REVISION AFTER SUMMER

Ex. 1. Translate from Russian into English using verbs in Active Voice
1. Я перевожу статьи с английского языка на русский каждый день. 2. Мой брат переводит
статьи с немецкого языка на русский каждую неделю. 3. Сейчас я перевожу очень интересную
статью. 4. Майкл только что перевел очень важную статью на английский язык. 5. Мой друг
переводит эту статью с 2х часов. 6. Студенты перевели этот текст неделю назад. 7. Вчера в 8
часов вечера я переводил письмо моего друга. 8. Я перевел письмо моего друга, до того как он
позвонил мне. 9. Я перевел эту статью вчера к 11 часам. 10. Я переводил эту статью уже 3 часа,
когда пришли наши родственники. 11. Завтра я буду переводить новую статью. 12. Моя сестра
будет переводить это письмо завтра в 5 часов вечера. 13. Мы переведем эту статью завтра к 6
часам.
Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English using verbs in Passive Voice
1.Такие статьи переводятся студентами каждый год. 2. Сейчас эту статью переводят двое
студентов. 3. Эту статью только что перевели. 4. Эту статью студенты переводили неделю
назад. 5. Эту статью студенты переводили вчера в 3 часа. 6. Эту статью Майкл перевел вчера к
трем часам. 7. Эту статью студенты будут переводить завтра. 8. Эту статью студенты переведут
завтра к 12 часам.

Ex. 3. Open the brackets and use the verbs in the necessary tense form
1. We could not go out because it (to rain) hard since early morning. 2. She (to teach) at our University
for ten years now. 3. Ring me up as soon as you (to come) home. 4. He (to begin) to write his article at
3 o'clock. It is already 11, and he still (to write) it. He says he (to finish) it by twelve. 5. We (to help)
our librarian to put the books in the right order for three days already, but we (to arrange) only half the
books. 6. What you (to do) when I (to come) in? 7. When I (to come) to his house, they (to tell) me that
he (to leave) an hour before. 8. On checking up his answers he (to find) out that he (to make) several
mistakes. 9. When I (to leave) home, the snow already (to stop), but a strong wind (to blow). 10. You
(to read) this book? – Yes, I (to read) it. I (to think) it (to be) very interesting. 11. What the children (to
do) now? – Oh, they (to play) the new board game which I (to buy) for them they day before yesterday.
12. They (to reach) the corner of the street by now and (to stand) at the bus stop. 13. When the morning
came, the storm already (to stop), but the snow still (to fall). 14. Yesterday by 8 o'clock he (to finish)
all his homework, and when I (to come) to his place at 9, he (to read). 15. I (to wait) for permission to
go abroad for 3 weeks already, but I (not to receive) the visa yet. 16. Everybody (to be) at the door of
the museum, but my friend (not yet to come). 17. We (to drink) tea when the telephone (to ring). 18.
Johnny noticed that everybody (to look) at him, and he (to feel) shy. 19. Light (to travel) more quickly
than sound. 20. When I (to come) to Pete's house last Sunday, he (to read) a new book. He (to say) he
(to give) it to me soon. Today I (to take) it from him. Now I (to read) it. I (to finish) it by Friday. If you
like, I (to give) it to you on Saturday when you (to come) to see me. 21. When will he come? We (to
wait) for him for half an hour already. 22. On leaving the hall, the students (to thank) the professor who
(to deliver) the lecture. 23. We already (to cover) about ten miles when Peter, who (to look) out of the
window for the last 5 or 10 minutes, suddenly exclaimed "Here is the station!"

Ex. 4. Use Passive Voice in the following sentences

1. One of my friends took me to the cinema last week. 2. We'll finish this work in time. 3. They built
this house in 1990. 4. They were selling new children's books in that shop when I entered it yesterday.
5. A large group of young people joined us on our way to the station. 6. They are translating this article
now. 7. Galsworthy wrote "The Forsyte Saga". 8. Thousands of people attended this meeting. 9. He has
just interrupted me. 10. The teacher has explained it to us. 11. We turn on the light when it is dark. 12.
The students finished their translation in time. 13. Helen washed the dishes. 14. Betty often took her
younger brother for a walk. 15. Mary has made some coffee. 16. Have you ironed your dress yet? 17.
Alex mispronounced this word. 18. They have told her the truth. 19. She promised us an interesting en-

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tertainment. 20. I'll finish my work at about 7 o'clock. 21. Somebody has opened the door. 22. The
waitress brought in the coffee.
Unit 1
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Ex. 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени.
1. He said he (to leave) tomorrow morning. 2. She says she already (to find) the book. 3. He stopped and listened: the
clock (to strike) five. 4. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong. 5. I asked my neighbour if
he ever (to travel) by air before. 6. The policeman asked George where he (to run) so early. 7. The delegates were told
that the guide just (to go) out and (to be) back in ten minutes. 8. I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I de -
cided to hurry. 9. I didn't know that you already (to wind) up the clock. 10. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able
to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her. 11. He says that he (to know) the laws of the country. 12. Sarie
understood why Lanny (not to come) the previous evening. 13. She asked me whether I (to remember) the legend about a
faithful lion. 14. He could not understand why people (not to want) to take water from that well. 15. I suppose they (to
send) the dog after the burglar immediately.

Ex. 2. Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнительные, в роли главных

используя предложения, данные в скобках
1. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought) 2. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped) 3. Father has re -
paired his bicycle. (He thought) 4. She knows English very well. (I supposed) 5. Our sportsmen will win the game. (We
were sure) 6. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad) 7. He works at his English hard. (I knew) 8. She
dances better that anybody else. (I was told) 9. My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his firm. (I learnt) 10.
She will come to stay with us. (My aunt wrote in her letter) 11. He is painting a new picture. (We heard) 12. His new pic -
ture will be a masterpiece. (We were sure) 13. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid) 14. My friend has never
been to Washington. (I knew) 15. She never drinks milk. (I was told) 16. He is a very talented singer. (We were told) 17.
They live a happy life. (We knew) 18. He doesn't know German at all. (I found out)

Ex. 3. Transform the following sentences into the reported speech

1. "My friend lives in Moscow," said Alec. 2. "You haven't done your work well," said the teacher to me. 3. The poor
man said to the rich man: "My horse is wild. It can kill your horse." 4. The rich man said to the judge: "This man's horse
has killed my horse." 5. "This man spoke to me on the road," said the woman. 6. Mike said: "We have bought these books
today." 7. She said to me: "Now I can read your translation." 8. Our teacher said: "Thackeray's novels are very interest-
ing." 9. Nelly said: "I read 'Jane Eyre' last year." 10. She said: "I spent my holidays in the Crimea last year." 11. Boris
said: "I go to the south every year." 12. Ann said to us: "They haven't yet come." 13. She said to us: "They arrived in St.
Petersburg yesterday." 14. I said: "I was in London last year. My friends in London sometimes invite me to spend my hol-
idays with them." 15. Nick said: "I have never been to London. I think I shall go there next year." 16. He said: "I shall not
stay with my friends too long." 17. He said to me: "They are staying at the 'Europe' hotel." 18. He said: "They are leaving
next Monday." 19. Misha said: "I saw them at my parents' house last year." 20. Tom said: "I have already had breakfast,
so I am not hungry." 21. He said: "I have just received a letter from my uncle." 22. "I am going to the theatre tonight," he
said to me. 23. Mike said: "I spoke to Mr.Brown this morning." 24. He said to her: "I shall do it today if I have time." 25.
My sister said to me: "You look very well, much better than you looked yesterday. I think you have recovered after your
illness." 26. My uncle said to us: "I buy several newspapers every day." 27. "You are an excellent cook. Everything is so
tasty," said my guest to me.

Ex. 4. Translate into English

A. 1. Он сказал, что он читает лекции в университете. 2. Петр сказал другу, что его отец летом болел. 3. Катя
сказала, что ее сестра живет в Крыму уже 5 лет. 4. Олег сказал, что не придет ко мне завтра, так как он в 5 часов
будет делать доклад. 5. Он сказал мне, что купил книгу в магазине на улице Горького. 6. Он сказал, что был в
театре 2 дня назад. 7. Он сказал, что знает ее с 1995 года. 8. Он сказал, что занимался уже 2 часа, когда вы ему
позвонили. 9. Преподаватель знал, что студенты повторили все правила к экзамену. 10. Он сказал, что вчера в это
время он еще работал в библиотеке. 11. Он сказал, что эта статья была переведена в прошлом году. 12. Когда я
пришел, я увидел, что статью печатали. 13. Он сказал, что доклад был уже написан 2 дня тому назад. 14. Газеты
сообщали, что соглашение будет подписано на следующей неделе. 15. Борис сказал, что он позвонит мне, как
только экзамен будет сдан. 16. Он сказал, что новый мост строится сейчас около вокзала. 17.Мы знали, что дома
строят сейчас быстро. 18.Староста сказал, что к концу недели все зачеты будут уже сданы. 19.Он не знал, что
этот дом уже строили несколько месяцев, когда мы приехали в этот город. 20.Он сказал, что его ждут.
B. В прошлом году я встретил одного из студентов нашего курса. Я спросил его, что он сейчас делает. Он
ответил, что учится в аспирантуре. Я спросил его, когда он поступил и кто его научный руководитель. Он сказал,
что учится в аспирантуре уже год и его научный руководитель – заведующий кафедрой. Меня интересовало, сдал
ли он какие-либо экзамены и опубликованы ли у него статьи по теме диссертации. Он ответил, что одна статья

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напечатана, две других печатаются сейчас, и он надеется, что они будут напечатаны к концу года. Он добавил,
что уже сдал два экзамена по языку и философии.

Ex. 5. Скажите следующие предложения в прошедшем времени.

1. Mike says he is sure Ann and Kate will be excellent guides. 2. He says they have made good progress in English. 3.
Oleg says that in a day or two several English students will come to pay a visit to their university and he will probably
have to act as an interpreter. 4. Ann says she has just met Boris in the street. 5. She says Boris told her a lot of interesting
things about his travels in the south. 6. Nick says he is going to the hotel to see his friends, who have just arrived in St.
Petersburg from the USA. 7. He says they haven't been here for a long time. 8. He says they were friends at school. 9. He
says he will take them to the theatre on Sunday. 10. They say they will write me a letter when they return home.

Ex. 6. Передайте следующие повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи.

1. "I think he is a clever man," says Elisabeth. 2. "Mary never seems angry or irritated," remarks Andrew. 3. "Barny is in
the garage," says Norma. 4. "When he came I was on the terrace watering my flowers," says George. 5. "He was born in
Chicago," he says. 6. "What you have just told me is very surprising," John says to Constance. 7. "I can't understand what
the professor is talking about," says Flora. 8. "My mother will be glad to have you over for dinner," says Maurice. 9. "We
have lived here long time," says Monica. 10. "She is a good speaker," remarks Sheila. 11. "You dance so well," says Nick
to Polly. 12. "I shall never forget this day," says Mary. 13. "We didn't have dinner here," say the boys. 14. "I shall tell you
this story," says Beth. 15. "You won't believe me if I tell you everything," answers Louise.

Ex. 7. Передайте следующие повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи.

1. He said," I have just received a letter from my uncle". 2. "I am going to the theatre tonight," he said to me. 3. Mike
said, "I spoke to Mr. Brown this morning". 4. He said to her, "I shall do it today if I have time". 5. I said to them, "I can
give you my uncle's address". 6. Oleg said, "My room is on the second floor." 7. He said, "I am sure she will ring me up
when she is back in St. Petersburg". 8. He said, "I haven't seen my cousin today". 9. "I don't go to this shop very often",
she said. 10. "I can't explain this rule to you," said my classmate. 11. The teacher said to the class, "We shall discuss this
subject tomorrow." 12. She said, "I am busy today and I shall be busy tomorrow". 13. Mr. Dickson said, "I shall have to
pay a lot of money for the car". 14. Peter said to me, "I'll be waiting for you at the station". 15. Mary said, "I'll be back
soon". 16. She said, "I hope I'll soon speak English well". 17. He said, "I am sure it will rain tomorrow". 18. They said,
"We shall go to the river if it is hot". 19. He said, "I'm sure she will come in time". 20. She said, "I shall be able to read
English newspapers without a dictionary next year".

Ex. 8. Передайте следующие повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.

1. The teacher said to me, "Hand this note to your parents, please". 2. Oleg said to his sister, "Put the letter into an enve -
lope and give it to Kate". 3. "Please, help me with this work, Henry," said Robert. 4. "Please, bring me some fish soup",
he said to the waitress. 5. "Don't worry over such a small thing," she said to me. 6. "Please, don't mention it to anybody,"
Mary said to her friend. 7. "Promise to come and see me," said Jane to Alice. 8. He said to us, "Come here tomorrow". 9. I
said to Mike, "Send me a telegram as soon as you arrive". 10. Father said to me, "Don't stay there long". 11. Peter said to
them, "Don't leave the room until I come back". 12. "Take my luggage to Room 145," he said to the porter. 13. He said to
me, "Ring me up tomorrow". 14. "Bring me a cup of black coffee," she said to the waiter. 15. "Don't be late for dinner,"
said mother to us. 16. Jane said to us, "Please, tell me all you know about it". 17. She said to Nick, "Please, don't say any -
thing about it to your sister".

Ex. 9. Передайте следующие специальные вопросы в косвенной речи

1. Mother said to me, "Who has brought this parcel?" 2. He said to her, "Where do you usually spend your summer holi-
days?" 3. Ann said to Mike, "When did you leave London?" 4. She said to Boris, "When will you be back home?" 5.
Boris said to them, "How can I get to railway station?" 6. Mary asked Tom, "What time will you come here tomorrow?"
7. She asked me, "Why didn't you come here yesterday?" 8. She asked me, "What will you do tomorrow if you are not
busy at your office?" 9. I said to Nick, "Where are you going?" 10. I said to him, "How long are you going to stay there?"
11. I said to him, "How long will it take you to get there?" 12. Pete said to his friends, "When are you leaving St. Peters-
burg?" 13. He said to them, "Who will you see before you leave here?" 14. They said to him, "What time does the train
start?" 15. I asked Mike, "What will you do after dinner?" 16. I asked my uncle, "How long did you stay in the Crimea?"
17. Ada said to me, "Where did you see such trees?" 18. I said to Becky, "What kind of book has your friend brought
you?"

Ex. 10. Передайте следующие общие вопросы в косвенной речи.

1. I said to Mike, "Have you packed your suitcase?" 2. I said to Kate, "Did anybody meet you at the station?" 3. I said to
her, "Can you give me their address?" 4. I asked Tom, "Have you had breakfast?" 5. I asked my sister, "Will you stay at
home or go for a walk after dinner?" 6. I said to my mother, "Did anybody come to see me?" 7. I asked my sister, "Will
Nick call for you on the way to the university?" 8. She said to the young man, "Can you call a taxi for me?" 9. Mary said
to Peter, "Have you shown your photo to Dave?" 10. Oleg said to me, "Will you come here tomorrow?" 11. He said to us,
"Did you go to the museum this morning?" 12. I said to Boris, "Does your friend live in London?" 13. I said to the man,

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"Are you living in a hotel?" 14. Nick Said to his friend, "Will you stay at the Hilton?" 15. He said to me, "Will you see
your friends before you leave St. Petersburg?" 16. Mike said to Jane, "Will you come to the railway station to see me
off?" 17. He said to me, "Do you often see your friends?" 18. She said to me, "Have you sent them a telegram?" 19. She
said to me, "Did you send them a telegram yesterday?"
REPORTED SPEECH
Ex. 1. Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Here are some of the things Charlie said to you:
1. I'm living in London now.
2. My father isn't very well.
3. Sharon and Paul are getting married next month.
4. Margaret has had a baby.
5. I don't know what Fred is doing.
6. I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.
7. I haven't seen Diane recently.
8. I'm not enjoying my job very much.
9. You can come and stay at my flat if you are ever in London.
10. My car was stolen a few weeks ago.
11. I want to go on holiday but I can't afford it.
12. I'll tell Ann I saw you.
Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use reported speech.
e.g. Charlie said that he was living in London then.

Ex. 2. Somebody says something to you which is the opposite of what they said before. Give a suitable answer
beginning with I thought you said …
1. A: That restaurant is expensive.
B: Is it? I thought you said it was cheap.
2. A: Ann is coming to the party tonight.
B: Is she? I thought you said she …
3. A: Ann likes Paul.
B: Does she? I thought …
4. A: I know lots of people.
B: Do you? I thought you said you …
5. A: I'll be here next week.
B: Will you? …
6. A: I'm going out this evening.
B: Are you? …
7. A: I can speak a little French.
B: Can you? …
8. A: I haven't been to the cinema for ages.
B: Haven't you? …
9. A: I think New York is a fantastic place.
B: Really? …
10. A: My sister lives in London.
B: Does she? …
11. A: Jane is always short of money.
B: Is she? …
12. A: I'm going to buy a car.
B: Are you? …

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1.

2.

3.

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 Unit 2
MODAL VERBS
Define the meaning of modal verbs in these sentences.
Translate them into Russian.
Can & could
1. I couldn't see anything in the darkness. 2. Come when you like. I can see you at any moment. 3. Could
you pass me the bread, please? 4. You could play the piano very well if you practised. 5. She couldn't have
forgotten to post your letter. 6. Look! I can lift this chair with one hand. 7. He said that foreigners could not
occupy these houses. 8. I can lend you an umbrella if you like. 9. She is unwell, she can't leave her room.
10. A policeman arrived and told him he couldn't park there. 11. I could never understand what made her
behave as she did. 12. "Life," the old man said, "can only be understood when you are old. Now I see all the
mistakes I could have avoided." 13. He was surprised that she could paint so well. 14. If you are tired you
can lie on the sofa for a bit.
May & might
1. She murmured that he might stay if he wished. 2. "May I escort you home?" he said. 3. He may have for-
gotten about your appointment or he may have come. 4. "Were you afraid that that I might have found out
the truth by coming here?" asked Vivien. 5. For all you know he may be a happily married man. 6. If he
knew the facts he might tell us what to do. 7. You might at least get better marks in English. 8. He said that I
might come to him any day I liked. 8. I asked if I might bring my wife down next Saturday. 9. If he walks
from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half an hour. If he drives he may be here any mo-
ment. 10. It was some special occasion. I don't remember what. It may have been my birthday. 11. He may
not have learned the news, that's why he looks as if nothing had happened.
Must (to have to, to be to), should, ought
1. You really must work harder if you want to pass your exams. 2. Dan is too tired. He should not drive re-
ally. 3. I feel sick. I should not have eaten so much ice-cream. 4. It's a very good book. You ought to read
it. 5. You must move your car. It blocks the way. 6. He ought to have passed his driving test easily. 7. Why
should I do the cooking? 8. Kate should be happy. She's passed her exam. 9. The baby oughtn't to play with
a box of matches. 10. I must leave you, but I will never forget you. 11. The pupils don't have to go to school
on Sundays. 12. But she'll have to buy a new coat next winter. 13. You must follow this diet strictly. 14. The
children were out dancing when they should have been learning their lessons. 15. I'll see and speak to Mau-
rice. He should not behave like that. 16. He came out of the water, smiling, "You should have come earlier,"
he said. 17. You should have chosen a more suitable time to tell me that dreadful news. 18. She must be out
shopping. 19. She must know nothing about it. 20. We had to walk all the way to the station. 21. She had to
change her shoes after working in the garden. 21. We'll have to run. 22. The shoes are a size too small. I'll
have to go to the shop and have them changed. 23. They are to go to Spain in July. 24. We were to meet at
the entrance to the theatre at a quarter to nine.

Ex. 1. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол may.

MODEL: Possibly you left your book behind. – You may have left the book behind.
1. Perhaps you left your umbrella in the bus. 2. Perhaps he went to the cafe to wait for us. 3. Perhaps it was He-
len who rang you up. 4. Perhaps they came by plane. 5. Perhaps it was too cold for the children to go out. 6. It
is possible that he took his children to the zoo. 7. Possibly they have seen the new play. 8. Possibly Mary mis -
understood you.

Ex. 2. Вставьте модальные глаголы may (might) или can (could).

1. …I use your pen? 2. … I find a pen on that table? 3. You … read this book: you know the language well
enough. 4. You … take this book: I don't need it. 5. … I help you? 6. … I ask you to help you? 7. … you help
me? 8. I … not imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 9. Something was wrong with the
car: he … not start it. 10. A fool … ask more questions than a wise man … answer. 11. She asked me if she …
use my telephone. 12. Waiting … be endless. 13. …you tell me the nearest way to the city museum? 14. They
… think that I am too weak to take part in the excursion, but I am strong enough to do any kind of hard work,
indeed. 15. He knew this period of history very well: he had read everything on the subject he … find in the
rich university library.

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Ex. 3. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, may или must.
1. What … we see on this map? 2. … you speak Spanish? – No, unfortunately I … 3. At what time … you
come to the University? 4. … I come in? 5. You … not smoke here. 6. … take your book? – I am afraid not: I
need it. 7. He … not speak English yet. 8. I have very little time: I …go. 9. They … not go to the park today be-
cause they are busy. 10. You … read this text: it is easy enough.
Ex. 4. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол to be to.
MODEL: The lecture is supposed to begin at eight. – The lecture is to begin at eight.
1. What am I supposed to do if they come too early? 2. It was arranged that the youngest children would play
on the beach. 3. We expect you to show the palace to her. 4. I am expected to leave tomorrow morning. 5. This
is Dora. It is arranged that she will share the room with you. 6. And who will do the cooking? 7. It is expected
that two more apartment houses will be built here. 8. Who will meet you at the station?
Ex. 5. Вставьте модальные глаголы to have to или to be to.
1. She … to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. They decided that she … to send them a
telegram every tenth day. 3. You … to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 4. Do you know this man?
He … to be our new teacher of physics. 5. Who … to go to the library to get the new books? – I was, but I
couldn't because I … to finish some work at the chemical laboratory. 6. It is raining. You …to put on your rain -
coat. 7. "The patient … to stay in bed for a few days," ordered the doctor. 8. The child had stomach trouble and
… to take castor oil. 9. I told her she … to open the window for a while every day. 10. The agreement was that
if Johny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint … to have the right to sell the land.
11. If I don't ring up before six o'clock, then you … to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the en -
trance. Is that clear? 12. The farmers … to gather their cotton at once, as they had been warned that heavy rains
were expected. 13. I … to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak.
Ex. 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол need.
MODEL: It is not necessary to go there. – You need not go there.
It was not necessary to go there. – You need not have gone there.
1. There was no necessity for her to do it herself. 2. There is no reason for you to worry: he is as strong as a
horse. 3. Why did you mention all these figures? The situation was clear as it was. 4. It was not necessary for
you to remind me about her birthday. I remember the date very well. 5. It was not necessary for mother to cook
this enormous dinner: we have brought all the food the children may want.
Ex. 7. Вставьте модальные глаголы may, must или need.
1. … we hand in our compositions tomorrow? – No, you … not, you … hand them in after Sunday. 2. … John
really do this today? – No, he … not, he … do it tomorrow if he likes. 3. You … not let this cup fall: it …
break. 4. … I help you with your coat on? 5. … I take this book for a little while? – I am sorry, but I … return it
to the library at once. 6. They … come at any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they …
not come if they don't want to. 7. … I go there right now? – Yes, you … .
Ex. 8. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must, need.
1. You … not go out today: it is too cold. 2. … I take your pencil? – Yes, please. 3. We … not carry the book-
case upstairs: it is too heavy. 4. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do
it. 5. When … you come to see us? – I …come only on Sunday. 6. Shall I write a letter to him? – No, you …
not, it is not necessary. 7. … you cut something without a knife? 8. Peter … return the book to the library. We
all want to read it. 9. Why … not you understand it? It is so easy.
Ex. 9. Translate into Russian
1. He must have sold his piano. 2. He may have sold his piano. 3. He might have sold the piano. 4. He can't
have sold his piano. 5. He should have sold his piano. 6. He shouldn't have sold his piano. 7. He needn't have
sold his piano. 8. He didn't have to sell his piano. 9. He had to sell his piano. 10. He was to sell his piano.

Ex. 10. Translate into English

1. Они, должно быть, уехали в Нью-Йорк. 2. Они, возможно, уехали в Нью-Йорк. 3. Может быть, они и
уехали в Нью-Йорк (хотя едва ли). 4. Не может быть, чтобы они уехали в Нью-Йорк. 5. Им следовало
уехать в Нью-Йорк (а они не уехали). 6. Им не следовало уезжать в Нью-Йорк (а они уехали). 7. Они
могли и не уезжать в Нью-Йорк (а они уехали). 8. Им незачем было уезжать в Нью-Йорк (они и не
уехали). 9. Им пришлось уехать в Нью-Йорк. 10. Им предстояло уехать в Нью-Йорк.

8
Ex. 11. Answer the questions
1. She can swim and what about you? 2. He can't speak French and you? 3. Ann may stay here and what about
Peter? 4. Mary is not allowed to walk after dark and what about her sister? 5. He has to look a few words in the
dictionary and what about you? 6. I can't find our seats and you? 7. She must do these exercises again and what
about Mike? 8. She will be able to speak fluent English in few months and you? 9. Mother will have to go to a
doctor and what about father? 10. I shan't be able to stay and what about your friend? 11. He had to earn his liv-
ing and what about his sister?
Ex. 12. Translate the words in brackets. (Use can, to be able to, may)
1. Of course, I (могу) translate this article. 2. I think I (мог бы) show you how to do it. 3. You (можно) go and
tell her about it. 4. (Можно) I see the doctor now? 5. He (мог бы помочь) you but he didn't want to bother. 6.
You (можете) easily get there in 20 minutes. 7. You (сможете) do it directly on return. 8. (Можно) I have
some cream with my tea? 9. You (нельзя) discuss the subject with your friends. 10. She was in a hurry, she (не
могла) wait for us. 11. There is a sign. You (нельзя) take pictures here. 12. The swimmer was very tired but he
(смог) reach the shore. 13. Before her illness, she (могла) work 14 hours a day. 14. When they buy a car, they
(смогут) visit their friends more often. 15. (Можно) we leave the room? Is the lesson over? 16. (Умеете) you
stand on your head? – I (умел) when I was at school but I (не могу) now. 17. Where (можно) I buy fruit? 18.
He (не мог) answer the teacher’s questions yesterday, but he (может) answer the same questions today. 19.
(Можно) I come and see you this evening? – Of course you (можете). 20. When I first went to Spain I (мог)
read Spanish but I (не мог) speak it. 21. He said that we (можем) use his flat whenever we liked. 22. There was
a lot of noise in the street last night, and I (не мог) sleep. 23. (Можно) I borrow your umbrella? 24. It’s very
cold. (Можно) I shut the windows?
Ex. 13. Translate into English
1. Ты можешь говорить по-французски? – Нет, только по-английски. 2. Ты можешь кататься на лыжах? – Да,
но я не смогу принять участие в соревнованиях (competition). 3. Я не смог перевести этот текст, хотя вы
объяснили все правила (rules). 4. Ты можешь починить мой телевизор? – Нет, я не умею чинить телевизоры.
5. Ты представляешь, моя мама сама смогла починить утюг. 6. Здесь нельзя останавливаться. 7. Можно
задать тебе вопрос? – Да, но боюсь, я не смогу на него ответить. 8. Когда мы сдадим экзамены, мы сможем
поехать в деревню. 9. Он не смог сдать последний экзамен, он заболел. 10. Не может быть, чтобы он
опоздал. Он всегда такой пунктуальный. 11. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него.
12. Вряд ли она забыла об этом; я об этом ей напоминала только вчера. 13. Вы, возможно, встретите его на
станции. 14. Может быть он оставил нам записку. 15. Вы, возможно, забыли свои перчатки дома. 16. Она,
возможно, поймет это позже. 17. Может быть дверь была не заперта. 18. Возможно, они не хотят видеть нас.
19. Она, может быть, напишет Вам. 20. Она, возможно, всё уже забыла.
Ex. 14. Complete the sentences with CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT
1. He went to bed but he … not sleep. 2. … I have another cup of coffee? 3. We had a feeling that we … have
seen that man before. 4. … I smoke here? – I'm afraid not. 5. What kind of furniture … you see in the sitting
room? 6. You … find our manager upstairs. 7. They … arrive today or tomorrow. 8. Students … not leave class
without permission. 9. He … play the piano beautifully. 10. I wonder if we … wear walking shoes in here. 11.
They … not get in touch with you last Monday. 12. I believe the company … make a profit this year.
Ex. 15. Complete the sentences with MUST, HAVE TO, CAN
1. I'm afraid you … not come in here if you are under 18. It's against the law. 2. I … remember to phone Sue.
It's her birthday. 3. You … not take this medicine if you feel better. 4. You … smoke in the hall but not in the
classrooms. 5. I've told you a hundred times you … not cross the road without looking. You'll have an accident.
6. If you don't want to fall ill you … not drink cold water. 7. The phone is ringing. I … answer it at once. 8.
You … drive on the left in Britain. 9. The car … be parked in the packing area.
Ex. 16.Open the brackets and complete the sentences with MUST, HAVE TO, BE TO
1. You … (not tell) him about it. It’s a secret. 2. It looks like rain. You … (take) your raincoats. 3. You … (not
talk) so loudly here. 4. In his youth he … (work) from morning till night to earn his living. 5. He … (wait) at
the station till it stopped raining. 6. The secretary informed us when the manager … (come). 7. They … (leave)
on Saturday, but because of the delay with their visas they … (book) tickets for Monday. 8. They … (not tell)
him anything about it before they get further instructions. 9. He … (leave) for London that night. 10. … I (do) it
all by myself? 11. It was too late to change their plans and they … (put up) with it. 12. You … (not prepare) all

9
this work, I will help you. 13. Stay here till she is free. I think you … (not wait) long. 14. We … (conduct) a se -
ries of experiments this week. 15. Remember that we … (be) at this place not later that noon.
Ex. 17. Translate the words in brackets. (Use must, have to, be to, should)
1. He (пришлось) take the documents to the police station. 2. You (должны) try to find the mistake and correct
it. 3. If you want to become a good football player you (должны) be an athlete. 4. I (вынужден был) read the
letter twice before I understood it. 5. You (должны) think of others. 6. The lecture (должна) begin at 8 o’clock.
7. It has been arranged that she (должна) come and help the old lady. 8. It is necessary that you should do it.
You simply (должны) do it. 9. If you (должны) meet Mother at six, you must try.
Ex. 18. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.
1. Everybody has to be honest. 2. You must help me. 3. She must have seen you there. 4. We have to write the
essay now. 5. The children must be playing somewhere in the street. 6. They will have to come back soon. 7.
The letter must have been sent long ago. 8. Alice had to call her boss. 9. This man will have to leave. 10. You
must never speak to her like that. 11. The wall had to be painted. 12. You must buy me a new phone. 13. I have
to finish this article by tomorrow.
Ex. 19. Translate into English
1. Мне надо видеть его сегодня же. 2. Мне пришлось идти туда самому. 3. Вам придется немного
подождать. 4. Когда же он должен прийти? 5. Сейчас же отдай ей мяч. 6. Не смей с ней играть. 7. Вы
должны вставать рано каждый день? 8. Мы должны были встретиться в театре. 9. Мне не пришлось
ждать его долго. 10. Вам придется поговорить с ней. 11. Им пришлось очень долго идти пешком. 12.
Ему надо переписать сочинение. 13. Когда вы должны быть в университете завтра. 14. Мне надо идти
туда сейчас?
Ex. 20. In the following statements change the form of the infinitive to refer to the past. Add appropriate time
references.
MODEL: They must be waiting for you. → They must have been waiting for you yesterday.
1. It must be raining. 2. She must be pleased about it. 3. She must be really fond of you. 4. They must be always
trying to help him. 5. She must know nothing about it. 6. She must be out shopping. 7. She must be the
youngest child in her class. 8. Somebody must be trying to get you on the phone. 10. The children must be at
school now.
Ex. 21. Choose the right variant
1. She looks bad. She should (be/ have been) more careful about her health. 2. You shouldn’t (miss/ have
missed) the chance. It was a brilliant opportunity for you. 3. I think the policeman was right. She shouldn’t (ex -
ceed/ have exceeded) the speed. 4. I ought to (bring/ have taken) the opera glasses. Now I see nothing. 5. It
seems to me that he is a hot-temper person and often flies into a rage because of mere trifles. He should (con -
trol/ have controlled) his temper. 6. They should (clear/ have cleared) up the problem long time ago. 7. I ought
not to (stay/ have stayed) there long. The party was a failure. 8. You should (shave/ have shaved) this beard of
yours! 9. She should (be/ have been) more attentive. Didn’t she see a car on the right? 10. It’s a secret. You
ought not to (reveal/ have revealed) it to anybody.
Ex. 22. Translate into English
1. Она, должно быть, читает эту книгу. 2. Должно быть, она готовила обед, когда пришел брат. 3. Должно
быть, он сейчас разговаривает по телефону. 4. Она, должно быть, написала сестре. 5. Она, должно быть,
писала сестре, когда вы ее увидели. 6. Она, должно быть, ждет нас в институте. 7. Он, должно быть, живет
на юге. 8. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал зайти. 9. Они, наверное, пишут сочинение уже около
двух часов и скоро должны закончить. 10. Они, наверное, забыли, что должны были прийти в 5 часов. 11. Ей
пришлось перепечатывать письмо несколько раз. Она, должно быть, устала и сделала много ошибок. 12. Ты,
должно быть, пропустил его. Ты должен был быть более внимательным. 13. Вы, должно быть, с ним уже
поговорили. Я вижу, вы всё знаете. 14. Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать. Это могло обидеть его.
15. Она не должна была закрывать окно так быстро. Надо было проветрить комнату получше.
Ex. 23. Complete the sentences with MUST, HAVE TO, CAN, MAY, NEED
1. Ann is very obedient. She … not have acted against her father's will, I'm sure. 2. I … be wrong but every-
thing seemed to happen so quickly there. 3. The students were told that they … take part in the discussion. 4. …
you be at home tonight? 5. … I ask you how you knew my address? 6. However difficult the task … be, you are
expected to do it in time. 7. … you give the jury an example? 8. And yet she … be fond of him or she'd never
look at him as she did. 9. We … not solve the problem in this way. 10. They … practise their pronunciation ev -

10
ery day. 11. We … not speak in a whisper. There is nobody in. 12. I … walk miles before I found a place where
the river was wide.

Unit 3
THE PARTICIPLE
Ex. 1. Write all forms of the participle for the following verbs
to do, to take, to read, to dance, to meet, to say, to publish, to type, to see, to hear, to tell, to cook, to mix, to invite, to re -
peat, to move, to press, to open, to translate, to argue, to reset, to report, to use.
Ex. 2. Translate the following participles
A. 1) покупающий, покупая, купленный, покупаемый; 2) получающий, получая, полученный, получаемый; 3)
переводящий, переводя, переведенный, переводимый; 4) написанный; 5) принесенный; 6) давая; 7)
разговаривающий; 8) спрошенный; 9) отвечая; 10) читаемый; 11) рассказанный; 12) издаваемый; 13)
работающий; 14) читая; 15) открывающий; 16) берущий; 17) потерянный; 18) сделанный; 19) стоя; 20)
идущий; 21) входя; 22) смотрящий; 23) построенный; 24) видя
B. 1) разбитая чашка; 2) проигранная игра; 3) разорванный конверт; 4) проигравшая команда; 5) кипяченая вода;
6) кипящая вода; 7) забытый метод; 8) лающая собака; 9) испытанный метод; 10) жареная рыба; 11) жарящаяся
рыба; 12) вспрыгнувший на стол кот; 13) прыгающая собака; 14) украденная тема; 15) смеющийся голос; 16)
смеявшаяся девушка; 17) выбранная тема; 18) печеный картофель; 19) потерянный шанс; 20) найденное
решение; 21) выигравший спортсмен; 22) написанное письмо
Ex. 3. State forms and functions of Participles. Translate into Russian
1. There was a tiny smile playing about the corners of his mouth. 2. You can get the recommended book in the library. 3.
He asked her to go on with her story, promising not to interrupt her again. 4. Receiving no letters from her father, she
called him. 5. He left the office at 3 o’clock, saying he would be back at 5. 6. She stood leaning against the wall. 7. He lay
on the sofa reading a newspaper. 8. Seeing her he raised his hat. 9. Having signed the letter the manager asked the secre -
tary to send it off at once. 10. Informed of the arrival of the ship, they sent a car to the port. 11. Having lived in that town
all his life, he knew it very well. 12. Having been well prepared for the interview, he could answer all the questions. 13.
Being checked with great care, the report didn’t contain any errors. 14. Being told of his arrival, I went to see him. 15.
While skating yesterday, he fell and hurt himself. 16. She showed the travelers into the room reserved for them. 17. The
leaves lying on the ground reminded us of autumn. 18. Books read in childhood seem like old friends. 19. He had a beau-
tiful old house in Queen Anne Street, and being a man of taste he had furnished it admirably. 20. Being very tired of his
work, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles. 21. Abraham appeared at noon the next day, bringing with him two hun-
dred dollars in cash. 22. Much of the afternoon I looked out of the window, as though thinking, but not really thinking.
23. Having breakfasted, I went out. 24. He looked at his father listening with a kind of painful desperation. 25. Prepared
for any consequences, I formed a project. 26. He looked at her for a moment as though amazed at her friendliness.
Ex. 4.Open the brackets using the correct form of the participle. Do not mix these: interesting films – interested specta-
tors, exciting games – excited children, boring lessons – bored students, burning fires – burnt woods, sinking ships –
sunk ships.
1. A crowd of (excite) people were watching the fireman trying to save the (burn) building. 2. “During my vacation I
came across several extremely (interest) books,” he said. “Which ones?” she asked in an (interest) voice. 3. Why do you
look so (worry)? – I’ve had a number of (worry) telephone calls lately. 4. I don’t know what was in the (burn) letter I
didn’t read it. 5. Nothing can save the (sink) ship now, all we can do is to try and save the passengers. 6. It was an (excite)
incident. No wonder she spoke about it in an (excite) voice. 7. After hearing the (frighten) tale the (frighten) children
wouldn’t go to sleep. 8. The doctor did his best to convince her that there was nothing seriously wrong with the body, but
the (worry) mother didn’t calm down.
Ex. 5. Replace the attributive clauses (определительное придаточное предложение) by the Participle
MODEL: All the people who live in this house are students. - All the people living in this house are students.
1. The man who is speaking now is our new secretary. 2. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the labo-
ratory is quite new. 3. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at an evening school. 4. People
who take books from the library must return them in time. 5. There are many students in our class who take part in the
performance.
Ex. 6. Replace the adverbial clauses of time by the Participle
MODEL: When you speak English, pay attention to the intonation. – (When) speaking English, pay attention to the intonation.
1. Be careful when you cross a street. 2. When you leave the room, don’t forget to switch off the light. 3. When you begin
to work with the dictionary, don’t forget my instructions. 4. When they were traveling in Central Africa, the explorers met
many wild animals. 5. When you copy English texts, pay attention to the articles. 6. You must have much practice when
you are learning to speak a foreign language.
Ex. 7. Point out Objective and the Subjective Participial Constructions. Translate into Russian.

11
1. In the midday quiet of the bush she heard a small bird singing. 2. The taxi could be seen waiting outside. 3. His face
clouded when he heard his name spoken. 4. She had the drawing room redecorated. 5. For their New Year's Eve party she
had all the furniture moved out of the parlor and sitting room. 6. Get your things packed. 7. The two men were heard de -
scending. 8. She had her armchair moved to the corner of the porch. 9. Mary could feel Elizabeth reviewing their hopes
and dreams, their relationship as sisters. 10. She averted her eyes each time she found herself being stared at.

Ex. 8. Paraphrase the following using PARTICIPLE I where it is possible.

MODEL: The man who is speaking to Mary is a well-known surgeon. – The man speaking to Mary is a well-known surgeon.
1. The woman who is working in the garden is my sister. 2. The man who made a report yesterday came back from the
USA. 3. I couldn't ring them up because I didn't know their telephone number. 4. We went so see our friends who had just
returned from a voyage. 5. The sidewalks were crowded with people who were watching the carnival. 6. He had a mas -
sive gold watch which had belonged to his father. 7. He stood at the counter and hesitated, he didn't know what to choose.
8. I looked at the people who were lying on the beach. 9. The people who are waiting for the doctor have been sitting here
for a long time.
Ex. 9. Paraphrase the following using PARTICIPLE II.
MODEL: These are only a few attempts, which were made to improve the situation. – These are only a few attempts made
to improve the situation.
1. The new job which has been offered to me lately, seems to be very interesting. 2. He couldn't recognize the square,
which was rebuilt, while he was away. 3. The news, which you've brought to us, is exciting. 4. The things that are left be -
hind by passengers are usually taken to the Lost Property Office. 5. The answer, which had been so long expected, came
at last. 6. There was a dead silence in the room, which was broken only by his cough. 7. The sunrays lighted the magnifi-
cent house, which was built on the hill. 8. The castle which was built may years ago, was in good order. 9. The computer
that was bought a few days ago has gone wrong.
Ex. 10. Open the brackets and use the correct form of PERFECT PARTICIPLE.
1. (see) so little of the country, I'm afraid I cannot answer all your questions. 2. (arrive) two days before the conference he
had a lot of time in Edinburgh. 3. I felt very tired (work) the whole day in the sun. 4. (buy) a pair of gloves we moved to
the shoe department. 5. She left (tell) us all she had found out. 6. (get) what he wanted he took his hat and left. 7. I felt re -
freshed (sleep) for eight hours. 8. (complete) all our preparations we hired a taxi and hurried off. 9. Never (experience)
such difficulties she was at a loss.
Ex.11.Replace the italicized adverbial clauses of time by the appropriate form of the Participle using the model.
A) MODEL: увидев → seeing (тогда)
когда увидел → having seen (раньше)
1. When I entered the room, I felt some change in the atmosphere at once. 2. When we had finally reached the river, we
decided to stay there and wait for the others. 3. When I reached out in the darkness, I felt a stone wall where I expected to
find the door. 4. When she opened the parcel, she saw a large box of sweets. 5. When they had finally opened the safe,
they found that most of the papers had gone. 6. When she closed and locked the suitcase, she rang for the porter to come
and take it downstairs. 7. When she had cut bread, she started to make coffee.
B) MODEL: читая / когда читаю / когда читал → (when, while) reading
прочитав / когда прочитал / потому что почитал → having read
1. As she had been walking most of the night, she felt tired and sleepy. 2. As I had never seen anything like that before, I
was eager to see the performance. 3. When he had passed the examination, he began to look round for a job. 4. When he
had drunk his second cup of coffee, he folded the newspaper and rose. 5. When I had finally made up my mind, I told my
parents about my new plans. 6. As she had spent most of her housekeeping money, she decided to go home. 7. When I
spoke to her I always tried to make my meaning clear. 8. When we were playing chess that evening, we kept watching
each other. 9. When she had taken the children to school, she could go and do her weekly shopping.

Ex. 12. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms from the right column.
a) building
1. The houses … many years ago are not as convenient as the modern ones. 2. What is
b) being built
the number of the apartment houses … in the past few years? 3. The number of the
c) built
apartment houses … for the population of Moscow is rapidly growing. 4. The workers
d) used
… this house used new construction methods. 5. At the conference they discussed new
e) using
methods … in building. 6. The new methods … in the building of houses proved more
f) sent
effective. 7. Here are some samples of the products of this plant … to different parts of
g) sending
the country. 8. These are the samples of products … last month.
h) being sent

Ex. 13. Open the brackets and use the appropriate form of PARTICIPLE.
1. (to wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was planning to discuss with the old lady. 2. He left (to say) he
would be back in two hours. 3. (to write) in very bad handwriting, the letter was very difficult to read. 4. (to write) his
first book, he worked endless hours till dawn. 5. (to spend) twenty years abroad, he was happy to be coming home. 6. (to

12
be) away from home, he still felt himself part of the family. 7. (not to wish) to discuss the problem, he changed the con-
versation. 8. (to reject) by the publisher, the story was returned to the author. 9. (to reject) by publishers several times, the
story was accepted by a weekly magazine. 10. (to wait) in the reception room, he thought over what he would say. 11.
They reached the peak at dusk, (to leave) their camp with the first light. 12. The friends went out into the city (leave) their
cases at the left-luggage department. 13. (to leave) a note with the porter, he said we would be back in half an hour. 14.
(to write) in archaic language, the book was difficult to read. 15. (to write) his first book, he used his own experience.
Ex. 14. Fill in the blanks with PASSIVE PARTICIPLES of the verb in brackets.
1. a) I cannot forget the story … by him. b) They listened breathlessly to the story … by the old man. (to tell)
2. a) One can't fail to notice the progress … by our group during the last term. b) These are only a few attempts now … to
improve the methods of teaching adult students. (to make)
3. a) We could hear the noise of furniture … upstairs. b) For a moment they sat silent … by the story. (to move)

Ex. 15. Translate the words in brackets.

1. We came up to the man (стоявшему на углу) and asked him the way. 2. Go to the shop and ask the man (стоящего
там) to show you the way. 3. The man (стоящий у окна) was our teacher last year. 4. Did you see in what direction the
man (стоявший здесь) went? 5. The people (ожидающие вас) have been sitting here since 3 o'clock. 6. The people
(ожидавшие вас) have just gone. 7. (Рассказав всё, что он знал) the man left the room. 8. (Постучав дважды и не
получив ответа) he came in. 9. (Толкнув дверь) he felt that it was locked. 10. (Тихо закрыв дверь) he tiptoed into the
room. 11. Each time (рассказывая об этом случае) she could not help crying. 12. (Приехав в гостиницу) she found a
telegram awaiting her. 13. (Приехав сюда) many years before he knew those parts perfectly. 14. We took a trip in a boat
down the river (и вернулись) when in was dark. 15. I felt very tired (проработав целый день) in the sun.

Ex. 16. Translate into English.

1. Гордясь своим отцом, он часто говорит о нем. 2. Выступая на собрании, я забыл упомянуть об этом факте. 3.
Как зовут человека, говорящего сейчас по телефону? 4. Наконец, она увидела человека, спасшего ее сына. 5. Они
усыновили (adopted) мальчика, потерявшего родителей в авиационной катастрофе. 6. Пробыв в Лондоне около
недели, я мог рассказать им много интересного. 7. Поняв, что не сможет выполнить всю работу одна, она
попросила меня о помощи. 8. Зная, что у меня достаточно времени, чтобы дойти до кинотеатра, я не спешил. 9.
Увидев, что такси подъехало к дому, он взял вещи и быстро спустился вниз. 10. Он не мог забыть грустную
историю, рассказанную ему другом. 11. Он внимательно слушал историю, которую рассказывала одна из
девочек. 12. Девочка, рассказывающая эту историю, уверена, что это правда. 13. Обещанная помощь не
приходила. 14. Где человек, обещавший вам помочь? 15. Говорившая с моим братом женщина улыбнулась мне.
16. Мы шли по дороге, ведущей в город.

Ex. 17. Point out THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION. Translate into Russian.
1. There being no chance of escape, the thief was arrested on the spot. 2. Oliver knocked weakly at the door and, all his
strength failing him, sank near the door. 3. The bridge having been swept away by the flood, the train was late. 4. There
being little time left, they hired a cab to get to the theatre in time. 5. It being pretty late, they decided to postpone their
visit. 6. The hour being late, she hastened home. 7. The sun having set an hour before, it was getting darker. 8. The
weather being cold, he put on his overcoat. 9. The weather having changed, we decided to stay where we were. 10. There
being nothing else on the table, Oliver replied that he wasn't hungry. 11. His directions to the porter finished, he came up
to his niece. 12. Dinner being over, the old lady asked Barbara to come and sit on the sofa near her. 13. Then they heard
the noise of the plane, its shadow passing over the open glade. 14. He heard the bathers coming up the sandy road, their
voices ringing through the quiet. 15. They continued their way, the boy sobbing quietly. 16. The dog sat close to the table,
his tail thumping now and again upon the floor. 17. She stood there, with her brows frowning, her blue eyes looking be -
fore her.

Ex. 18. Paraphrase the following using THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION.
1. As our work was finished, we went home. 2. If the letter is posted today, the news will reach them tomorrow. 3. If
mother permits us, we shall go to the theatre. 4. When the working day was over, she went straight home. 5. When the
packing had been done, the girls left for the station. 6. As the stop was a long one, the girls left for the station. 7. As the
weather was perfect, Linda played tennis every day. 8. If time permits, we shall come a few days earlier. 9. As the situa-
tion was urgent, we had to go ahead. 10. The whole evening he read aloud, his small son sat by his side.

Ex. 19. Translate into English using THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION.
1. Если погода будет благоприятной, спортсмены могут показать хорошие результаты. 2. Мы долго
разговаривали: он задавал мне вопросы, а я охотно на них отвечал. 3. Если условия позволят, я приеду к вам на
лето. 4. Так как было очень тепло, дети спали на открытом воздухе. 5. Когда все приготовления были закончены,
мы отправились в поход. 6. Было очень темно, так как на небе не было ни одной звезды. 7. Так как было очень
поздно, собрание было закрыто. 8. Если погода позволит, мы пойдем на каток. 9. Так как всё было готово, она

13
решила отдохнуть. 10. Так как было уже поздно, они никуда не пошли. 11. Когда письмо было написано, она
быстро побежала на почту отправить его.

Unit 4
THE GERUND
Ex. 1. State the function of the gerund. Translate into Russian.
A) 1. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 2. She likes sitting in the sun. 3. My watch needs re-
pairing. 4. I had no hope of getting an answer before the end of the month. 5. He talked without stopping. 6.
Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 7. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous
air. 8. She stopped coming to see us, and I wondered what had happened to her. 9. He was on the point of leav -
ing the club, as the porter stopped him. 10. At last he broke the silence by inviting everybody to walk into the
dining-room. 11. On being told the news she turned pale. 12. She burst out crying. 13. She denied having been
at home that evening. 14. They went on talking. 15. Would you mind coming again in a day or two? 16. She
could not help smiling. 17. Though David was tired, he went on walking in the direction of Dover. 18. They ac -
cuse him of having robbed the house. 19. I insist on being told the truth. 20. I stretched out my hand to prevent
her from falling. 21. My friend succeeded in translating this difficult text. 22. She suspected him of deceiving
her. 23. He gave up the idea of ever hearing from her. 24. We are looking forward to seeing you again. 25. She
always complains of feeling unwell. 26. He persisted in trying to solve that difficult problem. 27. The cold
weather prevented the girls from going for long walks. 28. Jane thought of leaving Lowood after Miss Temple's
marriage. 29. I had difficulty in finding a place to live. 30. The habit of discussing other people's affairs may
damage reputations and ruin friendships.
B) 1. Nobody can go on living without some belief. 2. "She cannot sleep without seeing and speaking to you
once more," he said. 3. Upon awakening she dressed quickly and left the house. 4. Do you mind giving me your
name and telephone number, please? 5. He never ceased talking. 6. Petra sat through her first lesson without
saying a word and without paying much attention to the lecture and the examples on the blackboard. 7. It is aw -
fully hard work doing nothing. 8. He was angry with me for bringing the news. 9. He went on talking to my
friend. 10. She enjoyed giving parties. 11. It's no use denying it. 12. It kept on raining outside. 13. They could
not understand how he had succeeded in deceiving them. 14. Being alone in your own country is worse than be-
ing alone anywhere else.

Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary. Translate into Russian.
1. She only succeeded … blocking the way. 2. There is no point … staying. 3. He didn't object … being exam -
ined. 4. I was not used … driving a big car through crowded streets. 5. She was surprisingly clever … finding
out things. 6. How can I prevent her … going there? 7. I was thinking at the time … selling the place. 8. I can
find that out … asking. 9. After all I'm personally responsible … bringing you back safe and sound. 10. They
positively insisted … visiting all the rooms. 11. What are your reasons to accuse her … taking the papers? 12.
Everything depends … being on the spot. 13. I thanked his again … lending me the car. 14. Unfortunately I
haven't succeeded … making much impression on you. 15. He had never had much difficulty … getting jobs.
16. She thanked him … taking her out. 17. He didn't object … seeing Francis. 18. I shall look forward … seeing
your book. 19. I thought … taking a trip up the Scandinavian coast. 20. I told him that we were about to be
turned out of our flat … not paying the rent.

Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences using gerunds. Translate into Russian
1. (Be) free and alone is a good things if you are tired of big cities. 2. (Find) you here was quite a surprise. 3. If
this is what you intend to ask me, stop (waste) your time. 4. They kept on (talk) though the band began (play).
5. Everyone enjoyed (swim) in the river. 6. My watch needs (repair). 7. He never mentioned (live) in Prague. 8.
He doesn't seem to mind (air) the room. 9. Just imagine (go) there together! 10. Don't put off (do) it now. If you
postpone (receive) a visa again, you will miss an excellent opportunity of (go) there.

Ex. 4. Complete the following sentences with gerunds formed from these verbs: buy, answer, pay, recog-
nize, go, escape, comment, sign, help, make, see. Translate into Russian
1. ___ big prices for famous pictures is now a wealthy man's way of ___ taxation. 2. English grammar is very
difficult and few writers have avoided ___ mistakes. 3. Maurice was saved from ___ by Kate's entry with the
tray. 4. The elderly ladies enjoyed ___ who came in and out, ___ old friends, and ___ unfavourably how these

14
had aged. 5. Of course the contract is mutually beneficial and he is all for ___ it. 6. The important part of his
life is ___ people. 7. Parks at night is a dangerous place to walk. Avoid ___ there after darkness. 8. Father sug-
gested ___ a new machine.

Ex. 5. Find and state the function of the Gerundial Constructions. Translate into Russian.
1. I had no idea of his leaving St. Petersburg so soon. 2. Aunt's coming here gives me much pleasure. 3. The li-
brarian did not object to the reader keeping the book one day longer. 4. She said that she knew nothing about
the door having been left open. 5. My trying to convince him is of no use. 6. When asked why she had missed
the train, she said something about her watch being slow. 7. She approached without my seeing her. 8. She
stayed in town the whole summer because of her daughter being ill. 9. It was easy to imagine Mark sitting
silent. 10. Besides there is no danger of it happening again. 11. He was wakened by someone knocking at the
door. 12. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once. 13. Please forgive my interfering. 14. He
keeps insisting on my going to the south. 15. Do you mind my asking you a difficult question? 16. He never
agreed to their going on that dangerous voyage. 17. He did not approve of her drinking so much coffee. 18. The
teacher of mathematics did not approve of his pupils dreaming. 19. "It's no good you hating it", said Mr. Green.
20. Well, it's no use my telling you a lie.

Ex. 6. Supply gerund forms for the words in brackets. Translate into Russian.
1. Please go on (write); I don't mind waiting. 2. He offered to buy my old car, if I didn't mind (wait) a month for
the money. 3. The taxi-driver tried to stop in time, but he couldn't avoid (hit) the old woman. 4. At first I en-
joyed (listen) to him, but after a while I got tired of hearing the same story again and again. 5. I suggest (tele-
phone) the hospitals before asking the police to look for him. 6. When I came he was busy (write) a letter to his
friend. 7. Do you feel like (go) to a film, or shall we stay at home? 8. It's no use (have) a bicycle if you don't
know how to ride it. 9. It's no use (ask) children to keep quiet. They can't help (make) noise. 10. Mr Shaw is
very busy (write) his memoirs. 11. There are people who can't help (laugh) when they see someone slip on a ba-
nana skin. 12. I don't feel like (work) so I suggested spending the day in the country. 13. My father thinks I am
not capable of (earn) my own living. 14. I'm tired of (do) the same thing all the time. 15. I tried to convince him
that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own, but he insisted on (help) me. 16. There was no way of
(get) out of the building. 17. He didn't leave the house, because he was afraid of (meet) someone who would
recognize him. 18. There is no point in (remain) in a dangerous place if you can't do anything to help the peo -
ple. 19. He expects me to answer by return but I have no intention of (reply) at all. 20. I'm not used to (drive) on
the left. 21. I want to catch the 7a.m. train. – But you are not good at (get) up early.

Ex. 7. Use the necessary form of gerund (in active of passive voice). Translate into Russian.
1. He was always ready for (help) people. 2. He was very glad of (help) in his difficulty. 3. On (allow) to leave
the room, the children immediately ran out into the yard and began (play). 4. In (make) this experiment, they
came across some very interesting phenomena. 5. The results of the experiment must be checked and rechecked
before (publish). 6. David was tired of (scold) all the time. 7. The watch requires (repair). 8. The problem is not
worth (discuss). 9. Jane Eyer remembered (lock) up in the red room for (contradict) Mrs Reed. 10. Why do you
avoid (speak) to me? 11. She tried to avoid (speak) to. 12. The doctor insisted on (send) the sick man to the hos-
pital. 13. The child insisted on (send) home at once. 14. Do you mind him (examine) by a heart specialist? 15.
He showed no sign of (recognize) me. 16. She showed no sign of (surprise). 17. He had a strange habit of (in -
terfere) in other people's business. 18. I was angry at (interrupt) every moment.

Ex. 8. Open the brackets using the correct form of the gerund. Translate into Russian
1. He remembered (cross) the road, but he didn't remember (knock down). 2. I am still hungry in spite of (eat)
four sandwiches. 3. He got into the house by (climb) through a window, without (see) by anyone. 4. He woke
up at 7a.m. in spite of (work) late. 5. He complained of (give) a very small room at the back of the hotel. 6. The
little girl isn't afraid of dogs in spite of (bite) twice. 7. The baby went to sleep a few minutes after (feed). 8. The
little girl never gets tired of (ask) so many questions. 9. Mary was pleasantly surprised at (choose) to fill that
vacancy. 10. I always treat people politely and insist on (treat) politely. 11. The boy was very thirsty in spite of
(drink) a big cup of tea.

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences using the models.

MODEL 1: mind / like / hate / avoid doing smth.

15
1. Я не мог избежать разговора с ней. 2. Я не отрицаю (deny), что помогаю им. 3. Я не могу оправдать
(justify) его работу на конкурирующую (rival) фирму. 4. Терпеть не могу ждать. 5. Стоит (worth) это
читать? 6. Я ужасно не люблю тратить время зря (waste). 7. Она ничего не имела против (mind) того,
чтобы зайти еще раз. 8. Он избегал выражать свое мнение. 9. Мне так неприятно оставлять тебя здесь.

MODEL 2: way / intention / purpose / difficulty of doing smth.

1. Это хороший способ уйти (avoid) от ответа. 2. У него не было ни малейшего намерения обманывать
(deceive) вас. 3. У меня и мысли не было разрешить (let) ей остаться. 4. Он приехал сюда с целью
помочь вам. 5. Наши шансы (chances) получить обед были очень малы. 6. Здесь переходить (cross) реку
не опасно (danger). 7. Вреда (harm) в том не будет, если мы скажем ему правду. 8. У нее была привычка
(habit) ложиться спать рано. 9. У меня не было возможности (opportunity) поговорить с ней об этом. 10.
Не будет никакой трудности в том, чтобы найти место, где остановиться.
MODEL 3: on / after/ before / by / through (because of) / without / in spite of doing smth.
1. Он работает без остановки целый день. 2. Ты ничего не добьешься, если будешь возражать (object). 3.
Всё это надо обсудить до того, как принимать решение (take decision). 4. Вы можете исправить фигуру,
делая гимнастику. 5. Он даст ответ, посоветовавшись (consult) со своим юристом. 6. Он прошел мимо,
не заметив нас. 7. Он упустил возможность (miss the opportunity) поехать туда, потому что заболел. 8. Не
делайте этого, не обдумав всё (think over), как следует.

Ex. 10. Translate the following into English using gerunds after the verbs in brackets.
1. Я не виню тебя за то, что тебе так хочется уехать из города. (to blame) 2. Тогда я заподозрил его в том,
что он меня дразнит. (to suspect) 3. Нам было нетрудно работать вместе. (to have no difficulty) 4. Он
настаивал на том, чтобы научить ее работать на компьютере. (to insist) 5. Не было ничего, что могло бы
помешать ему вернуться в Лондон. (to prevent) 6. Он извинился, что не пришел вовремя. (to apologize) 7.
Мне удалось заставить Энн говорить. (to succeed) 8. Отец часто обвинял меня в том, что я отношусь к
дому как к отелю. (to accuse) 9. Она настояла на том, чтобы заплатить за такси. (to insist) 10. Дэн
уговорил Беллу остаться на обед. (to talk into) 11. Доктор начал с того, что пощупал его пульс. (to begin)
12. Он настоял на том, чтобы Анну немедленно пригласили сюда. (to insist) 13. Я спросил его, как ему
нравится быть отцом. (to feel about) 14. Как ты объяснил покупку этого автомобиля? (to account) 15. Он
упрекал себя за то, что не пытался поговорить с ней. (to reproach)
Ex. 11. Paraphrase the sentences using Gerundial Constructions. Insert the correct preposition before the gerund.
1. The pleasant-faced middle-aged woman insisted that Olga come to her town to teach. (on) 2. Helen sug-
gested that they should go on a trip. 3. There is a possibility that my father will join us for the trip. (of) 4. The
girls knew that the sportsman had been awarded a prize. (of) 5. I don't mind if you walk to the underground
station with me. 6. When they entered the house, they heard the last bell ringing. (on) 7. Thank you that you in-
vited me to the theatre. (for) 8. The woman insisted that her husband should consult the doctor at once. (on) 9.
There was little hope that James would return on the same day. (of) 10. The thought that he had been turned
away by the door-keeper made him feel miserable.(of) 11. When the boy entered the room, he glanced curiously
around. (on) 12. The patient felt much better after he had been given proper treatment. 13. Just before I left the
classroom, I was approached by a fellow-student who asked me to help him. 14. Looking at the man attentively,
she remembered that she had seen him and spoken to him on several occasions. 15. The mother insisted that
her son should enter the university. (on) 16. When he entered, she stood up and left the room, and even did not
look at him. (without) 17. When Robert came home from the college, after he had passed his examinations, he
felt very happy. (on) 18. In the darkness they were afraid that they might lose their way.(of) 19. When he
reached his destination, he sent a telegram home to say that he had arrived safely.(on) 20. Thank you that you
helped me.(for) 21. I am told that you are very busy. 22. Do you mind if I smoke here? 23. Will you object if I
close the door? 24. I remember that I have seen this picture somewhere. 25. That you are against John's pro-
posal does not mean that I must decline it. 26. The fact that you took English lessons some years ago helps you
in your studies now.

16
 Unit 5
THE INFINITIVE
Ex. 1. State the form and function of the Infinitive. Translate into Russian.
1. To go on with this discussion is to waste time. 2. Oh, I'm sorry to have taken so much of your time. 3. It all
sounds too good to be true. 4. Now, the first thing to settle is what to take with us. 5. He was the first to raise
the question. 6. A celebration such as this was a chance not to be missed. 7. Look back to make sure you
haven't left anything behind. 8. She was the last to realize how dangerous it was. 9. You are a bachelor with no
family to take care of. 10. I didn't come here to be shouted at. 11. He came here to speak to me, not to you. 12.
To meet the demands for goods, new shops have been opened in the town. 13. The plan will be discussed at the
meeting to be held on May 25. 14. Surely it is not at all necessary to go into details. 15. I rose to receive my
guests. 16. At the sight of the man I felt an impulse to laugh. 17. He was too astonished to speak. 18. The best
thing Lanny could do was to get out of here. 19. It's an awkward thing to say. 20. He must have been very tired
to come and fall asleep like that. 21. And suddenly he hated Crum. Who the devil was Crum, to say that? 22.
He has a good deal to say about India. 23. the first person to enter was Mrs Evans, her face white. 24. He
looked at the shelves of books to be read. 25. He received a note to say that he was expected at the family din -
ner. 26. You have health and much to live for.
Ex. 2. Replace the group of words in bold type by an Infinitive. Translate into Russian.
Model: She was the first lady who left. – She was the first (lady) to leave.
1. The manager was the last who left the shop. 2. I was astonished when I heard that he had left his native
town. 3. There was no place where he could sit. 4. I can't go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear. 5. He
was the first man who swam the Channel. 6. He was the only one who realized the danger.
Ex. 3. Combine each of the following parts of the sentences into one sentence using an Infinitive. Translate into Russian.
Model: They sent me to University, they wanted me to study law. – They sent me to University to study law.
1. I'm buying bread. I want to feed the bird. 2. He opened the door. He intended to go out. 3. He rushed into the
burning house. He wanted to save the child. 4. He rand the bell. He wanted to tell us that the dinner was ready.
5. The farmer shot the rifle. He wanted to frighten the birds. 6. He sent his children to his sister's house. He
wanted them to watch the TV programme. 7. I am saving up. I want to buy a car. 8. I keep my hens in a field
surrounded by a wire netting. I want to protect them against the foxes.
Ex. 4. Combine each of the following pairs of the sentences into one sentence using "enough" with the Infinitive.
Model: He is clever. He can answer the question. – He is clever enough to answer the question.
1. He wasn't strong. He couldn't support the man. 2. It isn't very hot. We can't lie in the sun. 3. The coffee isn't
strong. It won't keep us awake. 4. I am quite old. I could be your father. 5. You aren't very old. You can't under-
stand these things. 6. He was very curious. He opened the letter. 7. You are quite thin. You can wear this dress.
Ex. 5. Combine each of the following pairs of the sentences into one sentence using "too" with the Infinitive.
Model: He is very ill. He can't work today. – He is too ill to work today
1. It is very hot. We can't run. 2. I am rather old. I can't wear this dress. 3. He was nervous. He couldn't speak.
4. I was terrified. I couldn't move. 5. It is very cold. We can't have a swim. 6. He was very snobbish. He
wouldn't talk to any of us. 7. It was very dark. We couldn’t go out into the garden.
Ex. 6. Combine each of the following pairs of the sentences into one sentence using "so as / in order" with the Infinitive.
Model: He took off his boots. He didn't want to make any noise. – He took off his boots so as / in order not to
make any noise.
1. He was playing very softly. He didn't want to disturb anyone. 2. I sent him out of the room. I wanted to dis-
cuss his progress with his headmaster. 3. I am learning Greek. I wish to read Homer. 4. He sent his children to
their aunt's house. He wanted to have some peace. 5. He read only for short periods each day. He didn't want to
strain his eyes. 6. they got up very early. They wanted to get up to the top of the hill before sunrise. 7. We must
keep our gloves on. We don't want to get frost bitten.
Ex. 7. Insert to where necessary. Translate into Russian.

17
A) 1. I like … play the piano. 2. My brother can … write poems. 3. We had … put on our overcoats because it
was cold. 4. The wanted … cross the river. 5. It is high time for you … go to bed. 6. May I … use your tele -
phone? 7. They heard the girl … cry out with joy. 8. I would rather … stay at home today. 9. He didn't want …
play in the yard anymore. 10. Would you like … go to England. 11. You look tired. You had better … go home.
12. I wanted … speak to Nick, but I could not … find his telephone number. 13. It is time … get up. 14. Let me
… help you with your homework. 15. I was planning … do a lot of things yesterday. 16. I'd like … speak to
you. 17. I think I shall be able … solve this problem. 18. What makes you … think you are right? 19. I shall …
do all I can … help you. 20. I like … dance. 21. I'd like … dance. 22. She made me … repeat my words several
times. 23. She didn't let her mother … go away. 24. Do you like … listen to good music. 25. That funny scene
made me … laugh.
B) 1. The boy helped us … find the way to the railway station. 2. He would sooner .. die than … betray his
friends. 3. Why not … start out now? We cannot wait for the rain … stop. 4. You'll be better tomorrow. You
may … come and … dine with us. 5. Don't let us … get worried. There are a hundred things … be done. 6. We
had better … make haste. 7. You ought not … speak to the Dean like that. 8. What made you … think so? 9.
"Thanks," Andrew answered, "I'd rather … see the cases myself." 10. He was made … obey the rules. 11. I
thought I would rather … get to the gallery alone, but I was obliged … accept his company.12. There is hardly
anything … do but … work out an alternative plan.
Ex. 8. Open the brackets and choose the infinitive in the Active or Passive form. Translate into Russian.
1. They are glad (invite/ be invited) to the party. 2. I don't like (interrupt/ be interrupted) 3. He will be happy
(see/ be seen) you. 4. I was glad (meet/ be met) at the station. 5. Children like (tell/ be told) tales and always
(listen/ be listened) to them with interest. 6. I didn't think (interrupt/ be interrupted) you. 7. He is glad (send/ be
sent) abroad. 8. He likes (ask/ be asked) his professor questions. 9. He doesn't like (ask/ be asked) questions be-
cause he doesn't know how to answer them. 10. He doesn't like (laugh/ be laughed) at other people. 11. Look, a
ship can (see/ be seen) in the distance. Can you (see/ be seen) it?
Ex. 9. A) Translate the phrases and the sentences into Russian.
To cut a long story short; to tell (you) the truth; to say nothing of; to put it mildly; to say the least of it; to begin
with. The book leaves much to be desired. He is difficult to deal with. He is hard to please. I am not to blame.
She is pleasant to look at. It is out of the question to go there.

B) Translate the sentences using the above phrases.

1. Мягко выражаясь, она была невежлива. 2. Ваша работа оставляет желать лучшего. 3. Сказать по
правде, я не люблю бокс. 4. Вашей сестре трудно угодить. 5. Начнем с того, что я занят. 6. На него было
приятно смотреть. 7. Короче говоря, он не сдал экзамен. 8. Мы все были рады, не говоря уже о маме:
она сказала, что это самый счастливый день в ее жизни. 9. Твое сочинение оставляет желать лучшего.
10. Это очень странно, по меньшей мере. 11. Для начала, она открыла все окна. 12. С моим соседом
трудно иметь дело. 13. О том, чтобы купаться в реке, не могло быть и речи. 14. По правде говоря, я
очень устал. 15. Его поведение оставляет желать лучшего. 16. Мягко выражаясь, вы меня удивили. 17.
На этих детей приятно смотреть. 18. Короче говоря, они поженились. 19. Вам трудно угодить. 20. По
меньшей мере, мы были удивлены. 21. Не может быть и речи о покупке машины в этом году.
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Objective with the Infinitive Construc-
tion (Complex Object)
1. We can't believe him to have robbed the bank. 2. He hated her to wake him up every morning. 3. They re -
ported the train to have arrived. 4. We relied on her to book the tickets. 5. Susan ordered the tea to be brought.
6. They couldn't allow all the money to be given to one person. 7. He preferred the pictures to be exhibited in
the central gallery. 8. The manager ordered the contract to be translated into English. 9. I can't make you obey.
10. She saw a little girl approach the house. 11. She usually lets her son stay at home when he feels sick. 12.
Nelly asked her luggage to be brought. 13. What made you come so early? 14. I've never seen them walk to-
gether. 15. The doctor made the patient take the medicine. 16. I can't have him waste his money. He may need
it.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences using the Objective with the Infinitive Construction.
1. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы он поехал с нами на озеро. 2. Я считаю, что это был смелый шаг ( move). 3.
Мы не ожидали, что он примет такое решение. 4. Она не ожидала, что ее сын будет изучать
архитектуру. 5. Дама попросила носильщика отнести ее вещи к такси. 6. Мы не предполагали, что он

18
приедет так рано. 7. Мы считаем его большим специалистом в этой области. 8. Мы слышали, как они
спорили. 9. Никто не заметил, как я открыл дверь и вышел. 10. Мы наблюдали, как ремонтировали
дорогу. 11. Я слышал, как кто-то окликнул меня. 12. Он заметил, как она побледнела. 13. Она слышала,
как кто-то упомянул мое имя в разговоре. 14. Я никогда не слышала, чтобы он говорил неправду. 15. Я
увидел, что все смотрят наверх.

Ex. 12. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Nominative with the Infinitive Construc-
tion (Complex Subject)
1. She was heard to phone her friend. 2. The criminal is unlikely to rob the bank. 3. They were discussing where
they should go on Sunday and she happened to overhear them. 4. The headmaster is supposed to take care of
the staff. 5. She was seen to be trying on a new dress. 6. They are expected to solve all the family problems. 7.
The man was seen to get into the house. 8. Her ex-husband in believed to be living in Rome. 9. The children are
never allowed to stay at home alone. 10. The team is likely to win the game. 11. The novel is known to have
been published abroad. 12. She was let to park her car near the bank.
Ex. 13. Translate the sentences using the Nominative with the Infinitive Construction.
1. Он, кажется, сердится на меня. 2. Он, кажется, болен. 3. Они, по-видимому, пользовались этим
словарем. 4. Он, кажется знает ее хорошо. 5. Они, по-видимому, очень хорошо поняли это правило. 6.
Кажется, все студенты читали эту статью. 7. Она, кажется, знает три иностранных языка. 8. Говорят, что
он в Москве. 9. Ожидают, что договор будет подписан на этой неделе. 10. Известно, что он
придерживается другого мнения. 11. Считают, что он один из лучших врачей нашей страны. 12.
Говорят, что этот дом был построен около двухсот лет тому назад. 13. Видели, как она писала письмо.
14. Думали, что это она пишет эти письма. 15. Предполагали, что она написала это письмо. 16.
Наверняка, она и сейчас пишет письмо. 17. Конечно, она написала это письмо. 18. Вряд ли она пишет
эти письма. 19. Вряд ли она написала письмо. 20. Конечно, письмо уже написано. 21. Оказалось, что она
написала стихотворение. 22. Случайно она написала хорошее стихотворение.
Ex. 14. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to for-to-Infinitive Construction
1. For Gordon to paint her portrait was a great pleasure. 2. For Ray to ask for advice meant he was incapable to
find a proper solution. 3. It was so hard for him to realize that he was accused of such a crime. 4. He wanted to
ask her one or two questions but it was difficult for him to attract her attention. 5. For me to remember meeting
him meant to remember everything that was connected with him. 6. For Vivien to play the piano was always a
great pleasure. 7. For Mr. Brown to accept their invitation meant to forgive them. 8. For Sally to go to an art
gallery meant to waste time. 9. The main problem is for her to believe that he won't come back. 10. The first
thing was for the child to be taken to the doctor. 11. The hardest problem was for the poor family to pay the
rent. 12. The easiest way out is for John not to stay at a hotel but rent a furnished room. 13. The book is for
Henry to give back to Mike. 14. There is nothing for us to talk about. 15. There was no time for them to pack
the things. 16. There was nothing for the child to fear. 17. Here's a very interesting item for you to read. 18. I've
found a job for you to earn enough money. 19. She didn't say a word for them to understand that she agreed. 20.
We did everything for him to be saved. 21. Mary and Angela came into the room for their dad to give them
some pocket money. 22. She bought some pictures for us to decorate the flat. 23. Our son is too little for us to
leave him alone.
Ex. 15. Translate the sentences using the for-to-Infinitive Construction.
1. Вам необходимо быть здесь завтра в 5 часов. 2. Ему легко это сделать. 3. Нам трудно сделать эту
работу в такой короткий срок. 4. Вашей сестре необходимо повидать его. 5. Текст был слишком
сложный, чтобы он мог перевести его без словаря. 6. Сейчас слишком поздно, чтобы дети шли гулять. 7.
Ему необходимо немедленно вернуться. 8. Вам полезно есть фрукты. 9. Нам было приятно снова
встретить наших друзей. 10. Я считаю (нахожу необходимым), чтобы ты закончил университет. 11.
Мама испекла пирог, чтобы мы съели его за ужином. 12. Он оставил дверь открытой, чтобы мы могли
войти. 13. Я привезу книг, чтобы вы могли читать летом. 14. Детям негде спать. 15. Мне здесь больше
нечего делать. 16. Он говорил по-английски достаточно хорошо, и мы поняли, что ему надо.

INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

Ex. 16. Objective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex Object)

19
1. I don't expect you to understand. But I want you to take some precautions. Would you like me to help you? 2.
If you don't want anyone to know your business, keep your mouth shut. 3. What made you decide to enter that
competition? 4. They wanted her to relax and sent the children to their aunt's. 5. They know him to be a respon -
sible person. 6. Sunglasses make you look mysterious. 7. They consider him to be a real professional. 8. The
desire for fame makes men work hard and does not let them rest till the goal is gained. 9. She regards him as a
superman. 10. The big breakfast made me feel drowsy and I let the book fall to the floor.

Ex. 17. Nominative with the Infinitive Construction

1. The old woman seemed to read my mind. 2. They proved to be old friends. 3. David happened to witness the
incident. 4. But his advice didn't prove to be sound. 5. It turned out to be their last meeting. 6. They chanced to
find a treasure under the house. 7. I always seem to be waiting for things. 8. Mr. Smith appeared to be thinking
aloud. 9. Vesta happened to be playing in the corner of the room. 10. He might turn out to be another Newton.
11. The child seemed on a sudden to have entered a magic world. 12. Dinny seemed to have lost already all her
doubts. 13. Herbert would appear to be involved in it. 14. We seemed to be surrounded by shouting policemen.
15. The patient seemed to have been improving lately. 16. It proved to be true in the end.

Ex. 8. for-to-Infinitive Construction

1. For him to act so is rather unusual. 2. It was difficult for Bill to keep such a big family. 3. All she wanted was
for her mother to come to terms with her past. 4. The best thing is for you to leave at once. 5. Teddy put the ket -
tle on, stood near the stove waiting for the water to boil. 6. He stopped the car for the kids to get in. 7. That is
for the boss to decide, isn't it? 8. Steve was a suitable candidate for them to hire. 9. I am still waiting for the
mail to come. 10. Emma was a suitable child for them to adopt. 11. I've bought a tin of pastries for you to enjoy
them. 12. After all, we have known the man long enough for Steve to trust him.

20
 UNIT 6
Conditional Sentences

Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. If he is working on Friday he won't be able to go with us. 2. If I don't find her at home, I'll leave her a note. 3. We'll finish
the work on time provided you send all the necessary materials. 4. I'll come in time unless I am detained at the Institute.
5. If I were you, I would go there myself. 6. If you knew him better, you wouldn't think so. 7. If it were not raining, I could
go out. 8. If he wrote to you, would you answer? 9. If you had gone there, you would have seen him. 10. If it hadn't been
so hot last summer, we could have gone to the South. 11. If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would have
been well. 12. But for the rain, we would go down to the country. 13. If it were not for your help, I wouldn't be able to finish
my work in time. 14. Had I time, I would visit you. 15. Were she in New York, she would certainly call you.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets and use the necessary form of the verb.
1. I should come and see you off if I not (live) so far away. 2. If I had the money, I (buy) that car. 3. They not (go) tomor -
row if it rains. 4. If you (stay) here a little longer, you will see him. 5. I should be disappointed if they not (come). 6. If we
had no luggage, we (walk) home. 7. If it (rain) on Saturday, I shall stay at home. 8. I should have called you up yesterday
if I (be) in town. 9. If the goods had been loaded quickly, we (receive) them in time. 10. If you had arrived a little earlier,
you (find) me there. 11. If he (be) here, he would answer you. 12. We shall be very sorry if he not (call) on us tonight. 13.
If he had not lost his spectacles, he (be able) to finish this work in time. 14. If I had been in your place, I not (say) this. 15.
We shan't go out unless it (to stop) raining. 16. You will not have better health unless you (take) better care of yourself.
17. I (come) if I had had time. 18. He would leave Liverpool tonight if he (get) the necessary documents. 19. I not (catch)
cold if I had worn my overcoat. 20.1 would drive to the country if the weather (be) fine. 21. The man (be killed) if the car
hadn't stopped quickly.

Ex. 3. Complete the sentences.

1. You would know English better if ... . 2. I should have left St. Petersburg yesterday if ... . 3. If I were you, ... . 4. If I had
known that it was going to rain, ... . 5. I shall go for a walk if .... 6. I should lend you my text-book if .... 7. If we had bought
the tickets, ... . 8. If they were here.....9. We should be glad if ... . 10. If he were younger ... . 11. If you had got up earlier
this morning, ... .

Ex. 4. Translate into English.

1. Если бы вы знали грамматику лучше, вы бы не делали столько ошибок в ваших упражнениях. 2. Если бы он
был в Санкт-Петербург сейчас, он, конечно, помог бы нам. 3. Я подожду его, если его не будет дома, когда я
приду. 4. Если бы сейчас не было так поздно, я бы пошел к нему. 5. Если бы я не был так занят вчера, я поехал
бы на вокзал проводить его. 6. Я был бы вам очень благодарен, если бы вы смогли уделить мне несколько минут.
7. Мне потребовалось много времени, чтобы перевести этот текст. Если бы вы мне дали хороший словарь, я бы
потратил меньше времени. 8. Я буду очень огорчен, если они не придут. 9. Я был бы очень рад, если бы вы
зашли к нам завтра. 10. Как жаль, что это от меня не зависит. Если бы это от меня зависело, я бы помог вам с
удовольствием. 11. Этого бы не случилось, если бы вы были там. 12. Если бы у нас было меньше багажа, мы
могли бы пойти пешком на вокзал, так как у нас достаточно времени, чтобы поспеть на поезд. 13. Если бы вы
пришли сюда вчера между двумя и тремя часами, вы бы застали его. 14. Мне очень нравятся эти часы. Если бы
они были дешевле, я бы купил их. 15. Если я буду там и увижу его, я скажу ему об этом. 16. Ему придется пойти в
больницу завтра, если ему не будет лучше. 17. Мы приедем туда в 10 часов вечера, если поезд не опоздает. 18.
Почему вы не взяли такси? Если бы вы взяли такси, вы приехали бы в аэропорт вовремя. 19. Почему вы не
позвали его? Я уверен, что он пришел бы, если бы вы его позвали. 20. Если бы мы выехали завтра, мы бы
приехали в Москву в понедельник утром. 21. Было бы очень любезно с вашей стороны, если бы вы могли это
сделать для меня.

Ex. 5. Translate into English.

1. Если бы мы работали вчера больше, наша работа была бы сейчас готова. 2. Если бы мы послали письмо
вчера, они бы получили его завтра утром. 3. Я провела свой отпуск в Ялте. Я бы провела его в Сухуми, если бы
там не было так жарко летом. 4. Если бы мы не шли так быстро, мы не были бы такими усталыми сейчас и могли
бы продолжать наш путь. 5. Если бы я принес словарь с собой, я мог бы перевести эту статью сейчас. 6. Если бы
я не пошел к ним вчера, мы бы ничего не знали об этом даже теперь.

Ex. 6. Translate into English.

1. Хорошо, что вы пришли немного позже. Вы бы никого не застали дома. 2. Почему вы поехали на юг, не спросив
совета врача? Я уверен, он бы не посоветовал вам ехать в июле на юг. 3. Если бы я был старше! 4. Мы ничего об
этом не знали. Мы никогда не согласились бы на это. 5. Я не знаю, состоится ли завтра спектакль. Я бы пошла с
удовольствием. 6. Он, наверное, не знал, что эта книга уже вышла. Я уверен, что он непременно купил бы ее. 7.

21
Если бы вы мне сказали об этом раньше! 8. Я хотел бы увидеть его завтра. Я рассказал бы ему обо всем, что
случилось. 9. Смогли бы вы закончить вашу работу завтра?

Ex. 7. Omit the conjunctions (if) and make the necessary changes in the sentences.
1. If I had time, I should study French. 2. If you should find them, kindly let me know. 3. If they had called at the office yes-
terday, they would have found me there. 4. If I had seen him yesterday, I should have told him about it. 5. If he were here,
I should speak to him. 6. If he were in town, he would help us. 7. If you had seen him, you wouldn't have recognized him.
8. If I had enough money, I would travel. 9. If I were you, I should go there immediately. 10. The accident might not have
occurred if they had been more careful. 11. If I were in his place, I should refuse.
REVISION
1. SEQUENCE OF TENSES. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Ex. 1. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. "I was very excited by the opera," says Stella to Maurice. 2. "My sister was playing the piano at that time",
says Kitty. 3. "You are the best assistant I've ever had, Ted," he says. 4. "When the doorbell rang I was writing
a letter to John," says George. 5. "He always has lunch there," she said. 6. "He has a nice voice," she said. 7.
"I'm quite prepared to stay up until Mrs Brown comes in," said Stella. 8. "I'm sorry to disturb you," Tom said to
Eliza. 9. "I'm her guest at the moment," he said. 10. "You are the very person we want, Mr Green," said Pearl.
11. "John always comes home to dinner," said Mary. 12. "I don't think anyone can accuse me of not being
frank," said Nelly. 13. "I'm learning French," said Florence. 14. "The car is waiting," Tom said to Betty. 15.
"Mary, you'll be all right in a minute," said Jess. 16. "I'll go and see him before I go to bed," said Stella. 17.
"You won't be able to see me on Monday," she said to George. 18. "We shall not do that," he said. 19. "I shall
wait for my friend," said Andrew. 20. "I'm deeply grateful for all you've done," Mrs Smith said to Stella.
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. "Open the safe!" he ordered the bank clerk. 2. "Please, do as I say," she said to me. 3. "Help your mother, Pe -
ter," Mr Brown said. 4. "Don't make too much noise, children," he said. 5. "Read the documents before you
sign them," the lawyer said to the client. 6. "Fill in the blank again," he said. 7. "Buy a new car," I advised him.
8. "Don't drive too fast," I said to him. 9. "Don't put your car near my window!" said the shopkeeper. 10. "Come
to the theatre with me," he asked her. 11. "Cook it carefully," I advised her. 12. "Don't argue with me," said the
teacher to the boy. 13. "Don't lend anything to her," he advised us. 14. "Stand off the door," he warned us.
Ex. 3. Change the following questions into indirect speech.
A) 1. "Do you often go to the swimming pool?" asked Pete. 2. "Are you working as well as studying?" asked
Tom. 3. "Have you got the results of the test?" Bill asked. 4. "Are you going to study next month?" asked Tess.
5. "Do you want to buy any books?" asked the shop assistant. 6. "Will you stay at home or go for a walk after
dinner?" I asked my sister. 7. "Have you seen the library?" asked Mary. 8. "Do you play rugby?" said Peter. 9.
"Will you have time to play tennis regularly?" he asked me. 10. "Did you play for your University team?" asked
Bill. 11. "Are you interested in foreign languages?" asked Helen. 12. "Would you like to join us?" she asked
Tim. 13. "Have you packed your luggage?" I asked my mother. 14. "Can you call a taxi for me?" she asked
Andy. 15. "Does your friend live in London?" I asked my sister. 16. "Do you often see your family?" I asked
my friend.
B) 1. "When did she go shopping?" he asked me. 2. "Why did he decide to go to Italy?" my friends asked. 3.
"When was he sent on business?" she asked. 4. "Who will fulfill this task?" the manager asked. 5. "How long
have you been here?" said Ann. 6. "Who was he speaking to at that moment?" asked the secretary. 7. "What is
shown on this diagram?" the teacher asked. 8. "What are you going to do on Sunday?" he asked me. 9. "How
long have they been developing this project?" he asked his assistant. 10. "Who was this book written by?" he
asked me. 11. "What do you think of this film?" she asked Mary. 12. "What are you going to study next year?"
Helen asked Linda. 13. "What time does the train start?" he asked me. 14. "Why didn't you come here yester-
day?" she asked John. 15. "Where do you usually spend your winter holidays?" David asked his friends.
2. THE PARTICIPLE
Ex. 4. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the appropriate form of the Participle.
1. She stayed (to lock) in her room, (to refuse) to come downstairs. 2. He had a good practical knowledge of the
language, (to work) as an interpreter for many years. 3. They went out as they had come, (to see) nobody and
(to see) by no one on their way. 4. Except for the piano and the pianist (to sit) before it, the stage was empty. 5.
She looked so beautiful and peaceful (to sit) in that chair under the tree. 6. The boy came out of water, all blue
and (to shake) from head to foot. 7. (to arrive) in the town 20 years before he had succeeded in his business. 8.

22
(to support) by her elbow, Mary listened to their talk. 9. (to support) her by his arm, he helped her out of the
taxi. 10. The girl was fascinated by the dark water (to reflect) the stars. 11. I saw the figure of an old woman (to
come) towards me. 12. He retired (to leave) the laboratory in the hands of a young talented scientist. 13. He re-
tired (to turn) the laboratory into a big research centre. 14. (to finish) their meal, they went for a walk in the
park. 15. (to look) through the paper, he gave it to the secretary to be typed. 16. They are now at the conference
(to hold) at the University. 17. (to arrive) in a hotel she found a telegram awaiting her. 18. The people (to wait)
for you have been sitting here since 3 o'clock. 19. I cannot forget the story (to tell) by him. 20. (to live) in the
town all her life, she knew it very well. 21. (to prepare) for the test, he could answer all the questions.
3. THE GERUND

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund.

1. Она всегда мечтала жить в небольшом домике у моря (to dream). 2. Она думала о том, чтобы купить
новую машину. 3. Ей нравилось разговаривать с друзьями (to enjoy). 4. Она не возражала помочь своим
друзьям (to mind). 5. Ему не нравилось жить в своем старом доме (to dislike). 6. Она любит готовить. 7.
Она терпеть не может стирать и гладить (to hate). 8. Он терпеть не может рано вставать. 9. Она не
возражает против того, чтобы много работать (to mind). 10. Ей очень нравится водить машину (to enjoy).
11. Она всегда мечтала путешествовать по миру (to dream). 12. Она терпеть не может летать самолетом
(to hate). 13. Она любит встречаться с новыми людьми (to love). 14. Смотреть футбольные матчи может
быть очень интересно. 15. Этот город стоит посетить (to be worth). 16. Он избегал разговоров с ними (to
avoid). 17. Он настаивал на том, чтобы перевести этот документ (to insist). 18. Я поблагодарил его за то,
что он принес мне важную статью (to thank for). 19. Я поблагодарил его за то, что он отправил мне
сообщение (to thank). 20. Я не отрицаю, что помогаю ему с математикой (to deny).

4. THE INFINITIVE

Ex. 6. Translate into English using the Infinitive or Infinitive Construction.

1. Знать грамматику – значит писать без ошибок. 2. Сказать ей правду было невозможно. 3. Было очень
трудно объяснить всё ему. 4. Трудно переводить текст без словаря. 5. Дайте мне немного времени
подумать. 6. Я еще раз прочитал письмо, чтобы лучше его понять. 7. Он бежал всю дорогу, чтобы не
опоздать на поезд. 8. Я рад, что встретился с вами. 9. Я постараюсь не забыть послать им телеграмму.
10. Он был счастлив, что ему дали новую работу. 11. Вот статья, которую надо прочитать. 12. Ему
нечего было сказать. 13. Он приехал для того, чтобы принять участие в конференции. 14. Я хочу, чтобы
он помог мне. 15. Мы ожидаем, что они скоро приедут. 16. Я считаю, что он честный человек. 17.
Маловероятно, что он знает ее адрес. 18. Говорят, что она сейчас работает. 19. Вам сейчас лучше
отдохнуть.

5. TOTAL REVISION

Ex. 7. Use Gerunds or Infinitives in place of the verbs in brackets.

1.Words have weight, sound and appearance; it is only by considering these that you can write a sentence that is
good (look)at and good (listen) to. 2. I was busy (try) to figure out whether he had told me the truth. 3. His
brother's emotion was not easy (discern). 4. His proposition was worth (consider) 5. Everyone in this room is
competent (express) an opinion. 6. The picture is definitely worth (buy) 7. The girl was very wise (take) their
advice. 8. He was busy (work) on the new play. 9. I was fascinated (watch) the two of them together. 10. It
came as a shock to me (realize) that he had left his wife. 11. I laughed. It made me feel good (know) that some -
one else felt the same way about it as I did. 12. It's against the law in the country (carry) a revolver. 13. We saw
this film last month. Do you remember (see) it? 14. He was very forgetful. He never remembered (lock) the
garage door when he put the car away. 15. Don't ask me to pay the bill again. I clearly remember (pay) it a
month ago. 16. Did you remember (buy) bread for dinner? 17. She forgot (bring) the sugar. 18. Why are you
late again? Have you forgotten (promise) me that you would never be late again? 19. Stop (talk), I'm trying to
finish a letter. 20. I didn't know how to get to your house, so I stopped (ask) the way.

Ex.8. Translate the sentences into English using Gerunds or Infinitives.

1. Она стала плакать (to begin). 2. Я хотел что-нибудь выяснить о нем (to want). 3. Он совсем проснулся
и был склонен почитать (to feel like). 4. Поль не нуждается в защите (to need). 5. Он любил находиться в
обществе своих родственников (to like). 6. Он непрерывно поглядывал на часы (to keep). 7. Вскоре я

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перестал быть полезным им (to cease). 8. Дэн не мог устоять и не показать своей работы (to resist). 9. Всё
утро в моем кабинете настойчиво звонил телефон (to keep). 10. Я не думаю, чтобы он упоминал о том,
что навещал их (to mention). 11. Они позабыли пригласить меня (to forget). 12. Я никогда не забуду, как
я гостил в вашем доме в Лондоне (to forget.) 13. Я отложил письмо к нему на завтра (to put off). 14. Она
никогда не возражала, чтобы быть одной в коттедже (to mind). 15. Я решил не беспокоить Тома этим
делом (to decide). 16. Я думаю, вам понравится жить здесь (to enjoy). 17. Мне не хотелось шутить (feel
like). 18. Он старался избежать встречи с кем-нибудь, кого он знал (to avoid). 19. Несмотря на дождь мы
продолжали ждать (to go on). 20. Он не мог позволить себе опаздывать (cannot afford).

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