994K WHLLDR M02 ImpSys en TXT-Participant

Global Service Training
994K Wheel Loader

Implement System
Module 2 - Text Reference
SERV2070
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and may not be used without permission. © 2015 Caterpillar Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Caterpillar: Confidential Yellow
SERV2070 - 10/15 -2- Module 2 - Implement System
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Safety Briefing�� 3
Purpose�� 4
Reason�� 5
Competency statement�� 6
Learning outcomes�� 7
INTRODUCTION�� 8
Positive Flow Control (PFC) System�� 9
IMPLEMENT ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM�� 10
PILOT HYDRAULIC SYSTEM �� 17
Case Drain Manifolds�� 18
Implement Pumps�� 26
Right and Left Implement Pump Operation�� 28
Implement pressure taps�� 44
IMPLEMENT CONTROL STRATEGY�� 48
Implement System Calibrations�� 50
IMPLEMENT OIL COOLING SYSTEM�� 52
Purpose review�� 54
Reason review�� 55
Competency Statement review�� 56
Learning Outcomes Review�� 57
Module Conclusion�� 58

Safety Briefing
• Emergency Phone Numbers
• First Aid Responders
• Location of Exits
• Location of Fire Extinguisher
• Room Alerts or Hazards
• Designated Location for Evacuation
• Storm Shelter
• Hazardous Material
Safely Home. Everyone. Every Day.™
3
Safety Briefing
Before beginning this module, the following topics will be reviewed:

• Emergency Phone Numbers
• First Aid Responders
• Location of Exits
• Location of Fire Extinguisher
• Room Alerts or Hazards
• Designated Location for Evacuation
• Storm Shelter
• Hazardous Material
Safely Home. Everyone. Every Day.™

PURPOSE
This module is designed to ensure you are able to

locate, identify, and describe the function of all major
components and service points of the Implement
System.
4
Purpose

REASON
This training is necessary to properly locate and identify

all major components and service points as well as
describe the operation of the Implement System to be
able to diagnose and correct system problems.
5
Reason

COMPETENCY Statement
At the completion of this module, you will be able to

successfully complete the following exercises:
• Lab 1 Exercise
• Post-Assessment
6
Competency statement

LEARNING OUTCOMES
You will meet the following learning outcomes during

this Implement System module of the 994K Wheel
Loader course:
• Locate, identify, and describe the function of all major
components and service points of the 994K Wheel
Loader.
• Test and adjust the Implement System.
7
Learning outcomes

1
2 3
4
5
8
7
9 10
12
11
8
INTRODUCTION
The 994K is equipped with an electro-hydraulic implement system similar

to the 994H Wheel Loader. The electro-hydraulic implement system is pilot
operated. The pilot system controls the functions of the main control valve. Four
electronically controlled variable displacement pumps provide oil flow for the
implement hydraulic system.
The main components in the implement hydraulic system are:
• Tilt cylinders (1)

• Expansion tank (optional) (2)
• Pilot accumulator (3)
• Hydraulic oil tank (4)
• Case drain manifolds (5)
• Pilot oil filter (6)
• Implement control valves (7)
• Implement pump screens (8)
• Left and right (tandem) implement pumps (9)
• Pilot pump (10)
• Lift cylinders (11)
• Implement oil cooling pump (12)

994K Pressure
Sensor
POSITIVE FLOW CONTROL
Pump Pump
Lift
Implement Cylinder
Pilot Valve
Oil
Tilt
Lift and Tilt Cylinder
Control Lever Implement
Position ECM
Sensors
Tilt
Cylinder
Control Lever Position Signals Implement

Pump Current Valve
Pump Pump
Lift
Valve Solenoid Current Cylinder
Pressure Sensor Signals
Linkage Position Sensor Signals
Pressure
Pilot Oil Sensor Linkage
Implement Pump Supply Oil
Cylinder Travel
9
Positive Flow Control (PFC) System
The electro-hydraulic implement system is a Positive Flow Control (PFC) system.

With PFC, the Implement ECM uses the following information to control the
implement pumps:
• Engine speed
• Implement system pressure
• Lift and tilt cylinder velocity
• Lift and tilt valve commands
• Hydraulic oil temperature
The Implement ECM compares the information to the pump calibration table, the
pump current rate limit, and the output driver processer to send a proportional
current to the pump control valves. The implement pumps upstroke when there
is a demand for more supply oil in the system and destroke when the demand is
reduced.

IMPLEMENT ECM INPUT COMPONENTS

Lift Kickout Tilt Kickout
Set Switch (2) Set Switch (3) Implement ECM (1)
CAN
Data
Switch Power Train Link
Panel (40) CAN ECM (39)
Data Link
Steering and Brake Case Drain Oil Filter Bypass Switch (24)
Lower Kickout
Set Switch (4)
Steering Oil Cooler Bypass Switch (25)
Implement Pilot Pressure Sensor (5)
Implement Lockout Switch (6) Primary Steering Pilot Pressure Switch (26)
Secondary Steering Pilot Pressure Switch (27)

CPM Store Switch (7)
Steering Oil Temperature Sensor (28)
Lift Lever Position Sensor (8)
Steering Tank Low Oil Level Switch (29)
Tilt Lever Position Sensor (9)
Steering Tank Full Oil Level Switch (30)
Lift Linkage Position Sensor (10)
Wiper Fluid Add Switch (31)
Tilt Linkage Position Sensor (11)
Lift Cylinder Head End Pressure Sensor (12) HVAC Evap Thermostat (32)
Lift Cylinder Rod End Pressure Sensor (13) HVAC ON Switch (33)
Tilt Cylinder Rod End Pressure Sensor (14) HVAC Filter Temperature Sensor (34)
Tilt Cylinder Head End Pressure Sensor (15)

HVAC Auto Climate Control Switch (35)
Hydraulic Oil Temperature Sensor (16) HVAC Louver Temperature (36)
Implement Tank Low Oil Level Switch (17)

HVAC Refrigerant Circuit Switch (37)
Implement Tank Full Oil Level Switch (18)
HVAC Control Panel (38)
Implement Cooling Oil Filter Bypass Switch (19)
HVAC Control Signals (39)
Implement Pilot Oil Filter Bypass Switch (20)
Two Pump Case Drain Oil Filter

Bypass Switches (in implement tank) (21)
Right Implement Valve Pressure Sensor (22)
Left Implement Valve Pressure Sensor (23) 10

IMPLEMENT ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM
This image shows the components that provide input to the Implement ECM.
The main purpose of the Implement ECM (1) is to determine the desired bucket
and lift arms position based on the information from both the operator and the
machine and energize the control valve solenoids to move the bucket to the
appropriate position.
The following components on the left side of the diagram provide input to the
Implement ECM for implement control:
Kickout switches (2-4): Used to set the bucket tilt, lift raise, and lift lower kickout
positions. The kickout switches communicate to the Implement ECM through the
Power Train ECM (38) via the switch panel (39).
Implement pilot pressure sensor (5): Sends a signal to the Implement ECM
indicating implement system pilot pressure.
Implement lockout switch (6): Signals the Implement ECM that the operator
wants the pilot system disabled.
Cat Production Management (CPM) store switch (7): Sends a signal to the
Implement ECM to store CPM data.

Lift lever position sensor (8): Signals the Implement ECM the position of the lift
control lever.
Tilt lever position sensor (9): Signals the Implement ECM the position of the tilt
control lever.
Lift linkage position sensor (10): Signals the Implement ECM the position of the
lift arm relative to the machine.
Tilt linkage position sensor (11): Signals the Implement ECM the position of the
bucket relative to the lift arm.
Lift cylinder pressure sensors (12-13): Send signals to the Implement ECM
indicating the rod end and head end pressure in the left lift cylinder.
Tilt cylinder pressure sensors (14-15): Send signals to the Implement ECM
indicating the rod end and head end pressure in the tilt cylinders.
Hydraulic oil temperature sensor (16): Sends a signal to the Implement ECM
indicating the oil temperature in the hydraulic tank.
Implement tank low oil level switch (17): Sends a status to the Implement ECM
when the implement oil tank is low.
Implement tank full oil level switch (18): Sends a status to the Implement ECM
when the implement oil tank is full.
Implement filter bypass switches (19-20): Inform the Implement ECM when an
oil filter is restricted.
Two pump case drain oil filter bypass switches (in implement tank) (21):
Informs the Implement ECM when a case drain oil filter is restricted.
Right and left implement valve pressure sensors (22-23): Send a signal to the
Implement ECM indicating right and left side implement system pressures.
NOTE: The steering system input components (24-30), the HVAC input
components (32-39), and the wiper fluid add switch (31) on the right side of
the diagram also provide input to the Implement ECM.
NOTE: Callouts not listed in the text are shown for reference purposes only.

IMPLEMENT ECM OUTPUT COMPONENTS

Implement ECM (1)
Pilot On/Off Solenoid (2) Two Right Pump Solenoids (8)
Two Raise Solenoids (3) Two Left Pump Solenoids (9)
Right Float Solenoid (10)

Two Lower Solenoids (4)
Left Float Solenoid (11)

Two Tilt Solenoids (5)
Two Dump Solenoids (6)
Forward Horn Relay (7)
12
Based on the input signals, the Implement ECM (1) energizes the following
solenoids to control the bucket and lift arm positions:
Pilot on/off solenoid (2): Controls the pilot on/off solenoid valve. The on/off
solenoid valve enables or disables the pilot hydraulic system.
Two Lift raise solenoids (3): Control the lift raise actuators. The lift raise
actuators direct pilot oil from the lift raise end of the main control valve spool to the
tank.
Two Lift lower solenoids (4): Control the lift lower actuators. The lift lower
actuators direct pilot oil from the lift lower end of the main control valve spool to the
tank.
Two Tilt solenoids (5): Control the tilt actuators. The tilt actuators direct pilot oil
from the tilt end of the main control valve spool to the tank.
Two Dump solenoids (6): Control the dump actuators. The dump actuators direct
pilot oil from the dump end of the main control valve spool to the tank.
Implement pump solenoids (8-9): Control the pump swashplate angle. The pump
solenoid valve directs pilot oil to the pump actuator.
Left and right float valve solenoids (10-11): When the FLOAT function is
activated, the float solenoids direct the lift cylinder head end oil to the tank.
The Implement ECM also energizes the forward horn relay (7) to control the
forward horn.
2
1
13
The Implement ECM (1) is mounted to a plate on the right side of the cab behind
the outside panel. The Power Train ECM (2) is mounted to the other side of the
plate.
The Implement ECM is an A4:M1 module with two 70-pin connectors. The
Implement ECM communicates with the Engine ECM, Power Train ECM, and the
monitoring system over the Cat and CAN Data Links.
The Implement ECM receives two different types of input signals:

• Switch input: Provides the signal line to battery, ground, or open.
• PWM input: Provides the signal line with a square wave of a specific
frequency and a varying positive duty cycle.
The Implement ECM has three types of output drivers:

• ON/OFF driver: Provides the output device with a signal level of +Battery
voltage (ON) or less than one Volt (OFF).
• PWM solenoid driver: Provides the output device with a square wave of fixed
frequency and a varying positive duty cycle.
• Controlled current output driver: The ECM will energize the solenoid with
1.25 amps for approximately one half second and then decrease the level to
0.8 amps for the duration of the on time. The initial higher amperage gives
the actuator rapid response and the decreased level is sufficient to hold the
solenoid in the correct position. An added benefit is an increase in the life of
the solenoid.

3
2
1 5
7
8
14
This illustration shows the implement pod components:
• Throttle lock set/decelerate switch (1)
• Throttle lock resume/accelerate switch (2)
• CPM store button (3)
• Tilt control lever (4)
• Lift control lever (5)
• Hydraulic lockout switch (6)
• Turn signal switch (7)
• Horn button (8)
The lift and tilt lever position sensors are located at the base of the lift and tilt
levers. The position sensors send a signal to the Implement ECM indicating the lift
and tilt lever positions.

1 3
15
The kickout switches are now on the new switch panel, which is located on the right
side panel in the cab.
The raise kickout switch (1), the lower kickout switch (2), and the tilt kickout
switch (3) all operate the same. When setting a kickout position, operate the
appropriate implement control lever to set the lift arms or bucket to the desired
kickout position and then return the control lever to the HOLD position.
When a kickout switch is pressed, the Power Train ECM sends a signal over the
CAN Data Link to the Implement ECM. The Implement ECM stores the current
lift or tilt cylinder position and sends a signal back to the Power Train ECM.
The Power Train ECM flashes the center LED on the switch panel twice, then
illuminates the center LED and sounds an alarm indicating that the kickout position
is set.
The kickout position is disabled when the switch is pressed again. When disabled,
the Power Train ECM turns off the center LED.

16
The lift linkage position sensor (1) is bolted to the right side of the front frame near
the A pin. The lift linkage position sensor constantly monitors the position of the lift
linkage and sends the lift linkage position information to the Implement ECM.
The tilt linkage position sensor (2) is bolted to the right side of the lift arm near the
tilt linkage pin. The tilt linkage position sensor constantly monitors the position of
the tilt linkage and sends the tilt linkage position information to the Implement ECM.
When the operator moves the lift lever or the tilt lever, the Implement ECM
analyzes the signal from the respective lever position sensor, the signal from the
lift linkage position sensor, and the signal from the tilt linkage position sensor. The
Implement ECM then sends a proportional signal to the respective pilot hydraulic
actuator solenoid.

5 6
2
3
4
17
PILOT HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
The pilot pump (1) is a variable displacement pump and is mounted to the rear
pump drive. The pilot pump provides the oil flow for the implement pilot hydraulic
system.
The pilot accumulator (2) stores oil under pressure for the pilot hydraulic system.
The pilot oil filter (3) is located on the right side of the rear frame. The pilot oil
filter contains a bypass valve and a bypass switch. The bypass switch informs the
Implement ECM when the pilot oil filter is restricted.
The pressure reducing valve (4) limits the pilot system oil pressure. The pilot
oil pressure sensor (5) sends a signal to the Implement ECM indicating pilot oil
pressure.
The pilot on/off solenoid valve (not shown) is located on the left implement control
valve and is controlled by the Implement ECM. When the pilot on/off switch in the
cab is activated, the Implement ECM sends a signal to the pilot on/off solenoid,
which directs pilot oil to the pilot hydraulic actuators on the implement control
valves.
Pilot supply pressure can be checked at the pilot pressure tap (6).

5
1
2 18
Case Drain Manifolds
This illustration shows the case drain manifolds that are located on the right side
of the frame of the machine. Each individual case drain port contains an in-line
magnet, located in the manifold, that can be used for diagnosing performance
issues. The case drain lines for the implement hydraulic system are:
• Right/front implement pump (1)
• Right/rear implement pump (2)
• Left/front implement pump (3)
• Left/rear implement pump (4)
• Pilot oil case drain (5)

2
6
1 4
5
7
3 9
8
10
19
This image shows the left implement control valve (1) and the right implement
control valve (2) mounted to the inside of the front frame on each side. The pilot
hydraulic actuator solenoids listed below are mounted to the ends of the implement
control valves:
• Left tilt back (3)
• Right tilt back (4)
• Left dump (5)
• Right dump (6)
• Right lower (7)
• Left lower (8)
• Right raise (9)
• Left raise (10)
The hydraulic actuator solenoids control the movement of the valve spools for each
implement circuit.
When the operator moves a control lever, the control lever sensor sends a pulse
width modulated (PWM) signal to the Implement ECM. The Implement ECM
analyzes the signals from the control lever sensor, the lift linkage position sensor,
and the tilt linkage position sensor. The Implement ECM then sends a proportional
current to ENERGIZE the respective pilot hydraulic actuator solenoid.

PILOT HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

HOLD
Stabilizing Tank Oil Pilot Oil Centering Snap

Tank Oil
Spring (1) Port (2) Port (3) Springs (4) Ring (5)
Port (2)
Left Pilot Feedback Spring Spool Pilot Oil Right

Actuator Spool Spring Retainer (7) Port (3) Actuator
Solenoid (11) (10) (9) (8) Solenoid (6)
20
In the HOLD position, the right actuator solenoid (6) and the left actuator
solenoid (11) are de-energized. When both solenoids are de-energized, the pilot
spools (10) direct pilot oil to the ends of the main spool (7). The pilot pressure at
each end of the main spool and the force of the centering springs (4) keep the main
spool centered in the control valve.
The centering springs and retainers (8) help stabilize the movement of the main
spool. The stabilizing springs dampen the movement of the pilot spools by holding
the pilot spools in contact with the feedback springs (9).


LEFT SOLENOID ENERGIZED

Tank Oil
Port (2)
Left Pilot Spring Spool Feedback Right

Pilot Oil
Actuator Spool Retainer (7) Spring Actuator
Port (3)
21
When the left actuator solenoid (11) is energized, the solenoid moves the pilot
spool (10) to the right. The pilot spool directs the pilot oil on the left side of the
main spool (7) to tank. This decreases the pilot oil pressure at the left end of the
main spool.
The right actuator solenoid (6) is de-energized. When the solenoid is

de-energized, the feedback spring (9) holds the pilot spool to the right. The pilot
spool directs pilot oil to the right end of the main spool. The pilot oil pressure
at the right end of the main spool moves the main spool to the left. As the main
spool moves to the left toward the left pilot spool, the centering springs (4) and the
feedback spring are compressed.


LEFT ACTUATOR BALANCED

Tank Oil
Port (2)
Left Pilot Feedback Spring Spool Pilot Oil Right

Actuator Spool Spring Retainer (7) Port (3) Actuator
22
When the left actuator solenoid (11) is energized, the main spool (7) moves to the
left which compresses the centering springs (4) and the feedback spring (9). The
force of the feedback spring is equal to the force of the actuator solenoid and the
stabilizing spring (1). When the pilot spool (10) moves far enough to the left, the
left pilot oil port (3) and the left tank oil port (2) are blocked. When the oil in the
actuator is blocked, the main spool stops moving. The main spool will stay in this
balanced position until the current to the actuator solenoid changes.
If the operator moves the implement control lever farther in the same direction, the
Implement ECM will increase the current to the actuator solenoid. The increase
of current increases the force on the pilot spool. The pilot spool will move to the
right which opens the left tank oil port. The decreased oil pressure inside the left
actuator will allow the main spool to move farther to the left due to the pilot oil
pressure on the right end of the main spool. As the main spool moves to the left,
the feedback spring will be compressed more and the feedback sequence begins
again.
If the operator moves the implement control lever toward the centered position, the
Implement ECM will decrease the current to the actuator solenoid. The decrease
of current decreases the force on the pilot spool. The pilot spool will move to the
left which opens the pilot oil port and blocks the tank oil port.

The combined force of the pilot oil and the compressed centering springs on the
left side of the main spool will move the main spool to the right. This will decrease
the flow of oil to the implements. The force on the pilot spool from the feedback
spring decreases as the main spool moves to the right. As the main spool moves
to the right, the force of the feedback spring continues to decrease. The pilot
spool continues to move to the right until the pilot oil port and the tank oil port are
blocked. When the force of the feedback spring equals the combined force of
the stabilizing spring and the actuator solenoid, the spools will be balanced. The
spools will remain balanced until the current to the actuator solenoid increases or
decreases.

Lift Cylinder (21) Tilt Cylinder (22) Tilt Cylinder (22) Lift Cylinder (21)
Left Implement Right Implement
Control Valve (38) Control Valve (37)
Shuttle
994K Valve
(16)
Tilt Tilt Relief
ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC
Makeup Makeup
Relief Valve (20)
Pressure Valve Valve (17)
Valve Tilt Relief Lift
Reducing (17) Tilt Back
IMPLEMENT SYSTEM
(20) Valve (19) Relief
Valve (15) Solenoid (24)
Raise Tilt Raise Valve
Tilt Back (18)
Relief Solenoid
HOLD Check
Lift
Relief
Solenoid
(23) Valve
Solenoid (24)
(23)
(19)
Valve Valve
(14) (18) Implement
Relief
Valve (32) Load
Manual
Lower Check
Load Implement
Valve (13) Valve
Check Valve
(25)
Valve Pressure
(25) Sensors
(36) Tilt Lift Spool
Spool Float (26)
(27) Check
(26) Lift (27)
Rear Pilot Valve
Spool Tilt Load Check
Axle Motor Pressure On/Off (28)
Spool Valve (25)
Reducing Valve (12)
Valve (7)
Pilot Lower
Accumulator Check Dump Solenoid
(10) Valve (11) (29) Lower Solenoid (29)
Solenoid (30) Dump
Solenoid
(28) (30)
Float
Pilot Float Check
Solenoid
Pressure Valve Float
Valve (31)
Sensor (8) Solenoid
Valve (31)
Pilot Oil
Filter (6)
Screen Screen
(9) Right Implement Pumps (34) (9) Left Implement Pumps (35)
Pilot
Pump
(5)
Expansion
Oil Sight
Tank (4)
Temperature Gauge
Sensor (1) Oil Level (3)
Sensor (2)
24
MAIN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
This illustration shows the electro-hydraulic implement system in HOLD. The main
hydraulic system consists of four variable displacement pumps that provide oil to
the two implement control valves, which direct the oil to the lift and tilt cylinders.
Oil flow from the right implement pumps (34) combines to provide oil to the left
implement control valve (38). Oil flow from the left implement pumps (35) combines
to provide oil to the right implement control valve (37).
Oil from the each pump flows through a screen (9) to an implement relief valve (32)
and to the implement control valves. The implement relief valves limit the pressure
in the main hydraulic circuit. The lift spools (26) and the tilt spools (27) direct the
pump oil to the lift cylinders (21) and the tilt cylinders (22).
Case drain oil from each pump flows though a screen in the tank.

2 1
3
5 7
25
The implement hydraulic tank is located on the right side of the rear frame. The
tank has a fill tube (1) for filling and adding oil and a breaker relief valve (2) that
protects the tank from excessive pressure and/or vacuum.
The hydraulic oil sight gauge (3) is visible from the ground and is located at the
front of the tank.
The hydraulic oil temperature sensor is located on the rear of the tank near
the bottom. The oil temperature sensor sends a signal to the Implement ECM
indicating hydraulic oil temperature.
The hydraulic oil level switches are located on the front of the tank. The oil level
switches report to the Implement ECM indicating the hydraulic oil level.
The illustrations above also show the following components:

• Implement, axle oil cooling, and pilot return screens (4)
• Implement pump, fan pump, and pilot pump intake lines (5)
• Case drain return screens (6)
• Fan return screen (7)

26
Implement Pumps
The main hydraulic system contains four variable displacement piston-type pumps.
The implement pumps are mounted to the front of the front pump drive (1).
The left implement pump (2) and the right implement pump (3) are tandem variable
displacement pumps. Each pump in the tandem pump group contains a pump
control valve which controls the pump swashplate angle.

27
The image above shows the left (tandem) implement pump (1).
Each pump control valve contains a solenoid (2) that is controlled by the Implement
ECM. The solenoid valves control the pump swashplate angle.
Note: The right (tandem) implement pump is identical in appearance and

operation.

IMPLEMENT PUMP
MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT
Coil
Assembly
(15)
Impeller Pump (1)
Pin (11)
Piston Assembly (2) Armature (14)
Detail A
Barrel Assembly (3)
Swashplate (4)
Solenoid Valve (13)
Stabilizing
Spring (12)
Pin (11)
A
Large
Actuator (7)
Spring (8)
Control Case
Spring (5) Small Spool (9) Drain (10)
Actuator (6) 28
Right and Left Implement Pump Operation
This illustration shows the internal components of the variable displacement

implement pumps with the coil assembly (15) at maximum current and the
swashplate (4) at maximum displacement.
The impeller pump (1) produces enough flow to lubricate the pump and provide
instant reaction for upstroking Pump output oil flows to the implement hydraulic
system and to the small actuator (6) through a port within the pump housing. The
combination of oil pressure and the spring (5) at the end of the small actuator
provide the force that shifts the actuator to the right to upstroke the pump. Also, the
spring will assist in upstroking the pump at low discharge pressure.
The pump solenoid valve (13) directs pilot oil to the end of the large actuator (7)
to control the pump swashplate angle. When the solenoid is energized by the
Implement ECM, pilot oil flows to drain and the pump upstrokes due to the
combination of pump output oil pressure and the spring at the end of the small
actuator. When the solenoid is de-energized by the Implement ECM, the solenoid
pin (11) moves the control spool (9) to the left and pilot oil flows to the large pump
actuator. The control spool also compresses the spring (8) inside the large
actuator. The pilot oil pressure and the spring force move the large actuator to the
left and the pump destrokes.
NOTE: Only one side of the tandem implement pump is shown in the
illustration above.

IMPLEMENT PUMP CONTROL VALVE

LOW PRESSURE STANDBY
Pressure
Sensor (3)
Implement Control Valve (4)
Orifice (2)
Solenoid
Valve (6)
Tank
Swashplate Lever
(1) Impeller Main Actuator (8) Control
Arm (9)
Pump Pump Spool (7) Implement Pilot
(11) (10) Pump (5)
Case
Drain (2)
Tank (1)
29
When the implement pump (10) is at low pressure standby, the Implement ECM
sends a proportional amount of current to the solenoid valve (6). The Implement
ECM determines the amount of current required to produce low pressure standby
using the input signals from the implement valve pressure sensor (3), the
implement pump calibration data, and engine speed.
In the minimum displacement position, the Implement ECM sends a minimum

current to the pump solenoid valve. The solenoid valve directs pilot oil flow to the
large end of the actuator (8).
The spring force and the pilot pressure on the large end of the actuator work
against the pump output oil and spring force on the small end of the actuator.
The actuator moves to the left rotating the swashplate to the required angle needed
to produce low pressure standby. Minimum oil flow is directed to the implement
control valve (4).


CONSTANT FLOW
Pressure
Sensor (3)
Orifice (2)
Solenoid
Valve (6)
Tank
Swashplate Lever
Arm (9)
(11) (10) Pump (5)
Case
Drain (2)
Tank (1)
30
When the flow demands of the implement system have been met, the implement
pump (10) moves to a constant displacement position. The Implement ECM
determines the amount of current required to maintain the pump swashplate using
the input signals from the implement valve pressure sensor (3), lift and tilt linkage
sensors, lift and tilt lever position sensors, and pump calibration data.
In a constant displacement position, the Implement ECM sends current to the pump
solenoid valve (6). The solenoid valve meters the pilot oil to the large end of the
actuator (8) to maintain the swashplate position.
The pump output oil and spring force on the small end of the actuator work against
the spring force and the pilot pressure on the large end of the actuator. The
actuator shifts to the right and the swashplate moves to the desired angle. The oil
flow is directed to the implement control valve (4).


MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT
Pressure
Sensor (3)
Orifice (2)
Solenoid
Valve (6)
Tank
Swashplate Lever
Arm (9)
(11) (10) Pump (5)
Case
Drain (2)
Tank (1)
31
When the implement system requires additional oil flow, the implement pump (10)
moves to the maximum displacement position. The Implement ECM determines
the amount of current required to upstroke the pump using the input signals from
the implement valve pressure sensor (3), lift and tilt linkage sensors, lift and tilt
lever position sensors, and pump calibration data.
In the maximum displacement position, the Implement ECM sends a maximum

current to the pump solenoid valve (6). The solenoid valve blocks pilot oil flow from
the large end of the actuator (8) and also drains the oil from the actuator.
The pump output oil and spring force on the small end of the actuator work against
the spring force and the pilot pressure on the large end of the actuator. The
actuator shifts to the right and the swashplate rotates to the maximum angle.
Maximum oil flow is directed to the implement control valve (4).

10
2
9 3
8 4
5
7
6
32
This image shows the right implement control valve mounted to the inside of the
front frame on the right side. The implement control valve directs implement pump
oil to the lift and tilt cylinders. The following components are visible on the right
implement control valve:
• Implement valve pressure sensor (1)
• Tilt cylinder head end relief valve (2)
• Dump hydraulic actuator (3)
• Lower hydraulic actuator (4)
• Lift cylinder head end relief valve (5)
• Float solenoid valve (6)
• Lift cylinder rod end makeup valve (7)
• Raise hydraulic actuator (8)
• Tilt back hydraulic actuator (9)
• Tilt cylinder rod end relief valve (10)

12
2
11 3
10
4
8 5
9 6
7
33
This image shows the left implement control valve (1) mounted to the inside of the
front frame on the left side. The implement control valve directs implement pump
oil to the lift and tilt cylinders. The following components are visible on the left
implement control valve:
• Implement valve pressure sensor (1)
• Tilt cylinder rod end relief valve (2)
• Tilt back hydraulic actuator (3)
• Raise hydraulic actuator (4)
• Lift cylinder rod end makeup valve (5)
• Pilot ON/OFF solenoid (6)
• Float solenoid valve (7)
• Pressure reducing valve (8)
• Lift cylinder head end relief valve (9)
• Lower hydraulic actuator (10)
• Dump hydraulic actuator (11)
• Tilt cylinder head end relief valve (12)

994K
IMPLEMENT CONTROL VALVES
HOLD
Lift Cylinder (25) Lift Cylinder (25)
Tilt Cylinder (26) Tilt Cylinder (26)

Lift
Shuttle Control Valve Control Valve
Relief Tilt
Valve (6) (11) (21)
Valve (8) Relief
Valve (10) Makeup
Tilt Tilt Valve
Pressure
Makeup Relief Relief Lift (7)
Reducing
Valve Valve (10) Tilt Back Valve Relief
Valve (5)
(7) Solenoid (13) (9) Valve (8)
Lower Tilt
Lower
Solenoid Relief Tilt Back
Solenoid
(19) Valve (9) Solenoid (13)
(19)
Check
Valve
(4)
Load Load
Implement Check Check
Manual Valve Valve Valve
Lower Load Pressure (14) (27)
Valve Check Sensors
(3) Valve (20)
(27) Tilt
Spool Lift
(17) Float Spool
Lift Tilt Check (15)
Spool Float Spool Load Valve
(15) Check (17) Check (16)
Pilot Raise
On/Off Valve Valve (14)
Solenoid
Valve (2) (16)
(12)
Raise
Solenoid Dump
(12) Solenoid (18)
Pilot Dump
Pump (1) Float
Solenoid (18) Solenoid
Valve (22)
Float
Solenoid
Valve (22)
Right Implement Left Implement

Pumps (23) Pumps (24)
34
This schematic shows the oil flow in the implement control valves when the engine
is running and the control valves are in the HOLD position.
The pilot pump (1) sends oil to the pilot on/off solenoid valve (2) and the manual
lower valve (3) as previously described.
The pilot on/off solenoid valve is controlled by the implement lockout switch through
the Implement ECM. When the implement lockout switch is in the OFF position,
the Implement ECM de-energizes the pilot on/off solenoid valve. Pilot oil is then
blocked at the pilot on/off solenoid valve. When the implement lockout switch is in
the ON position, the Implement ECM energizes the pilot on/off solenoid valve. Pilot
oil flows past the pilot on/off solenoid valve to the pilot hydraulic actuator on each
end of the control valve spools.
The implement pumps pull oil from the tank and send oil flow to the implement
control valves. Oil from the right implement pumps (23) is provided to the left
implement control valve (11). The left implement pumps (24) provide oil flow to the
right implement control valve (21).
When the tilt control valve spools (17) and lift control valve spools (15) are in the
HOLD position, oil flows through the open-center tilt control valves and through an
orifice in the lift control valves to the tank.

Implement system pressure is controlled at a maximum of 32800 ± 400 kPa

(4780 ± 60 psi) by the main relief valves.
In the HOLD position, oil flow to and from the cylinders is blocked by the control
valve spools.

TILT CONTROL VALVE

HOLD
Rod Head
End (2) End (4)
Load
Check
Valve (3)
Rod End Head End

Line Relief Line Relief
Makeup Valve (1) Valve (5)
Dump
Tilt Back Pilot Hydraulic
Pilot Hydraulic Actuator (6)
Actuator (13) Supply
Passage (10)
Pilot Oil Tilt Tank Internal Tank Pilot Oil
Chamber (7) Spool (12) Port (8) Passage to Passage (9) Port (8) Chamber (7)
Next Valve (11)
36
In the HOLD position, pilot oil pressure is present at both ends of the control valve
tilt spool (12). The pilot oil and the centering springs keep the tilt spool in the
centered position. The control valve tilt spool blocks oil flow to the tilt cylinder,
and oil from the tilt cylinder is blocked by the tilt spool. The oil is trapped and the
cylinder will remain in the HOLD position.
Oil from the implement pump enters the supply passage (10), flows around the tilt
spool, and flows to the lift spool.
The flow of oil through the lift control valve is similar to the flow of oil through the tilt
control valve. However, the tilt control valve has priority over the lift control valve.
The head end (5) and rod end (1) line relief valves limit the oil pressure in the head
end and rod end of the tilt cylinder.

994K
DUMP

Lift
Relief
Valve (6) (11) (21) Tilt
Valve (8)
Relief
Valve (10) Makeup
Tilt Tilt Valve
Pressure Relief Relief Lift (7)
Makeup
Reducing Valve (10) Tilt Back Valve Relief
Valve
Valve (5) Solenoid (13) (9) Valve (8)
(7) Lower Tilt
Lower
Solenoid
(19)
Check
Valve
(4)
Load Load
Valve Check Sensors
(3) Valve (20)
(27) Tilt
Spool Lift
(17) Float Spool
Tilt Check
Lift Spool (15)
Spool Float Load Valve
(17) (16)
Pilot (15) Check Check
Raise
On/Off Valve Valve
Solenoid
Valve (2) (16) (14)
(12)
Raise
Solenoid Dump
(12) Solenoid (18)
Pilot Dump
Pump (1) Float
Valve (22)
Float
Solenoid
Valve (22)
37
When the tilt lever is moved to the DUMP position, the tilt lever position sensor
sends a PWM signal to the Implement ECM. The Implement ECM analyzes the
input signals from the tilt lever position sensor and the tilt linkage position sensor.
The Implement ECM then sends a current to energize the dump solenoid
valves (18) in the implement control valves. The Implement ECM’s electrical output
is proportional to the input signals from the tilt lever position sensor and the tilt
linkage position sensor.
The dump solenoid valves send pilot oil to the tank and decrease the oil pressure
at the lower end of the tilt control valve spools (17). The pilot oil pressure at the
dump end of the tilt control valve spools moves the control valve spools down to
the DUMP position.
The tilt spools direct oil from the implement pump through the tilt load check
valves (14) to the rod end of the tilt cylinders (28). The tilt cylinders retract. The tilt
spool also opens a passage for oil in the head end of the tilt cylinders to return to
the tank.

TILT CONTROL VALVE

DUMP
Rod Head
End (2) End (4)
Load
Check
Valve (3)
Rod End Head End

Line Relief Line Relief
Makeup Valve (1) Valve (5)
Dump
Tilt Back Pilot Hydraulic
Pilot Hydraulic Actuator (6)
Actuator (13) Supply
Passage (10)
Pilot Oil Tilt Tank Internal Tank Pilot Oil
Chamber (7) Spool (12) Port (8) Passage to Passage (9) Port (8) Chamber (7)
Next Valve (11)
38
When the operator moves the implement control lever to the DUMP position, the
tilt lever position sensor sends a PWM signal to the Implement ECM. Then the
Implement ECM sends current that energizes the dump pilot hydraulic actuator
solenoid (6).
The dump solenoid drains the pilot oil at the right end of the tilt spool (12). The
pilot oil pressure on the left end of the tilt spool moves the tilt spool right to the
DUMP position.
The tilt spool directs oil from the implement pump to the load check valve (3). Oil
flows through the load check valve and through the tilt spool to the rod end (2) of
the tilt cylinder. The tilt spool also opens the tank passages to allow the oil from the
head end (4) of the tilt cylinder to return to the tank.

994K
TILT BACK

Lift
Relief
Valve (6) (11) (21) Tilt
Valve (8)
Relief
Makeup
Valve (10)
Tilt Tilt Valve
Pressure Relief Relief Lift (7)
Makeup
Reducing Valve (10) Tilt Back Valve Relief
Valve
Valve (5) Solenoid (13) (9) Valve (8)
(7) Lower Tilt
Lower
Solenoid
(19)
Check
Valve
(4)
Load Load
Valve Check Sensors
(3) Valve (20)
(27) Tilt
Spool Lift
(17) Float Spool (15)
Lift Tilt Check
Spool Spool Valve
Float (17) Load
Pilot (15) Check (16)
Check
On/Off Raise
Valve Valve
Valve Solenoid
(16) (14)
(2) (12)
Raise
Solenoid Dump
(12) Solenoid (18)
Pilot
Dump Float
Pump (1)
Valve (22)
Float
Solenoid
Valve (22)

39
When the tilt lever is moved to the TILT BACK position, the tilt lever position sensor
input signals from the tilt lever position sensor and the tilt linkage position sensor.
The Implement ECM then sends a current to energize the tilt solenoid
is proportional to the input signals from the tilt lever position sensor and the tilt
The tilt back solenoid valves send pilot oil to the tank and decrease the oil pressure
at the top end of the tilt control valve spools (17). The pilot oil pressure at the
bottom of the tilt control valve spools moves the control valve spools up to the TILT
BACK position.
The tilt spools direct oil from the implement pump through the tilt load check
valves (14) to the head end of the tilt cylinders (26). The tilt cylinders extend. The
tilt spool also opens a passage for oil in the rod end of the tilt cylinders to return to
the tank.

994K
RAISE

Lift
Relief Tilt
Valve (6) (11) (21)
Valve (8) Relief
Valve (10) Makeup
Tilt Tilt Valve
Pressure
Reducing
Valve (5)
Lower Tilt Lower
Solenoid
(19) Valve Solenoid (13)
(19)
(9)
Check
Valve
(4)
Load Load
Valve Check Sensors
(3) Valve (20)
(27) Tilt
Spool Lift
(17) Float Spool
Tilt Check
Lift (15)
Spool Valve
Spool Float Load
Pilot (17) (16)
(15) Check Check
On/Off Raise
Valve Valve
Valve Solenoid
(16) (14)
(2) (12)
Raise
Solenoid Dump
(12) Solenoid (18)
Pilot
Dump Float
Pump (1)
Valve (22)
Float
Solenoid
Valve (22)

40
When the lift lever is moved to the RAISE position, the lift lever position sensor
input signals from the lift lever position sensor and the lift linkage position sensor.
The Implement ECM then sends a current to energize the raise solenoid
is proportional to the input signals from the lift lever position sensor and the lift
The raise solenoid valves send pilot oil to the tank and decrease the oil pressure
at the lower end of the lift control valve spools (15). The pilot oil pressure at the
top end of the lift control valve spools moves the control valve spools down to the
RAISE position.
The lift spools direct oil from the implement pump through the lift load check
valves (27) to the head end of the lift cylinders (25). The lift cylinders raise. The lift
spool also opens a passage for oil in the rod end of the lift cylinders to return to the
tank.

994K
LOWER

Lift
Relief Tilt
Valve (6) (11) (21)
Valve (8) Relief
Valve (10) Makeup
Tilt Tilt Valve
Pressure Relief
Makeup Relief Lift (7)
Reducing Valve (10)
Valve Tilt Back Valve Relief
Valve (5)
Lower Tilt Lower
Solenoid
(19)
Check
Valve
(4)
Load
Check Load
Implement Check
Manual Valve Valve
Load (14) Valve
Lower Pressure
Check (27)
Valve Sensors
(3) Valve (20)
(27) Tilt
Lift
Spool
Float Spool
(17)
Tilt Check (15)
Lift Spool
Float Load Valve
Pilot Spool (17)
Check Check (16)
On/Off (15) Raise
Valve Valve
Valve Solenoid
(16) (14)
(2) (12)
Raise
Solenoid Dump
(12) Solenoid (18)
Pilot Dump
Pump (1) Float
Valve (22)
Float
Solenoid
Valve (22)

41
When the lift lever is moved to the LOWER position, the lift lever position sensor
sends a current to the Implement ECM. The Implement ECM analyzes the input
signals from the lift lever position sensor and the lift linkage position sensor. The
Implement ECM then sends a PWM signal to energize the lower solenoid
is proportional to the input signals from the lift lever position sensor and the lift
The lower solenoid valves send pilot oil to the tank and decrease the oil pressure at
the top end of the lift control valve spools (15). The pilot oil pressure at the bottom
end of the lift control valve spools moves the control valve spools up to the LOWER
position.
The lift spools direct oil from the implement pump through the lift load check
valve (27) to the rod end of the lift cylinders (25). The lift cylinders lower. The lift
spool also opens a passage for oil in the head end of the lift cylinders to return to
the tank.

LIFT CONTROL VALVE

LOWER
Rod Head
End (2) End (4)
Load
Check
Valve (3)
Line Relief
Valve Makeup
(1) Valve (5)
Raise
Lower Pilot Actuator
Pilot Control Solenoid (6)
Actuator (12)
Pilot Oil Tank Internal Supply Tank Lift Pilot Oil
Chamber (7) Port (9) Passage (11) Passage (10) Port (9) Spool (8) Chamber (7)
42
When the operator moves the implement control lever to the LOWER position, the
lift lever position sensor sends a PWM signal to the Implement ECM. Then the
Implement ECM sends current that energizes the lower pilot control actuator
solenoid (12).
The solenoid moves the spool for the pilot hydraulic actuator and the pilot oil at the
left end of the lift spool (8) is drained to the tank. The pilot oil pressure on the right
end of the lift spool moves the lift spool left to the LOWER position.
The lift spool directs oil from the implement pump to the load check valve (3). Oil
flows through the load check valve and through the lift spool to the rod end of the
lift cylinders (4). The lift spool also opens the tank passages to allow the oil from
the head end of the lift cylinders (2) to return to the tank.

994K
FLOAT

Lift
Relief
Valve (6) (11) (21) Tilt
Valve (8)
Relief
Makeup
Valve (10)
Tilt Tilt Valve
Pressure
Reducing
Valve (5)
(7) Lower Solenoid (13) (9) Valve (8)
Tilt
Solenoid Tilt Back Lower
Relief
(19) Solenoid (13) Solenoid
Valve (9)
(19)
Check
Valve
(4)
Load
Load
Implement Check
Check
Manual Valve Valve
Load Valve
Lower Pressure (14)
Check (27)
Valve Sensors
(3) Valve (20)
(27) Tilt
Spool Lift
(17) Float Spool
Tilt Check
Lift (15)
Spool Valve
Spool Float Load
Pilot (17) (16)
(15) Check Check
On/Off Raise
Valve Valve
Valve Solenoid
(16) (14)
(2) (12)
Raise
Solenoid Dump
(12) Solenoid (18)
Pilot Dump
Pump (1) Float
Valve (22)
Float
Solenoid
Valve (22)

43
To enter the FLOAT position, the wheel loader bucket must be below the lower
kickout position. When the lift lever is moved to the FLOAT position, the movement
of the lift control spools are the same as when the lift control lever is in the LOWER
position. However, the Implement ECM also energizes the float solenoid
valves (22) which allows oil from the inboard side of the float check valves (16) to
flow to the tank.
The small orifice in the float check valves cause a restriction to the implement
pump oil acting on the inboard side of the float check. The oil on the outboard side
of the float check valves causes the float check valves to shift inward. The oil from
the implement pump flows through the float check valves to the tank.
The oil in the rod end of the lift cylinders (25) is now open to tank and the bucket
follows the contour of the ground in the FLOAT position.

44
Implement pressure taps
The implement pressure taps (arrow) are located at the articulation hitch, in front of
the cab.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
45
The following implement pressure taps in the illustration above are:
• Right implement valve supply (1)
• Tilt rod (2)
• Lift head (3)
• Tilt head (4)
• Left implement valve supply (5)
• Parking brake (6)
• Lift rod (7)

994K
LOWER ENGINE OFF

Lift
Relief
Valve (6) (11) (21) Tilt
Valve (8)
Relief
Makeup
Valve (10)
Tilt Tilt Valve
Pressure
Reducing
Valve (5)
Lower Tilt Lower
Solenoid
(19) Valve Solenoid (13)
(19)
(9)
Check
Valve
(4)
Load
Load
Implement Check
Check
Manual Valve Valve
Valve
Lower Load Pressure (14)
(27)
Valve Check Sensors
(3) Valve (20)
(27) Tilt
Spool Lift
(17) Float Spool
Tilt Check (15)
Lift
Spool Valve
Spool Float Load
Pilot (17) (16)
(15) Check Check
On/Off Raise
Valve Valve
Valve Solenoid
(16) (14)
(2) (12)
Raise
Solenoid Dump
(12) Solenoid (18)
Pilot Dump
Pump (1) Float
Valve (22)
Float
Solenoid
Valve (22)

46
When the bucket is being LOWERED with the ENGINE OFF, the weight of the
implement creates a high pressure in the head end of the lift cylinders (25). The
high lift cylinder pressure oil flows through the shuttle valve (6) to the pressure
reducing valve (5).
The pressure reducing valve decreases the lift cylinder oil pressure to
approximately 1650 kPa (240 psi). The reduced pressure oil flows past the check
valve (4) to the pilot on/off solenoid valve (2) and becomes the oil supply for the
pilot system.
When the on/off solenoid valve is de-energized, pilot oil is blocked at the on/off
solenoid valve. When the on/off solenoid valve is energized (as shown), pilot oil
flows through the on/off solenoid valve and pressurizes the pilot solenoid valves.
When the lift control lever is moved to the LOWER position, the Implement ECM
operation is the same as when the engine is running. The lift control spool (15)
directs oil in the head end of the lift cylinders to the tank. Tank oil flows through
the rod end makeup valves (7) into the rod end of the lift cylinders and prevents
cylinder cavitation.
If the machine loses electrical power, the pilot on/off solenoid will be de-energized
and oil from the head end of the lift cylinders will not flow to the pilot solenoid
valves. The manual lower valve (3) must be used to lower the implements. When
the manual lower valve is opened, oil from the head end of the lift cylinders is
directed to the tank and the implements will lower.

47
The manual lower valve (arrow) is mounted on a bracket at the articulation joint
on the left side of the front frame. The manual lower valve is used to lower the
implement when the engine and the machine electrical system are inoperable. The
manual lower valve directs oil from the head end of the lift cylinders to the hydraulic
tank, allowing the implement lift cylinders to retract.

IMPLEMENT CONTROL STRATEGIES

• Programmable Lift and Tilt Kickouts
• Rack Inversion
• Lower Inversion
• Lower Feather Catch
• Float
• Lift Snubbing
• Dump Snubbing
48
IMPLEMENT CONTROL STRATEGY
Programmable Lift and Tilt Kickouts: Allows the operator to program the lift
kickout, the lower kickout, and the tilt kickout from the cab.
Rack Inversion: The spool command is reduced when the linkage is close to
contacting the tilt back stops or fully extending the tilt cylinders.
Lower Inversion: The spool command is reduced when the lift cylinders are
close to full extension and a full lower command is sent to the ECM. The reduced
command prevents excessive machine movement when the linkage is lowered.
The spool command will increase to the full lower command as the linkage travels
downward.
Lower Feather Catch: Brings the linkage to a smooth stop when a lower
command is abruptly stopped.
Float: Occurs when the boom is below horizontal and the lever is moved into
lower detent (used for dozing and cleanup).
Lift Snubbing: The solenoid command is limited when the linkage is close to
bottoming out the lift cylinders.

NOTE: When the boom is at the maximum lift position and the lift lever is
moved to hold and back to raise, lift snubbing is cancelled resulting in main
relief pressure in the head end of the lift cylinder. This procedure can be
used for checking main relief pressure and implement stall conditions. The
implement hydraulic service mode eliminates snubbing.
Dump Snubbing: The solenoid command is limited when the linkage is close to
contacting the tilt back dump stops.

IMPLEMENT SYSTEM CALIBRATIONS

• Lever Position Sensors
• Linkage Position Sensors
• Implement Pump Solenoids
• Implement Valve Solenoids
50
Implement System Calibrations
Implement system calibrations consists of lift and tilt lever sensor calibrations, lift
and tilt linkage sensor calibrations, implement pump solenoid calibrations, and
implement valve solenoid calibrations.
Calibrations should be performed in the order listed in this image.
The sensor calibrations determine the minimum and maximum sensor duty cycles
associated with the respective minimum and maximum linkage and lever angles.
A sensor calibration must be performed for any of the following reasons:

• Sensor replaced
• ECM replaced
• Required by a diagnostic code
The implement pump solenoid calibration determines the current required to move
the pump swashplate. The pressure sensors are used by the Implement ECM to
determine the minimum and maximum swashplate angles. By using the pressure
sensor, the ECM eliminates the deadband in the pump resulting in maximum pump
performance.

The implement valve solenoid calibration determines the current required to initiate
movement of the pilot valve spool to allow oil flow and to initiate movement of
the main control spool. The main spool shifts until pressure increases enough to
initiate the movement of the implement in a desired direction.
When the operator moves the implement lever during normal operation, the
Implement ECM begins energizing the corresponding solenoid with the calibrated
current level. Using the calibrated current level to initiate movement results in
consistent implement movement and helps to eliminate the deadband (free travel)
in the implement control levers.

994K IMPLEMENT COOLING SYSTEM
Implement
S•O•S
Hydraulic Axle Oil
Fan Motor (3) Cooling Fan
Motor
Cooler Oil
Bypass Coolers
Valve (4) (2)
Auto Lube Implement

Return Oil Cooling Pump
(1)
52
IMPLEMENT OIL COOLING SYSTEM
The implement oil cooling pump pulls oil from the implement hydraulic tank and
sends the oil through the implement oil coolers (2) to the hydraulic tank. Return oil
from the hydraulic fan motor (3) also flows through the oil coolers.
The cooler bypass valve (4) allows oil from the implement cooling pump and return
oil from the fan motor to bypass the oil coolers if the coolers are restricted or the oil
is cold.

5 6 1
4
3
2
53
This image shows the location of the implement oil cooling system components.
The dual function fan and implement oil cooling pump (1) is a variable displacement
pump which is mounted to the rear of the front pump drive on the right side. The
hydraulic tank (2) is mounted on the right side of the rear frame.
Oil is drawn from the hydraulic tank by the dual function fan and implement oil
cooling pump. The oil is sent to the fan motor (not shown) through screens (3) and
then through the cooler bypass valve (4).
The bypass valve allows oil to bypass the implement oil coolers (5), and return to
the tank, when the oil is cold or the cooler is restricted. The bypass valve opens at
approximately 700 kPa (100 psi).
Also shown is the supplemental implement oil cooling gear pump (6).

PURPOSE
This module was designed to ensure you are able to

locate, identify, and describe the function of all major
components and service points of the Implement
System.
54
Purpose review

REASON
This training was necessary to properly locate and

identify all major components and service points as well
as describe the operation of the Implement System to
be able to diagnose and correct system problems.
55
Reason review

COMPETENCY Statement
You have successfully completed the following

exercises:
• Lab 1 Exercise
• Post-Assessment
56
Competency Statement review

LEARNING OUTCOMES
You have met the following learning outcomes during

this Implement System module of the 994K Wheel
Loader course:
• Located, identified, and described the function of all
major components and service points of the 994K Wheel
Loader.
• Tested and adjusted the Implement System.
57
Learning Outcomes Review

Module Conclusion
This concludes the Implement System module for the

944K Wheel Loader course.
58
Module Conclusion

994K WHLLDR M02 ImpSys en TXT-Participant

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Global Service Training

994K Wheel Loader

Caterpillar: Confidential Yellow

Safely Home. Everyone. Every Day.™

Before beginning this module, the following topics will be reviewed:

Safely Home. Everyone. Every Day.™

Caterpillar: Confidential Yellow

This module is designed to ensure you are able to

Caterpillar: Confidential Yellow

This training is necessary to properly locate and identify

Caterpillar: Confidential Yellow

At the completion of this module, you will be able to

Caterpillar: Confidential Yellow

You will meet the following learning outcomes during

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The 994K is equipped with an electro-hydraulic implement system similar

The main components in the implement hydraulic system are:

• Tilt cylinders (1)

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Control Lever Position Signals Implement

The electro-hydraulic implement system is a Positive Flow Control (PFC) system.

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IMPLEMENT ECM INPUT COMPONENTS

Secondary Steering Pilot Pressure Switch (27)

Tilt Cylinder Head End Pressure Sensor (15)

Hydraulic Oil Temperature Sensor (16) HVAC Louver Temperature (36)

Implement Tank Low Oil Level Switch (17)

Two Pump Case Drain Oil Filter

Right Implement Valve Pressure Sensor (22)

Left Implement Valve Pressure Sensor (23) 10

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IMPLEMENT ECM OUTPUT COMPONENTS

Pilot On/Off Solenoid (2) Two Right Pump Solenoids (8)

Two Raise Solenoids (3) Two Left Pump Solenoids (9)

Right Float Solenoid (10)

Left Float Solenoid (11)

Two Dump Solenoids (6)

Forward Horn Relay (7)

The Implement ECM receives two different types of input signals:

The Implement ECM has three types of output drivers:

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PILOT HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

Stabilizing Tank Oil Pilot Oil Centering Snap

Left Pilot Feedback Spring Spool Pilot Oil Right

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PILOT HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

Stabilizing Tank Oil Pilot Oil Centering Snap

Left Pilot Spring Spool Feedback Right

The right actuator solenoid (6) is de-energized. When the solenoid is

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PILOT HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

Stabilizing Tank Oil Pilot Oil Centering Snap

Left Pilot Feedback Spring Spool Pilot Oil Right

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