У

ВГ
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ФОНЕТИКА
АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
й
ри
Практикум
о
з ит
по
Ре

2010
УДК 811.111‘34(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1-923.1
Т33

Составитель: старший преподаватель кафедры английского языка УО «ВГУ им. П.М. Машерова»

У
Т.Н. Петрашко

ВГ
Р еце нз е нт :
доцент кафедры английского языка УО «ВГУ им. П.М. Машерова»,
кандидат педагогических наук Л.И. Бобылева

й
о ри
з ит
по
Ре

Практикум cодержит практический материал, необходимый при подготовке к семинарским занятиям по курсу
теоретической фонетики английского языка.

УДК 811.111’34(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1-923.1

© УО «ВГУ им. П.М.Машерова», 2010

2
 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Настоящее пособие предназначено для подготовки студентов

II–III курсов языковых специальностей к семинарским занятиям по курсу
теоретической фонетики английского языка.

У
В связи с ограниченным количеством часов, отводимых учебным
планом на изучение данной дисциплины, задачей пособия является

ВГ
перенос определенного объема материала на самостоятельную работу.
Пособие состоит из 2-х частей. Первая часть содержит упражнения
по вопросам семинарских занятий. После блока упражнений предлагаются
контрольные задания, которые могут быть проконтролированы во время

й
занятия. Вторая часть содержит аудио-упражнения. Их самостоятельное
ри
выполнение позволит закрепить не только теоретические знания по
изученным темам, но и практические произносительные навыки.
о
з ит
по
Ре

3
 I. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF PHONETICS

Exercises

1. Transcribe these words. Formulate the rules of reading the letters a and
e and their combinations with other letters. Prove that phonetics is connected
with orthography.

У
According to the rules Exceptions from the rules
a take, taking, table have, atom, any, many

ВГ
habit, rapid, valid
back, scanty, battle example, sample
also, fall, talk ally, altitude, metallic,
rally, shall
answer, branch, demand

й
carry, narrow starry
class, fast, grasp asset, classic, mass, passive
ри
haste, taste, range
father, path, rather gather
water, war wake, wave
was, want, quantity wag, wax
ae aeroplane, aesthetics
о
ai, ay aid, may says, said
air air, pair
ит

al balm, calm, palm

ar far, part, particle
care, careful, vary are
au, aw cause, pause, law gauge, aunt
з

au laugh, draught
по

augh caught, taught

e be, cede, precede edit, medal, merit, very
set, better, settle English, England
berry, error, terror
Ре

ea sea, peace deaf, endeavour, heavy,

peasant, weapon, great, idea,
real, theatre
bread, dead, dread lead /li:d/
health, death, head beneath, breathe
ear clear, hear, near
earth, heard, search heart, hearth, beard
ee need, speed, exceed
eer deer, engineer
ei conceive, receive, seize

4
ei, ey convey, grey, veil key
eigh eight, weigh, weight height
eir heir, their
er germ, serve, verge clerk
er here, mere, zero were, there, where
eu, ew Europe, new

2. Write down the plural forms of these words and transcribe them. Prove

У
that phonetics is connected with grammar.

ВГ
witch judge half loaf wife mistress
glass crash knife self wolf sculptress
fox calf leaf sheaf actress waitress
gas elf life thief hostess lioness

3. Write down the three forms of these verbs and transcribe them. Prove

й
that phonetics is connected with grammar.
beg compel stop work nod invent
ри
live recognize wrap pass permit rest
open arrive help ship wait load
travel rain ask pack expect depend
cancel inform discuss look
о
4. Transcribe these words. Underline the interchanging vowels and
ит

consonants in the corresponding parts of speech.

nation – national advice – to advise
grave – gravity use – to use
з

provoke – provocative a house – to house

zeal – zealous an excuse – to excuse
по

supreme – supremacy a device – to devise

occur – occurrence loose – to lose
close – to close
Ре

5. Read these words and word combinations. Translate them into Russian.
Prove that phonetics is connected with lexicology through accent.
‗redbreast – ‗red ‗breast
‗bluebell – ‗blue ‗bell
‗bluestone – ‗blue ‗stone
‗blue-lines – ‗blue ‗lines
‗bluebottle – ‗blue ‗bottle
‗blackshirt – ‗black ‗shirt
‗black-face – ‗black ‗face

5
 ‗bird‘s-eye – ‗bird‘s ‗eye
‗bread-and-butter – ‗bread and ‗butter
‗break-‗promise – ‗break ‗promise
‗heavy-weight – ‗heavy ‗weight
‗red-book – ‗red ‗book
‗blue-‗stocking – ‗blue ‗stocking
‗blue-nose – ‗blue ‗nose
‗blue-coat – ‗blue ‗coat

У
‗blue-bonnet – ‗blue ‗bonnet
‗black-hole – ‗black ‗hole

ВГ
‗black mass – ‗black ‗mass
6. Transcribe, read and translate these pairs of words. Single out the
sounds that differentiate the meaning of the words.
still – steel sell – sale but – bath

й
pool – pull model – modal breath – breadth
ship – sheep saw – so diary – dairy
sit – seat Polish – polish suit – suite
ри
fill – feel guard – guide patrol – petrol
live – leave worth – worse mayor – major
ill – eel truth – truce rout – route
slip - sleep
о
7. Read the rhyme. State what stylistic effect is achieved through repetition.
ит

To market, to market, to buy a fat pig,

Home again, home again, jiggety jig;
To market, to market, to buy a fat hog,
з

Home again, home again, jiggety jog.

To market, to market, to buy a plum bun,
по

Home again, home again, market is done.

8. Read the rhyme. Why is the word think singled out?

Look to left and look to right,
Ре

Note what traffic is in sight.

Note, too, which light can be seen:
The Red, the Amber, or the Green.
Children, keep from dangerous play
And THINK before you cross today.

9. Read these rhymes. State what sounds are used to produce the effect of
alliteration and for what purpose.
(a) She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore;

6
 The shells she sells are sea-shells, I‘m sure.
So if she sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.
Then I‘m sure she sells sea-shore shells.

(b) Swan swam over the sea –

Swim, swan, swim;
Swan swam back again –
Well swum swan.

У
10. Read the rhyme. Transcribe the words used to imitate the sounds made

ВГ
by different animals. State the stylistic device formed by this phonetic means.

Bow-wow, says the dog;

Mew, mew, says the cat;
Grunt, grunt, goes the hog;
And squeak, goes the rat.

й
Tu-why, says the owl;
Caw, caw, says the crow;
ри
Quack, quack, says the duck;
And moo, says the cow.

11. Read these sentences with correct logical accentuation and appropriate
о
emotional colouring. Pay attention to the words singled out by italics.
ит

1. ―You‘ve got a smut,‖ he said reprovingly, looking at my nose. 2. ―It‘s

too hard,‖ she replied miserably as she put in down. 3. ―I‘m going away,‖ John
remarked briskly, as he picked up his papers. 4. ―What‘s wrong?‖ I asked
surprised at the tone of his voice. 5. ―Where did you see Paul?‖ they asked
з

excitedly, looking in all directions. 6. ―It‘s not difficult,‖ Mary retorted, angrily
pushing it into my hand. 7. ―Fetch it to-morrow,‖ he ordered sharply turning on
по

his heel. 8. ―How was it counteracted?‖ he asked, gently, while he lit a cigarette.
9. ―Send for a policewoman,‖ she demanded at once, her face pale with fright.
10. ―Can you finish them?‖ we inquired hopefully, but with determination. 11. ―I
don‘t think he did run away,‖ Mary exclaimed suddenly as she looked up. 12. ―I
Ре

can‘t think what you‘ve done with it,‖ he said irritably, searching in the drawers.
13. ―Bernard‘s refused to help, of course,‖ she called loudly through the open
door. 14. ―Can you really say you enjoyed it at all?‖ Henry demanded sharply
and incredulously. 15. ―Go and finish your wily book,‖ Rosemary shouted
furiously, as she threw it at him. 16. ―I promise I won‘t tell anyone,‖ he said
kindly, as he took her by hand. 17. ―Will you go to France this summer?‖ he
asked curiously. 18. ―Come over here a minute,‖ he said quietly, beckoning with
his hand. 19. ―You are what?‖ shouted Nigel in a fury, turning pale with
emotion. 20. ―Where am I to sit?‖ repeated Joan with irritation.

7
 Control Tasks

1. Translate these words and then transcribe them.

1. очень; меняться, изменяться; 2. личный персонал, личный состав;

3. костюм, свита; 4. патруль, бензин; 5. мэр, майор; 6. разгром, маршрут,
путь; 7. выносить, терпеть; пиво; 8. год, ухо; 9. набережная, очередь; 10.

У
допуск, излишество; 11. влиять, эффект; 12. сквозняк, засуха; 13. волосы,
наследник, заяц; 14. наливать, бедный, лапа; 15. мужество, вагон; 16.

ВГ
требовать, наводить справки, приобретать.

2. Give the plural form of these words and then transcribe both forms.

wolf, wife, life, leaf, thief, knife, sheaf, half, self, elf, loaf, calf, echo,
potato, hostess, tigress, basis, thesis, crisis, analysis, man, foot, goose, mouse,

й
bath, house, class, box, dish, inch, phenomenon, focus.
ри
3. Single out pairs of sounds the interchange of which makes the words
different parts of speech.

clothe v – cloth n halve v – half n

о
glaze v – glass n live v – life n
loathe v – loath n prove v – proof n
ит

lose v – loss n serve v – serf n

4. Accent and transcribe these words. Translate them into Russian.

з

insult – to insult outgrowth – to outgrow

object – to object outlay – to outlay
по

outgo – to outgo outthrow – to outthrow

produce – to produce present – to present
subject – to subject protest – to protest
torment – to torment
Ре

5. Read the poem of an anonymous writer and state what phonetic

expressive means the author uses to make it more impressive.

SUSAN SIMPSON
Sudden swallows swiftly skimming,
Sunset‘s slowly spreading shade,
Silvery songsters sweetly singing
Summer‘s soothing serenade.

8
 Susan Simpson strolled sedately,
Stifling sobs, suppressing sighs.
Seeing Stephen Slocum, stately
She stopped, showing some surprise,

―Say,‖ said Stephen, ―sweetest sigher;

Say, shall Stephen spouseless stay?‖
Susan, seeming somewhat shyer,

У
Showed submissiveness straightway.

ВГ
Summer‘s season slowly stretches,
Susan Simpson Slocum she –
So she signed some simple sketches –
Soul sought soul successfully.
*
Six September Susan swelters;

й
Six sharp seasons snow supplies;
Susan‘s satin sofa shelters
ри
Six small Slocums side by side.

6. Say how the effect of rhythm and rhyme is achieved by phonetic

expressive means in the poem by D.F.Alderson.
о
LINES ON MONTEZUMA
ит

(an extract)
Montezuma
Met a puma
з

Coming through the rhy:

по

Montezuma made the puma

Into apple pie.
Invitation
To the nation
Everyone to come
Ре

Montezuma
And the puma
Give a kettle-drum.
Acceptation
Of the nation
One and all invited.
Montezuma –
And the puma
Equally delighted.

9
 (abridged)
II. SOUNDS OF SPEECH AS ACOUSTIC
AND ARTICULATORY UNITS

The system of consonants

Exercises

1. Explain the work of the four mechanisms in the production of speech

У
sounds.
2. Explain the articulation of /p, t, k/ and /b, d, g/ from the viewpoint of

ВГ
the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.
3. Explain the articulation of /m, n, ŋ/ from the point of view of the
position of the soft palate.
4. State the difference in the articulation of /b, v, tς/ and the Russian /p/
from the point of view of the manner of noise production.
5. Explain the articulation of /w, j, h/ from the viewpoint of the work of

й
the active organ of speech.
6. Explain the articulation of /s/ and /f/ from the viewpoint of noise
ри
producing foci.
7. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the aspiration of the
initial /p, t, k/.
о
people take courts
paper time cold
ит

purpose town careful

possible ties car
put tennis cook
pence took covered
з

pity taxis cost

poor till kissed
по

pieces teachers campus

port turned curtly
penny total cottage
toss currents
Ре

tin colour
tons

8. Read these words. Observe the apical and cacuminal positions of the tip of
the tongue in pronouncing English /t, r/ and the dorsal in pronouncing Russian /т/.
так — take — rates
тент — tent — read /red/
тайм — time — rhyme
ток — talk — rock

10
 тел — tell — Wren
Том — town — round
Тим — Tim — rim
тон — ton — run
тай (от таять) — ties — rise
туу… — two — room
тир — tear — rear
Тэдди — Teddy — ready

У
Антей — take — rake
Тима — team — reel

ВГ
течь — teach — reach
тик — ticket — ricket
тост — toast — roast

9. Read these Russian and English words. Avoid palatalization of English

initial consonants before the front vowels /i:, I, e, ei/.

пей – pay бил – bill

й Вил – veal сед – said

ри
Пит – pit сил – sill Фили – feeling лес – less
кит – kit ЗИЛ – zeal бел – bell бег – beg
гей – gay сел – sell тип – tip нет – net
тик – tik мил – meal бед – bed Вена – when
о
тел – tell мел – mell лет – let рек – reck
дел – dell Нил – nill
ит

The system of vowels

Exercises
з

1. Give examples to prove that voiceless vowels exist in the English and
in the Russian languages.
по

2. Explain the articulation of the /i:, e, æ/ sounds from the viewpoint of

the horizontal and vertical movements of the tongue.
3. Explain the articulation of the /ə, ə:/ sounds from the viewpoint of the
horizontal and vertical movements of the tongue. Compare these sounds with the
Ре

Russian vowel sounds /ы, а/.

4. Explain the articulation of the /u:, o:, a:/ sounds from the viewpoint of
the horizontal and vertical movements of the tongue.
5. Explain the articulatory differences between the /i: - I/, /u: - u/, /o: - o/
sounds.
6. Give articulatory and morphological proofs of diphthong indivisibility.
Prove by examples that the Russian sound combinations ой, ай, эй are not
diphthongs.

11
 7. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between
the fully front /i:/ and the front-retracted /I/.
(a) seem — since (b) read — rid
meal — mill steal — still
mean — mince creek —crick
sleep — slip sleet — slit
least — list seek — sick

У
(c) team — Tim (d) seen — sin
feel — fill dealer — dinner

ВГ
been — bin beat — bit
chief — chill heat — hit
cheap — chip

(e) deed — did (f) fees — fizz

Jean — Jim me — missed

й
feeling — filling these — this
eat — it steep — stick
seats — sits
ри
(g) leave — live (h) he — him
fever — fifty theme — thing
— bill — sits
о
beacon seats
cheek — chin steep — stiff
— bit — pit
ит

beat people

8. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between
the mid-open /e/ and the fully open (low) /æ/.
з

(a) bed — bad (b) head — had

— than — tan
по

then ten
plenty — plan left — lad
else — Alice let — slack
letter — ladder select — relax
Ре

(c) French — ran (d) end — and

pence — pants then — than
burial — barrow anyway — family
twenty — twang bed — back
many — matter helping — happy

(e) dead — Dad (f) ten — tan

any — Alice men — man
Shelly — shall said — sad

12
 merry — married bed — bad
Henry — happy chest — chap
(g) Hetty — hat (h) any — anxious
central — sandy bet — back
cheviot — channel plenty — platform
many — map flesh — flash
vessel — value

У
(i) elderly — anxious

ВГ
9. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference between
the back-advanced low long vowel of broad variation /a: / and the back-
advanced low short vowel of narrow variation /Λ/.

(a) calm — come (b) aunt — under

rather — running hard — hundred

й
barn — button dark — dull
lark — luck basket — above
ри
classes — busses lark — flush

(c) marvel — money (d) darn — done

laugh — lovely Bart — but
о
fast — puzzling cart — cut
market — mug March — much
ит

last — London

(e) Arnold — others (f) hardly — honey

master — monkeys rather — rubbed
з

started — study last — luck

enlarge — instructor
по

last — must

(g) France — front (h) arm — other

harbours — hundred hardly — hundreds
Ре

advantage — above started — studied

half — hut March — much
past — but half — struck

(i) star — stun

can‘t — come
hard — hut
target — two-pence
mask — must

13
 10. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference
between the high /i:, I/, the mid /e/ and the low /æ/.

bid — bed — bad team — ten — tan

rid — read — rat hid — head — had
mill — men — man lift — left — lad

У
Sid — said — sad lit — let — lack
pit — pet — pat mean — — matter

ВГ
many
beat — bet — bat

11. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the difference
between the back /o:/, the mixed /ə:/ and the front /æ/.

й
all — earl — shall torn — turn — tan
caught — curt — cat call — curl — cat
ри
walk — work — whack board — bird — bad
for — fur — fat chalk — church — channel
warm — worm — twang saw — sir — sad
more — mercy — man caution — curtain — cat
о
lawn — learn — lad
ит

Control Tasks

1. Make a copy of Table 1 and fill it in with the suitable vowels.

2. Make a copy of Table 2 and fill it in with the necessary classificatory
з

terminology.
Table 1
по

Front-re- Mixed, Back-

Front Back
tracted central advanced
Narrow
Ре
(high)
Close

variation
Broad
variation
Narrow
Mid-open
(mid)

variation
Broad
variation
Narrow
Op

(lo
w)
en

variation

14
 Broad
variation
Table 2

и ы у
i: u:

У
I U

ВГ
е ə: o (u)
э о
ε ə
Λ o:
o (I)
a (I) a (u) o

й
a a:
æ
ри
III. FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF SPEECH SOUNDS

Exercises
о
1. Using the example below prove that phonetics is closely connected
ит

with phonology.
Twas brillig, and the slighty toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
з

All mimsy were borogoves,

All the mome raths outgrabe.
по

Было супно. Кругтелся, винтясь по земле,

Склипких козей царапистый рой.
Тихо мисиков стайка грустела во мгле,
Зеленавки хрющали порой.
Ре

Перевод Т.Л.Щепкиной-Куперник

2. Read these words. Pay attention to the allophonic difference of one and
the same phoneme.
/t/
aspirated: take, tall, tone
unaspirated: steak, stall, stone
no audible release: outpost, halfpin, football, white chalk

15
 nasal release: cotton, button, eaten, utmost
lateral release: cattle, atlas, at last
/d/
partly devoiced: do, dog, day
voiced: leader, order, murder
voiceless: bid, mad, road
no audible release: good dog, bed time, good cheese
nasal release: admit, road map, red map

У
lateral release: middle, headless, badly, good luck

ВГ
/k/
aspirated: come, car, coal
unaspirated: baker, talking, equal, secret
no audible release: locked, deck chair, blackboard, dark night, black
magic, begged
lateral release: glow, bugle, struggle

й
voiceless: dog, leg, vague
partly devoiced: go, geese, girl, glass
ри
voiced: figure, eager, ago, begin.

3. Read these words. Pay attention to the positional allophones of the /1/
phoneme.
о
[1] [1]
like — lip pull — mill
live — lily fool — hall
ит

less — leak doll — girl

let — list coal — twelve
з

4. Read these words. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the devoiced

allophones of the /l, w, r/ phonemes after /p, t, k/.
по

cleft twice try

cleg tweed tree
ply quiet pry
please quaver price
Ре

clerk queer cry

play crone
crop

plight – blight class – glass

clad – glad clean – glean
clue – glue

5. Read these words. Mind the distributional character of the /h/ phoneme. Pay

16
attention to the allophones in the syllable initial prevocalic position, each of them
should be considered as a ―strong, voiceless onset of the vowel, which follows it.‖
he, hit, help, happy, half, hop, horn, hut, hook, who, her, habitual, hay,
high, how, hoist, hoe, hear, hare, houri.

6. Read these words. Pay attention to the complementary nature of soft and
hard English allophones and to the independent soft and hard Russian phonemes.

У
/p/ pea — paw /k/ key — car /f/ far — fee
/b/ bee — bark /g/ geese — goose /v/ veel — vote
— talk — chose /θ/ — thumb

ВГ
/t/ tea /t /
cheese theme
/d/ deep — dope /dз/ jet — jar /δ/ thee — those

/s/ — saw /r/ read — rode

see

й
/z/ — zone /j/ yes — young
zeal
/
ри
/ — shoe /w/ we — wet
she
/dз/ — Joe /m/ me — met
jupe
— home — net
о
/h/ /n/
he knee
— law
ит

/l/
lee

/п/ пол /к‘/ Кяхта /с/ сон /м/ мак

з

/п‘/ пѐк /г/ год /с‘/ сѐл /м‘/ мять

/б/ бак /г‘/ гяур /з/ зол /н/ нос
по

/б‘/ бязь /ц/ цепь /з‘/ зять /н‘/ нѐс

/т/ ток /ч/ час /ш/ шѐлк /л/ лад
/т‘/ тѐк /ф/ фунт /ш‘/ счѐт /л‘/ лѐд
/д/ да /ф‘/ Фѐкла /ж/ жар /й/ яр
Ре

/д‘/ дядя /в/ воз /ж‘/ жжѐшь /р/ рад

/к/ как /в‘/ вѐз /х/ холм /р‘/ ряд

Control Tasks
1. Give examples of combinatory allophones of the /r/ phoneme.
2. What positional allophones occur as a result of palatalization in the
Russian language?
3. Give examples for different types of distribution: (a) complementary,
(b) contrastive, (c) free variation.

17
 4. Give examples of: (a) single opposition, (b) double opposition, (c)
multiple opposition.
CONSONANTS AS UNITS OF THE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Exercises
1. State what classificatory principles can be illustrated by the groups of
pairs given below (consonants opposed initially).

У
pin – bin, pack – back, pie – bye, tie – die
pen – ten, been – dean

ВГ
pole – coal, bait – gait
fee – we, fell – well
fee – he
sob – rob, seal – reel, sole – role, sip – rip, sight – right
pity – city, pay – say, pail – sail, pole – sole, peel – seal
pine – mine, debt – net, kick – Nick

й
fell – well, those – rose, soul – role, sip – rip, sight – right
fell – well, fee – we
ри
fail – sail, fee – see, foot – soot, fat – sat, fell – sell

2. Read the pairs of words. Pay attention to the presence of aspiration in /p, t,
k/ vs. its absence in /b, d, g/ rather than to voiceless fortis vs. voiced lenis distinction.
о
/p — b/ /t — d/ /k — g/
ит

pet — bet ten — den come — gum

pig — big town — down coast — ghost
puts — boots ton — done came — game
pass — bus ties — dies could — good
з

pack — back takes — days cot — got

port — bought tear — dear curls — girls
по

tart — dart corn — gone

torse — doors cave — gave
3. What minimal distinctive feature (or features) makes these oppositions
phonologically relevant?
Ре

(a) cap — cab sent — send leak — league

pack — back ton — don coal — goal
caper — labour latter — ladder decree — degree

(b) pee — fee tie — sigh do — zoo

supper — suffer attend — ascend raider — razor
leap — leak park — part rude — ruse

(c) till — chill day — jay share — chair

18
 martyr — marcher murder — merger much — marsh
eat — each lard — large furnisher — furniture
(d) thigh — shy Ruth — ruche root — rouge
save — shave presser — pressure mass — mash
ruze — rouge

(e) bad — mad dock — knock rigging — ringing

arbour — armour eddy — any log — long

У
rub — rum bad — ban

ВГ
4. Read these pairs of words. State which of them represent minimal pairs
and which sub-minimal pairs.
thick — sick zest — lest daily — daisy
bathed — base they — lay Weller — weather
mouth — mouse marry — measure eel — ease

й
thigh — shy genre — jar bathe — bail
leasure — ledger
ри
Control Tasks

1. Sort out the oppositions under the following headings: (a) labial vs.
о
forelingual; (b) labial vs. mediolingual; (c) labial vs. backlingual.
pat — cat wield — yield man — nap
ит

supper — succour wail —Yale coming — cunning

leap — leak seem — seen

2. State which of the pairs illustrate (a) forelingual vs. mediolingual and
з

(b) forelingual vs. backlingual oppositions.

по

tame — came sinner — singer sung — young

less — yes bitter — bicker bat — back
rudder — rugger clue — cue day — gay
drew — due bad — bag rung — young
Ре

3. Sort out the oppositions under the following headings: (a) occlusive vs.
constrictive, (b) constrictive vs. occlusive-constrictive, (c) noise vs.
sonorants, (d) unicentral vs. bicentral, (e) flat narrowing vs. round
narrowing.
pine — fine work — jerk vain — lane
fare — chair bee — three came — lame
boat — moat deed — need fame — same
seek — seen thine — wine sick — sing

19
 kick — king

4. State allophonic differences of the /t, k/ phonemes in the initial position

due to the influence of the next vowel.
/t/ tea, tip, ten, tan, tar, top, tore, tub, took, two, tern, tobacco, tale, tie,
town, tow, tear, tore
/k/ key, kin, kept, cap, car, cot, core, cut, cork, cool, curb, contain, cake,

У
kite, cow, coy, coal, care

ВГ
5. State allophonic differences of:
/l, r, j/ after /p/ in: plan, price, pure;
/r, j, w/ after /t/ in: try, tube, twelve;
/l, r, j, w/ after /k/ in: clean, cream, cue, quite

й
6. Transcribe the words and read them. Observe the degree of aspiration:
(a) the strongest, (b) less strong, (c) practically no aspiration.
ри
(1) keep, pieces, teachers, people, purpose, curtain, turned, curly, car,
courts, parts, pause, take, time, ties, tears, cold, total, care, peering
(2) till, kissed, tin, pity, penny, tell, tennis, Pendelton, campus, Cambrian,
taxi, put, took, cook, currents, colour, pumped, republic, covered, tons, possible,
о
cost, college, toss
(3) spent, stay, stone, study, stick, started, splendid, experience,
ит

extensively, basket, cleaning, explain, place, plan, classes, plain, creek, crept,
crop, platform, act, kept, looked

7. Transcribe these words and read them. Avoid palatalization of

з

consonants before the front and mixed vowels.

по

Lesson 1 /p/ people, pay, permanent

/t/ eating
/k/ camp, kitchen
/b/ billiards
Ре

/d/ different, idea

/g/ get, again, girls
Lesson 2 /p/ purgative, epidemic
/k/ capsules
/b/ bed, better
/d/ different
Lesson 3 /p/ pieces, pence, pages
/t/ twenty, sixteen, turning
/k/ carefully
/b/ birds, big, unbelievable

20
 /d/ different, don‘t
/g/ guineas, giving, goes
Lesson 4 /p/ pieces, repaired, purpose
/t/ tears, take, turned
/b/ been, big, bed, back, both
/d/ idea, decided, didn‘t, day
/g/ get, guessed, girls, going
Lesson 5 /p/ picture, period, expect, pair

У
/t/ fifteen, instead, artist
/k/ keep, basket, vacation, campus

ВГ
/b/ be, beside, embarrassing
/d/ study, depths, days, Daddy
/g/ giggle, gets, girls, go
Lesson 6 /p/ pink, experience, penny, pale
/t/ tin, wanted, take, turned
/k/ drinking, came, candid, curly

й
/b/ been, beacon, bit, bad, Burton
/d/ condition, nodded, idea
ри
/g/ give, get, girls
Lesson 7 /p/ especially, pattern
/t/ still, potatoes, tulip
/k/ keep, occasional, can, occupy
о
/b/ be, sugar-beet, backbone
/d/ Dee, deer, muddy, dirt
ит

/g/ gives, longest, regular

Lesson 8 /p/ appealing, paid, pupils, perfect
/t/ teach, stick, Tuesday, tears
/k/ keep, looking, carriage, cold
з

/b/ be, obeyed, back, boat

/d/ indeed, dinner, duly, date
по

/g/ given, guessed, again, ago

Lesson 9 /p/ planning, pit, repaid, passenger
/t/ stiff, city, grotesque, turns
/k/ keep, breading, carriage, cold
Ре

/b/ being, best, back, Burlow

/d/ deal, ditties, dear, dead
/g/ getting, gave, go

8. Transcribe these words. Say how the /p, t, b, d, g/ sounds are

represented in spelling. Point out the letters which represent the mute sounds /p,
t, k; b, d, g/.
happy, hiccough, cupboard, pneumonia, lamb, plumber, bomb, Thomas,

21
Christmas, listen, whistle, bouquet, handkerchief, Windsor, chemist, anchor,
banquet, except, muscle, ghoast, gnaw, sigh, tongue, diaphragm, sigh, plough, eight
9. Transcribe these words. Underline /ŋ/ with a single line, /ŋg/ with two
lines, /ŋ/ with a wavy line.

bring, lungs, England, younger, anything else, English, nothing of the kind,
willingly, taking it, mingled, sleeping, thing, hungry, fishing, morning, driving on,
longer, young, getting on, spring, seeing a friend off, clasping in both hands

У
10. Transcribe these words and use them to explain the /m, n, ŋ/ relation

ВГ
to orthography.

writing, reading, going, gone, when, sung, hungry, suck, thing, thick,
hanger, hanker, rang, rank, comb, autumn, English, mingled

11. State the articulatory differences between /θ – s/, /θ – t/, /θ – f/, /ð – z/,

й
/ð – v/, /ð – d/. ри
12. Prove by minimal pairs that / θ – s/, /θ – t/, /ð – z/, /ð – d/ are different
phonemes.

13. State articulatory differences between the English /h/ and the Russian /x/.
о
14. Describe the bicentral position of the tongue in the production of the
noise /ς, з/ sounds.
ит

15. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the /s, z, f, v, θ, δ, h, ς, з/

relation to orthography.
з

pass, certainly, cynic, scythe, Leicester, isle, houses, husband, dessert,

hussar, physics, sapphire, sapphire, enough, draught, lieutenant, nephew,
по

Matthew, Galsworthy, exhaust, vehicle, shepherd, sugar, assure, version, notion,

social, conscience, chivalry, chaise, regime, pleasure, decision, azure

16. Read these words. Spell them. Underline the devoiced allophones of
Ре

the /r/ phoneme.

raIt, raId, raIp, kraI, 'kraIsIs, praIs, greI, bred, ri:d, re:p, 'ri:zn, re:tς, rIdз,
rIsk, frend, frα:ns, rIŋ, rod, ræn, ræŋ, rot, roŋ, greIt, traI, ru:l, ru:f, ru:m, red,
rest, 'redI, pres, prI'zent, ræς, ræg, 'tri:zn, 'rItn, rou, roud, 'preznt

17. Read these sentences. Mind the linking /r/ in the terminal position
before a vowel which begins a new word.
1. Hotels are expensive in the South. 2. You can see Moscow grow before

22
your eyes. 3. There is a theatre and a bar in the building of the new hotel. 4.
There are hostels all over the place. 5. The weather gets nicer and nicer. 6. There
are a number of small islands on the river. 7. There are more sheep in Wales,
than anywhere in the British Isles. 8. In Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens you
forget that you are in a big city. 9. Americans are a sociable people they say. 10.
The local newspapers were a surprise to me.

18. What can you prove by the examples given below?

У
when — van worse — verse
went — vent west — vest

ВГ
week — Vic weary — very

19. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain how the /r, j, l, w/ sounds
are related to orthography.

й
yes, opinion, onion, unite, mute, neuter, Europe, sewage, would, talk,
folk, balm, Lincoln, which, once, choir, whose, towards, sword
ри
20. Explain the articulatory differences (a) between the English /tς/ and
the Russian /ч/; (b) between the English /dз/ and similar Russian combinations.

21. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain how the /tς, dз/ sounds
о
are related to orthography.
ит

child, nature, question, righteous, mischief, joy, gem, gyps, advantageous,

legion, budget, knowledge, grandeur, soldier, Greenwich
з

SUBSIDIARY VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH SEGMENTAL CONSONANT

по

PHONEMES

Allophonic variants of consonants should be analysed from the viewpoint

of CV, VC, CC connections. There are some rules to this effect that can be
Ре

formulated in the following way.

1. In the initial prevocalic position the number of allophones of
consonant phonemes is adequate to the number of vowels that follow
them.
2. Voiced consonants in the initial position are gradually voiced (strong
end, weak beginning).
3. In terminal post-vocalic position the number of allophones is
adequate to the number of vowels, that precede them.
4. Voiced consonants in the terminal position are gradually devoiced

23
 (weak end, strong beginning).
5. In the medial position voiced consonants are fully voiced.
6. Consonants are shorter in the initial position, than in the terminal
position.
7. Similar voiced consonants are shorter before voiceless, longer before
voiced and the longest in free terminal position.
8. In CC transition consonants may lose their plosive or its character
may be modified: loss of plosive, nasal lateral plosive.

У
9. In CC transition constrictive consonants may be pronounced with
terminated constriction under the influence of the following consonant.

ВГ
10. Plosive constrictive and affricates may be modified by the influence
of nasal /m, n/, palato alveolar /j/, interdental /θ, ð/ , post-alveolar /r/,
bilabial /w/, etc.
Given below are the most important allophonic variants of English
consonant phonemes.

й
ри /p/

1. Aspirated: pass, picture, Peter.

2. Modified by the following vowel: pea, pit, pet, pat, palm, pot, paw,
pun, put, pool, purr, parade, pay, pie, pound, poach, peer, pore, poor.
3. Modified by the preceding vowel: lip, leap, step, clap, harp, hip, thorp,
о
stoop, up, chirp, wallop, tape, type, hope, sharp.
4. No release: supped, what place.
ит

5. Release partly lost: spleen, splendid, helps, step, hop, top.

6. Lateral release: people, couple, apple.
7. Nasal release: open, happen.
8. Modified by: /j/ pewter.
з

/r/ price, surprise, press.

/θ/ depth.
по

/w/ Pueblo.
/b/

1. Modified by the following vowel: bit, bet, bad, bar, box, bought, but,
Ре

book, boot, burr, banana, bay, by, beer, boor, bore.

2. Modified by the preceding vowel: grebe, nib, ebb, cab, garb, mob, orb,
tube, tub, verb, hubbub, babe, imbibe, globe.
3. Fully voiced: Labour, imbue.
4. Partly devoiced a) initially: balm, bee, bet.
b) finally: ebb, nib, cab.
5. No release: rubbed, sob bitterly, ebbed, stabbed.
6. Lateral release: able, lable, bible.
7. Nasal release: ribbon, stubborn.

24
 8. Modified by: /j/ beauty.
/r/ bright.
/l/ blight.
/w/ Buenos Aires.
/t/
1. Aspirated: table, time, Tim.
2. Modified by the following vowel: tea, tip, ten, tan, tar, top, tore, tub,

У
took, two, term, tobacco, tale, tie, town, toy, tow, tear, tour, tore.
3. Modified by the preceding vowel: eat, it, ate, at, art, hot, ought, hut,

ВГ
hurt, put, host, but, eight, write, rout, wrote, adroit, licentiate.
4. No release: stop talking.
5. Release partly lost: strong, straw, eats, hoots.
6. lateral release: bottle, little.
7. Nasal release: written, beaten.
8. Modified by /j/: tube, tuition.

й
/w/: twice, twenty.
/r/: try, tree, actress.
ри
/ ð/: at the.
/θ/: breadth.
/d/
о
1. Modified by the following vowel: deep, did, dead, dad, darn, dog,
door, duck, do, dirt, domination, day, die, down, daily, dome, dear,
ит

dare, dour, door.

2. Modified by the preceding vowel: deed, did, dead, dad, hard, odd,
horde, hood, brood, bud, bird, had, made, ride, crowd, annoyed, rode,
beard, spared, bored, gourd.
з

3. Fully voiced: udder, ready.

4. Partly devoiced: (a) initially: do, done, down.
по

(b) finally: hard, hood, mid.

5. No release: middle, beadle.
6. Lateral release: middle, beadle.
7. Nasal release: garden.
Ре

8. Modified by /j/ in: duty.

/r/ in: dry, dress.
/ð/ in: read those books.
/k/
1. Aspirated: Kate, kit, come.
2. Modified by the following vowel: key, kin, kept, cap, car, cot, core, cup,
cook, cool, curb, contain, cake, kite, cow, coy, coal, care, kursaal, cord.
3. Modified by the preceding vowel: beak, pick, wreck, back, bark, lock,

25
 fork, book, duke, duck, quirk, bulwark, take, like, hoik, oak.
4. No release: picked, pecked, liked, act, cook clean, took Kate.
5. Release partly lost: sky, school.
6. Lateral release: tickle, vocal, cycle.
7. Nasal release: taken, bacon, thicken.
8. Modified by /j/: cute.
/w/: quake, quag, quaff.
/r/: cry, crab, cranberry.

У
/ð/: take them, pick those books.

ВГ
/g/
1. Modified by the following vowel: geese, give, get, gas, garden, got,
gore, gutter, good, goose, girl, galloon, gay, guy, gown, goitre, go,
gear, garish, gourd.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: league, fig, beg, fog, morgue, big,

й
burg, plague, rogue.
3. Fully voiced : agony, again.
4. Partly devoiced:
ри
(a) initialliy: go, gain, guard.
(b) finally: big, beg, league.
5. No release: begged, plagued, big game.
6. Lateral release: eagle, giggle.
о
7. Nasal release: dragon.
8. Modified by /j/: Gue.
ит

/r/: great, agree.

/ð/: beg, them.
/w/: Gwendolen.
з

/tѕ/
по

1. Modified by the following vowel: cheese, chin, chest, champ, chaff,

chop, chore, chough, chewing, chew, church, cherubic, chain, child,
chow, choice, choke, cheer, chair, chewer.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: each, itch, fetch, match, march,
Ре

scotch, scorch, putsch, pouch, much, search, such, aitch, coach.

3. Shortened in the terminal position, when followed by /t/: reached,
hitched, fetched matched, marched, searched, touched.
4. Lateral release: Rachel, satchel.
5. Nasal release: fortune, question.
6. Modified by /r/: teach Robert.
/ð/: teach them.
/dз/

26
 1. Modified by the following vowel: gee, gibber, jet, jam, jar, job, jaw,
just, July, Jew, journey, Japan, jail, jibe, joule, joy, Joe, jeer, jurist.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: liege, ridge, ledge, badge, large, dodge,
gorge, Googe, stooge, judge, urge, age, oblige, gouge, voyage, doge.
3. Shortened in the terminal position, when followed by /d/: obliged,
forged, urged.
4. Lateral release: cudgel.
5. Nasal release: region.

У
6. Modified by /r/: urge Robert.
/ð/: judge them.

ВГ
/f/

1. Modified by the following vowel: fee, fill, fence, fan, far, fox, four,
fuss, foot, food, fir, forsake, fail, fine, fowl, foil, foe, fear, fare, fore.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: leaf, if, chief, giraffe, chaff, off,

й
cough, half, rough, turf, safe, life, loaf, coif.
3. Longer in the terminal, than in the initial position, сf. thief - feet.
ри
4. Lateral release: rifle, trifle.
5. Nasal release: often.
6. Modified by
/j/: few.
о
/r/: fry.
/l/: flag.
ит

/m/: lymph.

/v/
з

1. Modified by the following vowel: veal, vicar, vest, vaccine, vantage,

vocative, vortex, vulgar, vocation, voodoo, virgin, veil, vile, vow,
по

voyage, vote, veer, variance.

2. Modified by the preceding vowel: leave, live, have, starve, of, groove,
love, serve, five, rove.
3. Longer in the terminal than in the initial position, cf. veal – eve.
Ре

4. Partly devoiced:
(a) initially: vile.
(b) finally: live.
5. Fully voiced: ever.
6. Lateral release: devil.
7. Nasal release: even.
8. Modified by /l/: Vladivostok.
/r/: Vryburg [,vraibə:g] (г. Фрайбуг в ФРГ)
/j/: view.

27
 /θ/
1. Modified by the following vowel: theme, thin, therapy, thank, thong,
thunder, thirteen, Thalia, thane, thigh, thousand, thane, thigh,
thousand, thole, theatre.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: wreath, myths, death, maths, laths,

У
moths, fourths, tooths, births, faiths, south, Baths, paths.
3. Longer in the terminal, than in the initial position, cf. theme – moth.

ВГ
4. Nasal release: earthen, lengthen.
5. Modified by /r/: three.
/w/: thwart.
/j/: fourth year.
/n/: south night.

й
/ð/
1. Modified by the following vowel: thee, this, then, that, thus, they, thy,
ри
though, there.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: breathe, with, booth, bathe, lithe,
mouth (v), loathe.
3. Longer in the terminal, than in the initial position, cf. breathe – these.
о
4. Partly devoiced: (a) initially: these.
(b) finally: writhe.
ит

5. Fully voiced: heathen.

6. Nasal release: rhythm.
7. Modified by /r/: with Rose.
/j/: loathe you.
з

/n/: bathe Nell.

по

/s/
1. Modified by the following vowel: see, sit, set, sat, sergeant, sock, saw,
suffer, soot, sir, surround, say, sigh, sow, soil, so, sear, Sarah,
sourdine, sore.
Ре

2. Modified bye the preceding vowel: leafs (v), sniffs, chefs, giraffes,
chaffs, coughs, cuffs, hoots, serfs, safes, knifes (v), coifs, loafs.
3. Longer in the terminal, than in the initial position, cf. sick – kiss.
4. Lateral release: whistle, castle.
5. Nasal release: listen, some /sm/.
6. Modified by /j/: suit, suicide.
/(k) w/: squirm, squish.
/l/: slight, slug, else.
/n/: snarl, snare.

28
 /m/: smoky, smite.
/ð/: miss the train.
/z/

1. Modified by the following vowel: zeal, zinc, zest, Zambia, Zama,

zoril, Zutphen, zoological, Zoo, zirconium, Zeeland, zymosis, zounds,
zone, zero, Zara.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: cheese, is, says, has, bars, was,

У
pause, choosse, buzz, hers, letters, maize, rise, house (v), poise, rose,
hears, theirs, oars.

ВГ
3. Longer in the terminal, than in the initial position, cf. zoo – oars.
4. Partly devoiced: (a) initially: zoo, zest.
(b) finally: house, rise.
5. Fully voiced: reason, season.
6. Lateral release: teasel, measles.
7. Nasal release: socialism, reason.

й
8. Modified by /ð/: is the, is this.
/j/: is yet.
ри
/n/: buns, pines.
/l/: tells, minstrels.

/s/
о
1. Modified by the following vowel: she, ship, shelf, shall, shaft, shop,
ит

shore, shut, should, sheen, shirt, shallot, shape, shy, shower, show, sheer,
share, sure.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: clash, fish, fresh, smash, marsh,
wash, push, rush, douche.
з

3. Longer in the terminal, than in the initial position, cf. ship – fish.
4. Lateral release: special.
по

5. Nasal release: station, nation.

6. Modified by /ð/: wash, nation.
/j/: push your table.
/r/: shrieck, shred.
Ре

/w/: fresh water.

/m/: home ship, warm shop.

/з/

1. Modified by the following vowel: gigue, Genevieve, jabot, gendarme,

jongleur, jupe.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: prestige, barrage, rouge, beige.
3. Longer in the terminal, than in the initial position, cf. jupe – rouge.

29
 4. Partly devoiced (a) initially: jabot.
(b) finally: rouge.
5. Fully voiced: asure.
6. Lateral release: usual.
7. Nasal release: decision.
8. Modified by /j/: rouge your face.
/n/: sponge, orange, strange.

У
/h/

ВГ
1. Modified by the following vowel: he, hit, help, happy, half, hip, horn,
hut, hook, who, her, habitual, hay, high, how, hoist, hoe, hear, hare, houri.
2. Modified by
/j/: hew.
/w/: why, which, when, whack, what, whir, whey, while, wheel.1
3. Voiced in medial position: behind, inhabit, boyhood.

й /w/
ри
1. Modified by the following vowel: we, wit, wax, waft, was, war, worry,
wood, woo, were, way, why, wow, woe, weir, ware, wooer, wore (it
occurs only initially).
о
2. Devoiced: tweed, twenty, twice, quite, queen, sweet, sweat, why,
when, thwack, thwart, thwaite.
ит

3. Fully voiced: awake, dwale, dwindle.

4. Modified by /l/: equal.

/j/
з

1. Modified by the following vowel: ye, Yiddish, yes, Yankee, yard,

по

yonder, your, young, you, youth, year, yourself, Yale, yoick, yokel,
yare (it occurs only initially).
2. Devoiced by the preceding consonant: piano, tube, curious, few,
thews, suitable, hew.
Ре

3. Nasalized: mule, munition, new.

/r/

1. Modified by the following vowel: read, rid, rest, rat, raft, rock, raw,
rust, rook roof, Röntgen, racoon, ray, right, row, roister, rear, rare,
rural, roar.
2. Devoiced: prick, practice, tree, trim, cry, crisp, free, frisk, shriek,
shred, three, thrift.
3. Fully voiced: oral, airy.

30
 4. Modified by /n/: parent, errand.
/l/: herald, squirrel.
/l/

1. Modified by the following vowel: lee, lit, let, lack, lark, lot, law, luck,
look loop, lurch, lagoon, lay, lie, loud, loiter, low, lear, lair, lure, lore
(light allophones).
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: feel, fill, fell, pal, snarl, doll, fall,

У
dull, bull, fool, earl, jewel, wale, while, owl, oil, pole, ideal, annual
(dark allophones).

ВГ
3. Devoiced: plea, plenty, clean, clever, flee, flag, sleek, slap.
4. fully voiced: Alice, fills, holes.
5. shorter before the terminal voiceless consonants, than before the
terminal voiced consonants and the terminal proper, cf.
hilt – healed – doll insult – bald – Carl
belt – build – bull spoilt – bulled – jewel

й
asphalt – spelled – bill holt – fooled – vale
salt – snarled – bell false – hurled – well
ри
fault – lolled – Nell
/m/
1. Modified by the following vowel: mi, mill, mad, mar, mop, more,
о
much, moustache, moon, murky, maroon, may, my, mouse, moist,
mow, mere, mare, moor.
ит

2. Modified by the preceding vowel: seem, him, them, ham, harm, bomb,
storm, room, broom, drum, worm, loathsome, name, time, home.
3. Shorter before the terminal voiceless, than before the terminal voiced
and the terminal proper, cf.
з

limp – limb – ham bump – harms – beam

hemp – dims – drum lymph – aims – come
по

lamp – stems - boom

4. Lateral release: camel.
/n/
Ре

1. Modified by the following vowel: knee, knit, nest, gnat, nasty, not, nor, nut,
nook, noon, nurse, narrate, nay, nigh, now, noise, no, near, Nares, Nora.
2. Modified by the preceding vowel: spleen, pin, pen, pan, darn, upon,
born, fun, June, burn, London, pain, fine, down, join, own, antipodean,
Pitcairn, bourn, mourn, Brünnhhilde.
3. Shorter before the terminal voiceless, than before the terminal voiced
and the terminal proper, cf. tent – turned – ban.
4. Lateral release: panel, channel.
5. Modified by /s/: ocean.

31
 /з/: occasion.
/l/: kiln.
/ŋ/

1. Modified by the preceding vowel (never occurs initially): thing, song,

restaurant, wrong, young, orang, lengthy.
2. Shorter before the terminal voiceless, than before the terminal voiced
and the terminal porter, cf. sink – singed – sing.

У
3. Modified by /k/: bacon (it forms a syllable with the preceding /k/).

ВГ
Exercises

1. Read these word combinations and words. Observe (a) loss of plosion,
(b) lateral plosion, (c) nasal plosion.
(a) /p/ (b) /p/ (c) /p/

й
supped people open
top people couple happen
stop talking
ри apple

/b/ /b/ /b/

rubbed able ribbon
о
ebbed label stubborn
stabbed ladle
ит

sob bitterly

/t/ /t/ /t/

He went to see bottle written
з

I want to go little bitten

по

/k/ /k/ /k/

cook clean tickle taken
took Kate cycle bacon
vocal thicken
Ре

/d/ /d/ /d/

good day middle garden
what day beadle pardon
walk down riddle warden

/g/ /g/ /g/

begged eagle dragon
plagued giggle wagon

32
 big game beagle Morgan

2. Read these words. Observe the character of the voiced consonants (a)
in the fully voiced position, (b) in the initial position, (c) in the final position.
(a) /b/ (b) /b/ (c) /b/
labour balm ebb
imbue bee nib

У
bet cab

ВГ
/d/ /d/ /d/
udder do hard
ready done hood
down mid

/g/ /g/ /g/

й
agony go big
again gain beg
ри guard league

3. Read these words. Observe (a) the longer character of the /tς, dз/
phonemes in the terminal position and (b) the shorter character of the /tς, dз/
о
phonemes in the pre-terminal position (when they are followed by /t, d/).
(a) each, fetch, match, scorch, putch, pouch, much, liege, riedge,
ит

badge, large, lodge, gorge, George

(b) reached, hitched, fetched, matched, searched, obliged, forged,
urged, judged
з

4. Read these words. Observe the longer character of the terminal alloghones
по

of the /f, v, s, z/ phonemes and their shorter character in the initial position.
/f/- leaf, if, off, cough, half, rough, safe, life
- fee, fill, fence, fan, far, fox, four, fuss, food
/v/ - leave, live, have, of, groove, love, serve
Ре

- veal, vest, vulgar, veil,vile, vow, vote, vet

/s/ - face, tennis, various, piece, since, kiss, guess
- sister, sea, sincerely, sick, sitting, see, sake
/z/ - is, his, birds, days, guards, fees, please
- zeal, zebra, zed, zero, zest, zip, Zion, zone, Zouave.

5. Read these words. Pay attention (a) the palato-alveolar character of the
consonant modified by the following phoneme /j/; (b) the post-alveolar character
of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /r/; (c) the lateral character

33
of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /l/; (d) the labialized
character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /w/.
(a) beaty, tube, cute, duty, Gue, few
(b) bright, try, cry, dry, great, fry
(c) blight, little, clever, middle, giggle, devil
(d) twice, twenty, queen, Gwendolen, thwart

6. Read these word combinations. Pay attention to the consonant modified

У
by the following interdental /Q, q/.

ВГ
at tht institute and the children
that the latest news opened the window
on the hook about the radio
at the club about the house
repairs the plug in the bathroom

й
Control Task
ри
Classify these word combinations according to the nature of
modification within the group or at the end of it: (a) a loss of plosion, (b) an
alveolar replaced by a dental, (с) the ―clear‖ and ―dark‖ /1/.
о
will you read louder, will you please sit down, read text I, write
down, next time, repeat the noun, in the noun, at the blackboard, clean the
ит

board, glad to see you, what can I do, like to have it, on the seventh, round the
city, and the guest, on this, what country, good time, tea and cake,many people,
don,t like, I,d like, on the boy,s plate, just thirsty, mashed potatoes. mustard
please, got to eat, that pub, will you tell me, tell the girl, work now, difficult to
з

deal, silk dress, but good, hit nose

по

VOWELS AS UNITS OF THE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Exercises
Ре

1. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /i/:
[phoneme to orthography.
she, eve, concrete, feet, meat, niece, receive, fatigue, aesthete,
key, quay

2. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /i/
phoneme to orthography.
did, lid, gladly, freely, lynx, courage, village, washes, rouges,

34
 boxes, worries, copies, loaded, fountain, biscuit, Friday, sieve, lettuce,
forehead, forfeit, coffee
3. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /e/
phoneme to orthography.

red, get, ten, seven, head, dead, ate, the Thames, burial

4. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /æ/

У
phoneme to orthography.

ВГ
carry, ample, have, salmon, plaid, champagne, absolutely,
abstract, ambition

5. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /a: /
phoneme to orthography.

й
mast, answer, last, tar, part, laugh, Berkley, Hertford, heart
ри
6. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /o/
phoneme to orthography.

hot, sorry, foreign, quality, almanac, sausage, knowledge,

yacht
о
7. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /o:/
ит

phoneme to orthography

port, fort, floor, door, course, court, four, pour, roar, war, broad,
bought, wrath, cause, fall, yawn, paw, thaw
з

8. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /u/
по

phoneme to orthography.

put, push, pull, worsted, wolf, look, stood, took, could, should,
courier
Ре

9. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /u:/
phoneme to orthography.

blue, rude, rule, June, cool, tomb, group, wound, bruise, brew,
manoeuvre

10. Transcribe these words and use them to explain the relation of the
/u:/ phoneme to orthography.

35
 tune, humour, use, cue, Tuesday, suit, neuter, few, beauty,
Hughes
11. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /
phoneme to orthography.
must, unjust, judge, humbug, does, front, among, money,
flood, couple, rough, tough

12. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to explain the relation

У
of the /ə:/ phoneme to orthography.

ВГ
stir, myrtle, kernel, heard, worker, turner, nurse, fur

13.Give examples to prove that the sound /ə/ is the core of the unstressed
vocalism in modern English.

SUBSIDIARY VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH SEGMENTAL VOWEL

й
PHONEMES
ри
(a) Monophthongs, Diphthongoids

Allophonic differences in the vowel system of the English

language are conditioned by their distributional characteristics. All of
о
them may occur in the initial position.
/i:/ economy /a:/ arc /u:/ Uganda /ei/ eight
ит

/i/ image /o/ on /Λ/ utter /ai/ idea

/e/ editor /o:/ all /ə:/ earn /au/ hour
/æ/ acid /u/ Uruguay /ə/ about /o/ oily
з

/iə/ earshot
/εə/ airway
по

/uə/ Urdu
/oə/ ore

In the initial position the vowel is more or less free from the
Ре

intluence of the next consonant phoneme.

Vowels may be nasalized, (a) more – if they precede the nasal
sound and (b) less – when they follow it.
(a) tSin pen hæm (b) mi: næt mæp
kin ten bom mæd nest mob

Low vowels are more affected by nasal consonants than mid and
high vowels.

36
 noon nine
noodle neat
moon clean
mar mean
farm fine

Allophonic differences in the vowel system are mostly in quantity,

or length. The quantity of vowels depends on the following factors:

У
1. position of a vowel in a word: (1) free; (2) terminated by a
voiced, or a voiceless consonant;

ВГ
2. position of a vowel in relation to word accent;
3. position of a vowel in relation to sentence stress and rhythm;
4. there are extra linguistic factors that may affect the length of
vowels. They are connected with emotional characteristics.
For example, if we compare similar vowels in the following
sentences we may observe quantitative dependence of vowels

й
on the emotional colouring.
ри
The ΄Man of Property by ΄John Galsworthy (title)

/o:/ in the word Forsyte is longer than /o:/ in the word Galsworthy.
о
Connection of a vowel with word accent is another characteristic
feature, peculiar to the English language. A vowel in unstressed position
ит

may change not only its quantity but it undergoes qualitative changes,
which may result not only in its reduction but in the occurrence of the
neutral vowel /ə/.
It should be borne in mind that unstressed vowels in English may
з

preserve their quantity. They mat be fully long: emission /i miSn/,

orchectral / kestrəl/, etc.
по

Complementary distribution of English diphthongoids

and monophthongs in terms of CV, VC relations
Ре

/i/

The phoneme /i:/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal
positions of a word:
epoch /i:pok/, tea /ti:/
/i:/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:
bilabial – pee, be, we
labio-dental – feet, veal
labial lingual, forelingual
dental, interdental – theme, the

37
 alveolar – tea, deal, sea, zeal, lee, neat
palato-alveolar – she, cheese
medio-lingual - yeld
lingual lingual, backlintual – key
pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – he

/i:/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

У
bialblial – leap, seem
labial labio-dental – leaf

ВГ
dental, interdental – sheath,breathe
lingual, forelingual alveolar – eat, deed, spleen
palato- alveolar – leash, each
lingual, backlingual – leak, league

й
ри /i/

The phoneme /i/ occurs in the initial and in the terminal position of a word:
e n? piti/
/i/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – pit, wit

о
labial labio-dental – fit, vic
ит

dental, interdental – thin, this

alveolar – tin, din, knit
Lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – ship, chin
post-alveolar, cacuminal – rid
з

lingual, medio-lingual – yin, yill

по

llingual, backlingual – kin, give

pharyngal pharyngeal – hit

/i/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

Ре

bilabial – lip, nib

labial labio-dental – if, live

dental, interdental - myth

lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar – it, did, this
palato-alveolar – fish, ridge
lingual, backlingual – pick, big

/e/

38
 The phoneme /e/ may occur in the initial position, but it never
occurs in the terminal position.
/e/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – pet, bet

labial labio-dental – fence, vest

alveolar – ten, dead

У
palato-alveilar – shelf, chest
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar, cacuminal - rest

ВГ
lingual, medio-lingual - yes
lingual, backlingual – kept

pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – help

/e/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

й bilabial – step, ebb

labial
ри labio-dental – chef

dental, interdental - death

lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar – ate, dead, less
palato-alveolar – fresh, fetch
о
lingual, backlingual – wreck, beg
ит

/æ/

The phoneme /æ/ may occur in the initial position of a word, but it
never occurs in the terminal position.
з

/æ/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

по

bilabial – pat, bad

labial labio-dental – fan

dental, interdental – thank, that

Ре

alveolar – tan, dad

palato alveolar – shall, jam
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar, cacuminal - ran
lingual, medio-lingual – Yankee
lingual, backlingual – cat

pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – ham

/æ/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

39
 bilabial – clap, cab
labial labio-dental – have
dental, interdental – hath
alveolar – hat, dad
lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – smash, badge
lingual, backlingual – back, bag, sang
/a:/

У
The phoneme /a:/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal

ВГ
position of a word:
army / 'a: mi/, far /fa:/

/a:/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – palm, bar, war

й
labial ри labio-dental – far, vast

alveolar – tar, lark

palato-alveolar – shaft, chance, jar
post-alveolar, cacuminal - raft
lingual, forelingual, apical lingual, medio-lingual – yard
lingual, backlingual – car, garden
о
ит

pharyngal pharyngal (glottal) - harm

/a:/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – harp
з

labial labio-dental – starve

по

dental, interdental - health

alveolar – heart, hard
lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – marsh, large
lingual, backlingual – bark, restaurant
Ре

/o/

The phoneme /o/ may occur in the initial position of a word, but it
never occurs in the terminal position.
/o/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – pot, box

labial labio-dental – fox, fog

40

lingual, forelingual, apical
dental, interdental - thong
alveolar – top, dog, sock
palato-alveolar – chop, job
post-alveolar, cacuminal - rob
lingual, medio-lingual - yonder
lingual, backlingual – cot, got

pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – hot

У
/o/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

ВГ
bilabial – hop, mob
labial labio-dental – off, of

dental, interdental - moth

alveolar – hot, old, was
palato-alveolar - wash

й
lingual, forelingual, apical ри lingual, backlingual – lock, fog, wrong

/o:/

The phoneme /o:/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal
position of a word:
о
orbit / 'o:bit/, saw /so:/
ит

/o:/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – port, bought, war

labial labio-dental – for
з

dental, interdental - thorn

по

alveolar – talk, door, saw

lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – shore, jaw
post-alveolar, cacuminal - raw
lingual, medio-lingual - your
Ре

lingual, backlingual - core

pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – horn

/o:/ may be followed by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial - orb
labial labio-dental – cough

dental, interdental - north

alveolar – ought, pause

41
 lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – scorch, gorge
lingual, backlingual – fork
/ /

The phoneme / / occurs in the initial position, but it never occurs

in the terminal position of a word.
/ / may be preceded by the consonants:

У
bilabial – but, worry
labial labio-dental – fuss, vulgar

libgual, forelingual, apical
ВГ
dental, interdental – thunder, thus
alveolar – tub, duck
palato-alveolar – shut, just
post-alveolar, cacuminal – run
lingual, medio-lingual – young

й
ри lingual, backlingual – cut

pharyngal pharyngal (glottal) – hut

/ / may be followed by the following consonants:

bilabial – up, tub
labial labio-dental – rough, love
о
dental, interdental - doth
ит

alveolar – bud, but

lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – rush, judge
lingual, backlingual – duck, bug, young
з

/u/
по

The phoneme /u/ occurs only in the initial position of proper

names of foreign origin, e.g. Uruguay.
/u/ occurs in the terminal position only in the reduced forms of the
preposition to, of the verb do and the personal pronoun you.
Ре

/u/ may be preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – put, book

labial labio-dental – foot

alveolar – took, soot

palato-alveolar, cacuminal- rook
lingual, medio-lingual - you
lingual, forelingual, apical lingual, backlilngual – cook, good

42
 pharngal pharyngeal (glottal) – hook

/u/ may be followed by the consonants characterized as:

labial bilabial – room

alveolar – put, hood

palato-alveolar - push
lingual, forelingual, apical lingual, backlingual – took

У
/u:/

ВГ
The phoneme /u:/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal
position of a word:
ooze /u:z/, undo /' n'du:/
/u:/ may be prceded by the consonants characterized as:
bilabial – pool, boot

й
labial ри labio-dental – food

alveolar – two, do, noon

post-alveolar, cacuminal - roof
lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – shoe, June
lingual, medio-lingual – youth
lingual, backlingual – cool, goose
о
pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – who
ит

/u:/ may be followed by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial - stoop
з

labial labio-dental – hoof

по

dental, interdental - tooth

alveolar – boot, choose, moon,
foool lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – douch,
rouge, pooch
Ре

lingual, backlingual – duke

/ə:/

The /ə:/ phoneme occurs in the initial and in the terminal position
of a word:

early /'ə:li/, fur /fə:/, further /'fə:ðə/, refer /ri'fə:/

/ə:/ may by preceded by the consonants characterized as:

43
 bilabial – purr, burr
labial labio-dental – fir, verge

dental, interdental - thirst

alveolar – term, dirt, sir
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar - shirt
lingual, medio-lingual - year

У
lingual, backlingual – curb, girl

ВГ
pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – her

/ə:/ may be followed by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – kerb, worm

labial labio-dental – turf, serve

й dental, interdental - mirth

ри
lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar – hurt, bird
palato-alveolar – urge
lingual, backlingual – burg
о
/ə/
ит

The /ə/ phoneme occurs in the initial and the terminal position of a
word:
about /ə'baut/, sofa /'soufə/
з

/ə/ may be preceded by the consonants characterized as:

по

bilabial – banana, was

labial labio-dental – forsake, vocation
Ре

dental, interdental - Thalia

alveolar – tobacco, domination
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar (cacuminal) - racoon
palato-alveolar - Japan
lingual, medio-lingual - yourself
lintgual, backlingual – contain, galloon

pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – habitual

/ə/ may be followed by the consonants characterized as:

44
 bilabial – wallop
labial labio-dental - of

dental, interntal - Plymouth

alviola – but, had, London
lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alviolar – such
lingual, backlingual – bulwark

У
Control Tasks

ВГ
*1. Describe the allophonic differences of the vowel phonemes /i:,
I, e, æ, a:, , o, o:, u, u:, ə:, ə/ in these words.

No. 1 /i:/

й
easily, sea, we, meal, cheaper, tree, fever, sleet, speaker, he, teach,
keep, sheep
ри
No. 2 /i/

in, ill, big, pit, silly, middle, shilling, thing, rivers, lived, hill
о
No. 3 /e/
help, bed, ten, said, pence, weather, eleven, anyway, them, very,
ит

dead, debt

No. 4 /æ/
bad, planl, sad, exam, natural, imagine, shallow, strand, channel,
з

Jack, hats, pal, cab

по

No. 5 /a:/
bar, far, started, dancing, large, grass, half, harbour, card, yard

No. 6 /o/
Ре

o'clock, body, watch, solid, nodded, crop, coughing, shocked,

long, dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot, pot

No 7 /o:/
bore, door, talk, thought, sorts, shore, record, water, George,
altogether, norm, fall, more

No. 8 /u/

45
 put, books, would, took, looked, soot, room, should, awfully,
good-bye, cook

No. 9 /u:/
blue, beautiful, move, food, soon, ruined, cool, hoof, boot, chew,
shoe, too

No. 10 / /

У
bus, must, nothing, funny, summer, instructor, luck, just, come,
chuckle, wonderful, vulgar, thunder, thus, shut

ВГ
No. 11 /ə:/
bird, turned, girl, sir, heard, Sherlock, workers, Germany,
churches, curly, nurse, dirt, year, murky, purr

No. 12 /ə/

й
along, about, upon, to see, perhaps, summer, August, London,
desolate, condition, consist, speaker, letter, never, anxious, human
ри
* 2. Transcribe these words. Present the rules of reading of the
vowel-phonemes in bold type. Single out the words which are
exceptions from the rules.
о
holidays, Maria, forward, sightseeing, mouth, comfort, café,
billiards, worekers, Crusoe, Sherlock, Matthew, Earnest, forehead,
ит

pneumonia, detached, bothers, head, varnished, Priestley, puzzling,

pieces, asylum, record, Maugham, Fridy, woodland, newspaper, taxis,
unbelievable, purpose, un'fortunately, awful, year, hotel, pieces,
awkward, coughing, emp'loyee
з
по

(b) Diphthongs

The phoneme /ei/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal position:
aorta / ei'o: tə/, day /dei/
Ре

/ei/ is prceded by the following consonants:

bilabial – pay, bay

labial labio-dental – fail

dental, inerdental - thane

alvielar – tale, day
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar, cacuminal - ray
palato-alveolar - shape, chain

46
 lingual, medio-lingual – Yale

lingual, bcklingual - cake

pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – hay
/ei/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial - ape
labial labio-dental – pave

У
dintal, interdental - bathe
alveolar – ate, pace, laid, raise, ale, mane

ВГ
lingual, forelingual, apical
palato-alveolar – age
lingual, backlingual – vague
/ai/

й
The phoneme /ai/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal position:

idea /ai'diə/, my /mai/

ри
/ai/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – pie, by
о
labial labio-dental – fight
ит

dental, interdental - thigh

albeolar – tie, die
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar, cacuminal - right
lingual, backlingual – kite
з

pharyngal pharyngeal (glottal) – high

по

/ai/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – type, time

labial labio-dental – life
Ре

dental, interdental - scythe

alveolar – night, ride
lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – oblige
lingual, backlingual – like

/au/

The phoneme /au/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal position:

47
 owlish /'aulis/, now /nau/
/au/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – pound, bound

labial labio-dental – fowl

dental, interdental – thousand

alveolar – town, down

У
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar, cacuminal - round
palato-alveolar – shout

ВГ
lingual, backlingual – cow

pharyngal pharyngal (glottal) – how

/au/ is followed by the consonants characterized as:

й
dental, interdental – mouth
lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar – rout, crowd
ри palato-alveolar – pouch
/oi/

The phoneme /?i/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal position:
о
oily /'oili/, boy /boi/
/oi/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:
ит

bilabial – point, boy

labial labio-dental – foil
з

alveolar – toy, doily

post-alveolar, cacuminal - roister
по

lingual, forelingual, apical lingual, medio-lingual – yoick

lingual, backlingaul – coy
pharyngal pharyngal (glottal) – hoist
Ре

/oi/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – point, boy

labial labio-dental – foil

alveolar – adroit, annoyed

lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – voyage
lingual, backlingual – hoik

48
 /ou/

The phoneme /ou/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal position:

obey /ou'bei/, no /nou/

/ou/ is precede by the consonants as:

bilabial – hope

У
labial labio-dental – loaf

lingual, forelingual, apical
ВГ
dental, interdental - growth
alveolar – wrote, rode
palato-alveolar – coach
lingual, backlingual – oak

/iə/

й
The phoneme /iə/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal position:
eery /'iəri/, idea /ai'diə/
ри
/iə/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – peer, beer

о
labial labio-dental – fear
ит

dental, interdental – theatre

alveolar – tear, dear
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar, cacuminal - rear
palato-alveolar – sheer
з

lingual, medio-lingual – year

lingual, backlingual – Keary
по

pharyngal pharyngal (glottal) – hear

/iə/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

Ре

labial bilabial – peer, beer

lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar – beard, fierce, librarian, centennial

post-alveolar – appearing

This phoneme is highly variable, because the glide /ə/ is more

sonorous, than the nucleus /i/. Thus /iə/ may be divided morphologically
into the nucleus and the glide in unstressed position, e. g.
theoretical /θiə'retikəl, θi-ə-'retikəl/

49
 Greater sonority of the glide nay lead to the /jə/ instead of /iə/
articulation, e. g.
frontier /'fr ntiə, fr ntjə/

/iə/ may turn into /i/ I n the terminal position:

real /riəl, ril/

У
/εə/

The phoneme /εə/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal position:

ВГ
airway /'εəwei/, air /εə/

/εə/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:

bilabial – pear, bear

й
labial labio-dental – fare
ри
dental, interdental - there
alveolar – ter, dare
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar, cacuminal – rare
palato-alveolar – share
о
lingual, medio-lingual – Yare
lingual, backlingual- care
ит

pharyngal pharyngal (glottal) – hare

/εə/ is followed by:

з

labial bilabial – Shairp

по

lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar – spared, scarce

/uə/
Ре

The phoneme /uə/ may occur in the initial and in the terminal position:
Urdu /uədu/, poor /puə/
/uə/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:
labial bilabial – poor, boor
alveolar – tour, dour
post-alveolar, cacuminal - rural
lingual, forelingual, apical palato-alveolar – sure
lingual, medio-lingual – your
lingual, backlingual – kursaal

50
 pharyngal pharyngal (glottal) – houri

/uə/ is followed by:

labial bilabial - gourmand

alveolar - bourn
lingual, forelingual, apical post-alveolar, cacuminal – rural

У
The phoneme /uə/ is highly variable because the nucleus of this
diphthong is more sonorous than the glide. Its pronunciation may lead to

ВГ
phonological disintegration of /uə/ into /u/ and /ə/: influence /'influ-əns/. In
this case the morphological division takes place within the diphthong /uə/.
The greater sonority of the glide may also lead to the substitution
of /u/ by /w/: influence /'influwəns/.
In an accented syllable /uə/ may turn into /oə/ and even /?/ which

й
is a diaphone of the genuine diphthong /oə/. Cf.
sure /suə/ - /soe/ - /so/
doer /duə/ - /doə/ - /do/
ри
where assimilation of the glide results in: /so/ /do/.
The phoneme /uə/ may turn into /u/: usual /'juзuəl/ → /'juзul/.
о
/oə/
ит

The phoneme /oə/ may occur in the terminal position and between
two consonants: sore /soə/, coarse /koəs/.
/oə/ is preceded by the consonants characterized as:
з

bilabial – more, pore

labial labio-dental – fore
по

lingual, apical, alveolar – tour, door

post-alveolar, cacuminal – roar
lingual, foreling ual, apical palato-alveolar – shore
Ре

lingual, medio-lingual – your

lingual, backlingual – core

pharyngeal pharyngal (glottal) – whore

/oə/ may occur between two consonants:

fourth, bored, course
The phoneme /oə/ may undergo the following auditory
modifications: (1) the glide is more prominent in the terminal position;

51
 (2) the phoneme /?ə/ may turn into a nasal allophone, when preceded or
followed by a nasal consonant.
One of the most important features of /oə/ phoneme is that it can
always be pronounced as /o/, cf.

pore /poə/, /po/, lore /loə/, /lo/, sore /soə/, /so/

Control Tasks

У
*1. Sort out these words according to the distributional
characteristics of the phonemes /ei, ou, ai, au, oi, iə, oə, uə/ in relation to

ВГ
the A. preceding or B. following consonants. Follow the order of
consonant classification: 1. Labial a) bilabial, b) labio-dental.
2. Lingual, forelingual a) apical, (inter)dental, b) apical alveolar,
c) apical palato-alveolar, d) cacuminal post-alveolar. 3. Lingual medio-
lingual. 4. Lingual backlingual. 5. Pharyngal (glottal)

й
/ei/
ри
stay, pay, game, again, make, lake, lay, pain, case, day, weigh,
rain, famous, ray, able, way, ache, late, lain, David, age, waste, pale,
sane, taken, Wales, shape, face, gave, paint
о
/ou/
ит

go, over, hope, boating, hotel, snow, hold, only, follow, road,
shoulder, poker, foe, gold, don't, old, cold, both, motor, total, bureau,
social, though, low, poet, yolk, motive, so, nose, cosy, jokes, noticed
з

/ai/
по

why, high, kind, wife, wild, mild, lie, die, nine, while, silence,
profile, fight, eye, side, like, kindly, isles, eyes, idea, rise, climb, quite,
my, bright, Michael, kite
Ре

/au/

how, thousand, south, now, down, round, pound, mouth, drown,

out, couch, found, loud

/oi/

join, enjoy, boy, point, coin, destroy, soil, employ, noise, joint

52
 /iə/

dear, near, year, idea, Crimea, here, severe, museum, accordeon,

fear, clear, ears, cheer, theatre, real, realize, appear, period, tear, weary

/oə/

У
there, parents, anywhere, care, stare, bare, area, various, despair,
square, stairs, carefully, pair, Mary, dare, farewell

ВГ
/uə/
sure, poor, tour, during, usual, moor, Europe

*2. Transcribe these words. Use them as examples to explain the

rules of reading of the letters in bold type which represent the diphthongs

й
/ei, ou, ai, au, ?i, iə, ?ə, ?ə, uə/.
ри
South, billiards, sincerely, strangely, facilitated, noticeable,
winding, poor, following, realize, motor, heighten, potatoes, overnight,
theatre, jurist, Mary, chore, Michael Angelo, Jane Eyre, enjoyment,
typhoid, Europe, dour
о
IV. ARTICULATORY TRANSITIONS OF VOWEL AND
ит

CONSONANT PHONEMES

Exercises
з

1. Describe the difference in the transition from /p/ to /o/ in the

word port and from /s/ to /p/ in the word spot.
по

2. Read the pairs of words, describe the mechanism of voioceless-

fortis, voiced-lenis difference, which is functional here.

plight- blight try – dry crate – great

Ре

found – bound tune- dune piece – bees

penny – Benny park – bark twelve – dwell
3. Read the pairs of words, observe the absence of
palatalization in the English words.

Pete – pit – пить neat – knit – нить

beat – bit – бить seen – sin – синь
meal – mill- мил teem – Tim – Тим
keeper – kill – киль leap – lip – лип

53
 4. Read the pairs of words, observe the degree of labialization in English.

Paul – пол tool – Тула tall – тол pull – пуля

call – кол boor - бур cool – куль book – бука
Describe the mechanism of the articulatory difference between the /e/ in
hen, hell and between the /u:/ in tool, tune.
5. Read the pairs of words. Observe the nasally exploded English and

У
orally exploded Russian stops.
hypnosis – гипноз atmosphere – атмосфера

ВГ
administration - администрация acknowledge - окно
recognize – огни

Describe the difference in the transition from a plosive + a nasal in

English and in Russian.

й
6. Read the word combinations below. Observe plosionless stops.
ри
help Peter сноп пшеницы
club building клуб был полон
at times оттуда
good day под домом
о
black coffee как когда
ит

7. What mechanism is affected by assimilation in the pronunciation of

/r/ in the words: string, strike, - of /m/ in the words: smell, smoke, - of
/j/ in the words: student, suit?
з

8. Explain the mechanism of /k/ to /ð/ transition in the combination like

that. What mistake can by the Russian students in the articulation of /kð/?
по

9. Pronounce the words and word combination. Underline the sounds

affected by assimilation, describe its type.
Ре

breadth, wealth, at that, afraid, apron, thrive

10.Pronounce the words and word combinations below. Underline the

sounds that can be omitted in rapid colloquial speech.

university, believe, awfully, territory, locked gate, stopped

behind, strict teacher, rubbed down, next day

Give your own examples of vowel and consonant elision.

54
 Control Tasks

*1. Arrange these English and Russian words under the headings: (1)
aspiration, no aspiration, (2) palatalization a) loose CV transition, b)
close CV transition, (3) labialization, labialization with the lip
protrusion.
top, bee, pit, built, port, meal, cope, deep, beauty, tarn, port,

У
corn, music, pepper, onion, peace, come, lean, car, cable, lion, dean,
топь, поле, тина, Коля, тесто, роль, сила, лом, ток, день, пень, соль,

ВГ
ряд, пел, рев, бук, кило, мел, вилы, полк, ком, дуло, coop, tool, tall,
call, gorge, goose, doom, dawn, room, thorn

*2. Arrange these words under the headings: (1) lateral plosion, (2) nasal
plosion, (3) absence of plosion (two plosionless stops).

й
actor, curdles, muddle, needless, mottled, needless, mottled,
Britain, begged, oughtn't, at last, what kind, admit, back to back,
ри
madness, witness, big books, partner, slept, cotton, great numbers,
sudden, captain, top coat, red light, black goat, ripe cheese, huddle, at
night, good looks
о
4. Transcribe these words and word combinations. Read them. Explain
possible mistakes in the close CC transition.
ит

anecdote, birthday, blackboard, medicine, this book, let's go,

what's the time, sixth, his thing, pass them, is that, fifths, Smith's there,
soothes them, in the
з

V. SYLLABLE
по

The structure of English and Russian syllable is similar.

English Russian

V err Г и
Ре

CVC pit СГС пол

CVCC fact СГСС вопль
CVCCC lapsed СГССС текст
CCVC plan ССГС жнец
ССVC spleen СССГС взлом
ССVCC twiddle ССГСС фланг
CCVCCC stamps ССГССС спектр
CCCVCC sleens СССГСС вдрызг
СVCCCC texts СГСССС монстр

55
 VCVCCCC attempts ГСГСССС удобств
CV dew СГ но
CCV spy ССГ дно
CCCV straw СССГ мгла
VC eat ГС ад
VCC act ГСС акр
VCCC asks ГССС астр
The structural patterns of syllables formed by sonorants with a preceding

У
consonant in English are similar to V+C patterns:
CS written /'ritn/

ВГ
CVSC licence /'laisəns/
CCVSC sanctions /'sæŋk?ænz/
CVSCC scaffolds /'skæfəldz/
CSVSCC entrants /'entrənts/

According to G.P. Torsuyev's data the syllabic structure in the

й
English language of the combination consonant (or consonants ) + a
sonorant is characterized by the following data: CS type – 40
ри
combinations, CSC type – 90 combinations, CSCC type – 15
combinations, CCSCC type – 1 combination.1
Syllable-forming sonorants in the combinations of the CS type are
terminal /m, n, ŋ, 1/ E.g.
о
earthen channel April equal
ит

people garden often nation

written eagle even decision
taken fortune listen rhythm
able angel season camel
з

The combinability of syllable forming sonorants is the following: /1/

по

combines with all consonants except /θ, ð, s, z, p/; /ŋ/ combines with /k/.
The distribution of consonants in the syllables of the CSC type is
characterized by the following features: initial consonants may be
represented by /p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ?, t?, d?, m, r, w, n/; the
Ре

medial sonorants may be represented by /n, m, l/; final consonants are

represented by /t, d, s, z, θ/. E. g.

opens vacant goggles ovens patient

marbles enables merchant arrivals angels
patterns mortals urgent heathens equalled
coupled student softened rhythms motions
peoples gardens servant decent whistles
officials eleventh present persons
panelled

56
 The distribution of consonants in the syllables of the syllables of
the CSCC type is characterized by the following features: the initial
consonant may be represented by /p, t, d, t?, d?, f, v, x, z, ?, ?, r/. The
peak of the syllable is represented by the sonorants /n,l/, they are
immediately followed by /t, d, s/ ; final consonants are represented by
/t, s, z/ E.g.
innocents agents patents tangents parents

У
serpents students servants pheasants errands
patients scaffolds licensed merchants heralds

ВГ
The syllables of the CCSCC type are formed by /t, r, n, t, s/ as in
the word entrants. In the words emigrants, minstrels, hydrants the terminal
combinations /grnts, strlz, drnts/ can by pronounced as CSCC type.
O. Jespersen established the scale of sonority of English sounds,
that is the scale of their inherent prominence. According to this scale the

й
most sonorous are back vowels (low, mid, high), then go semi-vowels
and sonorants, then - voiced and voiceless consonants.
ри
Scale of sonority

1. low vowels /a:, o:, o, æ/

mid vowels /e, ə:, ə, ?/
о
2.
3. high vowels /i:, I, u:, u/
4. semi-vowels /w, j/
ит

5. sonorants /l, r, m, n/
6. voiced constrictive consonants /v, z, з/
7. voiced plosive consonants /b, d, g/
з

8. voiceless constrictive consonants and affricates /s, ts, f, s, h/

9. voiceless plosive consonants /p, t, k/
по

Exercises

*1. Give syllabic structural patterns of the following English and

Ре

Russian words; characterize them from the viewpoint of their structure:

open, covered, etc.
(1) pit, pat, pot, bet, tip, ten, top, took;
пол, бак, ток, час, воз, сон, так, нос
(2) fact, taken, rhythm, prism, region, bacon, listen;
вопль, вепрь, жатв, битв, ритм, метр, гипс, ЗАГС
(3) depths, lapsed, boxed, lisped, lifts, busts
текст, жертв, горсть, шерсть, Минск, тембр
(4) plan, price, shriek, fret, smoke, twice;

57
 птах, прав, жнец, здесь, злак, сгиб
(5) do, go, so, dew, he, pea, pie, boy;
да, бы, фа, си, те, ту, ли
(6) spy, stay, blue, brew, pray, dry;
дно, пну, все, про, кто, два
(7) ought, eat, orb, oak, eight, out, art, at;
он, ас, ад, ил, ух, ох, от, ах
(8) splay, spray, straw;

У
мсти, мзда, льсти, мгла
(9) ebbed, act, ask, else, aunt, apt;

ВГ
акт, акр, игл, игр, ость, альф
(10) asked, aunts, asks, eights, acts, elks;
искр, астр
(11) spleens, springs, sprawls, sprains, strains, screams;
вскользь, всласть, вдрызг, взвизг
(12) serpents, patents, students, servants, licensed;

й
монстр, ханств, царств, земств, чувств
(13) spleen, split, street, struck, squeek, scroll;
ри
взлом, вздеть, сдвиг, сгнить, взмах, взрыв
(14) twiddle, trance, plosion, flask, flint, thrust;
цвесть, фланг, внутрь, швабр, скетч
(15) stamps, tramps, twelfth, cleansed, clenched, errands;
о
спектр, ксеркс, сфинкс
ит

*2.(a) Divide these words into phonetic syllables. (b) Give their syllabic
structural patterns.
people, bugle, satchel, trifle, rhythm, April, equal, happens,
marbles, patterns, dragons, urgent, servant, listened, heralds, errands,
з

parents, tangents, patients, servants, scaffolds

по

*3. Define the number of syllables in these words according to the

sonority theory
alone, female, unfortunate, insufficient, machine, unimportant,
yesterday, aristocracy, appetite, remarkable, solecism, misunderstand,
Ре

inferiority, window, tomato, satisfactory, electrification

4. Read these examples to prove the semantic importance of the correct
syllabic boundary. Mark close juncture by pluses.
a nation – an Asian see Mable – seem able
a nice house – an ice house it swings – its wings
the tall boys – that all boys хлеб с ухой – хлеб сухой
до дела ли – доделали по машинам – помаши нам

58
 VI. ACCENT

Exercises

1. Read these compound words with two equal stresses and translate them.
unaided /'Λn'eidid/ repack /'ri:'pæk/
unalienable /'Λn'eiljənəbl/ prepaid /'pri:'peid/

У
unaltered /'Λn'o:ltəd/ misspell /'mis'spel/
unarmed /'Λn'a:md/ misuse / 'mis'ju:z/
unaspirated /'Λn'æspiretid/ misrule /'mis'ru:l/

unclean /'Λn'kli:n/
anticyclonic /'æntisai'kl?nik/
anti-national /'ænti'næsənl/
non-payment /'non' peimənt/
non-resident /'non'residənt/
ВГ
misquote /'mis'kwout/
misplace /'mis'pleis/
under-dressed /'Λndə'drest/
underofficer /'Λndə'ofisə/
underpopulated /'?ndə'pojuleitid/

й
non-stop /'non'stop/
ex-minister /'eks'ministə/
reopen /'ri:'oupən/
ри
reorganize /'ri:'o:gənaiz/
vice-admiral /'vais'ædvirəl/
vice-consul /'vais'konsəl/
pre-history /'pri:'histəri/
ultra-modern /'?ltrə'modən/

2. Read these compound adjectives with two equal stresses and translate them.
о
'good 'looking, 'old 'fashioned, 'bad 'tempered, 'absent-'minded,
'bare-'headed, 'home-'made
ит

NOTE. When a compound adjective has a synonym to its first element,

the stress is on the first element:
'oval shaped = oval
з

' yellowish looking = yellowish

'square shaped = square
по

'greenish looking = greenish

3. Read these compound words with one single stress on the first, most
important part of the compound, and translate them.
Ре

apple-tree, bystander, daybreak, birthday, sheep dog, pillow-

case, school-boy, suit-case, time-table, inkpot, hair-do, housewife,
everything, fireplace, broadcast, fountain-pen, anyone

4.Read these compound words with one single stress on the first, most
important part of the compound, and translate them.

59
 butterfly, newcomer, butter-fingers, blacksmith, greatcoat,
airplane, bluebottle, butter-boat, butterdish, bookmark

5. Read these pairs of words. Translate them into Russian, mind the
semantic importance of word stress (distinctive and recognitive function).

'blackboard - 'black 'board 'overwork - 'over 'work

'blackbird - 'black 'bird 'yellow-cup - 'yellow 'cup

У
'strongbox - 'strong 'box 'tallboy - 'tall 'boy
6. Read these pairs of words. Translate them into Russian, mind the

ВГ
importance of the form-distinctive accenteme.
'abstract – to ab'stract 'desert – to de'sert
'commune – to co'mmune 'forecast – to fore'cast
'compound – to com'pound 'import – to im'port
'conflict – to con'flict 'outgo – to out'go

й
'contest – to con'test
ри 'produce – to pro'duce

7. Mark the accentual elements of these words according to Gimson's

accentual patterns. Read them.
2-syllable words: female, window, profile, over, under, cotton,
table, husband
о
3-syllable words: important, excessive, relation, appetite,
photograph, telephone
ит

4-syllable words: unimportant, insufficient, melancholy,

caterpillar, criticism, capitalize

8. Provide these words with necessary stress marks.

з

air-raid, birdcage, coalmine, teapot, washstand, mail-bag, dance-

по

music, grandfather, handwriting, shopkeeper, ladybird, office-boy,

waiting-room, dinner-jacket, tape-recorder, labour, exchange, ground
floor, knee-deep, cross-question, flat-footed, shop-window, hot-water-
bottle, waste-paper-basket, post-graduate, vice-chancellor, secondhand
Ре

VII. UNSTRESSED VOCALISM

The system of the unstressed vocalism of the English language is

characterized by the following features: vowels in unstressed position
nay change in quality and in quantity, or remain unchanged.

60
 The major role in the system of the unstressed vocalism of the
English language belongs to the neutral vowel /ə/, which may alternate
with any vowel of full formation. E.g.
/ə/ - /i:/ the /ði/ - /ðə/
/ə/ - /æ/ as /æz/ - /əz/
/ə/ - /Λ/ but /bΛt/ - /bət/
/ə/ - /o/ from /from/ - /frəm/

У
/ə/ - /u/ could /kud/ - /kəd/
/ə/ - /u:/ do /du:/ - /də/

ВГ
/ə/ - /ə:/ were /wə:/ - /wə/
/ə/ - /e/ them /ðem/ - /ðəm/
the /ði:/ the lesson /ðə'lesn/
pence /pens/ threepence /'θrepəns/
land /lænd/ England /'iŋglənd/
particle /'pa:tikl/ particular /pə'tidjulə/

й
a combine /ə'kombain/ to combine /tə kəm'bain/
toward /tə'wo:d/ forward /'fo:wəd/
fully /'fuli/
ри playfully /'pleifəli/
to him /'tu:him/ to the table /tə ðə 'teibl/
some /sΛm/ tiresome /'taiəsəm/
up /Λp/ upon /ə'pon/
о
herd /hə:d/ shepherd /'sepəd/
face /feis/ preface /'prefəs/
ит

shire /'saiə/ Yorkshire /'jo:ksə/

mouth /mauθ/ Plymouth /'pliməθ/
folk /fouk/ Norfolk /'no:fək/
revere /ri'viə/ reverence /'revərəns/
з

there's /ðεəz/ there's /ðəz/

по

In terms of the graphic representation of the English unstressed

vocalism (when the vowels of full formation occur in the unstressed
position) it is characterized by the following features:
(1) a can be pronounced as:
Ре

/a:/ paragraph /'pærəgra:f/

/æ/ photograph /'foutogræf/, /'foutogra:f/
/i/ in the suffixes - ade, - ace, - age, - ate: graduate /'grædjuit/,
average /'ævridз/, surface /'sə:fis/
e can be pronounced as:
/i/ effect /i'fekt/, ticket /'tikit/
in the suffixes - ness, -less: helpless /'helplis/, kindness /'kaindnis/
i, y can be pronounced as:
/i/ or /ai/ valid /'vælid/, city /'siti/, civil /'sivil/

61
 in the suffixes -ize, -fy, -y: modify /'modifai/, occupy
/'okjupai/, analyse /ænəlaiz/
o can be pronounced as:
/ou/ also /'o: lsou/, zero /'ziərou/
u can be pronounced as:
u can be pronounced as:
/ju:/, /Λ/ or /u/ unite /ju:'nait/, value /'vælju:/, useful /'ju:sful/,
input /'input/, tumult /'tju:mΛlt/.

У
(2) a, e, i, y, o, u can be reduced to /ə/ or disappear, e.g.
a is pronounced as /ə/ in:

ВГ
about /ə'baut/, data /'deitə/, central /'sentrəl/
a is reduced in /ə/ in such words as metal /'metl/
e is pronounced as /ə/ in:
absent /'æbsənt/, conference /'konfərəns/
e can be reduced as in: recent /'ri:snt/, looked /'lukt/, opened /'oupnd/.
i, y in unstressed syllables can be pronounced as:

й
/i/ Baltic /'bo:ltik/, balmy /'ba:mi/
/i/ can be reduced completely as in: basin /beisn/
ри
o can be pronounced as /ə/ as in: correct /kə'rekt/, pilot /'pailət/,
lemon /'lemən/ or disappear as in lesson /'lesn/.
u can be pronounced as /ə/: difficult /'difikəlt/; but such cases
are rare.
о
Digraphs ar, ai, ay; er, ey; ir, ie; or, oi, ou; ue, ui, ur; yr are
pronounced in unstressed syllables either as /ə/ or /i/. The only exceptions
ит

are combinations oi /wa:/ and ue /ju:/; ur can be pronounced as /ə:/ or /ə/:

conservatoire /kən'sə:vətwa:/, issue /'iju:/, survey /sə:'vei/, /sə'vei/.

Other examples:
з

ar /ə/ radar /'reidə/, /'reida:/

по

ai /i/ captain /'kæptin/, chieftaincy /'t?i:ftənsi/

ay /ei,i/ essay /'esei/, Sunday /'s?ndei/, /'s?ndi/

ir /ə/ elixir /i'lidsə/

Ре

ie /i/ hobbies /'h?biz/

or /ə/ doctor /'d?ktə/
ou /ə/ famous /'feiməs/
ue /ju:/ issue /'isju:/
yr /ə/ martyr /'ma:tə/

Exercises

62
 1. Transcribe these words. Single out the pairs of phonemes in which
/ə/ alternates with the vowel of full formation in the unstressed position.
armour (броня) - army (армия)
allusion (намек) - illusion (иллюзия)
tell'em (скажи им) - tell him (скажи ему)
sitter (живая натура) - city (город)
forward (передний) - foreword (предисловие)

У
experiment (опыт) - experiment (экспериментировать)
some (некоторое количество) - some (некоторый, какой-то)
- that (тот указательное местоимение)

ВГ
that (который
относительное местоимение)
variety (разнообразие) - various (различный)
estimable (достойный - estimate (оценивать)
2. Transcribe these words. Underline the vowels of full formation
in the unstressed position.

й
protest (n), content (n), comment (n), abstract (adj), asphalt (n),
ри
cannot, epoch, blackguard, export (n), humbug, expert (n), institute

3. Transcribe these words. Read them. Mind the dropping off of /ə/
in the unstressed position.
о
often, session, special, difficult, some, can, conference, dictionary,
ит

April, have

4. a) Transcribe these words and underline the sounds of full

formation in the pretonic syllables. b) Give examples of Russian vowel
з

reduction in a similar position.

по

emission usurp aorta

eleven Uganda oil-painting
ensign upturn coyote
abstract urbane aerologist
Ре

objective idea hereunder

orchestral outwit Eurasian

5. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the peculiar

feature of the English unstressed vocalism.

latchkey, simplicity, protest (n), skylark, pantheon, bulldog, outdoor,

dining-room, into, mildew, woodcut, heart-burn, humpback, highway,
simplify, highbrow, convoy, rainbow, raincoat, underwear, armature

63
 VIII. RECORDED EXERCISES

In some of the exercises you are asked to put stress on the text. It
would obviously be sensible to do this in a way that will make it possible
for you, or someone else, to erase these marks and use the exercise again.
As with the exercises, the CDs and tapes are intended to be

У
worked through from first to last. Those at the beginning are concerned
with individual vowels and consonants, and the words containing them
are usually pronounced in isolation in a slow, careful style. Pronouncing

ВГ
isolated words in this way is, of course, a very artificial practice, but the
recorded exercises are designed to lead the student towards the study of
comparatively natural and fluent speech by the end of the course. In
some of the later exercises you will find it necessary to stop the CD or
tape in order to allow yourself enough time to write a transcription.

й
Audio Unit 1 English short vowels
ри
The exercises in this Audio Unit practise the six short vowels.
When pronouncing them, you should take care to give the vowels the
correct length and the correct quality.
о
Extrcise1 Repetition
ит

Listen and repeat:

i
bit bit bid bid him him miss mis
з

e
по

bet bet bed bed hen hen mess mes

æ
bat bæt bad bæd ham hæm mass mæs
Ре

Λcut kΛt bud bΛd bun bΛn bus bΛs

o
pot pot cod kod Tom tom loss los

u
put put wood wud pull pul push puS

Exercise 2 Identification

64
 Write the symbol for the vowel you hear in each word. (1…10)
Check your answers.

Exercise 3 Production
When you hear the number, pronounce the word (which is given in
spelling and in phonetic symbols). Repeat the correct pronunciation
when you hear it. Example: 1. ―mad‖

У
1 mad mæd 7 put put
2 mud mΛd 8 pot pot

ВГ
3 bit bit 9 men men

4 bet bet 10 man mæn

5 cut kΛt 11 fun fΛn
6 cot kΛt 12 fan fæn

й
Exercise 4 Short vowels contrasted
ри
Listen and repeat (words given in spelling):
i and e e and æ æ and Λ
bit bet hem ham lack luck
о
tin ten set sat bad bud
fill fell peck pack fan fun
ит

built belt send sand stamp stump

lift left wreck rack flash flush
Λ and o o and u
з

dug dog lock look

cup cop cod could
по

rub rob pot put

stuck stock shock shook
luck lock crock crook
Ре

Audio Unit 2 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs

Long vowels

Exercise 1 Repetition
Listen and repeat:
i:
beat bi:t bead bi:d been bi:n beef bi:f
a:

65
 heart ha:t hard ha:d harm ha:m hearth ha:θ
o:
caught ko:t cord ko:d corn ko:n course ko:s
u
root ru:t rude ru:d room ru:m roof ru:f
ə:
hurt hə:t heard hə:d earn ə:n earth ə:θ

У
Exercise 2 Production
When you hear the number, pronounce the word. Repeat the correct

ВГ
pronunciation when you hear it.
1 heard hə:d 6 heart ha:t
2 been bi:n 7 cord koΛ:d
3 root ru:t 8 beef bi:f
4 hearth ha:θ 9 rude ru:d

й
5 caught ko:t 10 earn ə:n

Exercise 3 Transcription
ри
Write the symbol for the vowel you hear in each word. (1…10)

Check your answers.

о
Exercise 4 Long-short vowel contrasts
Listen and repeat (words given in spelling):
ит

i: and i a: and Λ a: and æ

feel fill calm come part pat
bead bid cart cit lard lad
з

steel still half huff calm Cam

reed rid lark luck heart hat
по

been bin mast must harms hams

o: and o u: and u ə: and Λ
caught cot pool pull hurt hut
Ре

stork stock suit soot turn ton

short shot Luke look curt cut
cord cod wooed wood girl gull
a: and o
dark dock
part pot
lark lock
balm bomb
large lodge

66
 Exercise 5 Transcription
Write the symbol for the vowel (long or short) you hear in each word. (1…10)

Check your answers.

Exercise 6 Repetition
Listen and repeat making sure that the second part of the diphthong is weak.

У
ei

ВГ
mate meit made meid main meim mace meis
ai
right rait ride raid rhyme raim rice rais
oi
quoit koit buoyed boid Boyne boin Royce rois
au

й
gout gaut loud laud gown gaun louse laus
iə
ри
feared fiəd Ian iən fierce fiəs
eə
cared keəd cairn keən scarce skeəs
uə
о
moored muəd fuel fjuəl
ит

Exercise 7 Transcription
Write the symbol for the diphthong you hear in each word. (1…12)

Check your answers.

з

Triphthongs
по

Exercise 8 Repetition
Listen and repeat:
eiə layer leiə əuə lower ləuə
aiə liar laiə auə tower tauə
Ре

oiə loyal loiəl

Audio Unit 3 Plosives

Exercise 1 Repetition of initial plosives

INITIAL FORTIS p, t, k
Each word begins with a fortis plosive; notice that the plosive is
aspirated. Listen and repeat:

67
 paw po: care keə
tea ti: two tu:
car ka: key ki:
pie pai tar ta:
toe təu pay pei

INITIAL LENIS b, d, g

У
Each word begins with a lenis plosive; notice that there is practically no
voicing of the plosive. Listen and repeat:

ВГ
bee bi: gear giə
door do: boy boi
go gəu dear diə
bear beə bough bau
do du: day dei

INITIAL sp, st, sk

й
ри
The plosive must be unaspirated. Listen and repeat:
spy spai score sko:
store sto: spear spiə
ski ski: stay stei
о
spare speə sky skai
steer stiə spar spa:
ит

Exercise 2 Repetition of final plosives

In the pairs of words on this exercise one word ends with a fortis plosive
and the other ends with a lenis plosive. Notice the length difference in
з

the vowel. Listen to each pair and repeat:

по

FORTIS FOLLOWED BY LENIS

mate made meit meid
rope robe roup roub
Ре

leak league li:k li:g

cart card ka:t ka:d
back bag bæk bæg

LENIS FOLLOWED BY FORTIS

code coat koud kout
bid bit bid bit
lobe lope loub loup
heard hurt hə:d hə:t

68
 brogue broke broug brouk

Exercise 3 Identification of final plosives

You will hear the twenty words of Exercise 2. Each will be one of a pair.
You must choose whether the word is the one ending with a fortis
plosive or the one ending with a lenis plosive; when you hear the word,
say ―fortis‖ if you heard the word on the left, or ―lenis‖ if you heard the
word on the right. You will then hear the correct answer and the word

У
will by said again for you to repeat.
Example: ―coat‖

ВГ
Fortis Lenis Fortis Lenis
coat kəut code kəod mate meit made meid
leak li:k league li:g coat kəut code kəud
hurt hə:t heard hə:d leak li:k league li:g
bit bit bid bid rope rəup robe rəub

й
mate meit made meid hurt hə:t heard hə:d
lope ləup lobe ləub broke brəuk brogue brəug
back bæk
ри
bag bæg lope ləup lobe ləub
cart ka:t card ka:d bit bit bid bid
broke brəuk brogue brəug back bæk bag bæg
rope rəup robe rəub cart ka:t card ka:d
о
Each of the words which follow ends with a plosive. Write the symbol
ит

for each plosive when you hear the word. Each will be said twice.
(1…10)

Check your answers.

з

Exercise 4 Repetition of words containing plosives

по

The following words contain several plosives. They are given in spelling
and in transcription. Listen and repeat:

potato pəteitəu carpeted ka:pitid

Ре

topic topik bodyguard bodiga:d

petticoat petikəut tobacco təbækəu
partake pa:teik doubted dautid
cupboard kΛbəd decode di:kəud
decapitated dekæpiteitid bigoted bigətid
pocket pokit about əbaut

Exercise 5 Reading of words in transcription

69
 When you hear the number, pronounce the word given in transcription
taking care to pronounce the plosives correctly and putting the strongest
stress on the syllable preceded by the stress mark. You will then hear the
correct pronunciation which you should repeat.

1 di'beit 6 'ga:did
2 'kopid 7 'dediketid
3 'bΛtəkΛp 8 'pædək

У
4 'kuku: 9 bu:'ti:k
5 di'keid 10 'æpitait

ВГ
Audio Unit 4 Revision

й
Exercise 1 Vowels and diphthongs
Listen and repeat (words given in spelling):
ри
a: and ə: ei and e ai and a:
barn burn fade fed life laugh
are err sale sell tight tart
о
fast first laid led pike park
cart curt paste pest hide hard
ит

lark lurk late let spike spark

oi and o: əu and o: iə and i

toy tore phone fawn fear fee
з

coin corn boat bought beard bead

boil ball code cord mere me
по

boy bore stoke stork steered steed

foil fall bowl ball peer pea

eə and ei eə and iə uə and o:

Ре

dare day fare fear poor paw

stared stayed pair pier sure shore
pairs pays stare steer moor more
hair hay air ear dour door
mare may snare sneer tour tore

Exercise 2 Triphthongs
Listen and repeat:

70
 eiə player pleiə
aiə tyre taiə
oiə loal loiəl
əuə mower məuə
auə shower Sauə

Exercise 3 Transcription of words

You should now be able to recognise all the vowels, diphthongs and

У
triphthongs of English, and all the plosives. In the next exercise you will
hear one-syllable English words composed of these sounds. Each word

ВГ
will be said twice. You must transcribe these words using the phonetic
symbols that you have learned in the first three chapters. When you hear
the word, write it with phonetic symbols. (1…20) Now check your
answers.
Exercise 4 Production
The following are all English words; they are given only in phonemic

й
transcription. When you hear the number you should say the word; you
will then hear the correct pronunciation, which you should repeat. If you
ри
want to see how these words are spelt when you have finished the
exercise, you will find them in the answers section.

1 ki:p 11 dok
о
2 bəut 12 kəup
3 kΛp 13 dog
ит

4 də:t 14 kauəd
5 baik 15 beik
6 kæb 16 taid
7 geit 17 biəd
з

8 keəd 18 pot
9 taiəd 19 bog
по

10 bo:d 20 daut

Exercise 5 Fortis/lenis discrimination

When you hear the word, say ―fortis‖ if you hear it as ending with a
Ре

fortis consonant, and ―lenis‖ if you hear it as ending with a lenis

consonant. You will then hear the correct answer and the word will be
said again for you to repeat.

Fortis Lenis
1 right rait ride raid
2 bat bæt bad bæd
3 bet bet bed bed
4 leak li:k league li:g

71
 5 feet fi:t feed fi:d
6 right rait ride faid
7 tack tæk tag tæg
8 rope rəup robe rəub
9 mate meit made meid
10 beat bi:t bead bi:d

Audio Unit 5 Fricatives and affricates

У
Exercise 1 Repetition of words containing fricatives

ВГ
Listen and repeat (words given in spelling and transcription):

f fin fin offer ofə laugh la:f

v vat væt over əuvə leave li:v
θ thing θiŋ method meθəd breath breθ
ð these ði:z other Λðə breathe bri:ð

й
s sad sæd lesser lesə moss mos
z zoo zu: lazy leizi lose lu:z
ри
S show Səu washing woSiŋ rush rΛS
measure mezə rogue ru:z
h hot hot beehive bi:haiv
о
Exercise 2 Identification
Write the symbol for the fricative you hear in each word.
ит

a) initial position: (1…5)

b) medial position (6…10)
c) final position (11…15)
з

Now check your answers.

по

Exercise 3 Production
When you hear the number, pronounce the word, giving particular
attention to the fricatives. You will then hear the correct pronunciation,
which hyou should repeat.
Ре

1 ði:z these 6 fifθ fifth

2 feiθ faith 7 Sivəz shivers
3 heðe heather 8 biheiv behave
4 si:So: seashore 9 si:zə seizure
5 feðez feathers 10 læSiz lashes

Exercise 4 Repetition of fricative and affricate pairs

Listen and repeat:

72
 a) Initial S and tS
Sop tSop (shop, chop)
Si:t tSi:t (sheet, cheat)
Su:z tSu:z (shoes, choose)
b) Medial S and tS
li:Siz li:tSiz (leashes, leaches)
woSiŋ wotSiŋ (washing, watching)
bæSiz bætSiz (bashes, batches)

У
c) Final S and tS
mæS mætS (mash, match)

ВГ
kæS kætS (cash, catch)
wiS witS (wish, witch)
d) Medial z and dz
lezə ledzə (leisure, ledger)
plezə pledzə (pleasure, pledger)
li:zən li:dzən (lesion, legion)

й
Exercise 5 Discrimination between fricatives and affricates
You will hear some of the words of Exercise 4. When you hear the word,
ри
say ―A‖ if you hear the word on the left, or ―B‖ if you hear the word on
the right. You will then hear the correct answer and the word will be said
again for you to repeat.
о
A B
Sop tSop
ит

kæS kætS
woSiŋ wotSiŋ
Su:z tSu:z
li:zən li:dzən
з

bæSiz bætSiz
по

Si:t tSi:t
leSə ledzə
li:Siz li:tSiz
wiS witS
Ре

plezə pledzə
mæS mætS

Audio Unit 6 Further consonants

Exercise 1 Repetition of words containing a velar nasal

Listen and repeat; take care not to pronounce a plosive after the velar nasal.

73
 hæŋ hæŋə
siŋiŋ rΛŋ
roŋ bæŋiŋ
θiŋ riŋ

Exercise 2 ŋ with and without g

WORDS OF ONE MORPHEME

У
Listen and repeat:

ВГ
fiŋgə finger
æŋgə anger
bæŋgə Bangor
hΛŋgə hunger
æŋgl angle
WORDS OF TWO MORPHEMES

й
Listen and repeat:
siŋə
ри singer
hæŋə hanger
loŋiŋ longing
riŋiŋ ringing
bæŋə banger
о
Exercise 3 “Clear” and “dark”1
ит

―CLEAR 1‖ BEFORE VOWELS

Listen and repeat:
з

lai lie ləu low

lu:s loose laud loud
по

li:k leak lo: law

―DARK 1‖ BEFORE PAUSE

Listen and repeat:
Ре

fil fill peil pale

bel bell mail mile
ni:l kneel kil kell

―DARK 1‖ BEFORE CONSONANTS

Listen and repeat:
help help field failed
filθ filth milk milk

74
 belt belt wilS Wilsh

Exercise 4 The consonant r

Listen and repeat, concentrating on not allowing the tongue to make
contact with the roof of the mouth in pronouncing this consonant:
eəriŋ airing reərə rarer
ri:rait rewrite heriŋ herring

У
terərist terrorist mirə mirror
ærəu arrow ro:riŋ roaring

ВГ
Exercise 5 The consonants j and w
Listen and repeat:
ju: you wei way
jo:n jawn wo: war

й
jiə year win win
juə your weə wear
ри
Exercise 6 Dictation of words
When you hear the word, write it down using phonemic symbols. Each
word will be said two times; you should pause your CD or tape if you
need more time for writing.
о
(1…12)
ит

Audio Unit 7 Consonant clusters

Exercise 1Devoicing of l, r, w, j
з

When l, r, w, j follow p, t or k in syllable-initial position they are

по

produced as voiceless, slightly fricative sounds.

Listen and repeat:

plei play trei tray kliə clear

Ре

prei pray twin twin krai cry

pju: pew tju:n tune kju: queue

Exercise 2 Repetition of initial clusters

TWO CONSONANTS
Listen and repeat:

spot spot plau plough

75
 stəun stone twist twist
skeit skate kri:m cream
sfiə sphere pjuə pure
smail smile fleim flame
snəu snow Sriŋk shrink
slæm slam vju: view
switS switch θwo:t thwart

У
THREE CONSONANTS
Listen and repeat:

ВГ
splei splay strei stray skru: screw
sprei spray stju: stew skwoS squash
spju: spew skju: skew

Exercise 3 Final plosive-plus-plosive clusters

й
a) When one plosive is followed by another at the end of a syllable, the
second plosive is usually the only one that can be clearly heard. In this
ри
exercise, take care not to make an audible release of the first plosive.
Listen and repeat:
pækt packed rigd rigged
о
bægd bagged dΛkt duct
dropt dropped lept leapt
ит

robd robbed græbd grabbed

b) It is difficult to hear the difference between, for example, ―dropped
back‖ and ―drop back‖, since in the normal pronunciation only
the last plosive of the cluster (the b of bæk) is audibly released. The
з

main difference is that the three-consonant cluster is longer.

по

A B
græbd bəuθ grabbed both græb bəuθ grab both
laikt ðəm liked them laik ðəm like them
hopt bæk hopped back hop bæk hop back
Ре

lokt fo:wəd looked forward lok fo:wəd look forward

pegd daun pegged down peg daun peg down
wipt kri:m whipped cream wip kri:m whip cream

Exercise 4 Recognition
Look at the items of Exercise 3(b) above. When you hear one of them,
say ―A‖ if you hear an item from the left-hand column, or ―B‖ if you
hear one from the right-hand column. You will then hear the correct
answer and the item will be said again for you to repeat.

76
 (1…6)

Exercise 5 Final clusters of three and four consonants

Listen and repeat:

helps helps nekst next

siksθ sixth reindЗd ranged
θæŋkt thanked risks risks

У
edЗd edged ri:tSt reached
twelfθ twelfths teksts texts

ВГ
Exercise 6 Pronouncing consonant clusters
When you hear the number, say the word. You will then hear the correct
pronunciation which you should repeat.
1 skreipt 5 krΛntSt
2 grΛdЗd 6 θrəunz

й
3 kləuðz 7 plΛndЗd
4 skripts 8 kwentS
ри
Audio Unit 8 Weak syllables

Exercise 1 ― Schwa‖ ə
о
TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS WITH WEAK FIRST SYLLABLE AND
STRESS ON THE SECOND SYLLABLE
ит

Listen and repeat:

Weak syllable spelt ―a‖
about ə'baut ahead ə 'hed again ə'gen
з

Spelt ―o‖
obtuse əb'tju:s oppose ə'pəuz offend ə'fend
по

Spelt ―u‖
suppose sə'peuz support sə'po:t suggest sə'dЗest
Spelt ―er‖
perhaps pə'hæps per cent pə'sent perceive pə'si:v
Ре

Spelt ―ur‖
survive sə'vaiv surprise sə'praiz survey (verb) sə'vei

TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS WITH WEAK SECOND SYLLABLE

AND STRESS ON THE FIRST SYLLABLE
Listen and repeat:
Weak syllable spelt ―a
ballad 'bæləd Alan 'ælən necklace 'nekləs
Spelt ―o‖

77
 melon 'melən paddock 'pædək purpose 'pə:pəs
Spelt ―e‖
hundred 'hΛndrəd sullen 'sΛlən open 'əupən
Spelt ―u‖
circus 'sə:kəs Autumn 'o:təm album 'ælbəm
Spelt ―ar‖
tankard 'tæŋkəd custard 'kΛstəd standard 'stændəd
Spelt ―or‖

У
juror 'djuərə major 'meidзə manor 'mænə
Spelt ―er‖

ВГ
longer 'loŋgə eastern 'i:stən mother 'mΛðə
Spelt ―ure‖
nature 'neitSə posture 'postSə creature 'kri:tSə
Spelt ―ous‖
ferrous 'ferəs vicious 'viSəs gracious 'greiSəs
Spelt ―uogh‖

й
thorough 'θΛrə borough 'bΛrə
Spelt ―our‖
ри
saviour 'seivjə succour 'sΛkə colour 'kΛlə

THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS WITH WEAK SECOND SYLLABLE

о
AND STRESS ON THE FIRST SYLLABLE
Listen and repeat:
ит

Weak syllable spelt ―a‖

workaday 'wə:kədei roundabout 'raundəbaut
Spelt ―o‖
з

customer 'kΛstəmə pantomime 'pæntəmaim

Spelt ―u‖
по

perjury 'pə:dзəri venturer 'ventзərə

Spelt ―ar‖
standardize 'stændədaiz jeopardy 'dзepədi
Spelt ―er‖
Ре

wonderland 'wΛndəlænd yesterday 'jestədei

WEAK INITIAL SYLLABLES

Listen and repeat:
excite 'ik'sait resume ri'zju:m
exist ig'st relate ri'leit
inane i'nein effect i'fekt
device di'vais ellipse i'lips

78
 WEAK FINAL SYLLABLES
Listen and repeat:
city 'siti many 'meni
funny 'fΛni lazy 'leizi
easy 'i:zi only 'əunli
busy 'bizi lady 'leidi

У
Exercise 3 Syllabic 1
Listen and repeat:

ВГ
bottle 'botl bottled 'botld bottling 'b?tliŋ
muddle 'mΛdl muddled 'mΛdld muddlilng 'mΛdliŋ
tunnel 'tΛnl tunnelled 'tΛnld tunnelling 'tΛnliŋ

Exercise 4 Syllabic n

й
Listen and repeat: ри
burden 'bə:dn burdened 'bə:dnd burdening 'bə:dniŋ
frighten 'fraitn frightened 'fraitnd frightening 'fraitniŋ
listen 'lisn listened 'lisnd listening 'lisn
о
Exercise 5 Transcription
Transcribe the following words when you hear them, giving particular
attention to the weak syllables. Each word will be said twice. If you need
ит

more time for writing, pause your CD or tape and restart it when you are
ready for the next word.
(1…10)
з

Now check your answers.

по

Audio Unit 9 Word stress

Ре

Exercise 1 Stress marking

When you hear the word, repeat it, then place a stress mark (') before the
stressed syllable.

enimi enemy səbtrækt subtract

kəlekt collect elifənt elephant
kæpitl capital əbzə:və observer
ka:neiSn carnation profit profit
pærədais paradise entətein entertain

79
 Now check your marking with the correct version.

Exercise 2 Pronouncing from transcription

The following are British place names. When you hear the number,
pronounce them with the stress as marked. You will then hear the correct
pronunciation, which you should repeat.

1 '?rə?zbri 6 'bə:miŋəm

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2 p?l'perə? 7 no:'æmptən
3 æbə'di:n 8 dΛn'di:

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4 w?lvə'hæmptən 9 'kæntəbri
5 æbə'ristwəθ 10 'beiziŋstəuk

Exercise 3 Placing stress on verbs, adjectives and nouns

When you hear the number, pronounce the word with the appropriate stress.

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You will then hear the correct pronunciation, which you should repeat.
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TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS
verbs
1 disi:v deceive 6 əbзekt object
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2 Sa:pən sharpen 7 koŋkə conquer
3 kəlekt collect 8 riko:d record
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4 prənauns pronounce 9 polliS polish

5 kopi copy 10 dipend depend
adjectives
6 jeləu yellow
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1 i:zi easy
2 kəmpli:t complete 7 ə:li early
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3 meidзə major 8 səblaim sublime

4 ələгn alone 9 hevi heavy
5 biləu below 10 əlaiv alive
nouns
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1 biSəp bishop 6 ofis office

2 æspekt aspect 7 ərei array
3 əfeə affair 8 pətrəul patrol
4 ka:pit carpet 9 dentist dentist
5 difi:t defeat 10 o:təm Autumn

THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS
verbs

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 1 entətein entertain 6 ilisit elilcit
2 rezərekt 7 koməndiə commandeer
3 əbændən abandon 8 imædзin imagine
4 dilivə deliver 9 ditз:min determine
5 intərΛpt interrupt 10 sepəreit separate
adjectives
1 impo:tnt important 6 inslənt insolent

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2 ino:məs enormous 7 fæntæstik fantastic
3 derilikt derelict 8 negətiv negative

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4 desiml decimal 9 ækjərət accurate
nouns
1 fə:nitSə furniture 6 kəθi:drəl cathedral
2 diza:stə disaster 7 holəko:st holocaust
3 disaipl disciple 8 trænzistə transistor

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4 æmbjələns ambulance 9 æksidnt accident
5 kwontiti quantity 10 təma:təu tomato
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Audio Unit 10 Complex word stress

Exercise 1 Stress-carrying suffixes

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When you hear the number, pronounce the word with stress on the suffix.
You will then hear the correct pronunciation which you should repeat.
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1 -ain: entertain entə'tein 4 - ese: Portuguese po:tSə'gi:z

2 -ee: refugee refju'dзi: 5 –ette: cigarette sigə'ret
3 –err: mountaineer 6 –esque: picturesque
maunti'niə piktSə'resk
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When you hear the stem word, say the word with the given suffix,
putting the stress on than suffix. In these examples, a secondary stress
comes on the penultimate syllable of the stem.
employ +- ee absent + -ee
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engine +- eer profit +-eer

Sudan + - ette statue + - ette (statuette)

Exercise 2 Neutral suffixes

When you hear the stem word, add the suffix, without changing the stress.
comfort + - able power + - less
anchor + - age hurried + - ly
refuse + al (refusal) punish + - ment

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 wide + - en (widen) yellow + - ness
wonder + - ful poison + - ous
amaze + - ing (amazing) glory + - fy (glorify)
devil + - ish other + - wise
bird + - like fun + - y (funny)

Exercise 3 Stress-moving suffixes

When you hear the stem word, say it with the suffix added and put the

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stress on the last syllable of the stem.

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advantage + - ous injure + - ious (injurious)
photo + - graphy tranquil + - ity (tranquillity)
proverb + - ial hurried + ly
climate + - ic (climatic) reflex + - ive
embryo + - logy
Exercise 4 Compound words

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When you hear the number, say the item.
a) First element adjectival, stress on second element.
1 loudspeaker
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2 bad-tempered 5 three-wheeler
3 headquarters
b) First element nominal, stress on first element.
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1 typewriter 3 sunrise 5 tea-cup
2 car-ferry 4 suitcase
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c) Mixture of type (a) and (b)

1 long-suffering 4 red-blooded
2 gunman 5 gear-box
3 shoelace 6 overweight
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Exercise 5 Word-class pairs

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You will hear the number of the item and its word-class. Stress the second
syllable if it is a verb; stress the first syllable if it is a noun or adjective.
1 abstract (Adjective) 10 object (Noun)
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2 conduct (Verb) 11 perfect (Adjective)

3 contract (Noun) 12 permit (Verb)
4 contrast (Verb) 13 present (Adjective)
5 desert (Noun) 14 produce (Verb)
6 escort (Noun) 15 protest (Noun)
7 export (Verb) 16 rebel (Verb)
8 import (Noun) 17 record (Noun)
9 insult (Verb) 18 subject (Noun)

Audio Unit 11 Weak forms

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 Exercise 1 Sentences for repetition
Listen and repeat:
'We can 'wait for the 'bus wi kən 'weit fə ðə 'bΛs
'How do the 'lights 'work 'hau də ðə 'laits 'wə:k
There are some 'new 'books I must 'read ðə ə səm 'nju: 'buks ai məs 'ri:d
She 'took her 'aunt for a 'drive Si 'tuk ər 'a:nt fər ə 'draiv

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The 'basket was 'full of 'things to 'eat ðə 'ba:skit wəz 'ful əv θiŋz tu 'i:t
'Why should a 'man 'earn 'more than a 'woman?

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'Wai Səd ə mæn 'ə:n 'mo: ðən ə 'wumən
You 'ought to 'have your 'own 'car
ju 'o:t tə 'hæv jər 'əun 'ka:
He 'wants to 'come and 'see us at 'home
hi 'wonts tə 'kΛm ən 'si: əs ət 'həum
'Have you 'taken them from 'that 'box?

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'hæv jər 'əun 'ka:
He 'wants to 'come and 'see us at 'home
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hi 'wonts tə 'kΛm ən 'si: əs ət 'həum
'Have you 'taken them from 'that 'box?
'hæv ju 'teikən ðəm frəm 'ðæt 'boks
It's 'true than he was 'late, but his 'car could have 'broken 'down
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its 'tru: ðət I wəz 'leit bət iz 'ka: kəd əv 'brəukən 'daun
I shall 'take as 'much as I 'want
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ai Sl 'teik əz 'mΛtS əz ai 'wont

'Why am I 'too 'late to 'see him to'day?
'wai əm ai 'tu: 'leit tə 'si: im tə'dei
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Exercise 2 Weak forms with pre-vocalic and pre-consonantal forms

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DIFFERENT VOWELS
When you hear the number, say the phrase, using the appropriate weak form:

the 1 the apple ði æpl 2 the pear ðə peə

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to 3 to Edinburgh tu ednbrə 4 to Leeds tə li:dz

do 5 so do I səu du ai 6 so do they səu də ðei

LINKING CONSONANT
a/an 7 an ear ən iə 8 a foot ə fut
(the other words in this section have ―linking r‖.)
her 9 Her eyes hər aiz 10 her nose hə nəuz
your 11 your uncle jər Λŋkl 12 your friend jə frend
for 13 for Alan fər ælən 14 for Mike fə maik

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 there 15 there aren't ðər a:nt 16 there couldn't ðə kudnt
are 17 these are ours ði:z ər auəz 18 these are mine ði:z ə main
were 19 you were out ju: wər aut 20 you were there ju: wə ðeə

Exercise 3 Transcription
Write the following sentences in transcription, taking care to give the
correct weak forms.

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1 'Leave the 'rest of the 'food for 'lunch
2 'Aren't there some 'letters for her to 'open?

ВГ
3 'Where do the 'eggs come from?
4 'Read his 'book and 'write some 'notes
5 At 'least we can 'try and 'help

Exercise 4 Pronunciation of weak forms

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This exercise uses the sentences of Exercise 3. When you hear the
number, say the sentence, giving particular attention to the weak forms.
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(1…5)

Audio Unit 12 Revision

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Exercise 1 Reading unfamiliar words from transcription
The following are British place names written in transcription. When you hear
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the number, say the word, making sure that the stress is correctly placed. You
will then hear the correct pronunciation, which you should repeat.
1 'kəultSistə 6 hΛli'hed
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2 ka:'lail 7 'fræmliŋəm
3 'herifəd 8 sauθ'end
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4 'sk?nθo:p 9 'tSeltnəm
5 glə'mo:gən 10 mvə'nes

Exercise 2 Transcription of unfamiliar words

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The following are also place names. Each will be said twice; write what
you hear in transcription, including stress marks.
(1…10)

Exercise 3 Stress placement in sentences

Put a stress mark ' before each syllable you would expect to be stressed in
the following sentences. For example, given the sentence ―I think I'll be
late for work' you should mark the words 'think', 'late' and 'work' like this:
I 'think Ill be 'late for 'work

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 1 James decided to type the letter himself
2 The plane was approaching the runway at high speed
3 Try to see the other person‘s point of view
4 You put your brakes on when the light turns to red
5 In a short time the house was full of children

Exercise 4 Pronunciation of stressed syllables

У
When you hear the number, say the sentence from the list in Exercise 3
taking care to stress the correct syllables. You will then hear the correct

ВГ
version, which you should repeat.
(1…5)

Exercise 5 Weak forms

In the following sentences, those words which are not stressed must be
pronounced in their weak forms. When you hear the number, say the sentence:

й
1 'Here‘s a 'present for your 'brother
2 'These are 'all 'pictures that are 'left
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3 There 'could be a 'bit of 'rain at the 'end of the 'morning
4 A 'few 'people 'asked him a 'question
5 Col'lect your 'luggage be'fore 'leaving the 'train

Audio Unit 13 Elisions

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Read this before starting this exercise
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This Audio Unit gives you practice in recognising places where

elision occurs in natural speech (i.e. where one or more phonemes which
would be pronounced in careful speech are not pronounced). The
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examples are extracted from dialogues between speakers who are

discussing differences between two similar pictures. Each extract is
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given three times. You must transcribe each item, using phonemic
symbols so that the elision can be seen in the transcription. For example,
if you heard ―sixth time‖ pronounced without the θ fricative at the end of
the first word you would write siks taim, and the elision would be
clearly indicated in this way. You can use the h symbol to indicate a
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devoiced weak vowel, as in 'potato' phteitə.

You will probably need to pause your CD or tape to give yourself
more time to write the transcription.

ONE ELISION

1 a beautiful girl
2 we seem to have a definite one there
3 could it be a stool rather than a table

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 4 a fifth in
5 any peculiarities about that
6 and how many stripes on yours
7 well it appears to button up its got three
8 or the what do you call it the sill

TWO ELISIONS

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9 by column into columns all right
10 diamond shaped patch

ВГ
11 and I should think from experience of kitchen knives
12 what shall we do next go down

THREE ELISIONS

13 the top of the bottle is projecting outwards into the room

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риБИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

1. Леонтьева С.Ф. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка – М.:

Высшая школа, 1980.
2. W. Stannard Allen. Living English Speech – Longmans – 1967.
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3. Peter Roach. English Phonetics and Phonology. A practical course.
Third edition – Cambridge University Press – 2000.
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 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Предисловие ……………………………………………………….…. 3
I. The Subject-Matter of Phonetics ……………………………..…… 4
II. Sounds of speech as acoustic and articulatory units …………..…. 10
III. Functional aspect of speech sounds …………………………….... 15

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IV. Articulatory transitions of vowel and consonant phonemes …..… 53

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V. Syllable …………………………………………………….……... 55
VI. Accent ………………………………………………….…….….. 58
VII. Unstressed vocalism ………………………………….….……... 60
VIII. Recorded exercises …………………………….………….…… 63

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Audio Unit 1 English short vowels ……………………………… 64
Audio Unit 2 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs ………… 65
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Audio Unit 3 Plosives …………………………………………….. 67
Audio Unit 4 Revision ……………………………………………. 70
Audio Unit 5 Fricatives and affricates …………………………… 71
Audio Unit 6 Further consonants ………………………………… 73
Audio Unit 7 Consonant clusters …………………………………
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75
Audio Unit 8 Weak syllables …………………………………….. 77
Audio Unit 9 Word stress …………………………………………
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Audio Unit 10 Complex word stress ……………………………... 81
Audio Unit 11 Weak forms ……………………………………… 82
Audio Unit 12 Revision ………………………………………….. 84
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Audio Unit 13 Elisions …………………………………………… 85

Библиография ………………..……………………………………….
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