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Q Английский клуб
A.A. Ионина, А.С. Саакян
Как же все-таки
употреблять артикли?
МОСКВА
48 АЙРИС ПРЕСС
2002
Серия «Английский клуб» включает книги и учебные
п особия, рассчитанные на пять этапов изучения анг
лийского языка: Elementary (для начинающих), Pre-
In term ed iate (для п р о д о л ж а ю щ и х первого ур о вн я ),
Intermediate (для продолжающих второго уровня), Upper
Intermediate (для продолжаю щ их третьего уровня) и
Advanced (для совершенствующихся).
ББК81.2Англ-93
Авторы
Дорогой читатель!
Предлагаемое вашему вниманию пособие «Как же
все-таки употреблять артикли?», заботливо и тщательно
подготовленное авторами, в очень большой степени помо
жет вам преодолеть, казалось бы, непреодолимые трудно
сти, возникающие при употреблении артиклей в процессе
обучения английскому языку. Как среди преподавателей,
так и среди изучающих английский язык, существует до
вольно распространенное мнение, что невозможно понять
и выучить все случаи использования артиклей, и, возмож
но, это и не нужно. Не секрет, что подчас и сами англичане
не в состоянии объяснить, почему в конкретном случае
употреблен тот или иной артикль. Довольно часто носите
ли языка позволяют себе определенные вольности в
употреблении артиклей и значительные отступления от
норм их употребления.
Однажды римский император Сигизмунд, отвечая
на вопрос о латинской грамматике, заметил: «Я — римс
кий император, я выше грамматики». Если говорить о
тех, для кого английский язы к является родным, в к а
ком-то смысле это высказывание верно, так как грамма
тические правила познаются естественно, в то время как
секреты говорения требуют осознанного постиж ения.
Но, с другой стороны, никто из нас, даже сам римский
император, не может стоять выше грамматики, быть над
ней. Мы связаны правилами построения предложений,
употребления в них артиклей, и если пренебрегать ими,
то очень может быть, что нас не поймут или поймут не
правильно.
Сравните:
glass (стекло) — a glass (стакан)
study (учеба) — a study (кабинет)
surprise (удивление) — a surprise (сюрприз, приятная
неожиданность)
Сравните:
Sugar is bad for you. — Pass me the sugar, please.
Pay attention to grammar, please. — I have a French
grammar at home.
Часть первая
ТЕОРИЯ
АРТИКЛЬ
И ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
В современном английском языке существует два
артикля — неопределенный артикль а (ап) и определен
ный артикль the.
Артикли в английском язы ке — это слова, упот
р еб л я ю щ и еся то л ьк о с и ме н а ми сущ естви тельн ы м и
или же со словами, переш едш ими в разряд существи
тельных — субстантивированны м и частями речи. Н а
ряду с указательны ми, притяж ательны ми и неопреде
ленны м и м естоим ениям и артикли передают значение
8
определенности или н еоп ред елен н ости име ни сущ е
ствительного.
Значение имени существительного является опре
деляющим при употреблении с ним артиклей. Все имена
существительные можно разделить на следующие группы
слов или лексико-семантические разряды:
1) разряд нарицательных и собственных существи
тельных;
2) разряд конкретных существительных (a file , а
student, a tree), которым противостоят существительные
отвлеченные или абстрактные (joy, fun, freedom, time, love)',
3) собирательные (news, team, police, goods, clothes).
Среди собственных существительных выделяются
имена людей (Mr. Brown, Henry, Raphael), географичес
кие наим енования (Parisy-the U.K., the N ile), н азван ия
мест, организаций, газет, журналов, литературных про
изведений, разновидности сортов и марок и т.п.
Исчисляемость или неисчисляемость имени сущест
вительного является вторым ф актором, определяющ им
употребление с ним артиклей.
Существительные
Исчисляемые Неисчисляемые
a book anger
a child freedom
a house happiness
a penny work
a star news
a file honey
a disk sugar
§ 1. НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЙ АРТИКЛЬ
и
риал показывает, что можно упомянуть слово в пер
вый раз и тем не менее сказать:
“The day is fine, isn’t it?”, “Where are the keys I won
der?” , “W hat’s the time?”, “ Let’s discuss the news.” и
так далее.
12
Значение единичности четко проявляется также в
ряде устойчивых словосочетаний, передающих однократ
ные действия:
to be a success to be at a loss
to have a look to make a date
to have a try to make a speech
to give a lift to play a trick
to give a chance to make a start
15
2. О П Р Е Д Е Л Е Н Н Ы Й АРТИКЛЬ
§ 3. АРТИКЛИ С НЕИСЧИСЛЯЕМЫМИ
(ВЕЩЕСТВЕННЫМИ И АБСТРАКТНЫМИ) ИМЕНАМИ
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ
Сравните:
gram m ar — грамматика, составная часть науки о
языке; a grammar — учебник грамматики, книга.
study — процесс учения; a study — комната, кабинет,
work — работа, процесс труда; a work of... — книга,
картина, поделка, конкретное проявление труда.
Air is necessary for life. — There was an air of
importance about him.
Time flies. — There is a time to speak and a time to be silent.
This film is a work of fiction.
21
4) Следующие неисчисляемые вещественные имена
существительные могут переходить в разряд исчисляемых
и выражать вид, сорт, порцию:
24
I like citrus fruits best.
I’ve got a beautiful book on African fruits.
в) Формы a fru it — fruits имеют значение «плод —
плоды» (как ботанический термин).
It was a strange-looking fruit.
This bush gives very beautiful fruits.
г) Кроме того, слово fru its может употребляться в
переносном значении — «плоды, результаты чего-либо»
(как правило, за существительным fruits следует фраза с
предлогом of).
the fruits of labour the fruits of enlightenment
the fruits of industry the fruits of my efforts
9) Артикли с существительным fish.
Существительное fish является исчисляемым в анг
лийском языке и имеет совпадающие формы единствен
ного и множественного числа: a fish — two fish — many
fish (a lot o f fish).
There are many fish in this lake. How many fish did you catch?
Climbing fish are found in Malaysia. Do flying fish really fly?
If he were to fall into the pond, he would come out with
a fish in his mouth.
С р а в н и т е другие существительные, также имею
щие идентичные формы единственного и множественно
го числа в английском языке: a sheep — m any sheep,
a deer — a lot o f deer, a swine — two swine.
а) Форма fishes употребляется в значении «различ
ные виды рыб».
The fishes of the Atlantic.
There are different fishes in the aquarium.
б) Кроме того, существительное fish может обозначать
продукт питания, и в этом значении оно неисчисляемо.
Which do you like more: fish or meat?
There is always fish on my menu.
25
в) Существительное fish может иметь собирательное
значение.
Fish travel long distances in the sea.
Fish are plentiful in these waters.
Deep-water fish as well as shallow-water fish are at risk now.
§ 4. РАСПОЛОЖЕНИЕ АРТИКЛЕЙ
26
A (the) + double выражает:
а) качество:
a double-decker, a double bed, the double doors, a dou
ble-breasted jacket.
б) двойную меру чего-либо:
a double Scotch, a double vodka and orange.
4) Слова all, both всегда предшествуют определенному
артиклю. Возможен также нулевой артикль. С р а в н и т е :
All students must work hard, (все студенты)
All the students did well at the exams, (определенные
студенты)
Both (the) students are in the lab now.
5) Слова quite, rather, such, what, so, as, too, however
определяют прилагательное. Расположение неопределен
ного артикля относительно этих слов и прилагательного
может быть различным. Артикль может стоять на первом,
втором и третьем месте:
It’s a quite good idea. What a good idea!
It’s so good an idea.
A (an) обычно употребляется непосредственно после
quite, rather:
It’s quite an easy task.
She’s rather a strange woman.
It’s rather a serious matter.
О д н а к о возможен и другой вариант:
She’s a quite interesting person.
Артикль a (an) употребляется после such и what.
It was such an unexpected visit!
What a good idea! What an unusual job!
Если перед прилагательным стоит so, as, too, how,
however, то неопределенный артикль употребляется после
этого прилагательного.
Never before have I met so good a man.
27
It’s too good a chance to be overlooked.
However miserable a life I have, it’s mine.
He is so clever a man as there can be.
6) В книжном стиле английского языка можно встре
тить сочетание many + а (ап) + существительное в един
ственном числе.
Many a time have I told you this!
Many a man tried to win her attention.
T heir garden had been the scene o f many a picnic
during the summer months.
7) После kind of, sort of, type o f неопределенный ар
тикль не употребляется: a kind of man, a sort of book.
He isn’t a kind (sort, type) of man to make a woman happy.
What kind (sort, type) of job do you want?
29
Названия стран во множественном числе употреб
ляются с определенным артиклем:
the Netherlands, the Philippines.
Страны, названные по имени соответствующих ре
гионов, имеют два варианта употребления — без артикля
или же с определенным артиклем:
Sudan — the Sudan, Yemen — the Yemen, Argentina —
the Argentine, Cameroun — the Cameroun, Ivory Coast —
the Ivory Coast.
Более употребителен вариант без артикля.
д) Названия заливов и полуостровов употребляются
без артикля:
Hudson Bay, Mexican Bay, Kamchatka, Scandinavia,
Taimir.
О д н а к о если употреблено слово peninsula, необхо
дим определенный артикль:
the Balkan Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula.
2) К числу имен собственных, употребляемых с оп
ределенным артиклем, относятся названия театров, музе
ев, концертных залов, картинных галерей, кинотеатров,
отелей, дворцов, известных произведений искусства, уни
кальных книг:
the Bolshoi T heatre, the Vienna House, the Opera
House, the Chaikovsky Hall, the Albert Hall, the Hermitage,
the Musee d ’Orsay, the Tate Gallery, the Odeon, the Marine
Hotel, the King David, (the) King David Hotel, the Taj Ma
hal, the Great Pyramid, the Mona Liza, the Sistine Chapel,
the Sabre dance, the Moonlight Sonata, the Bible, the Koran,
the Domesday Book.
Названия кораблей, паромов, яхт, известных поездов
также употребляются с определенным артиклем:
the Queen Elizabeth, the Victory, (the) Titanic, the Ori
ent Express.
30
3) Названия английских и американских газет упот
ребляются с определенным артиклем:
the Times, the Observer, the Financial Times, the Sun,
the Star.
Одним из исключений является газета “Today”.
С названиями иностранных газет артикль не упот
ребляется:
Moskovskaya Pravda, Kommersant.
Названия журналов и периодических изданий, как
правило, не имеют артикля, хотя определенный артикль
возможен:
Economist, Times, House Beautiful, Computer Weekly,
Punch, Newsweek, Playboy, (the) Spectator, (the) Journal of
Psychology.
4) Наименования организаций и политических партий
употребляются с определенным артиклем:
the U nited N ations (the U N ), the BBC, the Labour
Party, the FBI, the EC, the Pentagon.
Некоторые сокращения, превратившиеся в самосто
ятельные слова, артикль утрачивают:
NATO, U N ICEF, IBM, Xerox.
О д н а к о при наличии слова company артикль воз
можен:
the Bell Telephone Company, the Bata Shoe Company.
В данном случае возможны и альтернативные варианты:
General Electric, GEC, the General Electric Company.
5) Определенный артикль употребляется с наимено
ваниями большинства политических и государственных уч
реждений, общественно-политических движений и войн.
the Kremlin, the Senate, the Cabinet, the State Depart
ment, the Supreme Court, the Interior Ministry, the Foreign
31
M inistry, the Army, the G overnm ent, the Navy, the State
Duma, the British Council, the Decembrist Movement, the
Second World War, the Zulu War, the Gulf War.
Исключениями являются:
Parliament (but the Houses of Parliament), Congress,
Whitehall, Westminster.
6) Названия музыкальных групп употребляются с
определенным артиклем, если существительное стоит во
множественном числе:
the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Eurythmics, the
Supremes, the Spice Girls.
The Beatles stopped performing together in 1970.
The Spice Girls have sold 30 million albums around the world.
В остальных случаях артикль не употребляется:
Queen, ABBA, Gorky Park, Genesis.
7) Определенный артикль необходим с названиями
спортивных событий:
the Olympic Games, the World Cup, the World Cham
pionship.
Артикль не употребляется, если для обозначения спортив
ного соревнования используется географическое название:
Wimbledon (теннис), Luzhniki (футбол), Ascot, Ep
som (конноспортивные состязания), Henley (гребля).
8) Артикль отсутствует с именами собственными, яв
ляющимися названиями школ, колледжей, университетов:
Salisbury G ram m ar School, Carnegie College, Surrey
University.
Возможны также два варианта:
London University — the University of London
(официальное название); Chicago University — the Univer
sity of Chicago.
H o: the Sorbonne.
32
9) Названия улиц, площадей, парков обычно упот
ребляются без артикля:
Tverskaya Street, Regent Street, Broadway, C haring
Cross Road, Park Lane, Pennsylvania Avenue, Trafalgar
Square, Gorky Park, St. James’s Park.
О д н а к о существует ряд исключений:
the High Street (в лю бом городе), the M all, the
Strand (в Лондоне), (the) Wall Street (в Нью-Йорке).
10) Названия шоссе и автотрасс могут иметь опреде
ленный артикль:
the A l, the М3, the New Seattle Highway.
Определенный артикль не употребляется в уличных
обозначениях и в написании адресов.
11) Артикль отсутствует с названиями:
а) аэропортов, станций, мостов:
Heathrow, Gatwick, Vnukovo (Airport), Victoria Station,
Grand Central Station, Tower Bridge, Waterloo Bridge.
H o : the Brooklyn Bridge, the Bridge o f Sighs, the
Golden Gate Bridge.
б) церквей, соборов, приходов:
St. Paul’s, St. P eter’s, St. Basil’s C athedral, Trinity
Church, Westminster Abbey.
в) месяцев и дней недели:
January, April, August, D ecem ber, M onday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday.
Сравните:
We met on Friday. ( Мы встретились в (прошлую)
пятницу.) — We met on a Friday. (Мы встретились в одну
из пятниц, но не в четверг и не в субботу.)
12) Названия языков употребляются без артикля:
English, French, Dutch, Danish.
О д н а к о : the English language, the Spanish language.
2 Как же всё-таки употреблять артикли? 33
Географические имена, традиционно употребляю
щиеся без артикля, могут, тем не менее, иметь:
а) определенный артикль, если у существительного
есть лимитирующее определение.
This isn’t the Moscow I used to love.
In “ Ivanhoe” Walter Scott described the England of the
Middle Ages.
б) неопределенный артикль, если существительное
имеет описательное определение или просто выражает
единичность.
It was a new Russia that he found on his return.
There will always be an England for me.
Определенный артикль также необходим, если имя
собственное употреблено во множественном числе.
Why have the winds of all the Russias blown into the
dining-room of Jasper’s club?
This is a monument to Peter the Great, Czar of all the
Russias.
The two Americas have a great variety of climatic zones.
34
2) И мена членов семьи, употребляемы е членами
этой же семьи для выражения родственных отношений,
артикля не требуют и пишутся с большой буквы.
Hello, Papa! Hello, Mama! Is Baby still asleep?
Если имеются в виду родственные отношения вне се
мьи говорящего, то употребляется определенный артикль.
The son resembled the father greatly.
3) Определенный артикль употребляется с существитель
ными во множественном числе для обозначения всей семьи.
The Roosevelts provided America with two presidents.
I am watching now an English serial — “The Royals”.
4) Неопределенный артикль используется с личным
именем существительным для обозначения члена семьи
или же некоего субъекта, носящего это имя.
A certain Safonov wants you on the phone.
Peter Ustinov comes from the Benois, and like a Benoi
is very talented.
I know how you feel about the Fairleys. I know you
wouldn’t accept a Fairley in the family, Grandmother.
5) Личные имена становятся исчисляемыми суще
ствительными, если:
а) имя художника, изобретателя, промы ш ленника
используется для обозначения его произведения, труда,
премии, продукции.
This small museum has a Levitan.
Mine is a Panasonic, not a Sony.
This film won an Oscar for Best Foreign Film.
He is driving a brand new Jaguar.
I’m reading an Agatha Christie now.
6) личное имя используется для выражения типич
ных черт носителя этого имени (но не самого человека).
Poor darling looks like a Cinderella.
Mozart was called the Raphael of music.
35
He is a typical Don Juan.
в) В обращениях артикль отсутствует.
Well, young man, have you been smoking again?
Can I speak to you, doctor?
36
2) Неопределенный артикль возможен, если у суще
ствительных есть описательное определение.
This is a small world.
This is a wonderful world and the world is yours!
Tolkien in the “ Lord o f Rings” creates an imaginary
world of vast scope, convincing details and mesmeric
attraction.
There was a three-quarter moon in the sky.
The sun shone in a Wedgwood blue sky.
Возможно также употребление некоторых из выше
перечисленных существительных (sky, wind, moon, world)
во множественном числе.
She praised you to the skies.
He knew a lot o f people from the publishing and
theatrical worlds.
Выражение once in a blue moon означает «очень ред
ко»; to be over the moon — «быть на седьмом небе от счас
тья»; to cry fo r the moon — «желать чего-то невозможного».
— “That dorm only lets men visit girls once in a blue
moon...” — “Well, w hen’s the next blue m oon?” — “Next
Saturday.” — “Okay. We’ll wait till then.”
3) Названия планет употребляются без артикля, так
как являются именами собственны ми, восходящими к
именам греческих и римских богов и богинь.
Mercury is the small planet closest to the sun.
(M ercury, the ancient R om an god o f com m erce,
eloquence and science.)
Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system.
(Saturn, an ancient Roman god, had a great power to rule.)
4) Возможны три варианта употребления слова earth
в английском языке: the earth, the Earth, Earth.
Существительное earth в значении одной из планет
употребляется без артикля и пишется с большой буквы.
37
Much is written about m an’s life on Earth.
Выражение on earth употребляется в стилистических
целях после слов how, what, where, why.
What on earth are you talking about?
Оно также употребляется для усиления предшеству
ющего слова.
There’s no reason on earth why we should refuse.
§ 7. АРТИКЛИ С СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ
SCHOOL, COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY, BED, TOWN, HOME,
CHURCH, HOSPITAL, PRISON, JAIL
§ 8. АРТИКЛИ С СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ,
ОБОЗНАЧАЮЩИМИ ПРИЕМЫ ПИЩИ (BREAKFAST,
BRUNCH, LUNCH, DINNER, TEA, SUPPER, MEAL)
§ 9. АРТИКЛИ С СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ,
ОБОЗНАЧАЮЩИМИ ЧАСТИ СУТОК И ВРЕМЕНА ГОДА
(SUNRISE, DAWN, MORNING, NOON, DAYTIME, AFTERNOON,
DUSK, TWILIGHT, SUNSET, EVENING, NIGHTFALL, NIGHT,
MIDNIGHT, WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN)
41
By nightfall I was feeling hungry and sleepy.
Most discos close at dawn.
Артикль не употребляется также в следующих выра
жениях:
all day (long), all night (through), day after day, day in,
day out, from morning till night, day and night.
He practised keyboard exercises day and night.
О д н а к о : all through the night and all through the day
42
2) Существительные man, woman, child в родовом
значении употребляются без артикля.
According to Charles Darwin, man descended from the
apes.
The fate of man is hard to tell.
Much is written about the social injustice to woman.
This novel is about man, woman and child.
3) С названиями изобретений, открытий употребля
ется только определенный артикль.
In “The Periodic Table” the Russian chemist Dm itri
Mendeleyev classified the natural elements into groups.
The telegraph works on the S. Morse alphabet.
The Media are the Press, the Radio and TV.
4) О пределенный артикль употребляется, когда
люди (врачи) профессионально говорят о частях тела (то
есть, когда части тела становятся терминами).
We hope the operation won’t hurt the brain.
He suddenly changed in the face.
This fellow is really weak in the head.
The hunter accidentally shot himself in the leg.
44
3) При наличии лимитирующего определения воз
можно употребление определенного артикля.
С р а в н и т е следующие предложения:
The noise seemed like a strong beating heart, like the
strong beating of my own heart.
2. by accident heart
car, train, air fax, post
chance good (bad) fortune
hand mistake
half name
on deck sale
foot (good, bad) terms
(one’s) mind time
46
in advance half
bed love
court mind
fact private
future time
at hand once
first sight present
last sea
49
The roll of the dice finally came up with a seven.
— What money would you like? — Four fives and ten ones.
Субстантивация может быть полной или частичной.
К ак правило, полностью могут субстантивироваться при
лагательные и числительные. Они обозначают:
1) исчисляемые существительные типа:
a/th e native — (the) natives, a/th e criminal — (the)
criminals, a/the romantic — (the) romantics, two — a two —
twos;
2) названия некоторых национальностей:
a Russian — Russians, an American — Americans, a
Greek — Greeks, a German — Germans, an Italian — Italians
3) цвета или оттенки цветов:
Black makes you look slimmer.
My favourite colour is bottle blue.
The sky was a Wedgwood blue.
The gardens blazed with glorious colour. Stylized
flower beds were awash with the abundant reds and pinks of
the gay geranium, the deep purples and sharp yellows of the
velvet-petaled pansy, the whites and pinks and mauves of the
tall and graceful fox-glove. Variated greens sloped away into
the distance alongside the cool blues of the iris.
50
К числу наиболее часто субстантивируемых таким
образом прилагательных и причастий прошедшего време
ни относятся следующие:
aged blind brave dead
deaf disabled educated elderly
free handicapped homeless hungry
injured living needy old
oppressed poor powerful rich
sick starving strong uneducated
unemployed weak wealthy wounded
young
Два частично субстантивированных прилагательных,
объединенных союзом and, артиклей не имеют.
Old and young came to the celebration.
Rich and poor have their own problems.
2) Названия наций, оканчивающихся на -sh, -ch так
же субстантивируются частично и употребляются с опре
деленным артиклем:
the Dutch, the English, the French.
The Dutch are famous for their tulips.
3) Частично субстантивируются и могут употреб
ляться с определенным артиклем прилагательные, обо
значающие абстрактные понятия.
Это следующие прилагательные:
exotic impossible incredible
inevitable future new
obvious old past
possible present supernatural
unbelievable (un)usual unknown
unreal unthinkable ridiculous
Do you believe in the supernatural?
This magician can perform the impossible.
We got lost in the dark.
51
4) Частично субстантивированные прилагательные,
обозначающие абстрактные понятия и входящие в состав
некоторых устойчивых выражений с предлогами, как пра
вило, имеют определенны й артикль, хотя в некоторых
выражениях употребляется неопределенный артикль:
in the negative (positive, affirmative), to touch to the
quick, to be in the open, on the whole, in the main, for the
better, for the worse, for the best of, not in the least, out of
the blue, to do one’s best, for the good of, to leave for good,
all of a sudden.
Часть вторая
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Основные случаи употребления неопределенного
и определенного артиклей
§ 1. НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЙ АРТИКЛЬ
53
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложе
ния. Объясните значение неопределенного артикля в выделен
ных словах.
1 .1 have discovered during my long career as a teacher that
a bad girl is a far more dangerous creature than a bad boy.
2 . 1 have the heart of a man, not of a woman, and I am not afraid
of anything... (Elizabeth I, Queen of England) 3. After all, by na
ture a teacher must be an original and creative person. 4. It’s in
conceivable how a man can’t perceive that a woman can reject
an offer of marriage. 5. How unwise of him to contradict a wom
an! 6. It takes a heap of living to make a house a home. 7. A small
town isn’t as exciting as a big city. 8. A cup of coffee and a roll is
a usual continental breakfast. 9. She never wasted a minute of
her valuable time. 10. A witty limerick is very hard to write.
11. An au pair assists with child care in exchange for the experi
ence of living as a family member in a foreign country. 12. A new
safe was put in Mr. Adams’s office. 13. A chef is a skilled cook.
14. An untouched continent lay before me. 15. A Mars a day
helps you work, rest and play. 16. A herd of sheep is grazing in
the field. 17. A picture is worth a thousand words. 18. Sixty sec
onds make a minute, sixty minutes make... now go on with it till
you reach a millenium. Do the same with units of weight and dis
tance.
56
night consists of fourteen days. 7.A car needs regular service.
8.He bought a block of cigarettes. 9.This song is a great hit.
10.1 need a bottle of milk for my baby. 11.A piano must be
tuned regularly. 12.A beginner is a person with no experience.
13.We shall talk about it in a week. 14.Can I have a cake and
a cup of coffee, please? 15.This chocolate bar costs a dollar.
57
7. a person who rides horses in
races g- a butcher
8. a person who looks after
people’s teeth h. a carpenter
9. a person who digs coal from
the ground i. a baker
10. a person who sells fruit and
vegetables j- a florist
11. a person who looks after
people’s eyes k. a greengrocer
12. a person who makes and sells
bread 1. a jockey
13. a person who presents
the news on television m. a miner
14. a student who keeps the register n. an optician
59
have ... good time at the graduation party? 12.Steve goes out
every hour to have ... smoke. 13.The secretary would like to
make ... appointment for Thursday. 14.Linda has ... splitting
headache today. 15.Every morning before breakfast he has
... swim. 16.Isn’t it high time to have ... break?
В. 1.If you give us ... hint, we’ll guess your secret. 2.They
wished us all to have ... fun at the picnic. 3.Just have ... look at
that funny boy over there. 4.He called a lawyer as he wished to
make ... will. 5.Are you going to make ... speech at the ceremony?
б.Таке ... seat. We are going to have ... long talk. 7.She gave ... cry
of horror at seeing a snake. 8.Would you like to have ... drink? -
No, I am at work. 9.You must give ... account of all your expens
es. lO.Whether you want it or not, I am going to give you ... piece
of my mind. 11.There are people who are always ready to give
you ... hand when you are in trouble. 12.The sponsor offers them
to give ... support with advice and money. 13.Any woman would
make ... fuss in such a situation. 14.— Would you like to have
... rest after dinner? — Just for half an hour.
60
шум. 13.Сегодня у Шерон свидание с Майклом. 14.Этот
спектакль пользуется большим успехом. 15.—А не потан
цевать ли нам? — О нет, у меня так сильно болит зуб!
16.Скажи мне правду, если ты настоящий друг. 17.У мое
го друга была прекрасная возможность совершить турне.
18.Детишки хорошо провели время на новогоднем вечере.
19.Я собираюсь вздремнуть часок или два. 20.Она сделала
ошибку, когда писала доклад.
61
17.There is ... cold milk in the jug. 18.1s there ... useful infor
mation in the file? 19.There was ... incident in the street last
week. 20.There i s ... good advice the lawyer would like to give
you. 21.There is ... list of cakes at the restaurant, and the
choice is endless.
63
У was a villain who fell in a ditch,
W was a weaver at home and on tour,
X was expensive and then became poor,
Y was a yachtsman who sailed in a yacht,
Z was a zero and that’s all we’ve got.
65
a flying saucer last summer. - It must have been a hallucina
tion. 5.The cook is going to bake delicious cakes for the kids.
6.Does anyone want to take a chance? 7.Could you possibly
take an afternoon off and give me a hand with wallpapering?
8.When people understand each other, it saves heartache in
the end. 9.He was sent by the Mafia to run a Las Vegas casi
no. 10.Amelia gave Jack a long, searching look. 11.None of
my children would dare to tell a downright lie to a teacher.
12.Every now and then Uncle Vernon would take a sharp turn
and drive in the opposite direction. 13.She stopped to draw
a deep breath. 14.It gave him a goal in life. 15.The letter of
recom m endation had a magical effect. 16.One man makes
a chair, another sits in it. 17.Rumour had it that he’d flown
there on a magic carpet — or a private jet.
66
Упражнение 23. Вставьте в пропуски артикль, если это необходимо.
l.T hey have discovered ... new planet. 2.1 do have
... problem. З.Не asked shyly for ... advice. 4 .Robert had
... desperate need to talk to someone. 5.Andrew opened an
other beer and took ... long swig. 6.Everybody had ... copy of
the text. 7.They had ... very w ell-thought-out plans. 8.Did
your grandfather make ... will? 9.May I ask you ... question,
Nick? lO.He didn’t have ... clue what they were doing. ll.W e
saw ... long queue at the entrance to the exhibition hall.
12.Bob took ... gulp of tea and rushed out. 13.Denis wants to
have ... owl or ... cat o r ... toad as a pet. 14.She p u t ... vase of
flowers on the piano to make the room look more attractive.
15.They offered everybody to have ... seat. 16.W e’ve got
... great news, ... terrific news. 17.She was wearing ... pantsuit.
18.He’s expecting ... cheque, instead, he got ... new bill. 19.1
want to have ... husband and ... children. 20.She has ... heart
of gold. 21.1 made ... excuse-me-face and left. 22.We saw
... TV tower in the distance.
68
stop talker. 16.There is always an exception to the rule.
17.What a capital idea this is! 18.A street vendor is som e
one who sells magazines, cigarettes, hamburgers, etc from
a small stall or cart. 19.This was a family rule. 20.The m an
is a genius in m athematics.
69
в.
There was a crooked man,
And he walked a crooked mile,
He found a crooked sixpence
Against a crooked stile;
He bought a crooked cat,
Which caught a crooked mouse.
And they all live together
In a little crooked house.
C.
It’s funny how often they say to me,
“Jane?
Have you been a good girl?
Have you been a good girl?”
I go to a party, I go out to sea,
I go to an aunt for a week at the sea,
I come back from school or from playing a game;
Wherever I come from, it’s always the same:
“Well?
Have you been a good girl,
Jane?”
(A. A. Milne)
D.
On the corner is a banker with a motor car.
The little children laugh at him behind his back
And the banker never wears a “mac”
In the pouring rain, very strange!
* * *
73
Potters had a small son, too, but they had never even seen
him . This boy was an o th er good reason for keeping the
Potters away; they didn’t want Dudley mixing with a child
like that.
(after “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone”
by J.K. Rowling)
75
§ 2 . О П Р Е Д Е Л Е Н Н Ы Й А РТИ К ЛЬ
79
hand, his hat in the other. 4.“Oh, look,” he cried, “there go
the other children.” 5.Rem em ber the golden rule: “ Do to
others what you would like them to do to you.” 6.Only two of
the class passed the driving test, the others will have to take it
a second time. 7.He sat far away from the others. 8.1’m tired
of working for others. 9.Have you forgotten what happened
the other day? lO.On the one hand, the idea is not bad; on the
other, I doubt if it will work. 1l.We read the three books, one
after the other. 12.The boxer in the dark trunks is sure to win.
H e’s m uch better than the other one. 13.My friend is very
much interested in UFOs and other unexplained phenomena.
14.N o other place in the world can compare to my native
town. 15.Those who are not without faults themselves, should
not blame others. 16.The grass is always greener on the other
side of the road.
В. Переведите.
1.Это рис. Рис слишком твердый. 2.Это песок. Пе
сок чистый. З.Это тост. Тост подгорел. 4.Это соль. Соль
мелкая (fine). 5.Это джем. Джем густой. 6.Это чернила.
Чернила красные. 7.Это вода. Вода чистая. 8.Это мине
84
ральная вода. Вода газированная. 9.Это золото. Золото
темное. 10. Это сталь. Сталь высокого качества. 11. Это
чай. Чай крепкий. 12.Это молоко. Молоко кислое. 1З.Это
мед. Мед слишком сладкий. 14. Это квартира. Квартира
большая. 15.Это железо. Железо ржавое. 16.Это фрукты.
Фрукты очень красивые.
В. Коммуникативное задание.
Обсудите с друзьями, что вы едите на завтрак, обед
и ужин. Обсудите различные диеты и системы питания.
Придерживаетесь ли вы их?
86
Упражнение 56. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложе
ния. Объясните случаи употребления определенного артикля в
них.
l.The secret of my success is finding the right people at
the right moment. 2.The main street of the village was deser
ted, it being four o ’clock in the afternoon. 3.Look at the mess
you’ve made on the carpet. 4.The only sensible thing to do is
to keep a cool head. 5.Nelly peeled off the gloves she had
worn for driving. 6.Which is yours? The suitcase on the floor
or the one on the shelf? 7.Thank you for all the good things
you’ve done for me. 8.They still haven’t caught the lion that
escaped from London Zoo. The police are looking for it.
9.1 learnt a lot in the last few months. lO.We didn’t tell him
the whole truth for fear of discouraging him. 11. Most of the
shops were empty except for a few late shoppers. 12.The
roommate I once thought of as a fruitcake is the candidate to
be our next Secretary of State. 13. She had no intention o f
buying anything new the next few years. 14. Emma’s mind was
crowded with thoughts. Thoughts of the family she had
raised, the dynasty she had created. 15.The money which the
publisher promised was very good, but the man had an unsa
voury reputation. 16.Let me say that London cab drivers are,
without question, the finest in the world. They’re trustworthy,
safe, generally friendly, always polite. 17.He is the last of the
Mohicans. 18.The firm I’m working for is in the centre of the
city.
87
successfully. 9.You are ... whole world to me. 10.This is
... thing you must do now. 11.If you take ... left turn, you’ll get
to ... right place. 12.Detroit i s ... sixth largest city in the USA.
13.My m other is ... main person in my life. 14.— Are you
... next to speak? — I am ... last one. 15.We have ... same inter
ests, though we are different. 16.Who was ... man who invent
ed television? 17.The watchman was ... last to leave the build
ing. 18.This is ... job (that) you applied for. 19. ... only child
usually gets more attention and care. 20.If you go for ... next
interview, you’ll get ... vacancy which you need so badly.
21.In ... deepest waters i s ... best fish. 22. ... longest day comes
to an end. 23.Yours is ... only opinion I really trust. 24.You
must face ... truth about yourself.
90
му». 22. В третьем номере журнала «Караван» можно про
читать последние (свежие) сведения о некоторых извест
ных людях. 23.Я только что прослушал последние ново
сти, и самое последнее сообщение было о наступающих
холодах. 24. Последняя статья в этом журнале посвящена
последним (новейш им ) компью терны м технологиям .
25.Сейчас я читаю очень интересный роман Метьюз «Да
вай встретимся на платформе восемь».
91
a first night party. 6.Two girls were indeed young, about eleven
and ten. The third was perhaps seventeen. 7.June walked
straight up to her former friend, kissed her cheek, and the two
settled down on a sofa. 8.The letter bored him, and when it was
followed the next day by another, and the day after by a third,
he began to worry. 9.“Miss Luce will be a second mother to the
children,” she said. 10.1 have never mentioned her to him
though I may once have dropped a hint about a “first love”.
11.At the bus stop two dark-haired women, arm in arm, com
plained loudly to each other about a third.
92
Упражнение 65. Прочитайте текст и перескажите его.
This George Keller, an immigrant from Hungary, is driving
me insane. Barely two months in America, he’s studying like a
maniac for all his courses. When I wake up at 8:00 a.m., he’s al
ready hard at work, having long since eaten breakfast. George bor
rowed fifty bucks from me and bought a portable recorder he takes
to every class. Now in the afternoons he plays back the lectures —
and sometimes not just once - till he practically knows them by
heart. Lots are in Russian. Which may be great for him, but makes
me feel like I’m suddenly living in the Kremlin.
Now here’s a shocker. I have no idea what time he goes
to bed. In fact, I have the sneaking suspicion that the guy
doesn’t sleep at all! And I had this really weird experience late
the other night.
After a hard session o f drinking at the Pore, nature
obliged me to get up at around 2:00 a.m. As I was standing in
the john taking care of my needs, I suddenly heard this ghost
ly voice emanating from the shower, saying things like, “be-
gin-began-begun, bite-bit-bitten, sing-sang-sung” .
I called out to George, but, instead of answering me di
rectly, he simply went on rehearsing his verbs.
Then I pulled back the shower curtain. There he was,
naked except for his new a la mode jockey shorts, holding an
English grammar. He barely noticed me as he droned on,
hammering new words into his head.
I warned him that he’d drive himself to death. To which
he replied, “Drive-drove-driven”.
I went to the sink, picked up a glass of cold water, and
poured it over his head. He shivered and looked at me with,
comatose astonishm ent, then ripped the curtain from my
hand, slammed it closed, and continued his verbal gymnastics.
“Show-showed-shown, speak-spoke-spoken. ”
I shut the bathroom door behind me so that at least I could
have some place, staggered back to my bed, and went to sleep.
Or, as George would have put it, sleep-slept-slept.
93
^Упражнение 66. Вставьте в пропуски необходимый артикль.
l.She has papers everywhere: on ... table, on ... floor, in
... kitchen and even in ... bathroom. 2.Let’s take the children
to ... circus on Sunday morning. З.Не was bom in ... small
Siberian village. 4.1 got into ... plane for my first flight. 5.If
you look at ... sky, you’ll see a lot of stars. 6.Shall we meet at
... library? 7.She lay on ... sofa listening to pop music. 8.She
works in ... bank in ... centre o f ... city. 9.In summer she likes
to have tea in ... garden. 10.He keeps his car in ... street.
11.Susan re n ts ... top half of the house. 12.He lives in ... small
town in Alaska. 13.There are not many holidays on ... calen
dar this year. 14.They came to ... beach and swam in ... sea.
15.He usually has dinner in ... cheap restaurants. 16.There is
something for you in ... letter box. 17.Is there any special news
in ... paper? 18.Look, there is ... beautiful butterfly on ... wall.
19.There is ... music centre in ... corner to ... left of... TV-set.
20.If you turn to ... right you will soon get to ... shopping-cen-
tre. 21.You’d better not keep fruit on ... top shelf o f ... fridge.
22.1 found very many good expressions in ... book. 23.1 tried
this dish in ... Chinese restaurant.
В. Коммуникативное задание.
Есть ли у Вас или у Ваших родственников, друзей
домашние животные? Связано ли их поведение как-то с
наличием в доме телевизора и радио? Обсудите это в
группе.
99
a piece of candy*, a piece of meat, a piece/block/cube of ice,
a piece of jewelry, a piece of luggage, a piece of mail, a piece of
music, a kernel/an ear/a bushel of corn, a lump/cube/spoon
ful o f sugar, a scoop/dish/pint/quart o f ice cream, a jar of
jam, a bar/cake of soap, a jar of jelly, a spool/piece of thread,
a ball of yarn, a jar of honey, a pinch of salt, a glass/cup/bot-
tle/carton/gallon/quart of milk.
100
Упражнение 76. А. Переведите.
нас нет хлеба. Не мог бы ты купить буханку чер
ного хлеба? 2.— Мама хочет кофе. — У меня как раз есть
баночка (кофе). З.У М айкла нет сигарет. Мне придется
пойти и купить блок. 4.— Мне хочется пить. — Как насчет
стакана минеральной воды? 5.В холодильнике нет ничего,
кроме банки сардин. 6 .Осень. Стая птиц летит на юг.
7.Джон - ковбой. У него есть стадо коров. 8.Если вы в
трудной ситуации, могу дать вам один совет. 9.В этом ма
газине вы можете выбрать любой предмет мебели. 10.Она
купила тюбик геля для волос. 11.Мы увидели вспышку
молнии. П2Жогда ей грустно, она может съесть сразу це
лую плитку шоколада. 13.Чтобы сварить борщ, тебе пона
добится кочан капусты. 14.Положи кубик льда в мой кок
тейль. 15.Банда грабителей была арестована около банка.
16.0на вскрикнула от ужаса, когда увидела привидение.
17.Давай выйдем, чтобы глотнуть свежего воздуха.
18.В его словах есть зерно истины. 19.Деньги любят счет.
Их трудно зарабатывать.
101
The long-term look at the weather in a place or region,
the averaging of rainfall, the maximum and minimum temper
atures is called climate. Climate in addition to the “Averages”
in the weather also includes the occurrences and frequencies
of “extrem es” in the w eather which alter weather patterns
globally.
W eather extremes will also affect the global economy:
droughts will decrease crop yields, causing prices to rise and
starvation. Fish migrations will be disrupted, and damage to
coral reefs will reduce marine life and hinder those dependent
on its ecosystems for their livelihood.
Volcanic eruptions can also have an effect on world cli
mate. Although not a frequent occurrence, they emit huge
quantities of gases and fine debris into the atmosphere causing
short-term effects on the weather.
103
Упражнение 80. Объясните разницу в употреблении артиклей с
выделенными существительными в следующих парах предложе
ний.
1.Helen, would you like to have toast with your tea? I ’d
like to propose a toast to Mr.Baker for all the help he’s giving
me. 2.When Susan was in hospital, she had to stay in bed all
day. It was a single room, so I slept on the floor, and she slept
in the bed. 3.1 like cappuccino coffee. She ordered a cappucci
no. 4. My father has an understanding heart. Especially when
it comes to the matters of the heart. 5.Iron is used in making
steel. An iron is used for pressing clothes. 6.1 need some
change from my routine life. There’s been a sudden change in
the weather this week. 7.Time is a human concept. We were
having a lazy time on the beach. 8.Education is the best in
vestment. Becoming a doctor requires a lengthy education.
9.Knowledge comes to us through our senses. He is a person
with a real knowledge o f income-tax-legislation. lO.Success
comes in cans, not in cannots. What a success! Congratula
tions! Success is never blamed.
1. slice a. grass
2. item b. sunlight
3. clap c. petrol
4. patch d. truth
5. stroke e. dust
6. article f. transport
7. loaf g- wind
8. lump h. fog
9. shower i. emergency
10. breath j- luck
11. gust of k. sugar
12. means 1. hair
13. speck m. bread
14. grain n. thunder
15. litre 0. smoke
16. ray P- rain
17. cake q- fresh air
18. blade r. news
19. puff s. clothing
20. state t. soap
21. strand u. bread
*B. Переведите.
( ^ ) - Я трачу много денег на фрукты, потому что я их
очень люблю. А ты их любишь? - К онечно, люблю.
2 .- Что мы будем на третье? — Я думаю, фрукты. — Они
есть у нас? —Да, немного есть. 3.Фрукты дешевые в этом
сезоне, особенно яблоки, бананы и сливы. 4.Раньше люди
привозили фрукты из Крыма и Кавказа. Сейчас их при
возят в основном из Латинской Америки, Африки, Ита
лии, Греции. 5.Положи фрукты в корзину, пожалуйста.
^.Говорят, что нужно есть те ^фрукты, которые произрас
тают там, где вы живете. (7/К ак будет п о-ф ран ц узски
107
«Плоды обучения»? 8.Фруктовый салат состоит из раз
личных фруктов. 9.В августе созревают различные фрук
ты. Ю.На наших рынках теперь можно увидеть множество
экзотических фруктов. 11. В этом году мало фруктов. Но
это не проблема. Их завезут из-за рубежа. 12.Пьеса «Пло
ды просвещения» была написана А.Толстым. 13.Его зна
ния — плод долгой учебы. 14.Абрикос — очень полезный
фрукт, особенно для сердца. 15.Теперь я могу полностью
насладиться плодами своего труда. 1 6 .- Какие фрукты вы
продаете? - Все, что хотите. 17.На севере культивируются
фрукты, которые не боятся холода. 18.Фрукты и овощи —
основная еда вегетарианцев. 19.У нас кончились фрукты.
Надо идти на рынок. 20.Различные фрукты используются
в косметических целях.
109
III. Maggie led ... way into ... kitchen. This was ... medi
um-sized room with two adjoining pantries, ... couple of small
windows, and ... beamed ceiling. It overlooked ... vegetable
garden, ... old stone wall, and, to ... right, ... cutting garden.
IV. H er husband Peter was thirty-eight years old. He
w a s ... slim, attractive man in his prime. He had ... genial per
sonality, ... natural charm , and was popular both with his
friends and clients. ... brilliant lawyer, he had become highly
successful in ... past few years, and ... success sat well on him.
He was ... doer and ... achiever, and he had ... career he loved.
V. Nora had ... good sense of humour, laughed a lot, and
she was ... truly feminine woman. For all her ability and ta
lent, strength and independence she was not ... hard person.
J u s t ... opposite.
VI. “Gwen is ... good sort, awfully kind and considerate,
and she doesn’t have ... bad word for anybody, or ... bad bone
in her body,” Diana said. “ But she’s as eccentric as hell!” An
drew exclaimed. “She has ... genuine character.”
§ 4. РАСПОЛОЖЕНИЕ АРТИКЛЯ
no
ticket for the dance. 19.Double-idecker is a bus that has two
floors. 20.The house was half mile away. 21.Half minute, let
me write it down. 22.1 can’t understand whether it’s a lie or
half-truth. 23.H alf dinner got burnt again. 24.They had to
part with double bed they had had for years. 25.What kind of
house would you like to buy? 26.Too much study has sent
many strong men to an early grave.
Проверьте себя
Упражнение 91. А. Вставьте в пропуски артикль, если это необхо
димо.
The Golden Fish
Once upon ... time, on ... island of Buyan, there stood
... small tumble-down cottage, and in that cottage d w e lt... old
man and woman. They lived in ... great poverty. ... old man
caught ... fish with ... net, and ... old woman sat in ... ragged
sarafan, spinning ... wool. One day ... man caught ... small
fish, but it was not ... ordinary fish, it was ... golden one. And
it spoke in ... human voice, “Let me go, back to ... deep blue
sea, ... old man! I’ll do whatever you wish.” ... old man said,
“I don’t need anything from you,” and threw ... golden fish
into ... water and w e n t... home. He told his wife that ... great
miracle had happened to him and that he was sorry for ...Jflsh
and set it free from his net. ... woman grew angry and cursed
... old man from morn till night. “You could have asked for
... bread at least,” she yelled at him.
In ... despair ... unhappy fisherman went down to ... sea
shore; coming to ... sea-edge he shouted in ... loud voice,
“Fish, oh fish! Stand with your tale on ... sea and your head
facing m e.” >.. fish came swimming to ... shore, listened to
... old m an’s wish and promised him plenty of food. When he
came into ... house, there was plenty of bread in it, b u t ... old
woman was angrier than ever and said that her tub was
ill
leaking and she couldn’t do ... washing. So she needed ... new
wash-tub badly. Back went ... man to ... sea. “ Fish, oh fish!”
he shouted. Up swam ... golden fish. “What do you need,
... my friend?” it asked. “ ... old woman sent me again, she
wants ... new wash-tub.”
В.
Три девицы под окном
Пряли поздно вечерком.
“Кабы я была царица, —
Говорит одна девица, —
То на весь крещеный мир
Приготовила б я пир”.
- “Кабы я была царица, -
Говорит ее сестрица, —
То на весь бы мир одна
Наткала я полотна”.
- “Кабы я была царица, -
Третья молвила сестрица, -
Я б для батюшки-царя
Родила богатыря”.
Только вымолвить успела,
Дверь тихонько заскрипела,
И в светлицу входит царь,
Стороны той государь.
Во все время разговора
Он стоял позадь забора;
Речь последней по всему
Полюбилася ему.
“Здравствуй, красная девица, -
из
Говорит он, — будь царица
И роди богатыря
Мне к исходу сентября.
Вы ж, голубушки-сестрицы,
Выбирайтесь из светлицы.
Поезжайте вслед за мной,
Вслед за мной и за сестрой:
Будь одна из вас ткачиха,
А другая повариха” .
(А. С. Пушкин)
115
anything. At th at m om ent old Mrs. Loveday came into
... room. She looked down a t ... broken pieces and a l l ... mon
ey on ... floor. Lucy waited to be scolded. But ... old woman
laughed happily. “So that ugly pig is broken at last, and I can
g e t ... money out of him. You know, I lo s t... key ages ago. But
I ’m glad to see such ... ugly creature go, and to get my money.
You have done me ... good turn!”
“Oh, I was so afraid to tell you ... truth, Mrs. Loveday!”
“You see, I ’m glad o f ... accident because I badly wanted
some money today. ... friend is coming to see me, and I want
to buy ... flour and ... currants and ... chocolate to bake ... big
cake for her. And you must certainly have ... nice big slice to
take home to tea, because you are n o t ... coward, b u t ... brave
good girl!”
{after Diana Catchpole)
116
... fall of the Roman Empire. 16. ... bright shirt like this one
may be all right for ... teenager, but not for me! 17.We don’t
know ... thing about them. 18.I’m taking up ... new post. If it
works out, I ’ll take ... post in September. 19.1 know ... good
actor when I see one. 20. ... fellow may be ... thief, or ... crim
inal.
117
... cars, some are on ... horses, some are on ... bicycles. Some
times nobody goes by for a long time. But listen I hear ... mu
sic on ... road. Run and see, little Sam! It might be ... friend.”
(to be continued)
118
Sam went home and said to his m other, “ I ’ve got
... friend, Mother, and it isn’t ... tiger, and it isn’t ... circus.
It’s ... boy called Philip.”
“T h at’s good,” said his m other. "... Tigers are good
friends for ... tigers. ... circus is everybody’s friend, but ... boy
i s ... best friend for ... boy.”
“I met him by ... river,” said Sam.
“ Oh, now ,” said Sam ’s m other, “ ... river brings all
things to those who wait.”
(after P. Lively)
B. ... king was ... middle-aged man and rather tall and
well-built, and had ... strong face. ... children liked his appear
ance. He was “every inch ... king” , though he was dressed
very simply in ... suit that reminded o f ... admiral’s uniform.
“W h a t... decent sort he looks,” said Jack to Molly. There was
... great cheer which came from ... hearts o f ... people in
... crowded hall. It was obvious that ... king was very popular.
119
^Упражнение 100. Вставьте в пропуски необходимый артикль.
A. ... speakers became visible, making their way through
... wood in which ... children were standing. One was
... young, fat, rosy-cheeked man, with a jolly smile, wearing
... white overall; he was clean-shaven and had ... high voice.
His companion was ... striking contrast to him, being old and
thin with ... long white beard; he was dressed in ... rich, dark-
coloured robe, and had ... num ber o f keys dangling from
... belt.
B. N o t ... sound came from ... cottage, and ... three peo
ple waited im patiently for ... second or two. Then Gian
knocked again on ... little brown door. ... sound o f ... knock
came clear in ... air. No answer. He lifted ... latch and pushed
... door open. They found themselves in ... old-fashioned
room with ... fireplace in ... farther comer, and in ... chair by
... fireplace there sat ... huddled-up figure.
C. ... children had ... refreshing wash, tlien sat down to
... well-spread table - ... hot t e a , ... toast and ... eggs,... brown
bread and ... butter, ... honey and ... fresh fruit. Over tea they
discussed ... latest news. While they were talking, they heard
... footsteps on ... garden path outside ... window, and then
came ... tap at ... door. Jack and Molly gave ... start. With
... shake of her head Miss Marigold said, “D on’t worry, it’s
... gatekeeper.”
121
probably, to keep the whip hand free to crack it over the backs
of oxen or horses.
The fact that the rest of Europe crossed on to the other
side, was N apoleon’s fault, if we are to believe some histori
ans. He was the man to decide that Europe should keep right.
The custom extended through much of Africa and the West
Indies as well part of the Far East, such as Malaysia, Indone
sia and Singapore. Japan, however, stands out as a nation that
shares the British lean to the left without really any need to do
so. Why, again, is a mystery.
Making the change to the right would be impossible for
this country. Sweden was the last nation to do it, in 1967,
with a reasonable amount of chaos. Accidents jumped by 10
per cent amid much blowing of horns and arm-waving. Ima
gine the cost and the chaos in this country with its 25 million
vehicles. Billions of pounds would be needed to change traffic
lights and signs, motorway exits and even white lines. A mass
reeducation programme would be required.
So we are ju st stuck with it, which just means that
tourists need to take extra care when they are steering their
hired cars around M ajorca, Ibiza and the South o f France.
And if any locals sound their horns and accuse you of get
ting confused, just remind them that they are the ones who
are driving on the wrong side of the road, thanks to barmy
Bonaparte.
(from The Times, April, 2001)
122
15.too much of a good thing 16.one thing at a time 17.to be
a pillar of society 18.a drop in the ocean
С. Коммуникативное задание.
Используя приведенные выше фразы, побеседуйте с
партнером или же обсудите в группе предстоящие выборы
президента страны, директора школы. Предметом ди с
куссии могут быть также выборы ректора университета,
декана факультета, старосты курса, группы, класса.
123
Its very name reflects the fact that the Mediterranean
was rightfully perceived as “the centre of the world” - even if
other bodies of water began playing important roles after the
11th century.
For example, the Vikings vigorously plowed their northern
waves westward all the way to America, as well as eastward
through a maze of Russian tributaries clear down to the Black Sea.
Even more pronounced was the influence of the G er
man traders who controlled the Baltic and North Seas eco
nomically and militarily from the 12th century to the 15th
century.
During the 16th century the Atlantic Ocean emerged as
the leading arbiter of world trade and for that reason also of
the international politics. From the mid 19th century and un
til the 1970s, the Atlantic was economically, politically and
culturally pre-eminent.
During the last three decades the commercial centre has
shifted to the Pacific Ocean. The booming economies in the
Far East, the American West C oast’s increasing economic
dom ination in the U nited States, and the rapidly growing
trade between Asia and America all signal the beginning of a
new hegemony on the World Seas.
Any sea can be frozen economically during a particular
period of time, to thaw out only with a change in the prevailing
political climate. The Baltic Sea is a good case in point. For 70
years the Baltic was closed by an iron curtain which froze com
merce between east and west. But lately the world’s interest in
the Baltic region has been on the rise and the Baltic region is
becoming one of Europe’s most important growth areas.
124
day by Turkey. 2.If you want to visit a city within the Arctic
Circle go to Murmansk, which is on the Barents Sea. 3.San-
Marino, which lies in the Apennine Mountains near the Adri
atic Sea, in northern Italy, is Europe’s oldest existing state. It
has a population of less than 20,000 people, most of whom
speak Italian. 4.The Virgin Islands (the Caribbean Islands)
were bought by the United States from Denmark in 1917 and
are now popular tourist centres. 5.Mount Ararat in eastern
Turkey is mentioned in the Bible as the place where N oah’s
Ark came to rest. 6.The Blue Nile, and the White Nile meet in
the Sudan to form the Nile. 7.The Monterey Peninsula juts out
into the Pacific Ocean halfway up the California coast. 8.At
the tip of Florida lies a string of islands stretching out into the
Gulf of M exico and much visited by tourists. They are the
Florida Keys, the largest of which is Key Jargo. 9.New York
City is situated at the mouth of the Hudson River on the East
coast o f the USA. The heart of New York is the island o f
Manhattan. 10.The Gulf Stream originates in the Gulf of
Mexico, swings around Florida, mixes with the North Atlantic
Drift and heads towards Europe. 11. Lake Titicaca which is
between Bolivia and Peru is the world’s highest large lake.
12.The Bermuda Triangle in the Atlantic Ocean is famous as
an area where ships and aircraft disappear under mysterious
circumstances. 13.The Pan American Highway runs along the
Andes of South America. 14.The Colorado River flows
through the Grand Canyon. 15.In popular sea tales the Sar
gasso Sea is a place where huge masses of seaweed entangle
ships and prevent them from escaping. 16.The Lake District
surrounded by the gentle Cumbrian Mountains is known for
its fifteen picturesque lakes. 17. If you want to enjoy a little
rest, follow me to an island where it’s always calm, and men
are never in a hurry, where the women never grow old, where
the sun stays longer in the sky than anywhere else. This island
is Majorca. 18.A lake is a lake, a river is a river, a pond is a
pond. But a “lake” in Iowa may be a “pond” in New England.
A “river” in Ireland may be a “stream ” in Brazil. 19.New
125
Caledonia is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It is a tropical
heaven in the South Seas. 20. Rainbow Bridge is the largest
natural stone arch in the world, located in southern Utah.
21.The travellers saw an oasis in the Gobi, but it was a mirage.
22.There are thousands of fsles in Oceania. Tahiti is one of
them. 23.(ITie) Niagara Falls are one of the wonders of the world.
24.“The Magnolia” won the race on the Mississippi. 25.The Val
ley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens are in Egypt.
127
2 l.The Forbidden City is located in Beijing (Peking), the ca
pital of China. It was so named because it was the residence of
the Emperor and very few people could visit it. 22.The Great
Wall in China stretches for some 1,500 miles. 23.Stonehenge
is located on Salisbury Plain, in southern England. 24.Travel-
lers to Peru can see one of the most remarkable archaeological
ruins in the Americas — a mountain citadel built by the an
cient Incas. 25.Shall we meet in Regent Street or on Trafal
gar Square? — Parliament Square suits me best. 26.In the
mornings she used to read “Vogue” and he usually read “The
Mirror”. 27.Who will come to power at the next elections: the
Democratic or the Liberal Party?
128
Charing Cross is one o f the oldest spots in London.
Once there was a small village in that place. The villagers were
charing wood, making charcoal of it. That is why the village
was named Charing. Centuries ago an English Queen died
outside London. Her husband wanted her body to be taken to
Westminster Abbey and buried there. At every place where
the funeral procession stopped, a wooden cross was erected.
The last place was at Charing and since then the place has
been called Charing Cross.
A reproduction of that last cross can be seen at the en
trance to Charing Cross Railway Station. Nowadays Charing
Cross is known by its bookshops where one can buy books in
different languages and of new and old editions.
No one, however, can explain “ Soho” convincingly.
The legend goes, that in the old days there used to be green
fields there and people around went fox-hunting a great deal.
When a hunter saw a fox, he called to the dogs “ S o -H o ” ,
“So-Ho”! Now Soho is the district where one can see people
of different types, hear them speak different languages. It is
famous for its different restaurants.
There are some short streets in Soho in which six or
seven restaurants of different national cooking stand one after
another in a line. One can have breakfast in a Greek restau
rant, dinner in an Italian and supper in an American. These
are only a few examples, but all London’s long past history
can be told by its streets’ and districts’ names.
129
... Sheremetyevo Airport? — Yes, it does. 7.You can say what
ever you like in ... Speaker’s Corner in ... Hyde Park. 8.You
can get a ticket to ... Moscow International Festival at the ki
osk next to ... G U M . 9.Who built ... St. Basil’s Cathedral?
10.Most news comes from ... BBC and ... CNN. 11. ... Buck
ingham Palace, ... Trafalgar Square, ... Houses of Parliament,
... Tower of London, Tower Bridge, ... National Gallery are
the usual sights in ... English capital. 12. ... Friary Centre is in
... Willow Street. 13.The capital o f ... China has two names:
... Beijing and ... Peking. 14. ... Mexico, ... New York, ... To
kyo are the biggest and the most polluted cities in the world.
15.The capital of ... Republic of San-Marino is ... San-Mari-
no. 16. ... London Zoo is the oldest in the world. 17. ... Char
ing Cross Bridge is a railway bridge which crosses ... Thames
in ... Central London. 18. ... Statue o f ... Liberty is a gift from
the French people to the A m erican people. It stands on
... Liberty Island in ... New York H arbour. 19.About 190
states are members o f ... U nited N ations Organization.
20.“ ... House Beautiful” is Britain’s Number One Home In
terest magazine. 21.When in ... Vienna, I went to v isit... Sig
mund Freud museum.
130
France. In 1805 he destroyed the French fleet at the battle of
Trafalgar, where he was killed. His famous ship, The Victory,
can be visited at Portsmouth.
4.Big Ben, in fact, is the name of the largest bell in this
clock, but most people call the clock Big Ben. The clock is in
the tower of the Houses of Parliament. Big Ben weighs
13 tons, was made in 1858 and was named after Sir Benjamin
Hall. The sound of Big Ben is broadcast daily all over the
world by the BBC.
5.The Lowlands are in the south of Scotland. The High
lands are in the North. But the Lowlands are not flat. They
are more hilly than most parts of England.
6.Tower Bridge in London is a bridge over the River
Thames. It is near the Tower of London and is the last bridge
over the Thames before the sea. The road opens in the middle
to allow ships to pass.
7.Aberdeen, on the north-east coast of Scotland is an
important fishing port, and is now also the centre of the North
Sea oil industry. It has a university and is called “the granite
city” because many of its buildings are made of granite.
131
Cathedral 16.Wailing Wall 17.Middle East 18.Southern Africa
19.Roman Empire 20.Miami Airport 21.Nobel Prize 22.Re
public of Ireland 23.Athens 24.Winter Palace 25.Republican
Party 26.Eiffel Tower 27.N ational Association of Teachers
28.Alaska 29.Village of Sosnovka 30.Central Asia
132
11. Germany k. Barcelona — Paella —
Bullfighting - Art -
Juan Carlos
12. Ireland (EIRE) 1. Islands — Parthenon —
Onassis — Moussaka —
Socrates
13. Austria m. Brussels — Chocolate —
Tintin — Beer — Capital
of Europe
14. Portugal n. Wine - Paris -
Jerard Depardieu — Food —
Fashion
15. Luxembourg o. Rome — Pasta — Shoes —
Art — Pavarotti
133
bottom left-hand corner of the map, and found them off the
coast o f ... Argentina.
E. ... Oxford is situated in ... south of... England, about
fifty miles north-west of ... London. The oldest university in
... United Kingdom is situated in ... Oxford on ... Thames. It
was founded in the thirteenth century. The oldest university
in ... Europe is ... University of Bologna in ... Italy, founded in
the eleventh century. The second oldest is ... University of
Salamanca in ... Spain, founded in 1218, the third oldest in
the world is ... Oxford University.
F. W hether on a remote island in ... Indian Ocean or at
... Marine Museum in ... Florida, whether in a small village in
... Africa, or ... Mexico, or in a remote corner o f ... Tibet;
whether in ... Pacific Ocean, or in ... ancient hills o f ... Paki
stan, the coral reefs of ... Brazil, or the volcanoes of ... Ha
waii, you will marvel at the puzzle of the history and diversity
of life on ... Earth.
134
поедете в Египет, то увидите Нил и знаменитые пирами
ды. 15.В мире есть несколько морей, названия которых
обозначают цвета: Ж елтое море, К расное море, Белое
море и Черное море. 16. Все американские космические
корабли стартуют с космической базы, которая располо
жена на мысе Канаверал. 17. К расное море находится
между Северной Африкой и Аравийским полуостровом.
135
R haeto-Rom anic. The capital of Switzerland is Berne. The
Aare River curves sharply around the city centre of Berne.
10.And so summer went. I wandered for four months across
the continent, through Britain and Ireland, through Scandi
navia, G erm any, Switzerland, Austria and Italy. 11. In this
glorious continent I had a four-day visit to Copenhagen, three
trips to Brussels and a brief swing through the Netherlands.
12.We reached the dock and our train was shunted onto the
ferry, the Karl Carstens. 13.1 took a morning train to Bern.
Bern is built on the River Aare. 14.1 wasn’t going to miss the
chance to see Aosta and M ont Blanc. How could I have come
this far and failed to travel through the heart of the Alps?
15.The boys were notoriously red-necked. They were making
their way by thumb from Berlin to India.
136
включает в себя Норвегию, Ш вецию, Ф инляндию , Д а
нию и Исландию. 20.Эгейское море отделяет Грецию от
Турции.
138
ver on the globe? Do you know what the second longest is?
16.What is the difference between a channel and a canal?
Name the most famous ones. 17.Name the country in Central
Europe with the highest population density. 18.What is the
most mysterious spot on the Earth’s surface? 19.There is a
famous city which is in danger of going under the water. What
is it? 20.What are the oldest books in the history of mankind?
2l.What are your favourite places in your city, country or in
the world?
139
a draw to tourists, visitors and investors. One of the principal
reasons for choosing the UK is the ‘common language’. Many
industrialists are more comfortable with English than French,
German or Spanish.
The success of English has nothing to do with anything
linguistic. Its spelling system, or lack of it, makes it more dif
ficult to relate spoken and written forms; its huge vocabulary
makes it hard to use and its apparently simple grammar is full
of difficulties. I t’s not very much like other languages, it is
a mongrel language.
The fate of English, as of any language, is determined by
a combination of power, politics, history and geography, and
not by its words or its sounds, or even, sadly, its literature.
The foundations of the global utility of English were laid in
the days of the Empire, and mainly by the economic success
o f that former colony, the United States of America.
English was requited as a medium. It was spoken round
the clock and round the globe, and especially by important
people. Education, religion, law and other colonial imports
were offered in English. When independence came, and as the
newly-independent countries considered their language poli
cies, most maintained English in a central position.
There is a Babel of varieties of English worldwide. If eco
nomic and political power was the only force in determining
language use, then the world would be speaking American Eng
lish. British English would be a relic of the past, like steam en
gines. But the British variety has shown a remarkable tenacity.
Of course, American English is very strong also, partic
ularly in South America and parts of Asia, while Australian
English is gaining passage in the Pacific rim. More and more
countries are reconciled to having at least two standards:
American and British English.
Joining the competition are the ‘Englishes’ of other eco
nom ic powers, particularly G erm any, which offers a very
serviceable form o f English that does not have the native-
speaker tag on it.
140
There is, of course, a down side to this, and it is that
British people are pretty reluctant to learn anyone else’s lan
guage, when they can do almost anything in English. The
courtesy of using the native language of a colleague, client or
customer is still not available to most educated people from
this once-island.
Scholars might just have a small say in what happens
next. British English is famous for its monuments, like the big
dictionaries and grammars that help to establish standards.
Nowadays it is huge com puter-held collections of language
texts that form the reference points. In this area Britain is
leading the way with corpora like the Bank o f English at
Cobuild in this University, now 323 million words in length,
available to answer most conceivable queries about the world’s
favourite language.
(by John Sinclair, Professor o f Modem English Lan
guage and Editor o f the Collins COBUILD series o f dictionar
ies and language publications. April, 2001)
141
the accent and dialect o f Newcastle are called “Geordie”,
w hich is som etim es difficult to understand. 7.As well as
English, there are three other languages in the UK. Today,
only a few thousand people speak each o f them. They are:
Cornish (in C ornw all), Welsh (in W ales), and Gaelic (in
parts o f western Ireland and northern Scotland). 8.English
has been called “a world language” for more than a century
and a half. 9.French was once the language of the Russian
court.
143
6. ... Jones and ... Smith are two common British surnames.
7. ... Lovedays? Oh yes, we know them well. 8. ... England of
the 21st century is very different from ... England of our days.
9.Well, mine is ... Lincoln. lO.The National Gallery bought
... Constable at the auction. 11.They are calling this singer
... new Elvis. 12.Have you g o t ... Collins that I could borrow?
13.Like ... true M organ she would not lose any money.
14. - I see you bought a new book of poetry, is i t ... Byron? -
No, it’s ... Keats, and ... very expensive one. 15. ... Sergeant,
can I ask you to help me? 16.“You are ... real Childe Ha
rold!” — “And you are ... Don Juan!” 17.“What a bright pull
over!” — “Yes, it’s ... B enetton.” 18.Do you know who in
vented ... Pullman? 19.This actor got ... Nika for this film.
20.The concert hall b o u g h t... new Petroff. 21.We have ... very
good supplies manager, ... Mr. Edwards. 22.“Danny, you are a
classical composer, God knows, you may be ... modern Mo
zart.”
144
стань вести себя так! Ты не Скарлетт, а я не Ретт. 13.Да ты
просто Джеймс Бонд! 14.0н говорит, что у него дома есть
Калашников. 15.Девочка хочет, чтобы Дед Мороз принес
ей Барби на Новый Год. 16.Лорд Сэндвич изобрел бутерб
род. 17.Перепуганная М арина ответила на телефонный
звонок. 18.Теперь у нас в библиотеке есть полная «Британ-
ника», и это нас всех очень радует. 19.— Няня дома? — Она
отправилась с мамой за покупками. 2 0 .- Какой красивый
магазин! — Да, это Валентино.
145
a world where everything was exactly where you wanted it to
be. Imagine a world o f elegance and efficiency designed to
make your life easier. A world to suit you. 6.A gentle wind
whispered in the trees. 7.Bill got off the train under a stormy,
dark yellow sky. 8.The lighted area of a full moon is twice as
large as that of a first-quarter or a third-quarter moon. 9.Ve-
nus is a planet second in order from the Sun. Mars is a planet
fourth in order from the Sun. Jupiter is the largest planet of
the solar system, orbiting about the Sun between Mars and
Saturn. 10.We are probably all familiar with pictures shov/ing
the rings of Saturn. Do you know that Uranus and Jupiter
also have ring systems? 11.By God, he would not have missed
the scene for the world.
146
he could see the blue sea on it, and the lands like green and
brown patches. He saw these things through the streaks o f
drifting clouds. Yes, and he could see day and night chasing
each other round the world, and ships sailing and coming
back to where they started, and he thought what a beautiful
world it was, and how wonderful it would be if it were really
round. Why, just think — you could start off from here and
run like lightning, leap from wave to wave, step over forests
and lakes and mountains, and be back here again before you
could wink. But with a flat world you’d just fall over the edge.
The little boy woke up and saw the wallpaper of his own
room. He had been in bed dreaming. Later, as the boy ate his
breakfast, he asked his mother, “Which is it most beautiful for
worlds to be ... flat or round?” “It depends,” his mother an
swered, “on what you think yourself.” “I ’m sure round worlds
are nicer after all,” the little boy said thoughtfully. And they
smiled a secret smile at each other.
{after M.Mahy)
147
... old moon. 17.There was such ... freezing cold wind, and
such ... heavy rain, that we all stayed indoors. 18.She demands
t h a t ... world should accept her as she is. 19. ... light wind was
carrying the smell of the gas away from the hotel. 20.There is
... good wind for boating today.
148
Упражнение 131. Вставьте в пропуски артикли, если это необхо
димо.
The Planets and Their Names
Our solar system is a small part o f ... Galaxy. ... Universe
includes billions o f ... galaxies. Our galaxy is called ... Milky Way.
We can see stars and planets from ... Earth. There are
ten principal planets: ... Sun and ... Moon, ... Mercury, ... Ve
nus, ... Mars, ... Jupiter, ... Saturn, ... Uranus, ... Neptune,
... Pluto. The names of the planets came from Greek and Ro
man gods and goddesses.
Astrology uses ... ten principal planets to describe peo
ple’s personality.
... Sun is the giver of life to our solar system. ... Moon
regulates Earth’s oceans and human emotions. ... Moon sym
bolizes ... world of dreams, feelings and mysteries.
... Mercury is ... small, speedy planet closest to ... Sun.
It’s named after the winged messenger of the gods in Roman
mythology.
... Venus takes its name after the Goddess Venus, who is
traditionally associated with love and beauty.
I f ... Venus is a female sym bol,... Mars is a biological male
symbol. ... planet has the reddish appearance in the night sky.
... Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system.... Jupiter
was the king of the gods, thus it gives optimism and good luck.
... Saturn is a dark, cold and fatal planet.
The people, ruled by ... Uranus, are characterized by
spontaneous and impulsive energy.
... Neptune is a watery planet. ... Neptune was the king
of the sea in classical Roman mythology.
... Pluto is ... only planet, which rules money, power and
sexuality.
... nine planets, ... Earth as well, revolve around the star
named ... Sun.
... Earth is ... only planet in ... Galaxy, where animals,
plants and human beings can live.
149
Упражнение 132. Употребите необходимые артикли в тексте и пе
рескажите его.
The Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be ... inventor;
he wanted to be ... musician o r ... teacher o f ... deaf people. Alex
ander’s mother was ... painter and ... musician. His father was
... well-known teacher. He developed ... system that he called
“Visible Speech”, which he used to teach ... deaf people to speak.
In 1863, when Alexander was only sixteen, he became
... teacher in ... boys’ school in Scotland. He liked teaching
there; but he still wanted to become ... teacher of... deaf people.
In 1868 ... terrible thing happened to ... Bell family.
Alexander’s two brothers died of tuberculosis. Then Alexander
became ill with ... same disease.... doctor suggested ... better cli
mate, and ... whole family moved to Canada. Alexander could
not work for ... year, but he continued his experiments with
... sound. He became interested in ... telegraph, and he tried to
find ... way to send ... musical sounds through ... electric wires.
After ... year of rest, Alexander was offered ... job at
... School for the Deaf in Boston. He was so successful that he
was able to open his own school when he was only twenty-five.
Alexander became interested in finding ... way to send
... human voice through ... electric wire. He found ... assistant,
Tom Watson, who worked in ... electrical shop and knew a lot
about building ... electric machines. They worked together to
build ... machine t h a t ... people could use to talk to one anoth
er over long distances.
One day, when Tom was alone in ... room, he heard
... voice. ... voice was coming through ... wire to ... receiver on
... table! ... voice was Alexander Bell’s! It was saying, “Come
here, Mr.Watson! I want you!”
... first permanent telephone line was built in Germany
in 1877. And in 1878 first telephone exchange was established
in New Jersey. By 1915 ... coast-to-coast telephone line was
opened in ... United States.
150
Упражнение 133. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Объяс
ните употребление артиклей с выделенными словами.
l.The apple tree and the grape are the oldest fruit-trees.
2.The orange tree is twenty feet high and it gives from three to
four hundred oranges a year. The orange tree lives about
a hundred years. The older trees give better fruit than the
younger ones. 3.1 suspect the apricot is the king of fruit. 4.The
azalea is truly an adaptable shrub as it will grow in all climates.
5.The most beautiful and' beloved member of the plant family,
the rose, is one of the oldest flowers in civilization. History
has, indeed, put the rose in a unique position among the flo
wers. No other has enjoyed such homage from so many diffe
rent cultures and regions of the globe. 6.“After we have won,
you must come to hunt.” - “To hunt what?” - “The boar,
the bear, the wolf, the ibex.” 7.White sheep from the m oun
tains of the Jukon, Alaska, and the north-west territories are
considered by many to be the w orld’s most beautiful wild
sheep. 8.Man is harsher than iron, harder than stone and
more delicate than a rose. 9.The park has given way to a beau
tiful forest, where man comes and goes as a visitor. 10.When
ancient man banged two pieces of metal together and found
that he liked the sound, he started a trend. Now, thousands of
years later, people all over the world are still enjoying the m u
sic of bells. 11. Some streets were lighted by electricity, and
Jamie heard that it was possible to talk to someone on the
other side of the town by means of a wonderful new machine,
the telephone.
152
goes to a prestigious school in Salisbury. 15.Usually he spends
summer in a nice little town on the Oka. 16.There is an old
military hospital in the area. 17.Frightened by loud voices, the
dog hid under the bed. 18.The school was kept by two gentle
men who did very little work. 19.The staff of the hospital has
a good reputation for perform ing transplant operations.
20.There is a good library in the prison. 21.He is in town to
promote the film. 22.The springs of the bed were old metal
heavy ones.
153
Упражнение 137. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Объяс
ните употребление артиклей с выделенными словами.
1.Today, in the mail, we all got our summer reading lists
for school. 2 .This m orning, she stayed in bed until noon.
3.School starts again in just about three weeks! How did that
happen? Where has summer gone? 4.1 like any kind of archi
tecture, from a stone church in Italy to a skyscraper in Chica
go. 5.She sat down heavily on the bed. 6.Mrs. Nichols lived
right next to the school. 7.The vicar conducted the service in
the church. 8.There’s no point in going to school if you are not
willing to learn. 9.After class, Sara came up to Ted. From
then on, their meetings after class became a ritual. 10. For
a few days, the school could talk o f little but the incident.
11.1 went to a very good school. 12.There is a small cemetery
behind the church. 13.As they entered November, the weather
turned very cold. The mountains around the school became icy
gray.
§ 8. АРТИКЛИ С СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ,
ОБОЗНАЧАЮЩИМИ ПРИЕМЫ ПИЩИ
155
Упражнение 140. Вставьте в пропуски артикли, если это необхо
димо.
l.She went into the kitchen to fix ... cold lunch. 2.She
had no appetite for ... delicious dinner which Cora had
cooked. 3.The guests began arriving for ... wedding dinner.
4.1 won’t eat ... breakfast, it’s burnt again. 5. ... free brunch is
offered to children in Disneyland. 6.We took ... set-dinner
which cost ten pounds. 7.This is a serious matter, let’s discuss
it after ... dinner. 8.What would you like to have for ... lunch,
my dear? 9.Many celebrities were present at ... dinner in the
W hite House. 10.W ell, children, sit to table, ... dinner is
ready. 1 l.W hat about ... lunch? I ’m dying for a cup of tea.
12.What ... mouthwatering supper! 13.They organized ... cha
rity dinner for the homeless. 14.Do you have ... lunch at the
office or at the bistro nearby? 15.The University gave ... fare
well dinner to the graduates. 16. ... supper which she cooked
was uneatable. 17.Now I must rush to the kitchen and have
a look a t ... dinner. 18.Stephen cooked ... delicious meal for us
last night. 19.In many countries ... main meal is eaten in the
middle of the day. 20.On the first day of the vacation we all
slept late and then had ... huge brunch. 21.They had ... inti
mate little breakfast for two.
157
Упражнение 143. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Объяс
ните употребление артиклей с выделенными словами.
l.I n this doctor’s opinion, it is essential to eat a big
breakfast. 2.We had a quick meal at the U nion Oyster
House. 3.And in parting, he added, “ Have a good break
fa st.” 4. She had the cook prepare a cold supper o f salad,
smoked salmon, cold meats and chicken, cheeses and fresh
fruit - the things he enjoyed the most. 5 .He had a hasty
lunch in a caf6 near Fiftieth Street. 6. She was too lazy to
make lunch. 7.Dinner was served from the buffet and people
were w andering around w ith plates o f food. 8 .On the
evening after D anny’s last appearance in Berlin, von Kara
jan arranged a midnight supper at the Kempinski with the
director-general o f D eutsche G ram m ophone Records. The
next morning Danny had a five-album contract. 9.Suddenly
making a decision, taking control of the situation, he said in
a firm voice, “ Let’s go. I ’ll take you to lunch. I know a good
place for a hamburger or a salad, whichever you prefer.” -
“ G ood id e a ,” she responded. “ I ’m starving.” 10.It was a
most extraordinary meal, but then we always had a most
elaborate dinner. 11.As soon as I am free, we’ll have a quiet
meal and a good heart-to-heart talk.
159
Упражнение 146. Вставьте в пропуски артикли, если это необходимо.
Tea
Tea is ... extremely popular tipple.
Who made ... first cup of ... tea? Give up? Okay, it was
... Chinese Emperor called Shen Nung. He made it by mis
take. While ... emperor was sitting under ... tree, ... leaf fell
into his boiling pot of water and, hey presto, ... quick drink.
We have been drinking ... tea for hundreds of years, but
... tea bags were invented only in 1953. ... Tea was first sold as
... health-giving drink to cure ... headaches, to improve
... sight, and help ... kidneys.
Today ... tea is still ... very natural thing which contains
tiny amounts o f ... vitamins and ... minerals. It does contain
... caffeine, which acts as ... stimulant to ... nervous system.
...herbal teas are by no means new. As they don’t come
from ... tea bush they’re not strictly “tea” at all, b u t ... tisanes,
which are made in ... same way as ... everyday tea. You can
make ... herbal teas from ... dried or ... fresh leaves, ... flowers,
... roots or ... seeds and, unlike ... normal tea, they are caf
feine-free. You can take them for sore throats, headaches and
indigestion. They are also used as ... nature beauty lotions for
use on ... skin and ... hair and ... cold tea bags are ... great re
lievers for ... tired eyes.
All tea comes from ... bush called Camellia Sinensis. It
originates from ... China and parts of ... India, but depending
on where ... bush is grown, also on ... soil and ... climate,
... flavour o f ... tea can vary enormously.
§ 9. АРТИКЛИ С СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ,
ОБОЗНАЧАЮЩИМИ ВРЕМЯ СУТОК И ВРЕМЕНА ГОДА
161
changed it. He changed the names of all his daughters and
called them January, February, M arch till he came to the
youngest, who was called August, and the next one was called
September.
“That only leaves October, November and December,”
said the Queen. “And after that we shall have to begin all over
again.”
“No, we shan’t,” said the King, “because I think twelve
daughters are enough for any man and after the birth of dear
little December I shall have to cut off your head.”
He cried bitterly when he said this, for he was ex
trem ely fond of the Queen. O f course it made the Queen
very sad because she knew that the King would be very much
depressed if he had to cut off her head. And she would not
like it either. But it so happened that there was no need for
eith er o f them to worry because Septem ber was the last
daughter they ever had. The Queen only had sons after that,
and they were called by the letters of the alphabet, so there
was no cause for anxiety for a long time, since she had only
reached the letter J.
{after W. Somerset Maugham)
162
broke, we were ready to act. 16.On ... rainy October evening
he parted with Frankie. 17.We were caught up by ... sunset
on a narrow path in the wood. 18.Light the candle on
... balmy summer evening. 19.At the height o f ... w inter it
suddenly rained hard. 2 0 .She worked from ... dawn to
... dusk but earned little money. 21.Around ... noon she fi
nally called me. 22. ... night is young and tender. 23.Do you
think we’ll have ... early spring?
164
В. Коммуникативное задание.
Расскажите или обсудите в группе, какие времена
года вы любите и почему.
166
рано по утрам. Утро было прохладное, но солнечное. К а
кое хорошее утро! Мы доберемся до станции к утру.
2. Наступил день. Это был туманный день, день на
шего отъезда. День был дождливым. Что ты обычно дела
ешь в течение дня? И нцидент произош ел пасмурны м
сентябрьским днем.
3.Был полдень. Полдень — это 12 часов. Домохозяй
ки стараются сделать все покупки до полудня. Посетитель
появился лишь в полдень.
4.Было послеполуденное время. Мы любим пить чай
после полудня. Маленькие дети обычно спят в послеполу
денное время. Мы посвятили послеполуденное время
чтению.
5.Был вечер. Был морозный крещенский вечер. Ве
чер был теплый. Был поздний вечер. Мне всегда хочется
спать по вечерам. Ты пойдешь на прогулку вечером? Мы
закончим все к вечеру.
6.Наступила ночь. Была ночь. Была тихая звездная
ночь. Я люблю смотреть на звезды ночью. Н очь была
тиха. Буря продолжалась всю ночь. Мы отправились туда
в субботу вечером (субботним вечером). У меня ночное
дежурство сегодня. Его охраняют день и ночь. Я целый
месяц не ложился спать рано.
7 .Восход — это время, когда всходит солнце. Мы
пили, смеялись, болтали до рассвета. Это означает зарю
(начало) новой эры.
8.Весна — это время года между зимой и летом. Вес
ной становится теплее. Он уехал весной 1996 года. Париж
прекрасен весной. Осень — это пора свадеб. Была ранняя
весна. Была поздняя осень.
167
Проверьте себя
Упражнение 156. Решите английский кроссворд.
168
8.Old harp-like instrument. (4) 10.Obligation that unites peo
ple. (3) 13.A humble dwelling. (3) 14.A shaft of light or
hope. (3) 16.Speak. (5) 17.Tattered clothing. (4) 18.Gesture
of obeisance or politeness. (3) 21.Groove. (3) 22.An individu
al person or thing. (3).
169
B. Clee placed ... large wooden tray on ... coffee table in
... middle o f ... library. With ... wry smile he said, “I’m afraid
this was the best I could do.” Nicky scanned ... food and be
gan to laugh. “Oh, Clee, how marvellous! You’ve managed to
find some of my favourites. ... peanut butter, ... rye bread, and
... grape jelly to go with it. ... tuna salad sandwiches, and
... bacon, ... lettuce and ... tom ato, ... pickled cucumbers,
... H ellmann’s mayonnaise. Where did you get all this? Espe
cially ... rye bread?” C lee’s m outh twitched with laughter.
“ ... rye came out of... freezer, and ... rest out of... pantry.
N ow ,” — he picked up ... can of Coke, pulled ... tab, and went
on — “how about one of these to wash it all down?” — “I ’d
love it.”
(after “Remember” by B. Bradford)
B. Many years ago there lived ... boy in ... America who
was called John Chapman. ... boy loved ... flowers, ... trees and
... woods, and he knew all about ... beasts and birds who lived
in them. Once as he was happily eating ... apple he thought
how wonderful it would be to fill a l l ... countryside with ... ap
ple-trees, which were his favourite ones. So when ... man
grew up, he began planting ... apple-seeds wherever he went,
up and down ... country. But once, on ...b itte r winter day,
when ... snow covered all ... beloved apple-trees which he had
planted, he caught ... cold and fell ill. Luckily some Indians
who knew and loved John, saved him.
Then, on ... sunny morning John Chapman opened his
eyes and saw ... people, who had saved him. He went out into
... fields where ... snow had already melted. On and on he
went, planting ... beautiful seeds wherever he could. ... great
planter always slept in ... open air, cooked ... simple food and
made ... friends with ... animals. He was sure “that i f ... man
and ... nature lived in ... harmony, it would make ... world bet
ter, much better.” He was known to the settlers in ... New
172
World as ... kind and ... happy man who had made ... country
side rich with ... beautiful trees where once there was nothing
but ... bare brown earth.
173
referred to as “the old man of the mountains” , is not really
a goat. It is an antelope. 6.The belladonna (“a beautiful lady”)
plant is both useful and dangerous to humans. An extract from
the plant is used by eye doctors. On the other hand, the ber
ries of the belladonna are poisonous. 7.A flying fish can project
itself through the air at a speed of about thirty-five miles per
hour. 8.A (the) writer must never forget who he or she is writ
ing for. 9.A spectacled bear inhabits parts o f the Andes
Mountains. 10.The capuchin is the most familiar of the New
World monkeys. 1l.The cockroach is believed to be the oldest
insect on (the) Earth. 12.The Australian coala bear feeds
mostly on the leaves of the eucalyptus tree. 13.A seahorse is
a most fascinating ocean dweller. 14.That’s the teacher speak
ing in you, don’t be so categoric. 15.And there was still quite
a lot of the actor in him.
174
5.A true symbol of the frozen north is ... polar bear. 6 .... owl has
become a fictional symbol of wisdom. 7. ... tropical Mimosa is a
very sensitive plant. 8. ... otter can be now found only in the
north of Britain. 9. ... Alaskan moose is the largest member of
the deer family. 10. ...Atlantic salmon is called the “King of
Fish”. 11. ... sea cow is not a cow at all. 12. ... opossum can de
fend himself very cleverly. 13. ... coyote is the most widely dis
tributed animal in the world. 14.God made ... man and ... wom
an. 15.Galileo was the first astronomer to use ... telescope to
study ... heavens. 16.Short is the life of... man! 17. ... man makes
... house,... woman makes ... home. 18.... metro first appeared in
London at the end of the nineteenth century. 19.... circus makes
people remember their childhood. 20. ... telegraph works on a
special alphabet, invented by Samuel Morse. 21.A tall, slender
man with ascetic features, and silver hair, Bruce looked every
inch ... English gentleman and ... member o f ... establishment.
175
1926 году. 19.0сновное средство передвижения в Амстер
даме — велосипед. 20.Доллар опять падает, а рубль растет.
177
2.Instead of relaxing you, TV actually leaves you more
tense than when you turned it on.
3.Television causes delayed language acquisition, loss of
creativity, poor health, depression and may cause attention
deficit disorder.
179
I said. “ She’s sort of half-running.” 4.Peter’s eyes blazed with
... vitality and ... curiosity. 5.The children looked like ... young
savages. 6.1t’s a gloomy day. Looks like ... rain. 7.With ... sick
shock I returned to my consciousness. 8.He spoke in ... easy,
friendly manner. 9.You are a strange child! Like ... old wo
man! lO.There was a funny little hat perched right on the top
of her head, like ... mushroom. 11.She says that her life was
like ... lonely night. 12.She addressed us in ... perfectly polite
way. 13.“ I am quite breathless with ... admiration. You look
like ... top model, darling!” 14.The kite caught the wind and
soared upward like ... huge blue bird. 15.1 realized with ... sat
isfaction that Ben was a bit deaf, deafer than me at any rate.
16.During their conversation he watched her in ...w orried
way. 17.The waves were throwing themselves against the
rocks in ...fury. 18.She was speechless with ...surprise.
19.Nell has a waist like ... sandclock. 20.We spoke in
... strange way as if something lay behind the words. 21.Look,
Officer. I ’m not drunk. I ’m as sober as ...judge. 2 2 .- So,
she’s giving you a hard time. - Actually, she’s going to go
away like ... good girl and not give me any further trouble.
180
Talkative as a Finn.
Humorous as a German.
Driving like the French.
Technical as a Portuguese.
Flexible as a Swede.
Famous as a Luxembourger.
Patient as an Austrian.
Controlled as an Italian.
Sober as the Irish.
Humble as a Spaniard.
Generous as a Dutchman.
Organized as a Greek.
182
as hard as... 13.It was as heavy as... 14.He was as ugly as...
15.It was as black as... 16.She was as white as... 17.He is as
slow as... 18.He is as merry as... 19.He is as brave as... 20.He
is as blind as... 21.He is as limp as... 22.He is as obstinate as...
23.It’s as old as... 24.1t’s as safe as... 25.He is as deaf as...
26.He is as drunk as...
184
voice. 7.At ... end o f ... path the flowers joined above our
heads. 8. ... flock of ... birds settled on ... roof of ... cathedral.
9. ... profile of ... young man reminded her of ... Greek god.
10.Many great ships found their final destination at ... bottom
of ... Pacific. 11.You can admire ... panorama of ... Florence
from ... top o f ... hill. 12.1 find him to have ... peculiar sense of
... responsibility. 13.1 used to live in ... big block of... flats. 14.1
have never heard ... word of ... truth from Betty. Have you?
15.The new life was like ... heavens of ... Paradise for him.
16.My Christmas gifts are safely hidden at ... bottom of ... big
bright box. 17. ...p ie ce of... inform ation that came with
morning mail is very timely. 18.The snow lay thick on ... roof
o f ... cottage. 19.Grandma’s stone deaf. You’ll have to shout
a t ... top o f ... your voice if you want her to hear you. 20.There
was ... expression of ... disgust on her beautiful face when she
saw a spider.
185
The stretch of the embankment behind the Savoy Hotel,
which they had just left, was as dark as pitch because of the
blackout regulations; not a crack of light was visible from
the hotel windows, and all the street lamps were doused for
the same reason. But the bright moon lighted their way, and at
one m om ent Mark lifted his eyes to the sky and said, “ It’s
perfect weather for flying, Teddy. I ’d love to be up there with
you in my plane, taking you for a spin right now. I t’s so
breathtaking on a night like this, awe-inspiring, really.” As he
spoke he looked down at her and caught his breath. In
the moonlight her face was clearly illuminated, and once again
he saw her adoring expression, and his heart missed a beat.
He pulled her to him tenderly, wrapped his arms around her
and kissed her fully on the mouth.
(after B.Bradford)
186
Упражнение 178. Вставьте в пропуски артикли, если это необхо
димо.
1.C oncorde can travel at twice ... speed o f ... sound.
2.... British politics has moved to ... left over ... last few
years. З.Н е led ...life o f crime from ...b irth to ...d e a th .
4.Do you remember ... day you came out of ... army? 5.We
went to see ...W estm in ste r Abbey. I th ink ...A bb ey is a
marvellous building. 6.Can ... foreigners get ... employment
in B ritain easily? 7 .T h e re ’s ...tim e and ...p la c e for
...things like that. 8. ... smoking is bad for ... health. 9.All
...cu sto m ers were disappointed by ...n ew s. 10.Invite all
...fam ily, ...m o re ...m errier! 11.There are more facilities
now for ...b lin d and ...hand icapp ed . 12.1 think ...p eo p le
wish ... government would do something about ... inflation.
13. ... cheapest place to get them is a shop on ... corner of
... King Street and ... Hanover Street. 14.They gave ... din
ner for ... whole staff just before ... Christmas. 15.Although
...price has gone up, ...quality is ...sam e as before. 16I’ve
got ... tape recorder, but not ... record player. 17. ... igno
rance o f ... law is no excuse. 18.1 got ... cold in ... winter. It
really was ... worst I ’ve ever had. 19.There will be ... reduc
tion o f 10% on ... list price if you can pay by ... end o f
...m o n th . 20. ...v a n d a lism is ...p ro b le m for ...s o c ie ty
throughout ... Europe. 21.Some o f ... England’s most spec
tacu lar scenery is in ... Lake D istrict, p articu larly n ear
... Lake W indermere. 22.At ... school I was quite good at
... chemistry but not at ... languages. 23. ... progress ... sci
ence has made in recent years has astonished even ... scien
tists themselves.
188
Упражнение 181. Д о п о л н и т е п ре дл ож ен ия ф р а з а м и из правой к о
лонки.
189
Упражнение 182. Переведите.
192
17. ... did the parents try to on sale
stop him. He wouldn’t
listen to them.
18. Sorry, I ’ve taken your keys off-hand
193
my father was up at six o ’clock. 17.1 found some wine in the
cellar, a litre bottle of Spanish red wine. 18.It was nearly four
years before she became Queen, yes, the Queen of Great Brit
ain. 19.Mr. Hugh Walker, leader of the Social and Democratic
Labour Party, opened the ceremony. 20.Disraelli was Prime
M inister twice. 21. Frank Taylor is Head of Department of
Computing. 22. Mr. Robinson is Dean of School of Education.
23.1 read a book about the true love-story that shook the world.
Edward VIII was King of Great Britain, King of Australia, and
King of 39 other countries... and all he wanted was to marry the
woman he loved. But his country said ‘No!’, because the wom
an he loved was already married. So, he had to choose: to be a
King, or to have love... and leave his country, never to return.
194
Упражнение 187. Вставьте в пропуски артикль, если это необходимо.
1. Megan Lively, ...professor of linguistics, studies the
slang of teenagers. 2.As part of the USA, Texas is governed by
... President and ... Congress. 3.A boy ran out, ... tall healthy
handsome boy, straight into the man’s arms. 4.Bobby and Sal
ly, ... sensitive children, were filled with excitement at seeing
the new toys. 5.Charles Freer, ... founder of the Freer Gallery
of Art, gave his collection to the United States. 6.Rebecca Bell,
... artist and ... cabinetmaker, specializes in hand-made kitch
ens. 7.Kate, ... leader of the group, didn’t want to give up any
authority. 8.The ring she wore was ordered by ... King George
the Sixth. 9 .Miss Honey smiled, ...sm ile o f pure pleasure.
10.D on married Felicia Scott, ... classmate o f C eleste’s.
11.There was once a miller, ...good and unremarkable man.
12.M any people spoke at the meeting: ... teacher Borodin,
... worker Ognev, ... professor Nikolayev, ... general Vetrov.
13.Colonel Baden-Powell, ...founder of the Boy Scout move
ment, was an Englishman. 14.The life o f ... Emperor Napoleon
still attracts a lot of attention. 15. ... President Bill Clinton
helped serve a traditional Thanksgiving meal to the homeless.
16.“Matilda” is a novel by Roald Dahl, ... famous English writ
er. 17. ... Princess Margaret is known for her charity work.
18.Mr. Stanley P ric e ,... antique dealer, lived on the top floor of
the shop. 19.Then he smiled at her, ... wide, warm smile that
showed his beautiful teeth. 20.Brian Thome is ... Head of De
partment of Sociology. 2 l.The English expedition was led by
... Captain Cook. 22.Mary was ... Queen of Scotland when she
was one week old. She was also ... Queen of France.
195
brating Victory Day in Europe. People were in the streets to
share their joy with their ecstatic fellow citizens on this na
tional holiday, which would forever after commemorate the
destruction of the most evil regime in the history of the world.
Teddy and Aunt Ketti were among the thousands of peo
ple who stood near the House of Commons, waiting for the
Prime Minister to make a speech. The crowds wanted to hear
this British bulldog, their beloved Winnie, their great leader -
possibly the greatest leader their country had ever known -
who had brought them to a victory hard won and honorable.
The roar of the crowd and the cheering were deafening,
when Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Britain, appeared
on the balcony of one of the government buildings at ten-
thirty that night, giving his famous V-for-Victory sign with his
right hand.
A sea of faces stretching for miles stared up at him. And
as he began to speak, Teddy and Ketti and the thousands
around them fell silent, and the most extraordinary hush of
reverence and respect descended on the streets of Whitehall.
“My dear friends , ” W inston Churchill began, “this is
your hour. This is not victory o f a party or o f any class. I t ’s
a victory o f the great British nation as a whole.” The Prime
M inister went on, “ The lights went out and the bombs came
down. But every man, woman and child in the country had no
thought o f quitting the struggle. London could take it. So we
came back after long months from the jaws o f death, out o f the
mouth o f hell. I say that in the long years to come not only will
the people o f this island but o f the world look back to what we’ve
done and they will say, (do not despair, do not yield to violence
and tyranny, match straight forward and die if need be — un
conquered.
Teddy discovered that tears were streaming down her
cheeks, and she fumbled with her handbag, to search for her
handkerchief, then mopped her wet cheeks.
“Are you all right, my dear?” Ketti asked, taking Ted
dy’s arm, peering into her face.
196
“ I ’m fine, Aunt K etti.” Teddy blew her nose and
blinked back her tears. “ Mr. C hurchill always manages to
move me with his words. He speaks such truths in his own
very special way, and he’s so reassuring and inspiring. There’s
no one like him.”
The Prime Minister finished speaking, waved and left the
balcony, and slowly the crowds began to disperse and stream
away, and the two women moved with them. It was growing late,
and Teddy and Ketti had had a long busy day, one that had been
thrilling but also wearing. Near Victoria Station they managed to
find a taxi and clambered in thankfully. They were glad to be by
themselves at last, and away from the milling crowds.
197
Упражнение 190. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Объяс
ните употребление артиклей с существительными в функции
приложения.
l.She was president and chief executive officer of the
cosmetics company. 2.Spike Lee, a young, outspoken produ-
cer-director, created a succession of angry comedies that mir
ror life on the mean streets o f black communities in New
York. З.Опе day, a Friday it was, there came a letter. 4.1t was
an extremely chic gathering, the creme de la creme of Parisian
society mingled with movie people. 5.He ran down the steps,
a broad smile shining on his cheerful face. 6.Willis, who plays
Korben Dallas, a 23rd century taxi driver who saves the uni
verse, was furious at the review in The Daily Telegraph. 7.Pe-
ter Bart, editor-in-chief of Variety, said that the review was
flattering. 8.Hilda, the housekeeper, met her on the stone
steps. 9.He held the position of First Secretary at the Embas
sy. 10.Since 1998 he has been a counsellor in the British For
eign Office. 11.Renata, a native of Prague, is manageress of an
Australian travel firm. 12.Tom Fitzgerald, a young film-maker
from Nova Scotia, found himself the toast of the town. 13.He
looked up at the ceiling, a thoughtful expression setting on his
face. 14.Many students study Latin, the mother of all the Ro
mance languages. 15.They had a meeting with Edgar Waldorf,
undisputed king of Broadway producers. 16.Swan Lake has al
ways been about the problems inherent in Royal marriage.
The Queen wants the Prince to marry a Princess, the Prince
wants to marry for love.
Проверьте себя
Упражнение 192. Прочитайте и последуйте данным вам советам.
Take Саге of Yourself
Learn to Laugh
Laughing helps relieve depression, pain and anxiety. It
gives every organ in the body a good workout, and it’s fun.
Learn to laugh heartily every day.
199
Broaden Your Horizons
Read widely. Newspapers, journals and magazines are all
great reading material if you find novels too heavy. Reading is
the best way to broaden your mind and keep yourself in
formed. And it’s great fun.
Fighting Fat
Remember: to lose fat, don’t eat fat. It’s as simple as that.
Take a Break!
When you feel tired and run down, take some time out and
have a holiday. Taking a break — even a very short one — is the
perfect way to recharge your batteries — your mind and body.
200
Just Say “No”
There is noting wrong with saying “N O ” . In fact, saying
“NO” once in a while is a m atter of survival, especially if
you’re too tired or have too many things to do. And don’t feel
guilty about it!
Think Young
If you feel old, you’re probably thinking old! Think
young, surround yourself with young people, engage in acti-
viteis which you enjoy. Feel a true love of life.
Solar Energy
On sunny days, try to spend a couple of minutes out
doors to catch a few rays o f sunlight. Sunlight gives you
a boost of vitamin D and makes you feel alive.
201
Упражнение 193. Объясните употребление артиклей с выделен
ными словами и словосочетаниями.
l.Time is long, life is short. 2.Times have changed.
3.Christmas is a time for giving. It’s party time! 4.Life still goes
on! 5.To lead a better life, I need my love to be here. 6.Who can
say how many lives were given for this victory? 7.There’s always
a “first love” in everyone’s life. 8.Memory is a person’s ability to
remember facts or past events. 9.Pat has a good memory for
names. 10.1 have the warmest memories of our friendship.
11.Experience is not required for this job. 12.lt was quite an ex
perience! It was the experience of a lifetime! 13.Andrew is study
ing law at Harvard University. 14.There is a law against stopping
on the motorway. 15.You can’t park here, it’s against the law.
16.Education should be a preparation for life. 17 A classical edu
cation won’t help you much in practical life. 18.Brian has neither
charm nor humour, but his brother has a boyish charm.
202
humans. 4.To succeed in life you need will/a will. 5.In her
youth she was beauty/a beauty. 6.We are looking for people
with experience/an experience. 7.1 need study/a study where
I can work quietly. 8.They are looking for work/a work at the
moment. 9.Speech/a speech is a manifestation of language.
10.Play/a play and no work will make you lazy. 11.H istory/
a history repeats itself. 12.G ram m ar/a gram m ar is taught
deeply in this school. 13.My father has French gram m ar/an
old French grammar. 14.F aith/a faith helps people to live.
15.N ature/a nature should be protected against pollution.
16.He was a man who lived for pleasure/a pleasure. 17.He has
nature/a nature like his grandfather’s. 18.It was pleasure/
a pleasure to talk to you. 19.Can you do me favour/a favour?
20.Get down to business/a business, all of you!
203
‘ Упражнение 197. А. Выберите правильный вариант в следующих
предложениях.
l.Stop patting me on my shoulder/the shoulder as if we
were old friends! 2.The snake bit him on the leg/his leg.
3.Munchausen pulled himself out of the water by the hair/his
hair. 4.1 argued with Sarah till I was blue in my face/the face.
5.She looked me straight in the eye/m y eye and told a lie.
6.He had a thorn in the foot/his foot. 7.Lena is always wear
ing a bracelet on her wrist/the wrist. 8.Look me in the face/
my face and tell me what is wrong. 9.Grandpa has a constant
pain in his back/the back. lO.The President had an operation
on his h eart/th e heart. 11.1 stepped on his foot/the foot.
12.1 shook him by his h a n d /th e hand. 13.She shook his
h a n d /th e hand. 14. D o n ’t take it in your head/the head!
15.For the first time in his life he was speaking from heart/
the heart.
В. Переведите.
I . O h посмотрел ей в лицо и все понял. 2.Выражение
его лица вдруг изменилось. 3.Перед лицом трудностей мы
должны объединиться. 4.0н а взяла ребенка за руку и пере
вела его через улицу. 5.Повесь эту картинку в изголовье.
6.Я почувствовал неожиданную боль в боку. 7.0н поцело
вал ее в щеку, и они расстались. 8.Если человек тонет, то
его надо спасать за волосы, но не за руку. 9.Они шли, взяв
шись за руки. 10.У генерала в руке был пистолет. 11.Он
был ранен в голову и часто страдает от головных болей.
12.Сон очень важен для нервной системы человека.
204
§ 15. АРТИКЛИ С СУБСТАНТИВИРОВАННЫМИ
ЧАСТЯМИ РЕЧИ
206
Упражнение 201. Впишите в таблицу недостающие слова, обра
щая внимание на употребление артиклей.
207
Упражнение 202. Составьте предложения, используя слова и сло
восочетания из правого столбца.
1. The storm started 1. in the open.
2. The refusal 2. she is not a bad
person.
3. All the summer the 3. the story has
kids stayed a happy end.
4. On the whole 4. out of the blue.
5. In the present situation 5. to get the better of
here is everything.
6. In short 6. for the best.
7. Paul Macey left his job 7. all of a sudden.
8. He did his best 8. a change for the
better.
9. D on’t worry, it’s all 9. not in the least.
10. - Are you confused? 10. touched her to the
quick.
Проверьте себя
Упражнение 206. Решите английский кроссворд (цифры в скоб
ках указывают количество букв в словах).
210
Across. 1.Attractive to look at. (9) 6. Dressing poured
over food; or impudence. (5) 9.Top part — of a shoe per
haps. (5) 10.Hung. (9) ll.Terrified. (10) 12.Smile from ear to
ear. (4) 14.Women employed to look after young children. (7)
15.Barren and totally clean. (7) 17.Places for working women
to leave their children. (7) 19.0ne must constantly take these
to live! (7) 20. Baby sheep — often eaten with mint sauce in
Britain. (4) 22.Thought about carefully. (10) 25.Ordered or
led. (9) 26.Appearing to the nose. (5) 27.Move edgewise fur
tively. (5) 28.Distributes: especially medicines. (9)
Down. 1. Deceive in a game of cards or be extremely
hearty. (5) 2.Apparatus for a particular purpose. (9) 3.Illumi
nation from a hand-held lamp. (10) 4. Fixes securely. (7)
5.Uses one’s ears. (7) 6.A pace or stair. (4) 7.Beneath. (5)
8.Puts at risk. (9) 13.The state of being reliant upon some
thing or someone. (10) 14.Chains or beads worn for decora
tion round the throat. (9) 16.Attracts the attention; hob
bies. (9) 18.Rebuked. (7) 19.In addition to, apart from. (7)
21.Acted without dialogue. (5) 23.Girls’ playthings. (5)
24.Delayed, former, dead. (4).
211
Visitor. Well, well, thank you, but ...journey is too ex
pensive. Have you got ... cheaper one?
Agent. But it’s such ... rare chance to have ... unusual
experience! Well, how about ...A rctic Ocean?
We can give you ... fortnight in ... small boat
with ... hole in ... bottom of it to make ...jour
ney more exciting. And you’ll have ... food only
for ... few days.
Visitor. ... few days. You said ... holiday is for ... fort
night!
Agent But isn’t it thrilling?
Visitor. Have you got anything not so exciting?
Agent Oh yes, let me see. This is ... holiday to remem
ber. We drop you in ... middle of... Amazon jun
gle by ... parachute with ... map of... London
underground.
Visitor. I don’t think I like... idea. It’s so frightening.
Agent But very, very exciting!
Visitor. Have you got something not so far from home?
Agent Well, what about two weeks in ... Brighton,
staying in ... nice quiet hotel by ... sea?
Visitor. It’s ... good idea!
Agent And it is ... pretty exciting one, isn’t it? No
...snakes, no ...jungles, ...enough food.
Visitor. Yes, we’ll take it!
216
3.Everybody stayed in their cabins on ...fo u rth day.
... storm was impossible to describe by then. Suddenly I felt
...jolt. Then someone started screaming something about
... huge leak in ... engine room. We all ran up on to ... deck.
I was sure I would never be able to get in one of... lifeboats!
There were too many people fighting over them. I also knew
that I would go down with ... ship if I stayed any longer because
it was going to sink any minute. When I jumped into ... water I
sank so deep that I was sure I was never going to come up
again. Somehow I did and there w a s ... lifeboat in ... water near
me, only half full. Someone pulled me into... boat.
4.During ... night I often thought we were going to sink
again or at least die of ... cold, but ... next morning ... storm
died down. Then ... ship came into sight and we and some
people in another lifeboat were rescued.”
217
Упражнение 213. Прочитайте и объясните употребление артиклей
с выделенными существительными.
A Visit from St. Nicholas
’Twas the night before Christm as, when all through
the house,
N ot a creature was stirring, not even a mouse.
The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,
In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there.
The children were nestled all snug in their beds,
While visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads;
And mama in her kerchief, and I in my cap,
Had just settled our brains for a long winter’s nap -
When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter
I sprang from my bed to see what was the matter.
Away to the window I flew like a flash,
Tore open the shutter, and threw up the sash.
The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow
Gave a lustre of midday to objects below;
When what to my wondering eyes should appear
But a miniature sleigh and eight tiny reindeer,
With a little old driver, so lively and quick,
I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick!
More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
And he whistled and shouted and called them by name.
“Now Dasher! now, Dancer! now, Prancer and Vixen!
On, Comet! on, Cupid! on, Donder and Blitzen! —
To the top of the porch, to the top of tile wall,
Now, dash away, dash away, dash away all!”
As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly,
When they meet with an obstacle mount to the sky,
So, up to the housetop the coursers they new,
With a sleigh full of toys — and St. Nicholas, too.
And when, in a twinkling, 1 heard on the roof
The prancing and pawing of each little hoof.
As I drew in my head, and was turning around,
218
Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound;
He was dressed all in fur from his head to his foot,
And his clothes were all tarnished with ashes and soot:
A bundle of toys he had flung on his back,
And he looked like a peddler just opening his pack.
His eyes, how they twinkled! His dimples, how merry!
His checks were like roses, his nose like a cherry;
His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,
And the beard on his chin was as white as the snow.
The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth,
And the smoke, it encircled his head like a wreath.
He had a broad face and a little round belly
That shook, when he laughed, like a bowl full of jelly.
He was chubby and plump - a right jolly old elf:
And I laughed when I saw him, in spite of myself:
A wink of his eye, and a twist of his head.
Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread.
He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work.
And filled all the stockings; then turned with a jerk,
And laying his finger aside of his nose,
And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose.
He sprang to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle,
And away they all flew like the down of a thistle.
But I heard him exclaim, ere they drove out of sight,
“Happy Christmas to all and to all a good night!”
(Clement Moore)
219
II. ...th re e of them stayed at ...co ck tail party for
... hour, mixing with ... colourful group of ... people including
... couple of ... local artists, ... famous French movie star,
...playwright from London, and ...American architect. When
they left ... palazzo, ... same gondola that they had hired for
... evening took them to ... small island across ... Canal. Va
nessa had invited them to ... dinner, and she had booked
... table a t ... Hotel Capriani.
III. Bill had planned what he termed “ ... adventure”
for ... Saturday night. Once again, ...gondola was hired for
... evening, and it carried them down ... narrow winding
backwaters o f ... Venice until they arrived a t ... old house that
looked like ... hole in ... wall. It turned out to be ... marvel
lous family restaurant, ... one w hich Bill knew well, and
which was ... popular eating place favoured by Venetians in
... know.
IV. It was ... extraordinary day, clear, light-filled.
... shimmering day. ... sky dazzled. It was ... perfect blue, un
marred by ... clouds, and ... sun was brilliant above ... rippling
waters of ... lagoon. ... air was cool, but not as cold as it had
been over ... past few days, and ...-mist had disappeared.
220
После завтрака я решил отдохнуть: прилег на диван
с любимой газетой «Аргументы и факты». Я всегда пред
почитаю узнавать о последних новостях из газеты, а не по
телевизору. А новости были интереснейш ие: яп он ц ы
изобрели новую электронную игрушку; британский само
лет был угнан в Арабские Эмираты бандой террористов;
голландцы вырастили новый сорт тюльпана; группа шве
дов вновь поднялась на самую высокую вершину Средней
Азии — Эверест; тигр — исчезающее животное на Даль
нем Востоке и нуждается в защите; правительство опять
обещает помощь бедным, больным и старым.
Прошел час. Зазвонил телефон. Мой друг, молодой
художник, пригласил меня в Третьяковскую галерею,
а затем на обед в ресторан. Мы с ним учились в школе,
затем служили в армии. Я с радостью принял приглаше
ние, потому что давно не видел друга. К тому же я общи
тельный человек и люблю посидеть с друзьями, погово
рить и пообедать в недорогом ресторане. Я добрался до
центра на такси, вышел на Пятницкой улице и дошел до
галереи. Экспозиция картин была замечательная. Больше
всего мне понравились картины Иванова, Врубеля, Поле
нова, русских художников конца XIX и начала XX века.
Обед в ресторане «Прага» был превосходным: экзо
тический салат, чешский борщ, рыба под соусом, бутылка
белого вина. Группа музыкантов исполняла русские и за
рубежные песни. Мы замечательно провели время. День
подходил к концу. Наступил теплый весенний вечер. Мы
медленно прошли в Александровский сад, затем на М а
нежную площадь, мимо Кремля и гостиницы «Россия». И
здесь мы расстались, пообещав друг другу встретиться че
рез две недели.
ТЕСТОВЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
НА ВСЕ СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ
АРТИКЛЕЙ
223
invited several local couples; it w as... pleasant evening.
24. ... orchestra in ... Cabaret Club was playing ... foxtrot.
25.1 am taking ... dog for ... run in ... early morning.
224
... women who want to build ... family. 25.W ithout ... love
... world would be ... dull, lifeless place!
225
... wind was not strong enough ... house seemed to be shaking
and creaking like ... wooden ship.
226
during ... day he teaches ... English language in order to make
... living. 20. ... lift had shot right up through ... ro o f
of... factory and was now rising into ... sky like ... rocket.
21. He paid ...w aiter ... huge tip and left ... expensive restau
rant. 22. ... fellow fished out ... pound from ... bottom of his
bag. 23. ...p erso n should come to ...th e a tre with ...o p e n
mind and ... desire to have ... great night. 24.I’ll invite ... old
girl out to lunch up in ... town. I ’ll lunch her at ... Carlton.
...oysters, ...cham pagne, ...m arvellous soufflft, ...g re e n
Chartreuse. 25.D on’t worry about ... old man — he’s as deaf
as ... post, he can’t hear ... word we’re saying.
227
unless of course there is ... crisis such as “a cow on the line”
causing ... hour’s delay.
6.1 like ... way in which ... English cope with ... disasters.
Cut our water off and we will cheerfully queue a t ... stand pipe
in ... snow. Throw us into ... rat-infested foreign jail and we
will go out in ... daylight saying that our jailers were “decent
sorts who treated us w ell.” I bet somewhere, pinned on
... prison wall, is ... Christmas card: “To my friend and captor,
Pedro, from Jim Wilkinson of ... cell 14.”
7. ... England I love best is ... England of ... childhood;
when ... children could play in ... street, and when ... car com
ing down ... road brought us out of our houses to gaze at it in
... admiration.
8.1 am happy to live in ... country that produces ... im
portant things: ... wonderful plays, ... books, ... literature,
... heart surgeons, ... gardeners and ... “Private Eye”.
9.1 was asked to write about why I like England. Now if
I ’d been asked to write about why I don’t like England I’d
have written ... much longer article, and I suspect it would
have been ... easier task. It’s our birthright and privilege to
criticize ... country we live in. I asked ... friend of mine where,
if he had ... choice and ... money, he would choose to live. He
replied gloomily, “There isn’t anywhere else.”
(iafter Sue Townsend)
228
... lad.” By ... tea-time I had written three poems and hurried
back to ... station to catch ... train back to ... Midlands.
2.In ... afternoon I went to Pandora. H er father, Mr.
Braithwaite, was going to Russia and wanted Pandora to go
with him. But Pandora said she couldn’t leave her cat. I could
hardly believe my ears. During ... pause in their argument I
said, “ I would give my right leg to go to ... country of Dos
toyevsky’s birth.” When Mr. Braithwaite had gone into ... gar
den Pandora said, “You shall go to Russia!” She worked on
her father ... whole week. She refused to eat, she played her
stereo at full decibels. She invited her punk friends to ... tea
every day. By ... end of... week Mr. Braithwaite was ... broken
man and his wife was begging him to take me behind ... Iron
Curtain.
3 .Except my putting my seat belt around my neck
... flight was uneventful. In ... early morning Mr. Braithwaite
left '.. note for me. It said “Enjoy your day, see you late to
night.” So, I was alone in Moscow. After ... breakfast our par
ty got on ... coach and we were taken to see ... sights. We went
to ... Kremlin, and ... Bolshoi Theatre and ... Olympic Stadi
um and ... residence of... British Ambassador until it was time
for ... lunch.
4. ...A fternoon was free so I went for ...w alk in
... Gorky Park. Loads o f Russians were walking about like
... English people do. Some were licking ... ice-cream, some
were talking and laughing and sunbathing with ... rouble notes
on their noses to prevent sunburn. In ... evening we were tak
en to ... Opera where I and most o f ... Russians in ... audience
fell asleep.
5.On my last afternoon in Moscow I did ... brave thing.
I went down into ... magnificent metro in an attempt to find
Moscow’s shopping centre. M ost people were reading
... heavy intellectual books. I got out OK, found the shops and
four hours later was returning to ... hotel with ... giant Russian
doll which contained thirty other dolls inside it. Pandora will
get ... biggest doll, and my father will get ... smallest. Three
229
roubles were burning ... hole in my sock so I removed my
shoe, took ... money out and summoned ... taxi. “Take me to
Dostoyevsky’s grave,” I cried. ... taxi driver said, “How much
money do you have?” “Three roubles,” I replied. “ It isn’t
enough, ...s u n sh in e ,” he said, “ Dostoyevsky’s grave is in
L eningrad.” I com plim ented him on his English, went to
... hotel, did my packing and prepared to fly back.
6 .Mrs. Braithwaite and Pandora were waiting beyond
... barrier at ... Gatwick. ... crowd took me through ... barrier
and into ... hands o f Pandora and England. Oh, England,
England, England!
(iafter Sue Townsend)
8.1.e 2.g 3.h 4.c 5.j 6.f 7.1 8.d 9.m lO.k ll .n 12.i 13.a
14.b
20.1.— 2.a 3.a 4.a 5.a 6.— 7.a 8.a, a 9.a 10.a 11.a 12.a
13 .- 14.a 15.a 16.a, the, 17.a 18.a 19.a 2 0 .-, -
22.1.a 2.a 3.— 4.a 5.a 6.a 7.- 8.— 9.a lO.a 11.a, a 12.a, a
13.an 14.a 15.an 16.a, — 17,— 18.a 19.— 20.— 21.a 22.an 23.a,
a 24.a, a
23.1.a 2.a, a 3.— 4.a 5.a 6.a 7. — 8.a 9.a 10.a 11.a 12.a
13.an, a, a 14.a 15.a 16.—, — 17.a 18.a, a 19.a, — 20.a 21.an
22.a
251
27.1.а 2.а, а З.а 4.an 5.ап б.а 7 .- 8.ап,а 9.а Ю.а П.а
12.ап 13.а 14.а 15.а, а, а 16. — 17.а, а 18.а, а
41.C 1 no 20 - the
50.a, the, a. a, a. a, a.
a. a, the. the, a. the, - , the, - . the. the!
the? the. the. - , - , - .
- ? the, the. —, a, the, a. - , a, - .
—? the. —. a. the? the.
a, a. a, a, a, a, a. a. the. the. a, a. the, - .
52.1 .These are good books. How much did you pay for
the books? 2.Guests are arriving. The guests are already in the
house. 3.There is a sports centre in the city. The centre is
open all round the clock. 4.I’d like to buy an English newspa
per. The paper is very interesting. 5.This is a wooden table.
The table is made of wood. 6.It’s bitter chocolate. The choco
late is dark. 7.1 have a new hat. The hat is fashionable. 8.We
need a new TV-set. The new TV-set must be small. 9.I ’ve
found a new teacher for you. The teacher is very competent.
10.These are Italian macaroni. The macaroni are too long.
11.I t’s strange news. W ho can explain the news? 12.I ’ve
bought a new bag for you. The bag is big and light. 13.Our
neighbour has a monkey. The monkey is very funny. 14.John
and Kate caught a butterfly. The children looked at the but
terfly and let it go.
70.1 .the 2.the, the. the, the 3.the, a, the 4.the, the 5. —
, the 6.the, the, the, the 7.the 8.a, a 9.a, a lO.the, the, the
11.the, - , the. - , the. a, a, a. 12.a
7 5 .1 -2 0 , 2 - 6 , 3 - 9 , 4 -1 1 , 5 - 1 , 6 -1 2 , 7 -1 0 , 8 -1 4 ,
9 -1 5 , 1 0 -7 , 1 1 -5 , 1 2 -4 , 1 3 -3 , 1 4 -2 , 1 5 -1 6 , 1 6 -1 9 ,
17-18, 18-8, 19-17, 20-13.
259
76.A.l.We have no (not any) bread. Could you buy a loaf
of rye bread? 2.— Mum would like (some) coffee. — I just have
a ja r of coffee. 3.Mike has no cigarettes. I’ll have to go and buy
a block. 4 .- I am very thirsty. - What about a glass of mineral
water? 5.There is nothing in the fridge except a tin of sardines.
6.1t’s autumn. A flock of birds is flying to the south. 7.John is a
cowboy. He has a herd of cows. 8. If you are in a difficult situa
tion, I can give you a piece of advice. 9.You can choose any ar
ticle of furniture in this shop. 10. She bought a tube of hair gel.
11.We saw a flash of lightning. 12.When she is sad, she can eat
a whole bar of chocolate at a time. 13.You will need a head of
cabbage to cook cabbage soup (borsch). 14.Put a cube of ice in
my cocktail. 15.A gang of robbers was arrested near the bank.
16.She gave a cry of horror when she saw a ghost. 17.Let’s go
out to have a breath of fresh air. 18.There is a grain of truth in
his words. 19.Money likes to be counted. It’s hard to earn it.
132.an; a, a, —. a, a. a. a, —.
a, a. a, —.
a, the. the. the, a, the. a, the. the, a, —, —.
a, a, the.
a, the, the. an, an, - . a, - .
the, a. the, the, the, the! the!
the. the. a, the.
143.1 .I’ll show you the house and the garden after lunch.
2.Isn’t it time for us to have dinner? I am dying of hunger.
3.M other is cooking a special supper for my birthday. 4.Let’s
have dinner in a Chinese restaurant. 5.1 always use a cookery
book while cooking dinner. 6.Sit to table, or the dinner is getting
cold. 7.The supper in the Indian restaurant was very spicy.
8.How much does a set-dinner cost in this restaurant? 9.Don’t
forget to wash your hands before dinner! lO.It’s lunchtime. What
do you usually take for lunch? 1l.The French, as a rule, eat sea
food for dinner or for supper. 12.We usually cook a very tasty
supper for Christmas. 13.For dessert I usually take ice-cream,
which I like very much. 14.The supper consisted of fish and
chips. 15.- Dinner is ready. - And what shall we have for din
ner? — Something special! 16.Don’t eat sweets before dinner.
146.an.
the, —? a. the, a, a, a.
» • > » >
- , a, - , - . - , a, the.
. a, , the, the, the, , ,
a. - , - , the, the, the, the, —.
151.1.a, the 2.a З.а, the, the 4. — 5.the 6.a 7.the, a 8.a, a
9.the, the, - Ю.а 11.a, an 12.a, - 13.a, the, - 14.an 15.a, the
16. —, — 17.a(the), a, the, the 18.the, a 19.a 20.a 21. — 22.a,
the, the
154.1 .the, the, a. the, a, a, the 2.a, the 3.a, the, - , the.
th e (-) , a 4.the, the, a, - 5.a, the, - , a, the(a). the, a 6.a,
а, the 7.the. a, a, a, the, the 8.the. the, a 9.a, a, - Ю.а, a ll.a
12.an. a, the, — 13.a, an. the, the, a. the, the, the, a. an, the
156.
Across. 1.Scott 4 .digit 7.oil 9.antony 11.ants 12.eve
13.heroism 15.poultry 18.bat 19.arts 20.growth 23.Sun
24.early 25.teens
Down. 1.Shakespeare 2.too 3.tin 5.genii 6.test matches
8 .Lyre 10.tie 13.hut 14.ray 16.utter 17.rags 18.bow 21.rut
22.one
162.1.the 2.the 3.the, the 4.a (the) 5.a (the) 6.an (the)
7.a (the) 8.the 9.the lO.the 11.a (the) 12.an (the) 13.the
14.—, — 15.the, the 16.— 17.a, a, a, a. 18.the 19.the 20.the
21.an, a, the.
274
163.1.The postmark first appeared in England in 1840.
2.The onion is the symbol of Bermuda. 3.A (The) chameleon is
known for its ability to change its colour. 4.Who invented the tel
escope? 5.A (the) peacock is one of the most beautiful birds. 6.1
like the ballet very much, but the opera makes me fall asleep. 7.A
(the) stork builds its nest on the roof of houses. 8.The calendar is
a very useful invention. 9.The kangaroo is associated with Aus
tralia. lO.The azalea can grow practically in any climate. 1l.The
blue whale is the biggest animal on the earth. 12.All the insects
have six legs, but the spider has eight. 13.The dragon symbolizes
evil in fairy tales. 14.The computer was first constructed at the
engineering school in Pennsylvania in 1946.15.The transistor
was invented in 1947.The authors got the Nobel Prize for Phys
ics. 16.The American pronunciation differs from the British one.
17.The circle has neither beginning nor end. 18.Television was
invented by the Scottish engineer John Baird in 1926. 19.The
main means of transport in Amsterdam is the bicycle. 20.The
dollar is going down again, and the rouble is going up.
168.1.a 2.a, — 3.an 4.—, — 5.— 6.— 7.a 8.an 9.an Ю.а
ll.a . 12.a, 13.-, a 14.a 1 5 -, 16.a 1 7 .- 1 8 .- 19.a 20.a 21.a
22.a
185.1 .in half 2.by night or by day 3.at once, in time 4.on
my mind 5.by chance or by good fortune 6.by hand 7.at sea
8.by name 9.at last 10.on time 11.on sale 12.off-hand 13.in
private 14.in love 15.on foot 16.by air, by ferry, by train 17.in
vain 18.by mistake 19.in mind 20.in court, in bed
278
187.1 .a 2.the, — З.а 4.— 5.the 6.an, a 7.the 8.— 9.а Ю.а
ll.a 12 the, the, - , - 13.the 14.the 1 5 .- 16.the 1 7 .- 18.an
19.a 20 - 21 - 22.the. the
1 9 5 .1 - 1; 2 - 1; 3 .- 1; 4 -1 ; 5 .-2 ; 6 - 1; 7 - 2; 8 - 1;
9 - 1; 1 0 - 1; 1 1 - 1; 12 - 1; 13 - 2; 1 4 - 1; 15 - 1; 16 - 1;
17 - 2; 18.— 2; 19.- 2; 20 - 1.
199.1 .the 2.the 3.the, the 4.the, the, the 5.the, the 6.a,
a 7.the, the, the, the 8.the 9.the lO.the, the 11.-, - 12.the,
the 13.the 14.the 15.a 16.the 17.—, — 18.a 19.the 20.the. the.
the 21.the
280
201.
(the)
Russia Russian a Russian Russian
Russians
a Briton
an English the British
Britain British man (English English
(English people)
woman)
the
China Chinese a Chinese Chinese
Chinese
an (the)
America American English
American Americans
a Hunga the
Hungary
rian rian Hungarians rian
a Scot,
Scotland Scottish a Scots the Scots Scottish
man
a Dutch
Holland Dutch the Dutch Dutch
man
281
Окончание таблицы
the
Egypt Egyptian an Egyptian Arabic
Egyptians
Dutch,
the
Belgium Belgian a Belgian French,
Belgians
German
a Portu the
Portugal
guese guese Portuguese guese
an the
Australia Australian English
Australian Australians
the Czech
Czech a Czech the Czechs Czech
Republic
Saudi
Saudi a Saudi the Saudis Arabic
Arabia
282
202.1 - 4; 2 - 10; 3 - 1; 4 - 3; 5 - 8; 6 - 2; 7 - 7;
8 - 5; 9 - 6; 10 - 9.
206.
Across. 1. beautiful 6. sauce 9. upper 10. suspended
11. frightened 12. grin 14. nannies 15. sterile 17. creches
19. breaths 20. lamb 22. considered 25. com m anded
26. nasal 27. sidle 28. dispenses.
Down. 1. bluff 2. appliance 3. torchlight 4. fastens
5. listens 6. step 7. under 8. endangers 13. dependence
14. necklaces 16. interests 18. scolded 19. besides 21. mimed
23. dolls 24. late.
209.
Thumbellina
Once upon a time there lived a woman and she had no
children. And she wanted to have a baby very much. She went
to an old witch for advice, and the woman gave her a grain
and told her to plant it in a pot. The woman did as she had
been told. In a few days a wonderful flower, quite like a tulip,
appeared. The woman touched the flower, and it suddenly
opened and what a miracle! There was a tiny girl sitting inside
the flower. She was the size o f a thum b and the woman
284
named her “Thum bellina” . The woman was on cloud nine
with happiness.
One night a big and ugly frog got into the house through
the window. “What a good wife for my son she’ll m ake,”
thought the frog, seized the bed with the girl and jum ped
through the window into the garden. Thumbellina woke up
early in the morning and found herself sitting on a leaf in the
very middle o f the river. The old frog showed her son to
Thumbellina and said, “Here is my son! H e’ll be a wonderful
husband for you.” But Thumbellina didn’t want to get married
to the frog’s son.
The small fish saw and heard everything and they were
very sorry for the lovely girl. “What a cute, tiny girl! But she
mustn’t get married to such an ugly creature as a frog.” Sud
denly a Maybug flew by. He seized Thumbellina and flew with
her to the top of a tree. There he gave her some flower juice
and told her that he liked her very much, though she didn’t
look like a Maybug at all. Then other bugs flew there and said,
that the girl was ugly, because she had only two legs and
looked like a human being very much. After that the Maybug,
who had brought Thumbellina, didn’t want to keep her any
longer. He put her on a big daisy and flew away.
All through the summer Thumbellina lived in the forest,
but the summer came to an end, autumn came, and it was
followed by winter. The girl was shivering like an aspen leaf.
Then she decided to leave the forest and look for some shelter
for the winter. There was a big field behind the forest. There
she found the hole of a field-mouse. The field-mouse lived
perfectly: she had a warm house and a lot of tasty food. The
girl asked her for a grain, and the kind old woman fed her and
left her in her house.
210 .
Thumbellina
Once a week a neighbour visited the old woman, an old
rich mole. He had a big house and a very beautiful fur-coat.
285
The mole was completely blind, because he had never seen
the sun. The girl was made to sing for the important guest.
She was singing like a bird and the mole fell in love with her
at once.
One day the girl found a dead swallow not far from the
hole. She put her head to the bird’s breast and heard the beat
ing of its heart. The swallow was alive! All the winter Thum
bellina took care o f the bird: brought water for her and
warmed her. Spring came and the swallow was going to fly
away. It invited the girl to go together, but the girl didn’t want
to leave the kind old mouse. Summ er was over and then
autumn came again.
The day of the wedding was coming. But Thumbellina
didn’t want to get married to the boring mole. She came out
into the field to look at the sun and the flowers for the last
time and, what a surprise! She saw the swallow. The bird was
also very happy to see the girl. The girl told the bird that she
didn’t want to live deep under the ground with the mole.
And they decided to fly to warm countries. The swallow
went up like an arrow and flew to the south. It made a stop on
the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. The sky was blue there,
the sun was shining, lemons and oranges grew everywhere
and big beautiful butterflies were flying from flower to flower.
There stood a beautiful white palace on the seashore.
There were a lot of bird’s nests on the roof. The swallow lived
in one of them. “-Choose the most beautiful flower, and it will
become your hom e,” it said. The girl was happy. She chose a
big white flower. But what a wonder! A small human-being was
sitting in it. He had a pair of wings on his shoulders, and a
small gold crown on his head. He was the same size as Thum
bellina. He was the King of Elves. He got happy at seeing
Thumbellina, he had never yet seen such a beautiful girl. “Dear
Thum bellina,” said the elf, “Would you like to become my
wife?” And Thum bellina agreed at once. She got a lot of
presents. The best gift was a pair of wings. Now Thumbellina
could fly too. What great fun it was! And the swallow sang songs
286
to the elves all through the warm winter, and when spring
came to cold*countries, it was ready to fly home - to Denmark.
There she had a small nest right above the window of the man,
who was a great story-teller. The swallow told him about
Thumbellina, and it was from him that we learned this story.
{after H. C.Andersen)
211.1 .the, the. the, the. the, a. 2.the, the, a. the, the.
the. an. a, a. the. the. a. the, the, the, the, a. the. the, —, a.
3.the. the. a. a, the. the. the! the. the. a, the. the. 4.the, the,
the, the. the.
215.
My Day
The day started wonderfully. I woke up early in the
morning. The sun was shining brightly through the window.
The birds were singing in the garden. “W hat a w onderful
day!” I thought. “A day off! What a joy!” I got up, made my
bed and went to the bathroom. I always take a shower in the
morning, and late in the evening I have a bath. I put on my
jeans and a shirt and went to the kitchen. In half an hour
I had breakfast. It was a light breakfast, but so tasty! Toasts
with jam and honey, a cup of hot coffee with milk, a piece of
Swiss cheese. I turned on the radio: beautiful music was being
broadcast(ed).
287
After breakfast I decided to have a rest: I lay on the di
van with my favourite newspaper “Arguments and Facts” .
I always prefer to learn about the latest news from papers, and
not from the telly. And the news was so interesting: the Japa
nese have invented a new electronic toy; a British airplane was
hijacked to the Arab Emirates by a band of terrorists; the
D utch have grown up a new kind of the tulip; a group of
Swedes has reached the highest peak of Middle Asia — Eve
rest; the tiger is in danger of extinction and needs protection;
the Government again is promising to help the poor, the sick
and the old.
An hour passed. The telephone rang.
My friend, a young artist, invited me to the Tretyakov
Picture Gallery, and then to a dinner in a restaurant. We had
been at school together and then had served in the Army.
I took the invitation willingly, as I hadn’t seen my friend for
a long time. To tell the truth, I am a sociable person and enjoy
meeting my friends, talking with them and dining in a not
very expensive restaurant. I got to the centre of the city by
taxi, got out in Pyatnitskaya Street and walked to the Gallery.
The exposition was amazing. Most of all I liked the paintings
by Ivanov, Vrubel, Polenov, the Russian painters of the end of
the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
The dinner at the Prague restaurant was excellent: an
exotic salad, Czech Borsch, fish in sauce, a bottle of white
wine. A group of musicians was performing Russian and fo
reign songs. We had a lovely time. The day was coming to an
end. A warm spring evening came. We slowly walked to the
Alexandrovsky G arden, then to M anez Square, past the
K rem lin and the Rossia Hotel. And here we parted, after
promising each other to meet again in a fortnight.
Тест 2.
l.th e , - , a 2.the, the, the 3.an, the, the 4 . - , the, -
5.the, - 6 .- , - , - , a 7.the, a, a, the 8.a. the, a 9.the, the, the,
— 10.a, the 11.—, the, a 12.the, —, —. — 13.—! the, a 14.the,
288
the 15.the, the, a 16.—, the, the 17.the, the, a, the 18.—,
the,— 19.a, the, the, — 20.an, —, — 21.the, the, the 22.a, a, a
23.a, —(a), a 24.the, the, a. 25.the, a, —
Тест 3.
1 .-, the, a 2.a, - , а З.а, the, - 4 .- , a, - , - 5.a, the.
the, the 6.the, the, the 7.the, a, - 8 .- , the 9.—, the, - lO.the,
a, - 11.-, a 12.-, the, - , the 13.a, the, the, the 14.-, the, -
15.the, a, — 16.—, a, — 17.a, the, the, the, the, — 18.the, the,
- , - 19.-, the, an 20.the, a, the 21.the, a, - 22.a, a, a 23.a,
the, - 24.a. —, —, a 2 5 .-, the, a
Тест 4.
l.an, a, a, a (the) 2.the, the, a 3.the, the, a, the, the
4.the. a 5.the, the, — 6.the, a, the, a, the 7.a, a. 8.a, the, the, —
9.the, a, the 10.a, —, - . 11.-! the! 12.the, the, the, the, -
13.the, a, —, — 14.the, a, the 15.the, a, —, — 16.a, —, a
17.a, a 18.the, the. a 19.a, a, a 20.the, a, a 21.the, the, a, the
22.the, a! a! 2 3 .-, a, —, the, - 24.the, the 25.a, the, the, a
Тест 5.
1 .-, a, the 2 .- , the, the, the, the 3.the, the, the 4.the,
the, a (the), the, —, - 5.the, the, the, - , - 6 . - , the, the
7.the, the, an (the), an 8.a, a, the 9.a, the lO.the, a, the, —, —
11.—, the. the 12.a, a (the), the, the 13.a, —, a 14.a, the, a
15.a, the, the 16.a, a, a, the 17.the, the, the, the, the 18.the,
the, - , the, —, the, - 19.the, - , the, the, a 20.the, the, the,
the, a 21.the, a, the 22.the, a, the 23.a, the, an, a, a 24.the, —
, the, —, —, —, — 25.the, a, a
Часть первая
ТЕОРИЯ. АРТИКЛЬ И ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ • 8
293
§11. Артикли в выражениях с предлогами
in, with, like, a s ....................................................................43
§12. Артикли в словосочетаниях спредлогом o f. 45
§13. Отсутствие артикля в ряде выражений,
вводимых предлогами...................................................... 46
§14. Артикли с существительными в функции
приложения и предикатива (части составного
именного сказуем ого)...................................................... 47
§15. Артикли с субстантивированными частями речи .... 49
Часть вторая
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ • 53
I. Основные случаи употребления
неопределенного и определенного артиклей
§1. Неопределенный ар ти к л ь.............................................. 53
§2. Определенный а р ти кл ь...................................................76
§3. Артикли с неисчисляемыми именами
сущ ествительны ми............................................................98
§4. Расположение арти кля.................................................. 110
Проверьте с е б я ............................................................... 111
294
§10. Артикли с существительными, выражающими
родовое понятие, изобретения, жанры, термины.... 173
§11. Артикли в выражениях с предлогами
in, with, like, a s .................................................................. 178
§12. Артикли в словосочетаниях с предлогом of. 184
§13. Отсутствие артикля в ряде выражений,
вводимых предлогами.....................................................190
§14. Артикли с существительными в функции
приложения и предикатива...........................................193
Проверьте с е б я ................................................................. 199
§15. Артикли с субстантивированными
частями р е ч и ..................................................................... 205
Проверьте с е б я .................................................................210
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