Двигатели Стирлинга Уокер

STIRLING
ENGINES
by
G. WALKER
CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD
1980
" 1985
expert22 http://rutracker.org
STIRLING
ENGINES
by
G. WALKER
CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD
1980
. . .
.
" 1985
31.365
64 621.444
.
64 / . . . .
..: , 1985.408 ., .
.: 2 30 .
, ,
. , ,
, . .
- ,
, .
2303020200-161
31.365
161-85
038(01)-85
62.23
Oxford University Press, 1980

. 1985 .
e x p e r t 2 2 http://rutracker.org

1.

9
9
10
13
17
17
22
22
31
2.
36
38
38
39
40
46
50
3.
57
57
60
61
63
67
70
71
72
78
80
4.
82
82
83
92
5.
36
94
94
95
95
98
101
102
105
106
107
121
6.
124
124
125
135
138
154
157
7.
161
161
161
162
163
165
166
167
171
173
174
175
175
176
177
8.
186
186

188

190
9.

,

-
-

226

10.
203
204
204
207
208
215
217
221
222
227
228
229
229
229
229
234
234
244
252
11.
254
254
256
263
6
""
265

266
272
12. MAN/MWM
273
273

276
, MAN/MWM
280

282
13.
()

285
285
286
289
291
293
301
14.
303
303
304
307
313
314
15.

-- ....
-
-
/
316
316
317
321
326
332
336
342
16.
343

()
343
343
345
347
349
350
354
17. ,

358
358

359

363

366

370
7
18.
373
373

375

376

378
,
379

383
,
385

386
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. 1.1.6
17
--
.

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( 12)
, , .
Vj V2, ,
2; Qc
; T m m = const.
( 23)
: ,
. V2
.

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( 34)
, 18
.
V4, /74; QE ; = const.
( 4/)
: ,
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20
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1.
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]23'4'.
T mia ; ,
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; , ( ),
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jry'
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1'
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2' 3
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=
(^max
Tmia)/Tmax.
. [2761
,
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(. 1.6). , ,
.

.
:
vI, pi , i- ;
W ;
Q ;
R ;
,
;
;
*
. .
23
= / ;
;
= T J T i ;
r
c = vi/v-i ;
re = vjvs ;
= 12 = <
= 3/2- = v3/v2;
= 4/4' = p j p u
r 4 |/r, = vjvu
= (7> \)/( \) ;
| = W/Qa ;
1 = / ()
.
2 7\ 4 = 3 ,
= 0 = ;
(1.1)
= arj\'> = arjp;
(1.2)
7y = [ e ( T - l ) + l ] 7 V
(1.3)

W = 3 (v3 - v2) + RT3 In . - p, (vt - ,) - RT, In r c =
= P3V3
+ RT3 In re - pjv4 f p{0L - RT1 In rc =
= RT-, - ap2v2 + RT3 In re - ap,v, -f R7\ - RT, In rc =

= R [T3 -
f T3 In re - aT, + Tx - 1\ In rc] =
= RTx [T A + In (arjP a + 1 In RC] =

= 7\[{1 + 1(/} - ( a + a + lnr e ) + 1].
(1.4)
, :
\ 7V < 7V
Qn =
(7V - 7V) ; (3 - 7V) f /? 3 In <
2. 7V 3
= ( - 7
RTt In ,..
, \ 7V- 7V- ,
[ ( 1) + 1 ] 7\ 7\
l c
U ( 1) - 1 ]
2- < 7 > < 3 ,

< [ ( 1) 1 I 7\
24
< | ( 1)
< 1.
, i < < 7V
< = - {( - lJ + l i m + Cp [ - , ] -f
+ , In (arjp) = RT, [ - f f r , ? = IRTJiy - 1)] [( - 1) -
+ ^ i f
( - 1) f y (
T ln {/)
] =
a)
+ t ( y - l)In(ar c /p)],
(1.5)
7V < TV < T"3

Qn =
[T3 - {e ( - 1) + 11 f RT3 ln (/) =
^ft-.^x-i)-!} ^
,n ( a r c / p ) j
= ~ = T [T (1 - 8) (X - 1) + (v - 1) In (are/p)].
(1.6)
Ti < TV < TV
1 ^
(V- ') 1 + 1 (^/ - ( + <!+ 1) + )]
7s
( 1) ( 1) + 7 ( ) + ( 1) In (arc,'p)'
< 2" < 3

,, _
4
(V- ' )[{1 + 1(/-./)}-( + + 1) + 1]

"
7 ( 1 - ) ( - 1 ) + ( 7 - 1 ) In (arc/p)
,, m

RTt [ {1 + In (0/)} - ( + + In ) + 1} _
Vi-Vz
"
#7> [ {1 + In (az-c/p)} - (a + g + ln rc) + 1]
v
l (Crc 1)
'
1
I = pcv/pl
[ (1 +
' " ( + " + In -) -}-11 _

. = a = 1; a = ; re = .
7") < TV < TV (7V = 3),
( 7 - l ) [ t { l + l n / - ) - ( T + i + lnr) + l] __
1
( 1) (1) + t(Y1) In
(71)(1) lnr
(1 ) (J) + (v~ 1) lnr
/j
10\
25
. 1.7. .
, . 2 " '
,
' = 1 ) = 1 (1/), . .
,
g
[(1 +
In ) ( +
r _ _ i
1 +
] ) +
1]
(-1)1r j
...
u- 11 ;
.

. , (. 1.7).

= ( 7* > - 7 2 ) / ( 7 4 - 3 ) .
,
.

2 = '
2. = 2 =
= P7V = ' , = 1 4 =
7Y = \;
r 4 = p7Y ^,
1
= < ' - 1 = ;
vjv3
{vjvx)
{vjv3) =
(1-12)
(1-13)
7 > ^ [
26
)'
'] 7 V
(1.14)

W = 3 (v, - v2) + , ( - 4 ) - (4 = RT3 - + cs ( 3 - 4) -
- , (2 - ) =
+ tf ^ - , (, - ) =
[ - % +
"^ +
^-"^')
[v( f 1) ( j - v - D - t o f t - i j + l } ^ - 1 ] .
(1.15)
:
72 2<2 = , (- - ) + (, - 7V) =
= /?Ti
a r v-1
RTj
eap
7 - 1 [(a - 1
(1
,Y- 4- Y (t arV-1)
7-1
e)
ay) r'c ~l eap
[yv - ecrp - {a(v - 1) + (1 -
(1.16)
2 ' ^ < 3
rj'1].
Qa = (3 - ) = [--(1-)
, :
2 < 2 7V
7(x + l ) - o ( p + 7 - l ) - { a ( 7 - l ) + l}/-^ 1
- -{ (7
1) + (1 )}
<
(1.17)
(1.18)
7( + 1 ) - ( + 7 - 1)-{-(7~ 0 +
(1.19)
Pcp :
"Jx [ T ( t + l ) - a ( P + T - l ) - { ( V - D +
Vi
1}'1
7, [7 ( + 1) - a (p + 7 - 1) - { (? (7 ') (orc 1)
') + U ''J"1 .
(1.20)

7 ( + l ) - a ( p |- 7
1) {a (7 1)4-1}
1) (arc 1)
"']
(1.21)
27
1.8.
:
, V m a x / V ,
[277 ]
, , 7 ^
2,
+ - - ' / 1
(1.22)
28
= =1;
~ ;
= = /?- 1 .
2 < (= 3 ),
Tft + 1) - {(/- ) + - 1 \ - {(/-1) ( - 1) + 1} /--'

^ _ (/- 1 ) - {(/- 1 ) (V - 1) + (1 - )} 1
T[1_(1/rv-i)]_(rv-i_1)
(1.23)
[1 (/')] (1 ) rv1 '

= 0 ]
,
1 (1/rv-i), =--: 1 | --- 1
(-'/).
(1.24)
(V-O^-i)
7 Vtnax/Ym,
.
1.9.
):
. 11 | I ' m a x / ^ m i n
f L277 ]
29
0,6
\\
0,5 If0,8
0,2
t'0,3S
-<
0,4
0,3
S\
i-Pcp/Pf
w / o
f.
0,1
Vmax/Vmln
. 1.10. :

>
( (

| |
^ '
12
t2771
_ rT/,Y-l-|l/(Y-l> _
'max IV'maxJ
1/(Y-1)/
T
1
/'
1/2 (V-1)
(1.25)
' 1

. , ,
[277] 30
. .
.
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.
, == TmXJTm = 0,35
= 1,4. . 1.8
1.9. ,
.
;
.

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( , ).
, [115]
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[211], [277] .
, = 0 , 3 5 = 1,4 (. 1.10), ,

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omp-'j
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1
; 2
4 . : >
; 4 - - ; 6 ; 6
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/-
0,4, 0,7.

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.

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32
', . '
, ^/- ;
,

(. 1.12).
. , -:
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, V- , ()
-] , - . () ,
( ),
.
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, V- . - ,
, , ,
.
, V-, ( , )

(. 1.13).

;
rs
\\
\
\
nfbt'M
. 1.12. , V- :
fvi--; ; ;)
2 .
33
. 1.13. :
- nojL'j
. ; , V'-
. , V -
,
, 5-. , S
, .
, , S-
.

.
, 1000 /
( ),
( ).
,
(,
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) (. . 1.12).
, ^ . ,
. , -
,
.
,
, .
, .
, .

( ,
)
. 34
. 1.14.

( ):
1 2 ';
3 4 --
; 5 -
3000
,
-1
2000-
(
1000- 2
), -
( ) S00
(. 1 . 1 4 ) .
700
S00 ,
,
500.
400 2800
280 . ,
300
( ), 1000 - ,
200

(2800
1000 ), . , 100 -I
100 50 ,
,
280 + 50 = 330 1000 100 =
= 900 . , ( )
rift = [(2800 280)/2800] 100 % = (2520/2800) 100 % = 90 %,
:
] = (900 330)7900 100 % = (570/900) 100 %
63 %.
,
: , ,
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( ) , .

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35
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31 ,
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:
;
;
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; () ; ; ; ,
.
(. . 1.1):
1) 1
7\; 2) = ]/;
3) ----- 1 1 .
, Vj RT-Jpi.

( 1 2 ) .
.
;
, :
Pi
PiVjVi = ps;
2 = 7 \ = 7 m l n .
W, . .
P i V j In (1/r) = RT-y In (1/r).
(S 2 S x ) = R Jn (Mr).

(23).
; T mtn .
;
.
Q ~ 0 ( 3 2).
W == 0.
S 3 S 2 =-- In (1/).

. .
, :
Pi - PsVi/Vt = (1/r); 4 = Ts ~
Tm.
, Q
p*Vi In .-... RT, Jn .
W, . .
5 ;i - R in r.
( 4 / ) . ;
Tmln.
; :
/>1
,",, ,
>v;
, -
IV
Q Cv ( 4).

S 4 = Cv In .
,
, (23), (4
1). , . ,
( ^) QE R7':1 In ;
( 1 ) Qc R T , In (1/).

4t =
(Qb -
QcVQe
= (RT3 In - RTt In r)/RTa In r =

= 1 -- .

. '
,
.
, , ,
, .

.
, Illvuflnw:
I) ; 2)
; 3)
, pV = RT; 4)
; ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8)
; 9)
;
) ; 11) .
32
---(
,<- 2TCOSCC +
( ;
2 1/2
':
;
25);
; MF ;
; , , > , , , ;
( );
Pl(Mj-RTc)
,
;
= !( ) , ;
Q , ;
;
QM = QlMj-RTc , ;
^ ~ Q:(PMAX^T) , ;
R ;
S (2)/( + 1 ) ;
I , ,
( 300 );
Vc V ;
V , , ( );
Vf = (Vc + Ve) + k) V ;
VW = 0,5 VE (1 + cos ) -J- 0,5 VC [1 + cos (<P CT) + VD
;
VW ;
)
= V[)1V ;
, ( );
6 = (2 + FT2 + 2xk cos ) 1 / 2 /( + k +
2S);
0 = arctg (k sin )/( + k cos A);

k = VciVe ; = Tqi'Te ; .

Ve --- 0,SVE (1 + cos cf).
(2.1)

- 0,514 1
cos (< a) 1;
(2.2)
Vc
Q,bkVE 11 cos (<p a) 1.
(2.3)
, . .
,
VD -XV .
(2.4)
33*
,
, ; ( ) ; F ;
; D d .
34
= (peVe)!(RTe).
( p c V c ) / ( R T e ) .
Md
(Pd^d)* (RT<d -
Mr = (peVJRTe) ; (pcVjRTc) ,- (p,Vd/RT,;) = (kVEi2RTc). (2.5)

,
, R,
kjp = (/) (1 + cos ) -f k [1 + cos (q> - )] (2VDTC/VETD).

(2-6)

,

= -f 0,5 ( - ) = { 1 f 1) 0,5 /2.
/ ~ , (2.6)
= (1 + cos ) +k[\
+ cos (
)1 + 2S,
(2.7)
S = 2/( + 1).
(2.7), ,
= cos + 2 .
(2.8)
= f/7* cos ( ), tg = z/x; z = sin =

COS .
,
j / r% cos ( ) = 3 (cos cos -f sin sin ) =
= cos cos + sin
sin = cos + z sin .
(2.8) , (2.7).
Kip = [( + k cos )2 + (k sin a f ) ^ cos ( - 0) + x f k~\-2S

= (3 -f- 2xk cos a
k2)1'2 cos ( - 0) + x r k -f 2S + x,
(2.9)

tg 0 ^ k sin a!(x -k cos a).
= ( + 2%k cos a + /2)'/2; = x -ffc + 2S
= /.
2
= A cos ( 9) +
= \
[1 + 6 cos ( 9)])-
6 =
35
:
( = 8, . . tp 0 = ,
(1 + 6 ) 1 ;
1 ==
9 -f- , . . 8 = ,
= /[
(1-6)].
,
' = (1 6)/ [1 + 6 COS ( 6) I
= (1 + ) / [ ! + 6 cos ( - 0) ].
(2.10)

Pr = /W/>mm = ( l + S ) / ( l - 6 ) .
(2.11)
.
2
2
(
)
= (1/2) J pd ( - 9) = (1/2) J - 1 | 7 0 ' ( ; 1 ) d ( - 9).
(2.12)

PcP = / W [ ( l - 6 ) / ( l + 6 ) F .
(2.13)
. , Q .
Q= P =
jpdV.
V = 0,5 (1 - cos ),
dV = 0,5V e sin d<f
[1 cos ( 0)1,
= 26/ f 1 + (1 2)1/2 ).
,
(2.14)
(2.15)
Q = 0,5 f \pcvVE [1 cos((p )] sin tp} dy =
2
= 0,5pCpVjj [ [sin A (cos cos 0 sin + sin 0 sin2 )) <2 =
= .^ ) cos [ cos 0 0,5 cos 2 f sin 0 (0,5 - 0,25 sin2 )]/ = - 0,5/>cpVe [ - A sin 0 (/2)]* =
= 0,5 A sin 8.
(2.16)
II
.
:
Ve = 0,5 [1 + cos ],
(2.14);
(2.16)
sin /[1 f (1 - 2)'/2].
Q=
(2.17)
(2.17) (2.15) .
(2.10) (2.14).

si
" d'f
- 6 cos ( 0) *
6 = >,
tg 0,5i|) = t,
> = dH> - 2dt/(1 + f )
6J = ( l ' " * " * ?
-!-
J l. 1 + COS 1|)
Sir, 9
1 + cos
(2.18)
1 -(- 6 COS l|> J
T 4
-sin
/ = [COS 8 log (1 + COS ) ] ^ ,
{ --16(1^) }=
2sin9
- 2 r cin0
sin w
2 sin 9
( '"
2 8 6
__
sin e [ 4 4 t 0
2 sin 0
^ (1+6) + ( i - 6 ) f
V/2(f t(l+6)1/3/(i^6)'^]
6) V l +
= 2 sin 9 -
(1 + 6 ) / ( l - 6 ) \-t*
|arctg[(l - 6)^/(1 + )'/2]|
, t = 0
; Arctg 0 = 0, . . (2.18)
, ->- 0 -
2 sin 0.
/ = 2 sin 0 - 2 sin 0/(1 - 2 )'/' = 2 sin 0 [1
1/(1 - 2 )'/')
'/cPmin (1 - )
2 sin ^
-) 1 "']

Q=KEpcpnsin8[(l
- *)'/ 2 -- /.
43
'
37
1(1 '2)1/2 + 1J, (2.17).

.
Vc = 0,5kVE tl + c o s (q> a)].
. ,

Qr = [^ sin ( - - )]/[1
(1
-63].
(2.19)
(2.19) (2.17),
QJQ = Ik sin (6 a) |/sin 0 =
= k (sin 8 cos a cos 0 sin a)/sin 0 = k (cos a sin a/'tg 0).
tg 0 = k sin /'( --)- k cos ), Qc/Q = .
, ,
, . , . . - --P F . , -/',
) Q.
> , . . < 1 , :
|< =
'
(Q T) =
'
= 1 - = ( - )1 .
.
> , . . > 1,
| = / Q/{Q Qc) =
1/(1 ) =--- /( - ).
> , . . > 1;
rj = / QCJ(Q Qc) =
= /(1 - ) - /( - ).
.
.
,
. , pV/RT,
==/>(1 - 8 2 ) " * / [ l
Vc
I- 6 COS ( 0) 1.
0,5V E (1 + cos q).
0.5>(1-6)1/2(1 +
1 6 - 1
05
/ 0/1 \
+ 6 0 5 ( - ) ]
'

dMe
=
~~
(I 6 )' / {6 [sin ( 8) sin 9] sin }

2RTE
.
Vc = 0,5kVB
[ I + cos ( 9)]2
[1 + cos ( ) ] .

_ 0,5 U^gPcp(1 )1/2 tl + cos(-))}
~~
' RTC[\ + (-9)]
'
,99
'

<
kVEPcp (' 6 3 ) |/2 { [sin ( 9) + sin ( - 9) sin (< )]}
~~
2RTc [1 + 6 cos ( 9)]a
. VD = XVE = const.

MD = [XVEPCP
(1 -
* Y Y R T D [1 + c o s ( -
0)].
(2.22)
= [XV E p c p (l -
Sin ( - Q)}/RT[l + cos ( - )]2.
dMe -i~dMc -f-dMd

= const.
= 0,
/2
7 = (1 )' {(1 + cos ) +fe[1 +( )] +
2RTc [1 6 cos ( 6)1
= 0
^/> (1 ~ ")' /2 1 + 5 + (fe/2)C +

RTC(1 + cos )
cos
'
25}
(9
(2
-26)
.
.
(2.17) (2.23), . .
MtRTC
sin 9 ( 1 + cos 0j
(1 2)1/2 [1 + (1 2)1/2] [ + (/2) (1 + cos a) I- S]
(2.24)

= P/MTRTC = (1 - ) QM.
(2.25)
45
>. ii , *
, .
Vr = VE--Vc =
(\+k)VE.
(2.13) (2.17),
Vn,ax
n(l-6)1/26stn8
' (1 /) (1 -i[1 +(1 _fi)l/2]
= (X -
1) Q,ax-
(9
fi ,
(2.27)

1960 . ,
,
: ,
, ( ).
, ,
.

> . , ,
. , ?,
.,
.
;
, , .
; .
, - ! -- 2. , 1 0,543
.
1960 ., ,

50 34 % .
, 1962 .,
-
39
JE
. 2.1.
( ) [198]:
Tg
;

;
Tq
; Tq

;

S
d~/ffS -3!
K = f - /
SO m7 180
300 (?"
.
1965 . [349].
, , , ,
X.
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
1976 .
IV. ,
,
[198].
. 2.1, [198],

. :
= 1000 , = 300 ; = 105;
k = 1; X = 1. ,

. 900 , 100 , .
[271 ], [2861,
. .
, , .
12 %.
40
[258],
1974 . 1969 . ,
, , 59 .
, .
, , , .
,
( , , . .).

, .
,
.

,
.
.

1973 . [ MAN/MWM]
[113].
,
MAN/MWM, .
.

, /
, :

, %
, 3:
1
,
,
,
? ,
3
,
,
41
1500
75
750
66
100
56,5
145
50
100
100
0180
0; 40; 100; 200
20; 50; 100
120
. 2.2.
[113]:
1 - ; 2 ;
'
; 'I
; 5
; (> - -
150
. 2.3. | [113]:
I
3
; 2 ;
; 4 ; 5

(. 2.2 2.3).
, ,
V = 0, .

,
,
.
, , or , , . . ,
.
, ,
' . ,

; , . .
, .
. , , ( )
( )
. , ,
, . , . ,
, , - ,
, .
, , (. . 2.2).
42
43
, ,
, .

, , .
,
, ,
. .

, ,
1973 . 390 J.
, , 1978 .,
.

1975 .
1120]; .

.
, ,
. , ,
. , , .

.
,
.

. , ,
, . . .
, ,
, .
,
, , . ,
' , , , .

,

.
. , , . .
, , .

, ^ , ( ) .

. ,
.
, , ,
. , ,
.
,
.
,
, . 2.4 2.5
[296].
. ,
,
,
.
60- .
(. . .), , , -,
.
. 19681969 . , .
. 2.6, ,
, . 2.7.
, 1970 .
11241. , 1975 .
44
. 2.4.
[296):
1 ; 2
~
;
3 ; 4
; <5 ;
6 ; 7 ; 8
?. 2.6.
,
:
ho
1 ;
2
;
3
; 4 ; 5
; 6

[120].
.
.

1977 .,
.

,
1977 . [277].
[277 ] .
, , .
,
.
, . ,
,
.
.
1978 .
(. , . ) [138]. .

.
,
, . , ,
.
,
, ,
,
46
47
. U .
'.
1 ; J ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; ; 1 ;
; 9 - - ; !0 ; 11 ;
II
.
. , 1978 .
.
SNAP. 1978 . (SNAP) -
,
[296 J.

, . , ,
, .
. [2971.
, ,
[1431. ,
.
..
. () (. , . )
,
/
. ,
, 1978 .,
, [218].

. [70].
.
1977 .

! (. ,
. ) {1141. , .
. - ,
,
, ,
, , , .
, MAN/MWM.
, , , .
. ,

.
. , ;
48
, , .

,
. 1978 . , [217].
, , ,
.
,
. . . ,

.
,
.

.
- ( )
. , ,
,
, .
. , ,
, ,
-,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
, .
[198, 286, 270, 271, 305 3061.
. 1978 . ,
j[217].

,
.
2 3 .
.
,
-0,15/,
(3.1)
, ; , ; [ ,
; 0 , 3.
;
P/(p/V 0 ) = const . ,
.

650
65 ; ,
. . 3.1

.

, P/pfv0

. ,

.
. 3.1. PlpfV0

57
, ,
, . ^'
. .

.

.
.
, 50 .

,
. ,
0,2 ;
- 1200 /
0,15/',
0,15-0,2 (1200/60) (/4) 5 2 -5 75 .
,
. (
), ; .
(
),
.
.
,
= 746 , : 20
- 1800 /. , . , . , (3.1) 2
, . . 0,3. , D S
. , S D, . . S/D = 0,5. ,
,
VnII - (/4) D 2 (Z>2/2).
Pi{pfV9)
^ 0,3,
V0 = /(0,[)
58
(3.2)
nD :i /8 = P/(0,3pf)
(3.3)
(3.4)
II
D
p
746 , p
8P/{Q,3npf)20 Ml la, /
)
8-76-106
01
-(-=--=21,9,
. . () [)
11 .
(3.5)
22 , S ~
. .

50 % . 60 %,
3040 % .
.

40 50 % .
:
__
\/
^ " ~~ , ( max " min '' 1

. . , , ~ 6 0 0 .
.
T m l n
2080 . = 600
/ 1 = 20 ",
:
] = 0,5 (600 + 273) (20 + 273)/(600 + 273) * 33 %.
;
. , ,
.
30 %.

.
,
, .
43
.
V max /K mln > 2,5 .
,
.
- pmax/pmia
;
PmaJPm\n > 2.
, , -,
. , ,
.
.
,
0,1 , a pmaJpm\n =-2, 0,2 0,15 .
10 ( ) 20 , 15 . , ( ):
0,2 0,1 =-- 0,1 20 10 =-.=
. 10 ,
0,15 15 . , ,
,

.
,
.
pmaJpmn
2 ,
- (4/3) .
,

= pd/( 2 0 ,
(3.7)
; ; d ; t .

. ( ~ 8 0 %) .
1381034
( ). .

, .
60
. 3 . 2 . ,

. ,
, .

.

.
, 18 % 8 % .
, ,
(,
, . .),
. ,
. , ,
. . .
.
.
; (. 3.2).

.

.
( ,
).
k.
, ,
Qc = kA 77/,
(3.8)
k ;
, = dt\
; / .
61

Qc = nk dt AT/1.
(3.9)
, :
P = {cAT)pf~d'L,
(3.10)
L .
(3.7) , = 2ta/d,
AT
d*L = -j - ATatf dL.
(3.11)
= !2k const.
, P/Qc, -, , , -,
, . , , k.

- , .
, -
. .

.
.

.

. ,
.
(. 3.3). "

, .
62
. 3 . 3 .
-
:
1 2
.

,
. , ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, .
, ,

.
, , , , 1220].

:
QB = 0,4L2feD ( TC)/(SL),
QB , ; L , ; k () /(-), D , ; , ;
, ; S , ; L , .
-
. 4. -
: . . 3.4 .
63
. 3.4.

:
/ Tg, 2 ( ,
): 3
*; 4
( , ); S ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ;
9 ; 10 ; 11
,

, -.
, .
(, ).
|
. ( ) .
, .
, .

.
,
.
, ;
,
.
,
, . . 0 AT ~ 0.
, . . 0 AT 0.
.
,
.
64

,
. ' , LID = 2 : 1 3 : 1
3.4). (.

,

, .
;
.
. ,
()
20 . , .
.
,
. , .
, .
, 0,254 ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.

, , . , .
. ,
, .
, - , - ,
, , - . - ;
3
65
:
- ; -
-
.
, .
, ,
. - (. 3.5, ). , , V .
, , , D .
D = . .
.
,
.
,
. (.
. 3.5, ), MAN/MWM .
. 12 13.
66
, , (. . 3.5, ),

. . 10.
. , . ,
, .

.

, .
, 0 /?1, pmiX 1
.
.

, ,
* .
- .
/? /> pmla ~ /?. ~ .

. : , , (. . 10).
~~\ .
, . 13.
.
" .
, , 3
6?
, *, .
(Rulon )

. .

1258], . 11.
, .
, . 3.6.
; 50,8 ; :
, 0,254 .
~ 9 , 5 .
.
,
, .

, .

. 3.7. , , . ,
2,43,2 , ;

.

(. 3.7).
, .
.

. ,
, c.

.
( )
,
(. 3.8) ( .)
,
*
-4 . .
68
2 ,

1,62,4 10 .
.

.
.
. ,
.
( , ) ,
.
+0,25 ^

.
. 3. 6.
.
^
J
. 3 . 7 .
:
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; ; 7

. 3.8.
69
. , -, , .

.
,
. V0

L = 40/( D2),
(3.13)

= 2 Ln.
(3.14)
(3.13), .
. ,
.
LID = 0,5.

1974 . f2581.

.
. ^.
, , ,

. - , ,
.
,
. , ,
. , . . .

' ,
- -
70

. , ,
- . , .
, ,
. ,
. -,
,
.

.
,
.
.
,
.
pimJpm-m < 2 ,
, . ,
.
, , .
,
,
. .

.
,
,
. , , , ,
.
, .
71
:
1) /, . . ;
2) k = VCIVE, . .
;
3) X = VDIVE, . .
, , ;
4) , ;
5) ;
6) ;
7) - () .

1. Ve 0 , 5 ( 1 +
+ cos ).
2.
Vc = Q,kVE [I +
+ cos ( ) ].
3. Vd = Ve + Vc +
+
VD.
4.
=
(1
6:
tge =
+
fe sin a
+ k cos
k
.
'
S (
0)1,
+ 2S
2Xx
+ 1
5. pmdPm\n = (1 + 6)/(l 6).

6.
=
[ ( 1 - ) / ( 1 + 6 ) .
>
7.
D
1/ 1 - ( 1 - S \ 1 ' 2
-gqry- {- y r f T )
(.
(P^Vr)
= (VE + Vc) - (1 +k) VE.

8.
( 1) (1 + cos 9) ( sin )
2
(1 ~ 6 )
72
Sine
1 + (1 )17- '
1/2
[1 + (1 -
2)17-] [ +
(1 f COS ) +
s]

9. , ,
_ /
^
sin 6
_ g2)l/2
(1
10. , ,
Qc =

<
11. , ,

l + b
esin9
[ 1 +
( 1
6 )
1/2]
12.
(1 + cos 0) sin 9
QM
(1 _ 62)1/2 [1 + ( 1 _
) 1/2]
+ c o s a )
13.
14. , , Qc = Qe.
15. , ,
(1 -
Qe.
<
16. , (
) ,
%
+
I 1 \ 1/2
, { 1 i_ J
j
sin 6
__)1/2 '
+ ( [
17. , ,

RTcm ( 1 + 6 cos 9) sin
Q
2
(l-6 )
1 / 2
[l
(I 2 ) 1 ' 2 ] [ * + - (1 + c o s a )
-|-S
18. ,
, /( ) = /(1 ).
19. , ( ), QE ~= QC/T.
20. , , =
= Qc (1 )/.
73
.
,
,
VT,
,
.
, k, X
. ,

.
,
,
, .
P/(pnmxVT)
, k, X
. 3.93.12. . 3.9
, ,
=-- 300 ( = 90,
k =0,8; X -- 1,0).
, . > . <
< , ,
, . ,

( ).

'25 ~~ = 90,
1,0 6fi3fi2p ifi
'. 3.10. '
"" , X

0,2
0,25
0,1
>,00
800
. .. 1> Pl(pmxVT)

74
. 3.10.

k
^
=
t=0,25
=
. . I I . X
0,~
SO
. 3.12.
k, .
, 0,25 0,5, ,
k , 0,75 (
= 0,25) 1 ( = 0,5).
k. ,
k .
X = VD/VE
, k . 3.11.
:
.
.
,
k . 3.12. 60 -120. = 90^-115.

k
0,3 X 1,0
. 3.13. X , .
, ,
X k
. P/(pms*VT) P/(MTRTC).

.

P/(MTRTC)
= 0,45 / - 2,9.
P/(pmmVr)
=
= 0,54 k0I -- 0,74.
75
, 3 . 1 3 .
k % ~ 0 , 3 ; k 1:
" - - /(
6
' ' , 5 ' * - 0,54; / -- 0,7-1
- !{
P/(MrRTc)
,
.
) ,
.

, , ,
, VT
. ,
P/(pnmxVT).
a, k, X P/(MTRTC).
P/(MrRTc)
!(&)

.
. 3.14
k X.

,
.
4,6.
, , .
, . 3.14, ,
: 011 = 0,45 , k 2,9, - 0,3
76
'\
.^,
0,5 Vj,
0,8
0,6
, ^
0,2
S)
N
V
0,5 Vj,
2
J8
V
>
-2
. 3.14. , V-
= 0,3; X = 1 ( , , ) *:
) = 0,45 ; ft0RT 2,9; = 0,3;

X = 1; /( 7') "
0.54JT; k o n T = 0,74;
X = 0,3; X
1; -- O.bVp, . .
( )
X = 1;
P/(MTRTC).
(. 3.14, ) : = 0,54 ;
k = 0,74; = 0,3 X = 1; P/(pmsillVT). , . 3.14, , , ,
. 3.14, , VD ,
. , . 3.14, .
*
,
.
77
, ,
, . 3.14, ,
.
,
2 , .
, , . 3.14, , 1,38 , . 3.14, . (. 3.14, )
2,24 .
P/(Pm*VT).

1962 . 0,)
,
.

. 3.13 ,
, . . ,
, (. 3.15)
(. 3.16).
. 3.15.
k
X ,
. 3.13. , !(/?VV), (. . 3.15). ; ,
= 300 - const.
X. ,
QeKp^Vt)
(. . 3.16).

X
k , ,
1962 .
, . 3.15 3.16,
78
Qmax
0,16
iso
*
3.15.

X Tq -- 300 . Tg,
X, .
-- P / ( p m a X V ) . 2,5 3
JO W SO 60 75
150 200
300
T0K
. 3.16.

ft X %
Tg
300 . Qjnax*
,
, 3

.
, -, ,
,
. .
79
.
/{)- ,
( 300 ),
1(<). , , X,
k ,
.
, ,
. ,
3060 % , .

, , pV = RT. , , , . ,
.
, .
, . .
( , ).
,
( 2000 /),
,
. . , , , , ,
, . . ,
, , ,
( ). ,
^ 80
. 3.17.
165
W
= 700 ; 1 0 = 25 ; p m a x = 11 :
/ ; 2 ; 3
,/
, .
, ,
,
.
, .
.

.
, .
, ,

, . ( 1 )
( ),
( ) . ,
,
.
, .
, . 3.17. 165 .

(, , ).
, . ,
. ,
. ,
, .
.

,
81

, ,
.
.
, ,
. 6.

.
.
,
,
.
XIX .,
.
;
.
, ,
. :
.
,
,
.

pmax/pmin. ,
,

,
.

,
. ,
, .
,

. 82
,

.
, , ,
,
. .

()
.
(
), ,
.
, .

,
.

.

. .
75 4-235.
,
( . 10).
.
,

(. 4.1).
-.
.

. 4,1.
:
/

S3
2 .
.

.
, ,
.
, 15 (~20 . .) .
.
1815 .

.
X I X .
1885 .
1853 .
. , 1959 .
,

.
,
, .

; 80 ,
, -
1949 . , .

, . ,

.
,
. 13.7
- , MAN/MWM
V- .

1978 . ,
[1221.
. (. 4.3) : (
). , ,
84
&
. 4.2. ( :
- ; -
^
^ ); / - 2 - ?
. 3 - ; < - : 5 - :' I - "; 7
(. 4.2). ,
:

,
.
( ) ( );
.
(
) ;
.
.
,
(
) . 4.3.
1816 . (. 4.4).

, .
, ,
. ,

, .
, ,
. -, ,
85
()
1
(6*)
; 4 . 3 .

:
1
; 2
;
3
( )
, (.
. 9).
, .
,
, ,
1827 .
. , -
. 4 . 4 . , 1818 .

8G
. 4 . 5 .

:
;

1827 .
, ,
(. 4.5).
( ) . 4.6.
,
.

. 1911 . (. ,
) ,
.
,
.
. . ,
87
4.6.
:
/ ; 2 3 ; 4 ~
, : , , - .
.
, ,
, . 4.7.

,
.
- .
, . ,
.
, ,
. 4.8. ,
/.'
J33
V-
()
)
. 4 . 7 .
:
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 V-; S -
88
. 4 . 8 . :
' '7"";": 2 ~
S - - 6 - ; X -
: 3 7 - ; 4 - - . ; .9 -
. , .
(),
. ,
,
. ,

.
( ).
,
,
.
,
; ,
.
,

,
, ,
- ,
.
,

( ), ,

89
- .
.
(. . 4.3) .

,
,
.

, . -,
.
,
,
, .
,
, .
.
;
,
, .
(
, ),
.
( )
.
.
.
, ,
, .
,
-
- pimw .

.
-
,
.
,
, .

, .
.
90
V1
-
/ 2
. 4,9.
:
1 ; 2 ; 3
; 4 ;
I
. 4.10. V- :
/ ; 2 ;
; 4 ; 5
;

;
.
.
. ,
. (.
. 4.3, ) ,
,
. ,
,
X
; ,
.
,
,
.
. 4.9;

.
-, .

,
.

,
(

, ).
. 4.10 V- .
10
. . ., [174].

( ),
, ,
. ;

,
.
,

.
,
,
4.11,
/ ; 2 ; 3
: 4
; S :

. 4 . 1 2 , :
/ ; 2
: 3
; 4 : 5 ;
-- . ; 7 , ;
S

. 4.13.
:
1 - ; 2
; 3 -
, ; 4 ( )

,
,
.
. 4.11.

: , .
, .
- .
. 4.12
,
.
.
.

, .
,
.
,

.

. (. . 4.12)
.
,
-.
, ,
;
. 15.
. ,
, .
. 4.13.
93
,
.

(. 5.1): , ,
(
).
,
; ,

. ,
,
(),
.
,
, ,
, :

,
;

, -
;
-2
. 5.1. :
1 ; 2
; 3
; 4 ; 5
; 6
; 7 ; 8
; 9 ; 10
;
I
: ; I I I

: / V

, .

, .

,

. ,
,
, ,
.
,
( )
.

,
. -
- ,
.
,
34 .

,
.
.
, -
.
,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
, , .
. 5.2.
, .
;
,
95
, .

,
,
. ,
,
() ,

,
(NOx) .
,
,
.
, . ,

.
,

. ,

,
.

,

.

, .
96
.5.3. :
1 - ; 2 - ; Qi -
(100%);
2
-
(43% Qj ); Q3

(3 % Q i ); 4 ,
( 1 4 % Q i ) ; / - ,

(5
"
.
Q6
(32% Qi); 7 ,
(46 % Qi); Qs (430 %Qi)
, .

.

(, ).
.

. 5.3 (, 1971 .).
100 %.
43 %, 3 %, 14 % .
:
46 %, 5 %;
32 % .
(430 %),
4
9 12
.
.
.
, ( 33 %) ,
.
2 , ,
.

,
, , ;
, , , ,
97
. ,
.
,
, ,

.
, ,
,
.

,
, , 15
10 5 %. ,
,
( 32 35 %),
5560 %,
.

.

,
.

.
,
.
, ,
.

.
,
,
,
, .
.
,
.
, 1960 .
,
. 5.4. ,
,
98
. 5.4. s
s
,
5
(
):
4
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4
; 5
, , 3 /
,
, ,^

.

?.
1960 .,
BO WO 2W 3209"
.

[297].
() (. 5.5).
,

.

-
. 5.5.

Ge Gc

:
= 2,6 ;
1,1 ; 1
- ;
; 3 jioiCK ;
4 - ; / II
;
, -
;
,
80 120 200 2) 280 120 f
99
. , , ,
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,
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:

.
:
.
()
/)
:

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.
,
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,
. ,

.
,

,

. ,
,
:
Nu = 0,23 (Re)0'33,
(5.1)
Nu hd / k ; Re ,
Re = pVd / ; h ; d ;
; ; V ;
.

Q = hA dT,
(5.2)
Q ; h ; /1 , dLn; dl ; L ; .
100

/ 2
V
,
.

dT ,
, , , ,
,
(, ).
, , , .
,
.
.
, .
,

.

.
,

.

, ,
*. ,
;
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,
.
,
,

.

* . ., A. JI. . .: , 1967. 340 .
101
. ,
Vmax / V^n
/ pmin .
,
.
,
,

.
( ),
, ,
, .

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.
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-

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:
() ;

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102
,

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100 .
.

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1 ,
.
1
. 5.6. :
- :
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4
; 5 ; 7 -

expert22 h t t p : / / r u t r a c k e r . o r g
103
. 5.7. .
,
,
, , . 913.

;

(. 5.6). -
; - . , .
,
. ,

,
( ). ,
,
.

,
.
.
,

.

(. 12 [390]).

(. 5.7).
,
,

,
. ,

.
[229].

,
,
.
105

,
, NaK Na. ,
,

.
, .
,

,
, .

Na (NaK)
. ,
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.
,

.

,
, . 10
11.
,
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,

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.

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106
, .
- ;
,
.
,

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[187],

4-98.
, 72 ,
2440 0,9
.
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,
( ).
.
,
,
( 7 /. ),
( ) .

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,
,
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,
.

. 107
, TD

/,,
.
,
.
,
, .
,
,

, .
(
) , : ,
,
.
.
(1957 .),
, , . (1948 .)
.
(1953 .)
, , (1958 .)
,
.
(1948 .).

;

.
.
,
. , ,
( ),
( ) (. . ,
).
. 5.8 .
,
. , , . ,
, ,
. ; ,
.
,
.
108
. 5.8. :
1
( ) ; 2
, - ;
,
; 3
;
( ) ; 4 -
,
() ( ,

)
,
D . D
; ,
.
.

. 5.9.
( ), , , , . ,
,
X Y. ;
( ).

D , D, ,

.
Y X.

. 5.10.

() ;

.

.
.
,
- ,
;
109
. 5 . 9 . :
;

. 5.10. TDT
, Q:
; b ; /
;
;
.
, - C-D (. 5.9)
.
, . (1948 .),
,

, .
,
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,
.

.
1. .
:
) ; ,
;
;
) ,
, , . ,
, ;
) , , , , ,
;
) , , , , ,
.
110

, , , . ,
(1948 .)
,
.
(1948 .) ,
.
2.
.
3.
; ,
.
4. ,
,
.
5.
( ),
.
, ,
, . 24.

. , . ,
.
, , . 2,
1 %.
( ) ,
,
, . .
.

,
. .
. ,
, . ,
, . 5.11.
, ,
. ,
, ( )
.
( )
=
hAL'/VCp
h -
; -
111
. 5.11. nD

( )
; L' ; V.

; .

= hAZ/(),
Z ;
;
.
/ II = VCpZ/(MCL').
, , ,
; .

.
.

, ( , ), . ,
, ,
,
Z
V.

, , (1932 .),
, , ,
, , .
,
,
.

. ,
,
.
;
112
-
.
.

, . ,
: ,
. (
) .

.
. , ,
, 1/4 ( ),
,
,
, ,
, ;
.
, , ,
,
.
-,
,
,
. ,
,

.
. ,
1200 / (20 ) 10
, .
(. . 5.4), ,
. . 5.5 ,

;
, .
,

.
, (,
) . ,

. . 5.4
, . 5.5
.
113

, .

.
, .

- .
,
, .
19681969 .

[270 271 1.
,
( ), ,
,
.

.
,

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( ). , -,
,
.

, ,
, .
,
1969 .,
.
[297] ,

, .

.

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,

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.
,
, 114
, ,
, -, .
1951 .
,
, 5 (
). .
.
:
1) ; ;
2)
.
,
, .
, , ,
, , -,
. ,

.
,
.
1961 . [343]

, ,
,
.
,
,
.
.
, , , 1961 .,

.
,
,
.
,
. ,
.
.

.
.
115

. , ,
; ,
.
MHCDH / MrCDr ;
.
, ,
. ,

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,

.
;

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.

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.

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, , ).
,
,
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,
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;
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116
.
,
:
;

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;
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- .
.

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. : , .
. ,
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,
.
(,
5 , 0,50,6
1000 /)
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,
.

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, . 52.
, -
,
,

117
. 5.12. :
1 - ; 2 ; 3
; 4
; 5 ; 6
, (
);
7
, 0,38 - 0 , 7 6 ; 8
.
,
.
,
,

.

- 2 .

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,
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,
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,
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118

0,380,76 .

.

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.
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,
, .
, , ;

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.

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,
.
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, .
.
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.

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0,0254 .
, ,
,
.
.
,

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,
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(
)

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,
119
,
.
, - .

.
.
(0,02540,0508 ), ,
.
( , ). , ,

, .

.

1956 . .
,
, . , , ,
, .
- ,
, ; .

. 5.13 5.14. , : 3,53,8 %; 0,30,35 %;
0,1 %; 0,05 %; 3 0,3 %; .
8875 / ;
81,3 /(-); 0,435 /(-).
Nu Re, :
Nu = (4rjk) (h/f),
Re = pfVd/Hf = (4rhf\ijP)
(W,/A,)t
rh ; h ; k - ; j>y ; V
I] ; Wt --
; / ; ' ;
120
//
/
1-7 -2
/{
20
Re
. 5.13. N u - - / (Re)
[369]:
1 400 X 400 25,4 ( 0,0254 );
2 200X200 25,4 ( 0,0534 )
. 5.14. N f (Re)
1 2 , . 5.13
\if
'
[369]:
NF , . .
NF =
2pfAPrhpynL'G'A,
; ; GA .

. ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
. . ;
, .
121
,
, ,
. ,
: ,
,
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, .
,
, .

, , . , ,
, , ,
, .
. ,

(. 10.8), ,
. 10.12 10.18, .
,
,
,
^ .

; ,
-
. , .
, - MAN/MWM (. 12.4)
. ,
,
, ,
.

.
,
, ;
.

, , .
,
.
122
:
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4
- ; 5 - ; 6 ; 7 ; 8
( ) ; 9 - ( ); 10
; 1 1 ; 12 ; 13
;
/ - ; //
. 5.15.
.

(. 5.16),
( ,
)
.
,
( ) (
) ; .
,
.
, , ;

,

2
. 5.16.
:
1- ; 2 - ; 3 -
123
, . ,

, ,
( ) .

,
.
,
,

, , .
124
. XIX .,
, , .
.
.
( ).
, ,
;
.
, . , , ,
.
, , .
, V 22
[3341.

.
(-2000 /), ( 1,37
), , .
, - ,
124

. ;
(80 )

. 1954 .
,
, [228].
,
,
. , 1956 .
(1 . 28,3 10~3 3) 63
, 1978 . 2 .

, , ,
, ( ).
,
(
). ,
,
,
(. 15).

, . 1931 .
, ,
, , , , . .

,
(. 15).
,
,
, . .
.

.

(1970 .). . 6.1

,
.
165
, 700 25 , 11 .
(,
125
250
. 6 . 1 . )
P e j l
165 (/) f H a r p ~ 700 ;
500
woo
I
I
I
Ml
<? I woo*
\1
1!
15005/
< 0 1 = 25 ;
1 ; 2 ; 3 --

7,35 ,7 22,05 29,1 36,75 M,t51,IS
,/
). ,
.
.
( )
. ,
, = 250 /, , , ,
38, 47 49 %.

8,9 /3.
,
.
,
,
. . ,
.
, . ,
, . ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
, , ( , , , ).
126
. (3.2,

660
(
)
, .
--- 660
( )
.
= 11 ; '
,
/
525
810
1260
165
700 : 1
13,5
39
31
L.
//,
IT.
2.3
2.1
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2,4
2,3
1,1
1
0,95
- , .

660 (. 6.2, ). ,
2 (. 6.2, ).
,
() (. 6.3). ,
11 , , 22 .
. 6.3.
);

165

( ;
3 . 6.1) | 5 1 8 ] :
'
'im.p
7 0 0
'
--
25 '; rr,-1 - 1 1 ; 2
/,,
800
"max -
/ 22
25 ";
P n l a x
11
:
800
: * " "" '
' "-- 700 ;
/ -
' = 25 - = 22
25 ":
127

700 800 . , ,
.
.

(1976- .).
,

(, ). 1-98, :
V0 98 3, = 15 ,
= 3000 /, = 22 .
.850, 400 250 , 100
0 .
, ,
,
. ,
.
. 6.4,

, .
,
( , ).
, , ,
.
, , .
( ) ,
.
,
, , (. 6.4, ).
, . 6.1 6.4, ,
. (. . 6.1), . 6.4
, . .
, , . 128
%%
850
0,2
- 851^
0,4
0,2
'-250
0%
%7
1i,%
=50
%%
1
\
0,2
Ft?
QJ 0,2 0,5 1 2
)
S 20
,
1"
v
C
n n 'H-'850
2500
0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2

6}
5 10 20
,
. 6.4. 11; ( 1-98)

(77/) ()
( [235] ):
= 100 "; = 0
, (. . 6.1) , . 6.4
. ,

, .
-, . 6.4 , . . (.
. 6.1 6.4).
:

.
850 0 . ,
( , . 6 . 4 , 6 ) ] =
= 0,56 = 12 ; ( D,
. 6.4, ) ^ = 0,56 9 , ( ,
. 6.4, ) Tlimax = 0,55 = 2,5 . ,
5
129
,
. ,

,
, ,
. ,

.
,
79 % N a 21 % 0 2 , ,
, -
.

. . , 1965 .,
, .
, 20 3 / 15 .
110
6 .

, 134 , . ,

ri/%
( ) . 6.5. , , , , .
, ,
, ,
, .
1964 .
265 [205]. 4-S1210

- (
. 10 11). ,
;
.
. 6.6. ,
, ,
.
130

.

, ? , , , . , , ,
. 6.1.
.

, .
:

. pV 2 /2, ; V
().

= pMJRT,
(6.1)
; R ; .
,
.. 221
*
Pt,P*,,K8r
60
=v
i
\\ 1
SO
150
)
135
},1/(-)
1,2
15D0*
,
U7
1,0$,,
1200
'
. 6 . 5 . , ]/) :
;
. 6 . 6 .
4-S1210 265 :
1 0 - 1 ; gf ; / ;
J3J

6.1.
*

;
0.1
= 28,9
2 50
500
1000
, / ( - ) 1
, / 3
[-10 , /(-)
fe- 10, /(- )
1.003
1,412
15,99
22,27
1,029
0,706
26,70
40,41
1,141
0,353
41.53
67.54
, / ( - )
, / 3
.-10 , /(-)
6 , /( - )
14,05
0,098
7,92
156,1
14,51
0,0491
12,64
271,8
14,98
0,0246
20,13
452,2
, /(-)
, / 3
.- 10 , /(-)
ft- 10 , /(- )
5,19
0,195
18,40
134,0
5,19
0,097
29,30
202,6
5,19
0,048
46,70
, / ( - )
3
44 , /
.-10", /(-)
- 10 , /(- )
0,791
2,145
12,60
12,90
1,014
1,073
23,67
32,74
1,234
0,536
39.51
67.52
1,855
9,42
18,8
1,954
17,3
35,7
2,288
37,6
97,9
:
= 0 , 1 ; =
:
= 0,1 ; - - 4
;
= 0,1 ; =

; = 18
, / ( - )
.-10 , /(-)
/ 6 , /( - )
* Mayhew J. R . , Rogers G. F . C., Thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids

Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
M .
Q = hA AT,
(6.2)
Q ; h ; ; AT
.
h
Nu = h d/k,
(6.3)
h ; d ; k .

R e = pV d/,
132
(6.4)
Nu Re
Nu = Re",
,
.
,
(6.5)

hd/k -- ( d/)".
(6.6)
,
h , 2 /2. ,
. 6.1, .
, ,
.
,
, . .
.

.
,

. ; .
, ,
().
!
f/2 = St ft/( Vfc),
(6.7)
/ ; St ; h ; V\ ; .

.
1 / W
2/
1 / w y f S I .
m
" \~~)
) --'
W ; ; s ;
L ; d .
133
, ,
)
1 \
A j
2) *
.

Q = h (sL) AT,
(6.10)
Q ~
pa
(W!A)*(f/2)sL
h (sL)
,fi
*
St = A / p l V = M / W c = //2,
p
1 1 / W \2 i
i r ^ T l ^ h r ) 'TAT'
i n
'
(612)
, W/A Q/c ( 2 7 \ M , (6.13)

1 ., .
(6.13) (6.12) ,
PIQ = QV-qpV (2 ,) 4
(6.14)
Q = T]P2cs AT (Tt )2 2 (P/Q)'/ 2 .
(6.15)
P/Q
(6.16)
, ~ ,
Q / 1 .
(6.17)
,
, .
, ,
.
(,
, , ), . 6.1.
2, 4, 29, 44 18,
15, 5, I, 0,8 1,8 / ( - ) . (6.17)
, P/Q Q, ,
104, 44, 29, 31 44,
, ,
; , ,
.
, ,
.
34
5060 (
) ,
.
,
.
,
.
.

,
, 5 75 %. ,
, 6 14 % . ,
;
129 000 / (
50 143 /).
. , 1020 , . , , ,
.
. , .

.
, , ,
.
. . ,
.
, , ,
.

: ,
. .
135
,
. ,
- , .
.

.

, , .
. , 145].
. ,
, .
. ,
, ,

(1974 .).
- , 4L23 110
, .
,

,
.
, GM4L23
, 10,3 , 0,022 , 0,2724 3 21,11 . 5 %- ,
5,435 3 (1,25 X 1,52 2,44 ).
, ,
,
1370 . , , 0,032 0,077 .
, ,

,
2,5 %, 1,62 %, 1,4 % 56 %.

136
4 %,
9 %. ,
,
- . , 74 614 %,

. ,
,
,
.
, 46
, .

110
. ,
, , , .
, , , ,
, .
-. [144].

[186].

,
,
.
,
- .
" , ,
,
.
(
) , ,
." ,
. -" '
137
, ,
GPU-3 [247]. , -,

50- .
.

.
[363].
, . .

. ,

- .

. - , ( ) (3 =
=
mjma.
,
, ( ,
) ,
. ,

.
,

.
.
2,5
,
( ).

138
,
.

.
, . 2,
.
,
, ,
( )
( - , ). (5 =
= ^ ! , ,

.
, . ,

.
' .
, ,

.
.
, , .
,
, . .
P=PaSJrPve
= Pa,c+Pvc-
(6.18)
, , , = 0, ,
= .
, . -,
.
(}, ,
. , , , . .
= PV, .
139
,
.

1. .
2. .
3. .
4.

.
5. , : pV = mRvT.
6.
, paV =
maRaT.
7. ,
, , .
8.
, = m/ma , .
9.
.
10.
.
.
11. .
12. ; ; .
.
,
. 2. :
'
1.
)
Ve = 0,5VE
(1 + cos
);
(6.19)
)
Ve = 0VE
[1 + cos ( -
) 1;
(6.20)
)
VD = X.VE = VDE^-VDC.
(6.21)
2.
)
!. = (1 6)/[1 + 6 cos ( 8)];
140
(6.22)
)
pmjprnn
= + 6)/(1 -
(6.23 }
6),
= { + k* + 2kK cos ;
^ + k + 2S-, 6 / = /(1 + 0JV);
/;
/ == MjMv',
S = 2/{1
+ );
k sin
0 arctg
+ k cos '
3.
3.3.
= -
= (1 - ) Ps.
(6.26)
4. .
,
.

dQ =
= J ( dV)T. (
) . ,
.
. , (
) , ,
,
= = 15.
(6.27)
+^]-

d(me/m*)
,, , X 1 6 ]
(1 + ) " 2 ~ [ T + T J
dfp
6 sin ( Q) 6 sin sin q>

+ cos (
'
* '
(6 28)
'
/ 904
'
;
141
1| 1; <6-36
-S-o + w-HtttH
w
X
8 [sin (< G) sin (9 ) ] sin ftp a ) ] .

[1 + cos ( 9)J
J'
f i
on
__
I 1 + P \ / 1~ \
){+)
,fi
(i+(<-)

mD/m*
2mDE/m*,

rf(mp/m*)
dcf
1 + p w ' x X
l+k
/ \
\ (l-6)[-6sin(q,-e)] 1
i + / L
[1+6cos(cp-0)p
J'

, ;
:
= (/2 + 2 + 2kK cos )'/?;
= ( + k + 2 S ) ;
= /( + ;
;
* ,
(6.29);
;
mD ;
m s " ;
;
trig ;
= (m a + mj) ;
N = / ;
; ;
;
" ;
;

;

;
;
;
142
QE
;
R a ;
R ;
;
;
t ;
0 ;
Vc ;
VD ;
- VDC , \
VDE , \
VE ;
Ve ;
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0,690
0,552
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3,11
2,89
2,68
2,42
2,03
1,59
1,18
390,7
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304.4
255,0
199.8
148.5
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0,966
0,828
0,690
0,552
0,414
2,32
2,24
2,24
2,03
1,72
1,39
1,00
291.5
281,4
281,4
255,0
216,0
174.6
125,6
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4,7
4,1
4.0
3,9
3,4
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1,05
1,00
0,87
0,94
1,08
1,17
1,48
1,241
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0,966
0,828
0,690
0,552
0,414
1,52
1,51
1,43
1,30
1,10
0,82
0,57
191,0
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163,3
138,2
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71,6
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1,20
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3,19
3,16
2,77
2,51
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1,69
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328.3
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190,6
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1,90
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284.4
288,8
278.5
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215,5
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115.8
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1,36
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1.13
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0,80
0,53
165,6
199,3
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165.6
149.5
117.3
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3,8
3,8
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2,6
1.52
1,26
1,21
1,38
1,32
1.53
2,01
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5,9
5.4
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1600
900
1,241
1,103
0,966
0,828
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0,552
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2,86
2,65
2,72
2,32
2,09
1,62
1.14
479,1
443,9
455.7
388.6
350,1
271.4
191,0
7.7
7.4
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5,6
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392,0
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356.8
330.0
276,4
216.1
152,4
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1,08
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1,19
1,42
1,89
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6,9
6,2
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160,8
95,5
6,1
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4.6
4.1
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1,46
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142,4
130,7
142.4
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103,9
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4,3
3.8
3,7
3.2
2.9
1,98
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1,81
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247
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200]. [33 34]

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274
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284
1974 ., , [392], 1977 .

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,
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1973 . .
.

4-615. [4] , 4-615 , :

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288
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. 13.2.
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289
. 13.3.
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1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 -;
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150
40
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4
75
2400
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150
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35
180
37
350
37
650
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. 13.7. P 1 5 0 V 8
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:
1. . R o s s , . . (1977). S t i r l i n g ,]
c y c l e e n g i n e s . S o l a r E n g i n e s , p. 121. (
n o ,
, ,
).
2. . F i n k e l s t e i n , . (1959). A i r
E n g i n e s . E n g i n e e r , L o n d o n , 207, pp. 492497, 522
527, 568571, 720723. ( ) .

: B a b c o c k , G . . , 1885. S u b s t i t u t e s for s t e a m .
T r a n s . A m . Soc. m e c h . E n g r s . 7, pp. 680741.
3. , v a n B e u k e r i n g ,
H . C. J . a n d F o k k e r , H . (1973). P r e s e n t s f a t e - o f - t h e
a r t of t h e P h i l i p s S t i r l i n g e n g i n e . S . A. E . P a p e r
730646; A u t o .
3
E n g r . V81 7, . 3 7 4 3 1 9 7 3 . ( ),
4.
.
R o s e n q v i s t , . , G u m m e s s o n , S. G . a n d L u n d h o l m ,
0<
.
18.6.
88
/
383
S. G . . (1977). The dcvcioj.mvnl of 150K\V (200h. p.) S t i r l i n g cftgine for triediubi duty a u t o m o t i v e a j i p i i c a t i o n A s t a t u s report. S. A. E . Paper, No 770081.
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5. M A N / M W M . Zacharias F . . (1974). Advanced developm e n t of Stirling' engines at M A N / M W M . 2nd S y m p . on Low P o l l u t i o n P o w e r S y s t .
D e v e l o p m e n t , D u s s e l d o r f , S e p t . ( ).
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r e v i e w of S t i r l i n g engine d e v e l o p m e n t in U n i t e d S t a t e s from 1960 t o 1970. E R D A ,
N o NASA CR 121097.
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, ,
, D O E K i t z n e r , . W . (1977). S t i r l i n g engine
feasibility s t u d y of an 80100 hp engine and of i m p r o v e m e n t p o t e n t i a l for
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8. .
: , -.
.
( I n t e r s o c i e t y E n e r g y Conversion Engineering Conference).
9. . Martini, W . R. (1978). Design m a n u a l for
S t i r l i n g engine. D O E / N A S A R e p o r t , a v a i l a b l e from N T I S . (
; , .)
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.
, . ,
, , -
, , .
11. .

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C e n t r e for Q r a d . Studies, R i c h l a n d , W a s h . ( ;

).
13. .
( )

( ). (Advances
is Cryogenic Engineering), , . -
( 25 ).

(. , .
; - . ).
384
,

,
, - (- . . . , , . ,
1 9 6 3 1 9 6 5 . ; ).
- ,
,
, , - ( A S M E ) .
,
, .
A E R E - (. ,
).
D O E .
, .
E R D A
( D O E ; . ), .
I. . . . . , .
M A N / M W M
M A N / M W M , (. , ) .
M T I (. , . - ) .
N A S A (), .
N T I S
(. , . ) . (

).
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electric h y b r i d car. S. A. E. P a p e r No. 6900/74, D e t r o i t , Michigan.
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April 59, W a s h i n g t o n , P a p e r No. 28.
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t u r b i n e ceramic regenerator design a n d r e l i a b i l i t y p r o g r a m , c o n t r a c t No. 68-03-2150,
s u b m i t t e d by F o r d Motor Co. to E. P. A. J a n .
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t h e sea to outer space. GMR L a b o r a t o r i e s , W a r r e n , Mich.
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E n g n g , 40 (24), Dec. 15.
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P r o d u c t . E n g n g , 40 (24), Dec. 15, p p . 1045.
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STIRLING

Oxford University Press, 1980

+ RT3 In re - pjv4 f p{0L - RT1 In rc =

= RT-, - ap2v2 + RT3 In re - ap,v, -f R7\ - RT, In rc =

= RTx [T A + In (arjP a + 1 In RC] =

2- < 7 > < 3 ,

7V < TV < T"3

(V- ') 1 + 1 (^/ - ( + <!+ 1) + )]

< 2" < 3

(V- ' )[{1 + 1(/-./)}-( + + 1) + 1]

' " ( + " + In -) -}-11 _

ay) r'c ~l eap

[yv - ecrp - {a(v - 1) + (1 -

Tft + 1) - {(/- ) + - 1 \ - {(/-1) ( - 1) + 1} /--'

[1 (/')] (1 ) rv1 '

1 (1/rv-i), =--: 1 | --- 1

P i V j In (1/r) = RT-y In (1/r).

= (RT3 In - RTt In r)/RTa In r =

0 = arctg (k sin )/( + k cos A);

Mr = (peVJRTe) ; (pcVjRTc) ,- (p,Vd/RT,;) = (kVEi2RTc). (2.5)

kjp = (/) (1 + cos ) -f k [1 + cos (q> - )] (2VDTC/VETD).

= f/7* cos ( ), tg = z/x; z = sin =

sin = cos + z sin .

Kip = [( + k cos )2 + (k sin a f ) ^ cos ( - 0) + x f k~\-2S

Q = 0,5 f \pcvVE [1 cos((p )] sin tp} dy =

> = dH> - 2dt/(1 + f )

6J = ( l ' " * " * ?

1 -(- 6 COS l|> J

/ = [COS 8 log (1 + COS ) ] ^ ,

|arctg[(l - 6)^/(1 + )'/2]|

1(1 '2)1/2 + 1J, (2.17).

0,5V E (1 + cos q).

(I 6 )' / {6 [sin ( 8) sin 9] sin }

Sin ( - Q)}/RT[l + cos ( - )]2.

dMe -i~dMc -f-dMd

^/> (1 ~ ")' /2 1 + 5 + (fe/2)C +

0,15-0,2 (1200/60) (/4) 5 2 -5 75 .

^ " ~~ , ( max " min '' 1

d*L = -j - ATatf dL.

5. pmdPm\n = (1 + 6)/(l 6).

= (VE + Vc) - (1 +k) VE.

) = 0,45 ; ft0RT 2,9; = 0,3;

80 120 200 2) 280 120 f

165 (/) f H a r p ~ 700 ;

7,35 ,7 22,05 29,1 36,75 M,t51,IS

: * " "" '

' "-- 700 ;

0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2

. 6.4. 11; ( 1-98)

* Mayhew J. R . , Rogers G. F . C., Thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids

, W/A Q/c ( 2 7 \ M , (6.13)

Q = T]P2cs AT (Tt )2 2 (P/Q)'/ 2 .

6 sin ( Q) 6 sin sin q>

8 [sin (< G) sin (9 ) ] sin ftp a ) ] .

0,2 0,4* 0,6

, , 1973 . MAN/MWM [4]. 1968 .

. 7.21. ----- 1800 / :

600 1200 is002w0 ,/

1958 . 1970 . , 1969 . ;

1967 . (MAN) (MWM)

( : 21, Z3, 24, 22,

1974 ., , [392], 1977 .

400 3), 2,4 . -

; [ [ . 1 : ' ' . ! '