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ББК 81.2Англ-923
Б91
Бурова, З. И.
Б91 Учебник английского языка для гуманитарных специаль-
ностей вузов / З. И. Бурова. — 8-е изд. — М.: Айрис-пресс,
2011. — 576 с. — (Высшее образование).
ISBN 978-5-8112-4343-3
Автор
Памятка для студента
Овладеть иностранным языком — значит выработать у себя це
лый комплекс сложных автоматизированных языковых умений и
навыков, дающих возможность спонтанного и непосредственного
(без перевода с родного) выражения той или иной мысли или по
нятия, непосредственного и достаточно быстрого восприятия речи
собеседника при устном общении и письменной речи при чтении.
Навыки и умения, как известно, вырабатываются постепенно и не
заметно и только в результате тренировки. Чем регулярнее трени
ровка, тем быстрее идет процесс формирования навыков (сравните
с умением играть на рояле, рисовать и т. д.).
В основе умений и навыков лежат знания. Хотя сами по себе
знания лексики и грамматики еще не говорят о владении языком,
они являются той необходимой базой, которая способствует их раз
витию.
На основании вышеизложенного можно говорить о следующих
более общих правилах и некоторых частных рекомендациях по из
учению иностранного языка. Вот некоторые из них:
Aa [ei] Nn [en]
Bb [b] Oo [əυ]
Cc [s] Pp [p]
Dd [d] Qq [kj]
Ee [] Rr [(r)]
Ff [ef] Ss [es]
Gg [] Tt [t]
Hh [ei ] Uu [j]
II [ai] Vv [v]
Jj [ei] Ww [ d́
blj]
Kk [kei] Xx [eks]
Ll [el] Yy [wai]
Mm [em] Zz [zed]
Lesson One (1)
The first lesson
Звуки, буквы
и правила чтения
Гласные Согласные
[p], [b], [t], [d], [l], [m],
[], [i], [e], [], [ei], [ai],
Звуки [n], [f], [v], [s], [z], [k], [g],
[əυ], [ɒ], [ə]
[j], []
P p, B b, T t, D d, L l, M m, N n, F f, V v, S s, Z z, C c,
Буквы
K k, G g, E e, I i, A a, O o, Y y
I II III IV V VI
[p — b], [t — d],
[s — z], [f — v], [e] [] [ei] [ai] [i]
[m — n], [i], []
[p — b] [pet] [ft] [dei] [faiv] [it]
[t — d] [ted] [ld] [meid] [saiz] [iz]
[m — n] [ment] [lmp] [leit] [main] [til]
[pt — bd] [nelt] [snd] [pein] [laif] [lid]
[lf — lv] [send] [flt] [neil] [nais] [did]
[ns — snz] [bend] [dd] [seil] [dain] [bid]
Буква A, a B, b C, c D, d E, e F, f G, g
Название [ei] [b] [s] [d] [] [ef] []
Чтение [ei, ] [b] [k, s] [d] [, e, i] [f] [, g]
Номер
правила 3 6 1 13
чтения1
Буква I, i K, k L, l M, m N, n O, o
Название [ai] [kei] [el] [em] [en] [əυ]
Чтение [ai, i] [k] [l] [m] [n] [əυ, ɒ]
Номер
правила 4 10
чтения
Буква P, p S, s T, t V, v Y, y Z, z
Название [p] [es] [t] [v] [wai] [zed]
Чтение [p] [s, z] [t] [v] [ai, i, j] [z]
Номер
правила 11 4, 9
чтения
1
Правила чтения букв и буквосочетаний см. на с. 20–22.
Вводный курс 20
Продолжение
№ Правила чтения букв
Упражнения в чтении
п/п и буквосочетаний
6 Перед В остальных cat, can, space, face, lace,
e, i, y случаях cap, cliff, cell, cent, cite,
c clap, cyst, clean, ṕencil,
nice, mice, cape, ćandle,
[s] [k] camp, cane, ćattle, clamp,
face can cede, cease, slice, ćynic
f́ancy fact
7 ck [k] lick back, lack, stick, nick,
black, sack, sick, deck,
slack, neck, pack, peck
8 Гласные в ударном поло ćycle, t́able, śtable, t́itle,
жении имеют алфавит áble, ídle, ´maple, B́ible,
ное чтение перед соглас śable, śtifle
ной +le в конце слов —
table
9 [j] в начале слов — yes yet, yell, yes, yak, yelk,
y в конце двуслож yeast
[i] ных и многослож ĺady, śilly, f́ancy, f́ifty,
ных слов в безудар ńinety, ḱitty, źany, éasy,
ном положении — ĺazy, d́addy, ńicely, ńeedy,
ĺady ńeatly, t́iny, śticky
10 Открытый Закрытый so, no, stone, sole, zone, lot,
слог слог stop, not, on, dome, nose,
o clock, sock, spoke, vote,
note, spot, off, odd, slope,
[əυ] [ɒ] slot, stock, doll, pole, dot,
go Tom soft, dock
smoke cost
Вводный курс 22
Продолжение
№ Правила чтения букв
Упражнения в чтении
п/п и буквосочетаний
11 [s] после глухих со sad, feeds, bells, sends,
гласных и в начале cats, stones, lets, meets,
s
слова — cats, set sets, likes, sat, bees, sleeps,
[z] после гласных и cakes, styles, notes, spends,
звонких соглас mends, sells, stops, t́ables,
ных — tins, bees pens, beds, ties, plans, dolls
12 ai mail pain, vain, nail, day, lain,
[ei] may, pay, say, clay, aim,
ay day nay, mail, fail, sail, bay, lay,
claim, plain, laid
13 Перед В остальных gale, gain, page, cage, big,
e, i, y случаях badge, age, stage, ǵipsy,
g stag, god, glim, sage, dig,
gyps, got, ǵossip, go, glide,
[] [g] glad, gene, gybe, gym, gas,
gin gap ǵentle, gem, log, dog
page bag
14 Гласные i, o перед nd, ld kind, mild, find, bind,
читаются соответствен mind, ídle, old, bold, sold,
но своему алфавитному told, cold, gold, fold
названию.
Контрольные упражнения
в чтении
4. Прочтите следующие слова:
yeast, big, made, type, ĺittle, did, dye, dib, eve, mete, mole,
make, feels, clay, stage, śtable, stale, stands, źippy, kite, ill,
mine, yoke, style, flat, date, nail, gyp, bend, bands, go, ǵentle,
size, ṕencil, state, miss, fans, bits, lime, sale, doll, name, nap,
nape, plate, plan, ńancy, neck, mile, snake, van, vale, lot, black,
dyne, pain, pay, fell, cake, fine, zeal, seas, may, leak, cap, gate,
Lesson One 23
źany, ńinny, spoke, clock, ćycle, cold, gin, gob, glide, mind,
ídle, ´mystic, by, śynonym, desk, lye, cliff, yell, mist, ńeatly,
lift, lie, lain, space, spice, sold, log, lid.
Грамматика и лексика
Step 11
Две формы неопределенного артикля. Определение
перед существительным, выраженное прилагательным
(§§ 1, 2)2
1
О методах работы с каждой дозой материала см. Методические реко
мендации…, с. 8.
2
Соответствует номерам параграфов «Кратких грамматических поясне
ний к урокам». с. 488.
Lesson One 25
Step 2
Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении.
Составное сказуемое. Глаголсвязка is (3е лицо
ед. числа от глагола to be «быть») (§ 3)
Step 3
Порядок слов в отрицательном предложении. Отрицание
not (§ 4)
Step 4
Порядок слов в вопросительном предложении. Общие
вопросы. Краткие и полные утвердительные
и отрицательные ответы (§ 5)
Утвердительная форма
It is a pen.
Вопросительная форма Ís it a pen?
Общий вопрос
Ís it a pen? Yes, it is. (Yes, it is apen.)
No, it is not. (No, it is not apen.)
Lesson One 27
1. Ís it a map? Yes, it is. 2. Ís it a ńice tie? Yes, itis.
3. Ís it a b́lack pencil? No, it is not. 4. Ís it an óldlamp?
No, it is not. 5. Ís it an end? No, it isn’t.
Step 5
Множественное число имен существительных,
оканчивающихся на согласную (глухую или звонкую)
или гласную (§§ 6, 7)
an énd, a f́lat, an ápple, a b́lack ṕencil, a ĺittle b́ed,
a b́ad t́ie, an óld ṕlan, a b́ig t́able, five (lamp), ten (bag),
nine (plate), nine (day), ten (lesson), five (step), five (cat), ten
(dog)
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Перепишите буквы и предложения:
3. Переспросите по образцу:
T.: It’s a plan.
St.: Is it a plan?
(Используйте предложения упр. 4, Step 2.)
1
Вводится целой фразой устно с переводом.
2
T. (teacher) — преподаватель
3
St. (student) — студент
Lesson Two (2)
The second lesson
Звуки, буквы
и правила чтения
Гласные Согласные
[], [
], [υ], [], [j], [
], [r], [w], [h], [ʃ], [ ], [θ],
Звуки
[eə] [ð]
Буквы R r, W w, H h, U u, J j, X x, Q q
I II III IV V VI VII
[w] [h] [ʃ] [ ] [
] [] [
]
[wai] [him] [ʃ] [ es] [p
k] [k] [k
p]
[twais] [hiz] [ʃəυ] [ ek] [f
k] [st] [l
v]
[swei] [hel] [ʃai] [in ] [
t] [pk] [l
k]
[ ḱwikli] [hai] [wiʃ] [lin ] [w
m] [ ṕti] [d
st]
[swt] [h] [fiʃ] [ k] [j
] [ ´mi] [m
st]
Буква H, h W, w U, u J, j X, x Q, q R, r
Название [ei ] [ d́
blj] [j] [ei] [eks] [kj] []
Чтение [h] [w] [j,
] [] [ks, gz] qu [kw] [r]
Номер
правила 15 23 19 21 30 29 22
чтения
Продолжение
№ Правила чтения букв
Упражнения в чтении
п/п и буквосочетаний
21 j [] jump jet, Jack, Jim, jam, Jane,
judge, jug
22 r [r] broke run, root, rat, brook, drop,
red, read, race, ran, drum,
free, tree, street
23 w way wine, wide, will, win, well,
[w] wage, wig, wish, way
wh while whine, whip, white, why,
wheel, whale, when, which,
whim, wheat, while
24 e [i] e ĺect, en j́oy, ǵoodness,
в безударном положе de ńy, ṕocket, ǵenet,
нии re ṕeat
25 [θ] theme thick, three, cloth, thin,
th theme, depth, tenth, fifth,
[ð] this sixth, width, teeth
these, they, then, with,
wi t́hin, them, breath,
those, thus, t́his is,
t́hat is, ís this, ís that
26 a [] перед s + соглас pass, class, task, fast, grass,
ная — mask grasp, last, vast
27 a + lk [
k] chalk chalk, talk, walk, balk,
a + ll [
l] tall hall, ball, fall, all, wall, tall,
call
28 air [eə] pair air, chair, fair, hair, d́airy,
f́airy
29 qu [kw] quick quest, quite, quill, q́uickly,
quote, squeeze, queen
Вводный курс 34
Продолжение
№ Правила чтения букв
Упражнения в чтении
п/п и буквосочетаний
30 [gz] перед ударной e x́am, e x́ist, e x́ample,
x гласной — e x́am e x́act, e x́hibit
[ks] в остальных box, next, ex ćept, ex ṕect,
случаях — text éxcellent, wax, text, six,
fix, tax
Контрольные упражнения
в чтении
4. Прочтите следующие слова:
а) reach, quite, class, new, cold, book, śilly, which, when, well,
wax, hide, shy, rock, tube, ǵipsy, gun, cheap, b́ottle, home, use,
black, yet, space, few, week, cell, up, chair, śooty, wild, kind,
stuff, box, mind, chalk, type, fuse, last, ask, pay, wake, wage,
child, e x́act, page, jet, dig, too, spoke, jump, all, ẃitty, hair,
day, vast, call, hill, his, moon, shut, Dutch, mast, joke, role,
bridge, ream, whale, wale, quick, air, e x́hibit, small, b́alky,
pole, B́alkan, mash, f́airy, dish, pair, shoot, shot, spine, whiff,
spice, vice, wide, win, while, dust, dupe, dune, d́umpy, grain,
husk, rail, sake, each, shape, loom, fetch, ćonquest, ŕainy,
grind, trail, hole, hike, hip, hit, jew, cash, j́elly, rate, heal,
heel, dusk, lump, ĺiquid, life, ŕeason, toe, keeps, chain
б) [θ] — thick, thin, depth, tenth, three, teeth, tooth
[ð] — that, this, these, those, they, thy, then, with
в) back — bag cap — cab hat — had
buck — bug cup — cub but — bud
bands, tasks, guns, news, hints, wheels, bags, tunes, clays, dogs,
cats, walls, rooms, chairs, shops, fans
Lesson Two 35
your old bag
These are apples.
a chair and a table
The pens are on the desk.
a pen or a pencil
Where is the book?
a new book or an old book
Where are the pens?
These are old bags.
What colour is this wall?
Грамматика и лексика
Step 6
Указательные местоимения this и that в функции
подлежащего. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы.
Общие и альтернативные вопросы. Отсутствие
неопределенного артикля перед вещественными
и собирательными именами существительными,
перед существительными во множественном числе
и именами собственными (§§ 8, 9)
this — это
в функции подлежащего
that — то
T́his ( t́hat) is a book. Это (то) книга.
T́his ( t́hat) is ńot abook. Это (то) не книга.
Ís t́his ( t́hat) abook? Yes, it is. (Yes, it’sabook.)
No, it is not. (No, it is not a
book.)
Ís t́his a book or a notebook? — It’s a book.
Ís t́his a thin or a thick book? — It’s a thin book.
1. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:
а) 1. T́his is a pen. T́hat is a pencil. 2. This is a map. That
is a plan. 3. This is a small table. That is a big table. 4. This is a
white cat. That is a black dog. 5. This is an old plate. That is a
new cup. 6. This is chalk. That is bread. 7. This is white chalk.
That is white bread. 8. This is a green apple. That is a red apple.
9. This is Flat Five. That is Flat Ten.
Lesson Two 37
б) 1. This is not an old flat. It’s a new flat. 2. This is not
a cup. It’s a plate. 3. This is not white chalk. It’s blue chalk.
4. This is not a little dog. It’s a big dog. 5. This is not Lesson
Ten. It’s Lesson Two.
Step 7
Указательные местоимения this и that
во множественном числе. Множественное число глагола
to be (§§ 8, 9, 10)
1. These are books. Those are bags. 2. These are thin
notebooks. Those are thick notebooks. 3. These are not blue
pencils. They are red pencils. 4. These are not small tables. They
are big tables. 5. These are two good books. Those are two easy
texts. 6. These are Rooms Nine and Ten. Those are Lessons Five
and Nine. 7. These are ten nice days. 8. Those are five new films.
9. Those are red and green apples. 10. These are new nice cups
and plates.
Step 8
Вопросительное слово what [wɒt] «что», «какой» (§ 11)
What is this? (What’s this?) — It’s a chair. (This is a
chair.)
What is that? (What’s that?) — It’s a wall. (That is a wall.)
What is this? It’s a city.
What city is this? It’s Kiev.
What kind of city is Kiev? It’s a big fine city.
What is this? It’s a book.
What book is this? It’s Martin Eden.
What kind of book is it? It’s a good book.
What film is this? It’s Anna Karenina.
What kind of film is Anna Karenina? It’s a nice film.
What are these? They are texts.
What texts are they? They are Texts Two and Ten.
What kind of texts are these? They are easy texts.
What kind of apples are these? They are green apples.
What kind of bags are those? They are new bags.
What kind of chalk is that? It’s a good chalk.
Вводный курс 40
Step 9
Указательные местоимения this и that в функции
определения. Личные местоимения. Притяжательные
местоимения (§§ 8, 13, 16)
T́his ( t́hat) b́ag is black. Этот (тот) портфель черный.
T́hese ( t́hose) b́ags are black. Эти (те) портфели черные.
My (your) b́ag is black. Мой (ваш) портфель черный.
Сравните: This is a good pen. This pen is good.
it — он, она, оно — для обозначения неодушевленных пред
метов
they — они — для обозначения одушевленных и неодуше
вленных предметов
Step 10
Предлоги места in , on . Определенный артикль the .
Вопросительное слово where . Специальные вопросы.
Глагол to be в значении «находиться» (§§ 12, 14)
The b́ook is on (in) the desk.
´Where is the book? It’s in the bag.
the
[ðə] [ði]
the book the apple
а) the ṕen, the t́able, the ápple, the óld b́ag, in the
room, in the bag, in the bookcase, on the table, on the chair,
on the blackboard
Lesson Two 43
б) 1. The b́ook is in the bag. 2. The b́ag is on the ta
ble. 3. The table is in the room. 4. The blackboard is on the wall.
5. The notebooks are on the shelf. 6. The pencils are in the box.
7. The lamps are on the tables. 8. The chalk is not in the box.
It’s on the blackboard. 9. The map is not on the wall. It is on
the table. 10. The books are not in the bookcase. They are on the
shelf.
в) ´Where is the blackboard? — It’s on the wall.
Where are the pencils? — They are in the bag.
Where are the chairs? — They are in the room.
27. Закончите предложения, употребив обстоятельство места с предлогом in
или on :
1. The apples are ... . 2. The maps are ... . 3. My pens are ... .
4. The bag is not on the chair. It is ... . 5. Your books are not ... .
They are on the bookshelf. 6. The shelf is ... .
28. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. Where is the bookcase? 2. Where is the blackboard? 3. Where
are the chairs? 4. Where are the notebooks? 5. Where is your
bag? 6. Where is your pen? 7. Where are your books? 8. Where
is the chalk?
29. Переведите следующие предложения:
1. Лампа на письменном столе. 2. Стулья и столы в той комна
те. 3. Ваша кровать в маленькой комнате. 4. Где хлеб? 5. Ка
кого цвета этот карандаш? 6. Это новые или старые тетради?
7. Где моя тонкая ручка? 8. Где десятая комната? 9. Где (на
ходится) ваш город?
Step 11
Повелительное наклонение (§§ 15)
1. T́ake t́his chalk, please. 2. T́ake t́hese pens. 3. Open your
books, please. 4. Open that box. 5. Close your notebooks. 6. Put
your books on the table. 7. Put those apples on the plate. 8. Put
that white bread on the shelf. 9. Put these cups on the table.
D
My pen is good. Your pen is bad. Put your pen on the desk
and take my pen. Take that book. It’s a nice new book. Open the
window and close the door, please. Open the box and take the red
pencil. Close your books and notebooks.
Упражнения
для домашнего чтения
1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по рисункам:
What is this? What are these?
Where is it? Where are they?
Звуки, буквы
и правила чтения
Гласные Согласные
Звуки [ɔi, aυ, aυə, jυə, υə, iə, ə, aiə, :] [ŋ, ]
I II III IV V
[ŋ] [aυ] [ɔi] [] [:]
[sin — siŋ] [aυt] [bɔi] [ ´meə] [t:n] [w:ld]
[kin — kiŋ] [laυd] [tɔi] [ ṕleə] [g:l] [w:k]
[win — wiŋk] [haυs] [nɔiz] [ ĺeə] [f:st] [ ´:li]
[ śiŋiŋ — ĺɔŋiŋ] [daυn] [kɔin] [rei ´m] [v:b] [:n]
VI VII VIII IX X
[iə] [υə, jυə] [aiə] [aυə] [ə]
[niə] [pυə] [ t́aiə] [auə] [ t́ ə]
[piə] [tυə] [ t́aiəd] [ f́laυə] [ ĺdə]
[diə] [ʃυə] [sə t́aiə] [ v́aυəl] [ ´membə]
[riəl] [kjυə] [sə śaiəti] [ b́aυəl] [ śentə]
Продолжение
№ Правила чтения букв
Упражнения в чтении
п/п и буквосочетаний
32 a + r a + re rare, hare, cart, hard, bar,
[] [eə] care, square, stare, large,
car mare yard, share, spare, charm,
large dare harm, dark, star, bare, bard,
scare
33 o + r o + re cord, fork, score, port,
[
] [
] sport, more, born, core,
nor more store, short, sort, f́orty,
north shore fore, sore, for, horde,
ex ṕlore
34 u + r u + re lure, burn, en d́ure, se ćure,
[:] [jυə] pure, turn, curl, hurt,
curd cure t́urtle, spur, nurse, curd,
turn pure ćurdle, burst, purse
35 e + r e + re herd, nerve, hers, here,
[:] [iə] merely, term, serf, terse,
her here serve, mere, sere
36 (y)i + r (y)i + re t́ired, mire, girl, shirt,
[:] [aiə] sir, first, t́hirty, third,
firm tire d́irty, wire, tyre, skirt,
´myrtle lyre hire, whirl, bird, tyre,
Byron, tyrant
37 wor [w:] work word, worse, world, worst,
ẃorship, network
38 ng [ŋ] song bang, long, wing, śitting,
nk [ŋk] link t́aking, śinging
bank, blank, wink, pink,
tank, ink, sink
Lesson Three 49
Продолжение
№ Правила чтения букв
Упражнения в чтении
п/п и буквосочетаний
39 в конце слов er, t́eacher, śinger, ŕeader,
or — leader [ ĺdə] f́isher, ´member, d́octor,
[ə] — артикль áctor
a (an) — a man a book, a house, a boy, a pen,
[ə ´mn] a song, an end, an egg
при редукции d́ifficult, ćalender, a ća
гласных в безудар demy, śtudent, f́actory,
ном положении — ṕresent, h́usband, a t́tend
faculty [ f́kəlti]
40 a [] перед th [ð] f́ather, ŕather
[θ] path, bath
41 o [
] перед m, n, th, v dove, some, won, front,
month, ´mother, b́rother,
come, love, glove, ẃonder
Контрольные упражнения
в чтении
3. Прочтите следующие слова:
snow, depth, width, stir, mere, bird, d́octor, burn, sport, born,
care, car, square, long, pure, rare, wire, ´maker, fume, she,
śinging, Dutch, Rome, space, brick, teach, bold, run, myth,
eve, add, go, fix, wage, cake, f́ancy, few, ink, day, d́irty, here,
nurse, serf, Énglish, turn, ẃorker, dark, car, hair, more, fir,
ring, yes, kind, ŕifle, huge, town, round, child, pass, talk,
six, know, ẃitty, voice, t́ester, d́arling, f́ather, front, ´mother,
a ´mong, a ĺoud, a ĺong, ǵardener, ígnorant, some, h́uman, ṕa
rents, ṕarrot, love, ńumber, śister, a śpire, tree, charm, j́um
per, junk.
1. The floor is brown. 2. The door is white. 3. They are old.
4. My sister is old. 5. Where is the book? 6. Is the bag new
or old?; a doctor or a teacher; a worker or an artist
Lesson Three 51
Грамматика и лексика
Step 12
Количественные числительные от 1 до 10
1 — one [w
n] 6 — six
2 — two [t] 7 — seven [ śevn]
3 — three 8 — eight [eit]
4 — four [f
] 9 — nine
5 — five 10 — ten
2. Прочтите:
а) One and two is three. 1+2=3
Three and five is eight. 3 + 5 = 8
Seven and three is ten. 7 + 3 = 10
б) 5 + 4 = 9 6 + 1 = 7 3 + 7 = 10
8 + 2 = 10 3 + 5 = 8 6 + 3 = 9
в) t́hee ŕooms, eight books, four plates, one map, one window,
two ties, six chairs, seven bags
г) 1. This room is number two (No 2). That room is number three.
2. My flat is number four. 3. Is your flat number six? No, it isn’t;
it’s number five. 4. Where are classrooms number five, six and
seven? 5. On what page is Text Three?
Step 13
Притяжательные местоимения (§ 16)
my f́lat, your b́ag, his f́ilm, her ṕencil, our ŕoom, their
b́ookcase, their ćups
1. Our ŕoom is large. 2. Their bookcase is in the room. 3. Her
pencil is good. 4. His tie is nice. 5. Your bag is old. 6. My notebook
is clean. 7. The room is large. Its windows are clean. 8. Her text
is easy. 9. Our flat is number seven. 10. Their city is very old.
Запомните:
What is her name?
Her ńame is Be lova.
What is his name? His name is Orlov.
What are their names? Their names are Belova and
Orlov.
What is your name? My name is ...
Step 14
Глагол to be . Личные местоимения (§§ 4, 17)
Спряжение глагола to be
I am We are
He/She is You1 are
It is They are
Отрица
I am ńot a worker. We are ńot
work
ers.
тельная
He is not a worker. You are not workers.
форма
She is not a worker. They are not workers.
1
Личное местоимение you употребляется также для обозначения 2го л.
ед. ч. (ты)
Lesson Three 55
14. Скажите все, что вы можете, о себе, о вашем друге, о членах вашей семьи.
Step 15
Глагол to be . Вопросительная форма. Общие,
альтернативные и специальные вопросы. Вопросы
к подлежащему. Вопросительные слова who , which (of) .
(§§ 5, 12, 17, 18)
Общие вопросы
´Are you a worker? — Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Ís he a teacher? — Yes, he is. No, he is not.
´Are they students? — Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Альтернативные вопросы
´Are you an artist? or an engi neer? — I am an engi neer.
´ ´
Специальные вопросы
´Where are the students? — They are at the Institute.
´Who is at the Institute? — The students are.
Ís your friend young? Yes, he is. (Yes, he’syoung.)
No, he isnot. (No, he’snot
young.)
1. Is your brother an engineer? 2. Is your mother very old?
3. Are these students young? 4. Is your friend a doctor? 5. Is
Lesson Three 57
Вопросы к подлежащему
My f́riend
Peter is.
´Who is absent? B́oris andPeter are.
´All śtudents arepresent.
Text E
1. Open your textbooks at page nine and read the new text!
2. Read Lesson Three at home, please. 3. Begin reading the new
words. 4. Begin reading Text Eight, please. 5. Spell the word
“engineer”, please. 6. Write those new words in your notebooks.
7. This is milk. It is in the cup. 8. That is ink. It is in the bottle.
Take it, please.
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Is your Institute large or small? 2. Are the tables and the chairs
in your classroom brown? 3. Where are the lamps? 4. What
colour is the ceiling? 5. Are the windows large? 6. Are they
clean? 7. Are you a student? 8. Are these students too? 9. Are
the students in class now? 10. Is your family small? 11. Is your
father very old? 12. What is your sister? 13. Where is your
English textbook? 14. Is your mother at home now? 15. Who is
a doctor?
Звуки, буквы
и правила чтения
1. Назовите буквы:
h, j, a, k, i, b, c, d, g, t, v, f, l, q, m, s, x, n, p, e, o, u, w, y, r
№ Правила чтения
Упражнения в чтении
п/п буквосочетаний
42 oy boy, toy, voice, noise, coin,
[ɔi] soil, boil
oi
43 igh [ai] fight, light, might, night,
sight, high, flight
44 wr [r] write, wrist, wretch, wry,
writ, wrap, wrong
45 kn [n] knew, knit, knell, knife,
knee, knight
46 ture [ ə] ńature, f́uture, śtructure,
ṕicture, ĺecture
47 tion ńation, dic t́ation, śtation,
[ʃn] áction, trans ĺation,
ssion pro d́uction
śession, o ṕpression, also
´Russian
48 war [w
] warm, war, ward, re ´ward
wa [wɒ] watch, want, wash, wand
49 sure [ə] ĺeisure, ṕleasure, ´measure,
(ea [e] перед sure) t́reasure
Lesson Four 63
Продолжение
№ Правила чтения
Упражнения в чтении
п/п буквосочетаний
50 В словах греческого и
латинского происхо
ждения
ch [k] school, ścholar, chrome,
ćhorus, ćhlorite, árchitect,
árchi t́ecture
ph [f] ṕhoto, phone, ṕhysics,
phi ĺosophy, t́elephone,
phrase, pho ńetics
51 Перед удвоенной парной ĺorry, ´merry, ĺetter, ẃitty,
согласной гласные чита ´matter, ´marry, śorry,
ются кратко b́itten, h́urry, d́ifficult,
d́ifferent, d́iffer, ĺittle
52 aw [
] paw, saw, raw, law
Словесное ударение
3. Познакомьтесь с правилами словесного ударения и прочтите упражнения
в правильном оформлении словесного ударения:
Продолжение
Правила ударения Упражнения в чтении
2. В трех и четырехслож d́ocument, d́ifferent,
ных словах ударение обыч ǵeneral, ṕopular, ṕolicy,
но падает на третий слог ńatural, f́amily, v́ictory,
от конца, причем ударная ćapital, a b́ility,
гласная произносится крат de v́elopment, po ĺitical,
ко, согласно своему чтению ac t́ivity, ne ćessity,
в закрытом слоге. d́ifficult, áppetite,
´memorize, éxercise,
ex t́remety
3. Если слово состоит из че uni v́ersity, possi b́illity,
´
тырех и более слогов, то оно elec t́ricity, o´ rigi ńality,
´ ´
обычно имеет два ударения: e xami ńation, patro ńymic,
´ ´
главное — на втором или conver śation, revo ĺution,
´ ´
третьем слоге от конца, и into ńation, in tracta b́ility,
´ ´
второстепенное — на первом intro d́uctory, indi v́isible,
´
или втором слоге от начала anni v́ersary ´
´
слова.
4. В существительных с суф śtation, po śition, re ĺation,
фиксом tion главное ударе con d́ition, pro d́uction,
ние падает на гласную, пред a f́fection, a d́dition,
шествующую суффиксу. in j́ection, i magi ńation,
´
inter ŕuption
´
5. В словах с префиксами a, a ĺong, a b́out, a ´mount,
be, com, con, dis, mis, in, a ´maze, dis ĺike, dis ´miss,
im, pre, re, ударение пада mis t́ake, pre ṕare, be ǵin,
ет на второй слог. re ´make, com ṕare, con śult,
im ṕort, im ṕortant, re ṕeat,
in f́ormal
Lesson Four 65
Продолжение
Правила ударения Упражнения в чтении
6. В сложных существитель b́ookcase, b́lackboard,
ных (образованных путем śomething, ńewspaper,
словосложения), как прави b́ookshelf, t́extbook,
ло, ударение падает на пер ńotebook, ćlassroom,
вый слог. Énglishman, ǵrandfather,
b́lacksmith
Контрольные упражнения
в чтении
4. Прочтите следующие слова:
knit, physics, want, knife, Russian, picture, write, right, prim
ness, boy, boil, girl, measure, demonstration, party, witty,
fancy, worse, cold, philosophy, dark, duck, faculty, register,
monitor, reward, university, marry, narrow, bale, terrible, re
quire, mister, minister, departure, phut, purl, knuckle, knew,
keeping, war, enrich, kerb, pension, wood, ray, treasure, strong,
first, reader, noise, station, writer, gun, wry, gipsy, actor,
round, air, watch, maze, flower, wall, enslave, purge, pure,
snare, smoker, tight, trainer, weakness, cremate, enlarge,
brass, brightness, voice, structure, session, wash, ward, phlox,
physicist.
Грамматика и лексика
Step 16
Количественные числительные от 1 до 100 (§ 19)
2. Прочтите:
a) Ten plus/and twenty is thirty. 10 + 20 = 30
Fifteen plus/and forty is fiftyfive. 15 + 40 = 55
Eighty plus/and eleven is ninetynine. 80 + 11 = 91
б) 30 + 40 = 70 12 + 20 = 32 25 + 65 = 90
50 + 10 = 60 14 + 35 = 49 68 + 31 = 99
в) fifteen chairs, eighteen maps, eleven students, thirteen text
books, thirtythree lessons, ninetysix apples, twentyeight
plates, eightyone flats, thirty cups
Запомните:
How old are you? — Сколько вам лет?
I am twentytwo (years old). — Мне 22 года.
4. Прочтите:
5. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How old are you? 2. How old is your father (mother, brother,
sister)? 3. How old is your city?
Step 17
the ńew ẃords of t́his text — новые слова этого текста
the ´windows of this room — окна этой комнаты
Step 18
Глагол to have (§ 21)
I have We have
He/She has You have
It has They have
1. I have a father. 2. She has t́wo sisters. 3. We have one
English class today. 4. My brother has a good flat. 5. They have
clean thin paper.
Step 19
Отрицательная форма глагола to have (§ 21)
Step 20
Вопросительная форма глагола to have (§ 21)
Общий вопрос
´Have you a father? — Yes, Ihave. (Yes, I have a
father.)
No, I havenot. (No, I haveno
father.)
´Have you ǵot a book? —
Yes, I have. ( Yes, I have got
a book.)
No,
I haven’t.
( No, I
haven’t got a book.)
Альтернативный вопрос
´Have you (got) a brother or a sister? — I have a sister.
´Have you (got) a Russian or an English book? — I have
(got) an English book.
Step 21
Местоимения much , many , little , few (§ 22)
С исчисляемыми С неисчисляемыми
Значение
существительными существительными
many much
few много little
мало
many (few) books much (little) milk
A lot of = much, many
Step 22
Специальные вопросы. Вопросительные слова how
many , how much «сколько» (§ 22). Вопросы
к подлежащему (§ 18)
Вопросы к подлежащему
1. Who has much free time? 2. Who has (got) much homework
to do today? 3. Who has a big family? 4. Who has many English
books at home? 5. Who is your teacher?
1. Ís the h́omework clear? Задание понятно (ясно)?
2. Śpeak English! Говорите поанглийски!
3. Speak Russian! Говорите порусски!
4. — Ǵive me your pen, — Дайте мне вашу ручку,
please. пожалуйста.
— ´Here you are. — Пожалуйста.
— Thank you. — Спасибо. (Благодарю
вас.)
— ´Not at all. — Не стоит. (Пожалуйста.)
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите на русский язык:
а) to be busy (with) — быть занятым чемлибо
to be fond of — любить, нравиться, увлекаться
1. I am fond of sport. 2. My daughter is fond of reading books.
3. My son is fond of playing with his cat and dog. 4. We are
fond of our work. 5. Our children are fond of speaking English.
6. These engineers are busy with their new projects. 7. Your son
is busy with his English. 8. What are you fond of? 9. What are
you busy with today?
б) why — почему; because — потому что
1. Why is Peter absent? He is absent because he is ill. 2. Why is
your mother a pensioner? She is a pensioner because she is old.
в) to have a lot of work to do — иметь много работы
1. I have a lot of work to do today. 2. My friend has a lot of work
to do at the Institute today. 3. Have you much homework to do
today?
2. Скажите:
а) что вы или ваш друг любите делать, используя ниже приводимые слова и
словосочетания по образцу:
I am fond of music
I am fond of listening to music
my new project reading books
design playing tennis
sport speaking English
my (his) work (job) doing English exercises
my flat asking questions
these flowers answering questions
б) чем вы заняты сейчас:
I am busy with my project
work
English
homework
Lesson Four 77
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How old is Boris Smirnov? 2. Has he much work to do at
the plant? 3. Is Boris married? 4. What is his wife? 5. What is
her name? 6. Has Boris a brother? 7. What is he? 8. Are you
married? 9. Is your mother a pensioner? 10. Have you much or
little free time this year? 11. Have you many or few friends at
the Institute? 12. Who is your friend? 13. What is your friend?
14. Have you a cat or a dog at home? 15. Are you fond of playing
with them?
8. Расскажите о себе.
1. Peter has very many Russian books. 2. Her friend has a nice
flat. 3. Their mother has a new flat. 4. That engineer has thin
paper. 5. Those students have red ink. 6. Our students have good
rooms.
Правила чтения
Познакомьтесь с новыми правилами чтения, повторите уже известные вам и
прочтите следующие упражнения:
Грамматика и лексика
Step 23
Образование множественного числа имён
существительных (§ 23)
Step 24
Притяжательный падеж имен существительных.
Вопросительное слово whose (§ 24)
Step 25
Абсолютная форма притяжательных местоимений (§ 25)
Личные
Притяжательные местоимения
местоимения
простая форма абсолютная форма
I my mine
He his his
She her hers
It its its
We our ours
You your yours
They their theirs
Lesson Five 85
Step 26
Оборот there is/there are . Утвердительная форма (§ 26)
There is a book on the На столе лежит (находится)
table. книга.
There are b́ooks on the table На столе лежат книги.
Обратите внимание на различие следующих конструкций и
их перевод на русский язык.
Русское предложение начи Русское предложение начи
нается с подлежащего; ан нается с обстоятельства ме
глийское тоже с подлежаще ста; английское с оборота
го: there is (are):
1. Портфель лежит на стуле. На стуле лежит портфель.
The bag is on the chair. There is a bag on the chair.
2. Студенты в этой комнате. В этой комнате студенты.
Вводный курс 86
Step 27
Оборот there is/there are . Отрицательная форма
(§§ 26, 27)
There is ńo blackboard in this classroom.
Step 28
Образование вопросительной формы. Общие,
специальные и альтернативные вопросы (§ 26, 27)
Ís there a book on the table?
Yes, there
is. ( Yes, there’s a book on the table.)
No, there is not. ( No, there is ńo b́ook on the table.)
´Are therestudents in this classroom?
Yes, thereare. (Yes, there are śtudents in this
classroom.)
No, there arenot. (No, there are ńo śtudents in this
classroom.)
´Are therered orblue pencils in the box? — There arered
pencils there.
´How ´many b́ooks are there in your bag? — There are five
books there.
Step 29
Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения (§ 28)
There are a lot of flats in the block. The flats are not very
large but they are very comfortable. In front of the block there
is a large park. There are a lot of flowers and trees in the park.
There are a lot of children in the park now, but not very many
men and women there now, because they are at work at their
offices, plants, factories and institutes.
Our block is in Pushkin street. Pushkin street is in the centre
of our town. There is a monument to Pushkin in this street.
There are a lot of high new blocks in this street and very few old
houses here. There are also a lot of shops and various offices in
our street but there are not factories and plants in it.
Our street is very green and the air is always clean here
because in front of every block there is a garden and a lot of
flowers and trees.
Look at the picture again. There are not many cars and buses
in the street now. In front of the building of an office there is
a car. It is of modern design. It is very nice and comfortable.
There is a man and a boy in the car. In front of the shop window
there is a woman and a girl. There are very few people in the
street now because they are at work.
Вводный курс 94
Text B
I have a oneroom flat in this block because I am not married.
My flat is small. A friend of mine is married, that’s why he has
a fourroom flat in the same block of flats. His flat is large and
very comfortable. My friend’s name is Petrov. He is a worker
at a big plant. He is fortyfive years old. Petrov’s family is
large. There are six people in it — his parents, his wife and his
children — a son and a daughter. His son’s name is Nick. He is
a little boy. He is only six. Nick is ill today, that’s why he is in
bed. His daughter’s name is Ann. She is a student. She is at the
Institute now.
Petrov’s wife and mother are housewives. They are always
very busy because they have a lot of things to do about the house.
Petrov’s father is a worker at the same plant. He is sixty
seven years old, but he is not a pensioner. He is full of life and
energy and he is fond of his work.
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите следующие словосочетания с английского языка на русский:
in front of the house, in front of the window, in front of the
Institute, in the middle of the classroom, in the middle of the
garden, a lot of free time, a lot of flowers, a lot of people, to be
full of life and energy, to be full of air, to be full of people, the
same book, the same flat, the same block of flats, at the same
factory, in the same building, the same kind of energy
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
а) 1. What picture is this? 2. Is this block of flats of modern
design? 3. How many floors are there in the block? 4. Are the
flats comfortable? 5. Are the flats full of air? 6. What is there
in front of the block? 7. Who is in the garden now? 8. Are there
factories and plants in Pushkin Street? 9. Are there various
offices and shops in it? 10. Why is the air clean here? 11. Are
there many or few cars and buses in this streer? 12. Are there
people in the street now? 13. Is Pushkin Street in the centre of
the town? 14. What monument is there in this street?
б) 1. What is Petrov? 2. What flat has he? 3. What is the name of
Petrov’s son? 4. Why is he in bed today? 5. What flat have you?
6. Is there a shop in your block? 7. Have you a car? 8. What is
your father’s name? 9. What monuments are there in Moscow?
10. Is there a lift in your block of flats?
Правила чтения
Познакомьтесь с новыми правилами чтения, повторите уже известные вам
и прочтите следующие упражнения:
Грамматика и лексика
Step 30
Местоимения some , any , no (§ 29)
Step 31
Объектный падеж личных местоимений (§ 30)
the new words, please. 7. Begin reading the text. 8. Put your
bag here. 9. Give the child some milk. 10. I am fond of playing
tennis.
Step 32
Прямое и косвенное дополнения (§ 31)
10. Измените место косвенного дополнения там, где это возможно, внеся со
ответствующие изменения в предложения:
1. Send the letter to your parents. 2. Give him this Russian
magazine. 3. Show the children some pictures. 4. Read her the
letter. 5. Show the teacher your project. 6. Give it to me. 7. Give
me some water, please. 8. Tell me your name. 9. Show us your
dog.
Lesson Six 105
Step 33
Аналитическая форма повелительного наклонения.
Глагол let (§ 32)
little air here. 5. Let me show you some nice pictures. 6. Let’s
do exercise 2 on page 30. 7. Let them speak English. 8. Let me
open the bottle of milk.
bedroom спальня
by предлог, указывающий на авторство • a picture by a young artist
central heating центральное отопление
cold холодный • a cold day
to come [k
m] приходить • Come here, please.
convenience [kən v́njəns] удобство • We have all modern conveniences in
our flat.
corner угол • There is a chair in this corner.
dear [diə] дорогой • my dear friend
diningroom столовая • Our diningroom is always full of people.
to do делать • to do homework
electric электрический • electric energy
electricity [ ilek t́risiti] электричество
´
except за исключением • We have all modern conveniences except a tele
phone.
exercise [ éksəsaiz] упражнение • Do this exercise at home.
foreign [ f́ɒrin] иностранный • There are a lot of foreign students at our
institute.
furniture [ f́:ni ə] мебель • Our furniture is of modern design.
gas газ
a great many = many много • There are a great many people in the street.
hot горячий • hot milk
kitchen кухня
letter письмо • Answer your parents’ letter today.
light свет • There is little light in the room because the windows are not
large and clean.
to listen (to) слушать • Listen to me attentively, please.
low низкий • a low ceiling
magazine [ mgə źn] журнал • a thick foreign magazine
´
newspaper газета • today’s newspaper; Read this newspaper.
other [ ´
ðə] другой • Give me some other magazine, please.
over над • over the table; over the sofa
question [ ḱwes ən] вопрос • an easy question; to ask a question
radio set [ ŕeidiəυ śet] радиоприемник • What kind of radio set have you
got?
to repeat повторить, сказать еще раз • Repeat your question, please.
to review повторять, делать обзор • Review the words of Lesson Ten.
round круглый • There is a round table in the middle of the room.
to send посылать • Send this letter today.
to show показывать • Show me your notebook.
sofa диван, софа • a low sofa
square квадратный • a square room
study кабинет • My father’s study has two windows.
such такой • such as такой как • Tom is such a good boy. There are many
things in my bag, such as notebooks, books, a magazine and some pens.
telephone телефон • What is your telephone number?
Вводный курс 108
some clean paper, some pens and pencils. In the corner there is a
sofa and a low table for newspapers and magazines. I have a lot
of Russian and foreign books, newspapers and magazines. They
are in the bookcase and on the bookshelves. The bookshelves on
the wall over the sofa are also full of magazines.
Dialogue
T.: Tom Brown, have you got a flat?
Tom: Yes, I have got a tworoom flat.
T.: Is it comfortable?
Tom: Yes, it’s small, but very comfortable.
T.: Are there any modern conveniences in your flat?
Tom: Yes, there are all modern conveniences, except a telephone.
T.: Is your flat in a new or in an old building?
Tom: It’s in a new high block. There are sixteen floors in it. The
block is of modern design.
T.: What colour is it?
Tom: It’s grey.
T.: Where is your block?
Tom: It’s in N. street.
T.: What’s the number of your flat?
Tom: Fortyseven.
T.: Is there a garden in front of your block of flats?
Tom: No, there isn’t. There are always a lot of cars, buses and a
great many people in our street because it is in the centre of
the city.
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
a foreign artist, a square blackboard, a low ceiling, over the
table, over the sofa, at the window, a modern factory, a round
box, comfortable furniture, in the corner, various things, clean
water, modern conveniences, central heating, running water,
except this flat, full of light, electric energy, on the window sill,
a great many people, the building of an office, a comfortable
armchair, cold and hot water, cold air.
7. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What flat has Nick? 2. What modern conveniences are there
in his block? 3. What rooms has he? 4. What furniture is there in
the diningroom (in the study)? 5. What colour is the furniture?
6. What flat have you? Have you a kitchen and a bathroom in
your flat? 7. Have you a telephone at home? 8. Is the ceiling
in your room low or high? 9. Is your flat comfortable? 10. Is
there much furniture in your room? 11. Is it of modern design?
12. What is there in the middle of the room? 13. What is there
over the table? 14. Are there any pictures on the walls? 15. Is
Вводный курс 112
there a garden in front of your house (block)? 16. Are there any
flowers in your room? 17. Why is your room full of light?
2. Попросите показать вам лицо или предмет, о котором идет речь, по об
разцу:
T.: I have a new car.
St.: Show it to us, please. или Show us your car, please.
1. The bottle is full of milk. 2. I have a good map. 3. I have a
new textbook. 4. I have a lot of magazines. 5. I am busy with my
design. 6. I have a little daughter. 7. I have a son.
T.: There are some foreign newspapers on the shelf.
St.: What newspapers are there on the shelf?
1. There is a shelf over the sofa. 2. There is an electric lamp
over the table. 3. There are low armchairs in the study. 4. There
are 16 lessons in this textbook.
Правила чтения
Грамматика и лексика
Step 34
Порядковые числительные (§ 33)
Step 35
Причастие I в функции определения (§ 34)
Step 36
Настоящее продолженное время — Present Continuous
Tense (§ 35)
to be
Образуется из: + причастие I (ing)
(am, is, are)
(to ask) you a question. 9. We (to do) our exercises. 10. They (to
send) a letter to their parents.
Step 37
Present Continuous Tense. Вопросительная форма.
Общие, альтернативные и специальные вопросы (§ 35)
Общий вопрос
´Are you ẃorking at your English? — Yes, Iam. No,
I amnot.
Специальные вопросы
Step 38
Предлог with ; вопросительное слово whom ; предлоги
места (§§ 36, 38)
Предлог with
1. c, co:
I am working with my friend.
In front of the house there is a garden with a lot of flowers in it.
2. Передает отношения творительного падежа:
I am writing with a pen. — Я пишу ручкой.
He is writing with a red pencil. — Он пишет красным каранда
шом.
I am busy with my work. — Я занят своей работой.
Lesson Seven 121
Предлоги места
on — на The book is on the table.
in — в The cat is in the box.
over — над The picture is over the sofa.
under — под The box is under the bed.
in front of — перед чемлибо The desk is in front of the
window.
behind — позади, за The kitchengarden (огород) is behind
the house.
Step 39
Предлоги направления и движения to — from ; into — out
of , off , away (§ 37)
off, away
from
to
into out of
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:
а) to be sorry, to be late, to be on duty, the following questions,
to ask a question, to answer a question, to make a radio set,
the new building of an office, a new library, a great scientist,
beautiful flowers, to be over, to look through a magazine, a few
pages, such as, near the house, near the dean’s office, some
lectures, the same lecture, just now, long live, to be full of, to
have a class, except, to choose the necessary books, around the
monument, various lectures, a sports ground
б) 1. air, to air; 2. a study, studies, to study; 3. clean, to clean;
4. work, to work, a workshop; 5. a design, to design; 6. to answer,
Вводный курс 128
2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Are you a student or a worker? 2. What year student are you?
3. How many floors are there in the building of your Institute?
4. Are there any foreign students in your Institute? 5. How
many students are there in your group? 6. How many students
are present today? 7. Who is on duty today? 8. Who is late today?
9. What are you doing now? 10. Who is standing at the black
board? 11. What language are you studying? 12. Are you fond
of English? 13. Are you students of the same group? 14. What is
the number of your group? 15. Are there any workshops in your
Institute? 16. What year students are working in the workshops
now? 17. What floor is the dean’s office on? 18. Where is the
student’s dininghall?
4. Напишите:
а) во множественном числе:
duty, study, holiday, play, child, man, box, library
б) причастие I от следующих глаголов:
to play, to study, to have, to come, to go, to draw, to put, to be,
to lie, to run
Продолжение
идти с фабрики, идти из института, брать
from
книгу с полки
into входить в зал, класть книгу в портфель
у доски, у стены, работать над проектом, смо
at
треть на доску, на уроке, дома
for благодарить за книгу, благодарить за помощь
полный воздуха, любить читать, кто из них,
of
один из нас, некоторые из студентов
на занятии, в аудитории, в середине, в углу
in зала, в бутылке, в шкафу, в кабинете, в
деканате
over над столом, над софой
быть занятым рисованием, писать ручкой,
with
работать с кемлибо, писать мелом
around вокруг памятника, вокруг дома
предлог отвечать на вопрос, говорить поанглийски,
отсутствует идти домой, приходить домой
through просматривать газеты, через окно
выглядывать из окна, вынимать книги из
out of
шкафа, выходить из аудитории
behind за домом, за стеной, за деревом
under под столом, под софой, под кроватью
to air — проветривать
That’s correct.
— Правильно.
That’s right.
to be on duty — дежурить
a piece of chalk — кусок мела
following — следующий
I am a firstyear student. There are fourteen students in our
group. Some of us are from Moscow. Three of us are from other
towns of Russia. We are all good friends.
We are having an English class. Borisov is on duty. He is
cleaning the blackboard.
Teacher: Borisov, there is no chalk here.
Borisov is taking some chalk out of the bookcase and putting
it into the box on the teacher’s table.
George is late. He is opening the door and coming into the
classroom.
G.: I am sorry. I’m late.
Teacher: Come in. Go to your place.
The teacher is standing at the blackboard. We are sitting
at our tables. The teacher is speaking English. She is speaking
about our Institute. We are listening to her attentively.
Teacher: Alec, come to the blackboard and write the following
sentence: “We are studying English.”
Alec is writing the sentence on the blackboard with a piece of
chalk. We are writing it in our notebooks with pens.
T.: Now, ask some questions on the sentence.
A.: Who is studying English? What language are we studying?
T.: That’s correct. Thank you. Sit down, please. Now answer my
questions.
Review (Lessons 1–7) 135
TV set. 12. Do exercise 10 ... page 58. 13. There are no shops
... our street. 14. I am fond ... his story. 15. She is busy ... her
graduation project. 16. Stand ...! 17. Sit ...! 18. Go ... your place.
19. Which ... you has a flat ... the same floor? 20. Thank you ...
the book. 21. He is taking chalk ... ... the box. 22. The librarian
is taking a book ... the shelf. 23. Come ..., please. 24. Two girls
are going out ... the hall. 25. Let’s look ... those newspapers.
26. Who is ... duty today? 27. His flat is ... a new block ... flats
... N. Street. 28. There are a great many cars ... front ... the
building ... the office. 29. Go ...! 30. There are a great number
... flowers ... the monument. 31. Go ... home now.
Словообразование
Суффиксы существительных -er , -or
преподавать to teach — teacher преподаватель,
учитель
читать to read — reader читатель
переводить to translate — translator переводчик
Грамматика и лексика
Step 40
Числительные от 100 и выше. Чтение хронологических
дат (§ 39)
100 — a hundred
1,000 — a thousand
1,000,000 — a million
200 — two hundred
365 — three hundred and sixtyfive
2,703 — two thousand seven hundred and three
Но: hundreds (of books) — сотни (книг) (зд. hundreds — суще
ствительное).
1. Прочтите числа:
109, 482, 311, 528, 674, 799, 901, 1111, 2005, 5881, 7207
380 + 410 = 790 360 + 4009 = 4369
801 + 1000 = 1801 5210 + 121 = 5331
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 144
Чтение дат
1964 — nineteen sixtyfour
1905 — nineteen o [əυ] five
1900 — nineteen hundred
Step 41
Обозначение времени. Название дней недели и месяцев
(§ 40)
6. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How many days are there in a week? 2. What is the first
day of the week? 3. What is the seventh and the last day of the
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 146
week? 4. What are the other days of the week between Sunday
and Saturday? 5. Is Sunday your day off? 6. How many days are
there in a month (year)? 7. How many days off a week have you
got?
8. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How many months are there in a year? 2. What is the first
month of the year? 3. Is March the second or the third month of
the year? 4. What is the twelfth and the last month of the year?
5. Which month of the year is April?
Step 42
Безличные предложения (§ 41)
Step 43
Существительное в роли определения (§ 42)
Step 44
Настоящее неопределенное время — Present Indefinite
(Simple) Tense (§ 43)
Step 45
Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Отрицательная форма (§ 43)
Step 46
Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense. Вопросительная форма.
Общие и альтернативные вопросы (§ 43)
´Do you śtudy English? — Yes, I do. — No, I do not.
´Does your śister śtudy English? — Yes, she does. No,
she does not.
´Does your d́aughter śtudy English or Russian? — She
śtudies English.
Step 47
Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense. Специальные вопросы.
Вопросы к подлежащему (§§ 44, 45)
1 2 3 4
What do you read?
What books do you read?
How many books do you read every month?
Where does your brother study?
What does he do?
When does the class begin?
Вопросы к подлежащему
´Who śtudies at the Institute? — I do. (Myfriend does.)
28. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Who learns English? 2. Who speaks Russian? 3. Who asks
the teacher a lot of questions? 4. Who answers the teacher’s
questions? 5. Who helps you (to) do your homework?
29. Поставьте вопросы к подлежащему:
1. We work in the dean’s office. 2. We have an English class
on Fridays. 3. They always speak English to us. 4. You always
ask the same question. 5. The teacher asks me to clean the
blackboard. 6. We thank the librarians for the books. 7. I take
the necessary magazines from the library.
Сравните времена:
Present Indefinite Present Continuous
1. Every day I work at my 1. I am working at my English
English. (обычно/регуляр now. (сейчас)
но)
2. My sister translates books 2. She is translating a book
into Russian. (обычно пе into Russian. (в данный
реводит) момент)
3. He reads English. (во 3. He is reading a book. (сей
обще/читает поанглий час/в данный момент)
ски/умеет читать)
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 154
summer лето • in summer летом • a warm summer day; The days in sum
mer are long.
to take place происходить, иметь место • As a rule meetings (собрания)
take place in this big hall.
(recorded) tape магнитная запись • (to record записывать на магнитную
пленку) • to listen to the recorded tape; tape recording (магнитофонная
запись)
technical технический • a technical institute
term семестр • There are two terms in an academic year. We are having a
spring term now.
then затем, тогда • When I come home I have a short rest and then I prepare
my homework.
till до • We work till 5 o’clock.
time 1. время • What’s the time? 2. раз; Tree times a week (три раза в
неделю); twice a day (два раза в день).
together вместе • I go to the Institute together with a friend of mine.
topic тема • to speak on a topic; various topics
to translate переводить • to translate from Russian into English перево
дить с русского на английский; We translate sentences from Russian into
English.
to want хотеть • I want to learn to speak English.
watch часы (наручные) • My watch is fast.
week неделя • on weekdays по будням • There are seven days in a week.
winter зима • in winter зимой • a cold winter day; The days in winter are
short.
I want you to listen... Я хочу, чтобы вы прослушали...
to do the work выполнять работу
Обратите внимание на отсутствие предлогов:
this time — на этот раз
next time — в следующий раз
this week (month) — на этой неделе (в этом месяце)
next week (month) — на будущей неделе (в следующем меся
це)
to have two holidays a year — иметь каникулы два раза в год
two English classes a week — два урока английского языка в
неделю
four times a month — четыре раза в месяц
3
A: When does the spring term B: It begins on the 7th of
begin? February.
A: When is it over? B: It’s over on the 20th of
May.
A: How long does it last? B: It lasts three months and a
half.
A: Is this term long or short? B: It’s short.
A: When do the examinations B: They take place at the end
take place? of each term — in January
and in May.
A: When do the summer holi B: They begin in July.
days begin?
A: How long do they last? B: They last two months, till
the end of August.
A: Are you busy or free dur B: Students are very busy
ing the academic year? during the academic year
because they have a lot of
work to do.
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Прочтите диалог № 3. Закройте ответы справа и ответьте на вопросы само
стоятельно. Сверьте ваши ответы с данными.
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Where do you study? 2. What foreign language are you learn
ing? 3. What do you do during the English class? 4. Do you speak
English or Russian in class? 5. What do the students do when the
teacher comes into the classroom? 6. Do you describe pictures in
class? 7. What language do you speak before and after classes?
8. What do you do after classes? 9. Do you want to master En
glish? 10. Do you work at your English regularly? 11. Does your
friend live in the hostel or with his parents at home? 12. Do
you listen to the tapes? 13. (At) what time do you come to the
Institute? 14. How long does the autumn term (academic year)
last? 15. Which of you works hard at your English? 16. Do you
miss English classes? 17. When do the examinations take place?
18. Is this term long or short? 19. When does the last class begin
today? 20. Does each term end with examinations?
8. Спросите, о каком лице идет речь или кому принадлежит предмет, о кото
ром идет речь, по образцу:
T.: My watch is slow.
St.: Whose watch is slow?
1. Запомните выражения:
4. Прочтите:
— How do you do, Mr. [ ´mistə] Sedov?
— How do you do, Mr. Brown?
Lesson Eight 167
Словообразование
Префикс глаголов re-
писать to write — to rewrite переписывать
делать to make — to remake переделывать
Грамматика и лексика
Step 48
Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели.
Союз in order to «для того чтобы» (§ 46)
Step 49
Безличные обороты (§ 47)
Step 50
Модальные глаголы can , must , may (§ 48)
Ćan you ŕead English? Yes, Ican.
No, Icannot.
No, Ican’t [knt]
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 172
Отрицательная форма
may choose one of the books. 11. Which of you can answer this
question? 12. The examination must take place today. 13. You
needn’t hurry, we have a lot of time. 14. You needn’t go there if
you have no time. 15. Students must not miss classes. 16. There
may be a few new words in the text but you must understand
it without a dictionary. 17. There may be young women present
at the meeting. 18. There must be some English books in this
bookcase. 19. He must be in his study, you can speak to him.
20. He can’t be at home now.
могу взять это письмо, чтобы переписать его для вас. 7. Что
бы говорить на эту тему, вы должны прочитать эту книгу.
8. Мне можно войти? 9. На уроке студенты должны говорить
по французски. 10. Вам нельзя туда идти. 11. Сегодня она не
может прийти вовремя. 12. Они могут понимать пофранцуз
ски. 13. Он должно быть занят сегодня. 14. Мне читать или
переводить? 15. Открыть окно? 16. Мне повторить вопрос?
17. Можете вы дать мне ваш словарь? Боюсь, что нет. (Не
могу.) Я очень сожалею, но он мне нужен.
Step 51
Неопределенное местоимение one . Неопределенное
местоимение one в сочетании с модальными
глаголами (§ 49)
Step 52
Придаточные дополнительные предложения (§ 50)
Step 53
Наречия much , little (§ 51)
much — много в утвердительных предложениях обыч
little — мало но употребляются с наречием very
в разговорном языке часто употребляет
very much = a lot
ся a lot вместо very much
One of the students collects the papers and puts them on the
table in front of the teacher.
N.: May I ask you a question?
T.: Certainly.
N.: What’s the English for «по крайней мере»?
T.: Who can answer this question?
A.: I can. The English for «по крайней мере» is «at least».
T.: That’s right. Now look at this picture. Who can describe it?
D.: May I try?
T.: Do, please. Come here and stand in front of the group.
D. is describing the picture. He speaks English well. We un
derstand everything what he says. It is interesting for us to
listen to him and we are listening to him attentively.
At the end of the class the teacher says that we must go to the
library to get a book by Gerbert Wells or by Ch. Dickens for home
reading. The teacher says that to master a foreign language one
must read a lot. It is necessary for students to read at least a
page or two of an English book every day because it is easy to
learn words when one reads much. It is difficult to master the
language if one does not work hard at it and reads little. If one
wants to learn a foreign language, one can always find time for it
and the more so for a student. It’s quite possible for any student
to find thirty minutes a day and to work at it regularly. It’s his
duty. One must and one can do it because every specialist (an
artist or an engineer) must know at least one foreign language.
It is never too late to study.
T.: Don’t forget to prepare your home reading. Next time I am
going to check it.
St.: Can we use a dictionary when we prepare our home reading?
T.: You can, if you like, but it is not necessary to use a dictionary
if the text is clear to you, though there may be a few unknown
words in it. Try to understand the text without looking un
known words up in a dictionary.
Describing a Picture
T.: Today we are going to speak about this picture. Look at it,
please. What is the name of the picture?
Lesson Nine 181
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания и предложения:
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What are you going to do after classes? 2. What are you going
to do in the evening? 3. How long is the lecture going to last?
4. Where is the lecture going to take place? 5. Are you going to
work hard this term? 6. Who is going to work in the workshop
today? 7. What book are you going to read next?
7. Ответьте на вопросы:
3. Ответьте по образцу:
T.: We must finish our work today. And you?
St.: I needn’t finish it today.
1. You must hurry. And your brother? 2. You must take the
book from the library. And your friend? 3. Tom must go to the
factory. And you? 4. Nick must do the translation. And you?
5. She must clean the room. And you?
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 186
5
Professor: What can you tell me about the great artists of the
17th century?
Student: They are all dead, sir.
Словообразование
Суффикс наречий -ly
регулярный regular — regularly регулярно
обычный usual — usually обычно
плохой bad — badly плохо
Грамматика и лексика
Step 54
Наречия неопределенного времени (§§ 52, 53)
Step 55
Словосочетания с глаголом to have (§ 54)
Step 56
Придаточные определительные предложения. Союзные
слова who , which , that (§ 55)
well. 5. Look through this book, you can find here stories ... are
very interesting. 6. The sentences ... we translate into English
are difficult. 7. The man ... gives you English newspapers is my
brother. 8. I usually prepare my lessons with my friends ... also
learn English. 9. I cannot find my dictionary ... he is asking for.
10. The building ... is behind our block is the office in ... my
father works.
Step 57
Причастие I в функции обстоятельства (§ 56)
My Working Day
My working day begins early. I always get up at 7 o’clock.
Before I leave for the Institute I have a lot of things to do. First of
all I do my morning exercises. When doing them I usually open
the window and switch on the radio. I like to do my morning
exercises to music. Then I go to the bathroom where I wash,
clean my teeth and dress. At a quarter to eight I am ready to
have breakfast. While having breakfast I often listen to the
latest news on the radio or look through the newspapers.
It doesn’t take me long to have breakfast. At a quarter past
eight I leave home for the Institute. As I live far from the Insti
tute I go there by bus or by metro. It usually takes me half an
hour to get there. I seldom walk to the Institute in the morning
because I have no time and I am afraid to be late for classes.
I am never late. I always come to the Institute in time. Between
classes we have short breaks. At 12.30 we have a long break for
dinner. I usually have dinner in the dinninghall of our Institute
which is always full of people at this time.
As a rule we have three lectures or seminars a day. Classes
are over at twenty minutes to four. If I have no meeting, I go
home. Sometimes I stay at the Institute if I have some things to
do or if I have a meeting. There is a Students’ Scientific Society
at our Institute. I am a member of this Society. Once a month
I attend its meetings. I am also a member of the English circle
which meets on Tuesdays.
Sometimes I stay at the Institute because I need a book or
an article which I can only get in the reading room. Before and
after classes in the reading room there are always a great many
students who read different books and articles, work at their
reports or do their lessons.
After classes I usually walk home. I like to walk after a busy
day at the Institute. When I come home I have dinner and a short
rest. Then I prepare my lessons. It usually takes me about three
hours. In the evening I have supper and watch TV. Sometimes if
I have time, I go to the cinema. I usually go to bed at 11 o’clock.
Lesson Ten 197
A.: That’s good. So we are free and can walk home together.
B.: I am sorry, I can’t. I must go to the library to get some books
for my report.
A.: What report do you mean?
B.: Next Tuesday I’m going to make a report on the English poets
of the first half of the nineteenth century.
A.: Goodbye then.
B.: See you tomorrow.
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите следующие словосочетания и предложения на русский язык:
9. Переведите предложения:
а) to leave home (the house) — уходить из дома
1. Я ухожу из дома в 9 часов утра. 2. Я ухожу из института,
когда кончаются занятия. 3. В какое время уходит из дома
твой отец? 4. Он редко уходит рано.
б) to leave home for ... — уходить (уезжать) из дома ... (кудалибо)
1. Я ухожу из дома в институт рано. 2. Я уезжаю в Калугу
сегодня. 3. Я ухожу с завода в институт в 4 часа дня. 4. Мой
отец уезжает в Омск. 5. Кто уезжает из Иркутска в Томск?
в) I like this article. — Мне нравится эта статья.
I like to walk to the Institute. — Мне нравится ходить пешком в
институт.
1. Мне нравится этот фильм. 2. Ей нравится эта картина.
3. Им нравится ваш город. 4. Вам нравится ходить пешком?
5. Ему не нравится эта улица. 6. Я люблю ездить на метро.
7. Он любит мыться холодной водой. 8. Вам нравится его
статья? 9. Мы любим помогать друг другу. 10. Ей нравится
играть в теннис.
ОЧЕНЬ
c прилагательными с глаголами
и наречиями
very very much
He is very attentive in class. I like this film very much.
You speak very slowly. I want to attend his lecture
very much.
13. It’s a long street. 14. This sentence is difficult. 15. Her
English is good.
Обратите внимание на особенности употребления глаголов
to come и to go:
С предлогом to Без предлога
to come to the plant to come home
to go to
to go
4. Прочтите и перескажите:
No Time for Seeing the Town
A farmer comes to a large city and takes a room in a hotel.
Before he goes to see the city he asks the clerk [klk] when they
have breakfast, dinner and supper.
Clerk: We have breakfast from 8 till 11 a.m.1 , dinner from 12
till 3 p.m.2 and supper from 6 till 8 p.m.
Farmer: And what time am I going to see the town then?
1
a.m. (ante meridiem) “before noon”
2
p.m. (post meridiem) “after noon”
Lesson Eleven (11)
The eleventh lesson
Словообразование
Суффикс существительных, герундия и причастия -ing
а) существительное
to begin — beginning начало
to meet — meeting собрание, встреча
б) герундий
to walk — walking прогулка
to read — reading чтение
в) причастие I
to go — going идущий
to come — coming приходящий
Суффикс прилагательных -y
облако cloud — cloudy пасмурный
солнце sun — sunny солнечный
дождь rain — rainy дождливый
ветер wind — windy ветреный
Грамматика и лексика
Step 58
Герундий (общие сведения) (§ 57)
Step 59
Степени сравнения наречий и прилагательных (§ 58)
Положи Сравнитель
Превосходная
тельная ная
степень
степень степень
Одно short shorter (the) shortest
сложные big bigger (the) biggest
и дву easy easier (the) easiest
сложные
Много interesting more interest (the) most inte
сложные ing resting
difficult more difficult (the) most diffi
cult
Особая good, well better (the) best
группа bad, badly worse (the) worst
many, much more (the) most
little less (the) least
of the year is the 21st of June. 4. This article is the most difficult
for me. 5. It is more difficult for me to read books in English than
in Russian. 6. This is the best topic for your report. 7. Our street
is the longest in our town. 8. This lecturehall is the largest
in this building. 9. This article is the most interesting in the
magazine. 10. Nick is the worst sportsman in our group. 11. He
spends less time on English than other students. 12. English
is easier than some other foreign language. 13. Henry is taller
than Bill.
7. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Which day of the week is the best? 2. Which day of the year
is the longest? 3. Who is the best sportsman in your group?
4. Which is the shortest month of the year? 5. Who is the
youngest in your family?
Запомните:
at least — по крайней мере
most of all — больше всего
worst of all — хуже всего
best of all — лучше всего
What book do you like best (of all)? — Какая книга вам
больше всего нравится?
Step 60
Парные союзы as ... as , not so ... as для выражения
сравнения (§ 59)
Step 61
Безличные предложения (§§ 41, 47, 60)
Step 62
Слова, производные от every (§ 61)
every — каждый
everybody — все, каждый
everything — всё
everywhere — везде, повсюду
beautiful. There are a lot of brown, yellow and red leaves every
where on the ground. Little by little the days become shorter and
the nights become longer. It gets colder and colder. In October
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
to stay inside, a beautiful season, a lot of leaves, on the ground,
the last autumn month, the winter sun, fresh air, kinds of sport,
of course, to live in the country, to go to the country, country
life, town life, to leave town for the country, to go skating, a
dark night, to enjoy the book, to shine brightly, to become an
engineer, late in the morning, warm weather, little by little,
to look younger, cloudy weather, in the sky, dark clouds, to be
outside, to change for the better
2. Скажите, что вы тоже занимаетесь тем видом спорта, о котором идет речь:
T.: I am fond of tennis.
St.: I go in for tennis too.
1. I am fond of skating. 2. My brother is fond of swimming.
3. We always go skiing in winter. 4. I like ball games.
Словообразование
Суффиксы прилагательных -ful , -less
Care (забота) — careful (тщательный, осторожный)
careless (беззаботный, небрежный)
Use (польза) — useful (полезный)
useless (бесполезный)
Грамматика и лексика
Step 63
Прошедшее неопределенное время — Past Indefinite
(Simple) Tense — глаголов to be и to have (§ 62)
to be to have
I was We were I had We had
He/She was You were He/she had You had
It was They were It had They had
I was not We were not I had no book We had no book
He/She was You were not He/She had You had no
not no book book
It was not They were It had no They had no
not book book
Was I? Were we? Had I? Had we?
Was he/she? Were you? Had he/she? Had you?
Was it? Were they? Had it? Had they?
Note: wasn’t = was not; weren’t = were not; hadn’t = had not
б) 1. There was a strong wind that day and it was cold outside,
that’s why it was pleasant to stay indoors. 2. There were a lot of
people at the meeting. 3. There were dark clouds in the sky, and
it was clear that it was going to rain. 4. It was clear to us that
the weather was going to change for the better.
Step 64
Прошедшее неопределенное время —
Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense (§ 62)
Step 65
Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Отрицательная форма (§ 62)
Step 66
Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Вопросительная форма (§ 62)
D́id you work yesterday? — Yes, Idid.
No, I didnot.
Lesson Twelve 235
Step 67
Прошедшее продолженное время —
Past Continuous Tense (§ 63)
Сравните времена:
Past Continuous Past Indefinite
Обозначает длительное дей Обозначает действие (как
ствие, продолжавшееся в то факт), имевшее место в про
время, о котором идет речь. шлом (без уточнения его ви
Оно придает предложению довой характеристики, т. е.
определенный стилистиче законченности, незакончен
ский оттенок наглядности ности, протекания во време
протекания действия во вре ни, длительности).
мени.
Время может быть обозначе
но указанием: 1) точного мо
мента или отрезка времени,
2) другого одновременного
действия (краткого или дли
тельного). Глаголы в фор
ме Past Continuous на рус
ский язык переводятся толь
ко глаголами несовершен
ного вида.
1. It was raining the whole 1. It rained yesterday.
day yesterday.
2. He was working at his 2. He worked hard at his
report from 6 till 9 o’clock report, that’s why it is so
in the evening. interesting.
3. He was speaking about 3. I saw him three days ago.
his project and we were
listening to him.
4. I met the girl when I was 4. I met her many times last
going home. week.
16. Откройте скобки и поставьте глагол в форме (Present или Past) Indefinite
или Continuous по смыслу:
1. What you (to do)? — I (to translate) an article. 2. Where you
(to get) this magazine? — A friend of mine (to give) it to me
yesterday. 3. Last week I (to get) two letters from my brother.
4. Father (to come) at 5 o’clock last night. 5. I (to go) to the
station at 5 o’clock yesterday. 6. When I (to translate) the article
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 238
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
to take part in sports competition, around the house, to accept an
invitation, to hurry to the station, near the house, a big forest,
to dance to music, to catch the train, the 4 o’clock train, cold
weather, to visit an exhibition, beautiful scenery, a skiing trip,
the rest of the group, in many different ways, in the dark sky,
to be tired, to be hungry, to have a good time, behind the forest,
to be behind, to ski down the hills, to go up the hill, as soon as
life? 12. The sun is behind the clouds. 13. The sun appeared
from behind the clouds. 14. We saw an aeroplane high up in the
sky. 15. I saw him on the escalator: he was going down, I was
going up. 16. Though he spoke French very fast, we understood
everything he said.
13. Расскажите, как вы провели свой прошлый выходной день, или переска
жите содержание текста.
Lesson Twelve 245
Jokes
1
Servant: I’m sorry but she asked to tell you ‘she isn’t at home’.
Visitor: Oh, that’s all right, just tell her that I’m glad I didn’t
come.
2
The Painter and the Banker
A rich man asked a wellknown painter to do a little thing for
his album. The painter did it and asked for one hundred pounds.
“Why,” cried the banker, “It took you only five minutes to do
it!”
“Yes,” answered the painter, “but it took me twenty years to
learn how to do it in five minutes.”
1
— What’s the matter with you? You look so tired.
— Yes, we are. Let’s have a break.
— All right. It’s time to have a break.
— Must we open the windows to air the classroom?
— Yes, please.
Lesson Twelve 247
2
— Excuse me, who is that lady over there?
— It’s Mrs. [ ´misiz] Green, my boss. She is a very nice person.
It’s easy and pleasant to work with her.
3
— How do you do, Mr. Trent? I’m here to meet you. My name is
Lavrov.
— How do you do, Mr. Lavrov. I’m glad to meet you1 .
— We are waiting for you2 . This way, please3 . Follow me.4
4
— What are you going to do tomorrow?
— I don’t know. I want to go swimming but I’m afraid that the
weather is going to change for the worse.
— Really? What’s the forecast (прогноз погоды)?
— The radio says it’s going to rain.
— But according to the newspaper5 it is going to be sunny.
5
A.: Hallow, are you here for the conference?
B.: Yes, I am.
A.: That’s nice. I am Andrew Smith.
B.: Glad to meet you.
6
N.: Hallow, Andrew.
A.: Hallow, Nick.
N.: Were you at the conference last night?
A.: Yes, I was.
N.: How was the conference?
A.: Very interesting. This afternoon, it’s going to be even more
interesting.
N.: Yes, and Ann is going to make her report.
A.: Let’s hurry then.
1
Glad to meet you. Рад с вами познакомиться.
2
to wait for ждать коголибо
3
This way, please. Сюда, пожалуйста.
4
Follow me. Следуйте за мной.
5
according to (newspapers) согласно (газетам)
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 248
Словообразование
Суффиксы прилагательных -al , -ic
музыка music — musical музыкальный
политика politics — political политический
промышленность industry — industrial промышленный
патриот patriot — patriotic патриотический
академия academy — academic академический
поэт poet — poetic поэтический
Грамматика и лексика
Step 68
Будущее неопределенное время —
Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense (§ 64)
shall get up early. 6. My parents will leave for Kiev next week.
7. She will enjoy skiing in the forest. 8. After dinner I shall
have some tea. 9. It will take you a long time to master this spe
cialty. 10. The meeting will take place on Monday. 11. We shall
take part in sports events. 12. We shall go to the reading room
before classes. 13. The hall will be full of students in an hour.
14. Everybody will attend the meeting.
б) 1. There will be dark clouds in the sky tomorrow. 2. There
will be a lot of children in the park. 3. There will be a lot of
snow on the ground in winter. 4. There will be many new foreign
students at our Institute next year.
6. The boys (to be tired) after the skiing trip. 7. I hope you (not
to be late) tomorrow. 8. We (to have a rest) during the break.
9. The children (to go for a walk) before supper.
Step 69
Общие вопросы
´Will you ǵo home now? — Yes, Ishall.
No, I shallnot (I shan’t).
´Will your śon śtudyEnglish? — Yes, hewill.
No, he willnot (he
won’t).
Специальные вопросы
They will go home by bus.
Who will go home by bus?
Where will they go by bus?
How will they go home?
Step 70
Употребление настоящего времени вместо будущего
в придаточных предложениях времени и условия (§ 65)
Step 71
Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (§ 66)
MUST
to have to to be to1
необходимость
обусловленная планом,
вынужденная
договоренностью,
обстоятельствами
расписанием
I had to stay home because We were to meet at the bus
it was very cold. (вынужден stop. (так договорились)
был)
must — to have to
He had to tell them the news. Did he have to tell them the
news?
He did not have to tell them
the news.
Step 72
Будущее продолженное время —
Future Continuous Tense (§ 67)
Продолжение
Future Continuous Future Indefinite
2. He will be making a report 2. I shall make a report on this
from 12 till 2 o’clock topic tomorrow, if you like.
tomorrow.
3. They will be working in 3. I shall prepare dinner when
the garden while I am I come home from the
preparing dinner. office.
4. The children will be 4. The children will sleep
sleeping when he comes. outdoors this night.
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
a higher education, to submit a term paper, to take an exam
in advance, to pass the exams successfully, my native village,
various branches of industry, Russian culture, in a year, to train
specialists, to work hard, to go to see one’s parents, free of
charge, industrial training, to work as an engineer, to graduate
from an institute, to enter an institute, to carry out different
kinds of practical work
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. At what Institute do you study? 2. What specialists does
it train? 3. How many faculties are there at your Institute?
4. What faculty do you study at? 5. When will you graduate
from the Institute? 6. What subjects do you study? 7. Are you
ready for the exams? 8. Will you take any of the examinations
in advance? 9. What are your plans for the coming holidays?
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 266
10. Will you go to the theatres? 11. Will you go to see your par
ents during the holidays? 12. What is your native town (village)?
13. When did you enter the Institute? 14. Were the entrance ex
aminations difficult or easy? 15. When are students to submit
their course designs? 16. Are there any workshops and labo
ratories at your Institute? 17. Do you carry out any research
work or experiments? 18. Do you regularly attend lectures and
seminars?
4. Скажите, что действие, о котором идет речь, также должно или сможет
произойти в будущем:
а) T.: I must visit my sister.
St.: I’ll have to visit her again.
б) T.: I can spend my day off in the country.
St.: I shall be able to spend it in the country again.
1. I must take books from the library. 2. He must make a lot
of experiments this term. 3. They must start at 9 o’clock. 4. I
must learn the new words. 5. She can learn the poem. 6. He can
help them. 7. We can draw with a pen. 8. They can take part
in our research work. 9. We can take our exams in advance.
10. They must take entrance examinations. 11. I must carry out
this practical work.
5. Прочтите и перескажите порусски:
1
Little boy: Dad, you are lucky.
Father: How is that?
Little boy: You won’t have to buy me new school books next year.
I’ll be still in the same class. Isn’t that good?
2
— Is your wife as pretty as ever?
— Yes, indeed! Only it takes her half an hour longer.
3. У вас дома гости. Приходит ваш друг, которого никто не знает. Поздоро
вайтесь с ним, спросите о здоровье и представьте его гостям.
Словообразование
Суффиксы прилагательных -able , -ible
двигать to move — movable подвижный
замечать to remark — remarkable замечательный
ощущать to sense — sensible разумный
вытягивать to extend — extensible растяжимый
Грамматика и лексика
Step 73
Местоимения и наречия, производные
от some , any , no (§ 68)
Вопроси
Утверди
тельная Отрицательная форма
тельная форма
форма
some any not any, no
something — что not anything
anything ничего
то, чтонибудь nothing [ ń
θiŋ]
somebody not anybody
anybody
(someone) — кто nobody [ ńəυbədi] никто
(anyone)
то, ктонибудь (no one, none [n
n])
somewhere — где not anywhere
anywhere нигде
то, гденибудь nowhere [ ńəυweə]
Примечание: в вопросительных предложениях, выражаю
щих просьбу дать нам чтолибо или предложение дать что
то комулибо, употребляется местоимение some:
1. Would you like a cup of tea? Хотите чашку чая?
2. Do you want some coffee? Хотите кофе?
3. Can you give me some bread? Не можете ли вы дать мне
(немного) хлеба?
4. Can I have some more cake? Можно взять еще торта?
5. Can you buy some gasoline, when you go to town? Не можешь
ли ты купить бензина, когда поедешь в город?
a) 1. The boy is showing something to the teacher.
2. Is the boy showing anything to the teacher?
3. The boy is not showing anything to the teacher.
4. The boy is showing nothing to the teacher.
b) 1. Somebody wants to see you.
2. Does anybody want to see you?
3. Nobody wants to see you.
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 274
Step 74
Местоимение any и его производные в утвердительных
предложениях. Местоимение no (§ 68)
Step 75
Причастие II в функции определения (§ 69)
Step 76
Настоящее совершенное время —
Present Perfect Tense (§ 70)
had my dinner. 12. We have not read any books by this writer in
the original. 13. I have been very busy lately. 14. Sorry, I have
forgotten to bring you the book. 15. He has got a big family.
16. I have got something interesting to tell you. 17. I have got
no news from him yet.
1. I have been to Kiev this year. 2. I have never read this book.
3. I have not finished my drawing yet.
I Kiev
You London
We the Far East
в) have never been to
They that city
He that museum
has
She Great Britain
I/You have never been
г) abroad, here, there
He/She has never been
Step 77
Present Perfect Tense. Вопросительная форма.
Общие и специальные вопросы (§ 70)
Общие вопросы
´Have you ever b́een to the South? — Yes, Ihave.
No, I havenot (I
haven’t).
Специальные вопросы
Who has read the book yet? — I have.
What
What book have you just read?
How many books
Сравните времена:
Present Perfect Past Indefinite
Выражает законченное дей Выражает действие, которое
ствие, совершившееся до произошло в прошлом (ра
момента речи, но имею нее настоящего момента) и
щее с ним непосредствен употребляется тогда, когда
ную связь, которая может есть точное указание време
выражаться либо 1) в виде ни в прошлом.
конкретного результата дей
ствия к моменту речи, ли
бо 2) в виде указания на пе
риод времени, включающе
го настоящий момент, поэто
му Present Perfect никогда
не употребляется, если есть
точное указание времени в
прошлом. На русский язык
это время переводится, как
правило, глаголами в про
шедшем времени.
1. Has he come yet? 1. When did he come?
Он уже пришел? Когда он пришел?
2. Have you been to any 2. I was in this museum a few
museum lately? days ago.
Вы были в какомнибудь Я был в этом музее не
музее за последнее время? сколько дней тому назад.
3. I have never been to 3. Last year he was in London.
London. В прошлом году он был в
Я никогда не был в Лондоне.
Лондоне.
4. I have already seen the new 4. I saw the new film last
film. night.
Я уже видел новый Я видел новый фильм вче
фильм. ра вечером.
Lesson Fourteen 283
Продолжение
Present Perfect Past Indefinite
5. He began to read the book 5. He began to read the book
two weeks ago. Hasn’t he two weeks ago. He finished
finished reading it yet? reading it last Friday.
Он начал читать книгу Он начал читать книгу две
две недели назад. Разве он недели назад. Он закон
еще не кончил ее читать? чил её читать в прошлую
пятницу.
16. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect (см.
таблицу на с. 545):
1. I (to be) never to this city. 2. I (to be) in this city last year.
3. You (to be) ever to England? 4. You (to be) in England last
year? 5. We (to finish) already our design. 6. I (to finish) my
design last week. 7. I (to see) the dean today. 8. I (to see) the
dean last night. 9. When you (to finish) school? 10. You (to
read) this book? 11. When you (to read) this book? 12. I (to see)
just him, he must be somewhere here. 13. We (to make) three
reports this month. 14. I (to make) the report a few days ago.
15. He already (to graduate) from the Institute.
B.: At 10 p. m.
N.: Have a nice trip.
B.: Thank you.
B. A Trip to St. Petersburg
It is the 4th of February today. I have just come back from
St. Petersburg where I spent my holidays. I had a very good time
there and I am full of impressions. St. Petersburg is simply a
wonderful city!
Founded in 1703 by PetertheFirst it remained the capital of
Russia for two centuries. Now we call St. Petersburg the second
northern capital of Russia.
I am sure St. Petersburg is one of the most beautiful cities in
the world. Its great art treasures, its historical and architectural
monuments and remarkable collections of art are known all over
the world. A great many visitors from foreign countries come
to St. Petersburg to admire its beautiful sights, its magnificent
buildings and outstanding art treasures.
I came to St. Petersburg on the 25th of January and the same
day we went sightseeing. I saw various places of interest con
nected with the history of Russia and the Great Patriotic War.
The city made a great impression on me. I admired its straight
streets, beautiful palaces, squares and outstanding monuments.
I especially admired the Palace Square surrounded by beautiful
buildings, with the Alexander Column in the middle. Great his
torical events took place on this square and are connected with
this place. Now holiday manifestations and meetings take place
here.
I am fond of art and my friend took me to different art mu
seums and exhibitions. I could see many wonderful works of
Russian and world realistic art collected in the museums. We
spent a few days in the Hermitage famous for its masterpieces.
It has the richest collection of classic and modern painting and
sculpture. It numbers more than 2,000,000 exhibits.
We were also able to see different places of interest situated in
the suburbs, such as Peterghof and others where one can admire
wonderful masterpieces of art and architecture.
Of course I haven’t seen much of St. Petersburg and its sub
urbs yet. There are still many places of interest to see, that’s
Lesson Fourteen 287
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
a holiday manifestation, a beautiful square, the city surrounded
by a wall, the square surrounded by beautiful buildings, the
place connected with the history of the town, an art treasure,
works of art, an art museum, different places of interest, a won
derful museum, to make a great impression, a straight street,
to go sightseeing, all over the world, world famous work of art,
the richest collection of painting and sculpture, a magnificent
palace, foreign countries, as for me, to be famous for, to have
the opportunity, simply, masterpieces of painting, to remain
the capital
3. Скажите, чем славится ваш родной город (деревня, край) или город, где
вы сейчас живете, по образцу:
My native town is famous for its are treasures.
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 288
5. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Where did Nick spend his holidays? 2. Did Nick book his ticket
in advance? 3. (At) what time did the train start? 4. When did
Nick come back? 5. Did Nick have a good time in St. Peters
burg? 6. Who did Nick go sightseeing with? 7. What places of
interest could he see? 8. Did the city make a great impression
on him? 9. What did he especially admire in St. Petersburg?
10. Did the two friends find time for sport? 11. Did Nick en
joy his trip? 12. Have you ever been to St. Petersburg? 13. Did
you admire its art treasures? 14. What art monuments made
the greatest impression on you? 15. What square is the place of
holiday manifestations and meetings in Moscow (in your native
town)? 16. What museum has the richest collection of painting
and sculpture? 17. How many exhibits does it number? 18. Do
many visitors from foreign countries come to see St. Peters
burg? 19. Who founded St. Petersburg and when? 20. How long
did it remain the capital of Russia? 21. When did Moscow be
come the capital of Russia again? (in 1918) 22. What work of
art did you like best in the museum or at the exhibition you vis
ited last? 23. In what way have you decided to spend the coming
summer holidays?
6. Ваш друг Henry Brown приехал в Москву. Ваш друг Сергей просит вас пред
ставить его Генри Брауну. После приветствий Сергей спрашивает у Генри
— когда он приехал
— где остановился
— сколько времени собирается пробыть в Москве
— осматривал ли он Москву
— какие достопримечательности видел
— как ему здесь нравится
— что произвело на него самое большое впечатление
Сергей предлагает Генри свои услуги показать Москву на
следующий день.
Разыграйте этот диалог в аудитории.
8. Прочтите:
1
A. I called you at noon yesterday, but nobody answered the call.
B. Yes, I was busy. I was having talks with the Chinese delega
tion.
2
A. What were you doing yesterday evening at 7 o’clock?
B. I don’t remember exactly, but I think I was reading a book.
I’ve got an exciting book, you know.
Lesson Fifteen (15)
The fifteenth lesson
Словообразование
Суффикс существительных -ment
править to govern — government правительство
развивать to develop — development развитие
monument памятник
document документ
Грамматика и лексика
Step 78
Прошедшее совершенное время — Past Perfect
Tense (§ 71). Будущее совершенное время — Future Perfect
Tense (§ 72)
Специальные вопросы
Специальные вопросы
Step 79
Согласование времен (§ 73)
he will live in Moscow.
He says that he lives in Moscow.
he lived in Moscow.
Lesson Fifteen 297
he would live in Moscow. (будет жить)
He said that he lived in Moscow. (живет)
he had lived in Moscow. (жил)
I (we) should
+ инфинитив без to
He (she, you, they) would
He said that he would be present at the meeting.
I knew that I should be late.
Step 80
Прямая и косвенная речь (§ 74)
Step 81
Бессоюзное подчинение определительных придаточных
предложений (§ 75)
3. The man about whom you
Человек, о котором вы го
spoke yesterday has come.
The man you spoke about
ворили вчера, пришел.
yesterday has come.
4. The problem at which we
are working now is very
Проблема, над кото
interesting.
рой мы работаем сейчас,
The problem we are working очень интересная.
at now is very interesting.
Местоимение other
Other — 1. другой, иной
There was no other way to solve the problem.
Will you explain this rule in other words.
2. второй из двух
I gave you two books. There is only one (book) on the table.
Where is the other?
We have English classes every other day (через день).
3. на днях
I saw him the other day.
4. They don’t like each other (друг друга).
Others — мн. число
1. I took this book because there were no others on this subject.
2. There were only four students in the hall. Where are the
others?
— By the way, have you brought me the book I gave you last
time?
— What book do you mean?
— The book by V. Rasputin “Live and Remember”.
— Sorry, Bob. I haven’t read it yet to the very end. I have a few
pages left. I’ll bring it to you the day after tomorrow.
— All right. Then see you the day after tomorrow, and my best
regards to your mother.
С. In the Library
Student: Can you help me to choose a book?
Librarian: With pleasure. What kind of books do you prefer?
St.: It s difficult to say. I like to read different books.
L.: Have you read the new book by V. Belov? We are going to
discuss it next week.
St.: Oh, yes. I had quite forgotten about that. Of course I’d like
to read it and to take part in the discussion. Belov is one of
my favourite writers. What time is the discussion going to
take place?
L.: Next Friday at 4 o’clock. Here is the book.
St.: Thanks a lot.
L.: Not at all.
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на русский язык:
а) the development of a language, an interesting article, to ring
somebody up, since that time, to make progress in something,
late at night, to discuss politics, to carry out research work, in
the south, to forget a word, to find out, to give a definite answer,
to ask twice, from the very beginning, to the very end, to include
in the list, to bring, my best regards to somebody, unimportant
political events, important news, to make improvements, devel
opment of human society, to introduce
б) to be interested, to get interested, to be ready, to get ready, to
be tired, to get tired, to be married, to get married, to be hungry,
Lesson Fifteen 305
doing while the two friends were talking in the study? 8. What
did Boris tell Michael about? 9. What did Michael want to find
out? 10. What did they discuss? 11. When did Michael leave?
12. What do we usually say when we introduce people to each
other?
ASK B.
what language he studies; how he gets to the Institute; how often
he goes to the cinema; (at) what time he goes to bed.
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 308
2. Прочтите и перескажите:
1
— Last night I got a letter from George.
— Well, did he pass his examination this time?
— No, but he is almost at the top of the list of those who failed.
2. The First Rays1
— What time do you get up in summer?
— When the first ray of the sun comes into my window.
— Isn’t that very early?
— No, my room faces West2 .
1
ray — луч
2
West — запад
Lesson Fifteen 309
3. Прочтите диалоги:
1
A.: Is your sister an office clerk [klk]?
B.: No, she isn’t. She is a programmer.
A.: I’m glad to hear it. My best regards to her.
B.: Thank you.
2
A.: Is the President of the company in?
B.: No, he isn’t.
A.: Where is he?
B.: He is at the talks.
A.: It’s a pity (как жаль).
3
A.: Are you busy tonight Mr. Vodden?
B.: No, I’m not. Why? (а что?)
A.: I want to invite you to a theatre.
4
A.: I couldn’t get you on the phone1 at 3 o’clock yesterday.
B.: I was having talks with some Bulgarian businessmen.
1
to get smb. on the phone — дозвониться
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 310
4. Переведите:
A.: Я звонил тебе вчера весь вечер, но не мог дозвониться.
B.: Меня не было дома. Я был очень занят на работе. У меня
был трудный день вчера и я пришел домой очень поздно.
A.: Я хотел попросить тебя помочь мне с проектом контракта.
Он очень труден для меня.
B.: Конечно. Приходи ко мне домой сегодня вечером и мы все
успеем (to have time) сделать. Я помогу тебе перевести его
на английский язык. В какую командировку ты едешь?
A.: Я еду в Египет.
B.: Ты там был когданибудь?
A.: Нет. Я никогда там не был, я поеду туда в первый раз.
B.: До встречи вечером (see you tonight).
1
a draft contract — проект контракта
2
points — зд.: пункты договора, контракта
3
price — цена
Lesson Sixteen (16)
The sixteenth lesson
Словообразование
Суффиксы прилагательных -ive , -ent
active активный excellent отличный
passive пассивный different различный
collective коллективный convenient удобный
Грамматика и лексика
Step 82
Страдательный залог. Present Indefinite Passive (§ 76)
Вопросительная форма
Am I asked? Was I asked? Shall I be asked?
Отрицательная форма
I am not asked. I was not asked. I shall not be asked.
Действительный залог Страдательный залог
1. I wrote the letter. 1. The letter was written (by
me).
2. We study many interest 2. Many interesting subjects
ing subjects at the Insti are studied (by us) at the
tute. Institute.
3. We shall finish the work 3. The work will be finished
tomorrow. (by us) tomorrow.
6. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When were you asked by your teacher last? 2. What problems
were discussed at the last meeting? 3. Is your classroom aired
during the break? 4. Are you often invited to the theatre? 5. Will
you be given a dictionary to write the test? 6. Is the latest film
much spoken about? 7. Was the latest art exhibition attended
by many people? 8. Were you given the opportunity to carry out
the experiment? 9. Are art treasures of St. Petersburg admired
by the foreigners? 10. Who was Moscow founded by? 11. When
was the book returned to the library by you?
What
was done by the students yesterday?
What translation
Step 83
Сочетание модальных глаголов с инфинитивом
страдательного залога (§ 77)
Step 84
Смысловое выделение членов предложения при помощи
оборота: It is (was) ... that (who) (§ 78)
Step 85
Возвратные и усилительные местоимения (§ 79)
I — myself we — ourselves
he — himself you — yourself (pl yourselves)
she — herself they — themselves
it — itself
B.: Certainly. Not only for electronic industry but for the de
velopment of some other branches of industry as well. This is
why our government pays so much attention to our work.
A.: Did it take you a lot of time to construct such a device?
B.: Yes, to construct such a device plenty of problems had to be
solved and a lot of work had to be done.
A.: Did you yourself make any experiments looking for the solu
tion of the problems?
B.: Yes, I did. As for me I’m greatly interested in the problems
we are dealing with now and I myself had to carry on plenty
of experiments the result of which I have described in some
of my works.
A.: Have you got any articles published on the question?
B.: Yes, I have. A few months ago some of my articles were
published in one of the scientific magazines.
A.: Are you going to take part in the conference devoted to these
problems?
B.: You mean the conference which will be held at our Institute
at the beginning of the next year?
A.: That’s it.
B.: Certainly. I shall make a report dealing with one of the most
important problems of our work.
Упражнения
для домашнего задания
1. Переведите следующие слова:
to devote — devotion — devoted; to develop — development;
science — scientist — scientific; to begin — beginning; to pub
lish — publisher; to imagine — imagination; success — success
ful; to improve — improvement; to achieve — achievement; to
solve — solution
Lesson Sixteen 321
our research group. 20. You must pay more attention to the
spelling of English words. 21. When and where was your article
published? 22. I did not want to go to the cinema and in general
I was not going to leave the house that day.
7. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When and where was Boris born? 2. At what plant did his
father work? 3. When did Boris go to school? 4. What marks
did he receive at school? 5. At what age did Boris finish school?
6. What institute did he enter? 7. Why were his studies inter
rupted? 8. Why did Boris have to stay in hospital? 9. When did
he graduate from the Institute? 10. Where does he work now?
11. What kind of machines are the workshops of his institute
equipped with? 12. Have the workers of the Research Institute
favourable conditions for their work? 13. What problem are
they working at now? 14. Why does our Government pay great
attention to the development of electronics? 15. What report has
Boris written? 16. What problems is it devoted to? 17. Where
and when is he going to make it?
4. Прочтите диалоги:
1
A.: What do you think of our equipment, Mr. Brown?
B.: I think it’s very good. It’s easy to operate and to maintain
(обслуживать и эксплуатировать).
A.: I’m glad to hear it. We export it to many countries.
2
A.: Where were you yesterday afternoon?
B.: We went to the Dynamo [dai ńməυ] stadium.
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 326
Продолжение
up звонить по телефону, подниматься (to go) (по
лестнице, эскалатору), вставать (со стула),
вставать (утром)
down спускаться (с холма), садиться
out (of) узнавать, выходить из комнаты, вынимать
книгу из портфеля, выглядывать из окна
предлог отвечать на вопрос, говорить на иностранном
отсут языке, идти домой, ехать за границу, вступать
ствует в партию, уходить из дома, играть в теннис, на
этот раз, в следующий раз, приезжать (прихо
дить) сюда
18. Так как мой друг живет As my friend lives far from
далеко от института, ему the Institute he has to get
приходится вставать ра up early not to be late for
но, чтобы не опаздывать classes.
на занятия.
19. Мне потребуется полто It will take me an hour and
ра часа, чтобы перевести a half to translate this ar
эту статью на английский ticle into English without a
язык без словаря. dictionary.
20. Я рад, что вы пришли. I am glad you have come.
21. тобы поступить в инсти To enter an institute one
тут надо сдать вступитель must pass entrance exami
ные экзамены. nations.
22. Кому поэт посвятил свою Who(m) did the poet devote
новую поэму? his new poem to?
23. Куда вы всегда спешите Where do you always hurry
после занятий? after classes?
24. Вы уже повторили все сло Have you reviewed all the
ва? words yet?
25. В этом месяце я сделал до I have made a report de
клад по этой научной те voted to this scientific
ме. problem this month.
26. Куда вы шли вчера, когда Where were you going
я встретил вас на улице? when I met you in the street
yesterday?
27. Что вы делали в воскресе What were you doing at 12
нье в 12 часов дня? o’clock (at noon) on Sun
day?
28. Какой институт и когда What Institute and when
вы закончили? did you graduate from?
29. Вы когданибудь были на Have you ever been to the
Дальнем Востоке? Far East?
30. Где декан? — Он только Where is the dean? — He
что ушел. has just left.
31. Мы думали, что вы будете We thought (that) you
участвовать в спортивных would take part in sports
соревнованиях. events.
Основной курс. Часть первая. Part One 332
32. Мы были уверены, что она We were sure (that) she had
приняла наше приглаше accepted our invitation.
ние.
33. Она знала, что я уезжаю в She knew (that) I was going
командировку. on business.
34. Он не писал мне с тех пор, He hasn’t written to me
как уехал из своего родно since he left his native
го города. town.
35. Дождь уже прекратил Has the rain stopped
ся? — Нет. Он все еще yet? — No, it’s still
идет. raining.
36. Осенью не так часто идет In autumn it does not snow
снег, как зимой. so often as in winter.
37. Уже светает. Давай вста It is getting light. Let’s get
вать. up.
38. Его статья гораздо длин His article is much longer
нее вашей. than yours.
39. Трудно представить себе, It is difficult to imagine
какой будет жизнь на на what life on our planet will
шей планете в XXII столе be like in the twentysecond
тии. century.
40. У вас есть еще вопросы? Have you got any more
questions?
41. Почему вы не обращаете Why don’t you pay atten
внимания на интонацию? tion to the intonation?
42. Трудно представить нашу It’s impossible to imagine
жизнь без ежедневных га our life without daily news
зет. papers.
43. Эти дома гораздо выше, These blocks are much
чем на улице N. higher than the ones in N
street.
44. Как вам здесь нравится? How do you like it here?
45. Моей сестре гораздо луч My sister is much better
ше. now.
46. Я рад это слышать. I am glad to hear it.
47. Передай ей мой привет. My best regards to her.
48. Как долго вы здесь пробу How long are you going to
дете? stay here?
Review (Lessons 8–16) 333
Words
nurse няня
to knit вязать
fireplace камин, печь
carpet [ ḱpit] ковер
Lesson Seventeen (17)
The seventeenth lesson
Grammar
Step 86
Continuous Tenses (Passive Voice) (§ 80)
Вопросительная форма
Is the letter being typed now?
Was the letter being typed when you came?
Отрицательная форма
The letter is not being typed.
The letter was not being typed when you came.
Примечания: 1. В страдательном залоге нет времен Future
Continuous. Вместо этих времен употребляют соответству
ющие времена группы Indefinite.
2. Так как английский глагол в форме Continuous Passive
показывает действие в его развитии, он переводится на рус
ский язык формами глагола несовершенного вида с окон
чанием ся или неопределенноличным предложением.
Blocks of flats of new type are Строят жилые дома
being built. Строятся нового типа.
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 338
Step 87
Perfect Tenses (Passive Voice) (§ 80)
Вопросительная форма
Have the letters been posted yet?
Had the letters been posted before he came?
Will the letters have been posted by 10 o’clock?
Отрицательная форма
The letters have not been posted yet.
The letters had not been posted when he came.
The letters will not have been posted by the end of the week.
Monday. 10. Good art training has been received by our young
artists. 11. Much attention has been paid to the further improve
ment of the living conditions of the Russian people.
Step 88
Заместитель имени существительного — местоимение
one (§ 81)
Vocabulary
9. Вам знакомы выделенные слова. Используя свои знания словообразова
тельных суффиксов, переведите на русский язык слова каждого ряда, они вам
встретятся в тексте:
convenience — convenient
to found — founder — foundation
industry — industrial
number — numerous
education — educational
impression — to impress — to be impressed
exhibition — to exhibit — exhibit (n)
importance — important
to achieve — achievement
10. the yearly return of the day of the year on which something
happened, took place
11. very many, great in number
12. the main city of a country, the city, where the seat of the
government is
13. to show that an event or time is very important by doing
something, showing feeling of joy (радость) and thankful
ness
14. a part of the country, city
15. to have, to own
Key: population, to possess, contemporary, district, appearance,
capital, numerous, goods, to improve, to celebrate, anniversary,
consumer goods, to increase, to decorate, performance
The naval cadet was being examined and the examiner was an
admiral. “Now, sir,” said the examiner, “tell me the names of
three celebrated British admirals.”
“Nelson, sir, and Drake, sir, and please excuse me, what is
your name?”
1
A.: Did you have a busy day yesterday?
B.: Yes, I did. By the time the delegation arrived I had already
translated a big contract, I had checked all the documents, I
Lesson Seventeen 349
Word-building
and Phonetic Drills
Суффикс существительных -sion [n]
решать to decide — decision решение
повторять to revise — revision повторение
делить to divide — division деление
обеспечивать to provide — provision обеспечение
4. Прочтите:
x [gz]: example, existence
xh [gz]: exhibit, exhilarate, inexhaustible
xh [ks]: exhibition
kn [n]: know, knowledge, known, knob, knee
nd [n]: landscape, handsome
Vocabulary
5. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык без словаря следующие интерна
циональные слова и, где можно, определите по суффиксу часть речи:
bank, geographical [iə ǵrfikəl], situation, port, section, fi
nancial [fai ńnʃl], general (n), admiral, administrative, hotel,
restaurant [ ŕestrɒŋ], dock, ćommerce, parliament [ ṕləmənt]
London
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic
and cultural centre. London is an ancient city. It is more than
twenty centuries old. The population of London, including its
suburbs is more than ten million people.
London is one of the biggest cities in the world and the largest
city in Europe. It is situated on the banks of the river Thames,
not far from its mouth. Due to its geographical situation London
has developed into an important sea port.
London stretches for nearly 30 miles from north to south and
for about 30 miles from east to west. The river Thames divides
the city into two large parts — the West End and the East End.
London consists of four important sections: the West End, the
East End, the City and Westminster.
The City is a small part of London — only one square mile
in area — but it is the financial and the business centre of the
country. There are a lot of banks and various offices here. It is
the ancient part of London. Most of the streets are narrow here
and the traffic is slow.
One of the greatest English churches — St. Paul’s Cathe
dral — is here. It was designed and built by an outstanding
English architect Christopher Wren in 1710. Inside the Cathe
dral we find monuments erected to many generals and admirals.
Nelson is also buried here.
Not far away is Westminster — the administrative centre of
London. The Houses of Parliament are situated here. It is the
seat of the British Government. The building is very beautiful
with its two towers and a big clock called Big Ben.
Westminster Abbey where kings and queens are crowned is
opposite the Houses of Parliament. This ancient building was
founded in the eleventh century, though it was destroyed and re
Lesson 17a (additional) 355
built several times. Many famous people are buried here, among
them Newton, Darwin, Dickens and Kipling.
The West End is the part of London where the rich people
live. Fine houses, wide streets, numerous parks are to be found
in this part of the capital. The best cinemas, theatres, concert
halls, famous shops, comfortable hotels, restaurants, large mu
seums are situated here. The most beautiful London park —
Hyde Park — is in this district too.
The East End is the poorest part of London. It includes the
Port, the docks stretching for miles and the great industrial
areas, which depend on shipping. The workers and the unem
ployed live here. There are no beautiful houses and parks here,
the streets are narrow. The East End is unattractive in appear
ance but it is very important in the country’s commerce.
London is famous for its outstanding places of interest. There
are many architectural, art and historic monuments in London
such as the British Museum, the Tower of London, the National
Gallery, Buckingham Palace, the Nelson Column and many oth
ers. Thousands of tourists from all parts of the world come to
London to admire its art treasures.
Dialogue
1. — What is London?
— London is the capital of Great Britain. It is one of the
largest and most interesting cities in the world.
2. — Is London also a sea port?
— Situated on the river Thames about 40 miles from its mouth
London has developed into one of the largest sea ports in
the world.
3. — What sections does London consist of?
— Its most important sections are the West End, the East
End, the City and Westminster. Some people say that the
City is the money of London; the West End is the goods of
London; the East End is the hands of London the beautiful
palaces, banks and London tube (underground) have been
built with.
4. — What is the most significant building in the City?
— It is St. Paul’s Cathedral. It is the second biggest cathedral
in the world.
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 356
was divided into two parts in summer. 4. The report was listened
to by them an hour ago. 5. The new bridge was built last month.
“I am very sorry,” said the clerk at the hotel, “but our lifts do
not work tonight. If you do not want to walk up to your room,
we shall make beds for you in the hall.”
“No, no,” said one of the three men, “no, thank you. We do
not want to sleep in the hall. We shall walk up to our room.”
Then he turned to his two friend and said. “It is not easy to
walk up to the fortyfifth floor, but I think I know how to make
it easier. On our way to the room I shall tell you some jokes; then
you, Andy, will sing us some songs; then you, Peter, will tell us
some interesting stories.”
So, they began to walk up to their room. Tom told them many
jokes; Andy sang some songs. At last they came to the thirty
fourth floor. They were tired and decided to have a rest.
“Well,” said Tom, “now it is your turn, Peter. After all the
jokes we heard on our way here tell us a long and interesting
story with a sad ending.”
“I shall tell you a sad story you ask me for,” said Peter. “It is
not long, but it is sad enough. We left the key to our room in the
hall.”
1. She sent the letter yesterday, ... 2. It took him an hour to get
there, ... 3. They have just seen this film, ... 4. He hasn’t done
the work yet, ... 5. You have never read English books in the orig
inal, ... 6. You can’t play chess, ... 7. She goes in for many kinds
of sports, ... 8. It’s raining, ... 9. It was raining when you left the
house last night, ... 10. He pays great attention to spelling, ...
11. She paid attention to our pronunciation, ... 12. Your mother
is better now, ... 13. They are working in the garden, ... 14. She
doesn’t want to introduce him to her husband, ... 15. It’s getting
cold, ... 16. The weather keeps fine, ...
2. Прочтите диалоги:
1
— Excuse me, can you tell me the way to Trafalgar Square?
— Certainly. Go down Regent Street to Piccadilly Circus. Turn
to the left and in less than a minute you’ll be in Trafalgar
Square.
— Thank you very much. How far is it from here?
— If you walk, it’ll take you 10 minutes, or a quarter of an hour.
— Is there a bus?
Lesson 17a (additional) 363
— There’s sure to be. But you’d better1 ask the policeman over
there. He’ll give all the information you want.
— Thank you.
(from Conversation Course of English.)
2
A.: Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the British Museum,
please.
B.: Sure. Cross the road, go straight as far as that high building,
then take the second turn to the right.
A.: Is it very far?
B.: It’s a fifteenminute walk, but you can get a bus.
A.: Which bus?
B.: Number 10.
A.: Where does it stop?
B.: Over there. Near the traffic lights.
A.: Thank you very much.
B.: You are welcome.2
***
— Would you like a cup of coffee?
— Yes, please.
— Here you are.
— Thank you.
— You are welcome.
3. Объясните собеседнику:
а) как проехать до Большого Театра
б) как дойти до метро
в) как вы добираетесь до дома
4. Спросите у собеседника:
а) как дойти до ближайшей автобусной остановки
б) как добраться до его дома
в) как добраться до памятника Пушкину
1
you’d better = you had better — вы бы лучше ...
2
— Thank you
— You are welcome — Пожалуйста (в ответ на благодарность)
Lesson Eighteen (18)
The eighteenth lesson
Grammar
Step 89
Причастие — The Participle (§ 82)
Формы причастий
1. The people who live in this old block of flats will soon get
new flats. 2. The question which is being discussed now is very
important for the organization of our future work. 3. As we
had a lot of time, we did not hurry. 4. As I left your telephone
number at home, I could not ring you up. 5. The woman who is
being painted just now is a famous actress. 6. As he was ill for
a long time, he could not finish his project in time. 7. After I
had read the book, I returned it to the library. 8. Young artists
who are taking part in this exhibition have graduated from the
Institute quite recently. 9. While she was looking at his picture
she was thinking of the progress he had made.
Step 90
Самостоятельный (независимый) причастный оборот —
The Absolute Participle Construction (§ 83)
are many long rivers in Russia, some of them being among the
longest in the world.
Step 91
Заместители имени существительного (§ 81)
Употребление определенного артикля
с географическими названиями (§ 85)
Слова-заместители
1. I speak English better than he does (speaks English).
2. I have read this book. Could you give me another one (book).
3. I have left my pen at home. Give me yours, please.
4. This drawing is better than that of your friend’s (drawing).
Vocabulary
12. Переведите следующие интернациональные слова без словаря, исполь
зуйте свои знания словообразовательных суффиксов для правильного опре
деления части речи:
line, geography [i ɒ́grəfi], total, to form, storm, stormy, to sep
arate, separating, to óccupy, occupying, continent, extreme,
navigation, navigable, regular, irregular, to contain, service,
to serve, canal [kə ńl], ocean [ ə́υʃn]
compared with those of the world, the loftiest one — Ben Nevis
(Scotland) being only 4400 feet (1343 m) in height.
In the west we can see the Cambrian Mountains occupying
the greater part of Wales; in the north — the Cheviot Hills
separating England from Scotland; the Pennines — to the south
of the Cheviot Hills and the Cumbrian Mountains famous for the
number and beauty of their lakes. There are sixteen lakes here,
the largest being Windermere. This part of the country, called
the Lake District, is the most beautiful and the wettest part of
Great Britain.
There are many rivers in Britain, but none of them being very
long as compared with the greatest rivers of the world. Many of
the rivers have been connected with each other by means of
canals.
The principal rivers are the Severn, the Thames and the Trent.
The Severn is the longest river in Britain but the Thames is
the most important one. The Severn is 210 miles in length, the
Thames is a little over 200 miles. The Thames is rather wide and
deep. Its current being slow, it is quite suitable for navigation.
Large vessels can get as far as London Bridge — 50 miles from
the sea.
The seas surrounding the British Isles are shallow — usually
less than 300 feet deep. The shallowness is in some way an ad
vantage. Shallow water is warmer than deep water and helps to
keep the shores from extreme cold. It is too the home of plenty
of fish, a million tons of which are caught every year.
Perhaps you have also noticed on the map that the coastline
being irregular contains numerous harbours serving as con
venient ports, among which are London, Liverpool, Glasgow,
Portsmouth and others. It is also an interesting fact that no
part of the country is more than seventy miles from the sea.
Dialogues
1. — What parts is Great Britain divided into?
— It is divided into England, Wales and Scotland.
2. — What is the hilly and mountainous part of Great Britain?
— The northwestern part of the island is hilly and mountain
ous.
Lesson Eighteen 377
4. What is the longest river in Great Britain and what is the most
important one? 5. Are the mountains of the British Isles high?
6. Are the rivers in Great Britain connected by means of canals?
7. Is the Thames a navigable river? 8. Are the seas surrounding
Great Britain shallow or deep? 9. Is shallowness an advantage
in some way? 10. What can you say about the coastline of Great
Britain?
2
Got What He Asked For
“What’s the matter? Why are you so worried?”
“Just imagine, I’ve written to my father asking for money to
buy some books.”
“Well, then?”
“He has sent me the books.”
1
Will you leave him a message? — Что ему передать?
2
design work — проектная работа
3
speaking — слушаю
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 382
2. Спросите у собеседника:
1. что он делал вчера с 6 до 8 вечера, т. е. в то время, когда вы
ему звонили, а его не было дома
2. что он делал, т. к. он оставался в учреждении до 9 вечера
3. чем он был занят и не пошел с вами в кино. А кино вам
очень понравилось (to enjoy the film greatly). Что он делал,
пока вы были в кино?
4. изучает ли он какойнибудь еще язык, кроме английского
5. кого он ждет, и почему он не принимал участие в спортив
ных соревнованиях
6. как чувствует себя его бабушка, и попросите его передать
ей привет
7. было ли на лекции сегодня также много студентов, как и
вчера
8. читал ли он контракт, и подписан ли он уже
9. обращался ли он куданибудь по поводу работы (to apply
for a position)
3. Попросите:
1. показать вам кратчайшую дорогу на станцию
2. сказать вам, где находится ближайшая автобусная оста
новка
3. показать вам стол, который вы зарезервировали
4. принести вам стакан воды
5. дать вам номер телефона гостиницы
1
hold the line (hold on) — не вешайте трубку
2
in a meeting with — на совещании у
Lesson Eighteen 383
Grammar
Step 92
Герундий — The Gerund (§§ 86–89)
Формы герундия
Indefinite Perfect
Active asking having asked
Passive being asked having been asked
Обратите внимание на перевод герундия в зависимости от
формы:
1. I am fond of reading. Я люблю читать.
2. I am not fond of being read Я не люблю, когда мне чи
to. тают.
3. I remember having read Я помню, что читал эту кни
the book. гу.
4. I remember having been Я помню, что мне читали
read the letter. это письмо.
4. Определение
He never missed an oppor Он никогда не упускал воз
tunity of listening to this можности послушать этого
singer. певца.
5. Обстоятельство
The hall was used for danc Зал использовался для тан
ing. цев.
In spite of being tired we con Несмотря на усталость, мы
tinued our way. продолжали свой путь.
It is impossible to know En Нельзя хорошо знать ан
glish well without reading глийский, не читая книг в
books in the original. оригинале.
Excuse me for being so late. Извините, что я так опоз
дал.
Запомните: Герундий может переводиться на русский язык:
а) существительным (1, 2); б) инфинитивом (3, 4); в) деепри
частием (5); г) полным придаточным предложением (5).
Step 93
Сложный герундиальный оборот (§ 87). Герундий
с предлогом (§ 88)
Герундий с предлогом
1. Ring us up before leaving Позвоните нам, прежде
home. чем вы уйдете из дома.
2. He left Moscow without in Он уехал из Москвы, не по
forming us about it. ставив нас об этом в извест
ность.
3. He solved the problem by in Он решил проблему изо
venting a new device. бретением (изобретя) но
вого прибора.
4. He solved the problem of in Он решил проблему изо
venting such a device. бретения такого прибора.
5. Instead of writing the letter Вместо того, чтобы напи
himself, he asked his friend сать письмо самому, он по
to do it. просил это сделать своего
друга.
6. Upon arriving in Kiev, he По приезде в Киев он ре
decided to go sightseeing. шил осмотреть его досто
примечательности.
Герундий употребляется после некоторых глаголов, словосо
четаний и составных предлогов, например:
Would you mind ... — Будьте любезны ... (только в во
просительных и отрицательных
предложениях)
I do not mind ... — Я не возражаю ... (только в во
просительных и отрицательных
предложениях)
It is worth ... — Стоит (чтол. делать)...
I cannot help ... — Я не могу не ...
to succeed in ... — удаваться
Lesson Nineteen 387
Примеры:
1. Would you mind bringing Будьте любезны, принеси
me a glass of water? те мне стакан воды.
2. Do you mind my smoking? Вы не будете возражать,
если я закурю?
3. The book is worth reading. Книгу стоит прочесть.
4. I cannot help telling this Я не могу не рассказать
story. эту историю.
5. He insisted on our chang Он настаивал на том, что
ing the plan. бы мы изменили план (на
нашем изменении плана).
6. Your progress in English Ваши успехи в англий
depends on your learning ском языке зависят от ва
English regularly. ших регулярных занятий
(английским языком).
7. The artist succeeded in re Художнику удалось рас
vealing the inner world of крыть внутренний мир по
his sitter. зирующего (своей моде
ли).
8. In spite of being hungry Мы продолжили путь, не
and tired we continued our смотря на то, что мы хоте
way. ли есть и устали.
9. He failed keeping his Он не сдержал своего обе
promise. щания.
10. I hope I haven’t kept you Я надеюсь, я не заставил
waiting too long. вас ждать слишком долго.
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 388
busy he did his best to help her. 17. I can’t help feeling sorry
about that.
Продолжение
your smoking there.
taking part in the work.
I don’t mind
his using my notes.
resuming our research work.
telling us another story?
not interrupting him now?
Would you mind switching on the light?
bringing us some hot water?
sending this letter at once?
ringing me up tomorrow morning?
Step 94
Отглагольное существительное — The Verbal Noun (§ 90)
Отглагольное
Герундий
существительное
1. We know of his beginning The beginning of the work was
this work. difficult.
Мы знаем, что он начина Начало работы было
ет делать эту работу. трудное.
2. He failed designing com The designing of the new fur
fortable furniture. niture took all his energy and
Ему не удалось спроекти time.
ровать удобную мебель. Проектирование новой мебе
ли потребовало от него энер
гии и времени.
3. The house needs painting. The painting of the house
Дом надо покрасить. lasted the whole week.
Покраска дома длилась це
лую неделю.
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 392
Vocabulary
9. а) Переведите без словаря интернациональные слова:
to succeed (in) преуспевать, достигать цели • If you do your best, you will
succeed in achieving better results.
theme = subject тема, предмет • What is the theme of your report? to set a
theme
tradition традиция • ancient (old) traditions
to transform превращать, преображать, делать неузнаваемым • to trans
form reality
unendurable невыносимый • unendurable living conditions
until пока не • I’ll wait until he comes.
the Association of Mobile Art Exhibitions (Peredvizhniki) Товарищество
передвижных художественных выставок (Передвижники)
Geographical and Proper Names
“The Stranger” — «Незнакомка» (название картины)
“Christ [kraist] in the Desert” — «Христос в пустыне» (название картины)
the Ukraine [j ḱrein] — Украина
“Moonlit Night” — «Лунная ночь» (название картины)
out all his plans. 4. In this canvases the artist revealed his un
derstanding of human nature and character. 5. Don’t reveal my
secrets and plans. 6. Great is the strength of words. 7. This is
the very book you asked me for. 8. She plays the piano with great
skill.
Word-building
and Phonetic Drills
Отрицательный префикс dis-
соглашаться to agree — to disagree не соглашаться
появляться to appear — to disappear исчезать
способность ability — disability неспособность
Vocabulary
5. Переведите следующие интернациональные слова:
minus [ ´mainəs], popular, cricket, tennis, golf, smog, step, cli
mate [ ḱlaimit], temperature, continental
8. Прочтите текст:
Climate
As а rule the climate of a country depends on its geographical
position. Being surrounded by the sea Britain enjoys a temperate
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 406
making plans for holidays and trips they usually begin, “if the
weather...”
Though there are a lot of rainy and dull days in every season,
English people spend a lot of time outofdoors and the children
like outdoor games and sports. Though British mild winters
are not suitable for such kinds of sport as skiing and skating,
they are suitable for racing1 , football, tennis, cricket1 and golf1
which are very popular in England.
Dialogues
1. — What awful weather we are having. It’s raining cats and
dogs and it’s rather cold too.
— As for me I prefer rainy weather if it is not windy at the
same time.
2. — I say, Mike. The weather is wonderful. Shall we go to the
country tomorrow?
— I should like to if the weather doesn’t change.
— Tomorrow morning we’ll see what the weather is like and if
it keeps fine, we’ll catch an early train for some nice place
out of town.
3. — I say, Pete, today is really the first fine Sunday we have
had this winter. What’s the temperature?
— It’s seven degrees below zero.
— Let’s go to the skatingrink.
— With pleasure.
4. — Look, the fog is still thickening. It isn’t late yet but you
can hardly see anything in front of you.
— We shan’t go out today. In such weather it’s better to stay
indoors.
5. — It’s rather dull and looks like rain.
— Yes, dark clouds appeared in the sky and the wind is getting
stronger.
— I think it’ll rain soon.
6. — Have you heard the weather forecast for tomorrow?
— Yes, I’ve just heard it.
— What does it say?
1
скачки; крикет; гольф
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 408
— Rain and strong wind in the morning; then some fog; sunny
periods in the afternoon.
though, even, due to, as well as, indeed, such, only, same, except,
a few, few, no doubt, rather, as for me, that’s why, not at all,
soon, almost, i. e. (that is), (the) very, through
Lesson 19a (additional) 409
23. What are you going to fill the box with? 24. His clothes are
wet because he fell into the river. 25. Your spelling is awful.
You must improve it.
10. Прочтите текст еще раз. Определите форму и функцию каждого причастия
в тексте.
Продолжение
in в тумане, летом, на небе, на севере, на востоке, вече
ром, писать чернилами, в различных частях остро
ва, в темноте
to к югу, течь на запад, близость к континенту, обра
щать внимание на чтол., принадлежать к чемул.,
посвящать чтол. комул.
at по временам, в 5 часов, в полдень, в полночь, в то же
самое время
with быть наполненным водой, писать ручкой, с удоволь
ствием, иметь дело с, вместе с другом, видеть своими
собственными глазами
from текущая с запада, дуть с юга, приехать с Дальнего
Востока (с Севера), получить письмо из Киева, с са
мого начала
8. Does the weather change again very soon? Why can’t Mr. X.
use his umbrella now?
9. Does the weather soon change for the better again? Is Mr. X.
hot again? Why is he drinking beer?
10. What’s the weather like now? Is Mr. X. cold?
11. Why is Mr. X. walking home? Has Mr. X. lost his hat? Why
do you think so?
12. Why is Mr. X. in bed? Is it the result of quick changes in the
weather?
Words and Expressions
suddenly вдруг to put on надевать (пальто,
to take off снимать (пальто, шляпу)
шляпу) umbrella зонтик
hat шляпа to break (broke, broken) ломаться
to blow away сдувать, уносить
coat пальто
(ветром)
to be thirsty хотеть пить
to change for the better меняться
to drink пить к лучшему
beer пиво kerchief шарф
to put one’s coat over one’s head to lose (lost, lost) терять
накрываться пальто (с голо to fall (fell, fallen) ill заболеть
вой)
2
A: Have you discussed the contract with the customer?
B: Yes, I have.
A: When did you discuss the contract?
B: We discussed it last night.
A: That’s O.K.
3
A: Have you spoken to the President about your visit to the
plant?
B: Yes, I have.
A: When did you speak to him?
B: I spoke to the President two days ago.
A: That’s very good.
Grammar
Step 95
Инфинитив — The Infinitive (§§ 91–96)
Формы инфинитива
1. I do not want to ask about it. 2. She wants to tell the story. 3. I
am glad to invite them. 4. I do not like to interrupt you. 5. She
hopes to provide you with everything necessary for the work.
6. He is happy to paint you.
Step 96
Объектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное
дополнение) — The Objective Infinitive Construction
(Complex Object) (§ 92)
inner world of the poet. 10. She did not expect me to estimate
the significance of his work. 11. I did not expect her to arrive
so quickly. 12. We expected them to come to the same decision.
13. When do you expect her to submit her project? 14. We be
lieve her to earn her own living herself. 15. We believed them
to have changed the plan. 16. We know Kramskoy to be the in
spirer and organizer of the Peredvizhniki movement. 17. We
knew the report to have consisted of two parts. 18. We consider
Lomonosov to be the founder of the Russian literary language.
19. He considered himself to be the happiest man when he be
came the winner of the competition. 20. We found them to be
interested in the problem. 21. Everybody found the hall to be
a nice place for dancing. 22. We saw the car stop at the door.
23. Nobody noticed him leave the room. 24. We watched them
dancing. 25. They felt him tell the truth. 26. He made us prepare
short reports on current events. 27. Our teacher makes us lis
ten to the tapes and fulfil English laboratory works. 28. When I
called on my friend I found him to have left for Leningrad. 29. I
heard him being told that he was wrong. 30. We know him to
be an ardent fighter for truth in art. 31. We heard of the work
being comparatively difficult.
вы to smoke here.
он to make this report.
она to combine work and studies.
Я не хочу, что
они to take examinations in advance.
бы
мы to be late for the lecture.
они to keep the book till Monday.
Lesson Twenty 425
Step 97
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное
подлежащее) — The Subjective Infinitive Construction
(Complex Subject) (§§ 94, 95)
A
1. This river is believed to be suitable for navigation. 2. The
river Thames is known to divide the city into two parts. 3. Many
famous generals and admirals are said to have been buried in
side the Cathedral. 4. This ancient Cathedral is considered to
have been designed by an outstanding English architect. 5. This
monument is considered to have been erected as early as the 11th
century. 6. Strength of materials is considered to be a difficult
subject. 7. Sport events are reported to have aroused great inter
est and to have attracted a lot of spectators. 8. The trade union
conference to be held next month is reported to be attended by
many foreign guests. 9. This factory is known to produce modern
furniture. 10. Wood is regarded to be the oldest material used
in engineering structures. 11. English is considered to belong to
a branch of Germanic family of languages.
B
1. The Gulf Stream, a warm oceanic current, flowing in the
northwest of the island is considered to influence the climate
in Britain most of all. 2. The eastern part of the island is consid
ered to be drier and cooler due to the nearness to the continent.
3. From the west the British Isles are known to be washed by
the Atlantic Ocean. 4. The seas surrounding the island are sup
posed to be quite shallow. 5. Many new districts are known to
have appeared in Moscow lately. 6. Great sums of money are
likely to have been spent on the research work in this branch
of science. 7. The success of the exhibition is likely to surpass
all expectations. 8. His progress is thought to have surpassed
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 428
Vocabulary
14. Переведите без словаря:
a) poet — poetry — poetical; physics — physical; nature — nat
ural; to found — founder — foundation; difficult — difficulty;
fish — to fish — to go fishing — sea fishing — fisherman; able —
ability; coast — coastal; idea — ideal — ideal (n); experiment —
experimental; lecture — to lecture — lecturer; organization —
organizational — organizer; to educate — education — educa
tional — educationalist;
б) progressive, period, philosophy, mathematics, geology, min
eralogy, geochemistry, master, to reform, literature, humanis
tic, career, gigantic, physics, practical
4. Назовите
а) инфинитив следующих глаголов:
fought, won, overcame, left, found, founded, done, made
б) глаголы, образованные от следующих прилагательных:
full, numerous, invaluable, experienced
11. Прочтите текст и выразите свое мнение по поводу изложенных в нем взгля
дов:
Entertainments
During the past hundred years, the radio, the cinema and
television have made very great changes in the entertainments
with which people fill their free time.
A hundred years ago people knew how to entertain themselves
much better than they do now. When a group of people gathered
together, they talked, played cards or other games, read aloud
to each other, or went out shooting or walking together. Most
people could sing a little, or play a musical instrument, so at a
party the guests entertained each other.
Conversation (разговор, беседа) was an art, amusing (to
amuse — развлекать, забавлять) conversation could keep peo
ple happy for hours.
As for games, such as football, tennis, people played them
more often than they do now. Most of them didn’t play very
well, but they could amuse themselves and their friends.
Nowadays we are entertained by professionals. Why listen to
your friends singing when you can hear the greatest singer of
the world on the radio? Why play football with players who are
not very good at it, when you can go by train or car to see some of
the best players in your country playing an important match; or,
just sit comfortably at home and watch the game on TV without
going outside at all?
The art of conversation and writing letters is dying. People
are becoming more and more lookers and listeners and less and
less doers and talkers though it’s much better to do something
not very well oneself than always to sit and watch others doing it.
Lesson Twenty 439
2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Do you sometimes go on business? 2. What country (or town)
did you go on business last? 3. Where do you usually stay when
you go on business? 4. Do you make reservations at hotels?
5. What accommodation do you usually prefer and reserve?
6. What facilities are there at hotels where you stay? 7. Are
you usually satisfied with the service there?
Grammar
Step 98
Сослагательное наклонение. Три типа условных
предложений (§§ 97, 98)
Условные предложения
Тип Время Главное Придаточное Переводится
усло предложение предложение на русский
вия язык
I насто We shall go to if the weather изъявитель
ящее, the country is fine. ным накло
буду (Future Inde (Present Inde нением:
щее finite) finite) Если погода
будет хоро
шей, мы по
едем за город.
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 442
Продолжение
Тип Время Главное Придаточное Переводится
усло предложение предложение на русский
вия язык
II насто We should go if the weather
ящее, to the country were fine.
буду (форма, сов (форма, сов сослагатель
щее падающая падающая с ным накло
с Futurein Past Indefi нением с час
thePast) nite) тицей бы:
Если бы по
II про We should if the weather года была хо
шед have gone to had been fine. рошей, мы бы
шее the country (форма, сов поехали за
(yesterday) падающая с город.
(форма, сов Past Perfect)
падающая с
Future Per
fectinthe
Past)
Союзы условных предложений
if
provided если, при условии
providing (that)
on condition (that) — при условии что
in case — в случае если
unless — если не
plane had left in time, it would have arrived here in two hours.
c) If the plane leaves in time, it will arrive here in two hours.
B
1. a) If it were not so cold, we should walk. b) If it had not been
so cold, we should have walked. 2. a) If he were in Moscow now,
he would ring you up. b) If he had been in Moscow yesterday, he
would have rung you up. 3. a) If I were you, I should go to the
South during the winter holidays. b) If I had been you, I should
have gone to the South during the winter holidays.
C
1. a) If I had free time, I should devote it to reading. b) If I had had
free time, I should have devoted it to reading. 2. a) Providing
I had money, I should buy a radio set. b) Providing I had had
money, I should have bought a radio set. 3. a) My report would
be ready tomorrow provided I had all necessary materials. b) My
report would have been ready yesterday provided I had had all
necessary materials. 4. a) He would finish his project unless he
were ill. b) He would have finished his project unless he had been
ill.
D
1. a) If I saw him, I could speak to him. b) If I had seen him, I
could have spoken to him. 2. a) Provided he went there alone, he
might not find the place. b) Provided he had gone there alone, he
might not have found the place. 3. a) I might answer the letter
if I knew her address. b) I might have answered her letter long
ago if I had known her address. 4. a) Unless she fell ill, she could
take part in this work. b) Unless she had fallen ill, she could have
taken part in this work. c) Unless he attached importance to his
words, he would not mention them in his talk.
would you have answered her if your girlfriend had invited you
to a dancing party? 8. Would any of your friends object if I
joined you for a skiing trip?
Step 99
Бессоюзное присоединение придаточных условных
предложений (§ 99)
Step 100
Сослагательное наклонение (§ 97)
Аналитические формы
should (для 1го и 2го л.)
I + Indefinite Infinitive 1
would (для остальных лиц) или Perfect Infinitive
Indefinite Infinitive
II should (для всех лиц) +
или Perfect Infinitive1
Indefinite Infinitive
III would (для всех лиц) +
или Perfect Infinitive1
1
Indefinite Infinitive употребляется для выражения действия, относя
щегося к настоящему или будущему; Perfect Infinitive — для выражения
действия, относящегося к прошлому.
Lesson Twentyone 447
Синтетические формы
IV Инфинитив без to для всех лиц (be, take, write)
V форма, омонимичная форме:
а) Past Indefinite — wrote, выражает действие, от
worked, were (для глагола носящееся к настояще
to be — were для всех лиц) му и будущему
б) Past Perfect — had, written, выражает действие, от
had worked, had been носящееся к прошед
шему времени
A
1. It is necessary that he be here. 2. It was proposed that the
conference open at 10 o’clock. 3. It is important that you should
answer his letter not later than tomorrow. 4. It is necessary that
the building of a new hospital should be completed as soon as
possible. 5. It is desirable that the students should speak English
to each other. 6. It is necessary that he should not forget to invite
them. 7. It was demanded that we should meet at 4 o’clock. 8. It
was recommended that the children should sleep outofdoors.
9. It is unbelievable that they should have crossed the lake in
such weather. 10. It is improbable that she should have said a
thing like that. 11. It is possible that a mistake might have been
made as he is not an experienced man. 12. It is doubtful that
anything might change before you come back.
B
1. They suggested that the museum should be reconstructed this
summer. 2. We proposed that the dean should give him a chance
to take the exam once more. 3. The doctor insisted that I should
stay in bed for a week more. 4. The chief engineer insisted that
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 450
Step 101
Употребление модальных глаголов can , could , may ,
might , must , ought в сослагательном наклонении (§ 101)
read these English texts long ago. 16. He should have told you
the news.
Step 102
Выражение долженствования (§ 101)
1. must
You must do as you are told. Надо делать то, что вам ве
лят.
You mustn’t say such things. Таких вещей нельзя гово
рить.
Lesson Twentyone 453
2. should, ought to
You should tell them the
Вам следует (вы должны) рас
news.
You ought to tell them the
сказать им новость.
news.
You should have told them
Вам следовало бы (вы долж
the news.
ны были) рассказать им но
You ought to have told them
вость.
the news.
3. to have to (= must)
I felt bad and had to stay in Я плохо себя чувствовал и
bed. должен (вынужден) был ле
жать в постели.
4. to be to (= must)
At what time is the train to В какое время должен при
arrive? быть поезд?
5. need
You needn’t go there now. Вам не надо туда идти сей
(выражение модальности) час.
Но: I do not need this Мне не нужна эта книга сей
book now. You may take час. Вы можете ее взять.
it. (самостоятельное значе
ние — нуждаться, требо
ваться)
6. shall
1) со всеми лицами, кроме
1го л. ед. ч.
Everybody shall express his Все должны высказать свое
opinion. мнение.
2) обычно с 1м лицом ед. ч.
Shall I read the text? Мне читать текст?
Vocabulary
14. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова без словаря (выделенные слова
вам известны):
to enjoy — enjoyable; pleasant — pleasure; to destroy — de
struction; ill — illness; to speak — speaker; question — to ques
tion — questioner; to pay — pay (n); to occupy — occupation;
to head — head; possible — possibility; recently — recent
Queen Elizabeth the First? It was, you’ll agree, one of the great
est periods in the history of these islands. It was the time when
English sailors crossed the oceans looking for new lands. I wish
I’d been alive then. I wish I’d seen Shakespeare’s plays in the
London theatres of those days. I might have seen Shakespeare
himself!
‘Dr White told you that people did not, in the sixteenth cen
tury, live to a very great age. Today they do. People today are
living much longer than they used to. But what’s the result?
The working population of these islands has to keep all these old
people. We pay taxes, very heavy taxes. The taxes are spent on
education, the education that Miss Brown has spoken of. The
taxes are spent, too, on pension. Pensions for several million
old people — people who are too old to work, and are therefore
useless to the nation. Medical science keeps us alive too long!
‘You have been told that radios, motorcars and airliners are
all good things that we enjoy today. Are they good things? Have
you ever sat in your garden on a hot summer day with the noise
of radios coming from houses around you? Do you live near an
airport? If so, do you enjoy the noise of the airplanes that fly
over your head night and day? I’m sure that life in the sixteenth
century was more enjoyable than life today. It was quiet and
peaceful. Life was slower then. Are hurry and speed good things?
Many people think they are. My answer is “No!” ’
§ 6. The next speaker was Mr Samson, the novelist.
‘I find it difficult, ladies and gentlemen, to give an answer to
this question. Three of the speakers you have heard this evening
have been strongly for; one has been strongly against. I cannot
give either “Yes” or “No” as an answer.
‘Men’s clothes today are dull. How much more beautiful were
the clothes that men wore four hundred years ago! Tailors had
imagination then. Today only the women wear bright colours
and jewels. I’d like to wear jewels as men did in those days.
‘I’m fond of food and drink. Is our food today better than the
food of four hundred years ago? We have tea and coffee today;
The Elizabethans had neither. Food was probably fresher four
hundred years ago than it is today. How often, today, our food
comes out of tins. How much better fresh food tastes than food
Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two 460
that has come from a tin, or fresh meat than frozen meat, meat
that has come half way across the world.
‘I am fond of going abroad. I like to travel. Today travel is
easy. Four hundred years ago travel was slow, difficult, uncom
fortable and dangerous. But travel as we know it today, travel
for education and pleasure, was not at all common. For this rea
son I’m glad to be living today. For other reasons I wish I had
lived in the past.’
§ 7. The last speaker was Miss Fowler, a newspaper writer.
‘I work in a newspaper office. If I’d lived in the sixteenth
century, I could not have earned my own living, as I do today.
Women, in those days, had nothing of the freedom they have
now. None of the professions were open to them.
‘Women have not yet won everything they have a right to
have. We’re still fighting, in some professions and occupations,
for equal pay. That will come! A woman who does the same work
as a man should get the same pay as a man. Four hundred years
ago women were not even free to marry the men they wished
to marry! The family chose the husband for a woman in those
unhappy times!
‘I ask the woman in this hall whether they would like to be
without electric light, without their gas or electric cookers, their
refrigerators, their washing and sewing machines, without all
these things that make housework easier?
‘Mr Samson told you about the beautiful clothes the men used
to wear in the Elizabethan age. He would not find those clothes
suitable today. Imagine him in a London bus or tube train dressed
in the fashions of those days! Men may be sorry when they look
back to the days they were our lords and masters, but women
must be glad that they live today, when they’re free. Today, if
a woman prefers to remain single, she’s free to do so. There are
dozens of occupations that she can choose.
‘It’s true that the present century has seen two world wars,
and that many of us are troubled by the possibility of a third
world war. There is the fear that our civilization may be com
pletely destroyed by the new weapons of destruction that sci
entists have placed in our hands. But I believe that these new
discoveries will be used for peaceful purposes and that life will
Lesson Twentyone 461
3. Прочтите текст еще раз и найдите в нем все случаи употребления сослага
тельного наклонения. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите
из текста условные предложения и определите их тип.
party both Tom and Mary but neither could come. 11. Neither
my friend nor I ever missed a class at the Institute.
3. Прочтите диалог:
A.: Good morning, sir. Is this your suitcase?
B.: No, it isn’t. Mine is that black one.
A.: Oh, I see. Have you anything to declare?
B.: No, I don’t. I don’t have any valuables. I’ve got only some
cigarettes for my own use.
A.: How many packets?
B.: Only three packets. I think they are duty free.
A.: Yes, of course.
B.: Shall I open my suitcase?
A.: No, you needn’t. It’s all right. You may go through Passport
Control now. Straight on, please.
B.: Thank you, officer. Good morning.
Word-building
and Phonetic Drills
Суффикс существительных -al
приезжать to arrive — arrival приезд
изображать to portray — portrayal изображение
предлагать to propose — proposal предложение
3. Прочтите:
e [i]: except, expect, excuse, exact
ch [k]: ache, chemistry, stomach, character
Vocabulary
4. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания без словаря:
а) per cent, farm, farmer, granite, zinc, reason, manufacture,
product, production, fruit, to export, to concentrate, funda
mental, practically, capitalism, mineral;
б) a building stone, a matter of great advantage, shipbuilding,
oceangoing ships, rainfall, birthplace, fishing grounds;
в) present (a) — to be present — presence, present (n);
favourable — favour — in favour of — to favour; mining —
mine — miner; near — nearness
6. Прочтите текст
Great Britain
Economic Outline
I
The climate of the British Isles being mild and rainy, the
fields and meadows there are always kept green and fresh. But
it appears to be more favourable to cattleandsheepraising than
to agriculture, because the temperature and rainfall favour the
growing of grass rather than that of grain. Therefore for cen
turies Great Britain has been famous for its cattle and sheep and
still remains a leading country in wool production.
A small per cent of the population is engaged in farming
nowadays. Farms are rather small in size and the island depends
mainly on other countries for its food supplies. The chief crops
are wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn, hay, flax,1 potatoes, vegeta
bles, and fruits. Among other important farming products are
cattle, meat and dairy products.
The shallow waters surrounding the island are also impor
tant for the country’s economy — they provide excellent fishing
grounds and large quantities of fish are caught every year.
II
Great Britain is an old naval and highly developed indus
trial power. It is rich in mineral resources, the most important
of them being coal and iron. The British coal fields are much
greater in area than those of the rest of western Europe.
Next to coal and iron the chief minerals found on the British
Isles are the building stone, marble, granite, slate,2 lead, tin,
copper, zinc, salt and chinaclay (i. e. clay suitable for manufac
turing china).
Coal was necessary to the life and development of the British
industry and it is practically the main and the only power basis
of it. Of course it was a matter of great advantage for the British
industry at the beginning of its development that rich deposits
of coal lay near those of iron ore. The nearness of the mines to
the sea coast was also an advantage that caused the development
1
пшеница, ячмень, рожь, овес, кукуруза, сено, лен
2
слюда
Lesson 21a (additional) 473
countries for its food supplies. 5. The chief crops are wheat,
barley, rye, oats, corn, hay, flax, potatoes, vegetables and fruit.
6. The shallow waters surrounding the island provide excellent
fishing grounds. 7. The nearness of the mines to the seacoast
was an advantage because coal could be easily carried to every
part of the world. 8. Great Britain can be called the birthplace of
capitalism because it was able to create a powerful heavy indus
try earlier than any other country in the world. 9. Yes, it did.
The presence of large quantities of coal in some regions caused
the growth of different branches of industry in these regions.
10. Birmingham is the centre of the “Black Country”. 11. Britain
is famous for its steel manufacture, tool industry, heavy and
light engineering. 12. Yes, it does. It supplies many countries
with certain classes of machinery, iron and steel goods. 13. The
spinning and weaving of wool is. It is known to be one of the
oldest industries in Great Britain. 14. Manchester is. It is the
centre of cotton industry situated on the western side of the
Pennines. 15. Manchester is connected with Liverpool by means
of a canal.
being a wholesome dish. Boiled and fried eggs are also common
on the breakfast table. It is usually tea, coffee or milk that one
usually has in the morning.
Lunch is usually a cold meal with cold meat or fish served
with hot potatoes and other vegetables. Cheese with bread and
butter come with coffee or tea at lunch.
The principal meal is dinner. To lay the table for dinner it is
necessary to put three plates for each person; a dinner plate, a
deep (soup) plate and a small one for the cold dish. The spoons
and the knife are placed to the right of the plates and the fork
is placed to the left. The saltcellar and pepperpot are placed in
the middle. Bread is cut into slices.
As a rule a cold dish opens the dinner. Herring with vegetable
dressing or a vegetable salad are usually served.
The cold dish is followed by a soup: clear soup, cabbage soup,
pea soup, mushroom soup, noodle soup or chicken soup etc. Clear
soup is often served with patties.
Then comes the second course which is usually meat or fish.
It is cutlets, chops, beefsteak, boiled or fried chicken, fried or
stewed meat, boiled or fried fish that you generally have for
your second course. Potatoes and different vegetables very well
go with meat course.
The dessert [di ź:t] concludes the meal. In summer one will
prefer fresh berries, icecream or cold stewed fruit for dessert.
In autumn and winter all kinds of fruit make a very good dessert
and go to end up the meal.
3. Прочтите диалоги:
1. In a Dinninghall
A.: Is this table engaged, waiter?
W.: No, it isn’t.
A.: Sit down at this table, gentlemen. Let’s have some salad and
coffee with cheese, ham and sandwiches.
(Some minutes later the waiter is back with a tray. On it there
are cups, plates, spoons, a pot of coffee, a milk jar, a sugar bowl
and sandwiches)
B.: Peter, help yourself to some more sugar, because coffee isn’t
tasty without it.
P.: I’ve had two lumps of sugar, thank you. It’s quite enough.
A.: Pass me the milk, please.
P.: Here you are.
B.: That’s a very nice lunch, isn’t it?
A.: Yes, and I think it’s time to be going.
2. Tea at Home
A.: Would you like a cup of tea, Peter? Strong or weak for you?
P.: Not very strong, thank you.
A.: How much sugar?
P.: Two lumps, please.
A.: Would you like some milk to go with it?
P.: No, thank you. I never take milk with my tea.
A.: Help yourself to the sandwiches and sweets, please.
P.: These sweets are delicious [di ĺiʃəs]. I’ll take another one.
A.: Do, please. So glad you like them. I want to treat you to some
rolls.
P.: Yes, please. They look so tasty and delicious.
A.: Would you like another cup of tea, Peter?
P.: No more, thank you. I’ve had enough.
Review (Lessons 17–21a)
the Parliament, when he (to be) 24 years old, (to devote) to the
defence of those workers. Before Byron (to prepare) his speech,
he (to consult) a large number of workers. In his speech he (to
defend) the English proletariat and (to blame — осуждать) the
government for the unbearable conditions of the workers’ life.
15. Our Government (to pay) great attention to the protection of
the environment. In the interests of the present and future gen
erations the necessary steps (to take) to make scientific, ratio
nal use of the land and its mineral and water resources. 16. You
(to get) tickets for the performance yet? 17. Byron’s poems (to
translate) into Russian by our great poets. 18. Language (to be
lieve) to reflect the spirit of the age. 19. This palace (to build)
before Peter the Great (to found) the city.
Key: 1. would not be; 2. had been ill; 3. is the weather like; is,
is, is; 4. are being typed; 5. has been mentioned; 6. was built;
7. hadn’t been typed yet; 8. is being recorded; 9. failed; 10. have
been; 11. have never missed; have always been; 12. had already
been; 13. did not go; 14. had been introduced; began; was; was de
voted; prepared; had consulted; defended; blamed; 15. is paying
(pays); are being taken (are taken); 16. Have you got ...; 17. have
been translated (were translated); 18. is believed; 19. had been
built; founded
Урок 1
§ 1. Исчисляемые существительные в английском языке
употребляются с артиклями. В английском языке имеются
два артикля: определенный и неопределенный.
Неопределенный артикль употребляется перед существи
тельным, когда оно только называет предмет, классифици
рует его как представителя данного ряда предметов, но не
выделяет его конкретно. Значение неопределенного артикля
перед существительным можно осмыслить примерно как ка
който, один из, один.
Например: a table — один из столов, какойто стол, любой
стол (стол, а не стул). Неопределенный артикль произошел
от слова один и соответственно своему значению употребля
ется перед существительным только в единственном числе.
Неопределенный артикль имеет две формы — a, an. Форма а
употребляется перед словами, начинающимися с согласной.
Форма an употребляется перед словами, начинающимися с
гласной: a ṕen; an ápple. Неопределенный артикль произно
сится слитно со следующим за ним словом и не бывает под
ударением.
§ 2. Прилагательные в английском языке не изменяются
ни по родам, ни по числам, ни по падежам. Если существи
тельное имеет одно или несколько определений, они ставятся
перед существительным, как и в русском языке. Артикль ста
вится перед первым определяющим словом: a b́ig b́lack b́ag —
большой черный портфель.
§ 3. В утвердительном предложении в английском языке
на первом месте стоит подлежащее, на втором — сказуемое.
В предложениях типа It is a table it — подлежащее, is
a table — составное именное сказуемое; is — глаголсвязка
есть (3е лицо, единственное число, настоящее время от гла
гола to be быть). В русском языке в подобных предложениях
в настоящем времени глаголсвязка есть опускается (срав
ните: будущее время это будет книга, прошедшее время это
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 489
Урок 2
§ 8. Указательное местоимение this употребляется для ука
зания на близлежащий предмет или лицо; that — для указа
ния на отдаленный предмет или лицо. Указательные место
имения имеют разные формы для единственного и множе
ственного числа.
Единственное Множественное
число число
this — этот, эта, это these — эти
that — тот, та, то those — те
Указательные местоимения могут выполнять в предложе
нии функции
1) подлежащего:
This is a book. Это книга.
Those are books. То книги.
2) определения:
That room is big. Та комната большая.
These pencils are good. Эти карандаши хорошие.
В функции определения указательное местоимение стоит
перед определяемым существительным, а при наличии дру
гого определения оно ставится перед определением. Артикль
в этом случае не употребляется.
Take that book. Возьми(те) эту книгу.
Take that thick book. Возьми(те) ту толстую книгу.
§ 9. Неисчисляемые имена существительные, обозначаю
щие названия веществ, материалов и отвлеченные понятия,
употребляются только в единственном числе. Неопределен
ный артикль с неисчисляемыми именами существительными
не употребляется: good chalk, bad ink, white bread.
§ 10. Во множественном числе в настоящем неопределен
ном времени (Present Indefinite Tense) во всех лицах глагол
to be имеет форму are: These are nice ties. — Это красивые
галстуки.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 491
Урок 3
§ 16. Притяжательные местоимения выражают принад
лежность и отвечают на вопросы чей? чья? чьё? чьи? Они вы
полняют функцию определения и стоят перед определяемым
существительным. Артикли в этом случае не употребляются.
This is my book. His English book is in his bag.
§ 17. Спряжение глагола to be см. в уроке 3, Step 14. Обра
зование отрицательной и вопросительной, формы предложе
ний с глаголом to be см. в § 4 и 5.
You are a doctor. Are you a doctor? You are not a doctor.
§ 18. В вопросах к подлежащему вопросительные слова
who, what, which выполняют роль подлежащего. Глаголска
зуемое стоит в форме 3го лица единственного числа:
What is on the table? Who is ill?
Местоимение which употребляется, когда речь идет о выбо
ре из ограниченного числа предметов или лиц. Часто за место
имением which следует существительное или местоимение с
предлогом of:
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 494
Урок 4
§ 19. Количественные числительные от 13 до 19 образуют
ся прибавлением суффикса teen к соответствующим числи
тельным первого десятка: six (6) — sixteen (16).
Числительные, обозначающие десятки, образуются при
бавлением суффикса ty к названиям единиц: six (6) — sixty
(60).
Составные числительные (25 — twentyfive, 41 — forty
one) пишутся через черточку.
§ 20. В английском языке для неодушевленных существи
тельных отношения принадлежности, соответствующие ро
дительному падежу в русском языке, выражаются при помо
щи предлога of:
the rooms of our flat — комнаты нашей квартиры;
a piece of chalk — кусок мела.
§ 21. Глагол to have в Present Indefinite Tense (настоящем
неопределенном времени) имеет две формы: has для 3го лица
единственного числа и have для всех остальных лиц.
Предложения типа I have a book переводятся на русский
язык У меня есть книга.
В вопросительной форме глагол to have ставится перед под
лежащим: Have you a book?
В отрицательной форме с глаголом to have употребляется
отрицание nо, которое ставится непосредственно перед суще
ствительным; артикль в этом случае не употребляется: I have
no book. — У меня нет книги.
Однако существует и другая отрицательная форма у гла
гола to have — с отрицанием not в сокращенной форме: Не
hasn’t a family.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 495
Урок 5
§ 23. Множественное число имен существительных обра
зуется прибавлением окончания s к форме единственного
числа (см. § 6).
Некоторые группы существительных имеют свои особен
ности:
1) Существительные, оканчивающиеся на у с предшеству
ющей согласной, во множественном числе меняют у на i и
принимают окончание es [iz]: family — families.
Если существительное оканчивается на у с предшествую
щей гласной, то у не меняется: day — days.
2) Существительные, оканчивающиеся в единственном чи
сле на f или fe, во множественном числе меняют, как прави
ло, f на v и принимают окончание (e)s, которое произносится
[z]: wife — wives.
3) Существительные, оканчивающиеся на свистящие или
шипящие звуки [s], [z], [ʃ], [], [ ], которые передаются в на
писании буквами или буквосочетаниями ge, ce, ze, se, s, ss,
x, sh, ch, tch во множественном числе принимают оконча
ние (e)s, которое читается [iz]: page — pages, place — places,
prize — prizes, case — cases, bus — buses, dress — dresses,
box — boxes, brush — brushes, bench — benches, match —
matches.
4) К существительным, оканчивающимся на о, прибавля
ется окончание es, которое читается [z]: hero — heroes.
Однако, некоторые существительные принимают оконча
ние s: piano — pianos, photo — photos.
5) Несколько существительных образуют множественное
число путем изменения корневой гласной и другими способа
ми; их следует запомнить.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 497
Урок 6
§ 29. Неопределенные местоимения some, any обозначают
неопределенное количество какоголибо вещества или пред
метов. Они обычно являются определениями перед существи
тельным (артикль в этом случае не употребляется) и перево
дятся на русский язык — несколько, какойнибудь (см. ур. 6,
Step 30).
Местоимение some употребляется в утвердительных пред
ложениях:
Give me some book to read. Дайте мне почитать какую
нибудь книгу.
There are some English books На полке лежит несколько
on the shelf. английских книг.
There is some bread on the На тарелке лежит хлеб.
plate.
Give me some paper. Дайте мне бумаги.
Местоимение any употребляется в вопросительных и отри
цательных предложениях:
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 500
Урок 7
§ 33. Порядковые числительные, начиная с числительного
four, образуются с помощью суффикса th: four — the fourth.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 502
Урок 8
§ 39. Числительные hundred и thousand употребляются
с неопределенным артиклем или числительным: a hundred,
one hundred.
Они не принимают окончания s, когда перед ними стоит
количественное числительное: five hundred books.
Но: hundreds of book, thousands of students.
При чтении числительных от 100 и выше перед числитель
ными, обозначающими десятки или единицы, употребляется
союз and:
276 — two hundred and seventysix
5,018 — five thousand and eighteen
Разряды чисел отделяются запятой: 2,388; 5,274,305.
Хронологические даты читаются но две цифры:
1917 — nineteen (hundred and) seventeen
в 1951 году — in nineteen (hundred and) fiftyone
§ 40. Для обозначения дней и месяцев употребляются по
рядковые числительные: September 1, 1966 — the first of
September или September the first, nineteen sixtysix.
При обозначении времени, если большая стрелка часов на
ходится в правой половине циферблата, употребляется пред
лог past (после), в левой половине — предлог to (до, к):
12.20 — Twenty minutes Двадцать минут первого.
past twelve.
12.50 — Ten minutes to one. Без десяти минут час.
9.45 (10.15) — A quarter to Без четверти десять. (Че
ten (past 10). тверть одиннадцатого.)
Перед словом quarter употребляется неопределенный ар
тикль.
Перед словом half артикль опускается: half past two —
половина третьего.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 505
Урок 9
§ 46. Инфинитив может употребляться, как и в русском
языке, в функции обстоятельства цели. При переводе на рус
ский язык предложений, содержащих инфинитив в функции
обстоятельства цели, вводятся союзы для того чтобы, что
бы:
The students stand up to Студенты встают, чтобы
greet the teacher. приветствовать преподава
теля.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 507
Урок 10
§ 52. Наречия неопределенного времени — always, often,
sometimes, seldom, never, usually и другие занимают место
перед смысловым глаголом, а в предложениях с глаголом to
be — после глагола to be: She is seldom busy. He always gets up
late.
Примечания: 1. В английском предложении может быть только одно
отрицание. Поэтому в предложении, содержащем отрицательное наречие
never (никогда), глагол стоит в утвердительной форме: She never comes
home late. She is never late.
2. Наречие sometimes может стоять и в начале, и в конце предложения.
Урок 11
§ 57. Герундий является неличной формой глагола, кото
рая образуется от основы глагола при помощи суффикса ing.
Герундий выражает действие как развивающийся процесс.
Аналогичной формы в русском языке нет. На русский язык
герундий переводится, как правило, существительным, ин
финитивом или придаточным предложением.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 512
Урок 12
Правила орфографии
Урок 13
§ 64. Будущее неопределенное время — the Future Indefi
nite (Simple) Tense — служит для выражения действия, ко
торое произойдет в будущем, т. е. после момента речи. Оно
образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall (для
1го лица единственного и множественного числа), will (для
всех остальных лиц) и инфинитива смыслового глагола без
частицы to:
I shall go to the theatre to Завтра я пойду в театр.
morrow.
They will come to see you Они навестят вас на следую
next week. щей неделе.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 517
Урок 14
§ 68. Местоимения some, any, no помимо самостоятельного
употребления могут сочетаться со словами body, one, thing,
where (как и местоимение every). Эти производные местоиме
ния употребляются по тем же правилам, что и some, any, nо
(см. § 29). (См. Урок 14, Step 73.)
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 519
Урок 15
§ 71. Прошедшее совершенное время — the Past Perfect
Tense — выражает действие, совершившееся ранее другого
действия, имевшего место в прошлом:
We had read the book before Мы прочитали книгу до то
we saw the film. го, как посмотрели фильм.
Ранее совершившееся действие выражается временем Past
Perfect, более позднее действие в прошлом выражено формой
Past Indefinite.
Past Perfect употребляется в сложноподчиненных предло
жениях, как в главных, так и придаточных (см. примечание,
Step 78). В простых предложениях момент, до которого со
вершилось действие, обычно выражен обстоятельственным
словом с предлогом by:
I had finished my design by Я закончил свой проект к
Saturday. субботе.
Время Past Perfect образуется при помощи глагола to have
(в Past Indefinite) и причастия II смыслового глагола: She had
come home by 6 o’clock.
§ 72. Будущее совершенное время — the Future Perfect
Tense — образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to
have в Future Indefinite (shall have, will have) и причастия II
смыслового глагола: I shall have come home by 3 o’clock.
Время Future Perfect обозначает действие, которое совер
шится ранее другого действия или какогонибудь момента в
будущем:
I shall have read the book be Я прочитаю книгу до того,
fore I see the film. как я посмотрю фильм.
Урок 16
§ 76. В английском языке страдательный залог — the Pas
sive Voice — образуется при помощи вспомогательного гла
гола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и прича
стия II смыслового глагола.
Глагол в страдательном залоге в английском языке может
переводиться на русский язык:
1) формой глагола в страдательном залоге: The letter was
written. — Письмо написано (было написано).
2) неопределенноличным предложением:
I was asked. Меня спросили.
Не is invited. Его приглашают.
3) формой возвратных глаголов на ся, сь: The house is
built. — Дом строится.
Таким образом, трем русским предложениям, выражаю
щим смысл страдательного залога, в английском языке соот
ветствует форма Passive Voice:
Дома были построены.
Дома построили. The houses were built.
Дома строились.
В предложениях с Passive Voice орудие или лицо, про
изводящее действие, может не указываться. Если же надо
указать, кем (или чем) именно было совершено действие,
то соответствующее имя существительное или местоимение
вводится предлогами by (для обозначения субъекта действия
или действующей силы) и with (для обозначения орудия дей
ствия). В этом случае предлоги by, with самостоятельного
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 525
Урок 17
§ 80. Времена страдательного залога употребляются по тем
же правилам, что и времена действительного залога.
Страдательный залог употребляется во всех временных
формах Indefinite и Perfect (Present, Past, Future), но он име
ет только две формы Continuous (Present и Past) (см. таблицу
ниже).
Времена группы Continuous Passive образуются при помо
щи глагола to be в соответствующем времени Continuous и
причастия II смыслового глагола (см. Урок 17, Step 86).
Примечание. Сказуемое в Continuous Tenses (Active и Passive Voice) все
гда переводится на русский язык глаголом несовершенного вида. Времена
группы Perfect Passive образуются при помощи глагола to be в соответству
ющем времени Perfect и причастия II смыслового глагола (см. Урок 17,
Step 87).
Grammar Tenses (Passive Voice)
Урок 18
§ 82. К неличным формам глагола относятся:
1) причастие (the Participle); 2) герундий (the Gerund);
3) инфинитив (the Infinitive).
Неличные формы глагола не выражают ни лица, ни числа,
ни наклонения и в предложении не могут быть сказуемыми.
Причастие (the Participle) — это неличная форма глагола,
совмещающая в себе свойства глагола, прилагательного и на
речия. (См. формы, причастий в таблице, Урок 18, Step 89.)
Обратите внимание, что;
Participle I выражает действие, одновременное с действи
ем сказуемого;
Participle II выражает действие, одновременное с действи
ем сказуемого или предшествующее ему;
Perfect Participle выражает действие, предшествующее
действию сказуемого.
Причастия могут выполнять в предложении функции;
1) определения, 2) обстоятельства, 3) предикативного чле
на (часть сказуемого).
(См. примеры, Урок 18, Step 89; правила правописания
причастий, § 34, 62.)
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 529
Урок 19
§ 86. Герундий (the Gerund) — это неличная форма гла
гола, выражающая процесс действия и совмещающая в себе
свойства глагола и существительного (см. § 57).
Герундий образуется от инфинитива без частицы to с по
мощью окончания ing:
building — строительство
drawing — рисование
reading — чтение
(См. формы герундия в таблице, Урок 19, Step 92.)
Обратите внимание, что:
Indefinite Gerund выражает действие, одновременное с
действием глаголасказуемого;
Perfect Gerund выражает действие, предшествующее дей
ствию глаголасказуемого, и переводится на русский язык
глаголом в прошедшем времени.
Как видно из этой таблицы, герундий имеет видовые и
залоговые формы, т. е. обладает признаками, характерными
для глагола:
She likes asking questions. Она любит задавать вопро
сы.
He does not like being asked. Он не любит, когда ему за
дают вопросы.
I remember having been Я помню, что меня уже
asked about it. спрашивали об этом.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 533
Урок 20
§ 91. Инфинитив (the Infinitive) — неопределенная форма
глагола, отвечает на вопрос что делать? или что сделать?
Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, не
имеющая самостоятельного значения. Однако в некоторых
случаях инфинитив употребляется без этой частицы (после
модальных, вспомогательных глаголов и др.).
Являясь неличной формой глагола, инфинитив не выра
жает лица, числа и наклонения.
(См. формы инфинитива в таблице Урока 20, Step 95.)
Обратите внимание, что:
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 535
Урок 21
§ 96. Сослагательное наклонение (the Subjunctive Mood)
выражает не реальное действие или состояние, а предполага
емое, желательное или воображаемое.
В русском языке для выражения сослагательного накло
нения употребляется глагол в прошедшем времени и частица
бы.
В английском языке глаголы в сослагательном наклоне
нии имеют две формы — Indefinite и Perfect. Форма Indefinite
употребляется для выражения предполагаемых, нереальных
действий в настоящем и будущем времени. Форма Perfect
указывает на несбывшееся действие в прошлом.
На русский язык обе эти формы сослагательного наклоне
ния переводятся одинаково, так как в русском языке имеется
только одна форма для выражения сослагательного наклоне
ния в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени:
Если бы у него было время, он зашел бы к вам (сегодня,
вчера, завтра).
В английском языке сослагательное наклонение имеет две
формы: синтетическую и аналитическую (см. § 97).
Синтетические формы:
It is necessary that he be here.
Необходимо, чтобы он был
здесь.
Success attend you! Да сопутствует вам успех!
I wish I were there now. Как бы я хотел быть там сей
час.
Аналитические формы:
May you be happy! Будьте счастливы!
Long live the Russian Army! Да здравствует Русская Ар
мия!
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 539
It is necessary that you
provided
providing (that)
если, при условии
even though — даже, если
on condition (that) — при условии, что
in case — в случае, если
unless — если не
suppose (supposing) — предположим (предполагая), что; если
§ 99. Во всех типах условных предложений возможна бес
союзная связь главного предложения с придаточным, т. е. со
юзы if, provided могут быть опущены. В этом случае вспомо
гательный или модальный глагол выносится на место перед
подлежащим, такой порядок слов называется инверсией.
If I were in your place, I Будь я на вашем месте (если
should accept this invitation.
бы я был на вашем месте),
Were I in your place, I should
я бы принял это приглаше
accept this invitation. ние.
Инверсия возможна в условных предложениях:
а) II типа, если в состав сказуемого входят глаголы had,
were, should, could:
Had they more time to im Если бы у них было боль
prove the design, they would ше времени, чтобы улуч
fulfil the task successfully. шить конструкцию, они бы
успешно справились с этой
задачей.
Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам 542
Продолжение
Ex. 3, page 45
1. This is a blackboard. It is on the wall. 2. This floor is clean. 3. The door is
not white, it’s blue. 4. This is not a book. It’s a notebook. 5. Your plan is good.
6. What are these? — These are my notebooks. They are thin. 7. Where is the
thick notebook? 8. What colour is this pen? 9. What colour are the new chairs?
10. Take my book. 11. Close the window, please. 12. Is this desk new? 13. Is
this a new desk? 14. Is this an easy text? 15. Is this text easy? 16. What kind
of film is “Anna Karenina”? 17. Is this Room Two or Nine? 18. What book is
this?
our block. 6. There are a lot of nice flowers in their garden. 7. There are a lot
of thick notebooks in the bookcase. 8. The room is full of people. 9. The box
is full of chalk. 10. The bag is full of books. 11. His flat is in the same block.
12. His is a student of the same institute. 13. The architect is busy with the
same project. 14. The office is in the same building.
Ex. 5, page 95
a) 1. There are no factories and plants here. 2. There are a lot of various offices
in the street. 3. There are no shops in our block. 4. This car of modern design
is very nice. 5. How many floors are there in your block? 6. Peter is a friend
of mine. 7. There are a lot of nice pictures in this book. 8. This is a picture
by a modern artist. 9. There are few monuments in that city. 10. This is my
sister’s room. 11. I am fond of this city. 12. I’m fond of the new building of
our institute. 13. The bottle is full of milk.
b) 1. There is a lift in this block because the building is high. 2. He is ill that’s
why he is absent. 3. There are many trees in the park that’s why the air is
always clean there. 4. My friend is not here because he is busy. 5. She is fond
of reading that’s why she has a lot of books.
to the librarian is a friend of mine. 13. The girl taking the book out of the
bookcase is a fifthyear student. 14. Help me (to) do this exercise. 15. How old
is your son? 16. What is this girl’s name? 17. What magazines is he choosing
for his work? 18. The library is just near the dean’s office. 19. The dininghall
is just on the same floor. 20. The shop is in another building.
the latest news, half an hour, an hour and a half, after classes, between the
windows, once a week, once a month, to music, even without a dictionary;
б) 1. I get up early. 2. I go to the bathroom, clean my teeth, wash, dress and
have breakfast. 3. It takes me half an hour. 4. At 7 o’clock I leave for (the)
Institute. 5. I always come to (the) Institute in time. I’m never late. 6. I often
have dinner in the dininghall of our Institute. 7. If I have no meeting after
classes I go home. 8. I like to watch TV in the evening. 9. I have supper at 8
o’clock. 10. During supper I listen to the radio. 11. I go to bed at 11 o’clock.
12. Once a month I attend meetings of our radio circle. 13. I like to have a
walk after classes. 14. I spend half an hour or an hour a day on my English.
15. Sometimes I stay at the Institute after classes to study in the reading
room. 16. Before and after classes the dininghall is full of people. 17. What
is the topic of his report? 18. When is he going to make a report? 19. I can
translate this article even without a dictionary, it is not difficult. 20. I live
near the centre of the town. 21. May I join you for a walk?
of) the life of his epoch. 3. Kramskoy painted portraits of the great contempo
raries. 4. Working at the portrait of the poet Nekrasov, Kramskoy above all
(first of all) set himself the task to reveal the inner world of the poet and to
stress his spiritial strength. 5. Kramskoy loved ardently his fatherland and
his people; all his life he fought for realism and social signifance of art. 6. In
spite of being seriously ill (his serious illness) Kramskoy worked till the very
last days of his life and died while working at his easel in 1887. 7. Kramskoy’s
works are a considerable part of the treasure house of Russian art.
ВВОДНЫЙ КУРС
Урок 1
Урок 2
Урок 3
Урок 4
Урок 5
Урок 6
Урок 7
Exercises to be done at home and to be checked with the key ............. 134
ОСНОВНОЙ КУРС
Часть первая
Part One
Урок 8
Урок 9
Урок 10
Урок 11
Урок 12
Additional Material for Oral Speech Practice. Speech Patterns and Flashes
of Conversation . ..................................................... 246
Урок 13
Урок 14
Урок 15
Урок 16
Часть вторая
Part Two
Урок 17
Урок 18
Урок 19
Урок 20
Урок 21
Учебное издание