1

HELLO!
Спасибо что ты решил обучаться вместе с нами, мы
уверены что тебе у нас понравится. В качестве
небольшого приятного бонуса мы бы хотели
поделится с тобой полезным материалом от нас.
Тут ты найдёшь разные способы как улучшить свои
навыки английского языка, с небольшими
инструкциями, которые могут быть полезными. Все
материалы отбирались тщательно, и если будут
какие-то вопросы, то ты всегда можешь обратиться
к нам.

Надеемся увидеть твои успехи, и не забывай

получать удовольствие от изучения английского,
С любовью команда JSI.

Отсканируй QR - код

2
 Инструкция по
использованию Wordlists.

1. Wordlists – это список основных слов, фраз и

терминов которые должен знать студент по окончанию
уровня. Слова в Wordlists соответствуют словарному
запасу определённого уровня.
2. Знание слов обязательно для эффективного
завершения уровня, но ещё важнее способность их
использовать. Для этого в столбике EXAMPLES вам
необходимо придумывать предложения со словами из
столбика Words. Предложения не должны быть
полностью одинаковыми, должно быть разнообразие.
3. Для того чтобы полностью закончить Wordlist
достаточно писать в среднем 30 предложений в день.
4. Если у вас есть какие-то сомнения насчёт
правильности слова или предложения, то вы всегда
можете спросить у преподавателя этот момент.
5. Если же у вас не хватает времени для изучения
слов, то вместо того чтобы носить с собой
Wordlists вы можете скачать приложение Quizlet
(удобное приложение для изучения новых слов) в
Google Play market (если у вас телефон на системе
Android), либо из AppStore (Если у вас IPhone). Вы
должны зарегистрироваться там как студент. Далее
будет QR-код, просканировав который вам будет
доступен весь список Wordlists, в котором вам
нужно будет изучать Слова вашего уровня.

←Quizlet – Upper-
Intermediate

3
FILE1
Useful words and phrases

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

Someone who is absent-minded often

forgets things or does not pay
absent-minded
attention to what is happening near I'm absent-minded because I'm in love with Sara.
adj
them because they are thinking about
other things.
a particular way of thinking about or
approach n dealing with something We need a fresh approach to sports in education.

Someone who is arrogant thinks they

are better or more important than
arrogant adj other people and behaves in a way I found him arrogant and rude.
that is rude and too confident.

They asked some bizarre questions in the job

bizarre adj Strange and difficult to explain.
interview

One of the people competing in an There are three candidates standing in the
candidate n
election. election.

To happen at the same time as

The arrivals of the boat and the train are
coincide v something else.
supposed to coincide.

the general situation in which

something happens, which helps to These events are meaningless outside their
context n
explain it historical context.

someone who is cruel enjoys causing

Some interviewers can be extremely cruel to
cruel adj pain to other people or animals, or
jobseekers
enjoys making them unhappy or upset

able or likely to kill people

deadly adv This is a potentially deadly disease.

a demanding person needs a lot of

demanding attention and is not easily pleased
Young children can be very demanding.
adj or satisfied

to hate someone or something and have

I despised him for the way he treated his
despise v no respect for them
children.

to damage something so severely that

it no longer exists or can never Half the world’s rainforests have already been
destroy v
return to its normal state destroyed.

to pull something or someone along

drag v with difficulty, for example because She dragged her suitcase down the path.
they are heavy.

easy-going relaxed, calm, and not getting easily

My husband is really easy-going and calm.
adj upset about things

used for emphasizing what is the most

essentially important aspect of something or fact That, essentially, is the difference between
adv about something them.

estate agent someone whose job is to help people

The estate agent showed us around the house.
n buy and sell or rent property.

4
 very great in degree Bungee jumping is an extreme sport – not
extreme adj
everyone would enjoy it

good-tempered pleasant and not easily annoyed or

My mum is very good-tempered.
adj upset

horizontal straight and parallel to the ground

Draw a horizontal line across the page.
adj

to think about something because you

want to know more facts or details
‘How did they find out?’ she wondered.
I wonder about it

the way in which your voice rises or Use friendly intonation when you speak to new
intonation n
falls when you speak people

laid-back calm and relaxed

She’s always so laid-back about everything.
adj

able to be read
The names and dates on the gravestones were no
legible adj
longer legible.

narrow-minded disliking or not interested in ideas The people who live here are judgemental and
adj or cultures different from your own narrow-minded.

unusual or unexpected in a way that

odd adj attracts your interest or attention Harry’s behaviour did seem a little odd.

open-minded
willing to consider new ideas Psychotherapists need to be open-minded.
adj

fairly
pretty adv My TV’s getting pretty old now.

a little too much, or to a degree

rather adv It’s a good essay, but rather long.
that is slightly too great.

to behave in a particular way because

of something that is happening around
react v I wasn’t sure how you would react.
you or something that someone is
doing to you

recruitment A company or organization which finds He works for a recruitment agency as a

agency n people to join them. headhunter

to press and move your hands or an

rub v The boy rubbed his eyes sleepily.
object over a surface

someone whose training, education, or

specialist He works for a specialist company that makes
experience makes them an expert in a
adj luxury chocolates
particular subject

not changing frequently and not

People have become accustomed to a stable
stable adj likely to suddenly become worse
economic situation.

star v To appear or participate in a film He has starred in many successful films.

5
 unusual or unexpected, especially in By a strange coincidence, we were both staying
strange adj
a way that surprises or worries you at the same hotel.

terraced land is on the side of a

hill and is divided into layers that Our house is the middle one of three terraced
terraced adj
look like steps. It is often used for houses
farming or for making a garden
someone who chooses not to eat
anything derived from animals or A vegan doesn’t eat meat, fish, or any animal
vegan n
fish, including eggs, milk, and products.
cheese

a black and yellow flying insect that I was stung by a wasp in a market when I was
wasp n
can sting you six.

strange and unusual, sometimes in a

weird adj I had a weird dream last night.
way that upsets you

made up of various things that form a

well-balanced satisfactory or healthy combination. A reasonable well-balanced approach to the
adj problem of hazardous wastes

More words in File 1

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

the study of the movement of the stars

and planets and how some people think Astrology involves analysing the position of
astrology n
they influence people’s characters and the sun, moon, and stars when someone is born.
lives

an area behind a house covered with a

backyard n There’s a vegetable garden in our backyard
hard brick or stone surface

behaving in a way that shows that you

big-headed
think you are very important or He is such a big-headed man.
adj
intelligent

a set of DVDs containing one or more

series of a TV programme that can be
box set n I always have a Frasier box set on the go.
bought or rented for watching at home

car-jacking a crime in which someone attacks the

Car-jacking is a common crime in this country.
n driver of a car and steals the car.

lacking style or good quality and If something is cheesy it is emotional or

cheesy adj
slightly silly romantic in an embarrassing way.

used for describing someone who says

clairvoyant that they know what will happen in the My great-aunt was a clairvoyant and could
n future, or that they can communicate predict the future
with the spirits of dead people

to make someone feel disappointed,

crush v He would be crushed by another rejection.
embarrassed, or upset

a large frightening animal that lived

dinosaur n a very long time ago but is now Tyrannosaurus rex was the fiercest dinosaur.
extinct

disheartened no longer confident or enthusiastic Don’t get disheartened if you fail your driving
adj about something test the first time

6
 an extensive range of awards for
Emmy n artistic and technical merit in United She won an Emmy Award for her role in Mad Men
States television.

when a type of plant or animal

These unique plants evolved undisturbed for
evolve v evolves, its physical form changes
millions of years
over a long period of time.

to become larger in size and fill more

The water froze inside the pipe, causing it to
expand v space
expand and burst.

faith healer someone who uses prayer to make ill She visited a faith healer to try and help her
n people well with her problems

a single fast movement of something in

flap v Flap your arms and you will look like a chicken
the air, for example a bird’s wings

feeling confused, embarrassed, or

nervous, especially because you have
flustered She arrived at the interview late, flustered,
too much to do or too little time to
adj and hot.
do something

someone who looks at your hand, a

fortune special set of cards etc in order to
I don’t believe in fortune telling.
telling n tell you what is going to happen to
you in the future.

the activity of going out in the

go clubbing
evenings to dance and drink in clubs We go clubbing every weekend.
v

the science of studying people’s

Graphology is when you analyse someone’s
graphology n handwriting in order to learn about
personality based on their handwriting.
their character

a person or company who searches for

A headhunter finds people with the necessary
good staff and tries to persuade them
headhunter n skills to work for a
to leave their jobs and go to work for
company.
another company
to translate what someone is saying in
one language into another language so I speak Spanish. Would you like me to interpret
interpret v
that someone else can understand it for you?

a climbing plant with white, yellow,

I grew up in Los Angeles and there was always
jasmine n or pink flowers that have a strong
jasmine growing.
smell

used for emphasizing that something is

small or unimportant We need to separate the brilliant candidates
merely adv
This job is merely a way to pay my from the merely very good.
bills.

if someone or something mystifies you,

mystified Investigators are mystified by the crash, which
you cannot understand or explain it
adj claimed 104 lives.

to use something so much that it is no

overuse v Which words or phrases do you most overuse?
longer effective

unable to be explained by science and What connection do the photos have with the
paranormal n
therefore mysterious paranormal?

someone who is psychic has a

mysterious power that lets them know Use your psychic instinct to predict the
psychic adj
what other people are thinking, or future.
what is going to happen to them

too interested in yourself, so that

self-centred She always thinks about herself – she’s so
you do not think about what other
adj self-centred.
people feel or need

7
 a person’s name written in a special
signature n Is this your signature on the letter?
way by that person

Silicon Valley in California is where many of

Silicon an area in California, US, where many
the top technology
Valley n computer companies have their offices
corporations are based.

frightening in a way that makes you

nervous because it involves things I dreamt I saw a ghost last night – it was a
spooky adj
that do not seem natural and cannot be really spooky dream.
explained by science

determined to do something that you

strong-willed My son is strong-willed so it’s difficult to
want to do, even if others do not want
adj stop him doing what he wants.
you to do it

tight-fisted My aunt is really tight-fisted – she never buys

not generous with money
adj Christmas presents.

dishonest about your feelings,

two-faced thoughts, and beliefs, and tending to My boss is so two-faced – he says one thing to
adj tell people whatever you think will me and another behindmy back.
please them

an unidentified flying object: a

Some people think UFOs are a sign of life on
UFO n strange object that flies through the
other planets.
sky that no one can recognize.

a long thin piece of leather with a

handle on one end, used for making
whip n He was carrying a whip in one hand.
horses move faster or for hitting
someone
one of the parts on a bird, insect, or
bat that move up and down and allow it Birds have two wings, but insects have either
wings n pl
to fly. two or four wings.

FILE2
ILLNESSES AND INJURIES

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

(high / low)
the pressure at which blood flows from Blood pressure that is either very high or very
blood
your heart around your body. low can be dangerous to your health.
pressure n

if part of your body aches, you feel a

ache n continuous pain there that is All his limbs ached and he shivered with cold.
unpleasant, but not very strong

a drug that cures illnesses and The doctor gave me an antibiotic for my ear
antibiotic n
infections caused by bacteria. infection.

antihistamine If you have an allergic reaction you should

a drug used to treat an allergy
n take an antihistamine.

antiseptic a cream used for cleaning injured

She cleaned the cut with antiseptic cream.
cream n skin and preventing infections

if you are sick, you do not feel well

be sick v He stayed at home caring for his sick I feel terrible – I think I’m going to be sick.
wife.

to have blood flowing from your body,

A cut finger can sometimes bleed for a long
bleed v for example from a cut
time.
I cut my finger and it’s bleeding.

8
 a swollen area on your skin that is
You will get a blister if you wear shoes that
blister n full of a clear liquid and is caused
are too tight.
by being burned or rubbed

to injure someone or a part of your

burn v Don’t touch that pan – it will burn you.
body with something hot

if you choke, or if something chokes

you, you cannot breathe because there Joe took a bite of the steak and started to
choke v
is not enough air or because something choke.
is blocking your throat

a common infection, especially in the

cold n nose and throat, that causes you to I get at least one cold every winter.
cough and sneeze and your nose to run

to go to a place where someone is,

come round v especially their house, in order to Why don’t you come round after work?
visit them

to force air up through your throat

with a sudden noise, especially when My chest felt painful, and I was coughing
cough n
you have a cold or when you want to uncontrollably.
get someone’s attention

to use a knife, pair of scissors, or

cut v other sharp tool to divide something I’m going to cut the cake now.
into two or more pieces

an illness in which you pass solid

I had diarrhoea last night and had to go to the
diarrhoea n waste from your body too often and in
toilet six times.
a liquid form

feeling as if you or the things around

dizzy adj you are spinning, especially when you I felt dizzy and had to sit down.
think you are going to fall

pain in your ear, usually caused by an

earache n I have an earache and it’s really painful.
infection

Dan suddenly felt faint.

feeling that you are going to become
faint v unconscious

a very common infectious disease that

flu n lasts a short time and makes you feel He’s in bed with flu.
hot or cold, weak, and tired

an illness affecting your stomach,

food I ate some mussels and they gave me food
caused by eating food that contains
poisoning n poisoning.
harmful bacteria

to start to feel happy or well again

It can take weeks to get over an illness like
get over v after something bad has happened to
that.
you

headache n a pain in your head I’ve got a splitting headache.

hurt v to cause physical pain or injury You’re hurting my arm!

Put ice on a black eye to keep the swelling

ice n water that has frozen and become solid
down.

the process of becoming infected with Breast milk can help protect babies against
infection n
a disease infection.

lie down v same as lie Lie down and relax.

9
lose to become unconscious, for example
Call an ambulance – I think he’s going to lose
consciousness because you are ill or have been hit
consciousness.
v on the head

After the operation you will need to take a

painkiller n a medicine that reduces pain
painkiller for a few days.

to suddenly become unconscious, for

pass out v I’m so tired I think I’m going to pass out.
example because you are too hot

a thin piece of cloth or plastic that

plaster n is sticky on one side, and that you My mum put a plaster on my cut.
put on your skin to cover a cut.

an area of small red spots on your

skin, caused by an illness or an
rash n One of the symptoms of measles is a red rash.
allergic reaction to something that
you have touched, eaten etc

to become fit and healthy again after How long does it normally take to recover from
recover v
an illness or injury flu?

to loudly blow air out of your nose in

sneeze v Cat hair makes me sneeze.
a sudden uncontrolled way

sore throat an illness in which your throat I can’t talk too long because I have a sore
n becomes sore and swollen. throat.

to accidentally pour a liquid out of

spill v Be careful with that medicine – don’t spill it.
its container

to turn round and round quickly

spin v I saw the room spin and then I fainted.
The Earth spins on its axis.

to injure a joint such as your wrist

I don’t play tennis because I’m afraid I might
sprain v by suddenly stretching or turning it
sprain my wrist.
too much

stitches n a short piece of thread that you can

I needed stitches for the cut on my head.
pl see on cloth when it has been sewn

stomach ache I’ve eaten too much and now I’ve got stomach
pain in your stomach
n ache.

the condition of having red sore skin

that is caused by staying in the sun Don’t stay out in the sun too long or you will
sunburn n for too long get sunburn.

to make food or drink go from your

swallow v mouth down through your throat and Does it hurt when you swallow food?
into your stomach

to become larger than normal, usually

swell v This bee sting is starting to swell.
because of liquid collecting inside

a small hard round piece of medicine

tablet n Take one tablet before you go to sleep.
that you swallow

temperature a measurement of how hot or how cold a I’ve got a high temperature and I feel
n place or object is. feverish.

if you throw up or throw something up,

A few minutes after drinking the liquid I had
throw up v food and drink comes back up from your
to run to the bathroom and throw up.
stomach and out of your mouth

10
toothache n a pain in one or more of your teeth He’s got really bad toothache.

to force something out of its original

twist v shape by bending it or turning it Watch out – you don’t want to twist your ankle.
round

in a condition similar to sleep in

unconscious which you do not see, feel, or think, She was unconscious but still breathing when
adj usually because you are injured the ambulance arrived.

Some people vomit when they by boat in rough

vomit v Synonym throw up
seas.

СLOTHES

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

printed or woven in a pattern of

checked adj squares I wore a checked shirt to the party.
a red and blue checked shirt
A vest made of cotoon
cotton vest I always wear a cotton vest under my clothes in
n winter.

denim Rucksack made of denim material (jeans

I saved up to buy a denim waistcoat.
rucksack n material)

to put on clothes that are more formal

dress up v I’m going to dress up tonight.
than the clothes you usually wear

someone who always wears whatever is

fashion
considered fashionable, even if it She is a fashion-victim.
victim n
does not suit them

popular at a particular time

fashionable
Gardening has become very fashionable. Long skirts are really fashionable this summer.
adj
fashionable clothes

fashion- very interested in fashion and wanting

I consider myself a very fashion-conscious
conscious to wear fashionable clothes, spend
person
adj time in fashionable places etc

if clothes fit, they are the right

fit v These jeans don’t fit me.
size for you

fur collar n Collar made of fur I love that coat with the fur collar.

to take off the clothes or a piece of

get changed
clothing you are wearing and put on I had a bath and changed my clothes.
v
different ones

get dressed
Put on clothes Get up and get dressed.
v

get undressed
Take off clothes Hurry up and get undressed!
v

11
go out of The red skirts has gone out of fashion a long
Stop being fashionable (in trend)
fashion time ago.

to seem good, natural, or attractive

go with v I don’t think that skirt will go with this top.
in combination with something

to hang a piece of clothing on

hang up v Please hang up your coat.
something

with a hood
hooded adj Lots of teenagers like to wear hooded tops.
a hooded jacket

in (fashion) To be fashionable Birkin bags are in fashion now.

lace top n Top made with lace I wore a black lace top on our first date.

Sandals made from leather

leather He wore brown leather sandals every day on his
sandals n pl holiday.

Suit made from

linen suit n light cloth made from a plant called He wore a beige linen suit at the wedding.
flax

long sleeved Piece of clothes with sleeves covering

I wore a blue long sleeved shirt.
adj the whole arm

loose adj not firmly fixed in position He was wearing a loose linen suit.

Swimsuit made from

lycra light cloth made from artificial
I bought myself a new lycra swimsuit.
swimsuit n fibres that stretches and keeps its
shape

something that is similar to or The curtains look great - they're a perfect

match v
combines well with something else. match for the sofa.

old-fashioned My grandfather always wears very old-fashioned

no longer modern or fashionable
adj clothes

patterned
decorated with a pattern She wore a patterned skirt with flowers on.
adj

simple in design, with no decoration

plain adj I tried on a plain blue top.
a plain wooden table

My teenage brother always looks really scruffy

scruffy adj untidy or dirty
and dirty

Long piece of fabric usually worn on

silk scarf n That’s a beautiful silk scarf.
necks and made of silk

sleeveless
Without sleeves I wore a sleeveless dress to the wedding.
adj

clean and neat in appearance and

You need to look smart when we go out for
smart adj dressed in nice fashionable clothes,
dinner tonight.
especially in a slightly formal way

12
 She wore a pink and white spotted dress to the
spotted adj Covered with spots
party.

Covered with stripes (vertical or I wore a blue and white striped T-shirt on the
striped adj
horizontal lines) beach.

the individual way that someone

style n Good dressers have their own style.
behaves and does things

stylish adj attractive, or well arranged That’s a really stylish dress.

suede boots
Boots made of suede material I bought myself some lovely brown suede boots.
n pl

if a style or something that you wear

suit v Those glasses really suit you.
suits you, it makes you look good

clothes that are tight are close

tight adj She was wearing a tight lycra skirt.
against your body when you wear them

trendy adj Synonym fashionable She always looks really trendy.

A bow made of velvet material

velvet bow n There is a velvet bow tie in my wardrobe.

an opening for the neck in a piece of He always wears a V-neck jumper over his
V-neck adj
clothing, in the shape of a ‘V’ shirts.

A cardigan made of wool (thick hair

wool(len)
that grows on sheep and some other My nan knitted me a blue woollen cardigan.
cardigan n
animals)

Useful words and phrases

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

to give someone permission to do or

allow v I’m sorry, sir, but smoking is not allowed.
have something

alternative something that you can choose instead I used an alternative remedy – a herbal barrier
remedy n of something else cream – to cure my hayfever.

a vehicle for taking people to An ambulance arrived to take the injured people
ambulance n
hospital to hospital.

a drug, usually in the form of a pill,

aspirin n that you take to cure minor pains such I take an aspirin every day.
as headaches

microorganisms (=very small living Some types of bacteria cause diseases and
bacteria n
things) that consist of a single cell. others cause things to decay.

13
 unable to see. Some people prefer to
blind adj Her father is completely blind.
use the expression visually impaired

a medical test in which a small amount

of blood is taken from someone and The doctor sent me for a blood test at the
blood test n
tested to see if it shows any disease, hospital
drugs etc in the body

People broke down and wept when they heard the

break down v to start crying, especially in public
news.

a substance that is found in the blood

and the cells of the body. It can The doctor did a test to find out my
cholesterol n
cause diseases of the heart and the cholesterol level.
arteries if there is too much of it

contact lenses a plastic lens that you wear in your I don’t like wearing glasses so I wear contact
n pl eye to help you see more clearly lenses.

physical harm caused to something so You’ll damage your teeth if you try to open
damage v
that it is broken, spoiled, or injured that bottle with them.

not able to hear anything, or not able

to hear very well.
deaf adj Lots of old people become deaf.

to take action to do something,

deal with v Could you deal with the problems of old age?
especially to solve a problem

The doctor gave me the wrong diagnosis.

a statement about what disease someone
diagnosis n
has, based on examining them

false teeth n My grandmother wears false teeth.

a set of artificial teeth
pl

basic medical treatment given as soon

first aid n Have you ever had to give first aid to anyone?
as someone is injured or becomes ill

to examine or search something very Teenagers often go through a lot of difficult

go through v
carefully times.

artificial hair that you wear on your

grey wig n I wore a grey wig to make myself look older.
head

The number of beats your heart makes

heart rate n She told me that my heart rate was a bit fast.
per particular period of time

if something is hidden, most people do Jones has recently revealed hidden talents as
hidden adj
not know about it or understand it an actor.

a drug or another substance that is

injection n He needs a daily injection of insulin
injected into your body

life-
likely to cause someone to die I convinced myself that I had a life-
threatening
a life-threatening disease threatening illness.
adj

relating to medicine and the treatment They are demanding more funding for medical
medical adj
of injuries and diseases facilities.

a substance that you take to treat an

medicine n illness, especially a liquid that you You haven’t taken your medicine yet.
drink

14
miracle cure A medicine that can treat you from any Some homeopathic remedies claim to be a miracle
n disease cure.

the process of cutting into someone’s

operation n Have you ever had an operation?
body for medical reasons

a drug, usually in the form of pills, I took some paracetamol to get rid of my
paracetamol n
that you take to cure minor pains. headache.

the regular movement of blood as the

pulse n She felt his wrist, checking for a pulse.
heart pumps it round the body

to advise someone that they should do

I recommend that you buy a more powerful
recommend v something
computer.
recommend (that):
the purpose or influence of someone or
something in a particular situation
role n It’s not my to tell the politicians what to do.

medical treatment in which a doctor

surgery n He had to undergo heart bypass surgery.
cuts open someone’s body

symptom n a sign that someone has an illness The symptoms include fever and vomiting.

to use medicine or medical methods to Vitamin deficiency can be properly diagnosed

treat v
cure a patient or an illness and treated by a doctor.

like most people or things of the same

typical adj It’s a typical working-class community.
type

under the if a person is under the weather, they I’ve been feeling a bit under the weather this
weather do not feel well week.

a simple living thing that is smaller

Malaria is caused by a virus carried by
virus n than bacteria and that can enter your
mosquitos.
body and make you ill.

an injury in which your skin or flesh

He suffered serious wounds to his back and
wound n is damaged, usually seriously. When a
stomach.
wound gets better it heals

skin that is wrinkled has a lot of

wrinkled adj That old lady has really wrinkled skin.
small lines on it

a type of radiation that is used for

He had an X-ray to see if he had broken his
X-ray n looking inside things, for example
leg.
your body or a suitcase at an airport

A&E (Accident
the accident and emergency department
and Emergency) They sent me to A&E for some tests.
of a hospital
n

used for emphasizing what is really I need to talk to the person who actually made
actually adv
true or what really happened the application.

adventurous He’s much more adventurous than his younger

keen to try new or exciting things
adj brother.

I hardly know anyone in the village apart from

apart from except for someone or something
William and you.

15
 to believe that something is true, Everyone accepted she was telling the truth,
assume v even though no one has told you or although in fact this was quite a lot to
even though you have no proof assume.

to say officially that people must not

ban v do, sell, or use something The book was banned from school libraries.

a type of light jacket that is often

worn as part of a uniform, for example
blazer n He always wears a blazer over his shirt.
by schoolchildren or members of a
sports club

trousers made from thick strong cotton

chinos n pl Those blue chinos look great on you.
cloth

material used for making clothes,

cloth n curtains etc that is made by weaving Use a piece of clean cloth as a bandage.
fibres together

a clumsy person moves in a way that is

clumsy adj I’m so clumsy – I’m always breaking things.
not careful or graceful, and breaks
things or knocks against them
a spoken or written statement in which
you admit that you have committed a Higgs later made a full confession to the
confession n crime police.

to obey something such as a rule or

All fireworks must conform to British safety
conform v law
standards.
conform to/with

something that makes you feel less It was some consolation to know that no one
consolation n
unhappy or disappointed else had passed the test.

to put one thing over another, in

cover v Cover the food until you are ready to eat it.
order to protect or hide it

to make something new or original that Did you create this report using information
create v
did not exist before from the internet?

someone who repeatedly checks symptoms The study points out that some so-called
cyberchondriac
of real or imagined illnesses on the cyberchondriacs get trapped in a cycle of
n
internet anxiety.

to begin to be affected by a disease She died two years after first developing the
develop v
or medical condition illness.

to treat someone unfairly because of

discriminate Employers are not allowed to discriminate on
their religion, race, or other
v the basis of gender.
personal features

a film or television programme that

She made a two-part documentary about the war
documentary n deals with real people and events
in Kosovo.
documentary about/on

relating to the Netherlands, or to the

I had a wonderful Dutch cheese when I was in
Dutch adj language and culture of the
Amsterdam.
Netherlands

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple

test that can be used to check your
ECG machine n What if the ECG machine was faulty?
heart's rhythm and electrical
activity.

An elderly gentleman was standing at the

elderly adj an elderly person is old.
reception desk.

to be real, or to appear in the real

exist v Dragons don’t exist.
world

16
 the money that you pay for a journey She had argued with a cab driver after refusing
fare n
to pay her fare.

General Practitioner: a doctor who

GP (general
deals with general medical problems After days of intensive internet diagnosis, I
practitioner)
and treats the families in a finally went to see my GP.
n
particular area

injury, damage, or problems caused by

harm n Some medicines bought online may do you harm.
something that you do

connected with herbs, or made from

herbal adj He’s a strong believer in herbal medicine.
herbs

a person who worries a lot about their

hypochondriac My uncle always thinks he’s ill – he’s such a
health and thinks that they are ill
n hypochondriac.
when they are not

not knowing something that you should

ignorant adj It made me realise how ignorant I was.
know or need to know

to not consider something, or to not

let it influence you We had ignored the fact that it was getting
ignore v
darker.

impossible if something is impossible, no one can

We were faced with an impossible task.
adj do it or it cannot happen

to include something as a necessary

involve v part of an activity, event, or The course involves a great deal of hard work.
situation

to move your body so it is closer to

I leaned over her shoulder to study the maps
lean v or further from someone or something,
spread out on the table.
for example by bending at the waist

an output device that displays

monitor n I’m going to buy a heart rate monitor.
information in pictorial or text form.

making you feel upset, ashamed, or

painful adj This blister is really painful.
unhappy

someone who receives a pension from

the government after they reach the
pensioner n One of my new friends is a pensioner.
age when they are officially old
enough to stop working

A metal piece of jewelry that is out

piercing n She has a piercing in her eyebrow.
into the skin

to squeeze someone’s skin between your

pinch v Roger pinched my arm.
thumb and finger so that it hurts them

a very common light, strong substance

If you haven’t got a bandage you can use a
plastic adj produced by a chemical process and
clean plastic bag.
used for making many different things

the process of making someone or Despite a lot of preparation, we didn’t win the
preparation n
something ready for something contest.

a single push on something such as a

press v button or switch He gave the buzzer one long press.
give something a press

In a rare moment of honesty, he told her what

rare adj not happening very often
he had done.

17
 to mention someone or something when She referred to the subject several times
refer v
you are speaking or writing during her speech.

if two or more things are related, We think the two crimes are related in some
related adj
there is a connection between them way.

to take something or someone away from Sally looked down at her sleeve and removed a
remove v
a place small speck of dirt.

residential a residential area is one in which

My grandfather now lives in a residential home.
adj most of the buildings are houses

to let something become known, for

She refused to reveal the contents of the
reveal v example a secret or information that
letter
was previously not known

something said or written that makes a

scare story n Do you believe every scare story you read?
situation seem worse than it really is

a situation that could possibly happen

The most likely scenario is that Brooks will
scenario n
resign.

programs used by computers for doing My brother has just started a new job with a
software n
particular jobs software company.

to leave lines or long marks on

I think blue streaked hair looks great at any
streaked adj something
age.
windows streaked with rain

sufficiently to the degree that is needed for a Eventually the police felt they had a
adv particular purpose sufficiently large body of evidence.

to approve of an idea or of a person

The United Nations has supported efforts to
support v or organization and help them to be
return the refugees peacefully.
successful

The man was walking along the road with a tall,

relating to Sweden, or its language or
Swedish adj blonde Swedish
culture
woman.

made from artificial materials or

synthetic adj They were given synthetic wrinkled skin.
substances, not from natural ones

a permanent picture that is drawn on a

tattoo n part of your body by putting ink into I have a tattoo on my ankle.
your skin with a needle

The job requires someone with specialized

technical adj involving science or industry
scientific and technical knowledge.

the activities of buying and selling The two leaders signed agreements on trade and
trade v
goods or services sporting links.

an unfair or unpleasant thing that you I’m going to trick you into thinking I’m an old
trick v do in order to harm someone or to get man.
an advantage for yourself

a mass of cells in your body that grow

tumour n She died of a brain tumour.
in a way that is not normal.

unenthusiastic not excited or enthusiastic about

Heather was unenthusiastic about her new job.
adj something

18
 someone who uses something such as a Software should be designed to meet the needs
user n
service or a piece of equipment of users.

They made a vain attempt to protect the town

vain adj unsuccessful, or useless
from attack.

vulnerable someone who is vulnerable is weak or The government must help the most vulnerable
adj easy to hurt physically or mentally groups in our society.

wine n an alcoholic drink made from grapes. This wine should improve with age.

a wise person is able to make good

wise adj choices and decisions because they Sally is a wise and cautious woman.
have a lot of experience

FILE 3
AIR TRAVEL

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

airport a large building at an airport where The taxi dropped us off at the airport
terminal n passengers arrive and leave terminal.

a passage between rows of seats, for

example in a church, theatre, or
aisle n Breakfast cereals are in aisle three.
plane, or between the shelves of a
supermarket

baggage drop A place where passengers leave their

Please take that bag to baggage drop off.
off n baggage before flight

baggage the place in an airport where people

You need to go to baggage reclaim.
reclaim n get their luggage after a flight

boarding pass
a boarding card Please show your boarding pass to the steward.
n

Can you call one of the cabin crew to help me

the people on a plane whose job is to
cabin crew n with my hand luggage?
look after the passengers

to arrive at a hotel or a private

hospital where you have arranged to
You need to check in when you arrive at the
check in v stay and give your personal details to
airport.
the person working at the reception
desk
a desk where you go to give in your
check-in desk
bags and cases and have your ticket Please go immediately to the check-in desk.
n
checked at an airport

o get things and keep them together A lot of families collect newspapers for
collect v
for a particular reason recycling.

A flight you take before going to

connecting When I get to Frankfurt I need to get a
another flight in order to reach the
flight n connecting flight to Berlin.
destination point
the place at a port, airport, or
border where officials check that the
customs n goods that people are bringing into a Show your passport at customs.
country are legal, and whether they
should pay customs duties

19
departures A board in an airport where the We looked at the departures board to find out
board n information about flights is displayed about our flight.

direct flight Is there a direct flight from London to

A flight without connecting flights
n Bangkok?

relating to the country being talked

The domestic flight flew from London to
domestic adj about, and not other countries
Manchester.
“ A domestic flight”

Can you drop the kids off at school this

drop off v same as drop
morning?

Please fill in this immigration form before

fill in v same as fill
landing.

the place at an airport where people

gate n Flight 267 is boarding now from Gate 12.
get on a plane

When the plane is flying into the air

I’m always happy to get off the plane at the
get off v
end of a flight.

When I get on the plane I always look for the

get on v To come into the plane
emergency exits.

hand luggage A type of luggage that can be taken You shouldn’t have sharp items in your hand
n into the plane luggage.

international involving several countries, or

My job involves a lot of international travel.
adj existing between countries

the feeling of being very tired and

sometimes confused because you have
My jet lag after the flight was worse than
jet lag n travelled quickly on a plane across
usual.
parts of the world where the time is
different

land v to arrive at a place by plane or boat It was after midnight by the time we landed.

a substance that can flow, has no

If you want to take a liquid through security
liquid n fixed shape, and is not a solid or a
the volume must be less than 100ml.
gas

long-haul
A flight that takes a lot of hours Have you ever been on a long-haul flight?
flight n

a thing that you can see and touch The boat seemed to bump against some solid
object n
that is not alive and is usually solid object.

to lift someone or something up from a

pick up v Where can we pick up our luggage?
surface

to officially stop something from

prohibited Smoking is prohibited in all areas of the
being done, especially by making it
adj building.
illegal

a long road used by planes when they

runway n land and take off, usually at an The plane taxied along the runway.
airport

20
 to look at something very carefully,
scan v because you hope or expect to see a They will scan your luggage at security.
particular person or thing

a strong belt in a car or plane that

seat belt n you fasten around yourself to hold you Put on your seat belt, please.
in your seat

the department within an organization

security n They opened my bag at security.
that protects buildings and workers

a sharp object has an edge that can This knife is a sharp object so you can’t take
sharp adj
cut or an end that is pointed it through security.

if an aircraft takes off, it leaves

take off v The plane should take off on time.
the ground and starts flying

an occasion when you go somewhere and Have you ever arrived home from a trip and had
trip n
come back again a surprise?

sudden violent movements of air or

water
turbulence n Is turbulence really dangerous?

a comfortable room in a house where

VIP lounge n We waited in the VIP lounge.
people sit and relax

Adverbs and adverbial phrases

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

used for emphasizing what is really I need to talk to the person who actually made
actually adv
true or what really happened the application.

despite something that you have Even if the drug is banned, a lot of people
anyway adv
previously mentioned will go on using it anyway.

apparently based only on what you have heard, not Apparently, she resigned because she had an
adv on what you are certain is true argument with her boss.

used for saying what you consider is

at the end At the end of the day, I’m the one who is going
the most important thing about a
adv to be held responsible.
situation after thinking about it

at the moment Synonym “now” What are you reading at the moment?

used for saying that you are talking

basically about the most important aspects of
The book is basically a love story.
adv something and not mentioning the
specific details

used when mentioning conditions that

especially
make something more relevant, It was a very cold house, especially in winter.
adv
important, or true

Even is used for emphasis mainly

He always wears the latest fashions even if
even adv before a word, a phrase, or a clause
they don’t suit him
beginning with ‘as’, ‘if’, or ‘though’

21
eventually at the end of a process or period of Dad was eventually diagnosed as suffering from
adv time in which many things happen a chronic heart condition.

at any time in the past, present, or

future
ever adv Have you ever been to Italy?
If you ever need any help, just let me
know.

gradually Mark gradually began to realize that Lucy

Step by step
adv didn’t love him anymore.

stiff, firm, and not easy to bend or

hard adv
break or diffucult to do

hardly adv Same as rarely How hard does your father work?

used for saying what you would like to

happen or how things should be if Ideally, all patients should have had the same
ideally adv
everything that you wanted were number of follow-up visits.
possible
used for saying what is really true,
when this is surprising or different He was paid money for a job that did not in
in fact adv from what people think fact exist.

if you are late, you arrive somewhere

late adv The plane was late because of bad weather.
after the correct or usual time

lately adv Adverb form of late I haven’t heard from Mike lately.

Is there a bank near here?

near adv close to someone or something

nearly adv Adverb form of late I’ve nearly finished my book.

obviously in a way that is clear for almost She’s been promoted so obviously she’ll get a
adv anyone to see or understand pay rise.

specially in a particular way, or for a These coats are specially treated to be water
adv particular purpose repellent

used for saying that a situation

continues to exist up to and including
still adv He’s 35, but he still lives with his parents.
a particular time, especially when
this seems surprising
used for talking or asking about
something that has not happened or is
I’m amazed that you haven’t told him anything
yet adv not true at a particular time but will
yet.
probably happen or be true in the
future

Useful words and phrases

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

aim v to direct a course specifically Don’t aim that gun at me!

22
anonymous if someone is anonymous, no one knows The bomb threat was made by an anonymous
adj their name caller.

to have a positive feeling towards

You’re leaving college! Do your parents
approve v someone or something that you consider
approve?
to be good or suitable

in a way that shows that you are

He complained bitterly that no one had bothered
bitterly adv extremely angry, upset, or
to ask his opinion.
disappointed about something

capable of dealing with danger or The brave soldiers who fought and died for
brave adj
pain, without seeming to be frightened their country

comic n A magazine with illustrated stories Can you buy a comic for my little nephew?

to give money, goods, or your time and

Fiftywordstories.com is a website to which
effort in order to achieve something,
contribute v people from all over the world contribute 50-
especially when other people are also
word stories in English.
helping

the power to make decisions about

You need to control the amount of food you eat
control v something and decide what should
if you want to lose weight
happen
to put someone in a situation where
they have to do something that you Did the thieves corner you before stealing your
corner v want money?

something that makes one thing or Will a small yellow life jacket with a whistle
difference n person not the same as another thing make any difference if the plane crashes into
or person the sea?

if someone or something disappears,

I was so embarrassed that I wanted to
disappear v they move somewhere where they can no
disappear.
longer be seen

A pre-recorded emergency announcement was

a mistake, for example in a
error n activated in error on our flight from Miami to
calculation or a decision
Heathrow.

a door that leads out of a public

exit n They pushed towards the emergency exit.
place such as a room or building

to burst with a lot of force and a

explode v Bombs were exploding all over the city.
loud noise

to close something such as a piece of

Please keep your seat belts fastened while the
fasten v clothing or a bag using the buttons,
seat belt light is on.
zip, clip etc on it

the feeling that you have when you are Do you fear the worst when you feel turbulence
fear v
frightened on a plane?

books and stories about imaginary

fiction n I am really keen on fiction movies and books
events and people.

frequently
Same as often Buses run frequently from here into town.
adv

a group of people in society who are The site was preserved as a monument for future
generation n
born and live around the same time generations.

to take hold of something in a rough

grab v He grabbed the knife before I could get to it.
or rude way

23
 to carry something using your hands or
hold v Can you hold my bag for a moment?
arms

a particular industry, trade, or Another miracle, courtesy of the airline

industry n
service and the people who work in it industry.

to fill something with air or gas so

inflate v that it becomes the right shape and Don’t inflate your life jacket too early.
size for using

a statement or explanation of
instruction He will give you an instruction and you must
something that must be done, often
n follow it.
given by someone in authority

a written record of your experiences

journal n in which you write about what happens I wrote an article for an academic journal.
every day

to stay in a state, position, or place It was nearly 4 a.m. and she could hardly keep
keep v
without changing or moving her eyes open.

life jacket something that you wear on a boat to

make you float if you fall into the They tell you how to put your life jacket on.
n
water by accident

to put your possessions into a bag,

You’ve been sacked so you need to pack your
pack v case, or box so that you can take or
things.
send them somewhere

the quality of something is how good The quality of the food in this restaurant is
quality n
or bad it is pretty low.

give a spoken or written account of

She went to the police to report that someone
report v something that one has observed,
had stolen her bag.
heard, done, or investigated.

to make a request to or of requested Some of the people who request wheelchairs

request v
her to write a paper. often don’t need them.

sound v to make a sound Does it sound as if the plane’s going to crash?

straight away
Same as immediately I’ll let you know straight away.
adv

There is often such a strong smell of roast

such predet of the type that is being mentioned bird that passengers on the plane think that
chicken is being cooked.

suddenly adv quickly and without any warning A strange feeling suddenly came over him.

a book containing information about

textbook n I can’t find my maths textbook anywhere!
one subject

the press n newspapers and news magazines She was written about in the press.

based on facts or things that really

true adj The story can either be true or invented.
happen, and not made up

They were unable to escape the rising water

unable adj not able to do something.
inside the plane.

24
 Why do some airport staff get annoyed with
a chair with large wheels that someone
wheelchair n people who ask for a
who cannot walk uses for moving around
wheelchair?

to make a piece of equipment or a A pre-recorded emergency announcement was

activate v
process start working activated in error on our flight from Miami.

relating to sound that is recorded or I like to buy stories on audio so I can listen
audio n
broadcast to them in the car.

to become curved or folded and not

bend v She watched him bend iron.
straight

a plant that is smaller than a tree

bush n and has a lot of thin branches growing There was a bush between her and her car.
close together

the steep side of an area of high land

cliff n They pushed the car over the edge of Don’t walk too close to the edge of the cliff.
the cliff.

confrontation a situation in which people or groups Tom and Sue were anxious to avoid any further
n are arguing angrily or are fighting confrontation.

polite behaviour that shows respect

for people in social situations A man who treats everyone with kindness and
courtesy n
courtesy

dislike v to not like someone or something I really dislike her.

They were unable to escape the rising water

escape v to get away from a place
inside the plane.

to some degree, but not completely or

fairly adv It was fairly busy in the town centre.
extremely

family-run
A place or business run by a family It was a small family-run company.
adj

a boat that makes short regular

ferry n We took the ferry from England to France.
journeys between two or more places

so worried or upset that you are not

frantic adj I’ve been frantic – you’re late again!
able to control your feelings

someone whose job is to look after a

guard n place or person so that no one causes Don’t let your guard down.
damage, steals anything, or escapes

a weapon that shoots bullets, for

gun n I want you to teach me how to shoot a gun.
example a pistol or a rifle.

someone who is noisy or violent in

hooligan n My cousin is a football hooligan.
public places

impact n an effect, or an influence This is the captain, brace for impact.

the amount of something that you eat

intake n You need to control your intake of calories.
or drink

25
 To arrive or to finish doing something
just on time I got to my appointment just on time.
at the right time

Most airline passengers think it is laughable

laughable
very silly, or unreasonable that a small yellow life jacket will make any
adj
difference if the plane crashes.

a piece of electrical equipment that

loudspeaker
allows sounds or voices to be heard A voice came out of the loudspeaker.
n
loudly at a distance

The shops were closed when the last movie-goers

movie-goer n someone who watches films at a cinema
came out into the street.

a worried feeling that makes you

Do you suffer from nerves when you’re in an
nerves n afraid that you will not be able to do
exam?
something well

parking lot
A car park We left our car in the parking lot.
n

someone in a station, airport, or

hotel whose job is helping people with Portuguese is also the official language of
porter n their bags and showing them where to Brazil.
go

Portuguese the language that people speak in

adj Portugal.

a series of things that happen and

process n We use drugs to speed up the healing process.
have a particular result

to keep someone or something safe from

protect v Databases are generally protected by copyright.
harm, injury, damage, or loss

a soft sweet food that you eat at the

pudding n What are you going to have for pudding?
end of a meal

a small case in which women carry One minute I had $50 in my purse and then I had
purse n
coins, paper money, credit cards etc nothing.

something that you do to hurt or

revenge n punish someone because they have hurt Revenge was a possible motive for the attack.
you or someone else

set out to do They wouldn’t stop until they had done what
To have intention to do something
(something) they had set out to do.

shadowed adj Covered with shadows She examined the look on his shadowed face.

shooting A place where someone can practice

Take me to a shooting range so I can practise.
range n shooting

a lack of something that you need or Refugees are facing serious food and fuel
shortage n
want shortages.

specifically for one particular thing or type of They bought the land specifically for the
adv thing purpose of building a hotel.

to kill or hurt someone by pushing a

stab v knife or other sharp object into their His brother was stabbed in the hand.
body

26
 a large container with flat sides and
suitcase n a handle used for carrying clothes and This suitcase is really heavy.
other things when you travel

someone who is visiting a place on The islands attract more than 17,000 tourists a
tourist n
holiday year.

a traumatic experience or event makes

traumatic The death of my father was extremely traumatic
you feel very upset, afraid, or
adj for me.
shocked

a mechanism that actuates the function

trigger n of a ranged weapon such as a firearm, He pulled the trigger on the gun.
airgun, crossbow, or speargun.

to improve the quality of a service or

upgrade v We’d like to upgrade you to first class.
product

a woman in stories who has magic Watch out – the old The temperature is below
witch n
powers. zero. It’s minus fiveis here!

FILE 4
WEATHER

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

below zero A temperature lower than zero degrees The temperature is below zero. It’s minus five.

a storm with a lot of snow and strong

blizzard n Roads were closed due to severe blizzards.
winds

boiling adj Same as “very hot” It’s too hot today. It’s boiling.

breeze n a light wind The curtains fluttered gently in the breeze.

bright adj bright colours are strong but not dark She was wearing a bright red scarf.

changeable
tending to change suddenly and often A period of rather changeable weather
adj

It’s a bit chilly in here. Shall I put the

chilly adj Same as “cool”.
heating on?

if the sky or the weather is clear,

clear adj On a clear day you can see for miles.
there are no clouds, rain etc

cool adj rather cold, often in a pleasant way The water was wonderfully cool and refreshing.

something that is damp is slightly The clothes are damp. There must have been a
damp adj wet, often in an unpleasant way or bit of rain last night.
when it should be dry

27
 It’s only raining a little bit. Just a light
drizzle n to rain in a very light way
drizzle.

a long period of time when there is

drought n The region is experiencing a severe drought.
little or no rain and crops die

to shine brightly for a very short

flash n time, or to shine on and off very The flash of lightning could be seen for miles.
quickly

Water burst through the dam and flooded local

flood n if water floods a place, it covers it
villages.

a statement about what is likely to

happen, based on available information
forecast n The forecast next week is for snow.
and usually relating to the weather,
business, or the economy

freezing adj very cold Hurry up! I’m freezing!

To become completely wet

It poured with rain and I didn’t have an
get soaked v
umbrella. I got soaked.

if it hails, small balls of ice fall

hail n Hail is small balls of ice that fall like rain.
from the sky like rain

a continuous period of very hot

A heatwave is a period of unusually hot
heatwave n weather, especially when this is
weather.
unusual

heavy adj very severe The rain was so heavy I had to stop driving.

an area of land that is higher than

hill n the land surrounding it but smaller The snow will be much heavier in the hills.
and lower than a mountain

hot and wet in a way that makes you It’s hot and there’s a lot of moisture in the
humid adj
feel uncomfortable air. It feels humid.

a violent storm with extremely strong A hurricane is a violent coastal storm with
hurricane n
winds and heavy rain very strong winds.

icy adj very cold, in an unpleasant way An icy wind cut across the moors.

the bright flashes of light that you Lightning is a flash of very bright light in
lightning n
see in the sky during a storm the sky caused by electricity.

to change a solid substance into a

melt v Oh look! The ice is melting!
liquid

twelve o’clock, when the morning ends

midday n Rain will move into the area from midday.
and the afternoon begins

a mild illness or injury is one that It’s quite mild by September. The summer heat
mild adj
is not serious has gone.

a mass of small drops of water in the The mist from the sea was so thick I couldn’t
mist n
air close to the ground see anything

28
 a small amount of water or another
There is a small amount of moisture on the cars
moisture n liquid in the air, on the surface of
after rain.
something, or in a substance

a period of heavy rain in India and A monsoon is the season when it rains a lot in
monsoon n
Southeast Asia southern Asia.

occasional happening sometimes, but not

Chocolate is best kept as an occasional treat.
adj frequently or regularly

occur v to happen, especially unexpectedly How often do these hot periods occur?

a path with a hard surface beside a

pavement n Please walk along the pavement.
road. The American word is sidewalk.

an amount of time during which It’s been a really wet period this summer. How
period n
something happens many weeks is it now?

enjoyable or attractive in a way that

makes you feel pleased and satisfied
pleasant adj Well, this is a pleasant surprise!

pouring (with When we arrived in New York it was pouring with

to rain very hard
rain) v rain.

scorching It’s scorching! I need to go inside to cool

extremely hot
adj down.

if something is settled, people have After a period of changeable weather it became

settled adj
made a decision about it much more settled.

a slightly dark area where the light

from the sun does not reach because it
shade n He pulled a wicker chair into the shade.
is blocked by something

if you shiver, your body shakes

shiver v slightly, for example because you are It’s co cold, I’m shivering.
cold or frightened

Let’s wait a minute to see if it’s just a short

shower n a short period when it rains or snows
shower.

a slippery surface, object etc is

difficult to move on or to hold
slippery adj Don’t fall, the stairs are very slippery.
because it is smooth, wet, or covered
in something such as ice or oil

polluted air that is a mixture of

smog n Los Angeles is famous for its thick smog.
smoke and fog

strong adj of a high degree or level The strong wind blew over many trees.

skin that is sunburnt is red and sore I wear suncream on hot days so I don’t get
sunburnt adj
from too much sun sunburnt.

bright with light from the sun You look really brown. Was it sunny on your
sunny adj
It was a beautiful sunny day. holiday?

liquid that forms on your skin when She wiped the sweat off her forehead with a
sweat v
you are hot towel.

29
 a thick object or material has a long
thick adj distance between two opposite sides, “ A thick layer of snow”
edges, or surfaces

the loud noise that you sometimes hear Thunder is the loud noise that you hear during
thunder n
in the sky during a storm a storm.

a very strong wind that goes quickly A tornado is a violent storm that can appear
tornado n
round in a circle or funnel without warning

fairly hot in a way that is

warm adj How warm is it outside? Do I need a jumper?
comfortable and pleasant

Useful words and phrases

DEFINITIONS
WORDS EXAMPLES

a sense of We want to give them a sense of their own

someone who is vulnerable is weak or
(one’s) own vulnerability, their human limitations, and the
easy to hurt physically or mentally
vulnerability risks involved.

to agree that something is true,

Clarke admitted his disappointment at the
admit v especially when you are unhappy,
court’s decision, but said he would fight on.
sorry, or surprised about it

to change or influence something. If

affect v something affects something else, it Does the weather affect your mood?
has an effect on it

My father died last year but my mother is still

alive adj living and not dead
alive.

when an insect such as a fly or bee

It’s not the speed, it’s the buzz you get when
buzz n buzzes, it makes a rough continuous
you go fast.
sound

the changes that are thought to be

climate change Pollution is leading to climate change.
affecting the world’s weather so that
n
it is becoming warmer

to express thoughts, feelings, or

information to another person or When will we have learnt enough English to be
communicate v
animal, for example by speaking or able to communicate fluently?
writing

the part of something that is Bring the two edges together and fasten them
edge n
furthest from its centre securely.

the natural world, including the

land, water, air, plants, and
Industrial development is causing widespread
environment n animals, especially considered as
damage to the environment.
something that is affected by human
activity

environmentally- I only shop at places which stock

Not harmful for the environment
friendly adj environmentally-friendly products.

The lessons learned from facing the

to confront impudently faced him with
face v difficulties may be very valuable in everyday
evidence of treachery.
life.

get straight to Start speaking directly about the Let me get straight to the point. This is not
the point topic good enough.

30
 the slow increase in the temperature
of the Earth caused partly by the
Many people worry that global warming is
global warming greenhouse effect increasing the
affecting the climate.
n amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere

habitual A person convicted of a crime who was He’s a habitual offender. He’s been caught six
offender n previously convicted of crimes. times.

if you do something in advance, you

Details of the meeting had been circulated well
in advance do it in preparation for a particular
in advance.
time or event in the future

in order to be prepared for something

in case Take an umbrella in case it rains.
that may happen

to walk, drive, fly, sail etc in

lead v front of a group of people, vehicles, I’m going to lead the session today.
planes, ships etc

to check something so that you can be

make sure v sure about it I think I locked it but we’d better make sure.

a combination of two or more

different things, people, qualities Her face showed a mixture of fear and
mixture n etc excitement.

Everything has two sides to it – a positive one

negative adj expressing disagreement or criticism
and a negative one

to notice someone doing something, or Similar trends may be observed in most modern
observe v
to notice something happening societies

a chance to do something, or a
I think this trip sounds like a wonderful
opportunity n situation in which it is easy for you
opportunity.
to do something

someone who takes part in something At the beginning of the course the participants
participant n It was argued that he was a willing are asked to introduce themselves and admit
participant in the crime. that they have a problem.

potentially It’s sensation-seeking, it’s taking risks,

A sequence of incidents that can
fatal looking for that buzz, but ignoring the
potentially lead to death
consequences potentially fatal consequences.

able to understand and accept things He’s never going to agree to that. Be
realistic adj
as they really are realistic!

a fact, situation, or intention that

The writer Sir John Mortimer saw a deeper
explains why something happened, why
reason n reason for Britain’s peculiar obsession with
someone did something, or why
the weather.
something is true

to change waste materials such as

recycle v newspapers and bottles so that they Japan recycles 40% of its waste.
can be used again

to feel sorry or sad that something We regret any inconvenience caused by the
regret v
has happened delay.

after equal amounts of time have

People who exercise regularly are less likely
regularly adv passed, for example every day or
to feel stress.
every month

to make information or documents Managers have released few details from

release v
available yesterday’s meeting.

31
reusable adj capable of being used again These containers are reusable.

to officially control or govern a

rule v The judge ruled that he had broken the law.
country or area

to use all of something and not have Other sources of energy will be needed as
run out v
any left fossil fuels will run out.

Temperatures are set to soar to 30 degrees on

soar v to quickly increase to a high level
Saturday.

the rate at which someone or

speed n He was driving on a highway with a high speed.
something moves

a plan or method for achieving In a world that’s changing really quickly, the
strategy n something, especially over a long only strategy that is guaranteed to fail is not
period of time taking risks.

I’ll sum up briefly and then we’ll take

sum up v to give a summary of something
questions.

to think that someone/something is

important and should be given careful
attention Jonathan takes his gardening very seriously.
take seriously

a machine that you travel in or on,

especially one with an engine that Motorcyclists make up just 1% of all the
vehicle n
travels on roads, for example a car, vehicles on the road.
bus, van, truck, or motorcycle

the absolute temperatures are not as

We need this warm spell after the rain we have
warm spell n high as in a heatwave and relate to
had.
unseasonably warm weather.

a strong need that someone feels to

People can suffer from addiction to many
addiction n regularly take an illegal or harmful
things, from smoking to speed.
drug

a chemical produced by your adrenal

glands that makes your heart beat It’s the adrenaline. It’s the buzz you get when
adrenaline n
faster and gives you more energy when you go fast.
you are frightened, excited, or angry

a relationship between two people,

We are friends, but I don’t know much about
affair n especially when one of them is
their private affairs.
married to someone else

used for introducing a statement that

Although he’s got a good job now, he still
although conj makes your main statement seem
complains.
surprising

a machine or piece of equipment that

appliance n you have in your home, for example a We stock a wide range of kitchen appliances.
washing machine or refrigerator

an object that fits into something

battery n such as a radio, clock, or car and I need some new batteries for my Walkman.
supplies it with electricity
the sport of jumping from a very high
place while attached to a long piece
When the rope broke from her bungee jump she
bungee jump n of rubber that is just short enough
landed in a river.
to prevent you from hitting the
ground.

to decide that something will not

call off v She’s called off the wedding.
happen

32
 the amount of carbon dioxide a
carbon person, organization, building, etc My flights made my carbon footprint much
footprint n produces, used as a measure of their bigger.
effect on the environment

one of the sections into which a book

chapter n She writes a chapter of her novel a week.
is divided.

a drink, usually with a lot of

cocktail n alcohol in it, made by mixing She doesn’t like alcohol cocktails.
different drinks together

an accident in which a person or

There was a collision between two cars but
collision n vehicle that is moving crashes into
luckily no one was hurt.
something

the subjects that students study at a

curriculum n Our mathematics curriculum is much broader now.
particular school or college

The decorators will have finished painting by

someone whose job is to paint houses
decorator n Tuesday, so we can move back into the flat
and put paper on the walls
then.

the process of removing salt from sea Desalination is when the salt is removed from
desalination n
water so that the water can be used. sea water.

to interrupt someone and stop them I’ll have finished in an hour if you don’t
disturb v
from continuing what they were doing disturb me

consisting of two things or parts of

the same type
double v He went through the double doors.

drown v to sink under water and die He fell overboard and nearly drowned.

On television and in the newspapers, experts

serious, determined, and meaning what
earnestly adv argued earnestly over what such extreme weather
you say
meant.

a Sunday in March or April when

Christians celebrate the time when
Easter n I can’t wait for celebrating Easter!
Jesus Christ died then returned to
life according to the Bible

the study of the environment and the Ecology is the relationship between the plants,
ecology n way that plants, animals, and humans animals, and the environment in a particular
live together and affect each other area.

an important basic part of something

There is an element of addiction in this sort
element n complicated, for example a system or
of behaviour.
plan
to cut words or pictures into a hard
surface such as stone, metal, or
engrave v glass My watch is engraved with my birthday.
a trophy engraved with the winner’s
name
the tools, machines, or other things
equipment n that you need for a particular job or You need a lot of equipment if you go camping.
activity

to make it possible or easier for People use weather-talk to facilitate social

facilitate v
something to happen interaction.

fatal adj causing someone to die One mistake can be fatal for us.

33
 a flat upright structure made of wood
We often talk to our next-door neighbours over
fence n or wire that surrounds an area of
the fence in the garden.
land

I use a reusable water bottle which I fill with

fill v to make something full
tap water.

used before a statement that is

furthermore It is one of the cheapest available.
connected to what you have just said
adv Furthermore, it is one of the best.
and adds something to it

a round ball that has a map of the

globe n The weather varies greatly across the globe.
world on it

to make it certain that something

guarantee v I can guarantee that you won’t regret it.
will happen or exist

a hard hat that you wear to protect

helmet n I always wear a helmet when riding my bike.
your head

someone who behaves in an extremely I won’t get in a car with him. He drives like
idiot n
stupid way an idiot.

too quickly, without careful planning It is very important that decisions are not
in haste
or thought made in haste.

Indian summer An Indian summer only occurs ‘as a warm spell

a period of warm weather in autumn
n in autumn, especially in October and November’.

the activity of being with and

People use weather-talk to facilitate social
interaction n talking to other people, and the way
interaction.
that people react to each other
capable of making you drunk
intoxicating It is an intoxicating combination of high-
adj powered engines, testosterone, and youth.

relating to the essential qualities

intrinsically
or features of something or someone The intrinsic beauty of the Italian language
adv

a situation in which you do not have

The match was cancelled because of lack of
lack n any, or enough, of something that you
support.
need or want

to lock all the doors and windows of

lock up v I locked up and went to bed.
a building so that no one can get in

an action that is intended to achieve This is a temporary measure to stop the problem
measure n
or deal with something from getting any worse.

the moment at which it becomes

There’s no point phoning Sonia now. She won’t
no point impossible to change or stop
be there.nemá
something

organic food or drink is produced

Organic fruit and vegetables haven’t been
organic adj using no or only a small number of
treated with pesticides.
artificial chemicals and methods

a large piece of equipment in a

Laura won’t have arrived before dinner so I’ll
oven n kitchen that you heat, usually with
leave some food in the oven for her.
electricity or gas, to cook food in

A jump with a large piece of cloth

parachute jump I did a parachute jump from a plane for
joined to heavy strings, used by
n charity.
someone jumping out of a plane

34
 Britain has a peculiar obsession with the
peculiar adj strange, often in an unpleasant way
weather.

a large amount of something, or a If you are travelling somewhere, do you

plenty pron large number of things or people, normally get to the station or airport with
usually more than enough plenty of time or at the last minute?

He dreamt he was standing on the edge of a

precipice n a very steep high cliff
precipice.

I am reluctant to talk about politics with my

reluctant adj not willing to do something
friends.

a supply of something that a country

reserve n or an organization can use when they We reserved a hotel room.
need to

a place that many people go to for a Many ski resorts will have closed because of a
resort n
holiday lack of winter snow.

a regular pattern of sounds or

rhythm n I can’t dance. I have no sense of rhythm.
movements

It’s sensation-seeking, it’s taking risks,

sensation-
Attempt to find a new sensations looking for that buzz, but
seeking n
ignoring the potentially fatal consequences.

a severe problem is very serious and

severe adj The accident caused severe damage to his spine.
worrying

an action, thought, or way of

behaving that is wrong according to Earth Day is a day that invites people to think
sin n religious laws about their eco-sins.

a piece of equipment that uses energy Most people will have installed solar panels or
solar panel n from the Sun to create power for a wind turbines on their houses or blocks of
building flats to generate their own electricity.

a group of numbers that represent The statistics show that more people die on
statistic n
facts or that describe a situation motorbikes than in cars.

have or keep a supply of (a

particular product or type or Most supermarkets now stock a range of organic
stock v
product) available for sale. produce.

to hit against, or to crash into,

strike n He raised his hand, as if to strike me.
someone or something

to make you want to do or to have Every year, more and more people are tempted by
tempt v something, especially something that the idea of going on an adventure sports
is not good for you holiday, especially during the summer months.

a chemical substance produced in the

body that causes men to develop the It is an intoxicating combination of high-
testosterone n
physical features that are typical of powered engines, testosterone, and youth.
males.

An advantage is something that puts

the main Despise the bad situation we still had out main
you in a better position than other
advantage advantage - time.
people.

the British government department

the Met Office The Met Office provides the weather forecast
that prepares reports that say what
n for the UK.
the weather is going to be like.

an engine or a machine that uses the

turbine n pressure of liquid or gas on a wheel A wind turbine converts wind power into energy.
to get power

35
 I think her coming back is a pretty unlikely
unlikely adj not likely to happen
prospect.

relating to towns and cities, or

urban adj People moved to the urban areas for jobs.
happening there

FILE 5
FEELINGS

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

astonished very surprised about something that Mike gave a sudden snort of astonished
adj you did not expect laughter.

bewildered Many of the refugees looked bewildered and

confused and not certain what to do
adj frightened.

delighted very happy, especially because

They broke into delighted laughter.
adj something good has happene

very worried and angry because you do

desperate not know how to deal with an The missing man’s family are getting
adj unpleasant situation increasingly desperate.

devastated
feeling very shocked and upset I was devastated when my grandad died.
adj

unhappy because something that you

disappointed hoped for or expected did not happen
I was a bit disappointed you didn’t come.
adj or because someone or something was
not as good as you expected

down adj Same as “upset” You look a bit down. What’s the problem?

gobsmacked I was completely gobsmacked when I heard she

extremely surprised
adj was getting married!

feeling that you want to thank

someone because they have given you
grateful adj Thanks for coming with me. I’m really grateful.
something or have done something for
you

ashamed and sorry because you have You shouldn’t feel guilty all the time – you’ve
guilty adj
done something wrong done nothing to be ashamed of.

When they missed that last penalty I was

gutted adj extremely disappointed
absolutely gutted.

feeling sad and alone because you are

homesick adj I miss home so much. I’m feeling homesick.
far from home

horrified
very shocked or frightened My mum was horrified with the mess in my room.
adj

unhappy because you are alone or

lonely adj I feel lonely without you here.
because you have no friends

36
 feeling excited and worried, or
nervous adj Exams make me nervous.
slightly afraid

to make someone upset and angry by They avoided saying anything that might offend
offended adj
doing or saying something their audience.

overwhelmed to affect someone’s emotions in a We were overwhelmed by the sacrifices they had
adj very powerful way made.

feeling happy about your

proud adj achievements, your possessions, or I’m so proud my daughter won the race.
people who you are connected with

happy and relaxed because something

I wasn’t angry when he finally turned up – just
relieved adj bad has not happened or because a bad
very relieved.
situation has ended

scared stiff
Very scared I’m scared stiff of heights.
adj

extremely upset
shattered I’m absolutely shattered. I just want to sit
We feel emotionally shattered by
adj down and put my feet up.
what’s happened.

very surprised and upset by something

We were deeply shocked to hear of his sudden
shocked adj bad that happens unexpectedly
death.

sick of Being tired and annoyed of listening I’m sick of hearing you complain about my food.
(hearing) to someone Why don’t you learn to cook?

Very shocked or upset, especially so After the attack, stunned villagers wandered
stunned adj
that you are unable to act normally the streets.

I was thrilled when I heard I was going to

thrilled adj very pleased and excited
become a grandparent.

Useful words and phrases

WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES

to leave someone when you should His mother abandoned him when he was five days
abandon v
stay with them and look after them old.

the fact of being able to do

ability n My ability to stay calm helps in my job.
something

absolutely
completely: used for emphasis Are you absolutely certain you saw him?
adv

What would you do if you were hiking alone in

alone adv without anyone with you
the mountains and you got completely lost?

used instead of ‘something’ when

anything saying or asking whether there is
Do you know anything about cricket?
pron one thing or even a small amount of
something

37
 to carefully consider a situation,
assess v person, or problem in order to make We tried to assess his suitability for the job.
a judgment

attempt n an effort to do something It took me five attempts to get it right.

used for saying that someone will

be bothered not do something because they feel I said I’d go out with them tonight, but I can’t
v lazy or because it is too much be bothered.
effort

a meeting or document in which

Pay attention to the flight attendant’s safety
briefing n people receive information or
briefing.
instructions

to put something in the ground and There’s supposed to be treasure buried around
bury v
cover it with earth here.

I wish my family would put DVDs back in their

case n an example or instance of something cases.

something that needs a lot of skill,

energy, and determination to deal
I was bored with my job and felt I needed a new
challenge n with or achieve, especially
challenge.
something you have never done before
and will enjoy doing
an opportunity for you to do
chance n something, especially something that The chance of winning the lottery is small.
you want to do

civilization a society that has developed its own The four men set off from the town of Apolo and
n culture and institutions soon they had left civilization far behind.

to calculate how many people or

things there are in a group
count v

the place where someone or something

destination I’d keep walking and try to find my way to my
is going
n destination.
a popular holiday destination

Before they entered the jungle, the three

enter v to go or come into a place friends made a promise that they would ‘go in
together and come out together’.

a reason that you give to explain

why you have done something bad, or
excuse n Do you want me to phone and make an excuse?
why you have not done something that
you should have done

I’m just completely bewildered by so many facts

fact n a piece of true information
and figures.

one of the things that influence

factor n whether an event happens or the way Money was an important factor in my decision.
that it happens

It really infuriates me when people drive too

infuriate v to make someone extremely angry
close behind me.

someone who enters a place where What would you do if you woke up in the middle
intruder n they are not allowed to go, of the night and thought that you could hear an
especially to commit a crime intruder in your home?

to make someone feel annoyed or The more intrusive advertisements become, the
irritate v
impatient more they irritate Web users.

38
major adj important, serious, large, or great On average people have one major regret in life.

to succeed in doing something,

manage v especially something that needs a I don’t know how you manage.
lot of effort or skill

manageable The key to survival is to divide the challenges

A task that is possible to do
task n into manageable tasks.

to learn something so that you In school we had to memorize Rudyard Kipling’s

memorize v
remember it perfectly poem If.

to wake up later than you intended

oversleep v I wouldn’t have been late if I hadn’t overslept.
to

a chemical element that is a

oxygen n colourless odourless gas, and that Plants produce oxygen for us to breathe.
all animals depend on to breathe.

pay attention to listen to, watch, or consider I hope you’re paying attention, because you’ll
v something or someone very carefully be tested later.

a pure substance or material has

I see them as pure mistakes – something to learn
pure adj nothing mixed with it that might
from.
spoil its quality or effect

the number of times something

happens, or the number of examples Research has shown that the survival rate in air
rate n
of something within a particular crashes is 95.7%.
period of time

based on sensible practical reasons There didn’t seem to be any rational explanation
rational adj
rather than emotions for his actions.

a situation in which people

completely change their government Many revolutions have changed the political
revolution n
or political system, usually by systems of different countries.
force
unofficial information that may or
may not be true I wish people wouldn’t start stupid rumours on
rumour n
Twitter that aren’t true.

the ability to control your

self-control You could have showed more self-control in front
behaviour and not show strong
n of the children.
emotions such as anger or sadness

to provide food and drink for

serve v They serve wine instead of beer
someone to eat at a meal

a plant or animal group whose

The Amazonian rainforest is the home of more
members all have similar general
species n than half the plant and animal species known in
features and are able to produce
the world.
young plants or animals together

today adv on this day I’m working today.

to pour water on to plants or the I've asked my neighbour to water the plants
water v
soil that they are growing in: while I'm away.

a large amount of snow and ice that An avalanche can be extremely dangerous for
avalanche n
suddenly falls down a mountain climbers.

to go camping with nothing but a In 1981 three friends went backpacking in a

backpack v
backpack full of necessities remote area of Bolivia.

39
Bolivia n A country named Bolivia Bolivia is in South America.

a young person who is training to be

cadet n I was a cadet in the army in 2012.
a police officer or military officer

the feeling that a situation is so Apart from staying calm and not despairing,
despair v bad that nothing you can do will knowing the right thing to do in a crisis is
change it also vital.

A recent survey has shown that we spend almost

dwell v to live somewhere three-quarters of an hour every week dwelling on
our regrets.

behaving in an uncontrolled way

hysterical
because you are extremely excited, She wasn’t hysterical, just crying.
adj
afraid, or upset

in the long not immediately but at some time in Cutting jobs could be more expensive in the long
run the future run if we have to hire freelancers.

a thick tropical forest Four young men went into the jungle on the
jungle n
the Am adventure of a lifetime.

It is the home of more than half the plant and

very dangerous and able to kill you
lethal adj animal species known to man, many of which are
lethal doses of radiation
lethal.

the study of theories about the

I wish there was a song called ‘Je regrette
philosophy n meaning of things such as life,
tout’. That would be my philosophy of life!
knowledge, and beliefs

someone whose job is to fit and

repair pipes, water tanks, and other We have problems with the toilet, I think we
plumber n
equipment used for supplying and need to call a plumber.
storing water
a series of stages in which you
Common regrets range from not getting on the
property start by buying a cheap house then
property ladder sooner to not having had more
ladder n buy and sell several times getting a
relationships when they were younger.
bigger, better house each time
a forest in a tropical region of the
world where it rains a lot. The Amazonian rainforest is roughly the size of
rainforest n
Europe or Australia.

your attitude to life or to other Compassion is only one aspect of the human
spirit n
people spirit.

40
File 6
Useful words and phrases

WORDS DEFINITION EXAMPLES

There are lots of films about aliens but no one

alien n a creature from another world
really knows if they exist.

to use violence to try to hurt or In movies aliens are often shown to attack
attack v
kill somebody humans.

a style of dancing that tells a

My favourite ballet is Swan Lake. I’ve seen it
ballet n dramatic story with music but no
three times.
talking or singing

an electric guitar that plays very I think the bass guitar is one of the easiest
bass guitar n
low notes string instruments to learn.

You use be used to (doing)

something to talk about something
I’m used to sleeping with a duvet. I’ve never
be used to v that you are familiar with so that
slept with blankets.
it no longer seems new or strange to
you
a musical instrument with strings,
like a large violin in shape. The I hate taking my cello to school. It’s too big
cello n
player sits down and holds and heavy.
the cello between his or her knees.

a group of people who sing together,

choir n for example in church services or I sing in the school choir.
public performances

a period of ten years, especially a Once you’ve tired of classical, you could start
decade n continuous period, such as 1910–1919 with music from the fifties and progress through
or 2000–2009 each decade.
a musical instrument made of a
hollow round frame with plastic or
My son wants to play the drums but they are so
drums n skin stretched tightly across one or
loud!
both ends. You play it by hitting it
with sticks or with your hands.

to have a meal in a restaurant, etc. Do you want to get a takeaway this evening? No,
eat out v
rather than at home I’d prefer to eat out.

to treat a person or situation as an

He exploited the opportunity and made a lot of
exploit v opportunity to gain an advantage for
money.
yourself

How long does it usually take you to fall asleep

fall asleep v to begin sleeping
at night?

fast asleep I was fast asleep when a knock on the door woke
sleeping deeply
adj me up.

a producer or director of motion

film-maker n pictures, especially one working in Many famous film-makers work in Hollywood.
all phases of production
a musical instrument of
the woodwind group, like a thin pipe
You nearly always see girls and not boys playing
flute n in shape. The player holds it to the
the flute.
side of his or her face and blows
across a hole at one end
you become familiar with it or get
to know them, so that you no longer I can’t get used to working at night. I feel
get used to v
feel that the thing or person is tired all the time.
unusual or surprising.

41
 When I’m with my friends we usually head to the
head v to move in a particular direction
park to relax.

to have an effect on the way that

somebody behaves or thinks, Many new musicians are influenced by music they
influence v
especially by giving them an example heard in their childhood.
to follow

the condition of being unable to Some people can’t sleep because they suffer from
insomnia n
sleep insomnia.

keep you If you drink coffee in the evening, it may keep

prevent someone from sleeping
awake you awake.

post (online) to put information or pictures on a I often post messages online about newspaper
v website stories.

psychologist a scientist who studies and is

A psychologist studies the mind.
n trained in psychology

a large piece of thin cloth used on In bed people cover themselves with a blanket or
sheet n
a bed to lie on or lie under a sheet.

a rest or sleep taken in the early

siesta n afternoon, especially in hot Some people have a siesta after lunch.
countries

sleeping tablet containing a drug that helps

When I can’t sleep I take sleeping pills.
pills n pl you to sleep

Many female opera singers are a soprano.

a singing voice with the highest
soprano n range for a woman or boy; a singer
with a soprano voice

a person’s ability to choose things

taste n that people recognize as being of My musical taste is very different from yours.
good quality or appropriate

used to say that something happened

My parents used to make me tidy my room every
used to v continuously or frequently during a
morning.
period in the past

Some people find music so moving that it makes

weep v to cry, usually because you are sad
them weep.

More words in File 6

surrounded by somebody/something; in
among prep Sleepwalking is most common among young boys.
the middle of somebody/something

person in your family who lived a

ancestor n My ancestors are all from Suffolk.
long time ago

a large cover, often made of wool,

I like to take an extra blanket with me when I
blanket n used especially on beds to keep
go travelling.
people warm

Do you usually sleep with your bedroom

A screen for a window, especially
blinds n pl completely dark, or with the curtains or blinds
one on a roller or made of slat
open?

42
 a bunch of flowers arranged in an
attractive way so that it can be I gave her a bouquet of flowers for Valentine’s
bouquet n
carried in a ceremony or presented Day.
as a gift

cacophony n a mixture of loud unpleasant sounds A cacophony of sounds filled the room.

a person whose job is to drive a

chauffeur n car, especially for somebody rich or The company sent a chauffeur to pick them up.
important

part of a song that is sung after

chorus n The chorus is the most famous part of the song.
each verse

if two hard objects clack, they make

The clack of my colleague’s keyboard drives me
clack n a short loud sound when they hit
crazy.
each other

a piece of music for one or

concerto n more solo instruments playing with Mozart wrote a concerto when he was very young.
an orchestra
as a result; therefore
He can listen to just about anything ever
consequently
composed. Consequently his experience may help
adv
us to understand more about musical taste.
a type of popular music in the style
of the traditional music of the
country music
southern US, with singing and dance Country music is often associated with America.
n
tunes played on violin, guitar
and banjo
1. a piece of cloth that is hung to
cover a window 2. a piece of thick, I close the curtains on winter nights to keep
curtains n pl
heavy cloth that hangs in front of the room warm.
the stage in the theatre

to control or have a lot of

dominate v influence over somebody/something, I don’t like people who try to dominate others.
especially in an unpleasant way

a large cloth bag that is filled

with feathers or other soft material I’m not used to sleeping with a duvet. I’ve
duvet n
and that you have on top of you in always slept with blankets.
bed to keep yourself warm
an extra short performance given at
the end of a concert or other The crowd wanted more so they started shouting
encore n
performance; a request for this made for an encore.
by an audience calling out

staying with or supporting a

He was faithful to his wife and never cheated on
faithful adj particular person, organization or
her.
belief

a particular subject or activity English has ‘borrowed’ many words from other
field n that somebody works in or is languages, for example in the field of music
interested in from Italian, Greek, and French.

a particular type or style of

literature, art, film or music that
genre n What genre of music do you like?
you can recognize because of its
special features

a small device that fits inside the

hearing aid n ear and makes sounds louder, used by My grandad needs a hearing aid to hear.
people who cannot hear well

The hum from the air-conditioning was really

hum n to make a low continuous sound
loud.

a thick piece of wood that is cut Are you a light sleeper or do you sleep like a
log n
from or has fallen from a tree log (sleep very well)?

43
 clearly expressed; easy to In a lucid dream the person who is dreaming can
lucid adj
understand sometimes change what is happening.

a drink made with espresso coffee I like to drink macchiato because it’s a bit
macchiato n
and a small amount of hot milk lighter.

a singing voice with a range

mezzo soprano
between soprano and alto; a woman She is a mezzo soprano.
n
with a mezzo-soprano voice

a short sleep, especially during the When I’m tired I have a short nap during the
nap n
day day.

isorders that affect the brain as
neurological
well as the nerves found throughout
disorder n
the human body and the spinal cord.
Doctors diagnosed her as having a rare
neurological disorder called Kleine-Levin
Syndrome.

two or more lines that

parallel adj are parallel to each other are the My house is parallel with a field.
same distance apart at every point

to arrange for an event, etc. to

postpone v take place at a later time or date I postponed our meeting until next Sunday.
than originally planned

profoundly in a way that has a very great

He was born profoundly deaf.
adv effect on somebody/something

to happen again or a number of times

recur v My nightmare recurs nearly every night.

a period of sleep during which you

REM (rapid eye
dream and your eyes make many small REM is an acronym for ‘rapid eye movement’.
movement) n
movements

Research has shown that short naps are very

to bring back a situation or feeling
restore v effective in restoring our energy levels and
that existed before
mood.

Writers of film scores are experts at using

score n the music written for a film or play
music to create an atmosphere.

seek v to look for something/somebody He decided to seek further help.

a person who walks around while they

sleepwalker n You should never wake up a sleepwalker.
are asleep

to breathe noisily through your nose Have you ever had to share a room with someone
snore v
and mouth while you are asleep who snores?

a piece of music for one instrument

or for one instrument and a piano, A sonata is usually played on just one
sonata n
usually divided into three or four instrument.
parts

a vegetable with large, dark-green

spinach n leaves that are cooked or eaten in Spinach is a vegetable many children don’t like.
salads

an idea or a plan that you mention

suggestion n The suggestions for their holiday really helped.
for somebody else to think about

a long, complicated piece of music

symphony n for a large orchestra, in three or I love Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.
four main parts (called movements)

44
 a set of physical conditions that Doctors diagnosed her as having a rare
syndrome n show you have a particular disease neurological disorder called Kleine-Levin
or medical problem Syndrome.

to become tired and feel as if you Once you’ve tired of classical, you could start
tire v want to sleep or rest; to make with music from the fifties and progress through
somebody feel this way each decade.

the whole of space and everything in

The book opened his mind to a whole universe of
universe n it, including the earth, the planets
ideas.
and the stars

unwanted adj that you do not want All unwanted ideas were rejected.

extremely large in area, size, The ship was vast with a capacity of over 2,000
vast adj
amount, etc. passengers.

Gamers spend hours a day in a virtual reality

made to appear to exist by the use and they are used to controlling their game
virtual adj of computer software, for example on environments.
the internet

to walk slowly around or to a place,

My parents heard me wandering downstairs in the
wander v often without any particular sense
middle of the night.
of purpose or direction

to make a continuous, low sound like

whir v The computer whirred as it started up.
the parts of a machine moving

File 7
Verbs often confused

WORDS DEFINITION EXAMPLES

to give somebody help and

My teachers are going to advise me what subjects
advise v information on a subject that you
to study next year.
know a lot about

to speak angrily to somebody because I often argue with my parents about doing
argue v
you disagree with them housework.

to keep away from

avoid v somebody/something; to try not to do Jack always tries to avoid arguing with me.
something

to defeat somebody in a game or

beat v Arsenal beat Manchester United 5–2.
competition

deny v to say that something is not true Tom always denies that he has a problem.

to talk about something with

discuss v somebody, especially in order to I need to discuss the problem with my boss.
decide something

to think or believe that something

I expect that Daniel will forget our
expect v will happen or that somebody will do
anniversary. He always does.
something

to want something to happen and I hope that you can come on Friday. I haven’t
hope v
think that it is possible seen you for ages.

45
 to put somebody/something in a
lay (past I laid the baby on the bed and changed his
particular position, especially when
laid) v nappy.
it is done gently or carefully

to be or put yourself in a flat

lie (past Last night I came home, lay on the sofa, and
position so that you are not
lay) v went to sleep.
standing or sitting

Carol doesn’t look very well. I think she’s

look v to seem; to appear
working too hard.

to be important or have an important

matter v It doesn’t matter if we are five minutes late.
effect on somebody/something

to not care or not be concerned

mind v My parents don’t mind if I stay out late.
about something

to see or hear somebody/something;

I didn’t notice that Karen had changed her hair
notice v to become aware of
colour.
somebody/something

to stop somebody from doing

prevent v something; to stop something from My dad can’t prevent me from seeing my friends.
happening

to increase the amount or level of It’s hard not to raise your voice when you are
raise v
something arguing with someone.

I didn’t realize you were so unhappy.

to understand or become aware of a
realize v
particular fact or situation

to say or show that you will not do

refuse v something that somebody has asked Tom always refuses to discuss the problem.
you to do

to not forget to do something; to

remember v Remember to turn off the lights before you go.
actually do what you have to do

to help somebody remember something,

remind v especially something important that Can you remind me to call my mum later?
they must do

to come or go upwards; to reach a The cost of living is going to rise again this
rise v
higher level or position month.

to steal money or property from a

rob v The men had been planning to rob the bank.
person or place

to give the impression of being or I’ve spoken to her husband twice and he seems
seem v
doing something very nice.

to take something from a person,

shop, etc. without permission and If you leave your bike unlocked, somebody might
steal v
without intending to return it or steal it.
pay for it

to stay where you are or delay doing

We’ll have to wait half an hour for the next
wait v something until somebody/something
train.
comes or something happens

to tell somebody about something,

especially something dangerous or I think I should warn you that Liam doesn’t
warn v
unpleasant that is likely to happen, always tell the truth.
so that they can avoid it

to be the most successful in a

win v Arsenal won the match 5–2.
competition, race, battle, etc.

46
 to want something to happen or to be
wish v true even though it is unlikely or I wish I was a bit taller!
impossible

THE BODY

the joint connecting the foot to the

ankle n leg; the narrow part of the leg just I sprained my ankle playing football.
above the ankle joint

to clear your nose

blow your
by blowing strongly through it into Here’s a tissue to blow your nose.
nose
a tissue or handkerchief

My bike saddle is uncomfortable and it hurts my

bottom n the part of the body that you sit on
bottom!

the organ inside the head that

brain n controls movement, thought, memory Is it true we only use 25% of our brain?
and feeling

the back part of the leg between the

calf n I pulled my calf muscle running.
ankle and the knee

the top part of the front of the

chest n body, between the neck and the What size chest is your jacket?
stomach

to bite food into small pieces in

chew v your mouth with your teeth to make The steak was tough and difficult to chew.
it easier to swallow

comb your to pull a comb through your hair in Are you going to comb your hair? It looks a
hair order to make it neat mess.

the joint between the upper and

I don’t know why I’ve got a lot of wrinkled skin
elbow n lower parts of the arm where it
on my elbow.
bends in the middle

a hand when it is tightly closed

fist n She hit me with her fist.
with the fingers bent into the palm

to put one of your arms over the

fold your
other one and hold them against your Fold your arms – it will keep you warmer.
arms
body

to make a serious, angry or worried

expression by bringing The teacher frowned when she saw all the
frown v
your eyebrows closer together so mistakes I had made.
that lines appear on your forehead

the organ in the chest that sends

heart n blood around the body, usually on My heart is beating so fast after that race.
the left in humans

the back part of the foot below the

heel n Careful! You stood on my heel.
ankle

the area at either side of the body

between the top of the leg and the
middle part of the body;
hips n pl My grandad has false hips.
the joint at the top of the leg that
connects it with the top part of the
body
hold
to have somebody/something in your I’m going to hold someone’s hand when I skate.
someone’s
hand, arms, etc. I’m worried I’ll fall over
hand

47
 to put your arms around somebody and
hug v hold them tightly, especially to When we meet we always hug each other.
show that you like or love them

the two organs in the body that

kidneys n pl remove waste products from the blood The kidneys help clean the blood.
and produce urine

to be in or move into a position

Some women think a man should kneel down when he
kneel v where your body is supported on your
proposes marriage.
knee or knees

a large organ in the body that

liver n Drinking too much alcohol is bad for your liver.
cleans the blood and produces bile

the two organs in the chest that you I smoke 40 cigarettes a day. My lungs must be
lungs n pl
use for breathing terrible.

the thin hard layer covering the

nails n pl Where did you get your nails done?
outer tip of the fingers or toes

She tries to read people’s palms.

the inner surface of the hand
palms n pl
between the wrist and the fingers

to stretch out your finger or

something held in your hand towards If you don’t know the word for something, just
point v
somebody/something in order to show point at what you want.
somebody where a person or thing is

raise your to show that you think something is

Don’t raise your eyebrows at me.
eyebrows bad or are surprised by something

to rub your skin with your nails, Don’t scratch the mosquito bite. You’ll only
scratch v
usually because it is itching make it worse.

to take somebody’s hand and move it

up and down as a way of saying hello
shake hands We normally shake hands when we meet people.
or to show that you agree about
something

to turn your head from side to side

shake your Nod if you agree or shake your head if you
as a way of saying ‘no’ or to show
head don’t.
that you are sad, feel doubt, etc

to raise your shoulders and then

shrug your Do you always shrug your shoulders when you
drop them to show that you do not
shoulders don’t know the answer?
know or care about something

to look at somebody/something for a The painting was so strange I stared at it for a

stare v
long time long time.

to put your arms or legs out

stretch v She got out of bed, and yawned and stretched.
straight and contract your muscles

the top part of the leg between the

thighs n pl knee and the hip (= where the leg My thighs are too big for those trousers.
joins the body)

the area around the middle of the

body between the ribs and the hips,
waist n What waist size are your trousers?
often narrower than the areas above
and below

She waved goodbye sadly to her boyfriend as the

wave v wave
train left the station.

to close one eye and open it again

quickly, especially as a private
wink v He winked at me to show that he was only joking.
signal to somebody, or to show
something is a joke

48
 the joint between the hand and the
wrist n I can’t play tennis. I’ve hurt my wrist.
arm

to open your mouth wide and breathe

yawn v in deeply through it, usually It’s rude to yawn without covering your mouth.
because you are tired or bored

Useful words and phrases

to support somebody/something; to
back up v say that what somebody says, etc. is I have all the evidence to back up my argument.
true

the part of a picture, photograph

background n or view behind the main objects, In the background there is a man playing golf.
people, etc.
to be expected or required to do/be
something according to a rule, a In Papua New Guinea when a woman is arguing with
be supposed
custom, an arrangement, etc. her husband, he’s supposed to reply to his
to v
wife’s insults.
a substance that makes muscles
relax. It is sometimes injected into
Botox should be banned for actors as steroids
Botox n the skin around somebody’s eyes to
are for sportsmen.
remove lines and make the skin look
younger.
we use it when we are almost sure
I failed my piano exam. I can’t have practised
can’t have v that something didn't happen or that
enough.
it is impossible

having the ability or qualities Women are capable of driving cars just as well
capable adj
necessary for doing something as men.

change the I don’t want to talk about this anymore. Let’s

begin talking of something different
subject change the subject.

either side of the face below the

cheek n His cheeks are really red after running.
eyes

the part of the face below the mouth

chin n He has got a small beard on his chin.
and above the neck

to come together to form a single

thing or group; to join two or more Many things combine to show how we feel about
combine v
things or groups together to form a something.
single one

the features of a problem or

Many things combine to present human experience
complexity n situation that are difficult to
in all its complexity.
understand

to think of somebody/something in a He wasn’t considered a major suspect in the

consider v
particular way murder case.

to form an idea of the cost, size, It’s estimated that as much as 80% of our
estimate v value etc. of something, but without interaction with others is through non-verbal
calculating it exactly communication.

eyelashes n the hairs growing on the edge of

Her eyelashes are so long. Are they real?
pl the eyelids

the pieces of skin above and below

eyelids n pl the eye that cover it when She wears a lot of make-up on her eyelids.
you blink or close the eye

49
 connected with a person’s face; on a
facial adj Facial expressions show a lot about how we feel.
person’s face

the part of a view, picture, etc.

In the foreground we see the inside of a room
foreground n that is nearest to you when you look
with a glass door leading into a garden.
at it

the part of the face above the eyes

forehead n Most of my wrinkles are on my forehead.
and below the hair

Human beings argue about everything but are

a person rather than an animal or a
human being n there any differences between the sexes in the
machine
way that we argue?

I’ll say something hurtful to him and he’ll say

hurtful adj making you feel upset and offended
something back.

Is she okay? I saw her in floods of tears.

in floods of crying with great intensity because
tears they were very upset.

in such a way that something seems I think she looks as if she has just had some
look as if v
to be true bad news.

to have an appearance that is very

look like v I think she looks like a teenage student.
similar to (someone or something)

Through an understanding of non-verbal

meaningful
serious and important behaviour, you will achieve a deeper, more
adj
meaningful view of the world around you.
a piece of body tissue that you make
tight and relax in order to move a
muscle n particular part of the body; I’m too fat. I want more muscle.
the tissue that forms the muscles of
the body

we use it when we are almost sure

must have v You must have lost your phone.
that something happened or was true

the act of performing a play,

I don’t think his performance in this series was
performance n concert or some other form of
as good as in the last one
entertainment

a man whose job is to collect and As they were leaving the postman arrived with
postman n
deliver letters, etc. the mail.

To understand this, and then make a conscious

to need something; to depend on
require v decision that you will do it differently
somebody/something
requires a lot of maturity.

to support something by putting it

In the photo there is a girl sitting at the
rest v on or against something; to be
table, resting her head on one hand.
supported in this way

means that something did not happen,

should have v I’m so tired. I should have gone to bed earlier.
but we wish it had happened

Joe immediately understood the significance of

significance n the meaning of something the eyelid movement he had witnessed, and the
man became the chief suspect.

to see or notice a person or thing,

Then there are the non-verbal signs that many
spot v especially suddenly or when it is
have not learnt to spot.
not easy to do so

50
 a particular way of doing something,
What technique does he use to help convey the
technique n especially one in which you have to
feeling of happiness?
learn special skills

would rather would prefer to I would rather go to the cinema than to a club.

More words in File 7

expressing opinions or desires

John Gray says that men are more assertive in
assertive adj strongly and with confidence, so
arguments than women.
that people take notice

a large hole in the side of a hill

cave n There are some beautiful caves along the coast.
or cliff or under the ground

a situation in which people, groups

Conflict is an important part of any
conflict n or countries disagree strongly or
relationship. It’s healthy to argue.
are involved in a serious argument
What two things does he say radio actors use to
to make ideas, feelings, etc. known convey feelings?
convey v
to somebody

a person who has been trained to

We argue too much. I think we need to see a
counsellor n advise people with problems,
counsellor.
especially personal problems

to put your body close to the

My back hurts from crouching down with the
crouch v ground by bending your legs under
children.
you

pleasant thoughts that make you He often just looks out of the window and starts
daydream v
forget about the present to daydream.

to succeed in finding the meaning of

decipher v something that is difficult to read It was difficult to decipher what he meant.
or understand

to form an opinion about something

I try to deduce many things based on evidence I
deduce v based on the information or evidence
have.
that is available

extreme anger that often includes

fury n Her fury could be heard by everyone around her.
violent behaviour

the fact of being male or female,

especially when considered with
reference to social and cultural Damian Whitworth investigates gender differences
gender n
differences, rather than differences when couples argue.
in biology; members of a
particular gender as a group
a movement that you make with your
Physical gestures can be quite different from
gesture n hands, your head or your face to
one culture to another.
show a particular meaning

a tool with a very sharp point for One of the weapons, the ice pick, had actually
ice pick n
breaking ice with been used in the crime.

to raise somebody/something or be Try to lift it off the page and make it sound
lift v
raised to a higher position or level natural.

a person who studies languages She’s a skilled linguist. She understands so

linguist n
or linguistics much about languages.

51
loo n a toilet Where’s the men’s loo?

a broad, heavy knife used as a He cut his way through the tall plants with a
machete n
cutting tool and as a weapon machete.

to try to end a situation between

two or more people or groups who
I often mediate between my parents when they
mediate v disagree by talking to them and
argue.
trying to find things that everyone
can agree on
(of artists, writers, etc. or their It’s as naturalistic as you can make it sound –
naturalistic
work) showing things as they appear to lift it off the page, to make it sound as
adj
in the natural world though you’re not reading it.

(especially of children) behaving Maybe the boy has been naughty because it seems
naughty adj
badly; not willing to obey as if he’s looking at the ground.

It’s estimated that as much as 80% of our

non-verbal
not involving words or speech interaction with others is through non-verbal
adj
communication.

not having the correct pitch or

out of tune That guitar sounds completely out of tune.
intonation.

a liquid, often made from flowers,

that you put on your skin to make
perfume n yourself smell nice Your perfume smells like roses.

to continue doing something in a Even though it was difficult he decided to press

press on v
determined way; to hurry forward on with the marathon.

a flower with a sweet smell that

He gave her a single red rose on their
rose n grows on a bush with thorns (= sharp
anniversary.
points) on its stems

that has decayed and cannot be eaten

rotten adj That apple is rotten. You should throw it out.
or used

(of feelings, beliefs or

sincere adj behaviour) showing what you really He sounded sincere when he apologized.
think or feel

changing shape easily when pressed;

soft adj Your new jacket feels very soft.
not stiff or hard

to form an opinion about something

speculate v without knowing all the details or I often speculate about changing the past.
facts

used to refer in a general way to

We see lots of stereotypical stuff when we are
stuff n things that people do, say, think,
young.
etc.

a tall tropical plant with Sugar cane is one of the main crops in some
sugar cane n
thick stems from which sugar is made countries.

as a result of something just Body language gives away a lot about someone’s
thus adv
mentioned feelings, thus it is important to understand it.

a long angry speech criticizing

She launched an angry tirade of insults and
tirade n somebody/something or accusing
swear words.
somebody of something

52
 a subject that you talk, write or Men avoid talking about topics that may cause an
topic n
learn about argument.

the way in which a child is cared

Our upbringing as children impacts on how we
upbringing n for and taught how to behave while
behave.
it is growing up

not very good at something; not able

useless adj I’m useless at arguing. My partner always wins.
to do things well

to become quieter and spend less Men tend to withdraw from an argument and become
withdraw v
time with other people silent.

File 8
Crime and punishment

WORDS DEFINITION EXAMPLES

to say that somebody has done

They were accused of armed robbery and car
accuse v something wrong or is guilty of
theft.
something
to decide and state officially in
court that somebody is not guilty of
acquit v a crime He was acquitted and allowed to go free.

if the police arrest somebody, the

person is taken to a police
They were arrested and taken to a police
arrest v station and kept there because the
station.
police believe they may be guilty of
a crime
the crime of demanding money from a Blackmail is often committed when someone has
blackmail n person by threatening to tell some information another person wants kept
somebody else a secret about them secret.
the giving or taking of bribes (a
sum of money or something valuable
that you give or offer to somebody
bribery n They got the contract by using bribery.
to persuade them to help you,
especially by doing something
dishonest)
the crime of entering a building
The burglary was very upsetting for the people
burglary n illegally and stealing things from
who lived there.
it

to capture a person or an animal Carl and Adam were caught driving to the airport
catch v
that tries or would try to escape in a stolen car.

an official claim made by the police

charge v Finally they were charged with armed robbery.
that somebody has committed a crime

commit v to do something wrong or illegal Carl and Adam committed a crime.

the place where legal trials take

court n place and where crimes, etc. are The defendants appeared in court.
judged

drug dealing
the crime of selling illegal drugs Drug dealing involves selling any illegal drug.
n

the information that is used in

evidence n The jury looked at and heard all the evidence.
court to try to prove something

53
 the crime of cheating somebody in
He committed fraud by using other people’s
fraud n order to get money or goods
identities.
illegally

having done something illegal; being

Carl was found guilty. His fingerprints were on
guilty adj responsible for something bad that
the gun used in the robbery.
has happened
the use of violence or threats to
take control of a vehicle,
especially a plane, in order to The hijacking of the plane forced the airport to
hijacking n
force it to travel to a different close.
place or to demand something from a
government
to carefully examine the facts of a
situation, an event, a crime, etc.
investigate v The police investigated the crime.
to find out the truth about it or
how it happened
a person in a court who has the
authority to decide how criminals The judge decided what Carl’s punishment should
judge n
should be punished or to make legal be.
decisions
a group of members of the public who
listen to the facts of a case in a
jury n court and decide whether or not The jury looked at and heard all the evidence.
somebody is guilty of a crime, or
whether a claim has been proved
the crime of taking somebody away
illegally and keeping them as a
Kidnapping often happens when a criminal tries
kidnapping n prisoner, especially in order to get
to get money from a rich person.
money or something else for
returning them
the crime of killing somebody
illegally in circumstances that make
manslaughter it a less serious crime than murder
Manslaughter is killing someone by accident.
n (for example because it was not
deliberate or not planned in
advance)
the crime of attacking somebody Mugging is like robbery, but on the street.
violently, or threatening to do so,
mugging n
in order to steal their money,
especially in a public place

the crime of killing somebody

murder n He went to prison for the murder of five people.
deliberately

information, documents, etc. that There was no proof that Adam had committed the
proof n
show that something is true crime

an act or a way of punishing The judge decided what Carl’s punishment should
punishment n
somebody be.

to ask somebody questions about

question v The police questioned them for ten hours.
something, especially officially

the crime of forcing somebody to

rape n have sex when they do not want it or Rape is often about power and control.
are not able to agree to it

the crime of stealing money or goods

Robbery usually is violent and involves a
robbery n from a bank, shop, person, etc.,
weapon.
especially using violence or threats

to say officially in court that

sentence v somebody is to receive a particular He sentenced him to ten years in prison.
punishment

the crime of taking, sending or

Smuggling involves taking illegal products from
smuggling n bringing goods secretly and
one country to another.
illegally into or out of a country

54
 the crime of following and watching
somebody over a long period of time Stalking can happen physically or on the
stalking n
in a way that is annoying or internet.
frightening

the use of violent action in order

terrorism n to achieve political aims or to Terrorism is often political or religious.
force a government to act

the crime of stealing something from

theft n The theft was very stressful for the victim.
a person or place

the crime of destroying or damaging

something, especially public Some people say graffiti is art; others say it
vandalism n
property, deliberately and for no is vandalism.
good reason

an official judgement made in court

verdict n or at an inquest (= an official After two days the jury reached their verdict.
investigation into somebody's death)

The witness told the court what they had seen or

witness n person who sees something
knew.

The Media

The film review was quite accurate. It said the

accurate adj correct and true in every detail
a person who writes in a newspaper
or magazine or on a website giving
agony aunt n advice in reply to people’s emails
and letters about their personal
problems
plot was poor but the acting was good, which was
true.
An agony aunt writes in a newspaper or magazine
giving advice to peoplle in reply to their
letters.

axe v to remove somebody from their job Thousands of jobs axed by UK firms.

to encourage somebody or give them

Prime minister backs his Chancellor in latest
back v help; to give financial support to
scandal
somebody/something

tending to show favour towards or

The news on Channel 12 is really biased. You
against one group of people or one
biased adj can’t believe anything you hear on it.
opinion for personal reasons; making
unfair judgements

to try to do, get or achieve

bid v Astronaut bids to be first man on Mars.
something

the parts of a book, film, etc. to

I think the report was censored. The newspaper
censored adj be removed that are considered to
wasn’t allowed to publish all the details.
be offensive or a political threat

to argue or disagree seriously with

clash v somebody about something, and to Ministers clash over new car tax proposal.
show this in public

a person who describes an event

A commentator is a person who describes a sports
commentator n while it is happening, especially on
event while it’s happening on TV or radio.
television or radio

a person who expresses opinions A critic is a person who writes a review about
critic n about the good and bad qualities of the good / bad qualities of books, concerts,
books, music, etc. theatre, films, etc.

a person who is in charge of a

An editor is a person in charge of a newspaper
newspaper, magazine, etc., or part
editor n or magazine, or part of one, and decides what
of one, and who decides what should
should be in it.
be included

55
 not employed by one organization,
A freelance journalist is a person who writes
freelance but is paid for each piece of work
articles for different papers and it not
journalist n they do by the organization they do
employed by any one paper.
it for.

to have a bad effect on

hit v Stock market hit by oil fears.
somebody/something

a person who reads the news on A newsreader is a person who reads the news on
newsreader n
television or radio TV or radio.

I think The Observer is the most objective. It

not influenced by personal feelings
objective adj bases its stories just on facts, nor on feelings
or opinions; considering only facts
or beliefs.

a photographer who follows famous The paparazzi are photographers who follow
paparazzi n people around in order to get famous people around to
pl interesting photographs of them to get photos of them to sell to newspapers and
sell to a newspaper magazines.

a person who introduces the

A presenter is a person who introduces the
presenter n different sections of a radio or
different sections of a radio or TV programme.
television programme

quit v to leave your job, school, etc. United boss to quit after shock cup defeat.

to ask somebody a lot of questions

quiz v about something in order to get Police quiz witness in murder trial.
information from them
A reporter is a person who collects and reports
a person who collects and reports news for newspapers, radio, or TV.
reporter n news for newspapers, radio or
television

serious argument between people,

row n Famous actress in restaurant bill row.
organizations, etc. about something

trying to get your interest by

The reporting in the paper was very sensational.
sensational presenting facts or events as worse
It made the story seem more shocking than it
adj or more shocking than they really
really was.
are

to leave somebody and stop having a Footballer and wife split over affair with
split v
relationship with them cleaner.

to make a formal and serious promise

vow v to do something or a formal Tarantino tipped to win best director.
statement that is true

wed v to marry Bayern Munich boss vows to avenge defeat.

Useful words and phrases

an extra amount of money that is

added to a payment, especially to
bonus n
somebody’s wages or salary as a
reward
brilliant adj extremely clever or impressive
The Chancellor has warned that the row about
paying bonuses threathers to put jobs at risk.
It’s thrilling and brilliant and useful most of
the time, but it’s not a right to be able to use
it.

a series of planned activities that

campaign v are intended to achieve a particular People campaign for things they believe in.
social, commercial or political aim

56
 the right of people to be free to
civil liberty say or do what they want while Civil liberties are important for people’s
n respecting others and staying within freedom.
the law
a part of a newspaper, magazine or
website that appears regularly and Geoff Lewis, 30, writes a weekly newspaper
column n
deals with a particular subject or column on cooking.
is written by a particular writer

a situation in which two things are
disconnection
not connected although they should
n
be, and this causes problems
When the government proposed punishing illegal
downloaders with internet disconnection, people
campaigned against it.

a person whose job is to connect,

electrician n I need an electrician to fit a new light.
repair, etc. electrical equipment

the state in which two people are If you see that people are watching you in a
eye contact n aware of looking directly into one suspicious way, look straight back at them and
another's eyes. make eye contact.

not what somebody claims it is; Lots of people buy fake products because they
fake adj
appearing to be something it is not are cheaper than a genuine product.

after a long time, especially when

Finally, I do not think that a fine is a
finally adv there has been some difficulty or
suitable punishment for young people.
delay

It takes more than luck. For instance, hard work

for instance for example
is important.

to give something/somebody
officially or formally to another A woman in Florida handed over $400 for an iPad
hand over v person which turned out to be fake.

used when you want to mention In addition, in prisons many of the inmates take
in addition another person or thing after drugs and this is a terrible example for young
something else offenders.

In conclusion, I believe that community service

in conclusion finally
has important advantages.

the money that a person, a region, a

There can be big income differences between
income n country, etc. earns from work, from
urban and rural areas.
investing money, from business, etc.

to demand something and refuse to be

insist on v Jamie insisted on paying for the meal.
persuaded to accept anything else

jail n prison He is being held in Volusia County jail.

justification a good reason why something exists There are plenty of justifications for taking
n or is done things for free on the internet.

Community service is the best punishment for

minor adj not very large, important or serious
young people who commit a minor offence.

nearby adj near in position; not far away He bought them in a nearby town.

a section of a piece of writing,

usually consisting of several
paragraph n EXAMPLES dealing with a single A paragraph contains ideas related to one topic.
subject. The first sentence of
a paragraph starts on a new line.

57
 letters, words, numbers, etc. that You could see his paw print on the key of the
print n
have been printed onto paper phone.

to stretch your hand towards

The first thing she reaches for is her
reach for v something in order to touch it, pick
BlackBerry.
it up, etc.

a set of instructions that tells you

how to cook something and
recipe n Can I have the recipe for this? It’s delicious!
the ingredients (= items of
food) you need for it

to change something completely so

Labour have accused him of putting the economy
reverse v that it is the opposite of what it
into reverse.
was before

a person who steals goods from a

A shoplifter is someone who steals something
shoplifter n shop by deliberately leaving without
when he / she is in a shop.
paying for them

o not do something that you usually

skip v Don’t skip breakfast. You’ll be hungry later.
do or should do

kept in case you need to replace the The police got in with the help of a neighbour,
spare adj
one you usually use; extra Paul Walker, who had a spare key.

a short statement that gives only

summary n the main points of something, not A good summary focuses only on the main points.
the details

to hit somebody/something quickly Well-manicured fingers tap keys, and she starts
tap v
and lightly looking at her diary

a large cupboard for hanging clothes

in, which is either a piece of In her head Helen is already choosing the
wardrobe n furniture or (in British English) wardrobe she needs to wear
built into the wall

More words in File 8

armed adj involving the use of weapons There is nothing polite about armed robbery.

Sommerville climbs into a British armoured

armoured adj protected by metal covers
vehicle.

become to make somebody/something become He became entangled with the cord of the phone
entangled v caught or twisted in something and was choking.

a particular type of animal that

has been developed by people in a
breed n Some breeds of dog are aggressive.
certain way, especially a type of
dog, cat or farm animal

Never ever get into a cab that has another person

cab n a taxi
in the front passenger seat.

a group of vehicles or ships

travelling together, especially
convoy n The army convoy moves forward.
when soldiers or other vehicles
travel with them for protection

In fact, he’s really dopey – he just likes to

dopey adj rather stupid
chew socks most of the time.

58
 Fans who don’t pay their idols are like lovers
everlasting adj continuing forever; never changing who promise everlasting love but then sit and
watch you as you drown.

Fans who don’t pay their idols are like lovers

a person or thing that is loved and
idol n who promise everlasting love but then sit and
admired very much
watch you as you drown.

one of the people living in an

inmate n institution such as a prison or In prisons many of the inmates take drugs.
a psychiatric hospital

used to emphasize the truth of You could see his paw print on the key of the
literally adv
something that may seem surprising phone. He literally saved his own life.

with nails that are neatly cut Well-manicured fingers tap keys, and she starts
manicured adj
and polished looking at her diary.

She’s got all her complex life locked up in that

matchbox n a small box for holding matches
electronic matchbox

the fact that something must happen

necessity n The internet isn’t a necessity.
or be done; the need for something

to disagree strongly with

somebody’s plan, policy, etc. and I oppose the government’s changes. They should be
oppose v
try to change it or prevent it from stopped.
succeeding

too anxious to protect somebody Sometimes the locals can be overprotective

overprotective
from being hurt, in a way that because they want you to
adj
limits their freedom see the best side of their town.

the foot of an animal that

paws n pl has claws or nails The dog touched the key with his paws.

a person who steals money, etc.

A pickpocket is someone who steals from you in
pickpocket n from other people’s pockets,
the street, usually without you noticing.
especially in crowded places

Dozens of Facebook groups deal with everything,

happening before the normal or
premature adj from drugs to abandoned wives, to panic attacks
expected time
and premature babies.

to be control something by means of If you do have to get a taxi in the street, make
regulated adj
rules sure it looks like a regulated one.

The safest thing to do is to phone a reputable

that people consider to be honest;
reputable adj company every time you
having a good reputation
need a cab.

to move text on a computer screen

scroll v up or down so that you can read Scroll down and it’s at the bottom.
different parts of it

to become smaller, especially when

washed in water that is too hot; to
shrink v The music industry has shrunk 40% since 2000.
make clothes, cloth, etc. smaller
in this way

to prevent somebody from having an

No one was paying her any attention. She was
sideline v important part in something that
starting to feel sidelined.
other people are doing

to live in a building or on land

squat v which is not yours, without the Squatting in an unoccupied house is illegal.
owner’s permission

to move suddenly and/or with force

The car sweeps past people standing alongside the
sweep v over an area or in a particular
road.
direction

59
 a small piece of paper, cloth,
An Apple logo had been cut out in the middle,
plastic, etc. attached to something
tag n and a Best Buy price tag
to identify it or give information
stuck on the back.
about it
a machine used in shops,
restaurants, etc. for keeping money The robber always says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’
till n in, and that shows and records the when he orders shop staff to give him the money
amount of money received for each in the till.
thing that is sold
a person with no home or job who
You don’t have to look like a tramp, but you
travels from place to place,
tramp n should try to look as if you aren’t carrying much
usually asking people in the street
of value.
for food or money
something very pleasant that
We don’t have a right to listen to the music we
somebody can enjoy, especially
treat n want for free. These things are treats,
something that you give somebody or
pleasures, luxuries.
do for them

Illegally downloading will ultimately harm the

ultimately adv in the end; finally people who are
committing the crime.

Newspaper staff tried both dishes and unanimously

declared Andrew’s
unanimously adv by everyone in a particular group
to be the winner.

undistinguished not very interesting, successful or The undistinguished building would not be noticed
adj attractive by anyone.

empty, with nobody living there or

unoccupied adj The house is unoccupied. No one lives there.
using it

well off adj having a lot of money His clothes look expensive. He must be well off.

File 9
Business

WORDS DEFINITION EXAMPLES

A branch is an office or shop that A branch is an office or shop that is part of a

branch n
is part of a larger organization. larger organization.

A business is an organization which

A business is an organization which produces or
business n produces or sells goods or provides
sells goods or provides a service.
a service.

the CEO (= the person with the highest rank in

chief a business company (the
The CEO is the head of a company.
executive abbreviation for ‘chief executive
officer) n officer’)

A chain is a group of shops,

A chain is a group of shops, hotels, etc. owned
chain n hotels, etc. owned by the same
by the same person or company.
person or company.

A client receives a service from a A client receives a service from a professional

client n professional person. person.

the person with the highest rank in

a business company (the
close down v Many companies close down in a recession.
abbreviation for ‘chief executive
officer’)

A customer is someone who buys

customer n A customer is someone who buys goods or services
goods or services

60
do a deal (= to make an agreement, especially in
business business, on particular conditions I want to do a deal on a new car.
agreement) for buying or doing something

do a job to achieve a desired result Do a job well and you’ll get promoted.

do business Many companies do business in a variety of

to trade
(with) countries.

Many companies do market research to find out

to do the work of collecting
do market more about their
information about what people buy
research customers.
and why

to become or make something weaker,

drop v Standards of living drop in a recession.
lower or less

An employee is a person who works

employee n An employee is a person who works for somebody.
for somebody.

to become greater in size, number

or importance; to make something The company expanded to open shops in other
expand v
greater in size, number or countries.
importance

to sell and send goods to another

export v They export the product around the world.
country

firm n a business or company Firm means the same as business.

to increase in size, number, An economic boom is a time when a country’s

grow v
strength or quality economy grows.

the main office of a company; the

managers who work there
head office n The head office is the main office of a company.

to bring a product, a service, an

import v idea, etc. into one country from Our country imports most of its oil.
another

to become better than before; to

improve v make something/somebody better than Standards of living improve in an economic boom.
before

to become greater in amount,

number, value, etc.; to make
increase v I need to increase my income.
something greater in amount,
number, value, etc.
to make a product or service
available to the public for the Nowadays it is quite a risk to launch a new
launch v
first time; to become available for business.
the first time

When you make someone redundant it’s important

make (someone) to fire somebody because there is
to manage it
redundant no more work available in a company
effectively.

to make a choice or judgement that

make a I have to make a decision before the end of the
you make after thinking and talking
decision day.
about what is the best thing to do

Most businesses make a loss in the first few

make a loss to lose money
years.

make a profit to earn money I think my business will make a profit this year.

61
 to make money very fast and in
make money I need to make money quickly.
large quantities

a person who is in charge of

The manager is the person in charge of part of an
manager n running a business, a shop or a
organization.
similar organization or part of one

to make goods in large quantities,

manufacture v China manufactures many products for the world.
using machines

to advertise a product in a
Companies often use celebrities to help market
market v particular way in order to make
their products.
people want it

to combine or make two or more

The two companies merged to create one large
merge v things combine to form a single
company.
thing

a company that operates in several

multinational A multinational company has offices or factories
different countries, especially a
n in many countries.
large and powerful company

owner n a person who owns something The owner is the person who owns a business.

to make things to be sold, Saudi Arabia produces more oil than any other
produce v
especially in large quantities country.

a difficult time for the economy

of a country, when there is less
In a recession many people worry about their
recession n trade and industrial activity than
jobs.recese,
usual and more people are
unemployed

to create something or start it

set up v The company was set up in 1990.

all the workers employed in an The staff is the group of people who work for an
staff n
organization considered as a group organization.

to gain control of a business, a

The Royal Bank of Scotland took over NatWest Bank
take over v company, etc., especially by buying
in 2000.
shares

unemployed adj without a job although able to work There are more unemployed people in a recession.

Word Building

he fact of somebody being away from

a place where they are usually
absence n expected to be; the occasion or Her absence was noted by the teacher.
period of time when somebody is
away

accommodation Accommodation for tourists can be very expensive

a place to live, work or stay in
n in London, especially good hotels.

the medical condition caused by Alcoholism is a growing problem as drink becomes

alcoholism n
drinking too much alcohol regularly cheaper.

harmful or annoying to other Vandalism, especially breaking public property,

antisocial adj
people, or to society in general is very antisocial behaviour.

62
 machines and computers are used
automated adj instead of people to do a job or The Tokyo subway is fully automated.
task

something that you believe,

belief n Let’s not talk about religious beliefs.
especially as part of your religion

Montreal is probably the most bilingual city in

a person who can speak two
bilingual adj the world – most inhabitants speak English and
languages equally well
French.

friendship and understanding Brotherhood is the friendship and understanding

brotherhood n
between people between people.

bulletproof that can stop bullets from passing

The police usually wear bulletproof vests.
adj through it

the period of somebody’s life when

childhood n I have many fond memories from my childhood.
they are a child

the lack of warm feelings; I was treated with such coldness that I never
coldness n
unfriendly behaviour went back to that country.

food that you buy frozen or in a

convenience Convenience foods are popular with people who
box or can and that you can prepare
food n lead busy lives.
and cook very quickly and easily

drinkable adj clean and safe to drink I don’t think the tap water here is drinkable.

entertainment films, music, etc. used to New York has a huge range of entertainment,
n entertain people from Broadway shows to top sporting events.

the state of feeling or showing

happiness and enthusiasm The excitement at the end of the game was
excitement n
amazing.

kind pleasant behaviour towards I love Rio because of the friendliness of the
friendliness n
somebody you like or want to help people.

the group of people who are

government n responsible for controlling a The country has elected a new government.
country or a state

The heat was too much for me. I had to go

heat n the quality of being hot
inside.

the measurement of how tall a The height of modern buildings keeps getting
height n
person or thing is higher.

having no home, and therefore

homeless adj There are a lot of homeless people in this city.
typically living on the streets

if something is hopeless, there is

hopeless adj no hope that it will get better or The situation is hopeless.
succeed

the state of not having enough food

hunger n to eat, especially when this causes Hunger is a problem in many poor countries.
illness or death

a lack of knowledge or information

ignorance n I’m surprised by his ignorance on the matter.
about something

63
 the act of making something better;
The improvement in the system really helped the
improvement n the process of something becoming
company.
better

what you intend or plan to do; your

intention n It is my intention to leave.
aim

the size or measurement of

length n The length of an Olympic pool is 50 metres.
something from one end to the other

the state of no longer having

The financial loss was a problem for the
loss n something or as much of something;
company.
the process that leads to this

a very large city, usually one with

megacity n a population of over 10 million Tokyo is one of the five megacities.
people

misunderstand to fail to understand I misunderstood the directions, and now I’m

v somebody/something correctly completely lost.

a railway system in which trains

travel along a track consisting of If you want to avoid the traffic jams in
monorail n
a single metal bar, usually one Bangkok, get the monorail.
placed high above the ground
for or including people of several
London is a very multicultural city, with
multicultural different cultures (= beliefs,
people of many different races
adj languages, customs and traditions,
and religions.
etc.)

overcrowded (of a place) with too many people

Mumbai is a very overcrowded city.
adj or things in it

the process of making air, water,

soil, etc. dirty; the state of
pollution n being dirty Pollution levels have risen in many cities.

a person who already holds a first

postgraduate degree and who is doing advanced He is doing a postgraduate degree in
adj study or research; a graduate aeronautical engineering.
student

the unfair treatment of people who

Racism is a bigger problem when unemployment is
racism n belong to a different race; violent
high.
behaviour towards them

an act of making something less or

reduction n smaller; the state of being made The reduction in price made it cheap.
less or smaller

how strong or deeply felt an The strength of his argument was very
strength n
opinion or a feeling is persuasive.

an underground railway system in a The quickest way to get around New York is on
subway n
city the subway.

the fact that you have achieved

success n something that you want and have Success is more important to me than money.
been trying to do or get

something that you think of or

thought n What are your thoughts on the subject?
remember

the fact of being unpleasant or

ugliness n dangerous, especially involving The product didn’t do well due to its ugliness.
threats or violence

unbreakable
impossible to break Their new laptops are completely unbreakable.
adj

64
underdeveloped having few industries and a low This part of the city is very poor and
adj standard of living underdeveloped.

that can help you to do or achieve

useful adj The instructions were very useful.
what you want

that does not let water through or

waterproof adj My watch is waterproof.
that cannot be damaged by water

a weak point in a system,

weakness n His one weakness was his arrogance.
somebody’s character, etc.

Useful Words and Phrases

advert a notice, picture or film telling Can you think of a recent advert which made you
(advertisement people about a product, job or not want to ever buy
/ ad) n service the product?

to paint something with

A model was so heavily airbrushed that her waist
airbrush v an airbrush; to change a detail in
appeared to be smaller than her head.
a photograph with an airbrush

the things that you own which can

belongings n
be moved, for example not land or I packed all my belongings and left.
pl
buildings

to prevent something from

The manager blocked his suggestion because he
block v happening, developing or making
didn’t like it.
progress
a type of product, service, etc.
made or offered by a particular
brand n company under a particular name What brand of cigarettes do you prefer?

a form of advertising campaign or

marketing strategy which uses a
celebrity's fame or social status
celebrity to promote a product, brand or A celebrity endorser can help increase the sales
endorser n service, or to raise awareness of a product.
about an issueto say publicly that
you support a person, statement or
course of action

an advertisement on television, on TV and radio commercials cannot make false

commercial n
the radio or on a website claims about a product.

to be formed from the people or

consist of v The company consists of four main departments
things mentioned

a thing that you give to somebody,

Small free gifts are often given with big
gift n especially on a special occasion or
purchases.
to say thank you

used to introduce a statement that

however adv contrasts with something that has I’m going to buy it however expensive it is!
just been said

the impression that a person, an

Experts warned of the negative effect these
image n organization, a product, etc. gives
kinds of images might have.
to the public

an essential or highly desirable Everyone wants one of those products. It’s a

must-have n
item. must-have

65
neighbourhood a district or an area of a town;
New York has some very dangerous neighbourhoods.
n the people who live there

During the week these men have ordinary jobs and

ordinary adj not unusual or different in any way
they’re model citizens.

Poverty can be a problem in a city that is

poverty n the state of being poor
growing quickly.

Many reasonable-looking restaurants have very

reasonable adj fair, practical, and sensible
expensive wine lists.

to a fairly large degree,

There is also relatively low unemployment
relatively adv especially in comparison to
compared to other big cities in the world.
something else

satisfactory good enough for a particular

Our accommodation isn’t satisfactory.
adj purpose

something that you say or write This ruling eventually made it illegal for
statement n that gives information or an celebrities to make false statements of fact in
opinion advertisements.

to make a claim against a person or

Lauren threatened to sue a blogger who was the
an organization in court about
sue v first person to publish and comment on the image
something that they have said or
online.
done to harm you

a problem, worry, difficulty, etc.

trouble n I got in a lot of trouble at school.
or a situation causing this

whatever det, any or every; anything or Whatever I give her, it’s always the wrong
pron everything thing.

in any place
wherever adv Please sit wherever you like.

whichever det, used to say what feature or quality

I’ll go by bus or train, whichever is cheaper.
pron is important in deciding something

the person or people who; any There is a prize for whoever can answer the
whoever pron
person who question first.

More Words in File 9

agricultural connected with the science or What agricultural products are produced in your
adj practice of farming country?

a hard bread roll in the shape of a

bagel n My daughter likes bagels for breakfast.
ring

a competition, an argument or a
struggle between people or groups So began an epic legal battle which the FTC
battle n
of people trying to win power or ultimately lost.
control

to build or make something such as There are even driving schools constructed on
construct v
a road, building or machine top of buildings.

66
 a difference between two or more
people or things that you can see
clearly when they are compared or
contrast n put close together; the fact of
comparing two or more things in
order to show the differences
between them
a difference between two groups of
divide n people or two things that separates
them from each other
As a complete contrast to Tokyo, Marr takes us
to Mexico City, a colourful and vibrant city of
about 20 million people.
There is a huge social divide. On one hillside
we see massive, luxurious houses and on the next
hill, slums.

(used when you are emphasizing that

the whole of something is By the end of the century three-quarters of the
entire adj
involved)including everything, entire planet will be urban.
everyone or every part
an area of water on the coast,
protected from the open sea by They went down to the harbour to see if they had
harbour n
strong walls, where ships can fresh fish.
shelter
an aircraft without wings that has
large blades (= long flat parts) on
As Marr flew over Tokyo in a helicopter he saw
top that go round. It can fly
helicopter n football pitches and playgrounds on top of
straight up from the ground and can
buildings.
also stay in one position in the
air.

something that happens, especially

incident n The incident made him leave his job.
something unusual or unpleasant

These walls are amazing – they’re completely

intact adj complete and not damaged
intact even after the war.

food that has not been eaten at the I usually eat the leftovers from dinner for
leftovers n pl
end of a meal lunch the next day.

On one hillside we see massive, luxurious houses

massive adj very large, heavy and solid
and on the next hill, slums.

a plan of action agreed or chosen

The manager called a meeting so as to explain
policy n by a political party, a business,
the new policy.
etc.
a part or share of a whole
The biggest proportion of people eat cereal for
proportion n
breakfast.

a sum of money that is paid back to

you, especially because you paid Sorry, we don’t give refunds. You can’t get your
refund n
too much or because you returned money back.
goods to a shop

strengthened or supported (an There are boutiques which sell tops that look
reinforced adj object or substance), especially normal but are in fact bulletproof, made of
with additional material. reinforced Kevlar.

an area of a city that is very poor

Millions of people live in slums without basic
slum n and where the houses are dirty and
facilities.
in bad condition
an amount of money that you pay
regularly to receive a service, be
a member of a club, support a
subscription n I have a subscription to the magazine.
charity or receive regular copies
of a newspaper or magazine; the act
of paying this money

unintentionally in a way that is not deliberate, I’m sorry I offended you. I did it
adv but happens by accident unintentionally.

unthinkable adj impossible to imagine or accept The idea of late trains is almost unthinkable

67
 Mexico City is a colourful and vibrant city
vibrant adj full of life and energy
where people live their lives in the street.

File 10
Useful Words and Phrases

WORDS DEFINITION EXAMPLES

agreed or approved of by most Do you think it is acceptable for animals to be

acceptable adj
people in a society used in experiments?

a chemical, usually a liquid, that

contains hydrogen and has a pH of
less than seven. The hydrogen can
be replaced by a metal to form a A diamond can be destroyed by either intense
acid n
salt. Acids usually have a bitter heat or acid.
sharp taste and can often burn
holes in or damage things they
touch.
a drug that makes a person or an
animal unable to feel anything,
anaesthetic n I was given an anaesthetic before my operation.
especially pain, either in the
whole body or in a part of the body

earlier; before something else I intended it as a surprise so I didn’t say

beforehand adv
happens or is done anything beforehand.

A biologist studies the structure of living

biologist n a scientist who studies biology
organisms.

bits and small objects or items of various

I didn’t buy much, just a few bits and pieces.
pieces kinds

the process of putting new blood

blood into the body of a person or an After she lost a lot of blood the doctors
transfusion n animal performed a blood transfusion.

a research study in which a medical

clinical trial treatment is carefully tested on People can volunteer to be guinea pigs in
n people in order to assess how safe clinical trials.
and effective it is

having a condition that makes it

He contracted polio at the age of 51 which left
disabled adj difficult for you to do some things
him disabled.
that most other people can do

an act or the process of finding

somebody/something, or learning Archimedes made an important discovery in his
discovery n
about something that was not known bath.
about before

a person who gives blood or a part

Hospitals need donors to give blood for
donor n of his or her body to be used by
operations.
doctors in medical treatment

any substance like air that is

Helium gas can be found in both liquid and
gas n neither a solid nor a liquid, for
solid form.
example hydrogen or oxygen

A geneticist is a scientist who studies

geneticist n a scientist who studies genetics
genetics.

to be willing, in a relationship,
to accept what somebody else wants Every relationship needs a bit of give and
give and take
and to give up some of what you take.
want

68
 an idea or standard that seems
I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and
ideal n perfect, and worth trying to
free society.
achieve or obtain

to put somebody in a prison or

Several suffragettes had been imprisoned for
imprison v another place from which they
attacking policeman
cannot escape

to take air, smoke, gas, etc. into To prove its safety he inhaled its vapour for a
inhale v
your lungs as you breathe minute.

an important topic that people are It’s important to know about sensitive local
issue n
discussing or arguing about issues.

a situation in which people obey

The army were called in to restore law and
law and order the law and behave in a peaceful
order.
way

That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap

leap n a long or high jump
for mankind.

a serious disease that causes a

high temperature and shivering (= He got malaria after he was bitten by a
malaria n
shaking of the body) caused by the mosquito.
bite of some types of mosquito

all humans, thought about as one Shamanism is the oldest healing method of
mankind n
large group; the human race mankind.

now and again from time to time. I’ve been having headaches now and again.

using, producing or resulting Nuclear power is one of the main sources of

nuclear adj
from nuclear energy energy in some countries.

physicist n a scientist who studies physics A physicist is a scientist who studies physics.

a disease that affects the central

nervous system and can cause
He contracted polio at the age of 51 which left
polio n temporary or permanent paralysis (=
him disabled.
loss of control or feeling in part
or most of the body)
powerful and very
Nuclear power is associated with exposure to
radiation n dangerous rays that are sent out
radiation
from radioactive substances

very strong thick string made

His invention caused his death when he was
rope n by twisting thinner strings, wires,
strangled by the ropes.
etc. together

Despite flying through a storm we arrived safe

safe and sound Out of danger and unharmed
and sound.

sick and tired thoroughly fatigued or bored I’m sick and tired of hearing you complain.

an extra and usually bad effect

Scientists have to do lots of research into the
side effect n that a drug has on you, as well as
possible side effects of new drugs.
curing illness or pain

hard; not in the form of a liquid Helium gas can be found in both liquid and
solid adj
or gas solid form.

69
 to kill somebody by pressing their
His invention caused his death when he was
strangle v throat and neck hard, especially
strangled by the ropes.
with your fingers

a serious disease, caused by

bacteria, in which swellings appear Tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease
tuberculosis n
on the lungs and other parts of the that affects the lungs.
body

the mixture of good and bad things

We’ve had our ups and downs, but now we get on
ups and downs in life or in a particular
really well.
situation or relationship

used to tell somebody that they

wait and see must be patient and wait to find You’ll have to wait and see what’s for lunch.
out about something later

More Words in File 10

a person who works to achieve

political or social change, Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in jail for being
activist n
especially as a member of an an activist in the fight against apartheid.
organization with particular aims
a substance that is added in small
amounts to something, especially
There were several deaths from lead poisoning at
additive n food, in order to improve it, give
the factory where the additive was produced.
it colour, make it last longer,
etc.
the former political system in
South Africa in which only white
people had full political rights
Apartheid in South Africa gave white people more
apartheid n and other people, especially black
rights than others.
people, were forced to live away
from white people, go to separate
schools, etc.
a person whose job involves
Before Neil Armstrong became an astronaut he
astronaut n travelling and working in
worked for the navy.
a spacecraft

a famous person’s signature (=

their name written by them),
autograph n Many people collect autographs of famous people.
especially when somebody asks them
to write it for them to keep

a person whose job is to cut men’s I get my hair cut by the same barber as my
barber n
hair and sometimes to shave them brother.

uncomfortable with a lot of sudden

unpleasant movements caused by the He had a bumpy start to his career and was fired
bumpy adj road surface, weather conditions, from many jobs.
etc.

a group of people who are elected

People are complaining because the council have
council n to govern an area such as a city or
refused to build a new hospital.
county

to protect somebody/something from We shall defend our island, whatever the cost
defend v
attack may be.

(of a country, state, system,

I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and
etc.) controlled by representatives
democratic adj free society in which all persons live together
who are elected by the people of a
in harmony.
country; connected with this system
a large area of land that has very
little water and very few plants Two passengers made the pilot land in the
desert n
growing on it. Many deserts are desert.
covered by sand
a clear precious stone of
pure carbon, the hardest substance
A diamond can be destroyed by either intense
diamond n known. Diamonds are used in
heat or acid.
jewellery and also in industry,
especially for cutting glass.

70
distracting taking your attention away from There were too many distracting graphics. I
adj what you are trying to do couldn’t concentrate.

a very small piece of matter (= a

In direct current, the electrons move only in
electron n substance) with a negative electric
one direction.
charge, found in all atoms

exquisitely We live in a society exquisitely dependent on

in way that is very sensitive
adv science and technology.

to move steadily and continuously

flow v The River Danube flows into the Black Sea.
in one direction

I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and

a state of peaceful existence and
harmony n free society in which all persons live together
agreement
in harmony.

so bad or difficult that you It is only people who feel an intolerable sense
intolerable
cannot tolerate it; completely of oppression who would adopt a means of that
adj
unacceptable kind.

a person who needs other people to

take care of them, because of The accident left him an invalid for the last
invalid n
illness that they have had for a two decades of his life
long time

the act of an army entering another

A German invasion of Britain was expected at any
invasion n country by force in order to take
moment in 1940.
control of it

a claim or complaint against

lawsuit n somebody that a person or an He filed a lawsuit against his record company.
organization can make in court

(symbol Pb) a chemical

element. Lead is a heavy, soft grey Lead was added to petrol to make car engines
lead n
metal, used especially in the past less noisy.
for water pipes or to cover roofs.

a flash, or several flashes, of

lightning n very bright light in the sky caused The tree was hit by lightning in the storm.
by electricity

an action, an object or a system by

means n pl which a result is achieved; a way
of achieving or doing something
something that many people believe
but that does not exist or is false
myth n
He tries to get what he wants by any means.
Do you know any other things that some people
think are scientific facts, but are really
myths?

the part of a country’s armed

Many countries have an army, air force, and
navy n forces that fights at sea, and the
navy.
ships that it uses

(symbol N) a chemical
element. Nitrogen is a gas that is During this time he also permanently damaged
nitrogen n
found in large quantities in the his eyes in a nitrogen trichloride explosion.
earth’s atmosphere.

a situation, an event, etc. that

We will never give up, no matter what obstacles
obstacle n makes it difficult for you to do or
stand in our way.
achieve something

They were imprisoned for chaining themselves to

a fence made of metal bars that go
railing n railings outside the Prime Minister’s house in
straight upwards; one of these bars
London.

to refuse to accept something and However long it takes, we will resist the enemy
resist v
try to stop it from happening and we will never give up.

the physical or mental strength

My brother has neither the energy nor the
stamina n that enables you to do something
stamina to run a marathon.
difficult for long periods of time

71
 a member of a group of women who,
in the UK and the US in the early
Emmeline Pankhurst was the leader of the
suffragette n part of the 20th century, oragnized
suffragette movement in 1913.
a campaign for the right of women
to vote in political elections
to admit that you have been
We shall fight in the fields and in the streets,
defeated and want to stop fighting;
surrender v we shall fight in the hills; we shall never
to allow yourself to be caught,
surrender.
taken prisoner, etc.

a mass of very small drops of

vapour n liquid in the air, for He inhaled its vapour for a minute.
example steam

various adj several different He had various jobs before becoming a chemist.

72