

glewoods Cliffs, 1984, Sec. 6.6.
686
Prentice Hall, Inc., En-
. .
(1) , 11.3,
(( )*( )) (.
(11.3.7)), x = (r t )

.
1
i9
*\
19
) = (E( )...E(xJE-(x
29
Xl
+ 1)...'( ))
(3.1)
2 ,
2 -
.

9
19
29
()
>( 2,... 2 )
19
,
3
Y[ (E(x )E*(x ))^

r
(->
. , = 1
(11.3.7)(11.3.8).

,
. , ,
(. . , | (: , )\ = 1),
(1)
( )
19
= ( )*( );
'
(3.3)
( 1 )
,
. ,
, (11.3.7) (11.3.8)
.

,
. ,
()
= f[ E(x )f\ E*(x ).
r^(x x ... x )
u
29
2n
(3.4)
n+l
, ,
(3.1)
. (3.4)
(3.2), ,
|< *1,*2.-".*2>1 = 1
(3.5)
687
. , ,
, ,
(3.4) . ,
11.7, ,
. , ,
. , He-Ne
Av = 1 , 11.8,
= l/Av = 1 . ,
, , . .
, 2 - ,
, = 300 , 2
- (3.4) (3.5).
/- ,
He-Ne ,
, = = ... = = ,
. .
. (, ,
)
(3.1):
()
r f
FE
() = < 2 > = JJ
()*
(3.6)
= ( ) (11.1.1),
() , 11.7. , = 1
:
\\A p (E)AdAd4>
(,)
= (\\ )
(1)=
-.
\\p {E)AdAdb
(3.7)
() (11.7.2).
(3.6) ,
=$ ,
(3.7) p(i) 2. , :
E
<*>(, ,
) = [(,
)] .
(3.8)
, (3.6) (3.7),
(11.7.3) ( ) , :
(1
< >(, , ) = \[ \,
)] .
(3.9)
/1-
***, (3.2), ,
[ (, )] . (3.8) (3.9) :
(1)
/">(*, * , . . . , * ) = 1
(3.10)
^ = \
(3.11)
.
(3.10) , , ,
(3.5). ,
(3.11) ,
= 1, . . . , ,
, ,
, . .
, 11.8.
688
. .
[h]
[h = h/2n]
[]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[]
1,054 572 66(63) 1 0 1,602 177 33(49) 1 0 -
19
1,672 623 1(10) 1 0 -
1,674 928 6(10) 1 0 -
27
/
23
4 10-
[NA]
(4/ )]
- [ a S B ]
[Z = 1/]

[/]
"
1
- -
0,529 177 249(24) 10~

5,670 51(19) 1 (
376,73...
10
- -
1836,152 ...
, 1
1,602 ...
,
X - 1
1,986 ... 10-
,
feT(T=300K)
[v = kT/hc]
/
/
23
8,314 51
[ =
12
6,022 136 7(36) 1 0
[R = NA k]
2 4
8,854 187 817 ... 10~
[]
9,274 015 4(30) . H h
[]
27
1,380 658 (12) 1 0 -
[]

[1 = 760 = 1013 ]
31
2,997 924 58 10
[k]
34
9,109 389 7 1 0 -
3 4
6,626 075 5(40) l O
10-19
19
208,512 ...
1,013 ... 10
"
6
689
1
1.1. : 1 -s- 50 .
: 50 -- 2,5 . : 2,5 - 750 .
: 750 -380 . : 380 -180 .
: 180 - 40 .
: 40 --1 . : 1 - 0,01 .
1.4. g = g (1.2.2) - = kT = 208,5 " ,
X = (1/208,5) = 48 ( ).
1.5. = 1, = -In = 0,693, , s 0,01, = , + ( + )/2 = 0,357, N = y/al s
s 1,7- 10 " .
1.6. D s (2X/D)L = 533 , D , D
, L .

. ,

,
(~1 ).
(
, ).
1
17
Y l
2
4
12
2.1. ) = SnVAX/X = 1,9 10 !

2.2. = p \dX/dv\ = (c /X )p ; A,v =
= , , .
(2.2.22), v = cJX,
2
w x
"
5
X
(hc /XkT)-l'
2.3. (dpJdX) = 0
2.2, 5[exp(hc /XkT) - 1] - (hc /XkT)exp(hc /XkT) = 0.
= (hcJXkT), ,
, , 5[1 - ( )] =
= . ,
: = 4,965. = , , ,
n
690
. .
, = hc /y k s
2,3 10 ( ).
2.6. N N d / , ,
Nd 1 N = 1 10~ 3(/MW,)N ,
, / , M.W. YAG, aN
. 3
. YAG 594 /, :
N = 1,38 10 / . (1.2.2), /
, 1 ,
_3
3+
3+
9/2
20
9/2
1 + 1
[-(Et/kT)]
i=l
E (i = 1 -- 4)
. E , / = 46%.
2.7. (2.4.25) (2.3.15) . =(X /8n)[g (v - v ) / x ] , = /
v ( ) v . v = v
, (2.4.28),
: = 0,939(, /8)(1/Avoi ).
= 1,15 , Av = 9 1 0 = 10" : = 5,5 10~ .
2.8. / ,
S .
S At = IS At,
V = S(c/n)At.
p (E/V) = (/)1.
2.11. 2.13. (Q/4rc) = (D/4Z) =
= 4,4 10~ ; (2.9.4),
G = l , 2 4 10 . N = I n G / G I =
= 4,49 10 ,
= N (nDH/4)hv = 1,96 .
2.13. (2.6.9) (2.6.10)
. , k * N *N =
k^NsN^.
:
t
s p
sp
12
th
18
-3
th
(N ./N )
A
= (N ./N )
= exv
[-(E/kT)],
.
^* ~ ^*
2.14. :
/ = Ul+[2(v-v )/Av ] },
2
, _
,
(0)
1
"TT[2(^)7AôF'l + a// )
=
o(0)
L
l +[2(v-v )/Av ]
I
/ l + [2(v-Vo)/Avo]
a (0)
a ( V
V o )
e o
l+

{2(v-v )/A^W+(I/I Y
0
ao
691
2.15. v = v , 2.14, :
0
(0)-
<>
, I
(v = v ) ,
(0)
(0).
= a(v - v ) , 2.14,
v \ [2(v' - v ) / A v ] = 1 4- (I/I ).
(FWHM) Av = Av [l + ( J / / ) ] l .
s0
s0
/2
sat
s0
3
3.1.
. , ,
, ,
, , = -2k (x - ),
. [Md (x - x )dt ] =
= -2k (x - ); , =
[2k /M] .
3.2. 3.1, ,
0
0
2
1/2
ko = (2nvc) (M/2)
= 2,314 "
( =14).
U = k (R - R ) /2, R , R
. R - R = 0,03 U = 6,5 .
3.6. = /21. / = 2M R , ,
. =
= 0,37 = 16 / , = /2[ \
= 0,0515 .
3.8. N = 1,6 10" , . 3.156, ,
2
_ 1
1/2
18
-3
E =2,35kTnE
Fc
=-1.
Fv
, , :
1
Av = (E + E )/hc = 0,9(kT/hc) = 187,65 .

Fc
Fv
(, (kT/hc) = 208,5 " = 300 .)

3.9. + = 0,45feT. (3.2.2) , ( / ) = mjm = 6,865, m
,
. , 2 = 0,392&, . = 0,0572&.
3.10. - = 0,45& =12 , . 3.16, , a = a =
= 1,8 10 .
, (. (3.2.10)):
2
f (E ) =
1
/ () =
I
,
1 + [(E -E )/kT]
1 +
i(E -E )/kT]
3.8 3.9 : f (E ) = 0,877 f (E ) = 0,8186.
(3.2.37), , = a [f (E ) - UEJ] = 104 .
3.11. a = ((dg/dN) = [g/(N - N )] = 2,6 1 0 , g = 104 , N= 1,6 10 "
(. . 7) N = 1,2 10 .
c
, v K
Fc
Fo
16
tr
18
18
tr
692
. .
18
3.13. N = 2 10 , . 3.26, :
E
- E
Fc
= 2
lc
= 72 E
- E
Fo
s -i,ikT
lv
= -28,6
3.9
-128,2 =-20,6.
1
(3.3.26), - E

g
AE =E
1
lc
+E
=64,2^ +E
lv
Fv
= 107,6 .
4
3
4.3. : = 1 - R-A = 5 10~ . (4.5.6):

(T ) = [/(1 - R)] = 25%. ,
.
, (4.5.6) (4.5.6), R = R = R,
, (4.5.14);
, F = # / ( 1 - R) = 312,4.
4.4. (0 = 0)
(n = 1), (4.5.8) (4.5.3) L = c/2Av =
= 5 . (4.5.13) : F = Av /Av = 50. (4.5.14)
R = R = R, R = 94%.
(4.5.6) , 50%, : = 4,24 10" ,
= 1 - - = 1,76 10~ .
4.7.
(. (4.7.176)) R = d[l + (z /d) ], z = KWQ /X .
,
R.
4.9. (4.7.19) = X/nQ = 201 .
, ;
I =P/(nw /2) = 7,85/ . (2.4.10) (2.4.6) ,

I = $ /2Z, Z = 1/ = 377 . = 1
: = [2IZ]
= 77 /.
4.11. (4.7.27) : w = Xf/D.
(. 1.4.4) NA = sin 0, 0 ,
D
. tan0 = D/2f, , w = X/2tan(sin" A A).
: w = X/2NA.
4.13. (4.7.4), q
q
2
FP p
1/2
f8r
fsr
1/2
02
02
02
1_ + (/ )
q A + (B/q )'
0
q = -jz , z = tzWq/X .
ABCD- L
(. . 4.1), :
0
693
1
-JZr
q
l-j(L/nz Y
, (4.7.8),
:
w =w [l +
(L'/z ) l
=
R=
L'[l+(z /L'n
R
U = L/n. 4.13.
, z , ,
z' = (z- L) + (L/n) = z - [(n- l)/n]L.
, . . z > z , w(z) =
= (X/nw ){z - [(/ - l ) / n ] L } . d = w(z)/z
L ^ z , z > L, (X/nw ), . .
.
4.14. (4.7.26) :
R9
z ,
f = z .
z , z = z / 2 .
Rl
Rl
Rl
5
5.2. = ^JLX/2n = 0,29HM;H>S = \[2w = 0,4 ; Av = c/2L =150 .
N = Av* /(c/2L) = 47, (c/4L)
(. . 5.10).
5.4.
. (4.7.136), z = L/2 (L
), :
TlWi
2R
/2
_ _ -
z = Kwl/X = 1,32 nw = 0,466 .

(4.7.13): w = ; [1 + (L/2z ) )]
= 0,498 .
5.6.
, (4.7.176):
R
1/2
-7? = +(4/ ),
1
#2
+( R/ 2)>
L =z z
2
19
z z .
R . , , 1 ,
, , . .
. ,
z :
x
2t
-R z =z?+z ,
R (L + z ) = (L + z ) + z .
1
694
. .
, z , z [2L - R - R ] = L(R - L).

, R = R = R z = - L/2, . .
. (5.4.10) : R = L/(1 - g )
R = L / ( l - g ). R R
:
+ g - 2g g ) = g (l - g )L.
5.7. : g = 0,333, g = 0,75. z
5.6, = -0,857 . (5,5.8) (5.5.9) : w = 0,533 , w =
= 0,355 = 0,349 .
5.9. ,
L /2 . (4,7.176) ,

R = (L /2)[1 + (2z /L ) ].
, / = R/2. z = >$/X,
, wfi = (X/2n)[L(4f-L )] .
,
2 , L ^ 4/,
.
5.11. : g = 1 g = 1 - L/(L + ) =- A/L. (5.5.86) : w = w =
= (LX/ny/ {l/(A/L)[l
- ( A / L ) ] } / . w = 0,5 , L = 30 X = 633
= 1,85 . , i? = L + A = 31,85cM, g =
= 0,058, , (5.5.8), w = 0,122 .
5.13. , (5.5.5) (5.4.6), ,
: -2 < 2(2A D - 1 ) < 2 , . . 0 < A D < 1. BJ)^ - A C = 1, : -1 < < 0.
5.17. (a)ft = l , f t = l,25;
() (5.6.1): = 2,24 = 1,24;
() >
= 1,8 ;
() = = 2,62, = ( - 1)/ = 0,85.
5.18.
. . 5.22, = 0,2 N = 7 , 5 , ,
= 1,35. , 2 = 2[2LXN /(M - 1 ) ] = 4,26.
: > 2 = 5,75 . ,
: L = (R + -R )/2 = -RJR (, R < 0).
: = 7,7 = -5,7 .
5.20. () (5.6.20) [-2(a/wf] = 2 10' ,. . w = 2,94 .
() (5.6.21) w = /( - I ) / = 2,32 .
( ) = 1 - ( / ) = 0,744.
() g =l,
(5.6.3) (5.6.1) = g {\ + [1 + ( l / i ) ] } ,
g = 1,0285. , ,
R^L/il-gJz
-17,5 .
R
19
1/2
21
1 2
2 1
eq
1/2
eq
1 / 2
6
6.1. ,
,
= jS[l-exp
{-(2aR)}]I dX,
eX
S . ,
,
=
\si dk,
A
695
:
r\ =Pa/Pe
J[l - {-(2aR)}]I dX / \l dX.
el
el
19
6.4. (6.2.6) , hv = 2,11 10~ ( = 940 ),

: ^ =2,01 ^ - - .
6.6. r\ = y] r\ r) = 5,3%.
, 6.4,
= 4 , 5 % : / =2.
: P = ( /'\' ) =2,36.
, ,
, : = 4,72 .
: = /1 = 4,72 , I . D I
,
f = D / = 1, ,
. : / = 0,64/ = 8,05.

f = 8,05 !) = ( 4 / ) = 2,45 ,
.
6.7. R = r\pE /Vhv At, At . hv =
= 2,11 - 10~ , : R = 5,75 10 " . ,
, : (dN /dt) = R - (N /x),
R = const > 0 : N (t) = R t[l - {-(/)}]. = 230 ,
t = At = 100 R ,
: N = R T[1 - {-(At/)}] = 4,66 10 .
At' = 300 , R' ,
,
-
{-(Af/x)}] = R [l-exp
{-(At/x)}].
R' = 0,48 = 2,78
=(R' At'/R At)E
= 1,44 = 4,9.
6.10. . 6.2 N = 9 10 , o N l + = 0,169. ,
-80%,
= r\ r\ = [ 1 - (/)] = 0,424, = 5
(. . 6.2). (6.3.25) w = w
, , =177 .
6.12. - kT = (2/3)(mvf /2).
(mvf /2) = 10, kT = 6,67 .
6.15. - : E(r) = N er/2e .
, :
V = iV>i? /4s = 4,56 10 , R . ,
, , , , .
6.18. : v = (2/)
=
= 1,87 10 /, .
V = RT/p, R = 8,314 " "
. = 1,3 . . = 1,73 10 = 400
: V = 19,2 10 . : N = NJV =
= 3,14 10 , (. ).
: I = 1/No = 638 . (6.4.14)(6.4.15)
: v = el/mv = 1,8 10 / (v /v
= 9,6 10" ).
mp
pq
th
la
1/2
cp
th
mp
mp
19
21
-3
cp
cp
17
2c
CP
cp
cp
2 1
cp
cp
cp
20
<
1/2
th
16
drift
696
tfl
drift
th
. .
7
7.3. L = L + (- 1)1 = 56,15 , = 0,12, = 15,6 .
7.4.
(1/) = (1/ ) + (1/'), (1/ ) 2 1, (1/')
2.
= (1/ )/(1/) = / , : = / =
= 451 . , , : (N /T ) = ( i V / T ) ,
Tj . , (^/^) <
< 1%, , < 10~ ^ 4,5 . ,
P
= 200 , : (dty/dt) =
= P (2y/y )/hv = 1,58 10 .
: dN'/dt = (d$/dt)/A l = 9,16 10 ,
, . I .
N N = x^dN/dt),
N , . . N = N = 5,7 10 .
(iV /iV ) < 1% : < 10 N /(dN'/dt) s 0,6 . (
Nd: YAG ~100 .)
7.7. P
= P y /y
=
= 2,75 , y (^ = 0,02), ( = 0,32).
, = 140 , , = P /P
= 50,9.
(7.5.5) , S = 6,135, = 2S yj = 0,25.
(7.5.6): =16,78 .
: = 1 - (- ) = 0,25.
( - 1 ) / (. 5.6.3),
: (1 /1) = /
= 16,78 0,22/12
4,45 = 0,777.
7.8. /
, 2/.

R = (L/2) {1 + [z /(L/2)] }
z = tzWq/X, a.iv
. ,
. ,
R = 2/ = 50 . R ,
z = 25 , . . w = 290 . :
w = yf2w = 410 .
7.10. ,
, P^ = P hli/l = 12,5 ( P'
P
(7.3.32)). = 1,14 : = 91,2.

(7.5.5) : S = 8,54, . . = 2S y = 8,5%.
, ,
e
21
21
21
21
21
2 1
21
out
21
out
20
-1
16
-3
mth
th
op
mth
op
th
mth
mth9
op
op
y' = (y 2o /2) + y =4J5%,

, : ' = /',
, 7.4 ( = 30 = 3%). , ' = 19,
, (7.3.34), : ' = 15,6.
= '/)(2 /2)
= ^0 , P , ,
7.4 (P
= 500 , = 26, = 5% ) . ,
, , ' ,
, P .
P
out
out
out
697
7.12. /
, /' = 2f.
w , ,
, .
. (4.7.26) ,
/'
: = f'/[l + (f'/z ) ],
a
2 = = 581.
R
/' = 2/ = 42 = 41,8 .
(4.7.28): w = (X/nw )f = 100 .
7.15. : = -In (1 - ) = 5,1%. ,
: ^7,45%. . 5.136
g = 1 - (L/R) = 0,8 : N = a /XL ^ 2, . . a^\j2XL = 1.
7.17. N = y/G l = 4 10 / ; R = N /x = 8 10 ^" ; Av = c/2L =
= 1,5- 10 ; (R /R ) = exv [(2Av/Av*)) ln2] = 1,005.
7.19. : L = n(X/2), n . ,
L /2 = /.
Xv = , , Av = -(AX/X)v = -v/n. v = n(c/2L)
: Av = -(c/2L).
7.21. , -
.
, Av = c/2L,
, T(Av) -
: (Av)exp (cj Nl - ) ^ 1. , : T(Av) < 0,8.
(4.5.6) (4.5.14), R = R = R, : T(Av) = 1/[1 + ( 2 ^ / ) ] ,
= 2KL'AV/C,
!/ =
= 2,9 (L ,
). , = nL'/L = 9,1 10" , , T(Av) < 0,8,
: (2F/n) sin = (2^/) ^ 0,25, . . F > (0,5/2) = 8,63. (4.5.14)
R = R = R : (1 - R) = nR /F,
, R = 0,7. , ,
-, .
, exp[-(2Av^ /Avo) ln2]xexp (G NI - 1 , . .
(2Av /Av*)) ln2^0,223, Av = (c/2n,L ) .
, L ^[ln2/0,223] c/n Av*) = 10,4; ,
.
01
17
cp
cp
et
1/2
sr
/sr
fsr
et
1/2
8
8.2. kvL' = (/2), : V = /4$ .
8.4. . 8.14 f = fx = 2,3 = 10 /2,2 = 4,55 : N /N s
= 1,89; . 8.11 , = 0,76. = 0,162 = 0,23
(. 7.2), (8.4.20) , 2 = 18 ,
() = / = 1 8 0 , . .
(202 , . . 7.5). = 0,12 (. 7.2)
L = L(n - 1)1 = 56 ( = 1,8 YAG),
= LJcy = 15,6 , (8.4.21), = 90 .
8.7. () tp , :
(dN/dt) = R , . . N = R t. R t = 4N , N ,
, : t = t /4.
63
p p
th
th
th
698
. .
()
: g = G(N - N )l = (4aN l)(t - t )/t , t = t /4.
() , : (dty/dt) = g ty/t , t
.
, , () = $Iexj)[(4oN l)(t' /2t t )]
t' = t - t , = 1.
() f = St /4; (*'),
, : (9GN l/S)(t /t )
= 1( /20)
(8.4.14). , t = (8/9)1( /20),
= (-1 )/2 = 0,35. (8.4.14), , N /N
=4
V N = /, . , , = 5,54 10
, t = 22,7 , t = 1,25 .
8.12. (8.6.14) :
E(t) (- )(/ ), = - / , . .
. - :
2
(( - ) {-( - ) }/4 = {-[( - ) /4( + )]( + /)},
2
: |2( - )| {-[( - ) /2( + )]}. : | (> - ) | {-[4( - ) 12/]}, Aco
. :
net
th
th
th
th
net
th
p T
th
th
10
|=(812)[1 + ( / ) ] .
(8.16.15) Av =
= Aco /2rc (8.6.16).
8.14.
(DÎptdl/
^ dI
= I,
Pl

P= Pidl/[pjdl
= exp (-2) = 0,135.
Jo
8.16. 2, = 2 - kP
(. (8.6.20)) 2, = 2 - 2'(/ ). ,
, k 2f/P . (8.6.22), :
(0,79/Av )(2g /kP ) ,
.
, ,
= 1,13 .
, (0,79/Av ) (2go/fe)(l,13/E) = 3,5.
8.17. (8.6.35), , " = '7, :
9
1/2
I = (Stp/ip) / ( /p")/2V21n2 = 0,46 ,

" .
1
9
9.5. , , : Q = nD /4l =
= 2,83 10 . , (2.9.46), ,
= 1, : G= 1,37 10 ,. .N = lnG/a l = 2,38 10 " , 4 10"
Nd (. . 9.3). , = N Vhv = 12,7 ,
V = 2,83 . (2.9.4) Nd: YAG ,
= 1, : (3 = 2,5 10 , . . N =
= 3,61 10 , 1,91 .
2
_3
19
TH
20
th
TH
18
699
9.7.
(w = w ), ,
(. (6.3.20)): P =
(/Y\ )(hv /x)(nwl/G ).
: = ( /2) + = 1,5 10 , \ =1- { - ( 0 } = 0,86, = 5
, hv = 3,1 10 , = 67 , w = 60 ,
= 4,8 10" . , P = 190 .
9.8. P =[( + y )/4 ](hv /x)[n(w
+ w )/2(c
-c )].
9.9. P = (y/4 )(hv /x)[n(w +w )/2(o
-ft x a )].
9.12. n = dP/FdJ = (uv/eF)[-lni?/(aL - In )]. A. = 850 , hv/e = 1,46
V = 1,8 : n = 64%.
9.13. ^|[1 + (,/77^|) ]) = ; [1 + (/71; ) ]),
: 2 = 1 ^ /. , w ,, : 2 = 4,6 (
, ).
9.15. (2 /) = 2, . . = X/n = 8,22 1 0 .
0
th
1 9
20
th
th
th
ESA
s r
01
01
10
+
10.4. a(v - v ) ,
, - ( ), ,
a(nAv)Nl > , Av
, N , I ,
. ,
: a(nAv) = a exp{-[(27iAv/Av5) ln2]}.
; , , :
(jpNl = . , 3exp{-[(2nAv/Av*)) ln2]}^l,
n^[ln3/ln2] / (Av? /2Av). Av* = 3,5 Av = c/2L = 150 (L
), ^ 14.7. , ,
, : N = 2 + 1 = 29.
10.6. ,
, (3.1.3), v = (1/2)[2& /] , k
. = 14 . . . = 2,32 10~ v = 2300
, k = 2180 /.
10.8. , ,
, : F = -k(x - ), k
,
. , : = [k/M ],
. v = 1337 = 16 . . . = 2,65 10~
, k = 1683 /.
10.10.
.
Ad,
0
osc
1/2
26
26
Ad =
(x +Ay )V -x .
Q
: Ad = /2 , ,
. ,

, .
10.13. , - ,
, Av ,
, .
0
700
. .
, Av = Av = 6 0 , Av ,
= 1 3 997 . . = 1 8 , 4 . . 1 0 . 1 1 ,
Av J' J ' = 1 1 H J ' = 4 1 ,
. . AJ' = 3 0 . 1 0 . 1 1 ,
0 = 0 , 3 " . Av
Av = 2BAJ' = 6 0 = 1 8 .
10.16. ,
,
c
E =J? N(uyoAE,
0
oV
N(v)
v, (,
). , E

t
E =
bHj? N(v),
Q0
. ,
= (Ev/Et)
= Y,lvN(v)v/ZluN(v)
68,5%.
11
11.3. ,
: = K E(t) 4- K E(t + ).
S 50%
, S S *S ,
: = = . ,
19
<J (t)> = (E (t)E* (t)) = 2\\ {</) + [( >()]},

(I) = (E(t)E*(t)) = (E(t + x)E*(t + )>, a Re
. (11.3.4) (11.3.9), :
c
() = 21 | </>{1+1 * | cos[<co)x - ()]}.

,
,
, J = < >
= 2<J>[1 + ) | ] , / = < J ( t ) U = 2W </>[1 - ) | ] ,
= \()\.
11.5. , / ^ ( )
, . . (1) = {-[(/ ) 12]},
, . 11.1. (11.3.28)
, = 1/4. a = AvL,
[* *] = {-[2(/ ) 1 21} = /2%/12.
: = \/12/27\ = 13,25 L =
= = 3,98 .
11.7. J = 2P /n(Xf/nw ) .
,
D , D ; D = nw
(. (5.5.31)). : I =(2/n)P Dl/(Xf) ,

(11.4.4), D = D , :
1 =(/4)^1/( .
2
max
m i n
co
701
11.9.
, W = 0,5 W = 2 . (11.4.19)
, W (z = 3 ) = 3,28 ,
: W (z = 3 ) s 2,16 .
x0
y0
12
1/2
12.1. = 0,54 , : w(z = 1 ) = [1 -I- (z/z )]

= 0,83
R(z = 1 ) = z[l + (z/z ) ]
= 1,74 , z = nwl/X = 86,1 .
/ : ,
f = R = 1,74 , ,
, / = fj/ifi - f) = 10,61 ,
. ,
z ~ / = 10,61 .
W'Q = (X/nw)f =0,043 ,
:
0
1/2
Wi=ylM*w' 2
0,274 .
12.3. : = hv/a = 4,71 / 5 = KD /4 = 63,6 , , = E /S =

= 7,07 / . , , E = hvNV =
= Sr lnG = 415 , , V .
,
(12.3.12) . : T = [{[( ,/) - 1]/G } + 1] = 2,95 / ,
E = T S = 187,8 . , 415
, , : = E - E = 262,2 .
, .
12.9. (12.4.27) (12.4.29) (12.4.2),
8
out
av
in
in
in
N L
out
= (eod/2) (Xi t ^(2)exp[y(i* -
in
+ . .}*.

, ( = - , j
P =(e d/2){E* (z)E (z)exv

0
Jih-hW
+ c.c).
= - (12.4.276), (12.4.30).
12.11. (12.4.58)
: = 1 /10) = \' | / | I =[tanh(2/Z #)] . (12.4.52),
, (0) I = /,(0)
(0) = (2ZI) , Z = 1/ = 377
, : l = Xn /[2nd (2ZI) ]
= 2,75 ,
DP .
l z = 2,5 , = 51,9%.
2(
2(
1/2
1/2
SH
eff
SH
702
. .

, N
33
539-540
0 527

2
395-398
398-400
395
16

370
370-371
398-399
- 371
279

395-397

389
250-251
538
,
163
265
95
,
133
69
113
-
69, 73-74

69
111-112
75
114
- 75
- 75
16,
79
277
- 665
162

400-401

14,50
107
566
,
113

172
655
64
107

J 102-103
110

110
104
,
569
568
572
571
562

70
703
14,44
188
596

14
(
) 14
82

79
83

302
82
297
322
236
()

224-226
( ) 57
200-201,
207-208

179
ABCD 180
q 175
174
182
179

177
180

177
178
181
-
362
331
341
35

610
I I I 616
614-615
609
107
409
409
172
24
704
325

(-)
107
107
-
107
539

636

630
68
46
113
46

212

363

248
248
247
248
- 73
42
410
410
412
412
408
- 25
187-188

131

131

489
0 307
N d r Y A G 304
Y b . Y A G 322
4 76
, Q-
196

196
196
293
66
521
0 110
H e - N e 67
2
65
. .
, 91
ABCD
180

280
48
163

224
( )
114
114
44

37
- 37
,
,
379
,
397
,
392
636
630
392
16
308
538
, 68
56*5
169
568
, 169
168
- 166
565
278-280
519
538
560

204
207
71
20
34
148-150

293
46
340

483
135
-
113
148-150
78
21, 562
564
687
564
565
572
562
22, 564
22
21, 562
574
22
-
- 109
Q- 110
- 109
190

337
NdrYAG 338
335
() q
175
ABCD 175
- 468

210
219
204
206-207

129
189
- 75
379

143

125-127
58
85-86
86

218

134
134
128
58-59

145
88-89
88
705
,
() 303
() 303
() 303
() 312
303
,
17
,
301
- 75
30
4 76
478
- 545
545

491

300-301
302
483
300
- 582
597
, .
439
, .
,
456
30
236
- 524
30
457
459
542
478
(0 ) 525

(TEA) 536
530, 544
532
531
533
534

530
535
-
524
537
517
432
300
2
706
549

495
473
553
-
(upconversion laser) 452
491

491

395
30
544
541
Al^GaÂs/ Al^GaÂs 502
, 520
ArF 542
0 , .
Cr: L1CAF 462
Cr: LiSAF 462
463
463
DF 545
. 446
GaÂiÂs 501-502
GaAs

341
361
147
He-Cd 523
He-Ne 512
HF 545
InGaAs/GaAs 502
InGaAsP/InP 502
InGaN 473
InGaP/InGaAlP 486
KrF 542
N 539
Nd.cTeîo 439
Nd.YAG 435
,
380
436
82
,
303
,
361
435
64
Nd:YLF 440
Nd:YV0 440
460
Tm:Ho:YAG 448
: 441
+
. .
Yb:Er: 442
Yb: YAG 441

524
464

465
6G 465
465
28
243
243
- 239
() 52
, ABCD-

155-157

158-159
157

175, 180
159-160
155
47
78
54
48
16
568

67

154

43

405
- 344-345

66
65
61
61
75

163
,
413-414
72
35,
188
()
370
366

379
374
366
367
367

377
384
375
369

372
376
367

386
386
-0 386

398
182
- 201
569

260
- 623
2
236
234, 247
243
, 242
237
237
255
260
249
235
,
235
265

237
25 7
234, 265
235

576

578
135
(
) 13

372
400
707

85
87
89
84
87, 89
84

90
574-575

328
397
, 66
268
216
, 218

224
219
218

216

219
216
216
216

221

224
220
41
48
340
109
,
329
328
72
125

58
113
, .

190, 335

337
Nd:YAG 338

330
340
, 61
322
708
pD 281
0 531
He-Ne 516

243
,
243
, 242
237
243
243
187
213
188
204
190
189
198
188,202
216

2
216
,
216
188
188

224
191-193
191-193
207
200
195
335
404
579

618
618
, .

419-420

401
404

405

448, 527
-
73
113
72
448

457
. .

324

325

324

324
() / 79
13
46
113

48
- 109
- 107
- 109
Q- 110
- 109
16, 54

48
42
,
.

359
363
, h h 38
37-39

118

138
125
37
13

- 399
367
422
- 400
74
34
59
35
42
46, 654
134
149
149
483
113
117

473
248
489

480
489
341
248
489

487
476
478
483

483

488
247
495

495
483
360
487

() 491

494
490
482
349
330
330

331

331

331
331

331

335

374
- 332
207
207-208
210
219
206-207

269
15, 55
56
709
55
82
NdrYAG 82
17, 301, 308

317 319
261
21

412
218
210
17
188
18
18

143
107
666
-
108-109
123
48
536
- 47
114
172
155
49
171
290
50
70
207
207

207
22
578
565
564

( )
203
() 180
204

48
48

578
267
710
195
(Q-) 196

188-189
421
, .

342-343
g- 199
- 188
, .
133
133
240
- 279

() 358
359
553
433
64
- 37
38
405
69
168
15
- 468
386
395
- 395
394
394
400

388

392
416
401

401
404

405
395
416
414
- 398

298
377
291
- 308
. .
-
300

300
273

301
258
415

123-124

142
611
- 582

132

14
-
46
42
293
59

111-112

587
589

301-302
430
112
63-64
69
70
69
69
61
-

227
227
521
275
,
50

64
273

106
79
70

574
688
575
589

119

140
79
106
16
33
,
112
, .

240
19

466-467
614-615

, N 539
83, 458
, 517
- , He-Cd 523
- , He-Ne 512
, 520
467
433
, TirSp 461
, 0 526, 529
(KrF)* 542
NdrYAG 82-83, 436
Tm:Ho:YAG 448-449
:: 447
Yb:YAG 441

131
59

134
134,
2
481
91
93
129

15
197

197-199

66
, 65
66
711
61
61
61
-
169
169
168
- 332
414
408
580

() 335
120
,
75

588

2
342
() , #()
57
52
68
38
- 107
- 108
210

0 276
He-Ne 277
275
273
2
544
538

339
342
342
392
19
-,
604
- 340
66
,

379

66
65
339
340
712
61-67
196
63
655
347
577
576

14,60
60
59
220
541

280
281
272
272
268
53

50
50
50
275
/ 276
pD 280

135
103
114

273
273

275

268
269
367

611-612

101
101
101
,
332
() 404
,
.
565
27
. .

1

1.1. ,
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.4.1.
1.4.2.
1.4.3.
1.4.4.
1.4.5.
1.5.
2

2.1.
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.2. -

2.2.3.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2. -
2.3.3.
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.2.
2.4.3.

2.4.4.
2.5.
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.5.3.
2.6.
5
8
11
12
15
18
21
21
21
24
27
29
30
31
32
32
32
34
37
39
42
42
46
48
49
49
53
54
59
61
61
66
67
68
713
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.
2.10.
2.6.1.
2.6.2.
-
2.6.3.

2.7.1.
2.7.2.
2.8.1. :
2.8.2. :
2.8.3.

2.9.1.
2.9.2.
3
,

3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
3.1.4.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.3.1.
3.2.3.2.
3.2.4. :
3.2.5.
3.2.6.
3.2.7.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.3.
3.3.4. :
3.3.5.
3.3.6.
3.4.
3.5.
4

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.

4.4.
4.5. -
4.5.1. -
4.5.2. -
4.6.
714
69
73
77
78
79
81
84
84
87
89
90
91
91
96
97
100
101
101
101
106
107
111
113
114
118
119
119
120
123
125
132
134
134
135
138
140
142
143
147
148
150
151
152
154
154
154
160
163
166
166
169
171
. .
4.7.
4.7.1.
4.7.2.
4.7.3. ABCD
4.7.4.
4.8.
J
Y*Jz
qL
1~0
182
184
1
186
5.1.
5.1.1.
( -)
5.1.2. ()
5.1.3.
5.1.4.
5.1.5.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.5.1.
5.5.1.1.
5.5.1.2.
5.5.1.3.

5.5.2.
5.5.3.
5.6.
5.6.1.
5.6.2.
5.6.3.

5.6.4.

5.7.
187
187
188
189
189
190
190
191
194
197
200
200
202
205
207
208
212
216
216
219
223
224
228
228
231
6.1.
6.2.
6.2.1.
6.2.2.
6.2.3.
6.3.
6.3.1.

6.3.2.
6.3.2.1.
6.3.2.2.
6.3.3.
6.3.4.

6.3.5.

6.4.
6.4.1.
233
233
237
237
240
242
244
247
249
249
255
257
260
262
265
268
715
6.4.1.1.
6.4.2.
6.4.3.
6.4.4.
6.4.5.
6.4.6.
6.5.
290
7.1.
7.2.
7.2.1.
7.2.2.
7.3. :

7.3.1. -
7.3.2. -
7.4. :

7.4.1. -
7.4.2. -
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
7.8.
7.8.1.
7.8.2.
7.8.2.1. -

7.8.2.2.

7.9.
7.10.

7.11.

7.12.
290
290
291
298
300
300
308
317
317
319
322
324
327
330
330
331
332
335
339
342
347
350
351
355
357
8.1.
8.2.
8.2.1.
8.3.
8.4.
8.4.1.
8.4.2.
8.4.2.1.
8.4.2.2.
( )
8.4.2.3.
8.4.2.4.
8.4.3.
8.4.4.
716
269
273
275
278
280
281
284
284
288
357
357
359
362
364
364
367
367
369
370
372
375
376
. .
8.5.
8.6.
8.6.1.
8.6.2.
8.6.3.
8.6.3.1.
8.6.3.2.
8.6.4.

8.6.4.1. ,

8.6.4.2.

8.6.4.3.
8.6.4.4.
8.6.5.

8.7.
8.8.
32*5
386
388
392
395
395
400
407
408
410
412
414
416
421
424
424
427
9
,
9.1.
9.2.
9.2.1.
9.2.2.
9.2.2.1. Nd.YAG
9.2.2.2.
9.2.2.3.
9.2.3. Yb.YAG
9.2.3.1.
9.2.4. ErrYAG Yb.Er
9.2.5. Tm:Ho:YAG
9.2.6.
9.2.6.1.
9.2.7.
9.2.8. -
9.2.9. Cr.LISAF CrrLICAF
9.3.
9.3.1.

9.3.2.
9.4.
9.4.1.
9.4.2.
9.4.3.
9.4.4.
9.4.5.
9.4.6.

9.4.7.

9.4.8. -
9.4.9.
9.5.
429
429
429
432
435
435
439
440
441
443
446
448
450
453
457
460
462
464
465
469
473
474
476
478
483
487
491
495
497
501
504
504
507
717
10
510
10.1.
10.2.
10.2.1.
10.2.1.1. -
10.2.1.2.
10.2.2.
10.2.2.1.
10.2.2.2. He-Cd
10.2.3.
10.2.3.1. 0
10.2.3.2.
10.2.3.3.
10.2.3.4.
10.3.
10.3.1. HF
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
510
510
512
512
517
519
520
523
524
525
537
539
541
544
545
549
553
556
556
558
11
560
11.1.
560
11.2.
560
11.3.
562
11.3.1.
562
11.3.2. . . . 565
11.3.3.

569
11.3.4.
571
11.3.5.

572
11.3.6.

574
11.4.
575
11.4.1.
576
11.4.2.
578
11.4.3. -

579
11.5. -
582
11.6.
586
11.7.

587
11.8.
589
592
593
2
12
: ,
,
12.1.
12.2. :

12.3. :
12.3.1. :

718
594
594
595
597
603
- .
12.4. :

12.4.1.
12.4.1.1.
12.4.1.2.
12.4.2.
12.4.2.1.
12.4.2.2.
12.5. :
12.5.1.
12.5.2.
12.6.

12.7.

12.7.1.

12.7.2.

12.7.3.
608
608
609
617
619
621
626
629
630
636
638
642
643
645
647
649
651
654
659
662
664
665
-
.1.
.2.
668
668
673

.
.2.
676
676
680
681
682
686
687
689
690
703
719
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. . , . .
. .
. . , . .
065466 21.10.97
78.01.07.953..004173.04.07
26.04.2007 .,

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www. lanbook .com
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./: (812)567-29-35, 567-05-97, 567-92-72

:
-. -
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2008

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( 1962 .).
,
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200
. 60
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Principles of Lasers (Springer, 4th ed. 2nd printing,
2005),
.

, , ,
.
, ,
,
,
IX
(IX International Quantum Electronics
C o n f e r e n c e , A m s t e r d a m , 1976),
I
(first CLEO-Europe Conference,
Amsterdam, 1994),

2002 . (program
co-chair for 2002 International Quantum Electronics
Conference, Moscow).
, I taigas
,

(European Physical Society),

(Optical Society of America).
(fellow)
, i
(IEEE).
,

Accademia dei Lincei (
1603 . Federico Cesi).

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.

TRANSIATJON FROM ENGHSIH

< )> = [ (sin (* + )> + | (sin (* + )> +

NA = sin[tan~ () /2/)] = (D /2f) .

E(t) (2.2.8), (2.2.6)

= e cosk x suik y sink z

vi/ (r, t) = u (r)exv[-j(E /h)t],

+ \ ^^^ exp j((o t) + a[a u{u exp[- j((o t)]

\a (t)\ = |a (0)| exp[-(f/x ,)]

' = = - E sin cot.

H? =^b il -Eo 8(v-v ).

g(0) = 2/rcAv = 0,637/Av .

-So I ) =1 M I Eg<cos*0) =| 1 El/3,

<cos 6>= Jcos GdQ/47i.

(dF/F) = -(o N Sdz/S).

= lw (v-v' )g*(vo-v Wo.

< - > ln2

(2.4.43) (2.4.36) (2.4.37)

1^21 P v ' S ( v ' - V ) d v ' .

Hcc\E - \k\ii -ii \/RZ.

2.7. Yb^-.Er ^'. [17].

P(t) = N (t)hv V/T

(N /g ) > (N /g ), (2.7.10), (2.7.116),

tmg2 ex >-(E /kT)

AN(t) = N exp -(2o/hv)jI(t)dt

l + [2(v-v )/Avo] +(/// o)'

[2(\>-' )/^ }_'

k (3.1.1), (3.1.3) (3.1.4),

) g g g ex? {-( + E + E )/kT}

E = hv + BJ'(J + 1) - BJ"(J" + 1) = hv - 2BJ",

Av = 77,58(\|/0 + 0,73 - 4v|/N + 0,6) ^(/) /

(. near-resonant energy trans

f(E') ' , . 3.136.

(3.2.13) , (3.2.15). (3.2.15)

= (dN)f (E ')[l-f (E{)].

a =a =-^ J^.(2m )8/2[Av- ] /2.

(3.2.36) = 19,760[/*v - E ] , " ,

(3.2.37) fc(E )[l-f (E{)]-f (E[)[l-f (E )],

N GaAs (3.2.41), . 3.156

(20 < g < 80 " ) ,

= 1,5 1 0 " GaAs. ,

dR =A g(v-v )-{UE )[l-UEio)]}p (yo)dv ,

JA g(v-v ){UE )[l-UE{)]} (v )dv .

R= JA f (E^)[l~f (E[)] (v)dv.

(. unstrained quantum wells)

X = c/v. 3.6 \x = [ / 3 ] = 0,68 10~

3.7. f (E2)^f (E[)

3.8. . 3.156, GaAs: ) E

3.10. . 3.16, GaAs

(D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton

(4.2.16) (4.2.1) , '

, (4.3.3), sin0 = cos0 ,

u(x ,y ,z )ccexp-jk[(x +y )/2q ],

kz + k(x + y )/2R = kz',

(4.7.15), w(z), R(z) (),

(2) = tan" (z/z ).

1. . Kogelnik, Propagation of Laser Beams, in Applied Optics and Optical Engineer

= (exp-2/fcL) K(x y x y )E{x y 0)dx dy

jJK(x y;x y )E(x y 0)dx dy

A sin 9 - sin ( -1)9

^ g (5.4.10). (5.5.6), (4.7.8)

(4.7.29) (4.7.30) , ABCD q = q

(5.5.16), (5.5.15), || = - =AD- = 1.

(5.5.17) (5.5.16), (5.5.15) (5.5.5), :

D = 2(n-ni) ' d/X

< )( , ,0) = <( ,) ,)> = ^ {E(r t)E*(r ,t)dt.