Весь школьный курс в схемах и таблицах

:
1. 5 ;
2. 6 ;
3. 7 ;
4. 8 ;
5. 9 ;
6. 10 ;
7. 11 ;
8. . 811
;
9. . ;
10. . ;
11. . ;
12. . ;
13. . ;
14. . ;
15. . ;
16.
. ;
17.
. .
-
""
373.161.1/075.3
71
38
-:
. . (), . . (),
. . (), . . (),
. . ().
38
: ,
, , , - .: , 2007. - 624 .

.
, , , .
,
.
, . .
, ,
.
ISBN 978-5-94684-935-7
373.161.1/075.3
71
:
./: 8-901-312-1951
e-mail: trigonprint@mail.ru
.
ISBN 978-5-94684-935-7
" "", 2007
4
5
52
105
231
405
497

0, = -
=, a, b - ,
= 0, b 0,
= 0, = 0,

1. 2 2 -4 2 =2( 2 -2)
2. 3a+6b-a 2 -2ab=3-(a+2b)-a(a+2b)=(a+2b)(3-a)
3. :
1.2-2=(-)(+)
9- 4 =3 2 -( 2 ) 2 =(3- 2 )(3+ 2 ); (2-5)(5+2)=(2) 2 -5 2 =4 2 -25
2. (ab)2=a22ab+b2
(4+3z)2=16+24z+9z2
25-10+ 2 =5 2 -2-5-+ 2 =(5-) 2
3. a3b3=(ab)(a2+ab+b2)
27- 6 =3 3 -( 2 ) 3 =(3- 2 )(9- 2 + 4 )

(4+)(16^tx+x2)=43+x3=64+x3
4. ()3=32+23
(2-n) 3 =8-12n+6n 2 -n 3
343+21 10+1475+15=(7+5)3

a
am
: -= --, ,
2
+2
+1 +1 +1
. a b
+
1. +=
mm
m
2
3
1 + 3
a + b _ ab
mm
m
- b' d~
. a b
4. +=

_ a +b_

bd
3-
31- 1-3
8
8
2
4 (-1)" 4 ( - 1 ) " -1
! 7 2
b
a
an+bm
5+
3 " 2
a- nb- m
2 + 76 2
ab
2(5)3
6
,
.
y=f(x), -, , -, .
- , .
: a(f).
- ,
. : b(f).

=+, , b - , .
, - , >0,
- , /<0, - ,
b - , .
< ' >0
/=0
=-
=+
=+
--
=+; ,
1. ... xeR
2. ... yefi
3. +=0; =
4. :
>0,
>0, ( j-;+ool;y<0, x e l ;I
/<0,
>0, x e l -;-I; <0, -; +
5. :
/>0, , xeR; /<0, yl, xeR.

1
1
,1/
; .,; .0; , , - ; , -
\2 + 2= 2 12 1'2 1'2
- (, ),
, , .
(2-=3
( + 3= 5
(2-5=3
( + = - 4
(=23
( + 3 ( 2 3 ) = 5
(= 2 3
(7=14
(17= 17
|3 + = 4
(=1
\=2
|= 34
: (2; 1)
(= 1
|=1
|-5
(25 = 3
(15 + 5 = 20
(5 + = 10
( + 2= 5
(= 5 + 10
\= 2,5 + 2,5
\\
\ = -5+10
: (-1;-1).
2
2 = -2,5+2,5
: (3;-5)
/1 /2 /.,: =/1+1 / ,: =2+2.

(= /qx + fy
=2, b^b2, / J / 2 = ^ + ^
k^k2,bvb2-
- , lf\l2 \= +
2
2
[ = ^ + ^
/ _ - / 1
.
2
2
, /2 - +

. ,
. 1.
1;2;3;4; ...; 1000; 1001; 1002;...
. ,
. 0; 1; 2; 3;...
.
, , meZ, neZ.

. -

10

\\= , >0
-, <0
\\=
>0
.,=, 2= - -
=0
=0 -
<0
||>
>0,
_<
||<
(-; -][; +)
>0,( < f |
^
}>-
-
[-, ]
=0, =0
=0, =0
<0, xeR
<0,

<
[>
<<
\<
[>
<<
\>
[<
<<
CD -Q
VI VI
X X
>
[>
\<
[>
(6; ]
(;)
[;]
^- \
(; ]
-^^
(; +)
^>
b
11

12

, 1,
, .
"= - -... , - , - .

1. ^=
2. - =
5 2 -5 6 =5 8
3. an:am=a"-w
3 17 :3 15 =3 2
4. ()=
(2 7 ) 3 =2 21
5. (ab)n=anbn
6 2 =(2-3) 2 =2 2 -3 2
6. (*)" = *n
[bj
/23
23
73
a", neZ,
, P<ER, a>0,p = meZ, /
"
{)
" =/ ,>0
= 0, =0,> 0

,
. 1)> 0
a. va=
b\\', 2
, >0
lz)o
1. 7ab=7a-7b,a>0, b>0
7225 = 725-9 = 725-79 = 5-3 = 15

/8 < 79
V50 V25 725
3
5
3. 2" =| a |, a -
744 =| 221= 2 2 , -
4. (7a) = a, a>0
(/7) 2 =7,>0
>2
, - . 7 = :\'~
, >0.
[Z)D
1. 7 = 7-7,>0, >0
79-73=727=733=3
-^= f '^' > 0

/
1\
75
= ( / ^ = 7625 = 75^ = 5
V 5
3. () = Vam ,a>0
(74)3 = 74^ = 721" = 2
4. "=4 , >0
77729=7729 = 73^ = 3
5. (7)"=, >0
(72) 5 =2
6. 272,< =| |, /ce/V, a -
7256 = 728 =2
13

14
10 99
^^
100
400
900
121
441
961
144
484
169
529
196
576
225
625
256
676
289
729
324
784
361
841
1600
2500
3600
4900
6400
8100
1681
2601
3721
5041
6561
8281
1024
1764
2704
3844
5184
6724
8449
1089
1849
2809
3969
5329
6889
8649
1156
1936
2916
4096
5476
7056
8836
1225
2025
3025
4225
5625
7225
9025
1296
2116
3136
4356
5776
7396
9216
1369
2209
3249
4489
5929
7569
9409
1444
2304
3364
4624
6084
7744
9604
1521
2401
3481
4761
6241
7921
9801
^\
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

ax2+bx+c=0, *0, , - , - ,
.
2=0; 2+=0; 2+=0 .
:
2 -7+1=0;
52=0
=3; = - 7 ; =1
=5; ==0
= 0
=-1; = -;=0
1,52+9=0
=1,5; =9
1) =0; ^ = 0 ,
1)-1 =0; =0;=0
2) 2+=0;(+)=0;
1= 0
=0

+ = 0'
2) - 2 +5=0; -(-5)=0;
-=0
-5=0' x,= l l
3) 2+=0; 2 = , > 0;
Xi =
, =-
3)6x2-9=0;x2=|;x1=J;x2=-J
.
22+8=0; 2= - 4 ; .
, < 0 .
4) 2++=0; D=b2-4ac
D>0, 12 ==
D=0, , = - .
D O , .
5) 2++=0; ,
,
j=[^j
\1=0
- ; 12 =
/D
^
6) 1,

x2+px+g=0.
(x1x2=q
:
92+6+1=0; =9; =6; =1;
4)2 2 --1=0;
=2;6=-1;=-1;
D=(-1)2^-2(-1)=9;D=9;
_1+3 _ .
_ 1
^ = 32-9 1 = 0
4
1
: 1;
5) 52-7+10=0; =5; = -7; =10;

D=(-7)2-^-5-10=-153<0, .
: 0 .
6) 2 -5-6=0;^7 5 ;^6, 2 =-1.

: 6 ; - 1 .
*1 + 2 = ~
15

16

2++=(-1)(-2), xv 2 - 2++=0
: 2 2 - - 5 = 2 ( - | ) ( + 2) = (2-5)( + 2).2 2 --5=0;=81, 1 2 =^-, 1 =-, 2 =-2.

=2++, , , - ; - ,
.
1. =2
) ... xeR
) ... ; +)
) : =0
)
, [0; +)
yi, (-; 0]
) -
2. =2

;
||<1,
; ||>1,
.
/^^2
,
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
V />1 /
\ - - / /<<1
0
/1
W
\
V1<a<0
<-1
3. =2+

;
>0, =2
<0, =2 .
4. =(+)2

; >0,
b 0;
<0,
b 0.
=-(-
=(+4)
=(-2) 2 -1
5. =(+)2+
:
= 2 -3;
=(-2)2-1;
=(+4)2;
=-(-5) 2 +4
=(-5+4
17

18

2++>0 , , , - .

1.
ax2+bx+x=0, :
ax2+bx+x>0, >0
1) >0, xv 2 - , , (- 1 )(- 2 )>0

1
x-Xi>
- 2 >
-.,<
-2<
^ZZZZ^
-^^
^
[ 2 ; +)
(-; ,]
: (-; xju[x 2 ; +).
2
2) =0, 1 - , , (-1)2>0
>0 (-.,)2>0 ,
.
: xeR.
3) <0, ,
,2 + + > 0
^>XeR.
ax2+bx+c>0, a<0
1) a>0, xv x2 - , , a(x-x 1 )(x-x 2 )>0
^7777^\
x-^> 0
x - x2 < 0
x-x,< 0
x - x2 > 0
Xi
>xe[x1; x2]
x2
" ^ ^
^^r
Xi
: xe[x ; x ]
X60
x2
2) =0, .,- , , a(x-x 1 ) 2 >0; <0, ( - ^ ^ ,

(-1)2>0 x=xv
.
: =,.
f
ax2+bx+c<0,
ax2 +fox+
0.
>0
1) >0, - , , (- )(- )<0.
^
-^<
-2>
-,>
-2<
Xi
gzzzzzzt
W^
(1; 2)
: (1,2).
19

20
2) =0, 1 - , , (- 1 ) 2 >0. >0 (- 1 ) 2 <0 ,
=1, .
: 0.
2
3) <0, , , + + < 0
> 0
2++<0, <0
1) >0, 2 - , , (- 1 )(- 2 )<0
Xi
-.,< 0
-2< 0
-^> 0
-2> 0
(-; ,)
^^^
2
gZZZZZZZ*
Xi
( 2 ; +)
2
: (-; ^ ^ ; +).
2) =0, 1 - , , (- 1 ) 2 <0. <0 (-1)2>0 ,

x=x v (-1)2<0 , =
: ( (-; 1 )( 1 ; +)).
2 + + < 0
!
XGR
2.
ax2+bx+c=0 :
ax2+bx+c>0, >0
>0, xv x2 - ,
: (-; xju[x 2 ; +00).
=0, 1 - .
: xeR
ax2+bx+c<0, >0
>0, 2 - .
: (1; 2).
=0, 1 - .
: 0 .
<0, .
: xeR.
<0, .
: 0 .
: 2 -2-5<0. 2 -2-5=0.
1+4
5
^ = 1 + 15 = 16 ; 1 , 2 = ^ - ; 1 = - , 2 = - 1 .
:
= 2 -2-5
-1;
' 3
21

22
ax2+bx+c>0, a<0
>0, xv 2 - .
VJIUUI. ^ 2].
ax2+bx+c<0, <0
/^
>0, 2 -
: (-<>; 1 )( 2 ; +<*>).
1/
1
=0, 1 - .
: -
=0, 1 - .
: (-; 1 )( 1 ; +).
1
<0, .
'
<0, .
: XGR.
. -9 2 +6-1=0; -(-9 2 -6+1)=0;

-(-1 )2=0;
: 0 .
>
1\
\
1
: -9 2 +6-1>0.
"

ax2+bx+c=0 .
.
ax2+bx+c>0, >0
ax2+bx+c>0, <0
>0, 2 - .
: (-; xju[x 2 ; +).
>0, 2 - .
: xe[xvx2].
>0,
.
.
<0,
.
.
=0, 1
: xeR.
=0, 1
: =.
.
/+
=dk
Xi
- ,

.
<0, .
: xeR
>0 ,

.
<0, .
: 0 .
<0, ,
.
23

24
ax2+bx+c<0, a>0
>0, x r x 2 - .
: (
ax 2 +bx+c<0, a<0
>. >jr>. >^

+
1 2
X!
Form =0 " -
()
=0, 1 - .
Xl
(91
_^(
<0, .
: xeR.
>0, ,
, .
\?7~
Xl
: (-; x 1 )u(x 1 ; +).
<0, .
-
Xi
+^ ^ +
: x e 0 .
>0, 2 - .
^~ ^ 7 ~
: (-; ,)(,; +). ~/Y? +
g^>
<0 ,
,
.
:
25 2 -10+1>0
25 2 -10+1>0.
(51)
-' -5-
-4-12-9 2 <0
-9 2 -12-4=0.
CXYIOV-
+:^+',
1
1 1
: (-; )u( ; +).
(1.)-0,
: xeR.
3.
( )
\_^/_^
2

=3
- .
1)... xsR
2) ... yeR
3) =0
4):
>0, (0; +>),
<0, (-; 0)
5) : , xeR
6) -
y=(x+af+b
-
;
>0, 0;
<0, 0.
=(-3) 3 +2
| /y=(x-3) J +2
b -
;
>0, b 0;
<0, 6 0.
25

26
1
=
- .
1)..*0
2) .. *0
3) :
4) :
>0, (0; +),
<0, (-; 0)
5) : yi, *0
6) -
-^-ii
( + )
3
=+
+2
;
;\!\
-
;
>0, 0;
<0, 0.
'
~
1
b -
;
>0, 0;
<0, b 0.
^\ !
\
~ +3\ i
\
+2
\ !
Vl_ 2 :i -1i
\<
-^L
Vj
X
=3
- , .
>0, xeR.
|
\=
/<0, yl
xeR. ( ><
=\
>0
Ill
" V
\,v
'
- ,
/>0,
y l .
/0,
y t ^.
\
0
III
'
"
..
IV
27

28
y = yjx
1)0.0.. [0; +)
2) ... ; +)
3) =0
4) : >0, (0; +)
5) : , xe[0; +)
1)[-;0)
2) [0; +~)
3)=0
4) >0, (-; 0)
5) yl, (-; 0]
1) [0; +)
2) (-; 0]
3)=0
4) <0, (0; +)
5) yl, [0; +)
= \/ + +
-
;
>0, 0;
<0, 0.
b -
OY;
>0, b 0;
<0, b 0.
1) (-;
2) (-;
3)=0
4) <0, (-; 0)
5) , (-; 0]
= \/
1 ) 0 . 0 . . xeR
2) ... yeR
3) =0
4) : >0, >0; <0, <0
5) : , xef?
y=f{x) ,
.
2>., f(x2)>f(x1), f{x) - .
y=f(x) ,
.
2>^ f(x2)</:(x1), f(x) - .
y=f(x) ,
f(-x)=f(x). .
y=f(x) ,
f(-x) = -f(x).
.
29

30
1. , , ,
, d, .
d - , aâ^+d; d=a-anV
-: a=a^+(n-^d
: =
0
-: S
n=
++
,+
2a1+(n-1)cf
0Sn= ^
2. , , ,
, q, .
q - , b^b^-q;
q= n_
= h -r,n-1
-: b=b^-q
: b= jbn+k- bn_
br(1-Q")
,
-: S =
|/|<1, .
1-4

jf(x)= , -, .
<0, ; >0, f(x) =a2.
Vf(x)= Vg(x)
Mx~)= 9(x)
\f(x)> 0
g(x)>0
lf(x)= g(x)
(g(x)> 0
\f(x)= g2(x)
jf(x)>
^Jf(x)< .
Jf(x)> a
Jf(x)< a
~(a<0
\f(x)>0
fa>0
f(x)>0
[f(x) = a2
fa>0
\f(x)>0
[f(x)<a2
V ^ 0 > 9(x)
V^ VfiK*)
g(x)> 0
)>0 2
[f(x)> g (x)
(g(x)< 0
-\f(x)>0
\f(x)> 0
g(x)>0
U(x)< g(x)
31

32
>\
/!
\(1;0)
J
x=cosa; y=sina

(1; 0) .

(1;0) .
P a (cosa; sina).
.
sina
tga=
cos a
0 | (30) J (45) | (60) f (90)
^(135
4
(30)
sinx
cosx 0
2(360)
71
tgx
ctgx
oo
1
2
72
V3
72
2
1
2
1
(330)
V3
1
2
7
1
1
0
CO

sin2oc+cos2a=1
1+tg2a =
1
1
- 32 ; 1+ctg 2 a= , 2 ; tga
ctga=1
is a
sin a
sinx
cosx
tg(-a)= - t g a
sin(-a)= - sina

cos(a (3)=cosacos(3 sinasin(3
ctg(-a)= -ctga
cos(-a)=cosa
cos75=cos(45+30 )=cos45ocos30o-sin45sin30=
_ V2 V3_ 72 J_ -/2
" 2 2
sin(a p)=sina-cosp cosasinp
, 0
tgatgB
2 2
o
4
o
cos50sin80 -sin50 cos80 o =sin(80 o -50)=

1
=sin30=
tg150 = tg (60 + 45) =
/3+1
4 + 2
=
W3 ^2-=i
tg60
+tg45 =
/\
lW3
33

34

sin2a=2sinacosoc
sin10x=2sin5xcos5x
8cos3xsin3x=4(2sin3xcos3x)=4sin6x
cos2a=cos 2 a-sin 2 a=2cos 2 a-1=1-2sin 2 a
cos7x= cos2 - = - - sin2

cos16x=2cos 2 8x-1; cos12x=1-2sin 2 6x
2t
no
9a
tg2a= -:r~
2tg2x
- tq4x
1- tg22x" t g 4 X
1 - tg 2 a
1
sin2 a= ^ ( 1 - cos2a)
1
sin 2 5x= - ( 1 - coslOx)
1
cos2 a= =(1+ cos 2 a)
"1
(1+ cos8x)= 2- -(1+ cos8x) = 2cos 2 4x
. _ . +

sina+ sin p= 2sin
-cos
sin 75+ cos 75= sin 75+ cos(90- 15) =
_ . -
+
sin - sin n = 2 sin cos 2
2
7co
-. 75+15
75-15
= sin 75+ sin 15= 2 sin
cos
=
=
cosa+ cos p= 2 cos
cos
= 2sin45-cos30=2.^.^L^
_ . + . -
cos - c o s p = - 2 s i n
sin
08
11
2sin
1 - C0S iT
. 2
12
12
/3 /2
= - 2 s i n - r - sin = - 2 2
3
4
11 5
+
- sin 1 2 12
11
1
sin - cosy= ^(sin(x+ y)+ s i n ( x - ))
2sin50-cos40o=sin90o+sin10=1+sin10
1
sin - siny= - ( c o s ( x - ) - cos(x+ ))
3cos20- cos 80= |(cos100+ cos 60) =
1
cosx- cosy= ^ ( c o s ( x - y)+ cos(x+ y))
= | cos 1 0 0 + !
2
4
,
2a
cosa
sina
-cosa
+sina
+cosa
sina
+cosa
sina
-cosa
sina
tga
ctga
+tga
ctga
+tga
ctga
+tga
ctga
+tga
ctga
2rca
35

36

y=cosx
1)... xeR
5) :
2)... [-1;1]
, [+2;2+2], neZ
3) = ^+ , neZ
yi, [0+2;+2], neZ
4) :
6) : q=2n
>0 , xel - -|+ 2;|-+ 2\ neZ
7) : cos(-x)=cosx
<0, ( | + 2;-^ + 2]
nez
y=smx
6) : =2
7) : sin(-x)=-sinx
1)... xeR
2)... [-1; 1]
3) =, /ceZ
4) :
>0 , (0+2; +2), neZ

<0, (+2; 2+2), neZ
5) :
-+2;^+2/7
2
2
y l , < +2;%+2/7
2
2
,
A7&Z
ntZ
y=tg*
1)0.0..
x*+nkkeZ
2) ... yeR
3) =, keZ
4) :
6) : q=n
7) : tg(-x)= -tgx
>0 , |^0+ /;-+ %k\ keZ

<0, &[-
+ /;0+ /cj, keZ
5) :
xs[-^+2nk;^+2nk\tkeZ
- / 0
'
y=ctgx
1)... , k<=Z
6) :
2) ... yeR
7) : ctg(-x)= -ctgx
71
3) = + /, /ceZ
4) :
>0 , ^ 0 + /;-+ /cj, /cez

<0, x e l + /;+ /cl keZ
5) :
-l, (0+/; +/), /ceZ
1
\
\
il
IVs"2
'\
\ \2
42"
37

38

y=arcsinx
y=arccosx
1)... [-1; 1]
1)... [-1;1]
.
~ 2'2_
3) =0
4) :
>0 , (0; 1]
<0, [-1; 0)
5) :
, [-1; 1], keZ
6)
7) : arcsin(-x)= -arcsinx
2)...
2) ... [0; 1]
3) =1
4) :
>0 , [-1; 1)
5) :
yl, [-1;1], keZ
6)
7)
'
'
;
2
=%\\
-1
i
'
2
/ /
t 1
II
--
\ =< ;osx
y=arcsinx
/ /'/
1
2"
I I - -.*
71 X
/'
-1
iI
-1
/'
VS.
\ N.
I
NJ
X
I -J,
\
2
\
y=cosx
y=arctgx
y=arcctgx
1 ) 0 . 0 . . xeR
2)...
1)... xeR
<{-;)
2) .. ye(0; 7i)
3) : =0
4) :
>0 , XG(0; +)
3) :
4) :
>0 , XGR
5) :
-1, XGR
6)
7)
<0 , XG(-; 0)
5) :
, XGR
6)
7) arcta(-x)= -arctax
/ i
71 j^y
2
.__.
_ 1
7
\
\
,'
i ,
\
/^y=!arctgx
_r
2"
/'
\
/'
N. \
NA
/'
/ \ .
y=arcctgx
" 2
_____
/y=tgx
i>
39

40
1. [-1;1] <
IL-IL
2'2
.
.
2~'2~
arcsin(-a)= -arcsina
arcsina=a : sina=a, [-1;1];
2. [-1; 1] [0; ],
.
arccosa=a: cosa =, [-1;1]; [0; ].
5-
arccos(-a)= -arccosa
3. aeR
71.71
"2'2J'
.
arctga=a : tga =, - ,
.
2 - 2 I-
arctg(-a)= -arctga
4. aeR (0; ),
.
arcctga=oc: ctga =, - , ae(0; ).
a rcctg (-)=- rcctg a

1. sinx=a, |a|<1;
= arcsina+ 2, Z
= - arcsina+ 2,
=(-1 )karcsma+nk, keZ.

sinx=0
asm
arcsina
-arcsina
4 ^ ft
cos
x= nn, ne Z
2. cosx=a, |a|<1;
x= arccosa+ 2/,/ Z
x= - arccos a+ 2 /, / e Z
cosx=1
|sin
x=arccosa+27r/c,
/c eZ
cosx= - 1
a
Y ^^ \o
x = 2, n e Z
x= + 2/<, / ( e Z
41

42
3. tgx=a, a - ; x=arctga+7i/c, keZ
4. asinx+bcosx=c I:Va 2 + b2
yla2+b
sinx+
sin(x+ ) =
ja2+b2
, 2
Ja22 +b
'
cosx=
ja2+b2
arccos
arcsin
Ja2+b
Ja2+b
/2.
V3sir i3x - cos2x== V2 |:V3+1; ^ s i n 2 x - ^1c o s 2 x =
2 '
cos-- sin2x- '5 , n - . c o s 2 x = ;

6
2 x - ^ = (- 1) arcsir
6
V2
x==

/, keZ; 2x- = (-1)' + +
4 6

(-D 8 + 1 2 +
keZ.
,/ceZ;

=, >0, *1 - , -
.
=, >1
1)... xeR
2) ... (0;+)
3) :
4) :
>0 xeR
5) :
xef?
1=
/
/
>1
-] /
.^
0
=, 0<<1
1)... xeR
2) ... (0;+)
3) :
4) :
>0 xeR
5) :
-l xeR
\
X\
' \
<<1
\
\
\ 1
- \ ^
0
^:
=,
>0, * 1 , - .
0, ,
<0, .
:
> <, >0, * 1 .
.
>
<
>1,
,
>
<6
<
>
0<<1,
.
,
x<b
x>b
43

44
b , >0, ^1,
, .
log b=x:ax=b, >0, *1, >0
: al09e b = b, b>0, a>0, *1.

1. log a a=1; 11 =0
14=1; 1761=0
3
2. logab+logac=loga(bc)
1105+1102=11010=1
3. loga - loga c= loga -
log575-log53=log525=2
4. 1"=-1
log381 =log334=4log33=4-1 =4
5. loga = - loga
1^2=21 2 2=2-1=2
6 loga 6= 1
logft a
|057=
1

7
='
1
' g 3 l f = l o g 5
5125=3
log3 5
75

y=logax, >0, * 1 - ,
.
y=logax
1)... (0;+)
2) ... yeR
3) : =1
4):
>0, (1; +)
<0, (0; 1)
5) :
, (0; +)
y=logax
y=logax
1) ... (0;+)
2) ... yeR
3) : =1
4):
>0, (0; 1)
<0, (1; +)
5) :
yl, (0; +)
0<<1

log/(x)=log a g(x), >0, * 1 .
)>
()>
tf(x)= 9(x)

log/(x)>log a g(x), logaf(x)<logag(x)
f(x)<0
g(x)<0
l^(x)< g(x)
lf(x)> g(x)
[f(x)< 0
[f(x)> 0
g(x)<o
g(x)>0
0<<1,
lf(x)> g(x)
[f(x)< g(x)
f(x)>0
>1, g(x)>0
45

46
y=f{x) , -
/7*0, , x+h .
h, h>0,
y=f{x) . V () = Mm -, Ay=f(x+h)-f(x).
(5)'=0;(-|) = 0
(3x-7)'=3; ( l - | x J = -
^
X
1
2/
1
X2
"
-"-1
(+)"
/-(+)""1
- Ina
Inx
sinx
cosx
tgx
ctgx
((2x-5) 3 )'=3-2(2x-5) 2 = 6(2x-5) 2
logax
{Sy=7x;(^=lx(j=lx-L^
(7 x )'=7 x -ln7
1
xlna
cosx
-sin x
1
v(log
3
x) = p-rxln3
COS 2 X
1
sin 2 x
47

48

(u+vy=u'W
(5x 3 -x 8 )'=15x 2 -8x 7
(u-v)'=u'-v+uV
(x 2 cosx)'=(x 2 )'cosx+x 2 -(cosx)'=2xcosx-x 2 sinx
(}
Vx 1 ( ^ * ) '
sinxj^
u'v-uv
smx
~ J*- (sinx)
sin 2 x
r= sin x - 4x- cos x

2Vx
sin2 x
sinx-2xcosx
2Vx- sin2 x
(6tgx)'=6tgx.|n6.(tgx)'=6tgxln6
{u(v)Y=u'(v)V

y=f(x0)(x-x0)+f(x0), 0 -

1. ()>0 ,
f(x) ;
f ()<0 ,
f(x) .
()>0/
/
/
\f'(x)<0
\
\
2. 0 f(x),
0,
f(x)<f(x0).
0 f(x),
0,
f(x)>f(x0).
.
, , .
max
Wmin
xv x2, 3, 4, 5 - .
\
min
1
: = +,.
X
' = 1 - 1
1
: += 0, .
' = 0, 2 -1=0, 12 =1
-10
/
max
^
1
\-2
*
mm
49

50
() f(x)
, c'(x)=f(x).
f(x) = x 9 ^ F ( x ) = ^ - + C
, * - 1
+ 1
Inx+C
X
lt-t-C\
+ b
e kx+b , /*0
1
In|/cx+ |+
/ '
'
+
/
sin(/cx+b), /cÔ
1
- cos(/cx+ )+
cos(/cx+b), /cÔ
1
sin(/cx+ )+
f(x)= " => () = | +

f(x) = - => F(x) = 4lnx + C
1
r(Xj- ^ ^ + =>/-(Xj-
1
1| /X + J | + 0
f(x)=e"x+2 => F(x)=-e"x+2+C

f(x)=sin(3x-1) => f(x)= - ^ c o s ( 3 x - 1)+
f(x)=cos(2-7x) => f(x)= - y s i n ( 2 - 7x)+

, [;] I X,
y=f(x),
,
=, =,
. S= J f(x)dx-- F(b)-
F(a)
=()
x=b
J f(x)dx+ f g(x)dx
, =- 2 +2+3
.
SABC=l(-x2+2x+3)dx =
= -^ 3 + 2 +| =
3
1-1
= (-|-27 + 9 + 9)-(-1(-1)+1-3):
= 9 - | + 2 = |( 2 )
51

52
. : , , .
- , .
- , .
- , .
: .
- , .
CD .
- ,
, ,
, - . ZAOB ZBOA.
- , ,
.
ZEOD ZDOE.
..
- , .
, =.
^ ^
- ,
.
- , ZFOM=ZEOM

, ,
,
.
180.
Z1+Z2=180
,
.
Z1=Z3, Z2=Z4.
-
, .
.
53

54
- ,
,
, .
.
.
AAcL
, ,
, .
: .
,

.
AB=MN; BC=NK; AC=MK; ZA=ZM\ ZB=ZN; ZC=ZK,

AABC=AMNK.

I
(
)
II
(
)
III
( )
AB=KE,AC=KD,
ZA=ZK, AABC=AKED
=, ZA=ZK,
ZB=ZE, AABC=AKED
=, AC=KD,
BC=ED, AABC=AKED
, , ,
.
55

56

,
.

,
.

,
.
ZA<90, Z6<90, ZC<90C
ZC=90C
90<ZC<180C

,
.
g
,
.
=- ,
; -
.
MN=NK=MK.
C D
180.
ZA+ZB+ZC= 180
- ,
- .
ZBCD - .

, .
ZBCD=ZA+ZB

, ,
.

.
<+; <+; <+

.
=, ZA=ZC

,
.
ZA=ZC, =.
\ *
U
57

58

1. 90
ZA+ZC=90
1. :
=, BC=NK,
AABC=AMNK.
At-h-dC
2. , 30,
.
2. :
ZA=30, =
AABC=AMNK.
^.
ZB=ZN,
Z6=30, = ^ .
3. ,
, ,
30.
M^-h-^K
3. :
AB=MN, ZA=ZM,
AABC=AMNK.
*-^
= )zAB , Z6=30.

= | , ZA=30.
4. :
=, AB=MN,
AABC=AMNK.
, , ,
.
^-^
- ,
.
AM- /,
->
- ,
.
- , =
- ,

.
- , ZBAE=ZCAE
- ,
,
.
, ,, , - .
59

60

, .
, beoc, aj?f , a\\b.

, ,
,
:
1)
2) .
2- :
1- :
, b m , aj?fb, a^b
, , dnb=A, aj/(b
b 8 :
Z4 Z6 - ;
Z1 MZ7 Z2 Z8 - ;
Z4HZ5
Z3 Z6 - ;
Z1 MZ8 Z2 Z7 - ;
Z1 MZ5 Z4 Z8; Z2 Z6; Z3 Z7 - .
Z3HZ5
--''''
-''''
,_.
^^
i
:
, ,
, .
1. ,
.
a\\b, af\c=M, bf]c=N
2. ,
.
|| \\, \\.
/ /
61

62

1.
,
.
\\, -, Z1=Z2
/
/
1/

1.

, .
- , Z1=Z2, \\.
\
2.
,
.
\\, -, Z1=Z2.
/
/
/ 1
/
b
/2
2.
,
.
- , Z1=Z2, \\.
3.
,
180.
\\, -, Z1+Z2=180.
3.

180, .
-, Z1+Z2=180, \\.
/
/
2/
1
\
V
\
- ,
, ,
.
- ,
; R .
- , .
- , ;
d, d=2r.
( C=2nR).
- , .
(/
= 1^8 ,0 ; ))
v
63
- , .
, , ,
.
( S=nR2.)
() - , .
(MON) - ,
ON.
( SM0N =
36QO

64
.
- .
- .
^23... - n-, ,, 3,..., - ,
. , , - . - .
, ,
.
* , ,
.
* .
- 180(-2).
n-, , 360
- ,
.
AB\\CD, BC\\AD, ABCD - .

1.
.

1.
,
- .
ABCD - , AB=CD,
BC=AD, ZA=ZC, ZB=ZD.
2.
.
AB\\CD, AB=CD, ABCD .

2.
, -
.
-//-
ABCD - ,
=, BO=OD.
ACnBD=0,
Ecnv\AB=CD,BC=AD,TO ABCD .
3.
,
- .
ABnCD=0, AO=OC, BO=OD, ABCD.

65

66
- , .
AB\\CD, BC\\AD, ZA=ZB=ZC=ZD=90, ABCD- .

1.
,
,
.
*

,
- .
ABCD - , AB=CD\
BC=AD; AO=OC; BO=OD.
2. .
ABCD - , =.
ABCD - , AC=BD,
ABCD - .
- , .
AB\\CD, BC\\AD, AB=BC=CD=AD ABCD - .

1.
,
,
.
ABCD - , ZA=ZC,
ZB-ZD,
=, BO=OD.
2.
.
ABCD - , AC1BD,
ZBCA=ZDCA,
ZABD=ZCBD.

1.
,
- .
ABCD- , AC1BD,
ABCD - .
2.
,
- .
/1
ABCD- , ZBCA=ZDCA,
ZABD=ZCBD, ABCD - .
67

68
\/
- , . :
- , - .
AB\\CD, BC\\AD, =, ZA=Q0 ABCD - .
:
l.AB=BC=CD=AD
2. ZA=ZB=ZC=ZD=90
3. AC=BD
4. AC1BD, ZBCA=ZDCA,
ZABD=ZCBD
5. BO=OD=AO=OC
- , ,
.
BC\\AD; ABjh CD, ABCD - .
, .
AB=CD.
D~
,
.
- ,
. MN- ABCD.

.
MN\\AD\\BC MN= \{AD+
).

-
1. - , .
2. .
3. , , .
1) : S=ADCH^ S=ABCH2.

.
\>
"<
69
2) : S=ABBC.
.
1
V
<\1,
1
3) : S=ADBH ( ), S= ~- BD.
.
>
1
4) : S=AB2 ( ), S= - 2 ( ).
5) : S= | ( S C + AD)- BH.

.
\*
_AD
6) : S= ^ - .

.
^"
,
.
BH=NH2, f ^ =
}
&MNK
MNK
j
IVIr\

,
,
.
ZA=ZM,
SABC
>MNK
AB-
MNMK
cz=a2+b2.
:
, .
71

72

1 /,
/ ^ .
/ .

1 ,
- .

,

.
ZA=ZM, ZB=ZN,
ZC=ZK,
_ _
, AMNKK
MN~ NK~ MK

I ( )
ZA=ZM,
ZB=ZN,
TOAABCcoAMNK.
II (
)
MN
~ AMNK.
ZA=ZM,
'
( )

MN NK
'
6 ~ AMNK.
XY ( )
CD, XY = JABCD
1) , ,
,
. CD= V/AD- DB.
2)
,
, .
= 78- AD ; = JAB-DB.
73

74

R- ; d- .
d<R,
.
2 .
d=R,
.
1 .
d>R,
.
.

,
.
/ - , - ,
11.
,
,
, .
f]l=A _1_ /, / - .

\ V ^ t
\ \ ^ ^ J ^
\ / \
7 \ ^
\[ \<
)
1)/(0;)
2) MN n .(0;)
/.(0;)
ZMNE-

,
, , 0
.
, -, =, ZBAO=ZCAO.
, ,
, .
ZAOB- , ZAOB=uAB.
, ,
, .
, ,
, :
1) ;
2) .
/ ^
/ 0
\
1 / \ *
)
/W/v \
/
'
V-^
1)(0;)
^ "
2).(0;)
/*
/ .(0;)
(
\ \
Z 6 / \ C - I
\

\^__Jr
75

76
, ZABC=
-^yjAC.
<^
, , .
ZABE=ZACE=ZADE
, , - .
- , ZAEB=90
,

.
n CD=E, = ED
,

,

.
,
,
.
,

,

.
, ,
.
77

78
,

,

180
ABCD- ,
ZA+ZC=ZB+ZD^
80.
: ZA+ZC=ZB+ZD=y\80,
ABCD- .
,

,
.
ABCD - ,
AB+CD=AD+BC.
: AB+CD=AD+BC, ABCD .
,
_
_
cosct=
~
_
tg =
~~~
s i n p = ^ ; c o s p = ; tgp
sin a=
30
45
60
sina
1
2
cosa
/3
2
1
/3
/2
2
/2
2
1
/3
2
1
2
tga
cos2a+sin2a=1 - .
/3
- .
.
^^
- , - .
- , .
( ) .
.
- ,
.

, ,
, -
^^^^
^^^
.
\ b ; a t t - ,
c t 1 d; bT id
- .
79

80
, .
a t T b ; = , =
, , , :
1) ;
2) .
1); 2 ) , *
1)/ltÂT7; 2 ) = /77, .

1)
2)
3)
+
+=
+ = AD
- =
, >0
b , | \
/0,
/<0, a t lb .
, <0

1) + = + -
2) (+ )+ = + (5+ ) -
3) (kl)a= - (/)= / [) -
4) (+ I) a= k-a+ la - I
5) - (+ b)= - - II
: = : , 6:
' - + ^
+
+

.
- = ||- |b|-coscp
- = 0 , =90, b .
- > 0 , - .
b
- < 0 , - .
81

82
, , /.
1) 2 >0
2) ab=ba
- nepeiv
3) (5+ )- = + - -
4) (/- } 5= /- ( i - B ) . -
6 { 2 - ^ , - ^ -
| = V ( x 2 - * i ) 2 + ( y 2 - y i ) 2
I
/1
Xi
*2
{^,} { 2 ; 2 },
: {-1; 2}; {0; -3}.
1) 5+ {^^^}
2) - { ^ - ^ - , }
1) 5 + {-1+0; 2-3} = {-1; -1}

2 ) 5 - 5 {-1-0; 2-(-3)} = {-1; 5}
3) /5 {for,; fry,}
3)55 {5(-1);5-2} = {-5;10}
4)
4) - {-10+2(-3)} = 0-6 = -6.
a-b(xrx2;+y,-y2)
- 1 0 + 2(-3)
* 1 * 2 + 2
5) coscp=
2 '
V*i + \ V 2 +
- .
5) coscp =
VT+4-V0 + 9
>90.
/5
V5
<0
1
S = - a b s i n y .

.
: .
a
b
2R, R -
sin a sin (3 siny
:
.
2= 2+ 2- 2 c o s a

(-0)2+(-0)2=/?2
(0, 0) - , R - .
,
: 2+2=/?2.

+ by + = 0, , , - .
= 0-- .
= 0-- .
= d- - , .
= d- - , .
83

84

,
.
X ,= 180 ( - 2) _ -.
/=1
180-(-2)
- -.
1
S=-=P- r - -
- ,
-.
180
= 2R- sin
, .
180
r= Rcos
)7
3
4
6
R--
,7
,V2
R = a6
= 3
44 -= 44 -d
>7
6 = 4
S4=a2
!

1. , ,
, .
, , /, ., , , 1, - .
2. ,
.
, G /; , , / .
7V
3. ,
, .
, af)fi=l, 1.
1.
,
.
2.
,
.

86
1. .
/ a
2.
3.
,
,
.
. /1|
In a= A

, 1.
, - , , ,
, ,
.
.
, a, a \\ b,
a
/1| , /
|| .
/= , / 1 | .
2.
,
,
.
^
|| , || ,
|| , .

, . \\

, b
, b , axb
, anb

,
,
, .
aâ, bna=B, Bea,
, - .

,
, .
axb, . ^ \\ .
87

88
/ '
>
<
,
4 . 0 < ^ 9 0
.
/
/
,
^ b 1 , Z(a,b)=Z(avb)=(p
/ .
,
/? . \\/3
/7
V
\/
' /
,
\ /?. aC\j8=a

,
.
a,b cza, anb=c,
av ^ a^nb=cv
\\ b\\b o\\j5.

1.
,
.
|| }=,
}nj3=b, ||.
2. ,

, .
||, || ,
bno=B, an/3=A^ bnfi=Bv
=
89

90

,
,
.

, ,
.
a,b ca, anb=A I l a , lib,
I

1.
,
.
|| , alec,
b
2.
, .
alee, , || .
,

,
.
_\_, =,
/ I S C , TO/.LAC.
,

, .
\,=,
11, .
'/
,
,
.
/\6L
/
/
/
'
/
/ - , - , , AC=npJ,
ZMAC - / .
91

92
XL>
a/t
1#
ftffl
.1**"^
/
- -^ '
^ : : : : ; ?
.-^
//
\\
,
,
.
BAla, ABcfi, CAla, ACcza, ABAC BADC.
'
/ ~
/
/
/
,
.

,
,
.
, ,

,
.
anft=a
La
,
1=
,
,
.
an/3=l,
ay

~1~
_
/3
,
,
, ,
.
a^zfa, /. ,
93

94
,
, .
- , 4 .
- .
Ci
, ,
, ,
. : ABCDA^B^C^D^
D,
By
*-V
"
,
, - .

1. .
2. .
3.
.
2=2+2+2
, ,
, ,
.
- .
- .
.
, .
, - .
Sfi
=m h; S
=Sfi
+2S ; V=S h.
.
A^
'
..
.'
.Si

.
V=S
95

96
, n- ,
.
SO(ABC) - ; - - ;
- .
, -
, -
( ) .
1
$= ^- SH, SH- ,
.
1
S0CH= ^ ' ~ .
S
=S fi +S
- ,
, .
,+2
'
, 1 , - ;
, - ;
V= (S.,4- S2 + JSy S2), S1 S2 - ;

3
h=00, -
= +
+ = +
( )
A
a+b+c+d
~= + ~+ CD+
(+ )+ = + (+ )
( )

'
<
t-Q
'
+ + |
1
\ 7~,
= -
+ (-)
: 1.(//)= [la)
( )
2. k(a+b)= ka+kb
97

98
- , ,
.
b
= + yb, , - , , - .

DK= ^(DB+ DC), - ,
- .
= ^(+ + ), - ,
- .
- , = -:
^-1, -
^+x

a{x{,y{,z,}, b{x2;y2;z2}

A{x;,yvzJ, B(x2,y2,z2)
-
a+b= {x^+ x2;y,+ y2;z:+ z2]

a-b= {x,- x2;y,-
+ X2 _y,+ y2 _Z,+ Z2
y2;z,-z2]
'
A~B{x2-xvy2-yv
aajaxây âz.,
b - ,
2
'
2
z2-zj
. , b, - , .
= 2+ 3
{x,;y{,Zi}
= - + - jy 1 = 2 + 3 _ b {2; y2; z2}
U 1 =az 2 +pz 3 '
a{x 3 ;y 3 ;z 3 }

2
||= yl(x2- ,) + ( 2 - ^ 2 + (z 2 - z,f , ;^;^); 6(x2;y2;z2)

||= jx2 + y2+ z2 , a{x;y;z}.

- = ||- Iblcos ,
1. 2 > 0, 2 > 0 *
2. - = - ( )
- = ^2+ -|2+ ^z 2
Z1^2
Z
cosa=
JxJTyJ+z2 yjx2+y2+zl
3. (+ b) = - + - ( )
4. (/ca)b= /(- ) ( )
99

100
S6=27rrh
Sn=27rr(r+h)
h=m*h
,
, .

.
- .
, ,
, .
V=^nr2K
/2
Q
J
Jfi
6OK
_ '
360
- .

- ,
, .

, .
V= -^K(S+ S,+ yjS- S^y, S S1 - .
1
V= g nK{r2+ r?+ - ,)
, ,
.
.
S=4^f? 2 - .

(x-x 0 ) 2 +(y-y 0 ) 2 +(z-z 0 ) 2 =R 2 , (0; 0; z0) - ,
(; ; z) - , R - .
,
x2+y2+z2=R2.
101
- , . Vmapa = ^ R 3
- , .
- .
Vc=nh2-\R-h\
R-
, h-
! -
- ,
.
^~"
/^^\
(^5)
- ,
, 90, ,
.
V=^nR2K.
/
'"'
"~
Q''
"S
I
, , , - .

,
,
.
-,
- ,
_\_.
/
(,
j^.--\
\ . / \ \^
/-"^

, ,
,
.
, OA=R, OAla, -
.
103
104
, ,

, ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
()

, ,
, .
-, ,
, .

- ,
J?
<"
--""
107
>

108
c =a+b
c-a + b
yS
-^
_^
^v c
^ ^ ^ '
\^
?
,''

-
,
(-S)
<
/4
= -= + {-)
=-
/ ^
-?
~\

z =z-a
, \\ = \z\
, z>0,
z, , z<0
,
z > 0, = -2
, z < 0.
-z-a

2~[
X^

,
.
^
=\ -cosa
*1
109
~ ^
^
\
) ,

110
,
.
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
4
_
rz
-
0 )
,''
rz
X
-
:
rx=x, ry=y, rz=z.
2
r-Jrx
+ry
+rz
=-/ + +z
, (3, , -
, z
-
|/ iyca
cosR-
-
1 -
^x +y +z2
'
Jx +y2+z2
Z
/2 +y2 +z2
111

112
7^

-
:
1) ;
2) 2) .
.
Z, *
43-2
1
\\ = /50 ,
coscc=
3
50
1 2 3 /4
cosp=
Y,
cosy=
50
5
50
=3 , =4 , z=5
,
t=tx t=t2

(
-
t=t\

.
,

.
,
.

t=tx
t=t2.
,
t=tx
t=t2.
t=t2)
t=tx t=t2
(1)
(2).
1 /
/
^ s
' ~ 2
>
113

114

AF At,
,
At :
,
/

v=hm-rr^
^**^
^ ^

.

At,

,
At :
a = \im-r-
/^ At
(

)
vcp
(
) vcp,
AS At,
: = .
-: vcp=,
S- , 0 t.

,

: =^ +v2
S'
v', S' U
S,
S ' U: v=v'+U .
.

, .
^
^/
/ \ ^
/
\
/\
-^ i
N
\
\
i
'
,
J
"~-"'

^?\ """^

^ ^ \ \
: s^Y
\ \
: /
~\ \
= + .
115
1 0

116
^ ^ l i m - r . |t> ,
aT\-lv;
\v\ ,
aîv.
,
,
.
=^, v- ;
RKp - .
v(t)
v-v0+at, v0 -
/=0.
-

t=u t=t2
(
-

t=tx
at2
r=r0+v0t+,
f(t)
0 - - /=0;
v0 - t=0.
Af=v0-At+^,
v0 -
t=u, At=t2-t}.
t=t2)
117

118

vx=v0x+ax-t,
- t=0
, - .
, /
v = - 2/
=1/2
vx(t)
(-2+1-0 /.
Vtf)
vo, a
,
vx= Voat.
:
+, v0 TT ;
+, ;
-, v0 >1- ;
-, 4- .
at
= 0 +v0x-t + , 0 -
t=0; vox -
/=0.
:
I , M |
:
=5
= - 2 /
=\12
x(t)
(0-?
-2-t +
1 2 3 4
|:
5 ,
VQ,
,
a-t
= v0mt-
:
+, v0 ;
+, ;
- , v0 TNL- ;
- , 5 4- .
119

120
a -At2
Arx=v0x-At+^, x

t=tx
t=h.
(
-

t=tx
t=h)
vox- t=tx
;
- .
:
:
t2=Ac
VQX = - 2 /
2
=\/
-?
= - 2 - 4 + ^ = 0.
2
, S, :
1. t=u t=t2
Ath ,
.
( /,-
: vx>0; vx<0.)
,

t=u
t=h
2. 5,-,
Att. :
)
() () Ar,-: Sj=\xK-Xn\;
) ,
vx(t), t t=tH
t=tK. (tH 4 -
/,).
3. ,
t=tx t=t2: S = Xî i
121

122
:
tr --4
Vo= - 2/
2
1.
vx=(-2+l-t)M/c.

vx t.
=5
2-
1/
0
-1-2-
1
1
i
i
:
tr =0
=1/
>, / ""
1"
i
i
4 si
i
i
i
1
1
1
|>
A\t,c
1
S .?
vx(t) ,
^=0 t2=4c vx
t=2c.
:
Ah (/=0, tK=2c) At2 (tH=2c, tK=4c).
2. ,
?'1'2-
)
aJL
: x = x0+v0x-t +
5'1=|(/=2)-(/=0)|=|3-5|=2 ,
5*2=|(?=4)-(?=2)|=|5-3|=2 .
) vx(t) (. ):
SI=2M;
S2=2M.
3. ,
t=0 t=4c :
S=Si+S2=4 .
tfcii/ct
XOY
\ OY ,
v0 XOY ( ).

OY

Vx(t)
Dx= VQx+axt,
Vy(t)
Dy= Doy+dyt.
v(t)
v = ^]vx + vy
x(t)
x-x0+v0x-t+
y{t)
y-yo+v0y-t+
rx-r0x+v0x-t+
OY

/ = t = t2.
( OY

t = tippt = t2.)
rx(t)
ryit)
ayY-t2
2
2
a-t
A
2
av-t2
ry=r0y+v0y-t+^,
.
,
r0x r0y - -
t=0 \ OY.
-At2
Arx=v0x-At+ x2
,
Arx
Ary=V0y-At + - ^
Ary
VQX -
t=tx \ OY.
123

124

t = t = t2.
( -
t = / = t2.)
Ar - Ârx2 + Ary2 .

, OY -
.
,

/=0 , .

v=v0+gt'
'
J ^
<
~t
DR
>'
-)*--
'
>-
- t=0.
vx(t)
Vx(t)= Vo' cosa=const,

Vy{t)
Vy(t)= Vo-cosa-g-t,
OY .
, vy = ,
v vMmK=v0x=vocosa
Vy =Vosina-gt= 0,
'
x(f)
y(t)
t>0sina
g
= 0 +v0cosa-t,
2
j = j 0 + u s m a ' fgt- y .
t x{t):
X ' 0
f 0 cosa
y(t):
y = y0+(x-x0)tga-:^-2
--
2v0 cosz a
.
.
125

126

At , R,
(1) (2).
.
AS ( /).
^
^ \ i v"2
V^\
X
Vn
/A/ = AS

/
At, ,
, At :
v
\/k
cpiNA /
-lira

.

(
) .

<
At
co = l i m -
( - .
||= )

, .
co=const, .

:
cp = oW
vn = a>-r
127

128

, ,
,
( 2):
2
= , - ,
,7=
2KR
, > - .
v = = 2
,
.

,
, .
.

| = s ^
\
a... =co2R = .
\4
90 )
R^'~^

\.-'"
\

^
, .
~**^
/
'
Til
,
.
,
.
,

.
, ,
,
.
.

- ,

. , ,
.
1. - . ,
, .
2. .
,
F],F2,Fi,...,Fn,
F ,
^----""^
//
3 3^-^-^
F = Fl+F2+Fi+... + Fn.
F
V F3
129

130

,
. ,
.
,

.

. . , .
, ,
-
-- const
, .
,
, { ).
-> <
,
: = .
777777777777777777777?
1. - , ,
.
2. .
3. ,
( ,
).
4. - ,
.
5. :
, .

:
- 1 (F +F +...+F )
]
2
N
=

.
, , ,
: Fn ~F21,
, ,
.

,
, ,
, : =.
Fs

, .
FT = 2 R
-,
- ;
- ;
R - ,
.

131

132
I.

, .
,

.
.
()
"
'
s<
, ,
.
: F
=kAl,
vm
F - , ;
- ;
/ - (
).
Fynp|
,
, F /
.
,
.

F{ F2,

,

.
?
Fynp=Fl =F2 =kAl.
?
^^
.
, :
F = ,/1, \ - .

?
, - .
F
/,
F = k
,
, k2=nk].
2
\ F.

/=/,+/2=+.
/, 2
,
F ,
,-
= = t^k-7
^^^^
133

134
2
.
HVVWWi
^!
F
,
A/: F = kiAl + k2Al.
= = 1+2.
11.

, ,

. FTpcK =\i-N,
- ,
(,
, ,
).
N-
FTpcK , .
-
, ,

Fx.

Fx =\i-N ( Fx
). , FBHeui <FX,
,
, .
, ,
F
F
--F
, F. <u-N
*
j '
.
. )

FBmm>\x-N,
ulM ^

> F
=u-N
?
I \J * .
|J.N
>-

,
-2
.
, .
F = G 2
G- .
= 6,67-10 - 2 / 2 .
135
F2]
,
2

136

,
. ,

, (
)
,
.
,
-
.
( ).
,

,
, .
.
,
.
1. : ,
2 ,
-
.
2. ,
: ,

, , ,
.
3. (
) =.
4.
, ( ,
) .
5. :
) , - ,
;
) , , , .

, .
, ,
F-G
/77 7772
' , :
1
) (
, );

)
^
2.
2
,

?

). ,
{) ,
(2);
)
,
, .
137

138
,
2
h, , ,
,
(r>R3-h) , ,
, h,
, ^-h.
. s^~ / ^ \
\) -
g
, .
g ,
g
. h ga6c
ga6c =G
.; 3 - , R3 -
(R3+hf

. , hR3, g

h.
:
, , ga6c
, (,&. =9,81 /2,
ga6c.no,.
=9,83
//2)

( ),
, ,
.
, g
:
=
' "
-,,

g
(
?
)

.
g=9,83 /2,
g=9,78 /2,
g=9,81 /
139

140
,
,
,
, .
1
(
S~^c''
_>
yjv
4
/ ->
/
'
V_^
:
maHC-F
= mGf-,
vx = AG- , 3 - .
i\=l,9 /.
III.
. ""
- , , .
,
:
N
.
,
<'

.
F,
rng
ma = mg + N (1)

N: FmBJl =-N (2)
,
(1) (2), Fmm=m(g-a)
? ,
, a g.
.
1. a = g .
.
2.
, a c=g-

(R+h)
(R
+ hf
R - ; h - .
=-
FPn
141

142
.

( ,
) :

-.

, :

FAt (*->0).

.

.
I.
, :
,
F

(->0
?
II
At ,
:
= FAt.
1. , ,
,
Ap = FAt.

2. F ,
At ,
At?
F
:2 -\ = = Z ^ / M
i
, ,
.
,

.

.
,

.
,

: = 1+2+...+.

143

144

TV . ,
/
% = ^ +^ -
(1)
=1
_ , /;
^ _ / (
).
(1) .
,
. ,
, '.
^ = .
(2)

At

.

At, = ^FeuiAt
At?

: p(t) = Pj (t)+p2 {t)+ + Pn (t) = const.
,
- = ^ ^ 5 .
1\1

?
I
= , ^ = 0 5(0
= const.
v
II
= , ^ = 0 5(0
= const.
w
At
'
At

. , ,
III

=
0 > ~^ = 0 =const. ,
IZ^j
\ i
1
At
- ,
,
,
,
.
145

146
F
F
^ ^

,
IV

,
.
.

.

,

, .
?

.
1v
\
- - i- ;
w, - i- ;
- .
~~*
Vc = l i m - , lim'- = Ym,u
'^ At
rrii
'^ At
rrii
= p , ,
m

:
= .
(3)
(3) (2), :
__ -1 __ Z7B
_ ,
.
,
.
, .
,
,
t=0.
-

:
=+ \,
-
At;
- , At;
AvomH - (
).

= -Am , = Am vomil,
lim m = lim vomH = FnmKm .

p
^ At AÔ At
(4)
147

148

.
, - -
(4) :
lim = F
JLAAAJL ft 1
->
+F
1 -
At
.
^,
__
,. Am
lim
^ At
<0,

>0;
-

.
,

/77
~*
/77
, FpeaKm =vorm .
, F.

,
F
:
= \ | \ cos = \F AS cos = \F \\ cos a-At = FSAS,
- F , j<
F \ v ; A>S = |Ar| - ; -
; Fs - F .
, ,
F .
,
Na
At, 7Vcp=.

(
)
-V

,
At, ,
, At :
7V = l i m = lim : COS(F,V) = F-VCOS(F,V),

^ At
^ At
'
V ' /'
v -
"
, F.
149

150
,
v, ( , vc):

mV2
,

,
v, ( , ):
=? .
2

:

= 1 + ^ 2 "'""'"^ = 2-1 \i=l

,
:

=2-]=.

: = +.

:
= +.

,
, .
.

:
2 -\ = .
:
= Eni - 1, 1 + 2 = 2 + 2.
,
.
^-*
' ^-\.
- ,_/7
1
i
2
(1).
- F , -F , (2)^*
-^2
-^1
'
(1) (2), : 2 -1=, <0 , ,

.
151

152

,
.
, ,
, .

,
.
:

mxV\+m2v2 = (mx + m2)v', vt v2 ;
' - ,
.
-^-
>
0)
>2
nii
:
2
] v\ m2 v\ ( +m2)v'
+Q,
2
2
2
Q - ,
.

.
.
:

m, Vf +2 2= mlvl+m2v'2.

Vl
>

:
w, V2i m2 V22 _ vl
0,
X

< ^'
0 0 ,
X
153
m2 v'2

154
,

,
.
/
F.
/ I *^~~~-^~-*.

/
J
[
/

.
\
\

: M = F-d( - .
.)
F
,
,
,
: M = F-d-
,
, :
Fl+F2+F,=0.
( )
,
,
,
.

, .
, :
, ,
:
Ml+M2+Mi=0.

,
.

, - 0
- fbf2,...,fn
, , :
7 =m]fl+m2f2+...
+ mr
+2 +... +
155

156
,

,
.
,

( ), .
m4gr4+m3gr3
,
, F_
: - S '
( )
p = p-gh, - ; h -
, g.
"7777777777
77
, h
. .
.
, , ,
: \=2==.
IV
157

158

,

^,
h
p = pA+pgh
"-
, ,
,
, : FA = pxmgVnorp.

"
S,
\h
{
h
2

'
,
V ~
2 =pglh +pA

_
\ = pyKgh] +,

F=SpMg(h2-hl) = pgMV=FA.
|/>1
2_
,
, ,

,
.
, ,
, ,
.
FA

mg

,
.

.

?\gk=?2gh2
159

160
Ffi
s6
V///\/////
- - --=-=-
1.

%
1
-
;
SM S6 - ;
FM v\F6- ,
.
:
2.
3.
R
=
6 J
'

:
S5 5 = SM .
- , ,
.
^=6,02-1023 "1.
- .
H = m0-NA, 0- .

, -
( ), -
/.

NA
N - ;
- ,
.
= 77
n = ^ = v-NA.
161

162
-
1) < >=

, 0- ;
vKB -
.
2) <>=^
(1)
-23
=1,38-10 - .
:

.
2
= ^<>
(2)
- ,
<
En0cm> -
.
:

(
! ).
(1) (2), :
=.
(
).

( -)

(
-)
: p-v=RT,
R - ,
R = k-NA, R=S,3l /-
/7-F=const
= const.
V= const -T
/>= const.
163

164
S -
= const -T
F=const.
p-V"1 = const
-~]= const
-

*
V
() ,
.

.
.
,
.
^^^^^=^^^^^

Pi - ;
:
p^PtY^
mit jUj- .

( )
.

U = ^vRT,
(1)
v- ; - .

,
(1) -

.
,
,

,
( ) AV,
AA = p-AV.
165
,
?
= 0, =0.
p=const. , ,
.
A = p(V2-Vl),
2.
V\ - ;
V2 - .
:
3.
r = const -> MJ = 0, , A=Q.
:
4.
0=0, , A = -AU = U]-U2.
,
>

,

V\ V2
p(V),
,
, Vv\
v,
v2 v
5. V=V
X

V=V2 ().

( ),

',
1.
,
' = -.
V2
Vx
.
Q,

Q, ,

()
Q, ,

Q = , -
.
Q = Xm, X -
.
Q = xm, -
.

, ,

, :
AU = A' + Q, AU = -A + Q, - , ;
'- , .

,
,
.
:
1. (1850): .
2. (1851): ,
.
167

168

(AU = 0),
.
,
:
(/,=.
:
M/ = 0 = a+Q2+...+Qn.
.
:
; ;!
Q0TO - , ;
Qncm - , .

.
(, V),
, ,
.
,
,
,
.
169
>0

170
rp

.-
- , ;
QH - ,
;
Qx - ,
.
: = -100%;
-100%.
3^4
2^3
,

,
.

-
-
- . < - .

'>0

: qx +q2 +... + qN = const.

,
.

: F = \' , =-
4 0
; fc = 9-109
-12
s0 - , s0=8,85-10 /.
, .

: , , .
,
.
q\
q2
Ft,
, q2

171

172

. F,

,
- F
, q\ E=.
,
, .
,

1 1

(
)
480
,
. , :
)
;
) ,

;
) ,
,
.

.
,
(
).
,
. ,
"" ,
"".
) .

)

q b
"" ""

)

q2;
|q2|=qi.
173

174

: = { +2 +...+EN.
:
Q 1 2
,
.
An = Am
/*
\ _ / " \ _ /
^- 2 (1) (2)

(1) (2)
, - 2 = -2-.

.
- 0,

.
= - + ,
= 0 R^> , =0.

:
<= 1 + 2 + . . . + / .
, ,
0, .
Wn ,
, Wa=q-$.
, -
.
, Wn
.

q 1 2 A = q(^-<p2) = W^-Wn2.
, -
,

,
.
1N
i=l
TV- ;
, - , , qt
, q,. -
,
.
175

176
1 ,
. ,
.

.
, -2 =\-, /J, - 1
2 .

R q, ,
, -
>() = -,
. , : 1)> \\() = -^-,

q, .
2)< () = 0, >() =
R'

.
.
- Y - puc. e
(. ). , ( ) R (. ).

^
,
, .
. .

,
,
.
= +

= +
|
|
i
-
.
3^G
! ,G
1
1>
: t-
. |
-*- J T(Hi i TIIHPP
177

178
,

, :
Z7

,
,
q,
-
'
-^
4 0 2 '
,
, ,

:

^ .
.
,
:

= ^,
q - ;
- .
,
.
,
.
.
q
, U- ,
q = C-U .

.
= -^-,
S - ;
d - ;
- ,
.
179

180

,

, .

= qi+42+ = +2+
1-2
_2L
)
*
++++
++++
++++
<\

.
,
,

, ,
q.
:
1-2=(1-')+('-2).
, ,
,-
2 = -
-
+ -
\ +
,
2
+
+
-<'+
-(fh
+
+
_q2
2
2
2
1. (S, d, s )
,
.

: =AW.
2. ,
.

,
, :
^ = .+.,
w_qU_CU
AcT.=&q-U;
Aq - ;
U- .
181

182

, Aq,

At, , At :
^ At

.
,
(, ).
' :
j = -e = \q\nv,
\q\ - ;
- ;
v -
.
/ = |,
/ - , ;
U- ;
R - .
= --,
/ - ;
S- ;
- .

.
:
I
/ =/,=/2.
(1)
1 - " ,
Ri

-* ,
: U = UX+U2. (2)
, (1) (2) :
R = RI+R2.
I
I
*>

:
/ = /i+/2.
(1)

/:
U = U{=U2. (2)
,
(1) (2) :
_j_
/, h
/, 2
R2
, : IT = I T + 1 7
183

184
()
q
.

()
<^> _ ^
I = s,
R+r
I f - ;
- ;
R - .

.
, -
) R.
, , ,
1/11
/, R, ,
L/
rl+IR;
1-
R+
,

g7 _ | f ,
1/11
. , R
10, : /0 =
R + r,
I nin
)
R.
\
n-W,
/ =
R +
-^-
,

l? s = %; h =
R
10, :
/=
10.
lo
~R + n'

, , 1, ,
, 1(1>1),
7?, .
hrA ={1-1) . - .
-!>- ^

I - 1 I
I R
-\2 Zb
Uv, , ,
R'
Uy _u -Uy t rv - .
r
^. = = ^ 6 11
~>
U ,
185
-^

186
,

.
, ,
q, : m-kqkit.
.
II
III

=,
F Z
\i - ; Z - ;
F - , = 9,65-104 /.
-- = - .
1
1 f ,,,
m = - -q = - -IAt.
F z F z
. -
,

,

-

/ , R,
U,
;
p = FU = = I2RR
,
, &: = 1-<.
/
At Q = I2RAt..
. .

.
.
/

().

(
)
,
. , :
)
, ;
) ,
,
;
) ,
, .
, q v
, .
( )
(
\Fn\ = \\--\ -sin V,B (1)
V
( )
187
9"

188
,
, , ,
, :
F = qE + FMasH. (2)
, ,
.
'
(2): FMasH -q--\ -sinv,B

j
.
/, 7,
. /
\FA-IlB-sin 1
v j

D
.

,
. .
1.

qvB-m R
R
qB
:
Vj_
vu. v=v- sin

, , Vj_
R, .
mVl
- = \q\vLB- R =
mV
- mvsma
2.

t>|=t>cosa -
.
h, ,
2nR 2nm

\q\B
1
h -V T =t>cos a
qB
189

190

(
)

S
0 =
BScos ,
(
).
,
,
.
.
, ,

,

.
,.
- - hm
) lim
, .
^ ,
) , lim
,
.
. (
) , ,
.

=
=

. ,
. (,

> )
At

.
. ,

.
( ).
191

192
^ At
%S=-L\im
^ At
L =
. -
, 7,
. I
L
2

,
, .
X = A'0COs(</ + (p0)

.
,
,
.

: v = .
2
= =2nv
. 2 .
.
= + 0,
, .
q>0, ,
t=0,
.
193

194
,
,
, ,
x(t) = x0cos((>t + q>0),
0 - ;
= + 0 - ;
0 - (
/=0);
- ;
= -^. - .

{t) = x't = -xcosin((M + 0) = -0 sin(W + 0 ),
0 =0> - .
px(t) = m-ux(t)
(t) = () = "=-02 cos ( + 0) = -0 cos ( t + 0)
!
, ax(t) = -a2 -x{t).
.
2
= 1 = \
-2(4,
\ mvl (1
8(/
t +, Y\
2 81 ( + 0)=
0)) =

= - (l + cos (2co t + 20 + )).

2<,
.
=^cos2(ffl/

,

, v
mvl
+ cp0) = ^ ( l + cos(2cor + 2cp0))
)21
= += = - = const,
.
*-* ^
-L^n
- ,
/

.
195

196
,
FT=maT=-mg sin a (1), -
.
since . (2)
S,

a ,
S = a7- (3)
(3) (2) (1):
S"

gS
(4)
I
(4) : S = S0cos((ot + (p0),

0 - . ,

t=0.
=2%
(1) g
, g* = -, FH -
m
, .
s:=ax
g*S
I

S = S0cos{a)'t+(f>0).
*_
/5
=2-
, .

,

:
F y n p =0
-,
=
-.
.
7777777777777777^777
! fyr
= x0cos(o)t + 0)
77777777777777777777777
/7777777777777777777777777777
0:
197

198

L.
,
, R=0.
, , 1
2, :
1
1) I = q't, q - 2
R
( ,
);
2)
/ = 2 -, = ^ (
, 0 0 ) .
,
2
1
W =
+^.
, , q',=I:
, , ,
.
, q = q0sin(? + 0),
U = ^ = U0sm(ait + )\
I = q't=I0cos(<ut + (p0).
= ,
4LC

T = 2nVZc - .
, / = / 0 sin </ + 0 + ^ ,
q I U -^
| .
~^
X
^ ^
\ ^
-
X
(1 - cos (2co t + 20)) =

JY3J[ i
= ^ ( l + cos(2(or + 9 0 + n ) ) . 2
AC
q0
1
AC
0
:ZY:":ZY::Z
z_
199
/
t

200

1
LI1
LP = LI
WM =
2
2 ' cos(co? + 90) = -^--(1 + 8(2(+20)).

wu ><
W3JI WLI*
M
, 2
2
/ \
/ \

/
\
/
\
V-
4
/
\
* >
, ,
0
.
-
W
:
= +.=
VJ

,
.
()
,
.
.

, .
.
201

202

Z

h t2>h.
,
Z
v:
= ^ , c o s alt
+ 0
, - .
,
v:

=sin| | tr
+ .
- .
,
(S = 4nR2) .
2,
=.

, ,
, .

- .
,
,
,
.
(3

^ ^ = , 1 2 -
sm p ,
1- 2- ( ).
,
,
, .
203
777

204

<2 ( ),
0, 90, sina0 =.
0
, . 0
.
90
d- ;
/ - ;
F - .
d / , ()
, - .
F , ,
- .
) ,
,
.
F
) , (
), .
) ,
,
.
F
205

206

D
F
, -
.

Z) = 1
\
+J-+JRx
R2
- ,
- ,
,
Ri R2 - .
, -
.

, - (0),
, (D<0).
, (=1,5) ,
Ri ,
R2 - , R\>R2,
:
D=
J_
<0
R2

>1,5, .

?

:
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
,
.

.
207

208

= 3-108/

v =-, - .
= Vs , .
X =vT , - .
v =, v .
,

.

( , ).

.
- . \
.
,
.
.
( ).

,

= , = 0, 1, 2... - , ,
= (2+1), = , 1, 2...
,

(

2;
209

210

1
S ^t^
S'
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
" ' " '

i
1.
- 4 = 4
1
1 2
= ,+ = ^/+
:
= ,*=0,1,2...; ^
=(2-1)|; = ^(2-1)|.
:
= (2 + 1 ) | , = 0 , 1 , 2 . . . ; ?j- = kX; = ^-.
2.

,
,
X. - .

.

1 2.
1
, 2 - .
,

1 2
.

1 2
21\-
(1]
^X
1,
. ,
A{=2dn-^
= kX
(2)
- (= 0,1,2)
, -
. , ,
:
A2=2(dl
a)n-j=(k
+ i)x
(3), rf,+a- .
(2) (3) = .
2
.
, , ,
211
_ X
2-

212

- ,
. .
1.
.
1 2.
.
1 2 =2+,
3.
-
.
2.
,
.
= , =2+ = , =1,2,...

. ,
,
.
(R + af=r2+R2;
2Ra + a2=r2.
2
<2, r = -JlRa.
(1) (2)
:
^-^
[^-||,=1,2,...
3. ,
:
= (2/+1), =0, 1,2,...,
= .
:
= y/2RkX , =\, 2,...
, = ( ) .
) .
,
.
) .

2

1
, .
2>
1 2,

,
,
= -2.
2
X
= (2+1)
- ,
. ,
.
213

214

X d
,
A=<isina.
>k
d
>'
<<
s\a
\
, ds'ma = kX,
=0,1,2,... - .

, , , , .
, .
,
, ..
.
,

, .. .

,
( ).
1. .
:
.
, , , , . . , .
, ,
, , ( - ).
.
- ().
215

216
2. .

. ,
.
,
: ,
, .

'. '
v. X X' v,
Y Y' .
'
.
.
1. , ' ,
. ='
2. .
X, X'
, X
'. , ' 10, (
). /, ,

l = U\
0)
'
V .
.

u
'
- v
, '
. , .
, ,
,
, .
3.
, '
. '
0. -
f!
, , ,
- , . (2) ,
.
, v (
, ).
,
, .
- '-, , ,
'- -, ..
.

.
0
. , .
217

218
( ) , . .
. .

F,
: l i m = F .

.

,
= 2
j-,
h ~
-)
~ TYI
1.
1)

,
, ,
. .
.
= +
- ( ), -
.

0: 0=2.
E=hv, h - ; v - .
hv h
= = =,
- .
v (1)
, hv,
(1) , ,
: =0.
mv = = ^.
1
219

220

I.
, ,
(..
). .. 1889 .
II.

.
III.

, . . X ( vK),
.

YYIXJ
hv = +-^,
v - , -
.
ffll)
- ^ - .
YHu
- ^ = 0, :
.,
_ ^
_ "
\
>

/.
,
, Eh 2.... ,
,
.

()
.
II.

, hv = - ( ).

, ,

mvr = nh,
:
- ;
v- ;
=1,2,3... - , .

222

meAZ2 1
=-- 2h2 ' 2 ~~
( = 1) .
=-13,53.

, ,
.
.
-> = 0.

(>)
hv = ha = Em- En
:
, 2 me'Z2 ( \
3
\\
me'Z1 ( 1
2SQ/J3 \n2
^ - ^11 = ^ | - ^ | ,
i?, =2,067 1016c"1

V
me4Z2 ( 1
3
2h sl \
\)
lS) = Rz2(2
)
S
1
2
, R2=3,29-1015c1.
>
Rx R2 R . (
, .)
_
,
.
Ze, - , Z- ,
.
.. .
- .
A=N+Z, N- .
Z, .
,
,
.
= f-; = Zm + Nm - ,
- , - .
, ,
:
= -Z-me;
Am = Z-mp+N-m -mA +Z-me.
.
,
| : +=.

.
Am = ZmH +(A-Z)m -mA
,
sCB =j-.
223

224
- - (
)'-
2^.
/ -
- ((3~-) ,
.
:
( (3-
: ((3+) - -).
- -
,
- (3-.
.

' ,
=-'
>0 . "<0 .
' ,
. \ '
.
: + = '+'
=-.

N = N0e~Xt - t = 0;
No - /;
X - .

, 7V
:
- , .
A=^
At
= XN.
- ,
. :
N = ^ = N0ekl.

,
: 12 = ,
, 12 0,693
N = N0e~lt ,
.
225

226

, ,
" "
" 299792458 " " "
' , .
, 9192631770 ,

-133.
, ,

, 1
,
, 2 - - 7 .
,
273,16
.
, ,
(, ,
, .), -12
0,012 .
,
, 540-12 ,
_ J _ /.
683
,
.
,
,
, .
227

228
S
V
L2
L3
2
3
LT~
LT2
/2
-i
- i
/3

LMT~
L2MT2
LAW1
LMT'
FM
U MT'
L3M-]T~2
MT~2
2
2
/

:
);
L2MT~2
L2MT~2
L2MT~3
L2MT2
L2MT~2
L2T-2
L2T-2
L2T~2Q-]
j
q

L~2I

TI
/
/
-
/2
]1
) ;
21
) .
U'TI
<
L2MT-3rl
L2MT~3r]
(
)
229
/
/
/

230
2 " 3 / - 1
~31
2-'412
3^2
L-'M-'T'I2
L2MT~3r2
L3MT~3r2
3~1312
L2MJ-2rx
~21
2~22
LMT~2r2
8

- ,
-

- ,

:
-

, ,

,
1/12 ,
().

, ,

1/12 ,
(Mr). ,

(02)=162=32
Mr(H2S04)=1 2+32+16x4=98
,

233

234
JUL

-

.

^
20
^
, - :
-
.
,
, : ,

;
;
;

;

;

,
:
, , ,
, , ,
,
( )
, : ,

,
,

: +02>02
( )

+1
1
1837
-1
A-Z, -
, =
Na 11=^Z = + 1 1 = > nD + = = 11; = 2 3 - 1 1 = 12

:
1) + => Z => ,
, .
- .
2) => , Z .
, ,
, .
3)=> - . ,
( ), -
( ).

1) N .
Na III =>
Na
(+Tl)Y))
2)
.
Na I =>
235

236
3)
N=2n , -
Na M l ) ) J J
4) ,
.
Li(+3)H
Na(+11))])
2 1
5)
(+19)
'2 '8 ' 8 ' 1
2 8 1
, , ( )
- s-
- -
6)
k E
4 "
\
V
"V
4f
4d
4
3d
4s
3s
2
--<
N
d-
4d
*4
Q4s
3d
Q3s
2p
Q2s
2s
1s
1 .
f 3s1
www 2p
w 2s
Na (+11
2 8 1
1s2
H-
4f

.

-
(8)

W
.
II
:

RaT => . .
, Ne, Ar, Kr,

, Rn
RaT

U
. .
. ~ U

.
-
,
, , .

:
237

238

.. Me +
-
Me
Mg
[K5@1)J[F))J
, ,
MgF2; KCI
* #
*
0*0*0
-<^ +
-

.

( ) ,
- ,
Fe,
. .
+
4
. .
+
'

N
23 f f f
| | | 23 N
2
2S Tf V v ^ ^ V /
2 2
FF S
2pUt t t
"
/^.
H. + . 0 +H -^ H (<3Z>0 CED] H

,

- ;

-

- , -
: , , .
: - ,
, , .
- (); Si02; - 0 2 ; 20
239

240
,
NA
, N
, V M
, D
,
,
.
1 - ,
(, , ),
12
, ,
1 : 6,02-1023
,
,
(-1)
N=nN A
.
()
= ; ||=||; ||=||
, 1 .
(t=0 ; =760 . .) 22,4
VM = V
, , (
) , ,
()
.
D = L
/
/
/
/
/
3/

(),
= jL^(x100%), - .
: = *-* (100%)
'''
: =
(100%),
++4
'
nri1; m2, m3 -
=v+v+v<x100%>
1
Vi, V2, V3 -
= ^ , - , V -
241
%
/

242
(S; J2), (2)
(0 2 ; N2)
, ,
.
- ,
.
0 2
0 3
,

,
, ,
,

, ,

, ,
,

.

- ,
, .

1) 1)
0.
, .
2)
2) ,
0 .

,
3)
.

.
3)

4)
- .
0.
+3 -2
1+ 3 2 ^(+3)-2 + (-2)-3 = 0
+5 -2
AIS->AI 2 S 3 ; - > 2 0 5
5 1 4 2 ^(+1)-3 + (+5)+(-2)-4 = 0
+6-2
SO^SOg
S i O 2 ^ x + (-2)-2 = 0 =^=+4
HJ1 SO42 ->(+1)-2 + + (-2)-4 = 0=> =+6
243

244
,
, . . - 2
,0 2;
Si0 2 2 ;
2
AUO;
,i w
2
,

3 0 4 ; HBr; H 2 Si0 3
HCI; HN0 3
H 2 S; H2SO4
,
- "
+ "; ()~
()
,

3+ *<&&.
AI(S0 4 ) 2 " -> AI2 (S0 4 ) 3 ;
();
; ()2
()2;
CaC0 3 ; AgCI
<2)^
Na(Si0 3 ) 2 ^ N a 2 S i 0 3
NaCI; K 2 S0 4

- 4P+5Q 2 ^2P 2 Q 5 +Q
-
Cu(OH)2t!CuO + H 2 Q - Q
-

: 0 3 ^+0 2

-
: + 2 0->() 2
-
: 2HCI+ZnH>ZnCI2+H2?
zr
: CuO+2HCI^CuCI 2 +H 2 Q
CD
CD -
Q.
: Fe(T)+CuCI2(p-p) -4>Cu(T)+FeCI2(p-p)
-
: 2()+12() ->21()
Mn 2
2 H , Q , 2 H , Q + Q , t
S + 0 , U 3 0 ,
-
: H 2 S0 4 +BaCI 2 ->BaS0 4 i+2HCI
-
: 3H 2 +N 2 <=>2NH3
- - :
+1-1
+2
.
Fe+2HCI^FeCI; 1 +HSt
- - :
SO-, 2 +H: 1 O->H; 1 SO; 2

245

246

, , .
Dx.p.

2 - 1 _ + An _ + AC
= +
V(t2-t,)
V-At
At

, - , = + An
D=S-(t2 -t-,)
S-At
,
.
(
)
2Na+2H20=

. 3-
:
..

,
,
.
2S02+02=2S03
:

10

2-4 .
t 2 -t,
Ut 2 =i) t l 7
10
i)= k C S 0 2 CQ 2
,
,

v
=2NaOH+H2T

4+502=2205

t. u=k-CS2
10 .
- ,
Zn + H 2 0^

^ZnO + H2T
t
1 /
247

,
,
.

v
,

,

.

.

248

,
:
) H 2 S0 4 +BaCI 2 ->BaS0 4 i+2HCI
) KOH+HN0 3 ^KN0 3 +H 2 0
) 2 0 3 +21^21+ 2 0+0 2
,
: ,
.
: - , (
) -
, ,
.
N?+0?^2NO-Q
N2+3H2^2NH3+Q
-^
N2
N2~~~7
N0
0 2
NH3
2
/
t
t

'NO
NH3
'
\
t
t

, ,
\) .
, -
- , , , ( (, ).
, ).

- ,
,
Q.
.
S
Q.
X
"s
_Q
10
SX
(1) 00
Q.
-0
X
-L

m ;

3
DO
?
>*
Q.

5
*
-
>s 5
1 CD
.
1_ CD
?

X

J_
.
,.
>
m
5

. .
1) -L

11
m X
m
Si
U.
m >, !_L
\-

1

m
I 10
? Q.
5

.^
Li.
>s
(11
>
00
1-
1-
10
1-
1_
KOHI
Q.
249
-
-
:
. _
5
6.
.0
X

250
>rj

:
NaCI; K2S04. 100

1
CaS04; MgS03. 100

1 0,01
"
"
Fe(OH)3; BaS04. 100

0,01
,
- .

f~~
1/
,
- ,

, ,

, ,
. ()

1) (
) . ,
, - .
1^ + +
NaCI ^ N a + + C r
NaOH^Na + +OH _
H2S04^2H++SCt
2)
K2S04^2K++SOI
D . / A U ^ ^Ba^
. D 2+++20HBa(OH)
2
() -

3)
4) - , ().
,
N
(1 - ,
: ^100%
N
Np - ).
251

252

( >30%)
(<3%)
(30%>>3%)
1) : NaOH; . .
2) : HN0 3 ;HCI; HBr; HJ; H 2 S0 4
3) : KN0 3 ; CaCI2 . .
H2S03; H 3 P0 4
1) : H2S; H2C03; HN0 3

2) NH3
3) 2 0
- ,
, , .
.
>
H2S04+2KOH=K2S04+2H20
2H +S04 +2K +20H- =

= 2K++S0 4 : +2H 2 0
+ += 2 0
K 2 C03+2HN03=2KN03+C0 2 T+H20
2K + +CO"+2H + +2NOi =
= 2++2+02+20
2H + +COl
AI 2 (S0 4 ) 3 +3BaCI 2 =3BaS0 4 l+2AICI 3
2AI3+ + 3SOI + 2+ + 6CI =

= 3BaS0 4 l+2AI 3 + +6CI
SOr+Ba2+=BaS04l
=C02t+H20
:
) ;
) - ;
) .
,
1) ;
2) ;
3)

- ,
.
Z\
S
3"
"?
-~~
%
^ ,
&
Z^

(
)
ii
*
*-
I
X/

I )
.
^5
z
X
-Q
i J_
^
CNJ
^.
ZS
X
N
*'
>,
-L
.0
;
m
X
Z
X
; J_
s
-Q
<5

.
1-
-0
'
S
.
2
s
0D
LL
Q.X
>.
: , ,
.
+ 2 0
+ 2
S03+H2O^H2S04
2+12^21
K 2 Si0 3 +2HCI^2KCI+H 2 Si0 3 i
253

254

1)
HN03^H++N03
: H 2 S0 4 -> + + H S 0 4 ; HS0 4 <=> + + SO^ .
+
.
2) + -
H 2 S0 4 + 2NaOH -> Na 2 S0 4 + 2H 2 0;
+ +-^ 2 0 ( )
3) +
2HN0 3 +MgO^Mg(N0 3 ) 2 +H 2 0;
2H + +MgO^Mg 2 + +H 2 0 ( )
4) +
CaC0 3 +2HCI^CaCI 2 +C0 2 T+H 2 0;
0 3 +2 + ^ 2 + +0 2 + 2 0 ( )
(N0 3 ) 2 +H 2 S0 4 ^BaS0 4 i+2HN0 3 ; 2+ + SO 2 " 4 > B a S 0 4 1 ( )

5) + ,
) 2
6)
2AI+3H 2 S0 4 ÂI 2 (S0 4 ) 3 +3H 2 t;
2AI+6H + ^2AI 3+ +3H 2 T.
: + (
). ,
.

- ,
.
9
^

3d.
"
~
S
^
^ "
-
; ^
s <S
CQ
J3
X ^-v
<-s
;
U_
^1

( )

.^-
: ( NH4OH) ,
.

) 20+ -
) +
2Na+2H20^2NaOH+H2T; +22^()2+2
CuS0 4 +2K0H^Cu(0H) 2 l+K 2 S0 4
) 20+ -
Li 2 0+H 2 0^2LiOH; CaO+H2O^Ca(OH)2
255

256

1) -
+
: 2+ H 2 S0 4 ^K 2 S0 4 +2H 2 0; " + + ^ 2 0 ( )
. : Cu(OH) 2 +2HCI^CuCI 2 +2H 2 0;
Cu(OH) 2 +2H + ^Cu 2+ +2H 2 0 ( )
2)
)
NaOH^N a + +OH
- ,
.
) +
2 NaOH+S0 3 ^Na 2 S0 4 +H 2 0; 2 0 H " + S 0 3 ->S0 2 4 - + H 2 0 ( )
) +
3 LiOH+FeCI3-Fe(OH)3>l+3LiCI; 30H-+Fe 3 + ^Fe(OH) 3 l ( )
: ", (
), , .
3. - .
Cu(OH) 2 ^>CuO + H 2 0

- , , ,
- 2 .
,

2 0 5 ; 0 2 ; Na 2 0
,

N 2 0; NO; CO
,
.
+1; +2:
Li 2 0; MgO; CuO
, .
:
) 2 0 5 ; 0 2
) +5
0 3 ; 2 0 7
1)
1)
4AI+30 2 ^2AI 2 0 3 ; 4+50 2 ^2 2 0 5
()2-+20
2)
4 +20 2 ^0 2 +2 2 0;
2) H 2 Si0 3 -H 2 0+Si0 2
2H 2 S+30 2 ^2S0 2 +2H 2 0
3) CaC03 ->+0 2 1
257

258
1.
Li 2 0+H 2 0^2LiOH;
, Si0 2 (
)
S0 3 +H 2 O^H 2 S0 4 ;
2 0 5 + 2 0^20 4
+ 2 ^() 2
2.
CuO+H 2 S0 4 -CuS0 4 +H 2 0
CuO+2H + ^Cu 2 + +H 2 0
3.

Si0 2 +2NaOH->Na 2 Si0 3 +H 2 0 ;

SiO,+20H-->SiO?-+HoO
4.
CaO+SiO, -^CaSiO,
3MgO+P 2 0 5 ^Mg 3 (P0 4 ) 2

- ,
.
K 2 S0 4 ; Na 3 P0 4 ;
K2S04^2K++S0I
+
Na3P04 ^3Na +PO|"

.

Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 ; KHS0 4
(0 3 ) 2 ^ 2 + +20 3
KHS04->K++HS04

.

MgOHCI; FeOH(N0 3 ) 2
MgOHCI^MgOH + +CI"
FeOH(N0 3 ) 2 ^ FeOH 2+ +2N0 3 "
: ,

1. + , :
) ( , ) ;
) ,
( );
) , , . . -.
FeS0 4 +Zn^ZnS0 4 +Fe; Fe2++Zn ->Zn 2+ +Fe
2. + (. , . 25)
-
3. + (. , . 27)_
4. + , .
CuS0 4 +BaCI 2 ->CuCI 2 +BaS0 4 sl; SO2. +2+ ->BaS0 4 ( )
: ,
.
259

260
61+21^2113+2
2HN0 3 +CuO^Cu(N0 3 )2+H 2 0
H 2 S04+Cu(OH)2^CuS04+2H 2 0
2 +21^21+ 2 0+02
2+02^203+20
Ca(OH) 2 +CuS0 4 ^Cu(OH) 2 l+CaS0 4 l
+ (. )
Fe+CuS04H>FeS04+Cu
AgN0 3 +NaCIÂgCli+NaN0 3
+ (. )
+ (. )
. + .

+ 2 0 5 -4 3 (0 4 )2
. + (. )
. + (. )
Cu+CI 2 ->CuCI 2
- ()
- ,
.
- ,
. ,
, ,
OK-
Fe-3eH Fe
+3
-
-
S" 2 -2 -> S
-
:
1.
2.
: (H2S~2; N 33)
-
, , . ,
, ,
.
Fe+3+3e
-
Fe
-
S +2 -> S-2
:
1. ; N2; 0 2
2. ,
: H N O , ; H 9 S 0 4

( , , , )
+1 +5
+1
HN032+P + 2 0 - 2 ^
+1 +5
+2
^H,P042 + N 0 2
N+5 + 3eB->N+2
-
15
-5^+5
5N + 5 +3P^5N + 2 +3P + 5
5HN0 3 +3P+2H 2 0^
^3H 3 P0 4 +5NO
1. .
2. ,
.
3. (
)
4. :
,
.
5. ( )
6. .
7. :
.
8. : - ; -.
261

262

,
.
.
, ,
.
: > > -
Li^Li2O^LiOH^Li2S04
1) 4 L i + 0 2 ^ 2 L i 2 0 ;
2) Li 2 0+H 2 0^2LiOH;
3) 2LiOH+H 2 S0 4 ^Li 2 S0 4 +2H 2 0.
: > > >
1
S -> S 0 2 -> H 2 S0 3 -> K 2 S0 3

t
1) s+o 2 ->so 2 ;
2) S0 2 +H 2 O^H 2 S0 3 ;
3) H 2 S0 3 +2KOH^K 2 S0 3 +H 2 0.
9

1. . .
, , ( ),
+; .
+ ; - +,
; , +,
+ .
:
, . -
.
2.
: 1-2 - ,
4 - .
3. ,
.
,
, , ,
.
4. ,
.
,
, , ,
.
263

264
5. , .
, .
+1, +2 - .
+3, +4 ( +2) - .
+5 ;
[-
( ) 6. , .
:
7. ( )
, ,
,
.

. .
:
.
:
Li
Be
Na
Mg
Al
Si
CI
Ca
11
12
14
16
19
23
24
27
28
31
32
35,5
39
40
i
i
, ()
.
(1869 .): ,
, .
( ,
) (
) :
,
.
265

266

.
:
1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .
1. - , ,
, .
2. - , ,
, .
3. . -
.
,
- .
4. .

1. ,
1, 1 .
2. ,
.
3.
.
4.
,
. ,
.
5.
, R .
, .
1)
B-At

2)

:
)
( 1-3)
)
-
-,

~
. .

-

,_

,
.

) RaT
=>

) RaT
=>

, . .
267

268
+ S:
2AI+3S = AI2S3
Fe+S = FeS
+ 02:
2Cu+0 2 =2CuO
4Li+0 2 =2Li 2 0
N2:
6Li+N2=2Li3N
3Mg+N 2 =Mg 3 N 2
+ CI2:
2Na+CI2=2NaCI
2Fe+3CU=2FeCI,
+ :
)

) -
) , -
,
Zn+CuCI2=ZnCI2+Cu
+ 2 0:
, 2
) -
t
2Li+2H20=2LDH+H2t
+2 2 0=() 2 + 2
) - t
Zn+H 2 0=ZnO+H 2 t
+ :
) , 2
2) -
21+61=2113+2

, . .

(Pt, Au, Ag .)

,
. .
(Fe 2 0 3 ),
(ZnS)

:
(),
(Na 2 S0 4 -102),
(KCI), ( 3 (0 4 ) 2 )
J.
I

. : , 2;
- Al, Mg, Zn

.
tu
ZnO+C = Zn+CO
t
Fe 2 0 3 +3CO=2Fe+3C0 2
W0 3 +3H 2 =W+3H 2 0
t
3Mn02+4AI=3Mn+2AI203
t
: 2ZnS+30 3 =2ZnO+2S0 2
t
ZnO+H 2 =Zn+H 2 0
.
: .

CuO+H 2 S0 4 =CuS0 4 + 2 0
CuS0 4 +Fe=FeS0 4 +Cul

(
).

.
2NaCI = 2Na+CI2
269

270
:
,

:
.

,
:
)
,
;
) CI
, " -
"
X
,

,
. .
,
. .

.

,
. .
:
) ;
)
;
)
-
:
) - , ,
) - Cr, Ni, Zn, Sn .
,
, . .
Cr, Ni, AI, " . .
:
) (
, )
)
:
) -

(),
(

);
) -

,
,
271

272
l-lll
1)
2)
ns1
+1
RaT
=>
ns
If
+2
RaT
=> .
ns
+3
RaT
=>

I
RaT =>
3)

Na2SO4-10H2O
0 3 - , , Al 2 0 3 - ,
, CaS0 4 -2H 2 0 -

, ,
NaCI - 3(04)2 - ,
,
:
NaCI KCI - , , ,
,
.
Na+ . AI -
, , ,

+ - ,

- -
4) -
,
. ,
. , , =660 ,
, , ,

I III
+1
5)
-2
4Li+0 2 =2 l_i2 ,

-
+2 -2
2+0 2 =2
4AI+30 2 =2AI 2 0 3
2Na+02=2Na202
+
+2
2Na+CI2=2NaCi;
-2
Ca+CI2=CaCI2;
t +2 -2
2Na+S = N a 2 S ;
Ca+S=CaS
6Na+N 2 =2Na 3 N;
3Ca+N 2 =Ca 3 N 2 ;
+2
-3
t +2 -1
+ 20
+3
-2
2AI+3S = AI 2 S 3
2AI+N 2 =2AIN;
2Na+H2=2NaH
Ca+H 2 =CaH 2
1+270-
2Na+2H 2 0=2NaOH+H 2 t
Ca+2H20=Ca(OH)2+H2T
2AI+6H 2 0=2AI(OH) 3 i+3H 2 t

+ - (HCI) 2Na+2HCI=2NaCI+H T
2
+
Na+FeCI3,70-. .

(FeCI3)
+ N a + K O H , ^ - . .
()

6)
7)
2AI+3CI2=2AICI3;
:
2NaCI 0 >2Na+CI2

,
,
Ca+2HCI=CaCI2+H2T
2AI+6HCI=2AICI3+3H2T
Ca+FeCI 3 ,7^- . . AI+FeCI ÂICI +Fet
3
3

+, & . . 2AI+2KOH+2H 0=2KAI0 +3H T
2
2
2

. ,
:
:
2AI203
Na3AIFe;mTOK > 4 |+30 2
CaCI2 >Ca+CI2

-, -, -, ,
,

,
.
, ,
, ,

273

274
))))
2 8 14 2
3s23p63d63s2

: +2, +3

Fe 2 0 3 -
Fe 3 0 4 -
Fe203*nH20 -
FeS2 -

,

:
,
, +2 - .
+ : 2Fe+3CI2=2FeCI3; Fe+S = FeS
3Fe+20 2 = Fe 3 0 4 (FeO Fe 2 0 3 )
+ H 2 0: 3Fe+4H 2 0=Fe 3 0 4 +4H 2 t
: 4Fe+30 2 +6H 2 0=4Fe(OH) 3
+3
+ : Fe+H 2 S0 4 (p)=FeS0 4 +H 2 T
. HN0 3 H 2 S0 4
Fe,
+ : Fe+CuCI2=FeCI2+Cu
(II)
t
SFeA -HX>=2Fe304 -KX^

Fe 3 0 4 +CO=3FeO+C0 2
FeO+CO = Fe+CO,
:
1.
-
2.

, ,

:
- ,
,

=1539

+2
+3
FeO; Fe(OH)2 -
Fe 2 0 3 , Fe(OH) 3 -
FeO+2HCL=FeCI 2 +H 2 0;
Fe 2 0 3 +6HCI=2FeCI 3 +3H 2 0
Fe(OH)2+2HCI=FeCI2+2H20
Fe+2
Fe203 +2NaOH=2NaFe02 +H 2 0
Fe(OH)3+3HCI= FeCI3+3H20
Fe(OH)3 +NaOH=NaFe02 +2H20
4Fe(OH) 2 +0 2 +2H 2 0=4Fe(OH) 3

2FeCI 2 +CI 2 ^2FeCI 3

Fe2+ - K3[Fe(CN)6]
Fe3+
3Fe2++2[Fe(CN)6]3"= Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2sl -
1. K4[Fe(CN)6]
4Fe3++3[Fe(CN)6]4"= =Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 i
2. KNCS
NH4NCS
Fe3++NCS" <=>FeNCS2+ -
275

276

)
4-8 (
, )
) R .
s- -

)

) (; Si)
(0 2 , J2)

- ,
- ,

: :
, .
; ; ,

, ,
, -
.

, . .

:
>- ^
..
:
0 2 0 3 -

B-At

. . -
0 (),
- ( F2 ).
+2
NS+3H,

) RaT. =>

) RaT. =>
-
2NH,
N9+0,
:2NO
+4
S+Fe=FeS
s+o2=so2
H^+2Na=2NaH
3C+4AI=AI4C
4
3
2 +CuO=Cu+H 2 0
C+ZnO=Zn+CO
-VII ,
1)
RaT
F
5
CI

ns
S
^
J
2) - 2:
:.+-:^: [<> :
nd
f t1 f
1
F2 -
Cl2 -
2 -
J 2 -
( F d-)
:
-1;0;+1;+3;+5;+7
( F - 1 ; 0)

=>

,

=> , .
-
Cl2
2

(
)
+
+
)20
)
3F 2 0 +2H 2 O^4HF- 1 +O 2
2Fe+3CI^ >2FeCI31
1^+2^1+|-1
)
Cu+Br 2 ->CuBi
2HC|-1+F2^2HF-1+CI
2AI+3Jg-+2AIJ
HF+CI2 &
) -
)
Si+2CI^ ^SiCI 4 1
H 2 + F 2 - 2 1
2KBr 1 +CI, 2KCI+Br2

KCI+Br2 TV>
F2, 2 0

277

278
3) -
, 20 - :
HF
HCI
HBr
HJ
, RaT.
-+-':^ ":
=>
;

=>
:
=> +
":
+ Me: 2HCI+Zn^ZnCI2+H2T
+ . . :
CI"+Ag+->AgCl4-
12+6^21+20
Br"+Ag+->AgBr4- -
+ :
J"+Ag+ÂgJ4- -
Ca(OH)2+2HJ^CaJ2+2H20
+ :
2HCI+Na2Si03^H2Si03l+2NaCI
4) -
F - CaF2 -
CI - NaCI - ; NaCI KCI -
Br,J - ,
5)
F2 -
12 - ,
4 Cl+Mn02 ->212+12+220
()
Br2, J2 -
VI
Se
Po
RaT =>

ndu
4
ns 2 lt
A A
i ^f f t. / /
1 1
-
d
:
- 2 ; 0; +2; +4_+
( )
2 1 % ,
,
, , 2 0-35
,
,
,
, ,
,
=-183
=-112
| f
|
) -
,
(02)= -183 , (2)= -196
) - : 2 2 0 2 -^ 2 0 2 +2 2 0
:
2 K M n 0 4 4 0 2 t + M n 0 2 + K 2 Mn0 4
:
1)
2)
:
, -
0 2 - ;

1)
3)
) +: 2Mg+0 2 42lvfg6;
:
2Na+0 2 -^2Na 2 0 2 , Li, 1)
2)
3Fe+20 2 - > F e 3 0 4 -
.
t
t

3) HN0 3 , H 2 S0 4
) +:4+50 2 A . 2 P 2 0 5 ; S + 0 2 4 S 0 2 ; N 2 + 0 2 2NO-Q 4)
2) ,
5)

,
4 +20 2 4 0 2 +2 2 0; CS2 +30 2 - 4 0 2 +2SO2>
,
,
2PbS+30, 4 2 P b O + 2 S O ,
279

280
S8 -
-

. .
.

=119
,=113
I
,
, , ,
,

+ 2 | ^ ^
+ :
Fe+S 0 ^FeS" 2
C+2S^CS 2
ZnS
PbS
FeS2
Na 2 S0 4 - 2 0,
CaS0 4 2H 2 0

S0
^ " - ^ 4 - 6
2AI+3S->AI2S-32
+
2 S" 2
H 2 +S 0 ^H
S+02^S02
S+3F 2 ^SF 6
+
S+2H2S04->3S02+ +2H20

-2
H2S - ,
,
, ,

.

:
FeS+2HCI^H2St+FeCI2
+4
+6
S0 2 - , S0 3 - (VI),
, ,
20,
(
)
S0 3 H2S04 - .
:
-
:
t
4FeS2+1102-2Fe203+ +8S02
:
Na 2 S0 3 +H 2 S0 4 ^
^>Na2S04+S02t+H20
Cu+2H 2 S0 4 4
^CuS04+S02t+2H20
281
:
2S02+02 < {; >2S03
-2
:
)
,
S
+4
:
a) S+4 -
+6
:
a) S+6 -
=> . :
1.
=>
:
2H2S-K}r^2H20+2Si 0 2
2H 2 S+SO 2 ^3S 0 +2H 2 O

2.
2H 2 S+30 2 ^2H 2 0+
+2S02t - 0 2
)
H2S
,

. :
H2S+2NaOH=
=Na 2 S+2H 2 0
H2S+20H-=S2-+2H20
-
+4
+6
2S02+02<=>2S03
) -
,

+ 2 0:
S02+H2O^H2S03

+:
S0 2 +2NaOH^
+ 2 0: H 2 0 + S 0 3 ^ H 2 S 0 4
+:
2NaOH+S0 3 -^Na 2 S0 4 +H 2 0
->Na 2 S0 3 +H 2 0
S02+NaOH^
^NaHS03+H20
+. :
:
H2S -

3S03+H2S=4S02+H20
NaOH + S0 3 -^NaHS0 4 +H 2 0
+ . :
S0 3 +CaO^CaS0 4
S0 2 +CaO^CaS0 3
:
:
1.
2. H 2 S0 4
+6
2 SO,
:

,
,
20:

!
1)
: ,
,
, .
, ,
,
2)
3)

1)
t
4FeS2+1102H>2Fe203+8S02T

2) -
, S0 2 S0 3

t,v 2 o 6
2S0 2 +0 2 2S0 3
S0 3 . H2S04

nS03+H2S04^H2S04n S0 3
283

284
+6
H 2 S0 4

H 2 S 0 4 -
1)
H 2 S 0 4 ^ H + + H S 0 4 \
H S 0 4 ^ H + + S 0 1 - +
H 2 S0 4 - ,
S+6
S^
+8eJ^fê^
+2
s -2
so
s+4
^ S )
^
< so *>
.
+2
HJ1S04+Zn ->ZnS0 4 +Hjj t - H+ - 1) + ( Au, Pt, Fe.Cr, AI)
3) +.
Cu+2H 2 S0 4 ->CuS04 + 2H 2 0+ S 0 2 t
MgO+H 2 S0 4 ->MgS0 4 +H 2 0
(.)
4) + .
3Zn+4 H 2 S 0 4 ^ 3 Zn S0 4 +SU+4H 2 0
NaOH+H 2 S0 4 ^NaHS0 4 +H 2 0
(.)
2) + , 2
2NaOH+H,S0 4 Na2S04+2H20
4Mg + 5H2+S04 -> 4Mg+S04+H2S t +4H 2 0

()
5)+
2)+
2 3+H2SO4-^K2SO4+C02t+H 2 0
BaCI 2 +H 2 S0 4 ->BaS0 4 >k2HCI
S+2 H 2 S 0 4 ^ 3 S 0 2 t +2H 2 0
Ba2++SC^" -^BaS04 i -
3)
,
CizHzA 1+H2S04^12C+H2S04-1120
SO|-
(.)
.)
As
Sb
Bi
V
RaT =>

N2 - 78%
)
NaN0 3
)
) :

. 0 2 N2
) -

NH4N02^N2+2H20
ns
np
2
It
N -
d
nd
111

IN = N I
,
,

, ,
, .
=-196
(N
+ . Me
+2 -3
6Li+Ng->2Li 3 i N
1) NH 3 HN0 3 ,

2)
,
,
,
:
- 3 ; 0; +3; +5
+
-3 +1
N^+3H^
2NH
,
,
t = 450
285
1+1;+2;+3;+4;+5\
+
+2 -2
+02
2N0
t=2000
,

N^+3F 2 0 ^2NF 3

286

, ,
,
=-33 ,
NH3
) :
N2+3H2 <=>2NH,3T=450-500 , . - Fe,
) - + :
2NH4CI+Ca(OH)2 '"'"12+21+220
NH
NH4+
NH3 N
,

+
N
2 3
tit..
NH 3 +H +
I 11 |-^
1s1
NH3
1) HN0 3
2) NH3
3) - 10%
4)
NH3

N (
), ,
- -

I
- N :
- - NI :
- - NI :
I
I
NH 3
NH3
-
NH3
+
N 3 - N"3 - .
, NH 3
=>
(, +,
,
2
).
1) 4NH 3 +30 2 '^2N 2 +6H 2 01) +: NH3+HCI->NH4CI - ;
2)
-
-3
4NH3+50^4N26+6H20-2
3)
3CuO+2NH,-^3Cu+N+3H,0
2NH 3 +H 2 S0 4 ^ (NH4)2S04 - ;
NH3+H2S04>NH4HS04 -
2) + 2 0: NH 3 +HOH^ NH4OH <^NH4+ +OH"
" ; NH4OH

1)

1) + : (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 +2HCI->
2) ,
^2NH 4 CI+C0 2 T+H 2 0
, -:
2) + - NH4+,
NH4CMNH3t+HClt
NH3
:
NH 4 N0 3 +KOH^KN0 3 +NH 3 t+H 2 0
NH4NO,^N,Ot+2H,0
3) + : (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 +BaCI 2 - BaS0 4 l+2NH 4 CI
(NH4)2 S 0 4 ^ N H 3 T+NH 4 HS0 4
287

288
HN03

1) H N 0 3 - . H N 0 3 ^ H + + N 0 3
2) +. . : CuO+2HN0 3 ->Cu(N0 3 ) 2 +H 2 0
3) + . : AL(OH) 3 +3HN0 3 ->AI(N0 3 ) 3 +3H 2 0
4) +: +^+^
HN0 3
1) . HN0 3 t : 4HN0 3 <=>4N0 2 T+H 2 0+0 2 T

2) => -
3) - - NT5 (
), N 0 3 , +, Me + 4 + 2 + 1 0
-3
2. 0 3 +^+ 2 0+ NOi(N0 2 ;NO;N 2 0;N 2 ;NH 4 N0 3 )

Me, .
C 0 u+4HNb 3 (KOH^)^Cu(NO 3 ) 2 +2NO 2 t+2H 2 O
3 Cu +8 HN0 3 (pa36.)-^Cu(N0 3 )2+2N Ot+4H 2 0
4Mg+10HNO 3 (pa36.)^4Mg(NO 3 ) 2 + NH4NO3+3H2O
. HN0 3 Fe, AI, Cr, Au, Pt; . - Au, Pt.
4)
6HN0 3 +S=H 2 S 0 4 + 6 N 0 2 T+2H 2 0
(.
i.
HNO^

.
=83 .
HN03
.

, ,
, ,
, ,
) : . H2S04+
Ba(N03 )2+H2S04->BaS04l+2HN03t
.
)
1) NH3:
t,p,pt
4NH 3 +50 2 -> 4NO+6H20
2) NO N02:
2NO+02^2N02
3) N0 2 0 2 :
4N0 2 +H 2 0+0 2 ^4HN0 3
,

1) + Me
1) t
Mg
Me(N02)n+02 2NOi*2NaNq,4Cgt
Cu(N03)2+Zn^Zn(N03)2+CusL
2) +
Me(N03; 6 Ma MexOy+N02+02 2Zn(NO-32)^t!2ZnO+4N02t+0^t
Me+N02+02 2XgNQL2Ag42N02t+o2T
Ba(N0 3 ) 2 +H 2 S0 4 ^BaS0 4 l+2HN0 3
3) +
Zn(N03)2+2KOH-Zn(OHU+2KNQ3
' '
' Md'
17 (KN03; NaN03; NH4N03; Ca(N03)2 -
4 ) +
2) KN03 ; NH4N03 -
AgN0 3 +NaCIÂgCll+NaN0 3
;
N03~:+H2S04(k)+Cu - N02t(6ypbM)
2NaN03 +2H2 S0 4 +Cut!2N02T+CuS04 +Na2S04 +2H20
m
289

290

sS

: :
- 3 (0 4 ) 2

,
,
, , ,

-
-
, - - . - ,
4.
- , , , ,
,
, , - >
. - ] -
4
,

I
t
L
t

| I
, .
t , .
1) 3 0 4 =>
2)
3)
4)
:

- =>- .
^5
+ :
5C+3Si0 2 +Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 H>5CO+

+3CaSi0 3 +2P
;

+2
2+
-3
3 2
+5
-2
2P,O s
2+1-213
+ -
P+5HN03
(.)
H,PO.+5NO,t+H,0

3 0 4 -
,
2 0 5 - ,
,
,

,

1)
1)+ 2 0
Na 3 P0 4
304^++204
205+20^2304NaH 2 P0 4
3(04)2 Na 2 HP0 4
204^++
0
(
4
2 0 4 ) 2
^-^ + +|
|"
2 0 5 + 2 0^2 2)+
P04,-+3Ag+Âg3P04i
2 3 0 4 +^
2) +
P20 5 +6NaOH^3H 2 0+2Na 3 P04 ^ 3 (0 4 ) 2 1+ 2
3 ) +
-
P 2 0 5 +4NaOH -> H 2 0+2Na 2 HP0 4 2 3 0 4 +^
-> 3 (0 4 ) 2 1+ 2 0
-
4)+
P 2 0 5 +2NaOH+H 2 0^2NaH 2 P0 4
H 3 P0 4 +3LiOH-
-
+5
3) +
+ 2 0 5 ^(0 4 )2
^Li 3 P0 4 +3H 2 0
5)+
2H 3 P0 4 +3CaCI 2 ^
- Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 i+6HCI
291

292
IV
Si
Ge
Sn
PbJ/
RaT ->

,
ns2
t t

-4; 0; +2; +4

03 - , ,
03 MgC03 -
0 2 ; ;

,

,
,
-

.

.
,

,
, , , - ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
(, , ,
, ); ,
-

0 - => -
*
>^
+4
-2~;-4
+3
-4
1) + Me: 4AI+3CÂI 4 C 3
1} + : + 0 ^ 0 2
t;P;Ni - 4 + 1
2) +2: +2^ + 4
;2+ 0 ^ 2 0 ;
-1
+4 -2
C+2F2^CF4 ;C+2S^CS 2
+4
3) +20 (): +20->+2
293

294

- (II),
, ,
, . ,

) -

) -
+2 -> +4
+:
+2

+4
-1
+2
+4
CuO+CO->Cu + C 0 2

+4 -
+4
+2
+: 2Mg+C0 2 ->2MgO+C
+ :
+4
CO+Cl ->COCI 2 - ,
+ Me:
+2

+ 2 0:
02+2^203
+:
02-()2 ^ 1+,0
0 2
+ :
0 2 +^
+4 -1
2 + 0 - > 2 0 2
+2
0 2 - (IV),
, ,
, .
, 0 2

,

+2
02+->2
- (II),
:
0 2 - (IV),
:
+
f ;H 2 S0 4 <-(k)
-> +20
CaC03+2HCI -^CaCI2 +02+20

:
1000
02+ - * 2CO
1)
2)
3)
03<=>+02
1)
2)
3)
4)

2 , .
: Na2CQ3; 0 3
I : NaHCQ3; (03)2

+ Me
Pb(HC0 3 ) 2 +Fe^Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 +Pbi
+
Na 2 C0 3 +Ca(OH) 2 ^CaC0 3 ++2NaQH
^ | (0 3 ) 2 +2^() 2 |+2_
+ -
2 0 3 +21^21+0 2 1+ 2 0
1 Ca(HCQ 3 ) 2 +2HCUCaCl 2 +2C0 2 T+2H 2 0
+
Ba(HCQ
Na 2 C0 3 +CaCI 2 ^2NaCI+CaC0 3 i
3 ) 2 +Na 2 S0 4 ^BaS0 4 4-+2NaHC0 3
- ,
03^02+
(0 3 ) 2 4+ 2 0+0 2
1)+0 2 + 2 0
< 2)+)^
2)()2+()2^21+220
1) 0 3 + 2 0+0 2 ^(0 3 ) 2
3)(0 3 ) 2 0 3 1 + 2 0 + 0 2 1
295

296

Si -
II I .
Si0 2
=, /\
I ^

Si
Si
- =1000
-
, -
, , =1420
:
Si0 2 + :
S i 0 2 + 2 C ^ S i + 2 C O T ; Si0 2 +2Mg4si+2MgOt
) + :
+4 -1
Si+2F2
+1
t +4 -4
t +4 -2
SiF4 ; Si0 +0->

Si 2
'2
'
Si+C^SiC
+1
+ : Si+2NaOH+H2 - > N a 2 S i p 3 + H 2 t
) - Si+2Mg ^>Mg 2 Si
1) (, )
2) ( )
Si0 2
( =1728 ) , .

) - -
+:
Si02+2NaOH->Na2Si03+H20
+. :
t
Si02+CaO->CaSi03
+:
t
CaC03+Si02 -^CaSi03+C021
+H20: ,
) -
Si+4 - . ,
Si02+2C^>Si+2COt
1)
2) , , ,
3) :
Si02+4HF^SiF4+2H20
297
H2Si03
,
, +,

H2Si03+2KOH^K2Si03+2H20
t
H 2 Si0 3 ^Si0 2 +H 2 0
+
Na2Si03+2HCI^H2Si03i+2NaCI

-
) + Me - , K2Si03 Na2Si03
) +
K2Si03+Ca(OH)2^CaSi03i+2KOH
) +
K2Si03+2HCI^H2Si03i+2KCI
. SiOf"
) +:
K2Si03+CaCI2^2KCI+CaSi03i
1) ,
2) Na2Si03 -
( )

2+2
8; CsH12
( , , N, )
-^
NH2-CH-COOH
1 1
2 :
( , )
R-C^
O-R
R-OH

2-2
34; CsHs
299

300

1) .
.

0,

0;

2) ,
, .
,
.
, , ,
. !
()
I.
1) -
2) , ,

3) :
, -
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cri2 CH3
2,3--4-
3 3 2
3
1 2 | 3 4 5 6
7
2 2 CH2 2,2--4-
2 CH2
II. -
614
2 -2 -2 -2 - -
2 CH2
2-
2,3-

301

302
III.
Mr
Ci - 4 -
" , ,
5- C i 5 -
Ci6 - ... -
IV.
1)
) : 0 2 2 0
t
3 8 +50 2 >0 2 +4 2 0
) 26 -2+ 2
1500
) : 2 4 -> 2 + 2 2 -
2) , -
: C H 4 + C I 2 C - T c H 3 - C I + HClT
CH 3 -CH 3 +CI 2 - ^ C H 3 - C H 2 C I + H C l f
CH3-CH2-CI+CI2 ^ C H 3 - C H C I 2 + H C L t
1,1-
3) -
t;Ni
2 > +
V.
1) - : , , , . .
2) -
3) 4 - 2, 2 2

I.
+
- - ( ) + ,
. ,
.
2 2
->
13
--1
2,2--
3
II.
)
3 -=- 2 - 3
- =
"2
2--2
)
2 =- 2 - 3
-1
-2
III.
1)
) 4 8 +60 2 4 0 2 + 4 2 0
) 3 6 ^-+ 2
) + 0 4 - -

2 = 2 +[0]+ 2 0 -> 2 2

303

304
2) , - .
) + 2: 2 =- 3 + 2 ^ 3 - 2 - 3
) + 2:
2 =- 3 + 2 - ^ 2 - - 3
Br
Br
, .
) +:
3 -=- 3 +1-> 3 - 2 - - 3
t; H +
) + : 9 = 9 + -+ 33 - - "'2, -
CI
3) - ,

2 = 2 ^ ( - 2 - 2 - ) ; 3 -= 2 ^ ( - - 2 - )
IV.
tNi
1) 2 - 3 - 3 - 2 = 2 +
' I 1
2
2) - 3 - 2 - ' L>4 K 2 =,+,0

1 ' l l v
2
V.
1)
2)
3)

- , , ;
- , ;
- - .

I.
. - .
= - 2 - 3 -1; 3 - = - - 3 4--2
II.
Q\-\
) .
CH = C - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 3 -1; = -- 3 3--1
) .
..
= - 2 - 3 - 1 ; 3 - = - 3 3-2
III. ()
1) : 2 2 2 +50 2 -^40 2 +2 2 0
2) :
) : = +2 '^" 2 = 2
) :
= +2 ->=,
) :
CH = C H + H C I ^ C H 2 = C H - C I
,0

) : = + -
T
3) () 3C 2 H 2 '^> C'R1 H
-
'6 fi
IV. Q
:

:
^|||+2->() 2 + 2 2
^..
>,4
15
2 2 + 2
V.
1) - .
2) , - .
305

306
-
I.
, , , = 80 .
II.

.^
.
CI
)
"
+ HClf
II
I
+CI FeCL
* "
+
' - ^ 3 ^ /
^
-NO,
H 2 S0 4 (k) |
+
II
*-

^
ci
^ /
^
)
/
HON0 2
(k)
)
p i / ^CH
\
I
II + 12 2 C I - C H
CH-CI
^[/
CI-CH^ / C H - C I
I
)
2 \
i
.
" ^ + Ni .
I
+3
c
2 - * 2
I '
hk ,
/
. 2
III. ' 7' C 6 H g
IV.
, ,
, .

- , -
-.
I. :
- ; -
II.
+ -
: 3 - 2 - -; 3 - - 2 - --2.
: v ^ - O p
- -1,2
2 - 2 - -1,2,3
()
()
I
I
III.

- , ,
.
IV.
Q
2 C H 3 - C H 2 - O H + 2 N a ^ 2 C H 3 - C H 2 - O N a + H 2 f ^-^- + [ ] - H 3 C - c f + 2 0
Na

V.
fH +
: 2 = 2 + - ^ 3 - 2 -
VI.
3 - ;
25 - , , ;
- 2 - 2 - - ;
- -
I2
, , ,
307

308
- ,

I.
+ -
H3C-cf
3-2-;
-'-
I 3
' ' 2-
II.
- , 20, .
- ,
20.
III. - .
:
. _2 0~-*-t
1, ^
) ^-
+.
2|
3
) 3 - " +2() 2 > 3 - " + 2 | + 2 0

2 CuOH i- 2 0| + 2 0

IV. - .
V. .
.Q
- , , -.0
;
- \ .
3 -;

'

+ -
"
*-\
()
.-^
()
-^
, R

(R-CnH2n+i
- ,
, ,
2AgJ

, .
- ,
CH 3 -Cf + 2 Cu(OH)2_ C H 3 - C ^ + 2 Cu2OJ+ 2H 2 0 , , ,
to
yjO
+ Ag 2 0
=-
\
\

1)
+ Me: 2CH3COOH+Mg -> (CH3COOH)2Mg+H21
+ . : 2CH3COOH+ZnO->(CH3COOH)2Zn+H20
+ . : HCOOH+NaOH->HCOONa+H20
+ : 2+03 ->()2+02 +20
2) - ,

,0
3-
.CU-
CHz-C
3
RrC'
+ 20
-,
309
0-R;

310
2-0- *
Ri
I
-- /
/
--^
4
R,

1)
2)
3) ( )

() - -
, ,
, - ,
+2
1)
2) ()
3)
- Na
(RCOONa; RCOOK)
4) ,

, - (NH2), (-) .

CH 3 -COOH + CI2 -^CH 2 -COOH+HClt
-+

2 -
NH2
CI

^+ N-H
CH2-COOH+HClt
NhL

,
,
.
1)
2)
- .

, -
2 -COOH+NaOH^CH 2 -COONa+H 2 0
, - N H 2 -
+ (. , . 57)
CH 2 -COOH+HCI^CH 2 -COOH
NH2
NH3CI

.
^
N-
+ H - N - C H T C '/
Hj-N-CH-c
^)
-<
NH-CH
311
NH-CH 2 -C
+nH 2 Q

312
,

1) -
.
2) - ( , ,
, ).
3) :
) - + HN03> ;
) - + NaOH + CuS04- .
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

- .
- .
- -.
- 0 2
- - .
- -.
- .

-

,

)

- - (, )
()
61206
, ,
, :
.
-

, ,
, ,
, ,

1)+20^
1)
+
0>
2
122211+H2O >
^
a)C 6 H 1 2 0 6 +Ag 2 04Agl
^
>61206 +61206 2) +J >
-
2
5)61206 +()2 4 2 04>

2)
C6H1206 +Cu(OH)2 -^
-
313
1) 1)

2) , 2)
,
, (
1)
,
,
2)

3)
,
1)
2)
3)
4) ,
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

- ,

.
> ^^
_

K
nCH 2 =CH 2 ^(-CH 2 -CH 2 -)n
- ,
,
; , ,
,
,
(, )

(, );
II
:
2=2^ (-2-2-)
-
(20, NH3)
>--*
R
(-NH-CH-CO) + (-1)
R
20
(, )
(~)
()
315

316
10 .
*2
1
2s^ ^
2s
*
L
- . .
I
sp2
sO
POOL
POOJ
POOj
109 28'
I

I
120
I

i
4

/_ = 0,154
sO
sp
hU
180
I

0
^<)
UO'jtc_c
/= = 0,134
/, = 0,120
. , ,
.
- . .
- . .
. . - . . 71,
. 140, 141. - . . 155-157.
- . 142, 143.

1. - ,

(+2)
(+HN0 3 - HON0 2 )
C 6 H 6 +HON0 2 C 6 H 5 N0 2 +H 2 0
- 1 - -CH CI + H C l t
3
3+
2. - ,
. , -.
. (+2)
. (+2)
= 2 + 2 3 2
3

3 -= 2 + 2 3
. (+)
2 = 2 + HCI ^ 3 - 2 - CI
. (+ 2 0)
2 = 2 + ^ 3 - 2 -
.
. - , ( )
( )
2 = 2 ->(- 2 - 2 - )
. - , , ,
( 2 0)
( 6 10 5 ) + (-1) 2
6 12 0 6
317

318
3. () - ,
.
. (-2)
. (-2)
t;Ai2o3
3 -- 2 + Zn^CH 3 -CH = CH2 +ZnCI2
3 2 3
* 2 = C H CH3 + 2
. (-)
3 - 2 - + ^ 2 =2 + + 20
CI
CI
. (-20)
t>170:H2SO4(k)
,-,-
2 = 2 + 2 0
. (. )
(6105 ) + ( - 1)20 -> 61206
4. - ,
,
.
AICU;t c
'
3 3
I
,

,

,

()
: 1) ;

2) -

t=450-500
t=470-550
;
(t=500
;
-
Pt),
.
.
=2-6.

.

= 40-200
.
_
1 4
+ -150 250
. .

'
.

-|2 0 18
180 -300 -> .

1
"^20
270 -360
. .
18 - 5 0 ->
}
319
-
; ; ;

320
4( 97%)
( 2 - 4 );
(N2)
1)
, ,
4
( 2 - 4 )
, ;
2) .
.
:
t=400-600 ; 2 =25
.

1) ;
2) ;
3) .
.
t=1000C; :
1) -
;
2) >
. .
3) ->
((NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 )
4) -
, .
(CnH2n+2)
, , - . . 72.
- . . 87 ( ).

-
1) . -
)
3 - 3 +CI 2 ^
- 2 - C I + HCI
1) . 3 8 + 5 0 2 ^ 0 2 + 4 2 0
2)
400-500
1022
^510 "|"^512
2-
3) 2 6 1 0 0 0 2 + 2
CI
I
24
-22 + 2

( )
?
+ HCI
^12 ^
3 - +CI,
4)
.
2 2 CI
t" AICI
1-
3 - 2 2 3
' 3 - 3
)
4 + H O N 0 2 ^ C H 3 - N 0 2 +H 2 0
()
2) . ()
3 3
'
. 2 = 2 + 2
321

322
1) - , , ,
2) - , , CH3CI;
3) , :
1500
24
-22 + 2 ,
;
2 0
t;KaT.
+ 2 , - -
1) ;
2) ( "" )
= 2 + 2
3) (
"" )
:3 - 2 \
+ ^ 1 - 3 +Na 2 C0 3
4) ( "" )
3 - C I + 2Na + CI-CH 3 ^ C H 3 - C H 3 +2NaCI
5) , :
143 +12 2 ^ 4 +41()3
(CnH2n)
- . . 87 ( ).
- . . 74.
= 2
- 2
3- = -3 -2
2 2
|
|
2-

= 2
- 2
=
3
2 - - 2

2 = 2
- 1
=
- 2
2 2
323
^ = ^
^
' 2
- - 2
2
^ = ^
- - 2

324

1)
) 3 - = 2 +2 Pt,
3 - 2 - 3
) 3 - = 2 +2 ->3 -- 2
Br Br
- , . .
) : ,
-
, - . .
5 5 0 5 5 0
,- =,+ ->,--,
Br
S
S 55
t;H+
x
x CH,^>CH =.
CH9+HOH ^ ^ C H , - C H - C H ,
) - )
' ^ ^ ^ 4 M 2 T J-iy M
- 2
) 2 =$(- 2 --)
I
,
2)
) 48 + 6 0 2 - 4 0 2 +420
) 04 - , . .
2 =- 3 + [0] + 2 ^ 2 -- 3
I
I
- 1, 2

to
1. C^h^-CsHjo+CsH,
2. 3 - 2 - : t;Pt 2 = 3 +2
3.
0149
LCH, = CH,+ZnBr,
4.
-
:
^ 3 - = -3+1 + 20
--
5.
-
t = 170C;H,SO.
- ^ 3 - = - 3 + 2 0
3 ^-
1. .
2. , , .
3. , .
325

326
(C n H 2n 2)
- . . 87 ( ).
- . . 76.

= 2
- 1
= - - 3
I
3
3 - - 1
= - 2 - 3 - 1
2-
|
||
2-
2 = = 2
- 1 , 3

= 2 2 3
- 1
3 = 2 3
- 2

Pt
) 3 - = + 2 3 - = 2
1) -
8 50 5050
) 3 - > + HBr - > 3 - = 2
) 3 - = + 2 ^ 3 - =
Br
Br
Br
5@ 5 Q 5 0 5 0
) 3 ^ ^ C h i + HOH
h H
^ l i [ C H 3 - C = CH2]^CH3-C-CH3
bs!
()
\^
: +
[ 2 = ]^- 3 -CCJ,
( )
cfe)
) - : ^ i i - ! u
fo
2)
) 2 C 2 H 2 + 5 0 2 - 4 C 0 2 + 2 H 2 0 + Q
* *
) KM n 0 4 : CH = CH + |OJ + H 2 0-> , _ .

2) - ,
) : 3 - = + - > 3 - = + 1/22
) ( NH3): CH = CH + NaNH2 -CH = C - N a + NH3
) Ag 2 0: CH = C H + A g 2 0 - > A g - C = C A g i + H 2 0
.-
- , =>
.
327

328
1.
) 4:
24 ' 2 2 + 2
) : ^ ||| +2()-^()2 +22
Nit
2. 3 - 3 ^ = +22
3.
2 3 - = + 2 + 220
()
3 - C - C h O f 2^3 - = + 2 + 220
()
:
, , , ,
.
, .
( ) + - + - - ,
2 = - 2 - = 2 - 1,4
. -, -,
, (-) - .
2 = - = 2 -1,3
1 4.
329

330
1)
2 = - 2 - = 2 - 1,4
2 = - = - 3 -1,3
2 = - = 2
2- - 1,3
3
2)
2 = - = 2 -1,3
= \
2 =
2 = = - 3
-1,2
3)
2 = - = 2 -1,3
= - 2 - 3
,
- - 1,3
2=
- - 1 , 3
-1

- 1,4 ( 1- )
1. : 2 = - = 2 + 2 ^ > 3 - = - 3
3
2. :
2=- = 2 + 2 ^ 2 - = -2
II
,
Br
CH,
3. : C H 2 = C H - C H = CH 2 +HCI->CH 3 -CH = C H - C H 2
CI
4. : 2 = - = 2 -5(- 2 - = - 2 -)
2=- = 2 ^ ( - 2 - = -2-)
3

1) ( - 1,3)
23 - 2 - t 0 ; A ' 2 3 : Z n 0 C H 2 = C H - C H = CH 2 + 2 2 0 + 2
2)
- 2 - 2 - 1 0 : 1 2 0 ; 2 3 2 = - = 2+2
3 - - 2 - 3 ^ | 2 0 3 ; 2 3 2 = _ = |_| 2
I
I

+22
3)
2 - 2 - 2 - 2 + 2 ^ 2 = CH - CH = CH2 + 2KCI + 2 2 0
CI
CI
, - .
.

- -.
'- 2
/
\
=
-;
-
"^"

'
^
+St! - ,

-, .
331

332
()
( , fi)
2-67
- 66 -

sp2 - =>
3 (2
1 )
120 =>
.
-
1) ,

2)

,
, . = 80 .
,
3)
-
1
CfiH
44

1 ,
,
,
-.
/ = 0,140
4)
.;1
,
,
,

1) -
t;FeCI ;
+CI)
^
^ ^
)
N0,
| \H^NO ? H2S 4(k);t
: + HCI
| +2
+ HCI
()
2) - , , . . -
)
+.
Pt;tc
|+1.
ciyN-ci
3)
15
) 6 6 + ^ 0 2 - 6 0 2 + 2 0
) 66 +-^-0 2
) 0 4 , . . -
333

334
()

) - 3 - 6 5
- 3 -
.
Qu ;
r ^ v s _ J

2, 4, 6
(
-)
=>

2, 4, 6
.

1. , - - 6 5
1) -
,

)
/
/CI
H-ôVcH3+3CI2Fe^CI-ôV-CH3
2, 4, 6-
)
/
ôV-CH 3 +3HON0 2
+3HCI
02
'OaN(oV-CH3+3H20
NO
2
2, 4, 6-
)
/
/
^ V- +3CH3CI 3 ( V- +3HCI
\|_i
1, 2, 3, 5-
2)
)
^ ~ 3 +2 ! ^ ^ _ 3

) - 6 5 - 3 :
- 6 5 -
- 6 5
,
-

=>

II. , - 3
, ,
-
/ o V c - +ci2^
/OVCH2-CI+HCI
III. ,
1) 0 4 (
)
<>
+[0] + 20
<f
(<
^-f
1)
2)
7 1 6 1^1[^] + 4 2
-
^[
(. )
3) -
/ o V B r
+2Na+Br-CH3/0/-CH3+2NaBr
1) -
2) 2,4,6 - (, ) -
3) , .
335

336

(R-(OH) ) ( . . 78)
+ - ( -)
1) -
?
-
I
-2 I I
-1,2
, - ,

2)
3 - 2 -
2 = - 2 - 2 -
( ) 2 -
---1
3) , -
3--2-
3
2--1
-2
Qu _ QI _ Q | _ |
3
2--2

1)
2 2 2
-1
3--2-
2)

3)

3-2-2-
3-2-2-
-1
-1
2--1
3
-
0 -
2
-(

-2

J 5
R- -*0-
: -; -; -.
.
- 5 0 5
(. . 137 ).

- , :
) , - , - .
) ., .

.
337

338
1)
3 - C I + K O H 1 4 ^ 3 - O H + KCI
7 -1
|-| 7 -
|
+2^ |
2 -1
2-
2) - . -
(. . 95).
3) - . -
(. . 95).
4) - .
(. . 115).
5) - .
6 12 0 6 225 + 20 2

I. -:
1) +
Na
-0
CH3-ONa+iH2t
.
R , -
2) + ( )
,, - > - ^ - <
>
3 -
3 - ^ H + HQN0 2 ^ 3 - N 0 ,
II. | 0 :
1) +
( R - 0 - )
2 0
25
,0
3 -( <=> 3 + 2
2)
H 9 SO 4flo ;t<170C ^ - 0 - 3 + 2 0

,-[0-+1-|)-0-,
3) ( )
Q U - C H = CH-CI-U+H,0
^ H 2 SO 4(k) ;t<170C
III. C-JH:
1)
:
(
OK
()
+ H,0 + Cu
t C H 3 - C - C H 3 + H 2 0 + Cu
339
()

-- , .
- , , , , , , .
- .
- , , , - .
,
.
/v
/\
^\
\
/
^>
^>
3 '
-
()
1,2-

- . =430.
, - .

I. - - 6 5 :
'^"^
- ^
,
[jy v |
2, 4, 6 => (
^^
) .
II. - 6 5 -
- ,
- => , .
.
1
2. .
+NaOH^PfoK
.
+NaCI
; ; ; 3-5% (
) - ; .
341

342

I.
1) + ( ) 2) + ( ,
)
|+^ | |+ 2 0

II. -
1)
)
)
JL
Br
[ ]+2^ I I i+
^ (2) >
[ +3HONO, H2SQ4(k) ) !
+3H20
2,4,6- ( )
2,4,6- ( )
2)
)
QH
|+ 2
III.
+ FeCI3 >
IV. -
^~> <
(\
VXJCH2VX,...
+ ..._>
K)J
|oJ
+2
. . 79. - - \
.
HJ
+ -
^
*
- - 2 - '
-
2=-
3-
>
^, 0
-
2=-
I*1
\_.
^1_1

|
()
( )
(
)

8^80
- =>
5 0 , - 8 -
R-*C
Vl
, .

, - ( - , ), . , .
, ,
R .
1)
2) ,R9
- C H - C H 2 - C f
3-
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-Ctf
*
3-2-
3--3
343
()

344

,
,
-.

1) ()
-
.
3 - 2 - ^3-2-2- 1) +

, - .
2)
^
S0.
3 - 2 - ^ + Ag 2 0 3 - 2 - + 2 I
-
-

2) +()2
)=(_2-0-)
3) .
- +2Cu(OH) 2 LH-C 4 + , 0 ^ + 2 , 0
(. 113).
'
-
-
.
1) - .
(. 110)
2) -
0
Hg 2+ ;H + ;t - . .
J>
-
HC = CH+H 2 0
1) ( ; )- ; 40% ()
; ; .
2) ( ) - , ; .
^
,
- V.

+ - +

()
3-
1) -
<
^ ,0
-
()
()
2)
?-.0
-

()
,0
?
2=-

()
345
\/

346

- R -, - - -R.
-
, - .
5 , = > - .
2)
R i - C t
<^
--
0 OR 2 ^
?
_^
3
-^

- -

- (),
d - C 9 - , ; .
2 0 - , R
.
1. - . (. 115).
2. .
^
? + 1->CL
SK + NaCI
SK
-
+NaOH^CH3-C
+CH 3 OH; -;
x
v
ONa
-
O-Na
1)
1. - : ,
, ; , . 2.
- , , , ,
. 3. - . 4. - .

I. - - . - ,
=> . R
, - => R
.

1)
H - C O O H r f H C O O +
4) +
+ ^ + ,0

5) +
2) +
2CH 3 COOH+Mg^(CH 3 COO) 2 Mg + H2 T
_.

3) +
23 + -> (3)2 + 2 0
2CH3COOH + Na 2 C0 3
II. - 0 ( - ).
1) + -
3-
2CH3COONa + C 0 2 t + H 2 0
-
. 2 2
( 2_0-
^
- + - 2 Hl4CH-o-ct? LJ +
ri
3jHp-
2
2__^
-wfip-CH 3 H2SQ4(k)CH
;
(/

2)
III. - -
1) + -
-
^3 3- - *
205
- - + C I 2 ^ -CH-COOH+HCIf
+2
-' < " +^-
6l
- w
2-
IV.
- R .
347
,

.
,
.
CH2-0-Ctp
1
R,-<
0-R2
- R + +
( )
.
1_1 _<?

3
()
<^
|_|

()
-o-ctp
2
CH2-0-Ct?
,

<
- , +
+ -.
2
1531 (
1|_1__-0
,
^^11
CH2-0-Ct?
^1531
^__> ______^
-

; -
().
.
()
1) -> +
C 2 H^cf

+>,^ +25 -0-<
- 2 5
+3H0HCH-0H+3C15H3IC00H
5 31
I Jo "
2 -< ,
i
2-
1531
2) -> +
CzHg-cf
+NaOH^C 2 H 5 -C^ +C2H5OH --^
0-C2H5
ONa
531
J2T
3 1+3NaOH^CH-OH+3C15H3iCOONa
2-0-
2-
3) ,

---
2-0-- U
I
^17
-<?
>^1735
+2^-<?
17
2-<?

^^17133
V^17rl35
CH2-o-cf?
1735
( + )
, ,
, , .
-> ();
- , ,
.
349

350
, , , - . . 84.
1)
C 5 Hi 0 O 5
2)
,=0
- -

CH2-C-C-A-A-cf

2
/ -
SV
^
22

2
S
6 12 0 6
-
6
*>k*fi
50
*
/7\
-6
6

20
/
-
-

8-
- - - -
( 5- ) ^ = 0 .

I. .
1)
2-
[
+ 2-^2]2
2)
+21
2 -]-^ + A g 2 o 4 C H 2 - f C H -
^
14 - 0
*- J
-

)
. . ^
-
+ 2 02 2 0
2- -Cf + 2 C u ( O H ) 2 - c H 2 -
I

II.
+ ()2 -^ Cu(ll) - - .
III. - .
1)
6 12 0 6
>225 + 20 2
2)
C' 6R' H0
M 2 R6
W
)2--
351

352
1)
-
2
_0
4 \
()
1)
(3-
2
2
-
hM
2
-
/^2
2
H ^ n - D H a O
V^H
2) - ; Mr - 1 .
2) - 40 ; Mr - 20 .
3)
()
().
3)
.
4)
,
.
4)

=> .
()
1)
H2S 4;t
(C6H10O5)n + ( n - 1 ) H 2 0 H 2 S 4 ; t n C 6 H 1 2 0 6
(3-

: >
> >
)
(C6H10O5)n + ( n - 1 ) H 2 0
nC6H120
-
2)
,\
, 4
6 7 0 2 - + 3 n H O N 0 2 ^ ^

v
OH,
H2S04
^0-N02
C 6 H 7 0 2 - 0 - N 0 2 +3nH 2 0
" O - N O , n
-
, , ,
6 7 0 2 - ^ ^
3) + l2
l2 + >
( ,
) - .
-o-ct8H?
H 2 so 4 --2
6 7 2
^-^8^
, , .
353
+ 2 0

354
(NH3), ,
.
2) - +
1) R +
3 - - 3 2-
CH 3 -NH 2
CH3-NH-C2H5
NH2
1)
2) - R
C 2 H 5 -NH 2
CH 3 -NH 2
C 6 H 5 -NH 2
CH 3 -NH-CH 3
()
C H 3 - N - C H 3
1) 3
3 ,-CH-NH 2
-
2)
CHo-C-NK
I
I
32- CH 2 -NH 2
NH,
3)
32CH2 -NH,
CH3-CH9-NH-CH,
- N,
( + ).
: N^H ;
\ 0 / ~ ^
R N, - => , .
CH 3 -NH 2
C 6 H 5 -NH 2
- ,
- . ,
. - ,
. , .=184 .
,
.
1.
+
N - .
1) +
CH3-NH 2 4gcHCH3-NH 3 ]CI

2CH3-NH2+H2SCV-HCH3-NH3LSO4

C 6 H 5 -FH^0CI^[CH 3 -NH 3 ]CI

2C6H5-NH2+H2S04-HC6H5-NH3]2S04

^-^
2) + 20
3-+0^^^[-3]++" ,
p
^ D n n rCH3NH2
v(
u K^^^^J^!ûn,,
-
.
_5 - N H 2
)
II.
1)
2CH3NH2+ |02^>2C0 2 +5H 2 0+N2
2C6H5NH2 + y 02^12C0 2 +7H 2 0+N2
III. -
. -NH 2 -
=> 2,
4, 6 ( )
2, 4, 6-(0/3jH 2 +3Br 2 ^Br-(oS-NH 2 +3HBr

356
CH 3 -NH 2
I
CH 3 -N0 2 + 6 [] F e + H C J CH3-NH2 +220
1=

Q.
1=
C 6 H 5 -NH 2
(Fe+HCI -> )
C6H5-N02 +6[H] Fe+H 9 l C 6 H5-NH 2 +2H20

, ,
, , .

. . 82.
. . 82.
. . 82.
2)
^
1)
^
--
2
--
J>
22
w
0
NH
NH2
"
2
2
2-
3-2-2-
2-
1) 2) 3)
R-CH-COOH
^NH2
, :
^
NH2
-
/NH2
- RNH2

R-CH-CH 2 -COOH

/NH2
,
NH
2
R

-888H
(3 -

X
H
N
)
R
(
C
O
O
H
)
.
.
82. 2) 3) 2
1)

H2N-CH-COOH^
( ) ( .
. 82.
+
+
)
3H 3 N-CH-COO
, +

. . 82.
. . 82.
"
357

358
,
.
-,
1)
2)
()
-
()

(
;

-
304 . .)
()
()

1) -
.
2) - ,
. ^=0 ^:NH
3) - - (
). ,
, , .
4) - .
.
.

1) - -. .
2) - , ,
. , ,
, t, -.
3) () :
) ( , )
+HN03(k) -> .
) ( )
+ CuS04 + NaOH(k) - - .
4) > N2 + 0 2 + 20 .
. . 83.
359

360

, .
-
-
(99%), , ,

,
, ,

- - (5104)
(5105)
,
! - "1- 1
| ("
- ^
^
304
304 304
, ,
,
. .
(

,
=, = )

-
(, )
. - ,
.

. - ,
11 .
V . . . - - .
1889 . . . - - .
1895 . . - .
1896 . . - => -.
1897 . . - - - .
1897-1903 . . - . - .
1899-1903 . . - -, - -,
; 1909-1911 . - ;
1920 . - .
1909 . . - .
1913 . . - .
1924 . . - - .
1932 . . - .

1902-1904 . . . : ,
, , .
1911 . . - : ,
, , ; .
1913 . . - . :
() ;
.
361

362

, - .
,
, .
. (),
N .
,
(I), / = 0 (-1)

/
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
0;1
0; 1; 2
0;1;2;3
s;p
s; p; d
s;p;d;f
, (
= - / +/.
/ = 0 => = 0 => s
/ = ? = > =-7,-0;+7 = > -
/ = 2 => = -2;- 1; 0; +1; +2 =>

l = 3^m=-3;-2;-1;0;+1;+2;+3^f\

(ms). ms= -V 2 +V2
d
I I I
i - m
, -
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
1 s / 2s; 2 / 3s; / 4s; 3d; 4 / 5s; 4d; 5p / 6s; Af; 5d; 6p / 7s; 5f, 6d; 7p /
1.
2. : 2- 4- .
3. : - .
4. : +1- ;
.
(1816 .)
(1862 .)
(1864 .)
(1865 .)

. :
- - ; - - .
.
2- . .
, ,
. ,
, . . .
,
.
.
, . .
8- .
(1 1869 .)
. . .

. :

.
. - .

1
2
3
4
.
.
.
,
; .
363

364
. . .

- RaT.:
1.
,
- .
2.
> >
.
3.
, . .
, RaT..
- RaT:
1.
,
- .
(
2.
).
, - .

RaT.
) ;
RaT.
) ;
:
)
,
,
,
U
( : Li > Mg; Be -^ Al

).
Ll
B
x
4^x

N
a
<M
g
->AI

sc
,
.
.

=

=
.
=
( ).

*
) ;
)
;
)
,
- ,
, , , .
<-
->

(. . 9)

(. . 9)
N - H + +
Ni
, . -
. 2-
.
HF
- + F:
s-p
I
- ,

.
- -
.

F2
2
0<>0
-
-S-S
(>
s-sp3
(

. )
.
zzt
Cl 2 CI-CI

-

2

, . .

S 2 S=S

214 C H 2 = C r l 2

N2
N=N
Crl2=Cri2
22 =
F-F
!
:FQF:
365
HÛ^
(00)
(5}

366
,
1 1 (/)
/

()

- ,

, . .
.
.
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. . .

. .
.
-
( )
,
(F; ; N;), ( ).
1
, ,
20
:
,. ,
20, NH3, HF
^
:
,

- . .
sp
sp
sO
POol^3sP2V
POOj
i
180
I
120
GgD
sp
"-**4 sp
POOJ
109 28'
J,
10928'
180
120
I
:
I

I
I
. .
BeF 2
I

I
I
. .
F3;
367
I

. .
Si
NH3; H 2 0

368
-
(+)

(+)
(+; +)
*
()
100
() -
,
()
()
.
I
(
)
1 100
ZZ
(
)
-
(
)
(
)

1
( ,

)
( ,
,
)
() -
,
.
.+ .+ .+.

+ + +.

I.
II.
III.
IV.

:
1. . -
.
.
2. . -
. ()
.
3. . - "",
(2, HCI, H20, NH3).
. , . - .
. , . , . , . . -
.
. (1860 .).

. .
1861 .

-

.
1874 . . X. - . . .
2. -
,
. . ,
.

1.
,
.
2. .
3.

.
369

370
. .
1. .
.
CI
I
---
I
CI
---
I
2.
, , . . .
^-260^^
--
3-2-0-
v
3 - 2 - + Na -> 3 - 2 - ONa + 1/22; 3 - - 3 + Na /

.
3 -
3
3
.
^ \
l v / ^ ^ 1
r
Y
+
2, 4, 6 =>
] + 2
3 .
\ ^
'
6 5 - . - 3 , - ,
~
""
4. .

- , ,
.
- .
-
2. -
1. -
2
48
46
= 2
2 2
I
- 1
- 1
2 - 2
3. . . - ^, 4^^
GH 2
- 2
4. -
CH2
"

5. . . -
482.
3-2-2-*
-^0
NDH
- 25

6. -
. C3H702N
^
--*0 ^ ^
- -
I
NDH
I
NH2
NC 2
-
- 1 , 3
2 2
48
2 2
2 -
371

372
-

12 2
/
12 12
12
\
2

1)

I
- 1
- 2
2)
=
=
- 1
- 2
3)
3
1 , 2 -
1 , 3 -
() -

(--)
= 2
\
/
\
/
=
=
/
\
/
\

- - 2
- - 2
(
)
- -
I
VÔH
I
"

() - ,
.
-
2 =
--2-2-:
- ,
.
,
-
.

- ,

.
,
-

.

, ,
,
()
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
373
, ,

,
,

374
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
(,)
3Z

,
,

-
,

-
,

( . . 16)
I.
( )
1

AICI,

2
2 12 ?
30 2 ^ 2 0 3
() < ()
1
4AI + 3 0 2 ^ 2 A I 2 0 3
+ 2 ^() 2
2NO + 0 2 ^ 2 N 0 2
2
2 = 2 + 2 ->
> 2 2
I'
Br Br
2=2+^
> ?
2 H g 0it^ 2 H g + 0 2
Cu(OH) 2 ^CuO + H 2 0
4HN0 3 *
<^4N02+02+2H20
2
1:2 3
^ CHo = CH2 + Ho
t;H 2 S0 4
CH3-CH0OH
(K)

KOH + H C I ^ K C I + H 2 0
K2C03+2HCI^
->2KCI + H 2 0 + C 0 2 T
Na 2 S0 4 +BaCI 2 ->
->BaS0 4 ^+2NaCI
2
6 5 - + ^
^ 6 5 + 20

1
Fe + CuCI24>
->FeCI 2 +Cu
Ho+CuO^HoO + Cu
CH 4 +CI 2 hv
^CH3CI + HClt
C2H5OH + N a ^
1
->C 2 H 5 ONa+^H 2
C6H6 +Br2 FeBr,
^C 6 H 5 Br + HBr
^CH2=CH2+H20
375

376
II. ,

(-)
1
H 2 S0 4 + 2KOH -> K 2 S0 4 + 2H 2 0
205+20^2304

(-)
1
+3
t2Fe+3CI 2 L2FeCI
3
+3
Fe-3e-Fe
CI,+2e->2CI
+5
+3
N+2e
'- + ,
N
+1 +5
-2
+1 +3
-2
65 + -> 65 + 2 0
+ 3 ^ 3 ,0
20-40,
-2
+1 - 2
+1
+2 - 2 . 0 +1
-2
, + ^ -
+1 - 2
|+ 2 0
-2
-2^
+2
+2>
+1
-2
-2
+1
- 2 +1
Ni;t
- - +.
-
\
+1
-2
+2^>
0
+1
2-2^2

(+Q)
4AI + 30 2 ^2AI 2 0 3 ;
1
H 2 +CI 2 ^2HCI
(-Q)
1
N 2 + 0 2 ^ 2 N O ; Cu(OH) 2 ^CuO + H20
2
4 +20 2 ^0 2 +2 2 0
222 + 50 2 ->40 2 +220
2 4 ^ 2 2 + 2 ;
2 2 ^ 2 = 2 +CH3
=>
.
1\12()+2() = 2\13()+92-
^"---.
IV.
1
H2S04(P_P) + Zn(T) -> ZnS0 4(p _ p) + H 2 1
2AI(T) +6HCI(p_p) ^2AICI 3(p _ p) +3H 2 t
25() +Na (T)
2
^C 2 H 5 ONa (p _ p) + H 2 1
6 6() + - 2() -> 2 1 + 2 ()
1
H 2(r) +CI 2(r) -^2HCI (r)
NaOH(p_p) +HCI(P_P) ->NaCI(p_p) + 2 0 ()
2
24() +30 2 ( ) ^ 2 0 2 ( ) +2 2 0 ()
3()+3()^
^ 3 3 ( _ ) + 2 0 ( )
377

378
V.
1
2AI + 3CuCI2 -^2AICI3 +3Cu
2 + 220 -> ()2 + 2 2 1
1
2S0 2 +0 2 V f2 5 2S0 3
4NH 3 +50 2 ^4NO + 6H20
2
4 +CI2
24
CBeT
CH3CI + HClt
2
op i_i . ~ J,
22 + 2
0022
V^glng
2 =2 + H 2 O tu CH 3 CH 2 OH
VI.
1
2Na + 220 -> 2NaOH + 2
H2S04 + 2K0H -> K2S04 + 2H20
N 2 +3H 2 ^2NH 3
N2+02^2NO
2 = 2 + HCI ->3 -CH2CI
+ 3 <=> + 20
CH3COONa + H20 <=t CH3OOH+NaOH
32 + - 3 - ^ + + 20
- . . 17-18, 19, 22-23.

- - ,
.

I.
1.

S032~+HOH^HS03~+OH ;
" =>
2+ +SO, 2 " + H O H ^ H S 0 3 ~ +OH +2 + ;
K 2 S0 3 +HOH; KHSO3+KOH
;
.
2.

AI3++HOHÂIOH2++H+;
+
=>
Al 3+ +3CI- + H O h M AIOH2+ +H + +3CI-;
AICI3 + H O h M AIOHCI2 +HCI
;
.
3.

Fe2S3 +6H 2 0->2Fe(OH) 3 4 + 3 H 2 S t
, .
,
.

I. > +
t
3 - 2 - C I + H O H ^ C H 3 - 2 - O H + HCI
II. ( ) ->
+
H+;t
J^
3 - -
? J3 -+J3 -
.
III.
(C6H10O5)n + ( n - 1 ) H 2 0 H ^ n C 6 H 1 2 0 6
IV. > -
N H 2 - C H - C - N - C H - C - N - C H - c ' +(n-1 ) 2 0 ^
i
R1
R2
R3
>NH2-CH-C' O H +NH 2 -CH-C; O H +NH 2 -CH-C
J>
R1
379
R2
R3
0H+

4.
-
, . . .
II.
2 +2 2 ^() 2 +22
143 +1220 -> 41()31+3CH4 t
.
15 + 420 -> 304 + 5HCI

V. - ->
+ + 304
it
it
it

it

, R
Na; Fe;
it
it

, R
i
Si; 0 2 ; 2
i
; Ne;
-
-
02:Ca02;N2052
- ,
,

Me,
- ,

( NHJ)

-
,

381

382

NO;N 2 0;CO
-

CuO-Cu(OH) 2
N2O5-HNO3
12-1()
JZL
-

+2; +3; +4
4.
4.

Me
+5
i

i
i

0 2 ; S 0 3
Si0 2
ZnO; Cr 2 0 3 ; Sn0 2
- Me
+1; +2
(
Me
- )

( )

Li 2 0;CaO
CuO;Ag 2 0
FeOHCI2;
(CuOH) 2 C0 3
3*
Na 2 C0 3 ; FeCI3
-

NaHC0 3 ; Ba(HS0 4 ) 2
^ .
j^L
- ->

HCI; H2S
>

( H 2 Si0 3 )
H 2 S0 4 ; HN0 3 ; 24
()
, -

NH;
; ()2
()2
()2

+2; +3; +4
4.

4.

Zn(OH)2; Fe(OH)3
383

384
(

-)
22
-
3 - 2 - 2 -
- 1
Cri2 2 ^

2
NH2
2-
(
, -)
2
=2
- 1
2 = -

2 = - = 2
(
)
Y
,_|
V
2 2
(

)
(
-)
2--1,3
I
2
2
I
2
2
/ \
2-
\
CL
- (F, CI, )
R-
CH3-CH2-CH2CI -1-
R-(OH) n
CH 3 -CH 2 -OH
CH2 - 2
Ar-OH
0 H
/~\
(O)-OH
^
--
R-C-
H
R-i R2
II
II
0
CH3-C ^
- -
0-
<0>-
CH 3 CH 3 2 2
II
II
-1,2
-2
R-C*
ÔH
CH 3 -Ct
Ri - 0 - R2

2
--
R.-CJ
--
0-R2
OH
(p)-0Z
\/
-NH2
R-NH2
CH3-NH2
(o)-NH
^'
-N02
R-NO2
CH3-N02
(o)-N0
^'
-NH2
-
R-CH-COOH 3 - -
1
NH2
NH2
-
()
1)
( 1 3)
2) ,
,

" " \
v^^
^""--^.
i
.
- s- -.
- d- f-.
: 92 -

- .
d-
^.
^-^^
""""--^
""\
.
At
><
Is
00
>*
1-
0
>'
. 0
0/..
'"
: RaT ,

1)
-,

,

.
2)

(X
I
^
>> 5
^- ?
00

>>
2
X
fe "
S Q? S
i : -
:

. u
CD
II
387
'
JJ

388
-
-
,
=>
.
:
, ,
-
-,
=>
f

-

- .
t
- =>
.
t - .
:
, , , AI

-
02
1 )
:
n+
Me-ne^-Me
( !)
4Li + 0 2 ^ 2 L 1 0
41 + 30-215 3 0,
+2
t
2Cu+o2^2CuO
2) (
Li) :
:
-
, - :
2Fe+2HCI^FeCI 2
2Fe + 3 C I 2 ^ 2 F e C I 3
2Na + 0 2 ^ N a J 1 0 2
3) Fe :
+2+3
3Fe + 2 0 ,t^ F e 3 0
+s
2AI + 3SLAI 2 S 3
+o +2
Fe S L F e S
+ ;
2Na + C I 2 ^ 2 N a C I
6Li + N 2 ^ 2U 3 N
+2
+2
Mg + J 2 ->MgJ 2
,0
+ 2 -> 3 2
+3
2Fe + 3 C l A 2 F e C I ,
389

-:
2Na H 2 ^ 2 N a H
+2

390

){
+ 20
+
( HNQ3) -^ +2
^"----^
1) ,
2
2)
> + 2
1) ,
2
2)
2Na + 2H 2 0^2NaOH + H2 T
Fe + H 2 S0 4 ->FeS0 4 +H 2 t
+22^()2 + 2 1
Mg + 2HCOOH->
3) - f ->
+ 2
->(HCOO)2Mg + H2f
+2-+2
1)

2)
-
3)

0

4) 2 AI+ 620 -> 2 1()3 + 3
,
5) 3 Fe + 420 ^ Fe 0 4 + 42

Zn + 2KOH + 2 H 2 0 ^
, Zn(OH)4l + H,t
+ -^
> +
+2
Mn + FeS04 ->MnS0 4 +Fe

1) 2C2H5OH + 2Na^2C 2 H 5 ONa+H 2 t
2) 2C 6 H 5 -OH + 2Na^2C6H5ONa+H2t
+2
CH 2 -CH 2 +ZnLCH 2 =CH 2 Z n C I ,

3) I
' CI
CI
, CH 3 -CI + 2Na+CI-CH 3 t
^CH 3 -CH 3 +2NaCI
; ;
- . . 41-42, 40.

->++
2
++^
2-2>2
2 . 2 + ,
- ,

,

( )
-
1) , AI (
), . 2 0
2 0 - > - + |2
2 2 0 + 2->20-+
2) , AI 2,
2 0
3) , 2,
1 ) ,
-
AI;
2) ) , 2,
,
;
) -

(Cr, Ni, Zn);
)
;
) .
-
1) ( F );
2) F"He .
u ^
2 0 - 2 ^ 2 + + 0 |2
2 0
^
'
220-4^4++02'
391

392
( )
Cu(N0 3 ) 2 ^>Cu 2+ +2N0 3

2
0 Cu 2 + +2e^Cu
+
|
2 2 0-4"^4 +0 2
NaBr<=>Na++Br
220 + 2->20-+
2-2-> 2
2Cu(N03)2 +2H 2 0 3JLT01 ^ 2Cu + 0 2 +4HN03
2NaBr+21-1,0 3JLT0I ^H ? ' +Br, +2NaOH
KN03^K +N03
2 2 0+2->20-+
A 2H20-4e^4H++0^

41-1,0 + 2,0
40- + 4+ + 2, + ,
3RT0K
4H,0
ZnCI2<^Zn2++2CI
Zn 2 + +2e^Zn
2H20 + 2e->20H-+Hg
x2
A 2C|--2e->CI
2ZnCI2 +2H 2 0 3 f 1 - T O K Zn + Zn(OH)2 +H 2 +2CI 2

; ,
- . . 47.
- -

2Mg + 02,t 2MgO 2 ; 2 Al + 3CIo ^t ! 2AICI
1) +
3
2
|
3Ba + N ^ B a 3*N3 | 2
2 ; 2Na + S - N a 2 S "

1) +,

2 + - 2 1;
4 + 5 0 , ^ 2 2 0 ; HS+Br2
+ 2 1 - 3 2-3
2)+,
2 <
t.p
S + 0^t!S02
^ 2 N H 3 ; Si + 2F2
;
C + 2CI^ CCI 4 1
4) +
C 6 H 6 +CI
FeCI 3
CH 2 = 2
^ , - 9 - + t
C6H5-CI
^2
C H 3 - Cf u
HCI
S +6HN0,o -t H , SO, + 6 N 0 , +2H,0

+4
C + 2H S0 lt
~ 2S0 + 0 + 2H 0
2
4(K)
HS+CuO^Cu + hbO
c
+2
C + Z n O,t^ Z n + CO
3) +
Ot;Ni
H+CH3-C^
-CHj 1
H
0H +
2
I
,0 + 6NaOH -> Na Br 0 3 + 5NaBr 1 + 3H,0
1
+ | 0 ^ 2 - ^ +HCI-
+6
S+3F, SFfi
N+02^2NO;
2)+
+6
3) +
2HBr + CI->2HC|- 1 +Br 2 ; 2NaJ + B r 2 0 ^
2H 2 S + 3 0 ^ [ - 2 S 0 2 2 + 2 2 0 2 ; 2CrCI 2 1->211
H 2 S + Br 2 ->S + 2 H B r 1 ;
2 S 0 2 + ,1 <=> 2S
, - , + CL0, ^
2HBr
+2
jr
CI?+H,OrfHC|- 1
393
394

1
-

1) +
+
N 2 0; NO; CO
-^ + 2 0
C I + <_->30++|

2HN0 3 + CuO^Cu(N0 3 ) 2 +H 2 0
l
-
2)
+
S 0 2 - H 2 S0 3 ;
+
-> + 2 0
Cl 2 0 7 - 4
2
A
I
(
O
H
)
+
3 3H2S04^
NH3 + O H ^ N H ; + O H - 1) + 2 0 ->
ÂI2(S04)3+6H20
N 2 0 5 +H 2 0 - * 2HN0 3

3) +-^+ (+20)
2) + -> + 2 0
IV
S0 3 +2KOH -^K 2 S0 4 +H 2 0 2 H 3 P 0 4 + 3 N a 2 C 0 3 ^
- 3) + (^ 2 N a 3 P 0 4 +3C0 2 T+3H 2 0
, . .
) -^
H2S04+K2Si03^
- ,
+205 -^ 3(04)2 ^H 2 Si0 3 4-+K 2 S0 4
- .
, - ,
. .
+
. .
( HN0 3

H2S04(K) -
! I:
4 N H 3 + 5 0 2 ^ 4 N O + 6H20 Si0 2 +2Mg^2MgO + Si
)
0 2 + *-20
H 2 S0 4 +Mg->
4+202^02+220

^MgS04+H2t
2HBr + C I 2 ^ 2 H C I + Br2
-
2NH3+3CuO2S0 2 +0 2 ^ 2 S 0 3 ;
-3Cu + N 2 +3H 2 0
S0 2 +2H 2 S^3S+2H 2 0
:
CO + CuO^Cu + C0 2 ;2NO + 0 2 <-2N02

)
)
)
,

,
;
)
,

,

.
)
;
)
;

,

)
;
)
;

,

S0 2 < S03;
N203 < N 2 0 5
395
H2S03 < H2S04;

HN0 2 <HN0 3

396

1. - , ,
, .
2. - , +
.
3. - , +.
4;
H 2 S0 3 ; 6 5 -
H 2 S0 3 ; H2S; HOOC-COOH
HN0 3 ; HCI;
Z
( )
3 0 4 ;
2 0 3 | H 2 S0 3
H 2 Si0 3 ; C17H35COOH
H 2 S0 4 ; 1735
HCI; H2S;
HN0 3 ; CH 3 COOH;
H 3 P0 4 ; C 15 H 3 iCOOH;

1.
^ + +
H2S04^H THS04;HS04<=>H++SO| ,

2. + (Me - 2; )
6HCI + 2AI^2AICI 3 +3H 2 T;
2HCOOH + Zrw(HCOO) 2 Zn + H 2 t
6+ + 2AI -> 2AI3+ + 3H 2 t;
2HCOOH + Zn -> 2HCOO" + Zn2+ + H2t
3. + ()
CuO + H 2 S0 4 C u S 0 4 + H 2 0;
2CH3COOH + BaO -> (3)2 + H 2 0
CuO + 2 + ^ Cu2+ + 2 0
23 + -> 23 + 2+ + 2 0
4. + ( )
Zn(OH)2 +2HN0 3 -^Zn(N0 3 ) 2 +2H 2 0;
NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H20
Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ ^ Z n 2 + +2H 2 0
OH + CH3COOH -> CH3COO + H 2 0
5. +
K 2 Si0 3 + 2HCI -> 2KCI + H 2 Si0 3 4;
CaC0 3 + 2HCOOH-> (HCOO)2 + C 0 2 1 + H 2 0
SiO|+2H+^.H2Si03
CaCO, + 2HCOOH -> 2HCOO + Ca2+ + CO, t +H,0
6. + ( )
t;H*
CH 2 -CH-CH 2 +3HON0 2 ^CH 2 -CH-CH 2 +3H 2 0
()

H,SO,
397
P 2 o 5 ;t
N0 2 N0 2 N0 2
SO, +H,0
C H 3 - C ' + H O - C H 3 <=> - ^ 0 + 2 0
-3
7.
^,
.
0 + 2
, <
, *
"

398

H2S04(K) HN0 3 -
, . . +, .
HN0 3
Au; Pt
Fe; Al; Cr -
t
+ Me
+ Me Me
+ 2 0+ 2 0
i
++
10HNO 3 +4Ca- 4Ca(NO 3/2^
()
Cu + 4HN0 3 -^Cu(N0 3 ) 2 +2N0 2 t+2H 2 0

HN0 3 ()
( )
,
+N,Ot+5H,0
^ ^ + Me
1
+H20+N02(NO)
P + 5HN03->H3P04+5N02t+H20
()
HN0 3
+ Me Me
Au; Pt
conb+NO+H 2 0
3Cu + 8 H N0 3 ^ 3 C u ( N 0 3 ) 2 + 2 N O 4 2 0
+ Me
()
conb+NH 4 N0 3 +H 2 0
4Ca + 10HNO 3 ^4Ca(NO 3 ) 2 +NH 4 NO 3 +3H 2 O
(p)

H2S04 (.) > Au; Pt
Fe; Al; C r - .
+ Me
' *- + Me
j.
ccyib+S02T+H20
+ 2,
0 4 -> CuS04 + SO, t +2H?0
'2 .Sv-'4
()
+ Me
+8(28)+20
i
8Na+5H 2 S0 4 ^4Na 2 S0 4 +4H 2 0 + H 2 St

()
S0 2 +20+

Q nu ^ 9 Q n t ^ r n
'2 ,
4
C + 2H,S04^2SO, I
3Zn + 4H2 S 0 4 -> 3ZnS04 + SI+4H 2 0

. . .
_
t , * n
H 2 S0 4 (K) - :
+2H,0 2(k)S0 4 +nH 2 0 = H2S04-nH20 + Q,

1) R -
3 - 2 -COOH + CI2 ^
-CH-COOH + HCI
CI
- *+ Ag20 20 + C 0 2 1 +2 I
N
.-.
399

400

1. - , .
2. - , -.
3. - ,
+.
LiOH; NH 3
()2; La(OH)3
; CH 3 -NH 2
Mg(OH)2; C 6 H 5 -NH 2

/
; ()2

NH3; CH 3 -NH 2 ;
( )
ZZ
()2; ;
Cu(OH)2; [NH4]OH;
^3
[CH3NH3]OH
LiOH
NH3; CH3NH2;
Mg(OH)2; LiOH;
1.+
2KOH + H2S04 -^K 2 S0 4 +2H20

+ +->20
Cu(OH)2 +H2S04 -^CuS0 4 +2H20 2CH 3 NH 2 +H 2 S0 4 ^

^[CH 3 NH 3 ] 2 S0 4
Cu(OH)2 +2H+ -^Cu 2+ +2H20
CH3NH2+H+4>[CH3NH3]+
2.
>++" -
"
,
, ,
[NH 4 ]OH^NHj+OH- "

3. +
2KOH + N205 -^2KN0 3 +H 2 0

20- +N 2 0 5 ->2NOi +H 2 0
()2 +20 2 -^(03)2
"+0 2 ^
4. +
2 + 1203
22+ 20
20- +AI 2 0 3 ^2AIOi +H 2 0
KOH + AI(OH)3 ->K[AI(OH)4]
+AI(OH)3^[AI(OH)4]
401

402
5. +
2LiOH + FeCI 2 ^
^Fe(OH) 2 l+2LiCI
20H"+Fe 2 + ^Fe(OH) 2 l
KOH + N H 4 N 0 3 ^
^KN0 3 +NH 3 T+H 2 0
OH+NH;->NH 3 t+H 2 0
6. +
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65 + <=> 650 + 20
7. t
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H20 + HCI^H 3 0 + +CI
3 -- + 1->.
NH
->[CH 3 -CH-COOH]CI
Zn(OH)2 +2H+ -> Zn2+ +2H20
NH3
3 -- + + ^
I
NH2
^[ 3 --] +
NH3

404
2. + ( )
ZnO + 2 K O ^ K 2 Z n 0 2 + 2 0 H 2 0 + N H 3 ^ N H i + O H - - + ^
ZnO + 2 0 H - ^ Z n O l " + H 2 0
NH2
^ C H 3 - C H - C O O K + H20
ZnO + 2KOH->K 2 [Zn(OH) 4 ]

-
ZnO + 2 0 H - ^ [ Z n ( O H ) 4 ] 2 "
ri
Zn(OH)2+2KO ^5
->K2Zn02+2H20
Zn(OH)2 + 2 0 H " ->ZnOi" +2H 2 0
Zn(OH) 2 +2KOH^K 2 [Zn(OH) 4 ]
p-p
Zn(OH)2 + 20H ^[Zn(OH) 4 ] 2
NH2
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NH2
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I
NH2
3.
CH2 - - > 2 -
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NH,
4.
n ^ N -- Q
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() :
-5, < 10
() ={
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(}
v
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_t
i
/
Q j
REM
program zadacha (input, output);
()
{ ()}
INPUT var
;
, : real;
IF X < = 1 0 THEN = -5
begin
ELSE = 3
writeln (' ');
PRINT =;
read In (x);
END
if x <= 10 then y:= -5
else := x*x*x;
writeln ('y = ' , y)
end.
,
( )
1 N.
-

()
/ N /
S:=0
I := 1
INPUT
N; N
S =0
FOR I = 1 TO N
S = S +I
NEXT I
PRINT S = ; S
END
S := S + I
program zadacha (input, output)

var
n, i, s : integer
begin
writeln (' ');
readln (n);
s :=0;
for i := 1 to n do s := s + i;
writenln (' =', s)
end.
N
.
S (s).
I (i), 1 N () 1,

1 N ().
.
I := 1 + 1
463

464

: N () - , - .
: - () ,
, () - .
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:
1 (i) -
( ).

.

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/ ,
"max - A i
k:= 1
J*v
<(\ = 2, N^>
^"^ >
1r
/
^^^
"max.
/
/
\r
Q J
k:=i
(^)
v
/ N
*i
:
CLS
INPUT N = ; N
DIM A(N)
FOR 1 = 1 TO N '
PRINT A(" ; ! ; " ) = ;
INPUT A(l)
NEXT I
AMAX = A(1): K = 1 '
FOR I = 2 TO N
IF A(l) > AMAX THEN AMAX = A(l) : = I
NEXT I
PRINT ;
PRINT ; AMAX
END
:
program max
uses crt;
type mas = array [1 ..20] of real;
var
a
: mas;
i, n
: integer;
k
: integer;
amax : real;
begin
ClrScr;
write (' N = ');
readln(n);
for i := 1 to n do {
}
begin
write ('a[', i, ']=');
readln (a[i])
end;
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}
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if a[i] > amax then
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k:=i
end;
writeln;
writeln (' ', );
writeln (' ', amax : 5 : 1);
readln
end.

466

s = 1 + V2 + V3~ + V4 + ... + Vn
.
-
INPUT
n; N
S=0
FOR I = 1 N
S = S + SQR(I)
NEXT I
PRINT S = ; S
END
Q J
program zadacha (input, output);

{
}
var
n, i : integer;
s : real
begin
writeln
('
');
readln (n);
s:=0;
for i = 1 to n do s := s + sqrt (i);
writeln (' = ' , s)
end.

.
.

. ,
,
(SQR sqrt - )
, - .
()

, , ,
. . .
( Slovo, Otvet)
Otvet = , Slovo

Dlina, i, Flag
Dlina := fljiHH(Slovo)
i := 1; Flag :=
(i <= Dlina / 2) Flag
Flag := (Slovop] = Slovo[Dlina - i + 1])
i := i + 1
Flag
j o Otvet:=
Otvet:= He

(Slovo), Slovo
Slovo[i], Slovo
467

468
Qasi
CLS
INPUT : , SLOVO$
Dlina = LEN(SLOVO$)
' : ,
' ..
i =1
Flag = 0
WHILE (i <= Dlina / 2) AND (Flag = 0)
'
Letter1$ = MID$ (SLOVO$, i, 1)

'
Letter2$ = MID$ (SLOVO$, Dlina - i + 1, 1) '
IF Letter1$ = Letter2$ THEN i = i + 1
ELSE Flag = 1
WEND
PRINT
PRINT : ; SLOVO$;
IF Flag = 0 THEN PRINT - . ELSE
PRINT - .
END
:
LEN(SLOVO$), SLOVO$,
MID$ (SLOVO$, i, 1), SLOVO$
i.
Turbo
Pascal
Program Turnover;
Uses Crt;
Var Slovo : String;
Dlina, i : Integer;
Flag
: Boolean;
BEGIN
ClrScr;
Write (' : ' ) ; ReadLn (Slovo);
Dlina := Length (Slovo);
{ : ,}
{ . .}
i:=1;
Flag := TRUE;
While (i <= Dlina / 2) and Flag do
{ }
Begin
{ ( )}
Flag := (Slovop] = Slovo[Dlina-i + 1]);
i := i+1
end;
WriteLn; Write ( ' : ', Slovo);
If Flag then WriteLn (' - .')
else WriteLn(' - .');
ReadLn
END.

Length (Slovo), Slovo.

470

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" "", 2007

9- 4 =3 2 -( 2 ) 2 =(3- 2 )(3+ 2 ); (2-5)(5+2)=(2) 2 -5 2 =4 2 -25

27- 6 =3 3 -( 2 ) 3 =(3- 2 )(9- 2 + 4 )

< ' >0

>0, x e l -;-I; <0, -; +

/>0, , xeR; /<0, yl, xeR.

/1 /2 /.,: =/1+1 / ,: =2+2.

, P<ER, a>0,p = meZ, /

7225 = 725-9 = 725-79 = 5-3 = 15

-^= f '^' > 0

(74)3 = 74^ = 721" = 2

1)-1 =0; =0;=0

92+6+1=0; =9; =6; =1;

5) 52-7+10=0; =5; = -7; =10;

6) 2 -5-6=0;^7 5 ;^6, 2 =-1.

1) >0, xv 2 - , , (- 1 )(- 2 )>0

: (-; xju[x 2 ; +).

2) =0, .,- , , a(x-x 1 ) 2 >0; <0, ( - ^ ^ ,

1) >0, - , , (- )(- )<0.

2) =0, 1 - , , (- 1 ) 2 <0. <0 (-1)2>0 ,

. -9 2 +6-1=0; -(-9 2 -6+1)=0;

>. >jr>. >^

: (-; x 1 )u(x 1 ; +).

0 | (30) J (45) | (60) f (90)

cos50sin80 -sin50 cos80 o =sin(80 o -50)=

cos2a=cos 2 a-sin 2 a=2cos 2 a-1=1-2sin 2 a

cos7x= cos2 - = - - sin2

sin 75+ cos 75= sin 75+ cos(90- 15) =

cosa+ cos p= 2 cos

3cos20- cos 80= |(cos100+ cos 60) =

yi, [0+2;+2], neZ

>0 , xel - -|+ 2;|-+ 2\ neZ

>0 , (0+2; +2), neZ

>0 , |^0+ /;-+ %k\ keZ

+ /;0+ /cj, keZ

>0 , ^ 0 + /;-+ /cj, /cez

arcsina=a : sina=a, [-1;1];

=(-1 )karcsma+nk, keZ.

3. tgx=a, a - ; x=arctga+7i/c, keZ

cos-- sin2x- '5 , n - . c o s 2 x = ;

3. loga - loga c= loga -

((2x-5) 3 )'=3-2(2x-5) 2 = 6(2x-5) 2

(5x 3 -x 8 )'=15x 2 -8x 7

(x 2 cosx)'=(x 2 )'cosx+x 2 -(cosx)'=2xcosx-x 2 sinx

r= sin x - 4x- cos x

f(x)= " => () = | +

f(x)=e"x+2 => F(x)=-e"x+2+C

f(x)=cos(2-7x) => f(x)= - y s i n ( 2 - 7x)+

AB=MN; BC=NK; AC=MK; ZA=ZM\ ZB=ZN; ZC=ZK,

ZA<90, Z6<90, ZC<90C

<+; <+; <+

, beoc, aj?f , a\\b.

AB\\CD, AB=CD, ABCD .

ABnCD=0, AO=OC, BO=OD, ABCD.

: {-1; 2}; {0; -3}.

1) 5 + {-1+0; 2-3} = {-1; -1}

3)55 {5(-1);5-2} = {-5;10}

4) - {-10+2(-3)} = 0-6 = -6.

BAla, ABcfi, CAla, ACcza, ABAC BADC.

V= (S.,4- S2 + JSy S2), S1 S2 - ;

a+b= {x^+ x2;y,+ y2;z:+ z2]

||= yl(x2- ,) + ( 2 - ^ 2 + (z 2 - z,f , ;^;^); 6(x2;y2;z2)

Ah (/=0, tK=2c) At2 (tH=2c, tK=4c).