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1
Ма Марксистско-Ленинская общая теория государства и права. Исторические типы государства и права.
Отв.ред. В.Е. Гущев, М., 1977ж Всемирная история Т.1.под ред. Ю.П. Францова,М.,1956; Историческое и
логическое в познаний государства и права. Под ред. А.И. Королёва,Л. 1988. Основы теории политической
системы ред-ры;Ю.А. Тихомиров,В.Е. Чаркин,М,1985. Дробышевский С.А. Политическая организация
общества и право:историческое место и начало эволюции. Красноярск,1991. Фан Вень-Лань. Древняя
история Китая(от первобытно-общинного строя до образования централизованного феодального
государства;М.1958.с.56-66.Фан Вень-Лань.Общая история Китая.Т.1;Пекин,1953. История
Кореи,т.1;институт истории АН КНДР;М.1960.с.31-49. История Кореи,т.1,ред.Ванин Ю.В.М.1974.с.33-
66;История Вьетнама. ред.Мхитарян С.А (пер.с вьетнамского), М., 1983.с.24-39.Куба, историко-
этнографический очерки,м.1961.с.188-192
3
sapirispiro Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad ki, politikuri institutebi
imanenturia sazogadoebrivi TanacxovrebisaTvis. warmoiqmna kacobri
obasTan erTad da iqneba manam, sanam iarsebebs kacobrioba. Aam Sexedu
lebebs iziarebs dasavleTel mecnierTa umetesi nawili. 1
amasTanave, saxelmwifo, maT mier, xSirad, ganixileba, rogorc srul
yofili (ganviTarebuli) forma, ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementi poli
tikuri institutisa. 2
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom evropuli socialur-politikuri da
iuridiuli mecnierebani, romelmac moicva TiTqmis mTeli kacobrioba,
Camoyalibda Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi. aq Seiqmna maTi fuZemdebluri
cnebebis ZiriTadi birTvi, romelic Semdgom sul ufro viTardeboda da
mdidrdeboda. amasTanave, ixveweboda, kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriis
manZilze, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierTa mier SemuSavebuli
debulebebis, Teoriuli daskvnebis, maTi mecnieruli kvlevebis, praq
tikisa da gamocdilebaTa safuZvelze.
kerZod, Zvelma berZenma da romaelma moazrovneebma mogvces Teoriuli
monaxazi im ZiriTad debulebaTa da cnebebisa, romelic SemdegSi Sevida
socialur-politikur da iuridiul (samarTlebriv) mecnierebebSi, sazo
gadoebis politikuri sistemis an politikuri institutebis saxel wo
debiT. 3 sazogadoebriv-politikuri realobis igive aspeqtebi gaxda Teori
uli analizis, gansjis sagani socialur-politikuri da samarTle brivi
1 Gluckman M. Politics, law and Rituel in Tribal Society. Chicago/1965; Bayley D.H. Social Control and Political
2 Roberts G.K. Dictionary of political analysis N.Y.1971.Daverger M. Institutions politiqurs et droit constitutional.
P. 1970; Leftwich A. redefining politus. People, Resourcesand Power. London ete.,1983; Lehman E.W. The Theory
of the state versus the state of Theory.//American sociological Review.Wash; 1988; Cohen R. political
Anthropology//handbook of social and Cultural anthropology. Chicago,1973.
3
Дробышевский С.А. Политическая организация общества и право: историческое место и начало эволюций.
Красноярск,1991
Toma aqvineli, RvTismetyvelebis Sejameba, Tb;2004. nikolo makiaveli, mTavari, 1984. Томас
Гоббс, сочинения, Т.1, М., 1989;Т.2., М; 1991; monteskie S. l. kanonTa goni, Tb., 1994, georg
vilhelm fridrix hegeli, leqciebi istoriis filosofiaze, Tb; 2001; Бентам Иерения
«Принципы законодательства», М..1895. Милль Д. С. Представительное Правление, С.П.Б. 1907. К. Маркс и
Ф. Энгельс соч.Т.3. Спенсер Г. Основания социологии.т.1.С.П.Б.1888, Научные, политические и
философские опыты.Т.1.С.П.Б. 1899.
4
azrovnebis gamoCenili avtoritetebisaTvis, romlebmac Seqmnes funda
menturi naSromebi Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebis kvaldakval. eseni
iyvnen: T. aqvineli, n. makiaveli, T. hobsi, S. monteskie, g. hegeli, i. benta
mi, d. mili, k. marqsi, fr. engelsi, g. spenseri da sxvebi. 1 aRniSnuli
mravalsaukunovani tradiciis kanonzomier gagrZelebad gvevlineba poli
tikur sistemaTa koncefciebi, romlebmac aRiareba poves Taname drove
politologTa Soris. es ukanasknelni ki iziareben Sexe dulebebs,
romlis mixedviT politikuri institutebi, esaa sazogado ebrivi marTvis
organizaciis forma, saxelmwifos, politikuri partiebisa da politiku
ri dawesebulebebis sistema, romelic uzrunvel yofs sazogado ebis
saxelmwifoebriv organizebas.
amgvarad, antikuri droidan moyolebuli politikuri Teoria
dakavebuli iyo politikuri institutebis problemebze msjelobiT.
mTavari sakiTxi gaxldaT: rogor politikur instituts SeuZlia Camo
ayalibos ukeTesi tipis sazogadoeba da adamianebi. me-18 saukunis bo
los, gansakuTrebiT, me-19 saukuneSi,sakiTxma politikuri institutebis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, praqtikuli Rirebuleba SeiZina. aqtiuri konsti
tucionalisturi procesebis gamo mimdinareobda axali, industriuli
sazogadoebis, axali ekonomikisa da axali tipis erovnuli saxelmwifos
institucionalizaciis procesi. me-20 saukunis politikur mecnierebaSi
utilitaristuli 2, bihevioristuli 1 tendenciebis da viwrod gagebuli
5
racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis momZlavrebis pirobebSi, institutebis
Seswavlac am midgomebis mixedviT wydeboda, xoli misi normatiuli
aspeqti praqtikulad ignorirebuli iyo. 2
gasuli saukunis 70-iani da, gansakuTrebiT, 80-iani wlebidan
dawyebuli, politikuri institutebi kvlav ikaveben centralur adgils
politikur TeoriaSi. aRniSnuli garemoeba ki gamowveuli iyo im
cvlilebebiT, romlsac “dasavluri” sazogadoeba modernidan postmo
dernis epoqaSi gadasvlisas awydeboda. es pasuxia im krizisze, romelsac
dasavluri sazogadoebrivi da politikuri institutebi (magaliTad,
“sazogadoebrivi sferos krizisi”, “legitimurobis krizisi”, “delibe
ratiuli demokratia” - habermasi) ganicdis da im cvlilebebiT, romle
bsac Rirebulebrivi orientirebi gadian (roulzi - “samarTlianobis
Teoria”, uolteri, elsteri . . . Teoria, ingelharti-modernizacia da
postmodernizacia-empiria. . .). evrokavSiris farglebSi mimdinare inten
siuri institucionaluri mSenebloba am gamowvevaze pasuxad SeiZleba
iqnes miCneuli. 3 Tavad imanenturi ganviTareba mecnierebisa, gansa
kuTrebiT, ekonomikaSi da zogad socialur-politikur mecnierebaSi,
erTi Zlieri stimulatori iyo institutebisadmi mibrunebisa (kouzi 4;
olsoni 5; norti 6. . .).
swored, me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan institucionalizmi isev
imkvidrebs gansakuTrebul adgils politologiur kvlevebSi. amave
1
1950-1960-ian wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT, aSS-Si Camoyalibda politikuri analizis is
forma, romelic ZiriTadad bihevioralizmis Teorias efuZneboda. bihevioralizmi:
rwmena, rom socialuri Teoriebi mxoloddamxolod dakvirvebisaTvis im xelmisawvdom
qcevebze unda aigos, rac kvlevisaTvis aRnusxvad monacemebs iZleva (heivudi e. Tb., 2007.
gv.29)
2 ix.JorJoliani gia, politikuri institutebi: analizi, Tb., 2006, gv.7
3 iqve, gv.7
4 nobelianti ekonomistebi, avtor-Semdgenlebi: ambrosi griSikaSvili, Tengiz kudava,
nino odilavaZe, Tb. 2005. Gv.175-183
5 Разин В.И. Политическая организация общества как категория исторического материализма. М., 1971. с.6
1
Томас Гоббс, Левиафан, или материя, форма и власть государства церковного и гражданского. М. 1936.
Стр.181.
2
Разин В.И. Политическая организация общества как категория исторического материализма. М., 1971. с.6
7
profesionaluri organizaciebi (kavSirebi), arasamTavrobo orga
nizaciebi, interesTa jgufebi (lobistebi) da sxva gaerTianebebi, romle
bic specialurad arian Seqmnili da oficialurad aRiarebuli, rogorc
sazogadoebis ara marto calkeuli socialuri jgufebis, klasebis,
erebis, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis interesebis gamomxatvelad da
damcvelad. amJamad, sazogadoebis politikuri institutebi umeteswil
qveynebSi (evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis) saxelmwifos organoebTan
erTad moicavs politikur partiebs, profesionalur kavSirebs da
interesTa jgufebs (lobistebs), romlebic monawileoben saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi an zemoqmedeben masze. magaliTad,
amerikuli lobisturi jgufebi-legalizebuli da registrirebuli aSS-is
lobizmis regulirebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, me-20 saukunis 40-iani
wlebis bolos, warmoadgenen oficialur politikur instituts. aq unda
aRiniSnos, rom ruseTSi Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis ararsebobis
pirobebSi lobizmi imyofeba politikuri speqtris “Crdilovan” nawilSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, lobistebi ruseTSi TiTqosda institucionalizmis
parametrebSi ver Tavsdeba, miuxedavad amisa, aqtiurad zemoqmedeben
mravali politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebaze qveyanaSi. Uunda iTqvas,
rom ruseTis “Crdilovani” lobisturi jgufebi- es ukve de-faqto
aRiarebuli politikuri institutia, romelic zogjer ufro gavleniania,
vidre partiuli. 1
aSS lobizmis legalizaciis magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs politikuri
“substanciisa” da “instituciis” urTierTdamokidebulebis xasiaTis
demonstrirebas. rodesac yalibdeba realuri urTierToba xelisufle
basa da sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs Soris, romelic uSualod, arcTu
iSviaTad, sruliad samarTlebriv safuZvelze, iwvevs araofi cialuri
institucionaluri struqturebis Camoyalibebas da romlebic Semdgom
gardaiqmnebian politikuri sistemis oficialur da legalur institu
tad, rac, rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia mxolod ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi
Zalebis Tanxmobisa da mxardaWeris pirobebSi. 2
1
Дегтярёв А.А. Основы политической теории. М.,2009.с.23
2
Дегтяров А.А. Основы политической теории. М. 2009. с.24
8
politikuri cxovrebis institucionalur da substancionalur
aspeqtebs Soris makropolitikur doneze msgavsi kavSirebi arsebobs ara
mxolod saSinao politikaSi, aramed saerTaSoriso politikis sferoSic,
e.i. megapolitikur doneze, rac aSkarad aisaxa evropuli Tanamegobrobis
[EC] Camoyalibebis procesSi. evropuli Tanamegobroba [EC], rogorc axali
Zalis mqone “polusi” iwyebs Zveli institutis “polisis” Seviwroebas,
e.i. saxelmwifo-eris. Zalauflebisa da gavlenis gadanawileba evropul
Tanamegobrobasa da masSi Semaval saxelmwifoebs Soris, saxelmwifos
zeda institutebis (evroparlamenti da a.S.) Camoyalibeba, “maTi statusis
gansazRvra, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis aucilebeli uflebamosilebis
miniWeba, moRvaweobis ZiriTadi formebisa da meTodebis dadgena,
daweseba- es savsebiT ar aris TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebi, aramed
realizaciaa im ideebisa da principebis, romlebic safuZvlad udevs
dasavleTevropul integracias, TanamegobrobaTa Camoyalibebas.” 1
unda aRiniSnos, rom politikuri partia, iseve rogorc interesTa
jgufebi, politikur instituts warmoadgens. is xalxis uSualo
Suamavalia saxelmwifosa da xelisuflebasTan. partiis saqmianoba
xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebiTa da specifiurobiT. is sxva
danarCeni sazogadoebrivi organizaciebidan “yvelaze politikuri orga
nizaciaa” (douzi). 2 istoriulad partia warmoiSva rogorc gansa
zRvruli socialuri jgufebis, fenis, klasis interesebis gamomxatveli
warmomadgenlobiTi struqtura, rogorc saxelmwifos opoziciuri da
sxva politikur gaerTianebaTa instituti. upirveles yovlisa, misi
umTavresi mizania politikuri xelisuflebis mopoveba da
mosaxleobisagan mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofa. aseve politikuri partiis
moRvaweobis ZiriTadi amocanaa xelisuflebis sxvadasxva ganStoebebSi,
saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis adgilobriv da centralur organoebsa
1
Мутагиров Д.З. Международные политические институты. М. 2009. С.24
2
ix. TeTvaZe SoTa, politikuri institutebi-xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi.
Tb. 1997. Gv.39
9
da sxvadasxva instituts Soris kavSirebisa da urTierTobaTa
ganmtkiceba. amasTanve, rogorc TiToeuli moqalaqis, ise mTlianad sa
zogadoebis, misi calkeuli socialuri fenis, klasebis interesTa arti
kulacia da dacva.
sazogadoebis politikuri institutebis Teoriul problemebze
bolodroindel specialur literaturaSi gamoqveynebul naSromebSi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba misi cnebisa da struqturis gansazRvras
eTmoboda.
mTeli me-20 saukunis ganmavlobasa da 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi
politikur azrovnebaSi dominirebda warmodgena saxelmwifoze, rogorc
politikuri cxovrebis substancionalur (ZiriTad) sawyisze. xolo
politikuri institutebis qveS igulisxmeboda mxolod administraciuli
dawesebulebebi da iuridiuli normebi. magram k. marqsis, 1 g. spenseris, 2 m.
veberis, 3 klasikuri (fundamenturi) nawarmoebebidan dawyebuli,
politologiasa da sociologiaSi politikuri institutebis saxelmwi
foebriv-samarTlebrivi an administraciul-iuridiul gagebasTan erTad,
yalibdeba, aseve Tvisobrivad axali socialuri midgoma politikuri
institutebisadmi. Apolitikur sferoSi substanciasa da instituciis
(institucionalizmis) Tanafardobis, politikur urTierTobebSi formisa
da Sinaarsis problema aman axal Teoriul simaRleze aiyvana.
ra aris mainc politikuri instituti? termini “instituti” warmodgeba
laTinuri sityvidan “Institutum”, rac niSnavs “dadgenas” an “dawesebas”.4
am mniSvnelobiT institutebis, etimologiurad TiTqmis sityvasityviT
1 k. marqsi, samoqalaqo omi safrangeTSi, tf. 1931. Tvrameti briumeri lui bonapartisa,
tf.. 1932. k. marqsi, kapitali, t.1; Tb., 1930; t.2; Tb., 1933; t.3, w.1-2; Tb., 1932-1934; t.4, Tb.,
1966.
2
g.spenseri, основания социологии, Т.1. СПБ, 1888. Научные,политические и философские опыты, под.об.
ред.Н.А.Рубакина.СПБ. 1899, Личность и государство. СПБ.1908
4
Дегтярёв А..А. Основы политической теории, М.2009.с.17
10
interpretacias iZleva maqs veberi, 1 romelic aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifo,
rogorc rafinirebuli magaliTi institutisa, warmoadgens adamianTa
iseT erTobas, romelTa qceva dafuZnebulia “im zomaze, ra zomiTac amas,
Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo uSvebs”, racionalur dadgenilebebze
(konstituciis normebze da a. S.) dayrdnobiT.
frangi politologebi (m. prelo, J. biurdo, m. diuverJe) gamoyofen
politikur institutSi Semaval or ZiriTad komponents: jer erTi, saku
Triv urTierTobebis sistemis idealur models; meore, esaa uSualod
organizaciuli struqturebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba koleqti uri
politikuri praqtikis (politikuri saqmianobis, gamocdilebis) Se degad.2
kvlevebis Sedegad gamovlinda am mecnieruli kategoriis gamoyenebis
didi mniSvneloba social-politikuri procesebisa da gansakuTrebiT
maTi saxelmwifoebriv-samarTlebrivi formebis gansaxilvelad. 3
Tumca, sakiTxi politikuri institutebis cnebis logikuri arealis
Sesaxeb, im movlenaTa speqtrSi (uwyvet jaWvSi), romelsac is moicavs
dRemde, kamaTis sagania. Mmiuxedavad amisa, yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia
mtkiceba imisa, rom politikuri institutebis cnebaSi uSualod
moiazreba saxelmwifo organoebis kompleqsi da mxolod is socialur-
politikuri gaerTianebebi, romlebic monawileoben saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi. 4
politikuri institutebi- uaRresad rTuli sistemaa, romelic misi
Semadgeneli elementebis mravalgvarobiT da, aseve, maT Soris arsebuli
mWidro urTierTkavSiriT xasiaTdeba. magram elementTa simravle da
urTierTkavSirebi yovelTvis ar warmoadgenen politikuri institutebis
organizebulobisa da simyaris safuZvels. radgan maTi moqmedeba xdeba
ra sivrcesa (eqstensiuri struqtura) da droSi (intensiuri struqtura),
politikurma institutebma sazogadoebaSi warmoqmnili garkveuli Sida
1
m. veberi, politika rogorc mowodeba da xeloba, Tb, 1994, gv.12-13
2
ix. Дегтярёв А..А. Основы политической теории,М.2009.с.19
3
Манов В.И. Государство и политическая организация общества, М.,1974, с.212-213
4
Манов В.И. Государство и политическая организация общества. М., 1974,, gv.213
11
dapirispirebulobis Sedegad SeiZleba miiRon qaoturi xasiaTi da am
garemoebam srul daSlamde miiyvanos isini. Tumca politikuri
institutebi, sanam funqcionireben, rogorc sistema, mis struqturebSi
warmoiSoba regulaciuri procesebi, romelic uSualod mimarTuli
iqneba iqiTken, rom SeinarCunos arsebuli mdgomareoba. 1
rogorc aRvniSneT, politikuri institutebi moicavs rogorc
saxelmwifos, aseve sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv-politikur organizacias
Tu dawesebulebas- partiebs da sxva gaerTianebebs, romlebic imyofebian
ama Tu im urTierTobaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebasTan. amitom poli
tikuri institutebis moRvaweoba msWvalavs mTel sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas, aqtiurad zemoqmedebs sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri da
politikuri cxovrebis yvela sferoze, astimulirebs sazogadoebriv
process. Tumca SesaZlebelia sapirispiroc, man Seqmnas dabrkolebebi,
Seaferxos an gaaZlieros misi ganviTareba, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
moSalos kidec.
politikuri institutebi- rTuli da dinamiuri warmonaqmnia. amiT
garkveulwilad aixsneba is urTierTsawinaaRmdego postulatebi (Tvalsa
zrisi), romelic gvxvdeba mocemuli politikuri (organizaciis, dawese
bulebaTa) sistemis cnebis ganmartebaSi.
drodadro politikuri institutebi ganixileboda iseT kategoriad,
romelic moicavda yvelafers politikurs e.i. politikur urTierTobebs,
sakuTriv politikas, politikur dawesebulebebs, kavSirebs da a.S. am
mosazrebis avtorebi amtkiceben, rom sazogadoebriv-politikuri urTi
erTobebis yoveli aspeqti warmoadgens gansakuTrebul organizacias, rom
lis Sinaarss Sesabamisi procesebi da urTierTobebi Seadgens. am
poziciidan udgebian isini politikuri institutebis struqturis Sesaxeb
sabolood sakiTxis gadawyvetas. am struqturaSi maT mier moiazreba
politikuri urTierTobebi, konkretuli saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv-
politikuri organizaciebi, agreTve, erebi da klasebi, rogorc
politikuri urTierTobebis matareblebi. 2
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad
politikuri institutebis cneba moicavs saxelmwifos da sazogadoebriv-
1
Манов В.И. Государство и политическая организация общества. М., 1974, с. 220
2
.Белых А.К. Политическая организация общества и социалистическое управление. ЛГУ,1967,с.9,15,16.
12
politikur dawesebulebaTa, sxva sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa mTel
sistemas. am TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi avtoris d. Cesnokovis mtkicebiT,
politikuri institutebi warmoadgenen saxelmwifo-samarTlebriv,
sazogadoebriv-politikur dawesebulebaTa da organizaciaTa erTian
sistemas, romelic aregulirebs politikur urTierTobebs klasebs,
saxelmwifosa da xalxTa Soris. es urTierTobebi vlindeba ara mxolod
politikur sferoSi, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis rogorc
sameurneo, kulturul, ise sxva dargebSic. 1
karl marqsi da arc fridrix engelsi ar uaryofen politikuri da
samarTlebrivi dawesebulebebisa da institutebis mniSvnelobas, piriqiT,
isini yovelmxriv xazs usvamdnen maT seriozul rols sazogadoebaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom karl marqsi da fridrix engelsi yovelTvis
miuTiTebdnen saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanes klasobriv daniSnulebaze,
magram amave dros maTi Rrma rwmeniT, saxelmwifos misia amiT ar amoiwu
reboda. saxelmwifo, rogorc k. marqsi aRniSnavs, warmoadgens sazo
gadoebis marTvis iseT wyobas, romelic amTlianebs klasobriv sazoga
doebas, formas, romelic “amTlianebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas”, gamo
xatavs da oficialurad warmoadgens sruliad mocemul erTobas mTli
anad. Kkarl marqsi Tvlida, rom saxelmwifo aris, garda Aamisa, poli
tikuri organizacia, mTeli klasobrivi sazogadoebis saerTo saqmeebis
samarTavad.2
amrigad, politikuri institutebi - esaa sazogadoebriv-politikuri
urTierTdamokidebulebis myari forma, romelic aregulirebs
politikuri xelisuflebis (politikuri dawesebulebis damokidebulebis,
moqmedebis, qcevis, saqmianobis) urTierTobaTa garkveul segments
sazogadoebaSi. politikuri institutebi ara ubralo jamia nebismieri
subieqtebisa, aramed Sinaganad erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli,
organizebuli, misi Semadgeneli elementebis (nawilebis) sistemaa. AA
mxolod politikuri institutebis subieqtebis sistemuri Seswavla (da
ara maTi izolirebulad ganxilva, rogorc aseTis) SesaZlebels xdis
1
Чесноков Д.И. Исторический материализм, М. «Мысль», 1964, с.249
2
К. Маркс и Ф. Энгелс, Соч.Т.25, ч.1; с.422
13
miviRoT adekvaturi, obieqturi informacia mTlianad politikuri
institutebis Sesaxeb.
amdenad, politikuri institutebis yvelaze gansakuTrebuli subieqti
saxelmwifoa, aseve mniSvnelovan subieqtebs warmoadgenen interes
jgufebi, politikuri elita, politikuri partiebi, profesiuli kavSi
rebi.
1
Пушкарёва Г.В. Политология, М., 2002, с.78-79
15
suflebaa, radgan xorcieldeba saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli orga
noebisa da dawesebulebebis mTeli sistemis meSveobiT. saWiro SemTxve
vaSi iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebiT. teritoriuli orga nizacia.
saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba gansazRvruli teritoriis
farglebSi, vrceldeba am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze da mis teritoriaze
mudmivad Tu droebiT mcxovrebByvela sxva adamianze. 1
teritoria aris saxelmwifos arsebobis ara sazogadoebrivi, aramed
bunebrivi piroba. Tavad teritoria ver warmoqmnis saxelmwifos. is
warmoqmnis mxolod sivrces, romlis farglebSic saxelmwifo axor
cielebs xelisuflebas. amrigad, mosaxleobac da teritoriac, saxel
mwifos warmoqmnisa da arsebobis aucilebel materialur winapirobas
warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia arsebobdes saxelmwifo teritoriis gareSe
iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia is aseve arsebobdes mosaxleobis gareSe. 2
L legitimuroba. saxelmwifo xelisufleba iqmneba da xorcieldeba
samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze da mis farglebSi. mxolod sajaro
xelisuflebaa uflebamosili ganaxorcielos samarTalSemoqmedeba,
daadginos yvelasaTvis savaldebulo qcevis wesebi, gansakuTrebuli
organoebis meSveobiT uzrunvelyos maTi dacva da Sesruleba, gamoiyenos
iZulebiTi xasiaTis saSualebebi. suvereniteti. saxelmwifo xelisufleba
suverenulia, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT, roca
xorcieldeba Tavisuflad, yvela sxva xelisuflebisagan
damoukideblad. 3 saxelmwifo suvereniteti esaa, saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis iseTi Tviseba, romelic gamoixateba mocemuli
saxelmwifos uzenaesobasa da damoukideblobaSi qveynis SigniT nebismier
sxva xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi da aseve saxelmwifoTaSoriso
damokidebulebebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis aRiarebuli
normebis mkacri dacviT. 4 saxelmwifo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba da
uzenaesoba gamoixateba SemdegSi: universalobaSi, rodesac mxolod
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebi vrceldeba mocemuli
2
aristotele, politika, naw.I, Tb., 1995, gv.80
3
Цицерон, Диалоги-о государстве и о законах, М., 1966, с.20
4 ix. TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala), Tb.,
2008. Gv.73
17
sazogadoebis principis SeerTeba”. 1 “igi zneobrivi mTlianobaa –
saxelmwifoa, anu is sinamdvilea, romelSic individs Tavisi Tavisufleba
aqvs da am TavisuflebiT tkbeba, magram aqvs imgvarad, rom TviT es
individi zogadis codna, rwmena da nebebaa”. 2
aranakleb sainteresoa rusi iuristebis mier mocemuli saxelmwifos
cnebis gansazRvra. Ees gansazRvrebi mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT metad
sayuradreboa, radgan maT udavod dResac ar daukargavT namdvili
mecnieruli Rirebuleba. magaliTad, n. lazarevski saxelmwifos gansa
zRvravda Semdegnairad: ”saxelmwifo_ esaa mbrZanebluri suverenuli
organizacia”. 3 n. korkunovi werda, rom saxelmwifo aris “sazogadoebrivi
kavSiri, romelic warmoadgens damoukidebel, aRiarebul iZulebiT
mbrZaneblobas Tavisufal adamianebze”. 4 v. xvostovi Tvlis, rom
saxelmwifo “esaa garkveul teritoriaze mcxovrebi da iZulebiTi da
damoukidebeli uzenaesi xelisuflebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli Tavisu
fali adamianebis kavSiri”. 5
avstrieli saxelmwifomcodne l. gumploviCis mixedviT, saxelmwifo
aris sxva araferi, Tu ara “garkveuli marTlwesrigis dasacavad gaTva
liswinebuli mbrZaneblobis bunebrivad warmoqmnili organizacia”. 6
ingliseli saxelmwifomcodne filipsi wers: ”saxelmwifo aris
damoukidebeli politikuri sazogadoeba, romelsac gaaCnia (dakavebuli
aqvs) garkveuli teritoria an teritoriebi da, romlis wevrebi gaerTi
andnen im mizniT, rom gareSe ZalebisaTvis gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba da
uzrunveleyoT Sida wesrigi”. 7
frangi iuristi a. fotSi saxelmwifos ase gansazRvravs: ”saxelm
wifo aris socialuri movlena, romelsac mowmobs politikuri gaerTi
anebis (sazogadoebis) arseboba da romelic cxovrobs garkveul teri
toriaze da, romelSic viTardeba (mkvidrdeba) gansakuTrebuli iuridi
uli wesrigi”. 8
1
ix. valerian metreveli, giorgi daviTaSvili, politikur da samarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa
istoria. Tb., 1997, gv.101
20
da mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad. 1 Jan-Jak ruso _exeba saerTo Tavisu
flebas. is werda, “rom saxelmwifos saerTo sxeuli mSvidobiani cxovre
bis saxiT uzrunvelyofs TviToeuli adamianis pirad uflebebsa da maT
harmoniul Tanacxovrebas. 2 aleqsandre nikolozis Ze radiSCevi saxelm
wifos mTavar amocanas xedavda adamianTa cxovrebis gaumjobesebaSi. misi
azriT, adamiani mxolod adamianTan TanacxovrebiT xdeba Zlieri, amitom
sazogadoeba (saxelmwifo) unda zrunavdes adamianze.
marqsistul-leninuri moZRvreba saxelmwifos socialur daniSnulebad
Tvlida socializmis pirobebSi sazogadoebisaTvis farTo socialuri
uflebebis miniWebas: Sromis, ganaTlebis, moxucebulobis dros uzrun
velyofis, ufaso janmrTelobis dacvas, swavlebisa da sxva materialur
da kulturul moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas sazo gadoebrivi forme
bis xarjze (saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze). 3
me-20 saukunis Sua periodSi Cndeba rigi Teoriebi (“sayovelTao bedni
erebis saxelmwifo”, “pluralisturi demokratia”, “samarTlebrivi saxelm
wifo” da sxva), romlebic Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebriobis mTavar amo
canas xedaven kanonis farglebSi mravalferovani socialuri keTil
dReobis SeqmnaSi sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis, TiToeulis SesaZle
blobebis gaTvaliswinebiT (rostou, xekSneri, bernsi, jonsi da sxva).4
saerTod, Sexedulebebi saxelmwifos socialur daniSnulebaze gani
sazRvreba im obieqturi pirobebiT, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia sazo
gadoebis ganviTarebis mocemuli donisaTvis Sesabamis periodSi.
1
Философская энциклопедия, Т.3, М., 1964. с.299
2
Философская энциклопедия, Т.3, М., 1964. с.299
23
Zvel egvipteSi gabatonebuli iyo idea faraonis gaRmerTebis Sesaxeb,
rogorc mzis Sobili Zisa. aqedan gamomdinare-_faraonis kulti.
faraonis xelisuflebis RvTaebriobis idea warmoadgenda Zveli egviptis
saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erT sayrdens. 1 qveyanaSi momxdari yvela
movlena da gatarebuli masStaburi gardaqmnebi egvipturi RmerTebis
nebad aRiqmeboda, xolo faraonebi gamocxadebuli iyvnen miwier RmerTe
bad, romlebic mudmivad zeciuri Zalebis (RmerTebis) mfarvelobis qveS
imyofebodnen. Zveli babilonis mefe xamurabis kanonebis preambulesa da
boloTqmaSi aRniSnulia, rom misi samefo xelisufleba RvTaebrivi
warmoSobisaa. RmerTebi mfarvelobas uweven mas da exmarebian
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi. 2 msgavsi azria gatarebuli aseve e.w. manus
kanonebSi (Zveli indoeTi me-2 saukune Zv.w. da pirvel saukuneSi ax. w.). 3
Teologiuri doqtrinebi ufro mogvianebiT, feodalizmis xanaSi,
gavrcelda. im dros mefeebs, feodalur xelmwifeebs, qveynebis impera
torebs da yvela saxis feodalur monarqebs, dasWirdaT Teokra tiuli
ideologia sakuTari pirovnebis gandidebisaTvis, TavianTi SeuzRu davi
Zalauflebis dasabuTebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis. am Teoriis apolo
getebi RmerTis mier dawesebulad acxadebdnen arsebul wes-wyobilebas,
socialur uTanasworobas. am mosazrebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
gamoirCeoda Toma aqvineli. Semdgom epoqaSic Teokratiul ideologias
gamouCndnen mimdevrebi(erT-erTi maTgani iyo, Jak mariteni, romelzec
zemoT gvqonda saubari).
xelSekrulebis (SeTanxmebiTi) Teoria. mocemuli Teoriis mixedviT,
saxelmwifo Seiqmna adamianTa nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebis Sedegad,
urTierTSeTanxmebisa da sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze im
mizniT, rom adamianebs mieRwiaT sayovelTao mSvidobis, samarTlianobisa
da keTildReobisaTvis. maT, xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, TavianTi ufle
bebis garkveuli nawili gadasces saxelmwifos. Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifom
ki aiRo valdebuleba daecva sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris sakuTreba,
Tavisufleba, uzrunveleyo usafrTxoeba.
1
n. darsania, exnatoni da nefertiti, reformatori faraonis politikuri portreti da
biografiuli Strixebi, Tb., 2009, gv.52
2 xamurabis kanonebi, Tb., 1988, gv.6-9
3
Г.М. Бонгард-Левин, Г.Ф. Ильин, Древняя Индия, М., 1969, с.45-46
24
xelSekrulebis Teorias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, magram is ver xsnis
sad, rodis da rogor gaformda sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba. es Teoria
gamoyofs ori saxis samarTals: bunebiTs, 1 romelic win uswrebs
sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos, poziciurs_saxelmwifos mier warmo
qmnils. am Teoriis ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: holandiaSi- hugo
grociusi da benediqt spinoza, inglisSi-Tomas hobsi da jon loki, saf
rangeTSi-Sarl lui monteskie da Jan-Jak ruso, volteri; ruseTSi-
aleqsandre radiSCevi.
G grociusi hugo de grooti (1583-1645)- holandieli mecnieri, iuristi,
sociologi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis da
saerTaSoriso samarTlis mecnierebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. grociusis
ZiriTadi traqtati “omisa da mSvidobis samarTlis Sesaxeb” saerTa
Soriso samarTlis problemebisadmi aris miZRvnili. is moiTxovda
usamarTlo omebis akrZalvas, winadadebas iZleoda daarsebuliyo mudmivi
organo saerTaSoriso dacvis gadasawyvetad. am naSromSi ganxilulia
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi sakiTxebic. grociusi ganasxvavebda
“bunebiT” da “adamianis mier“ samarTals. misi azriT, “bunebiTi” samarTa
li TavisTavadaa WeSmariti da RvTis nebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs.
“adamianis mier” samarTali ki “bunebiTis” principis ganxorcielebis
Sedegad iqmneba. 2 igi Tvlida, rom saxelmwifo warmoiSva e.w.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegad, is adamianTa gonivruli urTi
erTSeTanxmebis, maTi winaswargamiznuli moRvaweobis produqtia.
spinoza benediqt (barux) (1632-1677)- holandieli panTeisti
filosofosi, racionalisti. misi umTavresi Sromaa geometriuli princi
pebiT dalagebuli “eTika”. misi azriT, SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod
erTaderTi usasrulo da maradiuli substancia – RmerTi an buneba.
spinoza RvTisa da bunebis gaigivebiT panTeizmis poziciis damcvelia. mi
si TvalsazrisiT, substancia aris is, rac TavisTvisaa da yovelives
1
bunebiTi samarTlis TeoriasTanaa dakavSirebuli, adamianTa Soris SeTanxmebis
Sedegad saxelmwifos warmoqmnis problema (sakiTxi), romlis mixedviT saxelmwifosa da
samarTlis Seqmnamde adamianebi imyofebodnen “bunebiT mdgomareobaSi”. bunebiTi
samarTlis ideebi Caisaxa Zvel droSi (ciceroni), Sua saukuneebSi upiratesad
Teologiuri forma miiRo. Xolo XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi am ideebma rogorc
progresulma burJuaziulma Teoriam (ideologiam) dadebiTi roli Seasrules,
feodalizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis periodSi. (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.2, Tb.,
1972, gv.568-569
2
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.3, Tb., 1979, gv.280
25
mizezia, ris arsebobac mis arsebobas emTxveva da ris moazrebisaTvisac
sxva ramis moazreba ar aris saWiro. igi saganTa imanenturi, realuri da
logikuri mizezicaa. substanciis usasrulo atributebidan adami
anisaTvis cnobilia mxolod ori atributi- azrovneba da ganfeniloba,
radgan adamiani am ori TvisebiT aris gansazRvruli. 1
“bunebiTi” samarTlis da sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriis sxva
gamoCenil warmomadgenelTa msgavsad, spinoza sazogadoebis kanon
zomierebebs ganixilavda adamianTa Sinagani bunebisaTvis ucvleli
(damaxasiaTebeli) Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare da SesaZleblad Tvli
da moqalaqeTa sakuTari egoisturi interesebis harmoniul SeTavsebas
mTeli sazogadoebis interesebTan.
Tomas hobsi (1588-1679)- ingliseli filosofosi, romelmac Tavisi
ZiriTadi ideebi Camoayaliba wignSi “leviaTani”. masSi avtori ganixilavs
iseT Temebs rogoricaa: adamianis buneba, codnis Teoria, eTika,
politikis filosofia. is yvelaze metad cnobilia swored am ukanasknel
sferoSi. misma ideebma didad gansazRvra axali drois politikis erT-
erTi umTavresi cneba: bunebiTi mdgomareoba. es sazogadoebis iseTi mdgo
mareobaa, roca jer kidev ar arsebobs saxelmwifo, anu ar aris Zala,
romelsac yvela adamiani daemorCileba da yvela TavisTavsaa mindobili.
swored amitom bunebiTi mdgomareoba aris yvelas brZola, TiToeulis
winaaRmdegoba. raki ar arsebobs uzenaesi Zalaufleba, romelsac yvela
daemorCileba, adamianebi yovelmxriv daucvelad grZnoben Tavs. 2 hobsi
Tvlida, rom adamiani bunebiT mdgomareobaSic racionaluri arsebaa.
Adamianis gonebriv triumfad miaCnda maT mier imis gacnobiereba, rom es
yvelasaTvis damRupvelia, aucilebelia ganusazRvreli Tavisuflebis
SezRudva da xelSekrulebiTi saxelmwifos Seqmna. hobsis azriT, pirov
neba savsebiT unda emorCilebodes xelisuflebas, magram Tu xeli
sufleba ver asrulebs Tavis movaleobas, gamarTlebulia xelSekrule
bis darRveva, e.i. revolucia, rac udidesi ubedurebaa. mmarTve lobis
saukeTeso formad is monarqias miiCnevs. 3
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.9, Tb., 1985, gv.518-519
2
Sesavali Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi, wigni I, Tb., 2006, gv.252
3 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.11, Tb., 1987, gv.676
26
hobsi erT-erTi politikuri realizmis skolis fuZemdebelia,
romelic dResac wamyvania saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa TeoriaSi
(socialur-politikur TeoriaSi). am skolis SexedulebaTa Tanaxmad,
saxelmwifoTa urTierToba SegviZlia SevadaroT “bunebiT mdgomareobas”,
sadac ar aris erTiani uzenaesi Zalaufleba. Sesabamisad, am urTi
erTobaSi saxelmwifoebis qcevas, moqmedebas mTlianad usafrTxoebis
interesebi gansazRvravs.
jon loki (1632-1704)- ingliseli filosofosi da ganmanaTlebeli,
politikuri moazrovne. misi naSromebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
erTi mxriv, axali drois evropuli codnis Teoriis, meore mxriv-
liberaluri, politikuri moZRvrebis ganviTarebisaTvis. am ukanasknel
Temaze jon lokis ZiriTadi ideebi Camoyalibebulia “or traqtatSi
mmarTvelobaze”. 1 hobsis msgavsad, jon lokic akritikebs “mefeTa saRvTo
uflebis Teorias da politikur wesrigs adamianis bunebiT uflebebze
afuZnebs. Tumca, Tu hobsi sabolood absoluturi mmarTvelobis ideamde
midis, loki liberaluri konstitucionalizmis anu SezRuduli
Zalauflebis umTavres principebs ayalibebs. rac mas Tanamedrove
liberaluri demokratiis pirvel Teoretikosad aqcevs. 2
lokis mixedviT, sazogadoebasTan mimarTebis umTavresi Teza adami
anTa bunebiTi mdgomareobaa, sadac adamiani Tavisufali da Tana sworia.
misi azriT, adamians bunebiT mdgomareobaSi aqvs ara mxolod Tavisi
qmedebis racionalurad gaTvlis unari, aramed moralic. aqac moqmedebs
bunebiTi kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac adamians ar SeuZlia sakuTari da
sxva adamianis sicocxlis da sakuTrebis xelyofa, Tu mis sicocxlesa
da sakuTrebas konkretuli safrTxe ar emuqreba. amis argumenti loki
sTvis religiuria: sicocxle adamians RmerTisagan aqvs boZebuli da
aqedan gamomdinare, aravis misi xelyofis ufleba ara aqvs. miuxedavad
amisa, is mainc aucileblobad miiCnevs saxelmwifos. misTvis saxelmwifos
(“samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis”) Seqmna sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
Sedegia. Tumca lokis “or traqtatSi mmarTvelobaze,” (1689), hobsisagan
27
gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifos funqcia imTaviTve SezRudulia. is
konkretulad CamoTvlis mis funqciebs. saxelmwifo SeimuSavebs saerTo
wesebs anu kanonebs, romelic sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris an
calkeuli jgufis mosazrebaze maRla dgas. jon loki sjis imas, vinc
arRvevs sazogadoebis mier miRebul wesebs_ e.i. aRasrulebs kanonebs. is
icavs sazogadoebas gareSe safrTxisagan_ wyvets omisa da mSvidobis
sakiTxebs. danarCeni individebis saqmea. 1
im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifo Sesabamisad ar Seasrulebs Tavis
funqciebs, gadaaWarbebs Tavis uflebamosilebas, adamianebs SeuZliaT
gawyviton xelSekruleba da daibrunon TavianTi uflebebi. despoturi
mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, rodesac xelyofilia adamianis Tavisufleba,
izRudeba misi Zireuli uflebebi, adamianebs aqvs ufleba aujanydnen
tiranul xelisuflebas. am mosazrebis gamo, loks misi momxreebic da
mowinaaRmdegeebic politikuri revoluciis gamamarTleblad Tvlidnen. 2
jon lokis naSromebSi mocemuli bevri idea dRes anbanur WeSmaritebad
Cans, radgan liberaluri demokratia politikuri xelisuflebis agebis
saukeTeso modelad TiTqmis sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli.
Sarl lui monteskie (1686-1755)- frangi ganmamaTlebeli,
samarTalmcodne, filosofosi da mwerali.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania monteskies mosazrebebi saxelmwifosa da
samarTlis Sesaxeb, romelic gadmocemulia mis enciklopediuri xasiaTis
naSromSi “kanonTa goni”. igi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis –
parlamentarizmis SemoRebis momxrea.
monteskie Tavis droze antikuri filosofiis brwyinvale mcodned
iTvleboda. mas itacebda platoni, aristotele; yvelaze metad izidavda
ciceroni, filosofiasTan aqtiuri damoukideblobis gamo. 3 sainteresoa,
agreTve, misi damokidebuleba hobsis Sexedulebebisadmi. igi iziarebs
hobsis filosofiur Sexedulebebs saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. monteskie
3
SoTa jafariZe, Sarl lui monteskie-frangi ganmanaTlebeli da politikuri
moazrovne, baTumi-Tbilisi, 1995, gv.12
28
eTanxmeba mas imaSi, rom adamiani ar aris “sazogadoebrivi cxoveli”. 1
radgan TviTon adamianebi qmnian sazogadoebas, qmnian saxelmwifos,
rameTu mas sargebloba moaqvs TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis. monteskie
iziarebs im mosazrebasac, rom sazogadoebis Seqmnamde adamianebi
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. sadac ar iyo kerZo sakuTreba,
qonebrivi uTanasworoba, ar iyo araviTari kanoni, Sromis samarTali. Tu
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamianTa uflebebi ganusazRvreli iyo,
saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg maT es uflebebi saxelmwifos gadasces.
amdenad, saxelmwifos Seqmna bunebrivi aqtia, is ar aris RvTaebrivi
warmoSobis, saxelmwifos kanonebic adamianTa mieraa SemuSavebuli. 2
bunebrivi kanonebidan (kanonzomierebebidan) gamomdinare monteskies
gamoaqvs daskvna- adamianis mier saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis aucileblobis gacnobierebis Sesaxeb. adamianis survili
icxovros sazogadoebaSi, misi azriT, gamomdinareobs uSualod adamianis
inteleqtidan, misi racionalizmidan, rom adamianis gonebas aqvs unari
miiRos damoukidebeli gadawyvetileba.
Sarl lui monteskie, de sekonda baron dela bredi, iyo franguli
Tavisufali azrovnebis udidesi warmomadgeneli, romelmac Tavisi
istoriuli damsaxurebiTa da SesaniSnavi nawarmoebebiT uaRresad
TvalsaCino adgili daimkvidra rogorc frangul, aseve msoflio
socialur, politikur da samarTlebrivi Teoriis istoriaSi.
Jan-Jak ruso (1712-1778)- frangi filosofosi, mwerali, ganmanaTlebeli.
man Tavisi socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi Camoayaliba sayovel
Taod cnobil SromebSi, rogoricaa: “msjeloba uTanasworobis Sesaxeb”
da “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba anu politikuri samarTlis prin
cipebi”. rusos traqtati “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb” Sed
geba oTxi wignisagan. pirveli maTgani miZRvnilia politikuri uflebis
principebis zogadi daxasiaTebisadmi; meore wignSi ruso vrclad
ganixilavs saerTo saxalxo nebas anu suverenitets, masTan adamianTa
urTierTobis formebs da suverenul uflebebze damyarebul kanonebs;
2 iqve, gv.13
29
mesame wignSi saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebia
daxasiaTebuli; meoTxe wignSi ki ganxilulia suverenitetis realurad
ganxorcielebis gzebsa da saSualebebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
Jan-Jak ruso frang ganmanaTlebelTa Soris yvelaze radikaluri
moazrovnea. misi filosofiur-politikuri Sexedulebebis fuZemdebluri
debulebaa; ”kacobriobas Seadgens xalxi, is rac xalxze maRla dgas
imdenad mcirea, rom masze laparakic ar Rirs”. 1 ruso Semdegi saxiT
warmogvidgens axali sazogadoebis sawyisebs: adamianebi harmoniuli
sazogadoebrivi TanacxovrebisaTvis nebayoflobiTi xelSekrulebis gziT
erTiandebian da qmnian suverenul erTian saxelmwifoebriv sxeuls.
saxelmwifos saerTo sxeuli mSvidobiani cxovrebis saxiT uzrunvelyofs
TiToeuli adamianis pirad uflebebs da maT harmoniul Tanacxovrebas.2
igi ayenebs debulebas, rom saerTo neba, suvereniteti ganusxvisebelia.
radgan saxelmwifo erTiania da misi mizani sayovelTao sikeTea, radgan
saxelmwifoSi kerZo interesebi sayovelTao interesebSia gaerTianebuli
da uamisod saxelmwifos arsebobac SeuZlebelia. saerTo neba anu
suverenitetic, rac am mizans eqvemdebareba, ganusxvisebelia, sayovelTaoa
da misi gacema sxvisTvis SeuZlebelia. suvereniteti anu saerTo neba
wmindaTa wmindaa. 3
ruso did adgils uTmobs saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis formaTa
ganxilvas. igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mmarTvelobis samgvar saxes-
demokratias, aristokratias da monarqias.
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis erT-erT ZiriTad principad mas xeli
suflebis ganawileba miaCnia. misi azriT, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
aris politikuri korpusis neba, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba-
Zala. maTi daxmarebis gareSe araferi xdeba da ar unda xdebodes, rac
Seexeba sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, igi unda arsebobdes maTgan
damoukideblad. 4
ruso ayalibebs sayovelTao Tanasworobaze dafuZnebuli demokra
tiuli respublikis struqturas da mxars uWers xalxis ZvelisZvel
30
uflebebs- daamxos tiranuli reJimi, radgan despoturi saxelmwifoebi
nebiT ar daTmoben ZaladobiT moxveWil privilegiebs.
radiSCevi aleqsandre (1749-1802)- gamoCenili rusi revolucioner-
demokrati; revoluciuri tradiciebis fuZemdebeli ruseTis ganma
Tavisuflebel moZraobaSi, ganmanaTlebeli, filosofos-materialisti.
misi istoriuli da socialur-politikuri koncefcia ganzogadebulia
iseT sayovelTaod cnobil nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa: oda “Tavisufleba”
(1783) da Txzuleba “mogzauroba peterburgidan moskovs”(1790). 1 Aa.
radiSCevis naSromebSi xelSekrulebis Teoriam kidev meti revoluciuri
simaxvile da simZafre pova. dasavleT evropis moazrovneebisagan
gansxvavebiT, man sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis idea gamoiyena baton
ymobisa da TviTmpyrobelobis damxobisaTvis, mSromeli masebis, glexebis
ajanyebis mowyobis dasasabuTeblad. igi ambobda, rom sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba momavalSic, revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdegac unda
daedos safuZvlad SeTanxmebas xalxsa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
ganmaxorcielebel im mTavrobas Soris, romelic mSromelTa interesebs
daicavs.2
Zalmomreobis Teoria. Zalmomreobis (Zaladobis) Teoria sakmaod
gavrcelebuli Teoriaa, romlis mimdevrebi irwmunebian, rom saxelmwifo
warmoiqmna TavdacviTi da dapyrobiTi omebis Sedegad. am Teoriis ideuri
saTaveebi, jer kidev monaTmflobeluri wyobilebis periodSi Camo
yalibda. misi avtorebi amtkicebdnen imas, rom Zaladobis gansa
kuTrebuli samxedro Tu politikuri aqti warmoadgens saxelmwifos
warmoSobis umTavres mizezs. Zaladobis am Teoriam ufro gavrcobili
mecnieruli dasabuTeba hpova XIX-XX saukunis socialur-politikuri
mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa SromebSi. maTi azri mdgomareobda imaSi,
rom kerZo sakuTrebis, klasebisa da saxelmwifos warmoqmna warmoadgens
Sinagani da garegani Zaladobis Sedegs anu uSualod politikuri
moqmedebis gzas.
Zalmomreobis Teoriis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi arian germaneli
filosofosebi k. kaucki, e. diuringi, avstrieli saxelmwifoTmcodne l.
gumploviCi.
1
Большая Советская Знциклопедия, Т.21, М., 1975, с.397-398
2
inwkirveli givi, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 1999, gv.23
31
karl kaucki (1854-1938)- germaniis social-demokratiis erT-erTi
Teoretikosi da lideri, publicisti.Mmas saxelmwifos warmoSobis way
rod gare Zaladoba da omebi miaCnda. is amtkicebda, rom sxvadasxva to
mebs Soris brZola da omi iwvevs gamarjvebulis mier damarcxebulis
damonebas da am ukanasknelTa miwebis xelSi Cagdebas. amis Semdeg xdeba
swored sazogadoebis dayofa gabatonebul da damorCilebul klasebad.
xolo gabatonebulebis mier damorCilebulebis samarTavad Seqmnili
iZulebis aparati yalibdeba saxelmwifod. karl kauckis azriT, sadac
adgili aqvs Zaladobas, “warmoiqmneba klasebad dayofa, magram ara Temis
sxvadasxva qvedanayofebad dayofis, aramed ori Temis erTSi gaerTianebis
Sedegad, romelTagan erT-erTi xdeba gabatonebuli da
maeqspluatirebeli, meore ki- daCagruli da eqspluatirebuli klasi”. 1
karl kauckis sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesi Semdegnairad aqvs
gaazrebuli: saxelmwifo klasebis brZolis Sedegad ki ar iqmneba, aramed
saxelmwifo qmnis klasebs.
diuringi evgeni (1833-1921)- germaneli filosofosi da ekonomisti.
evgeni diuringi sazogadoebas ganixilavda izolirebulad, rogorc
calke aRebul individTa meqanikur jams, xolo urTierTobas adamianTa
Soris ganmartavda e. w. “Zaladobis Teoriis” sawyisebidan. 2 misi mtki
cebiT, saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezi iyo “uSualo” politikuri Zal
momreoba, adamianTa erTi nawilis Zaladoba sxvebis mimarT. amdenad, misi
azriT, saxelmwifos warmoqmnis Tavdapirveli faqtori unda veZeboT po
litikur ZalaSi, radgan sakuTreba, klasebi da saxelmwifo warmo iSoba,
rogorc sazogadoebis erTi nawilis meoreze Zaladobis Sedegi.
fr. engelsma Tavis droze sakmaod mkacrad gaakritika diuringis es
Sexeduleba wignSi “anti diuringSi”, 3 aCvena ra misi Tvalsazrisis
ekletikuri xasiaTi da mecnieruli usafuZvloba.
gumploviCi ludvigi (1839-1909)- polonuri warmoSobis avstriuli
sociologi da iuristi. misi SexedulebiT brZola arsebobisaTvis
warmoadgens socialuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel faqtors. es brZola
1
ix. kauckis sityvebi. solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tb.,
2008, gv.60
2
Большая Советская Знциклопедия, Т.21, М., 1964, с.436
3
fridrix engelsi, anti-diuringi, Tb., 1952
32
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi stimulatoria da realurad igi
gamoixateba admianTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris brZolaSi. maT Soris
mudmivi ulmobeli brZolis mizezebs igi araerT- mniSvnelovnad xsnis.
jer erTi, amis mizezad is miiCnevs maT Soris rasobriv gansxvavebebs
(Tumca rasa misTvis, upirveles yovlisa, socialur-kulturuli feno
menia da ara biologiuri). meore, socialuri konfliqtis mizezad igi
Tvlis adamianTa ltolvas sakuTari materialuri moTxovnilebebis dasa
kmayofileblad. 1
ludvig gumploviCis mtkicebiT, brZolis procesSi ufro Zlieri
eTnikuri jgufebi, tomebi ipyroben sustebs, radgan istoriis umaRlesi
kanoni aseTia: Zlierebi amarcxeben sustebs da amis Sedegad iqmneba
saxelmwifo, rogorc Zlierebis damorCilebulebze batonobis Sena
rCunebis saSualeba.
amdenad, misi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saxelmwifo Zaladobis
organoa, xolo sazogadoebis arseboba saxelmwifo iZulebis gareSe Se
uZlebelia.
amgvarad, Zalmomreobis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi saxelmwifos
warmoqmnas gare da Sida Zaladobis faqtorebiT xsnian. mocemuli Teo
riebis principuli SeuTavseblobis miuxedavad, isini mainc saerTo sa
wyisebze adamianis uSualo moqmedebebze aigeba. romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
ganpirobebulia sakuTriv individis cxovrebis socialur-ekonomikuri
mizezebiT, Tumca Zalmomreobis Teoriac sworad ver xsnis mocemul
problemas, radgan, TavisTavad, mxolod ZalmomreobiT ar SeiZleba
aixsnas saxelmwifos warmoSobis procesi sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTa
rebis mizezebis Rrma analizisa da gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
saxelmwifos warmoSobis materialisturi (klasobrivi) Teoria. am
Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo uSualod aRmocenda sazogadoebis
ekonomikur sferoSi Zireuli cvlilebebis Sedegad. rodesac Sromis
sazogadoebrivma danawilebam, Sromis iaraRebis Semdgomma srulyofam
Sromis nayofierebis zrdis stimulireba gamoiwvia. sazogadoebaSi Seiq
mna Warbi produqti, romelmac kerZo sakuTrebis gaCenas Seuwyo xeli.
kerZo sakuTrebis warmoqmnam ki qonebrivi da socialuri uTanasworoba
1
valerian metreveli, giorgi daviTaSvili, politikur da samarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa
istoria, Tb., 1997, gv.271
33
gamoiwvia. sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT daiyo sxvadasxva calkeul jgufe
bad, klasebad da socialur fenebad.
amgvarad, materialisturi (marqsistuli) Teoriis arsi mdgomareobs
SemdgomSi, rom saxelmwifo warmoiqmna sazogadoebis klasebad dayofis
Sedegad. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo aris istoriulad gardamavali,
droebiTi movlena, romelic warmoiqmna klasebis aRmocenebasTan erTad
da is aseve unda gaqres klasebis gaqrobasTan erTad. 1
marqsistuli (materialisturi) Teoria gamoyofs saxelmwifos warmo
qmnis sam ZiriTad formas: aTeniseul (aTenurs), romul da Zvel germa
nuls. aqedan, aTeni- saxelmwifos warmoqmnis yvelaze klasikur formad
gvevlineba, radgan saxelmwifo uSualod aRmocendeba gvarovnuli
wyobilebis SigniT ganviTarebuli klasobrivi dapirispirebis, urTi
erTwinaaRmdegobisa da brZolis Sedegad. romis saxelmwifos warmoqmna
daaCqara romauli gvarovnuli aristokratiis (patriciebis) winaaRmdeg
politikurad uuflebo, magram valdebulebebis mqone, plebeebis
gamZafrebulma brZolam. plebsis gamarjvebas mohyva gvarovnuli wyobis
daSla da mis nangrevebze saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba. Zvel-germanuli
saxelmwifos warmoSoba dakavSirebuli iyo vrceli teritoriebis
dapyrobasTan, romelzec batonobis gansaxorcieleblad gvarovnul orga
nizacias araviTari saSualeba ar gaaCnda. amitom Zlieri politikuri
organizaciis Seqmna obieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgenda.
moZRvreba saxelmwifos materialisturi (klasobrivi) warmoSobis
Taobaze Camoyalibebulia misi Semqmnelebis karl mrqsisa da fridrix
engelsis SromebSi.
karl marqsi (1818-1883)- germaneli filosofosi, ekonomisti, politikuri
moazrovne, revolucioneri, proletaruli msoflmxedvelobis
Camomyalibebeli, mecnieruli komunizmis fuZemdebeli.
karl marqss msoflios gamoCenil istoriul pirovnebaTa Soris
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli filoso
fiuri, ekonomikuri da socialur-politikur SexedulebaTa sruli
1
k. marqsi, f. engelsi, komunisturi partiis manifesti, Tb., 1940, gv.51-52; k. marqsi, goTas
programis kritika, tfilisi, 1932, gv.22,29,33; fridrix engelsi, ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebis
da saxelmwifos warmoSoba, tf., 1932, gv.202-209; v.i. lenini, saxelmwifo da revolucia,
Tb., 1982, gv.18-26
34
sistema. masSi mocemulia sazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmnis Teo
riuli safuZveli. sakuTriv, kapitalisturi sazogadoebis revoluciis
gziT damxobisa da socialisturi, komunisturi sazogadoebis mSene
blobis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. aTeuli wlebis manZilze maSin, roca
is dakavebuli iyo ekonomikuri, filosofiuri da politikuri sakiTxebis
kvleviT, imavdroulad swavlobda saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan dakavSi
rebul problematikas. misi TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifos warmoSoba
ganapiroba sawarmoo Zalebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam, Sromis bunebrivi
danawilebiT sazogadoebrivi danawilebis stadiaze gadasvlam da
uSualod masTan dakavSirebulma socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTisa da
Sinaarsis movlenebma, rogoric iyo kerZo sakuTrebis gaCena, eqsplo
ataciis formebis Camoyalibeba da sazogadoebis antagonistur klasebad
dayofa.
karl marqsi yovelTvis Tvlida, rom sakiTxs saxelmwifos warmoqmnis
Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebuli, aqtualuri mniSvneloba gaaCnda, amitom mxolod
am problemis mecnierul kvlevas SeuZlia daasabuTos saxelmwifos
warmoSobis materialisturi koncefciis siswore.
fridrix engelsi (1820-1895)- germaneli socialisti, politikuri
moazrovne, mecnieri, karl marqsis megobari da uaxlesi TanamebrZoli,
mecnieruli komunizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, miekuTvneba kacobriobis
istoriaSi yvelaze gamoCenil mecnierebsa da revoluciur moRvaweebs.
man didZal faqtobriv, istoriul masalaze dayrdnobiT, istoriul-
eTnografiuli monacemebis kvlevisa da analizis safuZvelze, yovlis
momcvelad da safuZvlianad daamuSava sakiTxi saxelmwifos warmoSobis
Sesaxeb. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSic iziarebda ra sruliad karl marqsis
Sexedulebebs, is werda, rom gvarovnulma wyobilebam Tavisi dro moWama.
igi daSala Sromis danawilebam da misma Sedegma- sazogadoebis klasebad
dayofam. igi saxelmwifom Secvala. “radgan saxelmwifo im moTxov
nilebaTa gamo Camoyalibda, rom aRviri amoedo klasebis winaaRmde
gobisaTvis. radgan igi amave dros am klasebis SejaxebaSive warmoiSva,
amitom, rogorc saerTo wesi, im uZlieresi, ekonomikurad gabatonebuli
klasis saxelmwifos warmoadgens, romelic saxelmwifosave daxmarebiT
35
politikuradac gabatonebuli klasi xdeba da amdenad, axal saSualebebs
iZens Cagruli klasis dasaTrgunad da saeqspluataciod.” 1
A amrigad, fridrix engelsi mecnierul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, kvlav
adasturebs marqsizmis materialistur koncefcias, sazogadoebasa da
saxelmwifos Soris Tanafardobis Taobaze, saxelmwifos klasobrivi
arsis Sesaxeb. amasTanave, naTlad uCvenebs da ganmartavs saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis mTlian process.
SemdgomSi saxelmwifos warmoSobis marqsistulma Teoriam Tavisi
ganviTareba pova rusi marqsistebis, Teoretikosebis da
revolucionerebis,- sabWoTa saxelmwifos fuZemdeblebis_ liderebis
vladimer leninisa da ioseb stalinis TxzulebebSi.
v. lenini (ulianovi) (1870-1924)- rusi marqsisti, Teoretikosi, revo
lucioneri, politikuri moRvawe, pirveli socialisturi saxelmwifos
Semqmneli. (rsfsr-1917, ssrk-1922).
vladimer lenini Tavis naSromebSi 2 aviTarebs marqsis Sexedulebebs
saxelmwifos warmoSobis, arsisa da amocanis Sesaxeb. karl marqsis opo
nentebTan mwvave polemikis viTarebaSi is ganmartavda, rom saxelmwifo
ar aris organo, romelic klasebs zeviT dgas da arigebs maT. igi
warmoiSva mtrul klasebad sazogadoebis gaTiSvis Semdeg da warmo
adgens iaraRs eqsploatatorTa xelSi Cagruli klasebis dasa Trgunavad.
Aase iyo es saqme,- ambobda is, yovel klasobriv eqsploata torul
sazogadoebaSi- monaTmflobeluridan kapitalisturamde.
gamomdinare am Tvalsazrisidan, is askvnida, rom proletaruli
revoluciis msvlelobaSi saWiroa daimsxvres Zveli burJuaziuli
saxelmwifo manqana da Seiqmnas axali saxelmwifo aparati. marqsizmis
moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, mTavaria, damyardes proletariatis diqtatura,
romelic saWiroa eqsploatatorTa winaaRmdegobis dasaTrgunad da mosa
xleobis udidesi masis saxelmZRvanelod axali socialisturi mSene
blobis ganxorcielebisaTvis, socialisturi saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad.
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.8, Tb., 1984, gv.43
2 inwkirveli givi, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 1999, gv.25
3 nato kvezereli-kopaZe, Zveli saberZneTis istoria, Tb., 1998, gv.10
4 aristotele, politika, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1995, gv.80
5 valerian metreveli, giorgi daviTaSvili, politikur da samarTlebriv mecnierebaTa
istoria, Tb., 1997, gv.41
38
patrimonuli Teoria. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo Seiqmna miwaze,
mamulze sakuTrebis gamo. (Patrimonium-laTinurad niSnavs mamuls,
sakuTrebas). patrimonuli doqtrinis mimdevari gaxldaT Sveicarieli
galeri, romlis mizans warmoadgenda politikuri xelisuflebis Sesaxeb
patrimonuli SexedulebebiT Suasaukuneebrivi wesebis dacva. 1 misi azriT,
memamule rogorc miwis mflobeli, amave dros mefe iyo Tavis miwaze.
amdenad, am Teoriis warmomadgenlebs saxelmwifo gamoyvanili hyavT
monarqis kerZo sakuTrebad. isini ar iTvaliswineben saxelmwifo xeli
suflebis specifikurobas, rogorc sajaro xelisuflebas, rogorc
mTavar gamaerTianebel, maorganizebel da amave dros iZulebis Zalas sa
zogadoebaSi.
organuli Teoria. mocemuli Teoria “biologiuri” mizeziT xsnis
saxelmwifos warmoSobas. misi mimdevrebis azriT, TviT saxelmwifo da
sazogadoeba Tavisi struqturiT adamianis organizms emsgavseba.
warmodgenebi saxelmwifos, rogorc adamianis organizmis Taviseburi
msgavsebis, Sesaxeb Camoyalibda jer kidev Cvens w.-aRricxvamde Zvel
saberZneTSi. saxeldobr, platoni saxelmwifos struqturasa da
funqciebs adarebda unarebsa da adamianis sulis mxareebs.
platoni (Zv. w. aR. 428-348)- Zveli berZeni filosofosi, filosofiuri
azrovnebis udidesi warmomadgeneli, obieqturi idealizmis klasikosi.
saxelmwifos TeoriaSi is amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo (Tumca ara
yovelgvari) erTaderTi saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi saTnoebis
gasabatoneblad. arsebulTagan saukeTesod miaCnia aristokratiuli
respublika da aristokratiuli monarqia. maTi TandaTanobiTi
gadagvarebaa-Atimokratia, oligarqia, demokratia, tirania. saxelmwifos
ideals- piradi da sazogadoebrivi interesebis SeTavsebas- verc erTi
ver akmayofilebs. platonis idealur saxelmwifoSi sulis ZiriTad unar
Ta Sesabamisad moqalaqeTa sami fenaa. aRzrdis saxelmwifoebrivma
sistemam unda gaarkvios vin ra cxovrebisTvisaa gaCenili. obieqturobis
garantiaa maRal fenebSi ojaxisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ararseboba, xolo
mesakuTre fenisaTvis politikuri uufleboba. 2
1
aristotele, politika, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1995, gv.70
2 aristotele, politika, nawili meore, Tb., 1996, gv.16-17
3 aristotele, politika, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1995, gv.13
4
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.9, Tb., 1985, gv.510
40
amrigad, saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Zveli droisa da zogierTi burJu
aziuli, aseve marqsistuli Teoriis ganxilvis Sedegad vaskvniT, rom maT
garkveulwilad sworad aqvT warmodgenili saxelmwifos warmoSobis
procesi. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogi maTgani ugulvebelyofs materi
aluri pirobebis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, an aRiareben
mis gadamwyvet rols, iseve rogorc ar iTvaliswineben saxelmwifos
klasobriv bunebas an iziareben misi warmoqmnis klasobriv geneziss.
41
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis cneba, uwinares yovlisa, asxavs
sawarmoo Zalebisa da sawarmoo urTierTobebis sistemis ganviTarebis
dones. magram miuRebelia misi gagebis marto sazogadoebis ekonomikur
bazisamde dayvana. arsebuli cneba moicavs sazogadoebis politikur,
saxelmwifo-samarTlebriv da ideologiur zednaSensac. amasTan erTad,
formaciis cnebis mTavari Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is
asaxavs ara yvela socialur-ekonomikur da politikur movlenas, aramed
mxolod da mxolod im movlenebs, romelTac gaaCniaT arsebiTi,
principuli mniSvneloba. axasiaTebs mocemuli sazogadoebis tips da
ZiriTadad erTgvarovnad meordeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
43
da sxva SeZlebulTa ganusazRvreli uflebebi, ganmtkicebuli iyo
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis ZaliT.
44
saxelmwifos socialisturi tipi. am tipis saxelmwifo warmoiqmneba
socialisturi revoluciis gamarjvebiT. 1 socialisturi saxelmwifo
xasiaTdeba Semdegi ZiriTadi niSan-TvisebebiT: jer erTi, is ugulvel
yofs kerZo sakuTrebas (auqmebs mas) da dafuZnebulia iseT sawarmoo
urTierTobebze, romelTac safuZvlad udevs sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba
ZiriTad sawarmoo saSualebebze. ufro sworad, sazogadoebis ekono
mikuri safuZvelia saxelmwifo sakuTreba warmoebis iaraRebsa da saSu
alebebze. meore, ekonomikuri ganviTareba saxelmwifos mxridan mkacr
regulaciasa da dagegmarebis principebzea agebuli (dafuZnebuli). mesame,
qveynis ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas ganagebs erTi
politikuri partia, romelic axorcielebs saxelmwifos srul kon
trols qveynis sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaze. 2
1
Tanamedrove samecniero da saswavlo literaturaSi 1917 wlis oqtombris es istoriul
- politikuri movlena ruseTSi Sefasebulia rogorc oqtombris gadatrialeba.
2
1991 wlidan ssrk da socialisturi banakis daSlis Semdeg aseTi tipis saxelmwifo
yvela niSnebiT SemorCa CrdiloeT koreis saxalxo-demokratiul respublikaSi
45
niSan-Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba, Sesabamisad saxelmwifoTa
tipuri klasifikacia. ase, magaliTad, civilizebuli da aracivilize
buli, demokratiuli da avtokratiuli, samarTlebrivi da arasamar
Tlebrivi da a.S.
1
solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala),
Tb., 2008, gv.119-120
46
saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi ciklebis cvlis safuZvels warmoadgens
cvlilebebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da adamianis TanafardobaSi. 1
1
solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala),
Tb., 2008, gv.120
2
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.10, Tb., 1986, gv.9
47
safuZvlad udevs politikuri Tavisuflebis idea. is yuradRebas
amaxvilebs adamianis faqtorze, romelic, misi azriT, gansazRvravs
ZiriTadad saxelmwifo xelisuflebis demokratizms. radgan es
ukanaskneli uSualod saxelmwifoSi, marTlwesrigis Seqmnasa da damkvi
drebaSi, adamianis monawileobis xarisxzea damokidebuli. sadac es
aqtiuroba maRalia, iq, kelzenis TqmiT, demokratiaa, xolo sadac
dabalia, piriqiT, iq avtokratiaa. swored am niSniT is gamoyofs saxelm
wifos or tips_ demokratiulsa da avtokratiuls. 1
1
solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala),
Tb., 2008, gv.132
2
solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala),
Tb., 2008, gv.132-133
48
saxelmwifos forma
49
aTdeba Semdegi niSan-TvisebebiT: monarqis xelisuflebis uvadoba, arse
boba sicocxlis bolomde, taxtis dakaveba memkvidreobis wesis uflebiT,
saxelmwifos warmomadgenloba monarqis mier sakuTari erTpirovnuli
uflebisa da ara uSualod miniWebuli uflebamosilebiTa da davalebiT.
monarqis iuridiuli upasuxismgebloba.
50
aRmniSvneli pirobiTi terminia, romelic miRebulia istoriul
literaturaSi. principati Camoyalibda Zvel romSi Zv.w.27-a.w.293; 1 P
principatis sistema avgustusis imperator oqtavianes mmarTvelobis
dros gamoikveTa. im dros formalurad daculi iyo mmarTvelobis re
spublikuri formis zogierTi niSnebi da institutebi; moqmedebda senati,
saxalxo kreba. SenarCunebuli iyo konsulebis, pretarebisa da saxalxo
tribunebis arCeviToba. magram isini ar TamaSobdnen uwindeliviT arsebiT
rols saxelmwifo saqmeebis gadawyvetaSi. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
ZiriTadi sadaveebi imperatoris xelSi iyo moqceuli. imperators
princepsi ewodeba. avgustusis droidan “senatis princepsi” (princeps
senatus) monarqiuli xelisuflebis mqones aRniSnavda. 2 imperatori
xelmZRvanelobda jars, axorcielebda sasamarTlo samoqalaqo saqmeebs,
akompleqtebda senats (an misi survilis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeboda
senatis dakompleqteba), auqmebda xelisuflebis nebismieri organos
gadawyvetilebas da a.S. is aris umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis
ZiriTadi wyaro da mTavari warmomadgeneli, senati ki ubralod
saTaTbiros organos rols asrulebda. amdenad, avgustusi (imperatori
oqtaviane) da misi memkvidreebi erTdroulad flobdnen umaRles samo
qalaqo da samxedro Zalauflebas.
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.8, Tb., 1984, gv.192
2
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.8, Tb., 1984, gv.192
3
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.3, Tb., 1978, gv.615
51
damoukidebeli politikuri mniSvneloba da senatorebic imperator
dominiusis morCil moxeleebad iqcnen. dominius monarqis garSemo iqmneba
uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparati, srulyofili xdeba
administraciuli sistema, kanondeba taxtis memkvidreobis principi,
tardeba armiis reorganizacia. IV saukunis dasawyisSi saxelmwifo
religiad cxaddeba qristianoba. gaCnda axali formula: ”RvTaebrivi
umaRlesoba” imperatorisa. 1 dominatma arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri
wyobis mxolod droebiTi stabilizacia moaxdina. IV saukunis miwuruls
monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis krizisi gamwvavda, centraluri
xelisufleba dasustda, imperia or nawilad_ dasavleT da aRmosavleT
imperiebad daiyo.
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.3, Tb., 1978, gv.615
52
is Tavis teritoriaze sargeblobda ganusazRvreli uflebebiT. hyavda
msaxurebi, romlebic feodalis nebis uSualo Semsruleblebi iyvnen. maTi
daniSvna da daTxovna misi survilisa da Sexedulebebis mixedviT xde
boda. feodalsave hyavda Tavisi sasamarTlo, policia, jari (Sei
araRebuli razmi an laSqari), gadasaxadebis amkrefi, romelTa meSveobiT
is axorcielebda sakuTar uflebamosilebas (batonobas) Tavis kuTvnil
teritoriaze da Tavs icavda gareSe safrTxisagan (Tavdasxmisagan).
adrefeodaluri saxelmwifos nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda aseve adre
feodaluri imperia, romelic warmoiSva adrefeodaluri saxelmwifos
mier mravalricxovani, sustad organizebuli xalxebis dapyrobis
Sedegad. maT Soris ar iyo mWidro ekonomikuri, samxedro, politikuri
da kulturuli kavSiri (magaliTad, karlos didis,- frankTa imperia,
Cingiz-yaenis_ monRol-TaTarTa imperia). imperiebs marTavda erTiani
xelmwife,- mefe, didi Tavadi, xalifa, yaeni.
53
wodebriv_warmomadgenlobiTi organo Sedgeboda samRvdeloebisa da
Tavadaznaurobisagan. aseve e.w. mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebisagan (va
Wrebi, xelosnebi, wvrili da saSualo miwismesakuTreni). is warmoadgenda
saTaTbiro organos, romelic funqcionirebda monarqTan. mis uSualo
kompetencias ganekuTvneboda sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba da finansebze
kontroli. wodebrivi-warmomadgenlobis centralur organoebTan erTad
iqmneboda adgilobrivi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi, maga
liTad, rogoric gaxldaT, safrangeTSi_provinciis Statebi, germaniaSi_
calkeuli miwebis lantagebi, ruseTSi_saerobo qoxebi da a.S.
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.1, Tb., 1975, gv.38
55
gadoebis ori wamyvani klasis_ feodalTa da burJuaziis (kapitalistTa)
Zalebis TanafardobiT.
56
respublika (laTunuri sityva- respublica, res-saqme da publicus-
sazogadoebrivi, saxalxo) saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formaa, romlis
drosac xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis arCeva xdeba mosaxleobis an
misi nawilis mier gansazRvruli vadiT.
57
demokratia (Zv.berZnuli sityva, niSnavs demos-xalxi, kratos-
Zalaufleba) sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mowyobis
formaa, romelic efuZneba xalxis Zalauflebis wyarod cnobas. Caisaxa
aTenSi_ aTenis monaTmflobelur demokratiul respublikaSi Zv. w. aR-iT
V-VI ss. demokratiis warmoSoba aTenSi ganpirobebulia misi sazo
gadoebis socialur-klasobrivi struqturiT. rodesac aTenSi sazo
gadoebrivi urTierToba uaRresad gamwvavda (VI s.Zv.w.), rogorc ari
totele wers, umravlesoba umciresobisaTvis muSaobda, demosi (aTenis
Tavisufali mosaxleoba: glexebi, xelosnebi, vaWrebi) win aRudga
didebulebs. mtrulma damokidebulebam umaRles wertils miaRwia. aman ki
aiZula aTenis aristokratia daTmobaze wasuliyo demosTan mimarTebaSi.
am periodSi aTenSi Camoyalibdeba xelisuflebis organoebis demo
kratiuli sistema, romelTac gaaCndaT mkafio struqtura da sruliad
gansazRvruli funqciebi. aTenSi yvelaze demokratiuli dawesebulebebi
iyo: saxalxo kreba, xuTasTa sabWo anu bule da nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlo- heleia. mniSvnelovan organod gadaiqca strategosTa kole
gia. aTenSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo, sasa
marTlo da politikur organos warmoadgenda saxalxo kreba. is
regularulad ikribeboda da mis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen 20 wlis
asaks miRweuli sruluflebiani aTeneli moqalaqeebi. saxalxo krebis
mTavari funqcia-sakanonmdeblo funqcia iyo. Aamis garda mis kompetencias
ganekuTvneboda omis, zavis, laSqris, sazRvao Zalebis sakiTxebi, urTi
erToba sxva saxelmwifoebsa da sakuTar mokavSireebTan, axali wevris
miReba aTenis moqalaqeTa rigebSi, samxedro meTaurebis (stra tegosebis)
arCeva da sxva. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo iyo
xuTasTa sabWo-bule. is iqmneboda aTenis teritoriuli qvedanayofebis
warmomadgenlebisagan 1 da xelmZRvanelobda saxelmwifos yoveldRiur
praqtikul saqmianobas.
aTenis saxalxo krebasTan erTad nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo- heleia
aTenis demokratiis mTavari organo iyo. mis uSualo funqcias sasamarT
lo saqmeebis garCeva-ganxilva warmoadgenda. is ara marto aTeneli mo
qalaqeebis, aramed aTenis mokavSireebis saqmeebsac arCevda. amis garda,
1
nato kvezereli-kopaZe, Zveli saberZneTis istoria (leqciebis mokle kursi), Tb., 1998,
gv.61
58
mas ekuTvnoda kontroli Tanamdebobis pirebis mimarT da, agreTve,
mTavari roli kanonmdeblobis dargSi. saxalxo krebis mier gamotanili
dadgenilebebi heleas komisiebSi unda yofiliyo gatarebuli.
1
al. wereTeli, Zveli saberZneTi, t.1, Tb., 1966, gv.353
59
samudamod 60 wels miRweuli aristokratiis warmomadgenlebisagan.
gerusia wyvetda yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs: omis, zavis, miwis nakve
Tebis, spartel moqalaqeTa dasjis, dajildoebis da sxv. samTavrobo xe
lisuflebas axorcielebda e.w. eforebi. (meTvalyureebi). yovel weliwads
irCevdnen xuT efors. maT evalebodaT yvela saxelmwifo organosa da
Tanamdebobis pirTa gakontroleba. TviT sparteli mefeebis meTval
yureobac. Eeforebma gansakuTrebiT SezRudes sparteli mefeebis Zalau
fleba. 1 spartaSi arsebobda, agreTve, saxalxo kreba “apela”, romlis wev
rebad iTvlebodnen 30 wels miRweuli spartelebi, magram “apelas” damou
kideblad raime sakiTxis gadawyvetis ufleba ar hqonda. 2
1
nato kvezereli-kopaZe, Zveli saberZneTis istoria (leqciebis mokle kursi), Tb., 1998,
gv.36
2
iqve, gv.37
60
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZolaSi mniSvnelovan
warmatebebs miaRwies. isini yovelmxriv gauTanabrdnen patriciebs. Zv. w.
IV saukunis Sua xanebisTvis plebeebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvela
umaRlesi magistratura, aseve miiRes: qorwinebis ufleba, sakuTrebis
dacvis ufleba, saxalxo krebaze magistratis usamarTlo dadgenilebis
gasaCivrebis_ apelaciis ufleba da sxva. aikrZala savalo monoba,
plebeebis patriciebTan uflebrivi gaTanabrebis Sedegad patriciuli
gvarisa da gamdidrebuli plebeebis zedafenis Serwyma. moxda axali
gabatonebuli klasis_ nobilitetis Camoyalibeba. formalurad xeli
suflebis umaRles organod komicia darCa, magram realurad respub
likur romSi umaRlesi saxelmwifo xelisufleba, senati gaxldaT. mis
xelSi iyo mTeli Zalaufleba. senatis sanqciis gareSe magistrati ver
miiRebda vercerT, odnav mainc seriozul, gadawyvetilebas. is ganageb
da xazinas da saxelmwifo qonebas, wyvetda omisa da zavis sakiTxebs,
niSnavda SeiaraRebuli samxedro Zalebis meTaurs. romis respublikis
damsaxureba da mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man didi gavlena
moaxdina ufro gviandeli civilizaciis rigi qveynebis saxelm wifo
xelisuflebis formasa da struqturaze.
61
romelic Sedgeboda qalaqis aristokratiis warmomadgenlebisagan. misi
arCeva qalaqis Tavis (meris) sabWos prerogativa iyo. 1
1
solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala),
Tb., 2008, gv.149
2
ruseTSi Zvel da Sua saukuneebSi Camoyalibda veCe-saxalxo kreba (Zv. slavuri
sityvidan vet [BET] – bWoba. is aRmocenda slavebis tomobrivi krebebidan. Zveli
ruseTis saxelmwifoSi warCinebul feodalTa fena veCes iyenebda mTavris Zalauflebis
SesazRudavad. veCe farTod gavrcelda ruseTSi feodaluri daqucmacebulobis (XI s. II
nax.-XII s.) periodSi. matianeSi pirvelad moxsenebulia veCe-belgorodSi- 997,
novgorodSi-1016, kievSi-1068, suzdalSi-1187, smolenskSi-1185, da sxva. veCe ganagebda omisa
da zavis, mTavarTa mowvevisa da gandevnis, qalaqis moxeleTa daniSvnisa da gadarCevis,
xelSekrulebis dadebis, kanonTa miRebisa da sxva sakiTxebs. qarT. sabWoTa
enciklopedia, t.4, Tb., 1979, gv.390.
62
gansazRvravs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Ziri Tad mimar
Tulebebs, sagareo da Tavdacvis politikis strategiul sa kiTxebs da
sxva. Tanamedrove saparlamento respublikebSi, rogorc wesi, irCeven
saxelmwifos meTaurs. Tumca misi arCevis procedura araerTgvarovania.
magaliTad, italiaSi respublikis prezidents irCevs orive palatis
wevrebi erTobliv sxdomaze, magram amave dros arCevnebSi monawileobs
sami delegati TiToeuli mxridan, romelsac irCevs samxareo sabWo.1
federaciul saxelmwifoebSi parlamentis monawileoba saxelmwifo meTa
uris arCevaSi, aseve iyofa federaciis wevrTa warmomadgenlebs Soris.
magaliTad, germaniis federaciul respublikaSi prezidents irCevs
federaluri sakrebulo, romelic Sedgeba bundestagis wevrebisa da amave
raodenobis im warmomadgenlebisagan, romelTac irCeven miwebis lanta
gebi proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sawyisebze. saparlamento respub
likaSi saxelmwifos meTauri SeiZleba arCeul iqnas sayovelTao saarCev
no uflebis safuZvelzec, iq, sadac, magaliTad, dakanonebulia prezi
dentis arCeva mosaxleobis mier eqvsi wlis vadiT. amasTanave, saxelm
wifo meTaurs imave saparlamento respublikaSi gaaCnia sakmaod didi
uflebamosilebani, rac gamoixateba SemdegSi: is aqveynebs kanonebs,
gaaCnia parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba, niSnavs mTavrobis meTaurs, warmo
adgens SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardals da a.S. 2
1
solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala),
Tb., 2008, gv.150
2
solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala),
Tb., 2008, gv.151
63
qveynis rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikas, aris SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis mTavarsardali.
1
S.TeTvaZe, politikuri institutebi-xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi,Tb,1997,gv.26
64
respublikuri mmarTvelobis saprezidento formisaTvis damaxasi
aTebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis optimaluri mowyobis, pirov nebis
Tavisufali ganviTarebis, misi interesebisa da uflebebis saimedod
dacvis uzrunvelyofis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faseulobebi.
1
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali, kr.I, redaqtori oTar melqaZe, Tb.,
1999w. gv.308
65
trolos mTavroba yovelwliuri biujetis damtkicebis gziT. agreTve, mis
mimarT undoblobis gamocxadebis saSualebiT an votumis gamotaniT. 1
1
avTandil demetraSvili, msoflio qveynebis konstituciebi, Tb., 1992, gv.135-138, 144-146
2
m. gorgoSaZe, saxelmwifos formebi, baTumi, 2006 w, gv.32
66
2. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba erTiani warmo
madgenlobiTi institutis saxiT warmogvidgeba, rac amave dros (marTa
lia, formalurad) gulisxmobs sakanonmdeblo organoebis winaSe aRma
srulebeli organoebis angariSvaldebulebasa da kontrols.
1
k. marqsi, samoqalaqo omi safrangeTSi, tf. 1931, gv.70
67
1. saxelmwifo politikur safuZvels, rogorc centrSi, ise adgi
lebze, warmoadgenda mSromelTa da eqspluatirebuli masis konsolida
ciis specifikuri forma, komuna.
68
sabWoebis respublika saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis socialisturi formaa,
romelic warmoiqmna jer kidev 1905 wels_ ruseTis pirveli revoluciis
dros. xolo- 1917 wels, rodesac rsdmp (bolSevikuri partiis) mier ru
seTSi Zalauflebis xelSi aReba praqtikulad gardauvali gaxda.
1
caki- centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti, ssrk (1922 wlidan, mokavSire da avt.
respublikebis (1917 wlidan) saxelmwifos umaRlesi organos saxelwodeba. ssrk, 1936w.
konstituciis miRebamde. qarT. sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.11, Tb., 1987, gv.197
69
arCevnebSi muSaTa klass aSkarad gamoxatuli upiratesoba hqonda
glexobasTn SedarebiT. radgan saarCevno uflebis am principebs unda
ganemtkicebina proletariatis xelmZRvaneli roli sazogadoebaSi. 30_ian
wlebis Sua xanebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi socialistur sazogadoebriv
urTierTobaTa damkvidrebis Sedegad momxdarma cvlilebebma ganapiroba
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis
sistemis Secvla, rac ganisazRvra ssrk 1936 wlis konstituciiT. muSaTa,
glexTa da wiTelarmielTa deputatebis sabWoebi, romlebic iqmneboda
arasavsebiT sayovelTao da Tanaswori, mravalsafexuriani da Ria
arCevnebis meSveobiT, mSromelTa deputatebis sabWoebad gardaiqmna. 1936
wlis konstitucias Semoaqvs sayovelTao Tanaswori saarCevno ufleba,
romelic xorcieldeboda faruli kenWisyriT. SemoRebuli iyo yvela
sabWosTvis muSaobis erTiani forma_ sabWos sesia.
1
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris konstitucia, Tb., 1977w.
70
sa da saxelmwifos erTianoba (mWidro kavSiri). realurad ki am qveynebSi
xelisufleba xelT epyraT mmarTveli partiis umaRlesi organoebis
mesveurebs. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ssrk_Si, CexoslovakiaSi, polo
neTSi, ungreTsa da sxva qveynebSi momxdarma procesebma arsebiTi cvli
lebebi gamoiwvia maT saxelmwifo xelisuflebis formasa da struqtu
raSi. am qveynebSi viTardeba parlamentarizmi, ganxorcielda xeli
suflebis dayofis principi. yalibdeba xelisuflebis calkeul StoTa
damabalansebeli meqanizmebi. qmediTunariani xdeba damoukidebeli
marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo organoebi. es ki, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo
marTvelobis civilizebul formebze gadasvlis sawindaria.
71
sistema, saerTo sagadasaxado da sakredito politika, kanonmdeblobis
erTiani sistema.
1
didi britaneTi inglisTan erTad aerTianebs Sotlandias, uelss da CrdiloeT
irlandias, romlebic am qveynis SemadgenlobaSi sxvadasxva droidan arian
gaerTianebuli da gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan adgilobrivi organizaciisa da
uflebamosilebis TvalsazrisiT. miuxedavad qveynis aseTi danawilebisa didi britaneTi
mainc warmoadgens unitarul saxelmwifos, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi
TaviseburebebiT. es mxareebi ar sargebloben da ar gaaCniaT avtonomiuri statusi
(uflebebi), ar warmoadgenen avtonomiur warmonaqmnebs. (sazRvargareTis qveynebis
konstituciuri samarTali, kr.I, redaqtori oTar melqaZe, Tb., 1999 w., gv.99)
2
1978 wlis konstituciam espaneTi unitarul saxelmwifod daamkvidra da saxelmwifo
xelisufleba centralur saxelmwifo organoebsa da saxelmwifo teritoriul
erTeulebs Soris gaanawila. qveynis teritoriuli mowyobis TvalsazrisiT udavod
mniSvnelovani faqtia espaneTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1981 wlis 2 Tebervlis
gadawyvetileba, romelic calsaxad adgens, rom “avtonomia ar niSnavs suverenitets”.
mocemuli debuleba exmianeba konstituciis meore muxls, romelic Semdegnairadaa
Camoyalibebuli: “konstitucia efuZneba urRvev erTianobas espaneli erisa, romelic
erTiani da ganuyofelia yoveli espanelisaTvis. igi aRiarebs da garantiebs udgens
erovnebisa da regionebis avtonomiis uflebas da, agraTve, maT Soris solidarobas”. (
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali, kr.I, redaqtori oTar melqaZe, Tb.,
1999 w., gv.136-137)
72
suverenitetis subieqtad gamodian, rogorc didi teritoriuli warmo
naqmnebi (Statebi, mxareebi, kantonebi, miwebi, respublikebi da a. S.), ise
Tanasworuflebian saxelmwifo moqalaqeebisagan Semdgari mTeli xalxi.
unitarulSi ki arsebobs mxolod erTi subieqti_ xalxis suvereniteti. 1
1
SoTa TeTvaZe, politikuri institutebi-xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, Tb., 1997, gv.30
73
mdgomareoba, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba iseT demokratiul Rire
bulebebs, rogoricaa, erebis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. ufleba nebis
mierma erma TviTon gadawyvitos sakiTxi Tavisi saxelmwifoebriobis
Sesaxeb. nacionaluri federaciis subieqti flobs kavSiridan Tavisufa
li gasvlis konstituciur uflebas (ssrk).
politikuri reJimi
1
Sveicaria. moqmedi konstituciis ZaliT Sveicaria oficialurad konfederaciad
iwodeba, magram faqtobrivad federaluri mowyobis, erTob originaluri saparlamento
respublikaa. (sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali, kr.II, redaqtori
oTar melqaZe, Tb., 1992 w., gv.105)
2
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali 50 StatiT, federalur
principzea agebuli. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi federalizmSi moiazreba rogorc
Zlieri saxelmwifo xelisuflebis garkveuli SezRudvis saSualeba da uzrunvelyofs
administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis – Statebis sakmaod Zlieri xelisuflebis
SenarCunebas. imavdroulad, xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad gajerebulia centralizmis
elementebiT. (sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali, kr.I, redaqtori oTar
melqaZe, Tb., 1999 w., gv.21)
3
k. Saria, politikuri reJimis cnebis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1998, gv.3
75
xerxebisa da saSualebebis erTobliobas, mecnierTa mniSvnelovani
nawili dRemde iziarebs. 1 politikuri reJimis, rogorc politikuri
xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis, meTodebisa da saSualebebis erTo
bliobas, mxars uWeren qarTveli mecnierebic. maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia,
profesor guram abesaZis mier politikur mecnierebaSi SemoRebuli,
politikuri reJimis gansazRvra. “politikuri reJimi esaa politikuri
xelisuflebisa da politikuri marTvis principebis, meTodebisa da
formebis konstituciuri ganxorcielebis meqanizmi anu sistema”. 2
1
Общая теория государства и права, Л. 1961, с.62
2
guram abesaZe, politikuri socializacia, Tb., 1996, gv.53
3
ix. vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili, politologia, politikuri teqnologiebi. Tb.,
2002, gv.57
4
ix. vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili, politologia, politikuri teqnologiebi. Tb.,
2002, gv.60
76
tarizacia. mocemuli reJimisTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia xelisufalTa
di skreciuli (kanoniT SeuzRudavi) uflebamosileba, demokratiuli
organizaciebis akrZalva, moqalaqeTa konstituciuri uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis SezRudva, represiebi progresuli Zalebisadmi da,
saerTod, sxvagvarad moazrovneebisadmi.
1
ix. vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili, politologia, politikuri teqnologiebi. Tb.,
2002, gv.61
2
ix. vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili, politologia, politikuri teqnologiebi. Tb.,
2002, gv.61-62
77
demokratizmi. demokratiuli politikuri reJimi xasiaTdeba saxel
mwifo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis iseTi meTodebiTa da formebiT, ro
melic uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis Tavisufal ganviTarebas, misi samo
qalaqo, politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebis dacvas. Demo
kratiul saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom demokratiuli reJimis pirobebSi xelisufleba ekuTvnis umravle
sobas, demokratiuli xelisufleba erTnairad iTvaliswinebs rogorc
umravlesobis, ise umciresobis interesebs, mosaxleobis individualur
da erovnul Taviseburebebs. xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba da misi Secvla
dafuZnebulia konstituciiT dadgenili Tavisufali arCevnebis
principebze. aseve xelisufleba Sesabamisad dayofilia sam damouki
debel-sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo organoebad. Demo
kratiuli reJimis dros moqmedebs sxvadasxva saxis partia, sazoga
doebrivi organizacia, gaerTianeba, romlebic icaven saxelmwifo poli
tikas. maTi saqmianobis farTo speqtri realur pluralizmzea
damyarebuli. aRniSnuli reJimi mTlianad kanonebzea dafuZnebuli da ka
nonebi savsebiT asaxavs pirovnebis interesebsa da sazogadoebis moTxov
nilebaTa dakmayofilebis realur garantiebs.
78
xelisuflebis realizacia praqtikulad politikuri reJimis meSveobiT
xdeba. 1
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo
1
karlo Saria, politikuri reJimis cnebis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1988, gv.13-14
79
miuTiTebdnen aritotele da ciceroni. maT Rrmad swamdaT
samarTlianobisa da kanonebis ganuyoflobisa. aristotele werda, rom
saxelmwifoSi ”kanoni wesrigia, umjobesia rom batonobdes kanoni da ara
romelime erTi moqalaqe”, 1 “rom umaRlesi xelisufleba saxelmwifoSi
sxvas aravis ar unda ekuTvnodes sworad Sedgenili kanonebis garda”. 2
ciceronis azriT, saxelmwifo aris xalxis “saerTo saqmis” 3 politikuri
forma. aseve aristotelesa da ciceronis politikur moZRvrebebSi garkve
uli adgili aqvs daTmobili saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebis
ideas, romelic SemdgomSi Sevida samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncef
ciaSi.
1
aristotele, politika, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1995, gv.96
2
aristotele, politika, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1995, gv.84
3
Цицерон, Диалоги о государстве-о законах, М. 1966. С.21
80
warmateba uzrunvelyofili iqneba. makiavelis mmarTvelobis saukeTeso
formad miaCnda respublika, magram italiisaTvis (misi realuri
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare) erTxelisuflebianobas aniWebda upira
tesobas; mxolod Zlieri monarqis xelSi gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli ucxo
elTa uRlisagan Tavisufali italiis erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna. misi
azriT, saxelmwifos ganmtkicebisaTvis dasaSvebia yvela saSualeba-
Zaladoba, mkvleloba, sicrue, gamyidveloba (SemdgomSi Seiqmna termini
“makiavelizmi”, romelic aRniSnavs moralis kanonebis uarmyofel poli
tikas). 1
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.6, Tb., 1983, gv.374
2
solomon TezeliSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria (enciklopediuri masala),
Tb., 2008, gv.97
3
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.2, Tb., 1977, gv.441
81
Rvawli miuZRvis iseT moazrovneebs, rogorebic iyvnen: b. spinoza, T.
hobsi, j. loki, S. monteskie, d. didro, e. kanti, T. jefersoni da sxvebi.
82
sadac kanonebi ar aris, arc Tavisuflebaa”, 1 srulad metyvelebs kanonis
udides mniSvnelobaze saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi.
1
ix. k. Saria, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Tb., 2009, gv.19-20
2
Рождение французской буржуазной политико-правовой системы. Отв. редакторы: проф-ры. А.И. Королёв,
К.Е. Ливанцев. Л., 1990, ст.53
83
XVIII saukunis gamoCenili frangi moazrovnis Jan-Jak rusos
moZRvrebidan aRsaniSnavia moZRvreba xalxis suverenitetis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxSi mas, jon lokis saxiT, didi wina mor
bedi hyavda. man pirvelma mogvca xalxis suverenitetis daxasiaTeba. misi
SexedulebiT suvereniteti ganuyofelia da igi mTlianad xalxs unda
ekuTvnodes. xalxis suvereniteti srulad maSin gamovlindeba, roca
umaRles xelisuflebas, Tavis suverenitets uSua lod xalxi gana
xorcielebs.
1
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776 wlis 4 ivlisi), Tb.,
1992, gv.8
85
jefersoni Tomas (1743-1826)- amerikeli saxelmwifo da sazogado
moRvawe. is XVIII saukunis ganmanaTlebelTa memarcxene revoluciuri
frTis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli gaxldaT. gamoxatavda fermerTa da
wvrili burJuaziis interesebs. moiTxovda agraruli sakiTxis
demokratiul gadawyvetas, monobis gauqmebasa da mTeli xalxisaTvis
politikuri uflebebis miniWebas. is iyo 1790-93 ww. aSS-is saxelmwifo
mdivani jorj vaSingtonis pirvel mTavrobaSi. magram vaSingtonSive
mTavrobasTan uTanxmoebis gamo Tomas jefersoni gadadga da saTaveSi
Caudga opoziciur respublikur partias. 1796 wels vice-prezidentad
airCies, xolo 1801-1809 ww.- aSS-is prezidentad. misi mmarTvelobis dros
gauqmda wina mTavrobis mier miRebuli reaqciuli kanonebi, Semcirda
armia da floti, saxelmwifo aparati. safrangeTisagan SeiZina luiziana
(1803 w.) da diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyara ruseTTan (1808-1809).
prezidentis postidan wasvlis Semdeg Tomas jefersoni politikur
cxovrebas CamoSorda. 1
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.11, 1987, gv.556
2
ix. SoTa TeTvaZe, politikuri institutebi-xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi,
Tb., 1997, gv.14
3
Новгородцев П.И. Лекции по истории философии права, учения нового времени, XVI-XIXвв. М., 1918, с.3-
9, 10-16. Гессен В.М. Основы конституционного права.М.,1917; Кистиаковский Б. Государство правовое и
социалистическое, Вопросы философии #6.М., 1990, с.141-159
86
amdenad, XX saukunis dasawyisSi ZiriTadad dasrulda samar
Tlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefciis Camoyalibebis mravalsaukunovani
istoria. am problemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis kvleva amiT ar
damTavrebula, razec mowmobs XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasavleTis
politikuri da samarTlebrivi doqtrinebi (Teoriebi). Tumca am sa
kiTxebis kvlevam mainc mniSvnelovani adgili dasavleTis Tanamedrove
politikur da samarTlebriv mecnierebebSi Semdgom daimkvidra.
1
sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis programa, Tb, 1961, gv.111
87
gamoqveynda z. Cernilovskis, a. vengerovis, b. lazarevis, v. kudriavcevis
da sxvaTa publikaciebi, 1 romlebic am sakiTxebis Seswavlas mieZRvna.
1
Черниловский З. Правовое Государство: на перекрёстке мнений, в кн. «Право и власть», М., 1990. Венгеров
А. Несущие конструкций правового государсва, в кН. «Право и власть», М., 1990. Лазарев Б.М. Что такое
правовое государство? М.1991. Кудрявцев В.Н. Какое государство мы строим. М. 1991
2
g. inwkirveli, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 1996. Oo. gamyreliZe, brZola
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis, 2 wignad, Tb., 1998. o. melqaZe, sazRvargareTis
qveynebis saxelmwifo samarTali, wigni I, Tb., 1996. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis
problemebi, Tb. 2004. g. lobJaniZe, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba, Tb., 2002. Bb. savaneli, samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 1997. Kk. Saria,
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Tb., 2009.
3
saxelmwifo samarTali, samarTlebrivi normebisa da institutebis erToblioba,
romelic ganamtkicebs qveynis sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo weswyobilebebs. qarTuli
sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.9, Tb., 1985, gv.250
88
msoflioSi pirveli konstitucia miRebul iqna aSS-Si 1787 wlis 17
seqtembers da ZalaSi Sevida 1788 wels. 1 SemdgomSi sxvadasxva dros
miRebul iqna konstituciebi: safrangeTis- 1791 wlis konstitucia, 2
norvegiis- 1814 w., 3 belgiis- 1831 wels, 4 luqsemburgis- 1868 wels, 5
Sveicariis- 1874 wels, 6 avstraliis- 1900 wels, 7 avstriis- 1920 wels, 8
fineTis- 1922 wels 9 da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921
wlis Tebervals. 10 Tanamedrove msoflioSi mxolod ramdenimes (didi
britaneTi, 11 israeli, 12 sudanis arabeTi, butani, omani da axali
zelandia) ar gaaCnia konstituciur kanonTa krebulebi da iq moqmedeben
dauwereli konstituciebi.
1
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.I, red. v. gonaSvili, Tb.,
2008, gv.16
2
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.II, Tb., 2008, gv.559
3
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.III, Tb., 2006, gv.490
4
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.IV, Tb., 2007, gv.90
5
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.II, Tb., 2008, gv.380
6
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.I, Tb., 2008, gv.546
7
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.II, Tb., 2008, gv.15
8
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.II, Tb., 2008, gv.64
9
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, red. v. gonaSvili, naw.II, Tb., 2008, gv.748
10 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstitucia 1921 w. Semdgeneli g.
papuaSvili, baTumi, 2011
11 didi britaneTis dRemde ara aqvs unificirebuli konstitucia da igi Sedgeba
calkeuli statutebis, konstituciuri tradiciebis (SeTanxmebebis) da
precendentebisagan. sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstitucia, naw.IV, Tb., 2007, gv.240
89
amdenad, saxelmwifos samarTliT SezRudva praqtikulad xorcieldeba
demokratiuli reJimis saxelmwifoSi da misi sisrulis xarisxi imazea
damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad srulyofilia demokratiuli principebis
damkvidreba. meore mniSvnelovani niSani, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis, aris kanonis uzenaesoba da mis winaSe
yvelas Tanasworoba. kanonebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia
saxelmwifos ZiriTad kanons- konstitucias, romelic asaxavs qveynis
sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebas, gansazRvravs saxelmwifo
organoTa sistemas da kompetencias, moqalaqeTa ZiriTad uflebebsa da
movaleobebs, saarCevno sistemebs da a.S.
1
karlo Saria, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Tb., 2009, gv.50
90
moRvaweobiT isini kidev ufro avseben da afarToeben samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos saqmianobas adamianTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacvis sferoSi.
1
karlo Saria, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Tb., 2009, gv.56
91
saukuneSi. swored am periodSi politikuri pluralizmis 1 sakiTxebi
mecnieruli kvlevis sagnad iqca. saxeldobr, dasavleTis qveynebSi, sadac
Camoyalibda demokratiis ew. pluralisturi Teoria. 2
1
pluralizmi (laT. pluralis) mravlobiToba, rames mravalferovneba. pluralizmi
axasiaTebs demokratiul samarTlebriv sazogadoebas da SeuZlebelia totalitarul
sazogadoebaSi. s. TezeliSvili, ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni. Tb., 2007, gv.639
2
robert dali, “demokratiuli Teoriis Sesavali”, “pluralisturi demokratiis
dilema”.www.politnauka.org
92
sakanonmdeblo organos gaaCnia uzenaesoba, ramdenadac misi formi
reba xorcieldeba qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis mier da igi warmoadgens
misi nebisa da interesebis gamomxatvels. is adgens saxelm wifo da
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis samarTlebriv sawyisebs. Mmis mier miRebul
kanonebs, aqtebs da gadawyvetilebebs umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala gaaCnia
da yvelasaTvis savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebs- yvela saxelmwifo,
politikuri, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da moqalaqe ebisaTvis.
1
karlo Saria, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Tb., 2009, gv.86
94
xolo saxelmwifo suverenitetis wyaro SeiZleba iyos xalxis ramdenime
mcire nawili – calkeuli socialuri jgufebi (fenebi), politikuri
organizaciebi da sxva gaerTianebi.
95
dacvasa da mxardaWeras. sawarmoo dawesebulebebis investirebas,
antimonopolisturi politikis gatarebas, Tavisufali konkurenciisadmi
xelSewyobas, erovnuli fulad-safinanso sistemis ganmtkicebasa da ganvi
Tarebas, sagareo urTierTsasargeblo savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTo
bebis gaRrmaveba-gafarToebas.
96
xvilebs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebel kidev erT-
erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebelze_ samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze.
1
oTar melqaZe, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba: formirebis problemebi, Tb., 2004, gv.8
97
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosagan ganasxvavdeba.
sakuTriv, Tu saxelmwifosTvis prioritetuli aris uSiSroeba, stabi
luroba, wesrigi da a.S. samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis ki piriqiT, prio
ritetebia: Tavisufleba, iniciativa, dinamizmi da nebayoflobiTi aqti
voba.
99
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebi qmnis arCevis an daniSvniTi
procesis gziT. sasamarTlo organoebi, prokuratura da sxva sakon
trolo sazedamxedvelo organoebi. adamianTa SeiaraRebuli formirebebi
(armia, policia, Jandarmeria da sxva).1
1
givi inwkirveli, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 1999, gv.41
100
zRvruli sistemaa, romlis wyalobiT es gaerTianeba Tavis Tavs jgu
febad aRiarebs. is sruliad gansxvavdeba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxva
mravali jgufisagan. jgufis wevroba axdens adamianebis erTiani warmo
dgenebis, Sexedulebebis, saerTo interesebisa da Rirebulebebis formi
rebas.
1
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005, с.334
101
warmeo gaerTianebebi, romlebic yalibdebodnen profkavSirebis parale
lurad. amJamindeli interesTa jgufebis umravlesoba aRmocenda da
moqmedeba daiwyo arcTu ise didi xnis win_ XX saukunis 60-iani wlebi
dan. maTi warmoSoba uSualod ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove sazo gado ebaSi
mimdinare Rrma procesebs, politikur partiaTa erTgvari dakni nebis
fonze farTomasStabian saprotesto aqciebs da mis talRebze sazo gado
ebrivi moZraobebis gaZlierebas, rogorc sazogadoebis poli tikuri mobi
lizaciisa da misi interesebis warmomadgenlobis axal instruments.
1
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri godmeni, amerikuli demokratia, aSS xelisufleba da politikuri procesi, Tb., 1995,
gv.235
2
i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.157
102
interesTa uSualo dakmayofilebiT. cneba-moRvaweoba ganixileba rogorc
integraluri kategoria, romelic politikuri xelisuflebis meqanizmSi
gvevlineba. 1
1
i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.157
2
m. macaberiZe, Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis saTaveebTan, Tb., 1993, gv.28
3
m. macaberiZe, Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis saTaveebTan, Tb., 1993, gv.29
103
kvlevaze. bentlis azriT, saxelmwifo unda ganvixiloT, rogorc jgufi
interesebis mixedviT da dapirispirebul jgufTa Soris urTierToba
politikuri kompromisis miRwevis Sedegad unda regulirdebodes. radgan
mxolod politikuri kompromisebis wyalobiTaa SesaZlebeli revo
luciuri gadatrialebisa da socialuri dapirispirebis gareSe poli
tikuri sistemis gardaqmna-ganaxleba. 1
1
i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, naw.I Tb., 1991, gv.158
2
iqve, gv.159
104
ebisaTvis sasurvel gaerTianebebs. 1 amasTanave, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sxva
msgavs tipiur masazrebebs interesTa jgufebis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi,
maSin igi SeiZleba mokled ase ganisazRvros: es aris individTa,
umTavresad, nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba, romelic uSualod Seqmnilia
saxelmwifos an sxva politikuri institutebis winaSe maTi interesebis
gamoxatvisa da dacvis mizniT. aRniSnuli gaerTianebebi gvevlinebian
Suamavalad saxelmwifosa (xelisuflebasa) da xalxs(mosaxleobas) Soris.
isini gamoxataven maT socialur, erovnul, regionalur da sxva
interesebs, warmoadgenen maTi wevrebis koleqtiuri moqmedebis formas.
interesTa jgufebis saqmianobaSi monawileobiT moqalaqeni ara marto
socialuri, aramed politikuri aqtivobis garkveul gamocdilebas iZenen.
ramdenadac masStaburia interesTa jgufebis warmomadgenelTa
socialuri moTxovnebi, rac ufro optimalurad xorcieldeba (efeqturia
an qmediTia) maTi funqciebi, miT ufro adekvaturad reagireben
saxelisuflebo institutebi (an xelisuflebis Sesabamisi organoebi)
mosaxleobis socialur moTxovnebze. iq, sadac mTavroba uSualod aris
Cabmuli socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebis marTvaSi, interesTa
jgufebs gaaCniaT sagrZnobi (Zalzed safuZvliani) SesaZleblobebi da
did zegavlenas axdenen politikur gadawyvetilebebze.
1
SoTa TeTvaZe, politikuri institutebi- xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, Tb., 1997, gv.33
105
institucionalur jgufebad da anomiur jgufebad. xolo interesTa
jgufebis moqmedebis specializaciis gaTvaliswinebiT ki Sesabamisad
asociativur da arasociativur jgufebad.
1
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005, с.335-336
106
noebis biurokratiuli elitis warmomadgenlebi, saboloo angariSiT
warmarTaven kidec mTel politikur process. uSualod “koreqtirebas”
ukeTeben arCeul politikosTa gadawyvetilebebs, ufro metic pirdapir
karnaxoben maT sakuTar neba-survils.
1
Пушкарёва Г.В. Политология, М., 2002, с.130
109
Sesaxeb, aqveyneben sakuTar beWdviT gamocemebs, aSuqeben Sesabamisi
jgufis problemebs. interesTa jgufebi xelisuflebis organoebs awvdian
monacemebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im problemis Sesaxeb. ufro
sworad, isini axorcieleben sazogadoebrivi azris garkveul tran
slacias. gamoxataven mosaxleobis (moqalaqeebis) garkveuli nawilis
Tvalsazriss, rasakvirvelia, amiT saSualebas aZleven saxelmwifo
organoebs SeimuSaon mosaxleobis realur moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisi
mkafio da efeqturi politikuri kursi.
110
magram amave dros, Tu socialuri jgufi aramravalricxovania, maSin
Sesabamisad gamoiyeneba materialuri resursebi, romelic saSualebas
iZleva zemoqmedeba moaxdinon sazogadoebriv azrze, masobrivi infor
maciis meSveobiT; kerZod, propagandireba gauwion garkveuli saxis Tval
sazrissa da Sexedulebebs, daamyaron piradi kavSirebi da aseve araa gamo
ricxuli, ganaxorcielon saxelmwifo moxeleTa mosyidva, moqrTamva.
1
Пушкарёва Г.В. Политология, М., 2002, с.132-133
111
saxelmwifosa da zewolis jgufebs Soris urTierTobis modelebi.
SeiZleba saxelmwifosa da zewolis jgufebs Soris urTierTobis
ramdenime modelis gamoyofa. saerTod, mecnierTa garkveuli nawili
Tvlis, rom interesTa jgufebis politikaSi monawileobis modelebi
mTlianad ganisazRvreba konkretuli politikuri sistemis speci
fiurobiT. ufro sworad, interesTa jgufebis politikuri roli
uSualod damokidebulia konkretul politikur kulturaze, politikur
sistemasa da institucionalur struqturebze. rac, Tavis mxriv, sruliad
mis anarekls warmoadgens. amave dros interesTa jgufebis politikuri
mniSvnelobis gageba SeuZlebelia politikuri procesebis, sazogadoebaSi
xelisuflebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb zogadi warmodgenis gareSe. Amde
nad, rac Seexeba modelebs, gamoyofen mis Semdeg saxeebs: pluralisturi
modeli, korporatiuli modeli, axali memarjveneobis modeli. Plura
listuli modeli gamoirCeva zewolis jgufebis mraval gvarobiT. Tanac
es mravalferovneba asaxavs ara marto sazo gadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli
socialuri jgufebis raodenobas, aramed kon kurentunarian interesTa
jgufebis warmoSobas, romlebic warmoadgenen erTi da imave socialur
gaerTianebas.
112
politikuri procesis safuZvels, irkveva misi cnobili gamonaTqvamidan:
Tu jgufs sworad aqvs adgili moZebnili, Senobac myari iqneba. 1 sxvaTa
Soris, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi jgufebis mniSvneloba robert
dalimac aRniSna. misi azriT, “mosaxleobis nebismier aqtiur da kanonier
jgufs SesaZlebloba eZleva xma miawvdinos xelisuflebas da
garkveulwilad, mis gadawyvetilebebzec iqonios zegavlena (1956 w.).2
1
endriu heivudi, politika, Tb., 2008, gv.374
2
iqve, gv. 374
3
endriu heivudi, politika, Tb., 2008, gv.374
113
da interesebs. sakuTari Tavisadmi saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli damo
kidebulebis sanacvlod, romelic SeiZleba mdgomareobdes SeRavaTebis,
subsidiebis micemaSi, amorCeuli zewolis jgufi axdens mTavrobisadmi
Tavisi loialuri ganwyobis demonstrirebas da warmoadgens sazo
gadoebaSi misi politikis Tavisebur gamtarebels.
1
endriu heivudi, politologia, Tb., 2008, gv.375
114
warmoadgens da amdenad, aTasgvar garigebaTa procesi ver xdeba xolme
sazogadoebisaTvis gamWvirvale. amitom araerTxel gamoiTqva SeSfoTeba,
rom korporativizmi warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasac uqmnis safrTxes.
amave dros, rodesac gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, saWiroze meti
saxelisuflebo Tu arasamTavrobo subieqti iRebs monawileobas,
xelisufleba SesaZloa garkveul interes jgufTa mZevladac ki iqces da
maTi gavlenis qves moeqces. 1 swored amgvari viTarebis winaaRmdeg
gamodis “axali memarjveneoba.”
1
endriu heivudi, politologia, Tb., 2008, gv.375-376
115
warmatebas aRweven didi gaerTianebebis xarjze, im ubralo garemoebaTa
Sedegad, rom msxvil koleqtivebSi “bevri ubileTo mgzavria”, romlebmac
ician, rom imis gamo saerTo saqme sruliadac ar dazaraldeba, Tu isini
ganze darCebian. 1
1
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005, с.341-342
2
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005, с.342
116
isini garkveulwilad ewevian sazogadoebis gamTiSvel politikas,
ramdenadac yovelTvis misdeven ufro kerZo, vidre saerTo interesebs.
ukeT rom vTqvaT, swored umciresobis interesebs, vinem sazogadoebis
interesebs mTlianad.
117
politikuri dRis wesrigis Camoyalibeba. dainteresebul jgufebs kidev
erTi funqcia gaaCniaT, e.w. “politikuri dRis wesrigis Camo yalibebis”
saSualebiT politikur arenaze gamoaqvT axali saki Txebi. interesTa
jgufebi TavianTi propagandis saSualebiT, acnoben xe lisuflebas
arsebul xarvesebs da Semdeg aiZuleben mas gadawyvitos es problemebi.
1
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia, Tb., 1995, gv.237-238
118
lobebis saxiT, miT ufro meti, xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis berketebis
gamoyenebisa da kanonSemoqmedebis procesis monitiringi SeuZlia. Resur
sebis simravle organizaciis wevrebTan intensiuri kavSiris da maTi
ukeT informirebis saSualebas iZleva. kidev meti, exmareba jgufs
SeinarCunos wevrebi da moizidos axlebi. 1 imisaTvis, rom organizaciam
SeinarCunos Tavisi wevrebi, unda daarwmunos yoveli maTgani, rom igi
kargad muSaobs da Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs Tavisi interesebis propaganda
saTvis. jgufis wevrebis urTierTmxardaWeris umTavresi iaraRia yovel
kvireuli macne an Jurnali, sadac gamoqveynebuli public kaciebi maT
axal informaciebs awvdian da axseneben organizaciis saq mianobis
Sesaxeb.
1
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia, Tb., 1995, gv.242
2
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia, Tb., 1995, gv.242-243
119
politikur strategias. Aamave dros interesTa jgufebis mier gamoye
nebuli meTodebi im arxebzecaa damokidebuli, riTac isini sakuTari gav
lenis gafarToebas cdiloben. maT Soris gamoyofen umTavress: biuro
kratias, sakanonmdeblo organoebs, sasamarTloebs, politikur partiebs,
masmedias, zeerovnul organizaciebs.
lobizmi
1
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi . . . lobizmis samarTlerbrivi regulireba saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi, Tb., 1998, gv.6
120
lirebis amerikulma modelma da gamocdilebam didi gavlena iqonia kana
daze. rac Seexeba evropis qveynebis midgomas am problemisadmi, maT
umravlesobas dResac ar gaaCnia lobizmis regulirebis sakiTxisadmi
dakavSirebuli garkveuli saxis erTiani samarTlebrivi aqti.
1
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi. . . lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulireba saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi, Tb., 1998, gv.5
2
iqve, gv.5
121
gresis Tu saagentoebis moxeleebTan da awvdian maT Sesabamis monacemebs.
magaliTad, amerikis asociaciis lobistebs aqvT xelisuflebis 1200
warmomadgenlis sia, romlebic “xSirad unda moinaxulon, raTa araofi
cialurad isaubron maTTan da informacia miawodon asociaciis Sesaxeb”.
lobistebis jgufis xelmZRvanels aqvs maRali rangis mTavrobis
moxeleebis mokle 104-kaciani sia, raTa Sexvdes TiToeul maTgans miznis
misaRwevad”. 1 meore, farTo masebis lobireba, romelic moicavs jgufis
wevrebs da, agreTve, im xalxs, romlebic ar Sedian am organizaciaSi,
magram TanaugrZnoben maT politikur miznebs. iseT taqtikas, rogoricaa:
werilobiTi mimarTvebis kampaniebi da saprotesto gamosvlebi, romelsac
xSirad iyeneben uSualo lobirebasTan erTad interesTa jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi.
1
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia, Tb., 1995, gv.248-249
2
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia, Tb., 1995, gv.249
3
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia, Tb., 1995, gv.251
122
JurnalebSi, magram es ZviradRirebuli taqtikaa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
mas ramdenime jgufi Tu mimarTavs. 1
1
iqve, gv.251
2
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia, Tb., 1995, gv.251-252
3
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi . . . lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulirebis saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi, Tb., 1998, gv.16
123
urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebs, romelmac garkveuli bundovaneba
Seitana lobisturi saqmianobis regulirebis sakiTxSi. 1
1
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulireba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi,
Tb., 1998, gv.16
2
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulireba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi,
Tb., 1998, gv.17
124
cialur pirze. aseTi saxis kompaniebi da kontaqtebi SeiZleba ganxor
cieldes fostis an telegrafis meSveobiT. “lobisturi saqmianobis
sajaroobis Sesaxeb” 1997 wlis federaluri aqtiT detalurad aris
reglamentirebuli federalur doneze lobisturi saqmianobis
sajaroobis uzrunvelyofis, lobistTa registraciis, angariSgebisa da
sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. 1
1
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulirebis saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi,
Tb., 1998, gv.18
2
implementacia- (laT. Impleo, avseba, asruleba) saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi normebis Sesruleba, ganxorcieleba. ucxosityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 2005,
gv.316
3
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulireba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi,
Tb., 1998, gv.23
4
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulireba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi,
Tb., 1998, gv.26
125
Si, sadac calkeuli lobistebis Tu lobisturi jgufebis saqmianoba
garkveulwilad aRiarebuli da mowesrigebulia, Sesabamisi wesebi Zalze
arasistematizirebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili.
1
gia kiknaZe da sxvebi lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulireba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi,
Tb., 1998, gv.33
1
e. heivudi, politika, Tb., 2008, gv.384
127
politikuri elita
1
a. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.38-39
128
gamoirCevian moraluri da inteleqtualuri upiratesobiT. amitai verner
etcioni politikur elitad warmogvidgens adamianTa jgufs, romlebic
saxelisuflebo poziciebs (Zalauflebas) floben. Julien froindi
elitad miiCnevs qarizmatuli niSnebiT dajildoebul pirovnebebs. aseve
elitad miiCneven sazogadoebis SemoqmedebiT umciresobas(a. toinbi). 1
1
politologia, omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.384
129
jgufSi Sedis saxelisuflebo uwyebisa da samoxeleo aparatis sxvada
sxva rangis Tanamdebobis warmomadgenlebi.
1
politologia, omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.387
2
iqve, gv387
130
ramdenadac politikuri elita Sinaganad diferencirebuli sazoga
doebis nawils warmoadgens, Sesabamisad, mas yofen mmarTvel elitad da
opoziciur elitad.
1
politologia, omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.388
2
politologia, omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.89
131
politikuri elitis rekrutirebis sistemebi
1
Пушкарёва Г.В. Политология, М, 2002, с.122
2
Пушкарёва Г.В. Политология, М, 2002, с.122
132
adgens sainiciativo jgufebis mier xelisuflebis paraleluri struq
turebis Seqmna. es SesaZlebelia iyos droebiTi mTavroba, revoluciuri
komiteti, mSromelTa sabWoebi, romlebic imTaviTve cdiloben moipovon
ajanyebuli masebis an armiis mxardaWera an orive erTdroulad. Tu
romelime maTganis mxardaWera uzrunvelyofilia ,maSin xelisuflebis
paraleluri struqturebi ubralod gamodevnian xelisuflebis ofici
alur struqturebs, rogorc legitimuroba CamorTmeul da TavianT
gavlenis mniSvnelovan resursT moklebulT. Zvel struqturebTan erTad
xdeba adamianTa gamoTavisufleba, maT adgilas axlebis daniSvna da am
gziT politikuri elitis Secvla. 1
1
Там же, с. 123
133
ierarqiaSi ganTavisuflebul sastatuso poziciebze momzadebuli
kadrebis uwyveti nakadiT uzrunvelyofa. aseT arxebad iTvleba arCevnebi
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebSi, politikuri partiebi da
saxelmwifo samsaxuris institutebi.
134
arCevnebSi, bevrad xels uwyobs namdvilad efeqtur, mkafiod gamokveTil
politikosTa SerCevas.
elitis Teoriebi
135
naSromSi- “traqtati zogad sociologiaSi”. 1 sadac elita, rogorc
socialuri da politikuri fenomeni, ufro farTodaa ganxiluli, vidre
sxva cnobil mecnierTa SromebSi. magaliTad, g. moskasa da r. mixelsis
“politikur bosebTan” SedarebiT paretos elitis cneba Sinaarsobrivad
ufro farTo da logikuria. misi moZRvrebis mixedviT, elita
warmoiqmneba “socialuri procesis” sam umTavres sferoSi- politikurSi,
ekonomikursa da inteleqtualurSi- individumebis gamoyofiT, romlebmac
TavianTi moRvaweobis sarbielze mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies. 2
1
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.76
2
iqve, gv.77
3
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.80
136
reziduebi”- inteleqtualuri da moqnili pirovnebebi, romelsac igi
aRniSnavs cnebiT “mela spekulianti”. isini cbieri, moqnili mmarTvelebi
arian, romlebic warmatebiT iyeneben kompromisebis, darwmunebis, molapa
rakebis da a.S. meTodebs; an sazogadoebaSi dominireben “klasi II rezid
uebi”- Zlieri, stabiluri, mtkice xasiaTis pirovnebebi. volfredo
pareto maT aRniSnavs cnebiT- “lomi-rantie”. lomebis damaxasiaTebeli
niSan-Tvisebaa ukiduresi konservatiuloba, agresiuloba, marTvis Zalado
brivi meTodebi. Tumca rogorc is aRniSnavs, dinamiuri, politikuri
kursis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba aucileblad saWiroebs, rogorc
“lomebs” ise “meliebsac”. radgan marTul umravlesobaSi (politikaSi,
xelisuflebaSi) konsensusi da socialuri stabiluroba sazogadoebaSi
miiRweva,, rogorc Zaladobrivi meTodebiT, ise kompromisiT, darwmu
nebiT. 1
1
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.81
2
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.82
137
madgenelia didi espaneli moazrovne xose ortega i gaseti. mis narkvevSi
“masebis amboxi”, elita gansazRvrulia, rogorc gamorCeul pirovnebaTa
erToblioba, romelic masebisagan gamoirCeva nebisa da energiis gansakuT
rebuli ZaliT, TavisTavze aRmatebis surviliT, keTilSo bilebiT.
ortega i gasetis azriT, am dros mniSvneloba ara aqvs simdidresa da
siRaribes, Tanamdebobas, isini ubralod rCeulni arian TavianTi pirov
nuli, zneobrivi, inteleqtualuri Tvisebebis gamo. elita es aris maRali
zneobrivi da inteleqtualuri TvisebebiT dajildoebul adamianTa
erToblioba. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad elitis Camoyalibeba xdeba ara
Zalauflebis, simdidris, prestiJis mopovebisaTvis brZolis gziT, aramed
igi gaxlavT sazogadoebis mier yvelaze Rirseuli da faseuli
warmomadgenlobis bunebrivi SerCevis Sedegi. elitaruloba sazogadoebis
funqcionirebis efeqturi pirobaa. sazogadoebaSi mudam iqnebian
“Cempionebi” da autsaiderebi”, rac ganpirobebulia adamianTa niWis, unare
bisa da energiis uTanabrobiT. demokratiuli sazogadoeba pirovnebebs
aZlevs Tanabar sastarto Sans, magram amiT zogi saTanadod sargeblobs,
zogi ki ver iyenebs mas. amitom Sedegic, rasakvirvelia, Sesabamisad
gansxvavebulia. 1
1
vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili, politologia, politikuri reqnologiebi, Tb., 2002,
gv.36
138
dainteresebulia strategiuli mniSvnelobis gadawyvetilebaTa miRebiT
da maTi cxovrebaSi gatarebiT. demokratia, aucileblad saWiroebs
elitebs, radgan igi ganapirobebs xalxis mier arCeuli xelmZRvanelobis
Tvisobrivad maRal dones. 1
1
vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili, politologia, politikuri reqnologiebi, Tb., 2002,
gv.36
2
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.60
3
iqve, gv.60-61
139
klasi” ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre “politikuri klasi”. 1 misi azriT,
sazo gadoebis umciresobas umsgavsobis marTva ZaluZs maRali organi
zebulobis wyalobiT. mcirericxovani socialuri erTobis organizeba
ufro advilad xorcieldeba, vidre mravalricxovani didi socialuri
jgufisa. “politikuri klasis” analizs gaetano moska axorcielebs
organizaciuli midgomis saSualebiT. 2
1
politilogia, omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.377
2
politilogia, omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.378
3
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.65-66
4
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.67
140
“oligarqiis rkinis kanoni”. imis Semdeg, rac man zedmiwevniT Seiswavla
sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis organizaciuli struqturebi, gaakeTa
metad sayuradRebo daskvna, rom yvela politikur partiasa da
saxelmwifo organizaciaSi arsebobs Tanamdebobis ierarqiuli struq
tura da moqmedebs “oligarqiis rkinis kanoni”. 1 aseve daasabuTa, rom
yoveli sazogadoebrivi organizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is
obieqturi kanonzomiereba, romlis Tanaxmadac arCeul liderTa mcire
jgufisaTvis gadacemuli privilegiebi da Zalaufleba ar eqvemdebareba
rigiTi wevrebis kontrols. partiis qarizmatul liderebs cvlian biuro
kratebi, revolucionerebs da enTuziastebs- konservatorebi, demokra
tebi, konformistebi, romlebic zrunaven mxolod sakuTar Tavze da ara
masebis interesebze. 2 robert mixelsi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom partiebsa
da saxelmwifo organizaciebSi demokratia mudam iZens oli garqiul
formas, amitom misi Zalisxmeva yovelTvis iqneba am movle nis (fenomenis)
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli.
1
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.71
2
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.73
3
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.94
141
romlebsac wamyvani poziciebi ukaviaT strategiul ierarqiaSi. elitis
darazmuloba garkvelwilad gansazRvrulia institucionalizebul iera
rqiaTa Soris kavSiris intensivobiT. 1 elitis erToba, upirveles
yovlisa, institucionaluri struqturis produqtia. elitis rekrutireba
Ziri Tadad umaRlesi klasebis rigebidan warmoebs. Zalaufleba
institutebis atributia, “gadawyvetilebebis miRebis” centralizacia
(uflebamosileba) institucionalur moxeleTa Zalzed viwro wris
gankargulebaSia.2
1
iqve, gv.95
2
av. tukvaZe, politikuri elita, Tb., 1998, gv.96
3
politilogia, omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.385
politikuri partiebi
1
vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili, politologia, politeqnologiebi, Tb., 2002, gv.38
2
politologia, prof. omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.239
143
partio- niSnavs vyof, vanawileb. Ddidi xnis winaT, Tanamedrove
politikuri moZraobebisa da politikuri partiebis warmoSobamde,
termini partia gu lisxmobda jgufebs an garkveul gaerTianebebs
warmoSobils warCi nebuli fenis warmomadgenlebisagan. isini adreul
etapze, kerZod, Zvel aRmosavleTSi, axorcielebdnen TavianTi
interesebis gamoxatvasa da dacvas saxelmwifo struqturebSi. metic,
erTmaneTs metoqeobasac uwevdnen xelisuflebaSi gabatonebuli
poziciebis mosapoveblad (magaliTad, qurumTa kasta an qurumTa partia,
samxedro partia Zv. Egvip teSi faraon amenxotep IV-is (exnatonis)
mmarTvelobis dros). 1
1
nodar darsania, exnatoni da nefertiti, bT., 2009, gv.143, 145
2
politologia, prof. omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.238
3
i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.125. Николо
Макиавели, История Флоренции, Л., 1973, с.54-55
144
damokidebuleba istoriuli ganviTarebis manZilze winaaRmde gobriv
xasiaTs atarebda. antikuri periodis filosofiur moZRvrebebSi, feoda
lizmis xanis Teologiur Tu sazogadoebriv-politikur Teoriul koncef
ciebsa da adreuli drois burJuaziul-demokratiul doqtrinebSi,
partiis arsi, roli da mniSvneloba garkveulwilad negatiurad aris
warmoCenili. amgvari ganwyoba Seesabameboda feodaluri monarqiis
socialur-politikuri azrovnebis tradiciebs, sadac mTeli aqcenti
gadatanili iyo saxelmwifoebrivi nebisyofis, xelisuflebisa da
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis erTianobaze. partiis warmoSoba ki
niSnavda saxelmwifoebrivi, sazogadoebrivi da politikuri cxovrebis
demokratizacias. amitomac partiis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen is Zalebi,
romlebsac demokratizacia ar awyobdaT, kerZod, feodaluri zedafena
da konservatiuli politikuri azri. adreuli liberaluri politikuri
Teoriac partiis winaaRmdegi iyo, radgan uaryofda saxalxo
warmomadgenlobasa da saxelmwifo nebas Soris koleqtiuri Suamavlis
aucileblobas. 1
1
i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.125-126
2 i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.126. aseve, Юзеф
Боргош, Фома Аквинели, М., 1975, с.124-125
145
bunebis” axsna, uSualod nikolo makiavelis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. 1
makiaveli zomier-respublikuri demokratizmis mimdevari iyo. man
pirvelma mogvca italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebis rogorc socialur-
politikuri istoria, ise maTi realistur-pragmatuli daxasiaTeba. 2 mas
sasargeblod miaCnda partiis saqmianoba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi. Tumca araerTmniSvnelovnad igi qveynis politikur dapiris
pirebaSi, garkveulwilad, partiis damangrevel Zalasac xedavda. Poli
tikurma moRvaweobam da gamocdilebam, sakuTriv, misi mSobliuri qala
qis, florenciis, magaliTma daanaxa mas tragizmiT aRsavse poli tikuri
situacia_ gamarjvebuli politikuri partia, rogor amyareb da im
saxelmwifoebriv politikur wesrigs, romelic mas awyobda. Sem dgom
rogor uswordeboda politikur oponentebs. 3
1
politologia, omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.239
2
Николо Макиавели, История Флоренции, Л., 1973, гл.I;II
3
Николо Макиавели, История Флоренции, Л., 1973, с.61-63, 67-69, 99-100
4
i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.127. nikolo
makiaveli, mTavari, Tbilisi, 1984, gv190, 191, 194-1973, с. 10-11
146
burJuaziuli revoluciis dros, XVIII saukuneSi; federalistebi da
respublikelebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi XVIII saukuneSi. 1
revoluciuri moZraobebis periodSi, agreTve, warmoiqmnebian
arasakmarisad organizebuli jgufebi, romlebic icaven mosaxleobis
proletarul fenebs (masas). magaliTad, digerebi, “mTxrelebi”_ inglisis
burJuaziuli revoluciis (XVII saukune) dros, agraruli moZraobis
monawileebi- soflisa da qalaqis Raribi fenebis warmomadgenlebi_
moiTxovdnen kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas. 2
1
politologia, prof. omar gogiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004, gv.239-240
2 iqve, gv.240
3
Томас Гоббс, Левиафан, М., 1936, с.254
4
Томас Гоббс, Левиафан, М., 1936, с.181
5
Heywood A. Polititics. N.Y. Palgrade.2002. maisuraZe Tea, politikuri partiebi da
politikuri sistemebi, Tb., 2009, gv.9
147
damangrevel zegavlenas axdenen saxelmwifo struqturebze. misi azriT,
partiuli dinamika iwvevs im sistemis msxvrevas, romelSic is warmoiSva.
igi, iseve rogorc bekoni, monteskie, ruso da sxvebi gvaZlevs politikur
partiaTa klasifikacias. Aam dayofaSi is emyareba iseT cnebebs,
rogoricaa: “interesi”, “principi” da “erTguleba”. wina planze ayenebs
“interesis” mixedviT dajgufebebs. 1 devid iumi partiis warmoSobasa da
arsebobas saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formis specifikas ukavSirebs.
amdenad, miuxedavad partiebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, arc maT
aucileblobaze ambobs uars. amitom partia mas mmarTvelobis gardauval
da aucilebel institutad miaCnia.
1
i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.129
148
didi gavlena moaxdina mecnierebisa da filosofiis Semdgom ganviTa
rebaze. 1
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.2. Tb., 1977, gv.273
2
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.5. Tb., 1980, gv.277
3
SoTa TeTvaZe, politikuri institutebi- xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, Tb.,
1997, gv.41
149
tikur TeoriaSi, arsebiTad iwyeba partiis problemis akademiuri Ses
wavla, misi pozitiuri Sefaseba.
150
Seamzades ganmanaTleblobisa da safrangeTis revoluciis kritika
reaqciuli romantikosebis mxridan. 1
1
Большая советская энциклопедия, М., 1970, с.236
2 i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.130-131
151
Camoayaliba Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoria. karl marqsis TqmiT, fran
klini erT-erTi pirveli ekonomistia, romelmac dainaxa Rirebulebis
buneba. benJamin franklinis mecnierulma miRwevebma saerTaSoriso aRi
areba moipoves. igi ucxoeTis mTeli rigi samecniero akademiebis sapatio
wevri iyo. 1
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.10. Tb., 1986, gv.391-392
1
v. i. lenini, mokle biografia, Tb., 1955, gv.76-77
2
e. heivudi, politika, Tb., 2008, gv.300
154
kanonTa gamovlinebad miaCnda. misi azriT, faqtebi mxolod Cveni
SegrZnebebi da maTi kavSirebia. materia SegrZnebaTa SesaZleblobaa. Mmis
ZiriTad naSroms warmoadgens “logikis sistema”. milis damsaxurebad
Tvlian bunebismecnierebaTa da gonismecnierebaTa principuli
gansxvavebebis problemis dasmas. fsiqologias, rogorc goniT
mecnierebas, igi miakuTvnebda eTologias (moZRvrebas zneobaze) da
sociologias, xolo mecnierebas istoriis Sesaxeb- bunebismetyvelebas.
Mmas eTikaSi moqmedebis moraluri Rirebulebebis sazomad miaCnda
sargeblianoba, umaRles miznad- kacobriobis bedniereba. 1
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.6, Tb., 1983, gv.696
1
maqs veberi, politika rogorc mowodeba da xeloba, Tb., 1994, gv.53-54, 58-61, 70-73
2
iqve, gv.49-50, 53-54, 69-71
156
Sexedulebebma didi gavlena moaxdines XX saukunis sociologiaze,
filosofiasa da istoriografiaze. 1
1
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.4, Tb., 1979, gv.340-41
157
yovlisa, misi iseTi dargisa, rogoricaa, moZRvreba politikuri
partiebis Sesaxeb. 1
1
elmisamarTi:Wikipedia.org
2
Гаджиев К.С. Политическая наука, М., 1995, с.136-137б 139-140
158
rigi Tvisobrivad axali Sinaarsisa da tendenciebis (mimarTulebebis)
matareblebi iyvnen. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, socialisturi da
qristianul-demokratiuli partiebi, aseve komunisturi (marqsistuli)-
axali tipis partia da sxva.
159
politikuri partiis gansazRvrebebi
1
qeneT janda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni. amerikuli demokratia. aSS xelisufleba
da politikuri procesi.Tb., 1995, gv.188
2 vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili, politologia, politikuri teqnologiebi, Tb., 2002,
gv.83
3 ix. i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.144
4 ix. vrclad m. veberi, politika, rogorc mowodeba da xeloba. Tb., 1994, gv.27-53
5 i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1991, gv.144
160
politikis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da re bulia
jozef lapalombaras gansazRvreba, romelic efuZneba oTx um Tavres
kriteriums:
162
meore funqcias warmoadgens ideologiuri koncefciebis, programebis
SemuSaveba, masobriv cnobierebaSi politikuri faseulobebis Setana.
politikur RirebulebaTa gansazRvruli (garkveuli) sistemisadmi
partiis erTguleba, erTi mxriv, Seadgens mis arsobriv maxasiaTebels,
xolo, meore mxriv, ki warmoadgens misi moRvaweobis mniSvnelovan
mimarTulebas. Tavisi gavlenis gafarToebis mizniT partia aqtiurad
eweva faseulobaTa sistemis propagandirebas, romelic misi ideur-
politikuri platformis umTavres birTvs warmoadgens. amisaTvis partiis
mier gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saxis komunikaciuri arxebi_Sexvedrebi,
krebebi, mitingebi_ Cveulebrivi, uSualo urTierTobidan dawyebuli,
gancxadebebis da deklaraciebis tiraJirebiT damTavrebuli masobrivi
sainformacio saSualebebisa da beWdviTi gamomcemlobis meSveobiT.
ideologiuri koncefciebis SemuSavebiTa da propagandirebiT, partia
xels uwyobs adamianebis gaerTianebas gansazRvruli miznebis irgvliv.
163
uzrunvelyos stabiluroba da memkvidreobiToba sazogadoebrivi cxovre
bis ganviTarebaSi.
partiis tipologia
1
Гаджиев, Политология, М., 2005.с. 189
165
Semdegi saxiT dayofas: 1. doqtrinaluri- partiebi orientirebulni,
upirveles yovlisa, TavianTi ideologiuri siwmindis dacvisaTvis; 2.
pragmatuli- e.i. orientirebulni mizanSewonil praqtikul moqmedebaze; 3.
xarizmatuli- partiebi, romelSic adamianebi erTiandebian lideris
garSemo. amasTan, erTad TiToeul am tipSi arsebobs partiul
gaerTianebaTa Semdgomi diferenciacia. saxeldobr, doqtrinalur
partiaTa Soris miRebulia gamoiyos religiuri, (magaliTad, Sveicariis
evangeluri partia) da ideologiuri- (mravalricxovani socialisturi,
erovnuli da sxva) gaerTianebebi. Tanamedrove politikuri
mecnierebisaTvis mkveTrad damaxasiaTebelia partiebis tipologizacia
damoukidebel socialur (agraruli partiebi), eTnikur (ultramemarcxene
baskebis partia “ersi batasuna”), demografiul (belgiis qalTa
gaerTianebuli partia) da kulturologiur (germaniasa da ruseTSi
ludis moyvarulTa partia), safuZvelze. aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs
partiebis diferenciacias maTi organizaciuli struqturis
TvalsazrisiT. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT saparlamento,
leiboristuli, avangarduli partiebi, romelic agebulia teritoriul-
warmoebiT principebze da demokratiul centralizmze. sakmaod
gavrcelebulia partiis tipologizacia maTi mmarTveli reJimisadmi
damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT: mmarTveli da opoziciuri, legaluri
da aralegaluri, partlideruli da partautsaideruli, monopoliurad
mmarTveli partiebi da koaliciis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali mmarTveli
partiebi da a.S. 1
1
SoTa TeTvaZe, politikuri institutebi- xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, Tb.,
1997, gv.46-47
166
cnobilia SromebiT politikuri mecnierebebis dargSi. ZiriTad
yuradRebas uTmobs politikuri partiebisa da politikuri reJimebis
sociologias, politikis zogad Teorias, politikuri mecnierebis meTo
debs. misi Sexedulebebi politikuri xelisuflebis, saaxelmwifos, demo
kratiis arsze, raobaze, marTalia, Seicavs rig saintereso debulebebs,
magram amave dros atarebs ekleqtikur, araTanmimdevrul xasiaTs. Maga
liTad, samrewvelo kapitalizmis epoqasTan mimarTebaSi iziarebs burJu
aziuli saxelmwifos marqsistul daxasiaTebas. Tanamedrove burJu aziul
saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc pluralistur demokratias. miekuTvneba
liberaluri mimarTulebis mecnierTa ricxvs. 1989-1994 w.w. m. diuverJe
gaxldaT evroparlamentis wevri, arCeuli iyo, rogorc damoukidebeli
kandidati, italiis komunisturi partiis siiT. 1
1
elmisamarTi: Wikipedia.org
167
gadoebriv moZraobaTa safuZvelze iqmneba, romlebic axdenen gansa
zRvruli fenebis interesebis artikulirebas. aRsaniSnavia is, rom es
partiebi gansxvavdebian masobrivi wevrobis sistemiTa da Tavisi samuSaos
mudmivobiT, rac aucilebelia, partiis wevrebis dainteresebisa da
organizaciaSi maTi CarTvisTvis. amisTana partiebisaTvis saarCevno kompa
niebSi monawileoba mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens maT politikur
moRvaweobaSi. arCevnebs Soris periodSi am tipis partiebi Cveulebriv
dakavebuli arian politikuri programebis SemuSavebiT, Tavisi wevrebis
mizidviT partiuli organizaciebis muSaobaSi ama Tu im formiT
monawileobis misaRebad.
168
organizaciebis meSveobiT gaakontrolos sazogadoebis socialuri
cxovrebis yvela sfero.
partiuli sistemebi
169
romelic yalibdeba partiebs Soris, agreTve, saxelmwifosa da
xelisuflebis sxva politikur institutebsa da partiebs Soris.
170
lizmis” sistemebi. 1 amrigad, sartoris klasifikacia Sesabamisad rTulia
da gamoirCeva partiaTSorisi ideologiuri distanciis (sxvaobis) Tvalsa
zrisiT.
1
Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976. elmisamarTi:
books.google.com
171
amboben Sesabamisad “erTpartiuli saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb da erTpar
tiul-saxelmwifo aparatis Sesaxeb, erTpartiuli sistemis or nair
saxeobaze.
1
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005. С.323
172
julius nerere tanzaniaSi da robert mugabe zimbabveSi da a.S.). xSirad
aseTi partiebi Zalian sustad organizebuli arian (pirdapir sawina
aRmdegod im mkacri disciplinisa, rac damaxasiaTebelia komunisturi
partiisTvis erTpartiul saxelmwifoebSi) da sruliad umniSvnelo rols
asruleben politikis SemuSavebis dargSi. xelisuflebis mono
polizirebiT isini imTaviTve, mxolod xels uwyoben avtoritarizmsa
da korufcias qveyanaSi.
173
xelisuflebis berketebis mflobeli. orpartiuli sistemiT yvelaze
cnobil da tipiur qveynebs warmoadgenen amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da
didi britaneTi (aqve SeiZleba davamatoT kanada, avstralia, axali
zelandia). aSS-Si mudam konkurirebs mxolod ori partia - demokratiuli
da respublikuri.did britaneTSi ki ZiriTad mowinaaRmdegeebs poli
tikur brZolaSi warmoadgenen leiboristebi da konservatorebi. amave
dros, orive qveyanaSi aris sxva wvrili partiebi, romlebic xSirad
damoukideblad gamodian arCevnebSi. zogierTi maTgani warmodgenilic ki
aris parlamentSi, magram arsebiT gavlenas qveynis politikur
cxovrebaze ver axdenen.
1
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005. С.326
174
mxolod sami weli dayo opoziciaSi, isic indira gandis mier 1975-77 ww.
sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoRebis Semdeg. 1 zustad aseve samxreT afrikis
respublikaSi 1993 wels aparteidis gauqmebis Semdeg didxans dominirebda
afrikuli nacionaluri kongresi, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula “TeTrebis mmarTvelobis” winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. evropaSi aseTi
sistemis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli magaliTis qveynebi arian: SvedeTi,
sadac 1951-1993 ww. marTavda social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia da
italia, sadac yvela 52 mTavrobaSi, romelic xelmZRvanelobda qveyanas
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, wamyvani poziciebi ekava qristianul-
demokratiul partias. es periodi dasrulda mxolod 1992-1994 ww. 2 am
partiuli sistemis Rirsebad, Tvlian mxolod da mxolod stabilurobas.
sxva Rirsebas am sistemisas ver xedaven, radgan aseT sistemaSi iSleba
konstituciuri gansxvaveba saxelmwifosa da mmarTvel partias Soris.
rodesac qveynis saTaveSi erTi da igive xelisuflebaa, iwyeba
SeumCneveli, “veraguli” procesi saxelmwifo moxeleebisa da
institutebis politizaciisa, romlebic iwyeben Seguebas mmarTveli
partiis ideologiuri da politikuri prioritetebisadmi. aseve
xelisuflebis saTaveSi xangrZlivi droiT yofna SeiZleba arasasikeTod
aisaxos partiis eTikaze. imavdroulad, mocemuli sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia opoziciis sisuste. radgan yovelTvis advilia im
kritikisa da protestis ignorireba, romelic momdinareobs iseTi
partiisagan, romelic ar warmoadgens seriozul mowinaaRmdeges. da
bolos, “mmarTveli partiis” “Seucvleloba” uaryofiT gavlenas axdens
saarCevno kampaniis msvleobaze da eleqtoratze. amomrCevlebi ufrTxian
cvlilebebs da mmarTveli partiis yofnas xelisuflebis saTaveSi
Tvlian “movlenaTa bunebriv wesad”. 3
1
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005. С.326
2
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005. С.326
3
Эндрю Хейвуд, Политология, М., 2005. С.326
175
Tan mosdevs is, rom ramdenime partiis Careva kamaTSi parlamentSi
adgilebis mosapoveblad ar aZlevs arcerT partias sagrZnob
upiratesobas. aqedan gamomdinare, mravalpartiuli sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia tipiuri politika: politika kavSirebisa, aliansebisa,
blokebisa. Iisini uzrunvelyofen droebiT SeTanxmebas partiebs Soris,
rac aucilebelia mTavrobis formirebisa da parlamentSi koaliciis
SeqmnisaTvis.
1
Пушкарёва Г.В. Политология, М., 2002, с.145
177
ase, magaliTad, maJoritaruli arCevnebi erT turad warmoadgens
xelsayrel faqtors qveyanaSi orpartiuli sistemis Camosayalibeblad.
amomrCeveli, saarCevno kampaniis msvleobisas mxolod erTxel midis
saarCevno yuTTan kenWis Casagdebad (xmis misacemad). amitom
fsiqologiurad is yovelTvis ganwyobilia xma misces aranakleb
gavlenian an axladSeqmnili partiis warmomadgenels (ra mimzidveli
lozungebiTac ar gamodiodes), aramed wamomadgenels, romelime am ori
partiidan, romelic xelisuflebaSi mosvlis realuri pretendentia.
179
profkavSirebi-politikuri instituti
1
В. Прослов, Из истории профсоюзного движения, М., 2009.elmisamarTi: www.psj.ru
2
Можаев В. Всемирное профсоюзное движение, М., 1990, с.6
180
profkavSirebSi gawevrianebulia mSromeli mosaxleobis 80%-ze meti.
TiTqmis 100%-mde _saxalxo demokratiis qveynebSi (kuba, CineTis saxalxo
respublika). rig qveynebSi es ricxvi meryeobs 18%-idan (aSS) erT
mesamedamde (germaniis federaciuli respublika, safrangeTi). 1 amgvarad,
mravalmilioniani profkavSirebi kvlav rCebian yvelaze masobriv
sazogadoebriv organizaciebad.
1
iqve
181
organizaciebi, xandaxan calkeuli, gamokveTili pirovnebebi da jgufebic
ki.
182
torebis mier gatarebuli mTeli politikis winaaRmdeg. an gavixsenoT
masobrivi gaficvebi am wlebSi samxreT afrikis respublikaSi. brZolis
romel saxes unda movakuTnoT is gamosvlebi, romlebic aparteidis
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli? sxvadasxva qveyanaSi profkavSirebis mier
organizebuli farTomasStabiani aqciebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi
“gadanacvleba” sagaficvo brZolis msvlelobisas sloganebisa da
amocanebis, amJamad ufro wesad qceuls warmoadgens, vidre gamonakliss.
Tumca, rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba moiZebnos mSromelTa gamosvlis“wminda”
ekonomikuri moTxovnebis magaliTebic.
1
Можаев В, Всемирное профсоюзное движение сегодня, М., 1995, с.26-27
2
tred-iunizmi-(ing. Trade-unionism) mimdinareobda muSaTa profkavSirul moZraobaSi
(ufro metad did britaneTsa da mTel rig sxva inglisurenovan qveynebSi), romlis
mizans warmoadgenda brZola ekonomiuri reformebis gatarebisaTvis da mSromelTa
socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebis dacvisaTvis, farTo gagebiT-saerTod, profkavSiruli
moZraoba inglisurenovan qveynebSi. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.10, Tb., 1986, gv.44
184
gamoiyurebodes, radgan is saSualebas aZlevda profkavSirebs mTeli
Zalebi moekriba socialuri da ekonomikuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad.
amiT erTgvarad Sida profkavSiruli diskusiis miRma moeqcia rTuli
politikuri problemebi, romlis gamo maT wevrTa azrebi xSirad ar
Tanxvdeboda. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos isic, rom profkavSiruli
moZraobisaTvis politikaSi CarTuloba ar warmoadgenda “privilegias”.
rogorc viciT, profkavSirebi, magaliTad, did britaneTSi, SvedeTSi
koleqtiuri wevrebis saxiT Sediodnen politikuri (muSaTa) partiis
SemadgenlobaSi. mraval qveyanaSi profkavSiruli liderebi xdebian
ministrebad, gubernatorebad, parlamentis deputatebad. miuxedavad
yovelive amisa, yvelaferi amis miwodeba xdeboda, rogorc saerTo
wesidan gamonaklisi, debulebidan gamomdinare, romelic TiTqosda
iuwyeba, rom profkavSirebi- politikis miRmaa, isini Seiqmnen mxolod
social-ekonomikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis mizniT. droTa ganmavlobaSi
xsenebulma poziciam ver gaamarTla. aRmoCnda, rom social-ekonomikuri
interesebis dacva sul ufro Zneli xdeba tradiciuli saSualebebiT, e.i.
koleqtiuri molaparakebebiTa da drodadro – gaficvebis gziT. radgan
aSkara iyo, is rom mTavroba iyenebda mis xelSi arsebul yvela berkets,
profkavSirebis- mSromelTa interesebis damcveli masobrivi
organizaciebis winaaRmdeg. Aamdenad, politikuri brZolis gareSe maTi
interesebis dacvis Sansi sul ufro mkveTrad mcirdeboda.
185
da gambedaobiT, daiwyes politikur moqmedebaTa aucileblobis kursis
aRiareba.
1
Можаев В, Всемирное профсоюзное движение сегодня, М., 1995, с.34
186
sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis demokratizacia TavisTavSi
gulisxmobs aucilebeli pirobis saxiT (formiT) profkavSirebis rolis
gaZlierebas. yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, sadac mimdinareobs demo
kratiuli faseulobebis damkvidrebis, misi Semdgomi srulyofis,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis procesi, xorcieldeba konkretul
RonisZiebaTa sistema profkavSirebis funqciis, amocanebisa da miznebis
gafarToebis da garRmavebis mimarTulebiT.
187
Zalian Zlieria maTSi am partiis ideuri da organizaciuli gavlena.
dRes germaniaSi profkavSirebi warmoadgenen erT-erT organizebul,
mSromelTa masebis yvelaze msxvil da mZlavr gaerTianebas. maTTan
erTad TanamSromlobs ufro mcirericxovani gaerTianeba - germaniis
qristianul “profkavSirTa gaerTianeba (10,3 mln. wevri), romlebic axlos
arian qristian- demokratebTan. 1 aseve safrangeTis, espaneTis, italiis da
sxvaTa profkavSirebi, rogorc gamocdileba gviCvenebs, maSin aRweven
realur warmatebebs, roca maTi gamosvlebi saerTo miznis misaRwevad
erTian, darazmul xasiaTs atarebs. rogorc profkavSiruli moZraobis
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba adasturebs, profkavSirebis adgili
sazogadoebis politikur sistemaSi, maTi roli da mniSvneloba
sazogadoebis marTvis saqmeSi, agreTve, didad aris damokidebuli maT
damokidebulebaze mmarTvel partiebTan. politikuri partiebi da
profkavSirebi Tavisi socialur-klasobrivi bunebiT, bevrad ufro
erTmaneTis msgavsi da erTgvarovani arian. amitom isini mWidrod
TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan, cxovrebaSi atareben erT da imave ideas,
misdeven erT da imave mizans. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove
mZafr etapze maTi moRvaweobis masStabebi didia.
1
В. Прослов, Из истории профсоюзного движения, М., 2009.elmisamarTi: www.psj.ru
188
daskvna
191
Нодар Дарсания
Политические Институты
Резюме
С начала цивилизации, социально-экономическое развитие общества принимало
всё более обширный и растущий характер. Возникновение предостаточного объёма
материальных ценностей и на основе этого частной собственности возникла социальная
диспропорция. Это обстоятельство со своей стороны содействовало социальной
дифференциации общества, образованию различных форм эксплуатации. Соотвественно
возникли противостояния и конфликты внутри общества. Многоотраслевая система
общественного производства потребовала усиления организационно-управленческой
функции, ибо социально-классовая разобщенность общества расстроило прежде
существующие формы общественного управления. Возникли новые политические
отношения, которые подготовили почву для формирования новой политической системы
общества – политические институты.
1
Марксистско-Ленинская общая теория государства и права. Исторические типы государства и права.
Отв.ред. В.Е. Гущев, М., 1977ж Всемирная история Т.1.под ред. Ю.П. Францова,М.,1956; Историческое и
логическое в познаний государства и права. Под ред. А.И. Королёва,Л. 1988. Основы теории политической
системы ред-ры;Ю.А. Тихомиров,В.Е. Чаркин,М,1985. Дробышевский С.А. Политическая организация
общества и право:историческое место и начало эволюции. Красноярск,1991. Фан Вень-Лань. Древняя
история Китая(от первобытно-общинного строя до образования централизованного феодального
государства;М.1958.с.56-66.Фан Вень-Лань.Общая история Китая.Т.1;Пекин,1953. История
Кореи,т.1;институт истории АН КНДР;М.1960.с.31-49. История Кореи,т.1,ред.Ванин Ю.В.М.1974.с.33-
66;История Вьетнама. ред.Мхитарян С.А (пер.с вьетнамского), М., 1983.с.24-39.Куба, историко-
этнографический очерки,м.1961.с.188-192
2
Gluckman M. Politics, law and Rituel in Tribal Society. Chicago/1965; Bayley D.H. Social Control and Political
Change. Princeton, 1985;Кубец Л.Е. Очерки потестарно-политической этнографии.М.1982.
192
ими рассматривается в качестве развитиго вида, основного субъекта политического
института. 1
1
Roberts G.K. Dictionary of political analysis N.Y.1971.Daverger M. Institutions politiqurs et droit constitutional.
P. 1970; Leftwich A. redefining politus. People, Resourcesand Power. London ete.,1983; Lehman E.W. The Theory
of the state versus the state of Theory.//American sociological Review.Wash; 1988; Cohen R. political
Anthropology//handbook of social and Cultural anthropology. Chicago,1973.
2
Дробышевский С.А. Политическая организация общества и право: историческое место и начало эволюций.
Красноярск,1991
3
Toma aqvineli, RvTismetyvelebis Sejameba, Tb;2004. nikolo makiaveli, mTavari, 1984. Томас Гоббс,
сочинения, Т.1, М., 1989;Т.2., М; 1991; monteskie S. l. kanonTa goni, Tb., 1994, georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli,
leqciebi istoriis filosofiaze, Tb; 2001; Бентам Иерения «Принципы законодательства», М..1895. Милль Д. С.
Представительное Правление, С.П.Б. 1907. К. Маркс и Ф. Энгельс соч.Т.3. Спенсер Г. Основания
социологии.т.1.С.П.Б.1888, Научные, политические и философские опыты.Т.1.С.П.Б. 1899.
193
индустриализация общества, его новой экономики государства нового типа - типа нации
и национального государства.
1
Т. Гоббс, Левиафан или материя, форма и власть государства церковного и гражданского, М, 1936. с.184
2
В.И. Разин, Политическая организация общества как категория исторического материализма,М,1974,с.212-
213
194
принятие многих политических решений в стране. Тем не менее, россиские «теневые»,
лоббистские группировки – это уже признанный де-факто политический институт, иногда
даже более влиятельный, чем партийный. 1 Пример легализации лоббизма в США
демонстрирует характер взаимоотношений политической «субстанции» и «институции»,
когда складываются реальные отношения власти, с различными социальными группами
оформляющиеся в неофициальную, в правовом плане институциональную структуру,
которая затем становится официальным и легальным институтом политической системы,
что естественно возможно только при условии согласия и поддержке основных
общественных сил. 2
1
Дегтярёв А.А. Основы политической теории, М., 2009, с.23
2
Там же
3
Мутагиров Д.З. Международные политические институты, М., 2009, с.24
4
ix. S. TeTvaZe, politikuri institutebi-xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, Tb, 1997, gv.39
195
В частности, ещё в XIX и начале XX веков, в политической мысли (несмотря на
прорыв, совершённый марксизмом) доминантой всё ещё выступало представление о
государстве , как о субстанциональном начале политической жизни, а под политическими
институтами понимаешь лишь административные учреждения и юридические нормы. Но
начиная с классических работ К. Маркса 1, Г. Спенсера 2, М. Вебера 3, в политологии и
социологии, в противовес государственно-правовому или административно-
юридическому пониманию политических институтов, складывается качественно новый
социологический подход к институтам вводимым проблему соотношения субстанции и
институции в политической сфере, содержания и формы на новый теоретический уровень
в их политических отношениях.
1
К. Маркс, гражданская война во Франции, М., 1987, восемнадцатого брюмера Луи Бонапарта, М. 1987,
Капитал, Т.1 М,1988,Т.2,М,1988,Т.3,М,1989.
2
Спенсер Герберт,Основание социологии, Т.1;СПб.1888; Научные политические и философские опыты,
Т.1.общая редакция А.А. Рубакина, СПб.1899, Личность и государство, СПб.1908
3
m. veberi, narkvevebi religiis sociologiis Sesaxeb, Tb, 2004; politika rogorc mowodeba da xeloba, Tb., 1994.
4
Дегтярёв А.А. Основы политической теории, М., 2009, с.17
5
m. veberi, politika rogorc mowodeba da xeloba, Tb., 1994, gv.12-13
6
Дегтярёв А.А. Основы политической теории, М., 2009, с.19
196
политических институтов, а не их изолированное рассмотрение как таковых может дать
адекватную, объективную информацию полностью о политических институтах.
197
По данной теории государство возникло в следствии добровольного объединения
людей, на основе обоюдного соглашения и общественного договора. С целью того чтобы,
люди смогли добиться всеобщего мира, справедливости и благоденствия. Они, согласно
договора, значительную часть своих прав передали государству, а государство со своей
стороны, взяло на себя объязательства защитить собственность, свободу и обеспечить
безопасность каждого члена общества.
1
К. Маркс, Ф. Энгельс, Манифест коммунистической партии,М. 1988. К. Маркс, критика Готской
программы,М.1989. Ф. Энгельс,Возникновение семьи, частной собственности и государства,М.1989.
198
теоретиков и революционеров и основоположника советского государства – Владимира
Илича Ленина (Улянова) и Иосифа Висарионовича Сталина (Джугашвили). 1
1
В.И. Ленин, Государство и Революция,М.1986. Марксизм о государстве, М.1982. и др. И. Сталин, К
вопросу об основах Ленинизма, М, 1958.
2
Аристотель, Политика, часть 1.
199
целого над составляющими его частями (по аналогии с живыми организмами, у которых
части подчинены благому целому).
200
В истории известны в основном следующие виды республиканского правления:
рабовладельческая, феодальная, буржуазная, социалистическая.
201
Советское общественно-политическое и правовое научное мышление выделяло три
вида социалистической формы государственного правления: это – Парижская коммуна,
Советская республика и народно-демократическая республика.
Следует отметить и роль русских юристов второй половины XIX в. и начало XX в.:
П. Новгородцев, В. Гессен, В. Кистяковский и др. 2 В деле развития концепции о правовом
государстве. В начале XX века в основном завершилось многовековая история
формирования концепции о правовом государстве.
1
См. TeTvaZe SoTa, politikuri institutebi – xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, Tb., 1997, gv.14
2
П. Новгородцев, Лекции по истории философии права, учения нового времени, XVI-XIXвв. М. 1998.
В. Гессен, Основы конституционного права,М, 1917, Кистяковский Б. Государство правовое и
социалистическое, Вопросы философии, №6, М, 1990. С.141-159
3
З. Черниловский, Правовое государство:на перекрёстке мнений в кн. Право и власть, М.1990; Венгеров А.
Несущие конституции правового государства, в кн. Право и власть, М. 1990; Лазарев Б.М. Что такое
правовое государство? М, 1990. Кудрявцев В.Н. Какое государство мы строим? М, 1991
4
givi inwkirveli, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 1996. o. gamyreliZe, brZola samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifosTvis 2 wignad; o. melqaZe, sazRvargareTis qveynebis saxelmwifo samarTali, wigni I, Tb., 1996;
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis problemebi, Tb., 2004; g. lobJaniZe, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba, Tb., 2002; b. savaneli, samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 1997; k. Saria, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Tb., 2009.
203
Содержание правового государства проявляется в её характерных чертах
(признаках) из них можно выделить следующие признаки о которых среди политологов и
правоведов существует единое мнение.
Второе – это верховенство закона и равенство каждого перед ним. Среди законов
исключительное место принадлежит конституции, которая отражает общественно-
политический строй страны, определяет систему и компетенцию органов власти,
основные права и объязанности граждан, избирательную систему и т.д.
1
См. i. rexviaSvili, j. jaliaSvili, v. xoWolava, politologia, Tb., 1996, gv.157
205
Группы интересов при осуществлений своих функций прибегают к
апробированным формам, методам и способом воздействия на власть.
206
Политическая элита не однородная. Возможно существование столько элит сколько
видов деятельности ведет само человечество. Неоднородность обусловлено ряд факторов.
Это дифференциация политических институтов, которое со своей стороны визывает
возникновения относительно автономных (независимых) иерархивных структур
политического влияния над обществом: государственные органы, которые осуществляют
публичную власть (парламент, глава государства), административные государственные
учреждения, крупные политические партии. Второе, перераспределение полномочий
между органами центральной, региональной местной власти, третье, развитие
политического и идеологического плурализма в демократических обществах, которое
непосредственно оказывает влияние на общественную ориентацию (направление)
политической элиты.
207
высокой ступени социально-политической иерархии. 7. На основе существующей
иерархии выделяются лидеры и нелидеры. 8. Статус престиж политической элиты, кроме
занимаемой должности определяет богатство и образование, а также широкая сеть
внешных связей.
Для того, чтобы конкретно разобратся какую роль выполняют политические партии
в современном обществе, нужно рассмотреть функции партий.
210
Политический институт – это устойчивый вид социально-политического
взаимодействия, который регулирует определённый сегмент отношений политической
власти в обществе.
211
Институт политических партий упорядочивать отношений между политическими
организациями, в процессе их складывания и дальнейшей деятельности. В обществе
постоянно формируются определённые, общие представления о том, что собой
представляет политическая партия, как должна она действовать, чем отличается
политическая партия от остальных организаций и объединений.
212
terminebis ganmarteba
213
12. diferenciacia – [laT. differentiation] gayofa, danawevreba,
mTelis gayofa mravalferovan formebad, safexurebad
13. demokratia – [Zv.berZ. xalxis xelisufleba, mmarTveloba] –
sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mowyobis forma,
romelic efuZneba xalxis xelisuflebis wyarod cnobas
14. deklaracia – [laT. declaration] oficialuri gancxadeba,
romelic Cveulebriv saxelmwifo politikis principebs,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis saprogramo debulebebs
acxadebs
15. dominati – [laT. dominatus] batonoba, erTxelisuflebianoba,
uzenaesi xelisufleba gviandeli romauli imperiis (III s.
bolo – VI s.) politikuri sistema – SeuzRudavi monarqia,
romelic imperatorma dikletianem daakanona, xolo gaamyara
konstantine I-ma
16. dominanti – [laT. dominans] gabatonebuli, lideroba,
wamyvani, wammarTveli
17. doqtrina – [laT. doctrina] moZRvreba, mecnieruli an
filosofiuri Teoria. politikuri sistema. wamyvani
Teoriuli an politikuri principi
18. elita – [frang. Elite] saukeTeso, sazogadoebis yvelaze
gamoCenili da gavleniani pirebi
19. politikuri elita – jgufi sazogadoebaSi, romelsac gaaCnia
politikuri gavlena, asrulebs politikuri mmarTvelobis
funqcias
20. eqstensiuri – [laT. extensivus] gaSlili, gavrcobili,
gafarToebuli raodenobrivad da ara Tvisobrivad,
xarisxobrivad
21. imanenturi – [laT. immenentis] mocemuli movlenis, sagnis,
procesis Sinagani maxasiaTebeli, misi bunebidan gamomdinare
22. implementacia – [laT. impleo] saxelmwifos mier
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis Sesruleba,
ganxorcieleba
23. impiCmenti – [ingl. impeachment] zogierT saxelmwifoSi
umaRlesi xelisuflebis mqone pirebis pasuxisgebaSi micemisa
214
da maTi saqmis sasamarTloSi gansaxilvelad gadacemis
gansakuTrebuli wesi. impiCmentis dros pasuxisgebaSi micemasa
da sasamarTlosTvis gadacemas, rogorc wesi, qveda palata
axorcielebs, xolo saqmes zeda palata ganixilavs
24. instituti politikuri – socialuri urTierTmoqmedebis
(Tanaqmedebis) myari (mdgradi) forma, romelic aregulirebs
politikuri xelisuflebis urTierTobaTa garkveul segments
sazogadoebaSi
25. institucionalizmi – [laT. institution]
saxelmwifoTmcodneobis mimarTuleba XIX s-Si, romelic
sazogadoebis politikur organizacias ganixilavs rogorc
moqalaqeTa sxvadasxva gaerTianebebis kompleqss
26. intensiuri – [laT. intension] daZabuli, gaZlierebuli.
ukeTesi Sedegis momcemi
27. integracia – [laT. integratio] procesi, romlis Sedegia
mTlianoba, gaerTianeba, SeerTeba
28. inkorporacia – [laT. incorporatio] sakuTar SemadgenlobaSi
Seyvana, SemoerTeba. fizikuri an iuridiuli pirebis
jgufisaTvis iuridiuli piris statusis miniWeba – anu
oficialurad registrirebuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciis
Camoyalibeba
29. istebliSmenti – [ingl. establishment] Zalauflebis mqone
elita, adamianebi, romelTac ukaviaT umaRlesi poziciebi
politikur ierarqiaSi
30. koncefcia – [laT. conception] Sexedulebebis sistema, ama Tu
im movlenebze, maTi gaSuqebis warmmarTveli idea, Canafiqri.
movlenebis ganxilvis gagebis garkveuli xerxi.
31. konstitucia – [laT. constitution] saxelmwifos ZiriTadi
kanoni, romelic gansazRvravs mis sazogadoebrivsa da
politikur mowyobas. saarCevno sistemas, saxelmwifos
marTvisa da moRvaweobis organizaciis principebs, moqalaqeTa
ZiriTad uflebebsa da movaleobebs
32. konfederacia – [laT. confederatio] damoukidebel,
suverenul saxelmwifoTa kavSiri, romelic iqmneba
215
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, garkveuli problemebis
(erToblivi Tavdacva, sagareo politikis koordinacia,
komunikaciis saerTo sistemis ganviTareba) mogvarebis
(gadawyvetis) mizniT
33. korporativizmi – saxelmwifos marTvis procesebSi sxvadasxva
sazogadoebrivi jgufebis interesebis inkorporirebis
(CarTvis) Teoria da praqtika
34. legitimuri – [laT. legitimus] saxelmwifo xelisuflebis,
romelime socialuri institutis statusis uflebamosilebis
kanoniereba (kanonierebis aRiareba). eyrdnoba sazogadoebaSi
miRebul faseulobebs, konstituciur normebs, demokratiul
arCevnebs, referendums, tradiciebs
35. lobi, lobizmi – [ing. lobby] pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
kapitoliumis (aSS-s kongresis) Senobis kuluarebi, mTavari
derefani. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT moRvaweoba (saqmianoba),
romelic xorcieldeba garkveuli organizaciebis an jgufebis
SekveTiT, romlis uSualo amocanas saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis
pirebze zemoqmedeba warmoadgens im mizniT, rom maT mier
miRebul sasargeblo gadawyvetilebebi
36. magistrate – [laT. magistrantis] meTauri, Tanamdebobis piri
Zvel romSi (konsuli, pretori, edili, cenzori, kvestori)
37. oligarqia – [berZ. Oligarcos] reJimi, rodesac politikuri
xelisufleba pirovnebaTa viwro wres ekuTvnis. ufro swored,
saxelmwifo, romelsac pirebis viwro wre marTavs.
38. pragmatizmi – praqtikul garemoebebsa da miznebze
orientirebuli moZRvreba an misi praqtikuli gamovlineba.
pragmativizmisTvis mTavaria sargeblianobis principi da ara
abstraqtuli ideebi
39. principati – [laT. principus] romauli – monaTmflobeluri
monarqiis forma (Zv.w.aR. I – ax.w.aR. III ss.), romlis drosac
formalurad SenarCunebuli iyo respublikuri
dawesebulebebi, xolo imperatori iTvleboda mxolod
senatorTa Soris pirvelad, Tumca warmoadgenda
erTpirovnul mmarTvels. principats safuZveli romis
216
pirvelma imperatorma oqtaviane avgustusma Cauyara (27 w.
Zv.aR. – 14w. ax.w.aR.)
40. rekrutireba – [fran. recrutes] pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
daqiraveba. am SemTxvevaSi – formireba, Camoyalibeba, Sevseba
axali wevrebiT
41. reJimi – [fran. regime] saxelmwifo wyoba, mmarTvelobis saxe
42. reJimi politikuri – sazogadoebaSi realurad
Camoyalibebuli, politikuri xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis
formebi, meTodebi da saSualebebi
43. reJimi demokratiuli – politikuri reJimis forma (saxe). mas
axasiaTebs pirovnebis samarTlebrivi dacva, Tanamdebobis
pirTa moqmedebis SezRudva samarTlis farglebSi ZaliT
44. segmenti – [laT. segmentum] ricxvebis (an wertilebis)
erToblioba, romelic or mocemul ricxvs (an wertilebs)
Sorisaa moqceuli
45. senati – [laT. senatus] 1. Zv. romSi umaRlesi saxelmwifo
sabWo, romelic met-naklebad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda.
2. Zeda palata mravali qveynis parlamentSi. 3. zogierT
qveyanaSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis umaRlesi organo
46. socializacia – [socialis] adamianis, individis mier
garkveuli codnis, normebis, faseulobebis sistemis
SeTvisebis procesi, rac saSualebas aZlevs sazogadoebis
srulfasovan wevrad iqces.
47. strategia – raime moRvaweobis ganxorcielebis xelovneba,
romelic emyareba zust da Sors mimaval prognozebs
48. suvereniteti – [laT. souverainete] saxelmwifos sruli
damoukidebloba sxva saxelmwifoebisagan mis Sinagan
saqmeebSi da sagareo urTierTobebSi
49. taqtika – mimdinare qcevis, moqmedebis xazi, xerxebis da
meTodebis sistema, uaxloes momavalSi dasaxuli miznis
(strategiuli miznis) misaRwevad, gansaxorcieleblad
50. [tipi logia] samecniero meTodi, romelic aanalizebs da
ganacalkevebs ganzogadebuli modelis an tipis obieqtebis
dajgufebebs
217
51. totalitarizmi – [laT. totalitez] saxelmwifos forma,
romelic gamoirCeva sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoze
absoluturi kontroliT, konstituciuri uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebis faqtiuri likvidaciiT, represiebiT sxvagvarad
moazrovneebsa da opoziciis mimarT
52. unitarizmi – [frang. unitare] erTiani, erTianobisken,
swrafvis mqone; unitaruli saxelmwifo – saxelmwifos
mowyobis forma, romlis drosac qveynis mTeli teritoria
dayofilia administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebad da ar
gaaCnia Tavis SemadgenlobaSi federaciuli erTeulebi.
53. federacia – [laT. foederare] saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis
forma, romlis drosac saxelmwifo iqmneba SedarebiT
damoukidebeli subieqtebis, qalaqebis, Statebis, olqebis,
mxareebis, miwebis, respublikebis da sxvaTa dakavSirebiT
iqmneba erTi saxelmwifo Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebiT
da eTiani konstituciiT
54. qarizma – adamianis gansakuTrebuli mimzidveloba, misi
magnetizmi, romelic gamoixateba mis mier momxreebis swrafad
mopovebis unarSi
55. civilizacia – [laT. civilis] sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
materialuri da sulieri kulturis done. sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis me-3 safexuri, romelic velurobasa da
barbarosobas mosdevs. Tanamedrove msoflio kultura
218
gamoyenebuli literatura
219
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Sinaarsi
Sesavali 3
saxelmwifos formebi 69
lobizmi 169
daskvna 264
225
резьюме
268
226
Нодар Дарсания
Политические Институты
227