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2014

32.019.5
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907]. ' ' [Ibid]:

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[Ibid: 905].
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2004: 9].
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? [Bovens 2004: 6].
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[Ibid: 16].

10

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, [Weaver 1986: 390].
' ' [Ibid]
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'- ', .

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[Thompson 1980: 907].

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11

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[ 2003: 38].
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, '' (. media politics)
[Zaller 1999].
, , .
.
,
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.

12

2

,
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, , [Dryzek 2009:
1391, 1381-1382]. ( ) ,
[ 1993: 323].
,
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[Suchman 1995: 575-576].
, : []
.
[, ] , [Hybels 1995: 243].
,
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: , , ,
, [Ibid: 574].
(
), (

13

) ( ). , '' (1), '' (2) (3) ' ',

.
, , , .
' ' [Sethi 1979], ,
. - .
, : , , [Deephouse, Suchman 2008: 61].


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[ 2010: 371].
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14

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[March, Olsen 2005: 12-13].

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[Vaara, Tienari, Laurila 2006].
[Suchman 1995] : , .
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[Bovens, 't Hart 1996]. ,
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[Bovens et. al 1999].

: ,

, ,
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15

[Ibid: 123]. ,

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['t Hart 1993]. ,
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Wodak 1999]: , . ,
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, , :
, [van Ruler, Veri 2003: 16].
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-,
:
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16

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2006: 804-805], .
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[Larsson 2009: 145]. , .
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) , , : , ,
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[Hall 1993: 290]. , : , ,
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,
.
.

17

3

[Chiari, Nuzzo
1996] , . - ,
- , :
, , [Burr 1995: 4].
' ', :
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1933: 58].
[ 1994],
, ,
.
()
. . ()
.
: , [
2001].
,
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, ,

: ,
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18

, :
, [Bourdieu 1972: 182].
() , , ,
.

[ 1994].
[ 1992]
, , ,

:
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, [Jodelet 1990: 361-362].

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.
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[Kelly 1955/1991]
, -.
,
. , [Kelly 1955/1991: 9]. , , ,

19

[ 2000: 25].
[ 2001]
,

. (
'', '', '').
.
[, 1995],
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1996: 110].
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, [ 2000: 151].
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[ 2000: 55].
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[, 2004:

20

21]. ,
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,

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[Watzlawick 1977] :
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, , , ,
[Ibid: xi].
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, , [Ibid: 223]. ,
[ibid: 225],
, ,
[Ibid: 62].
, , .

21

4

, , , .

, ,
: , . , .

[Kingdon 1984: 99].
:
,
, . , [Blumer 1971: 298, 301].
, - ,
, ,
, ,
, [Stone 1988: 156].
' ' [Downs 1972]
.
(1) (2),
, , . (3): , , . (4)
:
,
, : , -

22

. (5) , [ ],
, [Ibid 1972: 29-31]. ' ' '' .
' ' [Neuman 1990] S- ,
: 1. '' , (,
); 2. ' '
(, ''); 3. ''
(, ); 4. '' (, ).
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: 1. , 2.
, 3.
, , 4.
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(, ) ( ) ' ': .
, , , [Ibid: 93]. :
()
(); '' ;
[Watzlawick 1985: 93].
' ' [Kingdon 1984] ( ' ' [Sabatier 1988], ' ' [Snare 1995], ' ' [Williams 2002]),
(, , , , , )
.
' ' - : ' ',
, , , -

23

' ':
, ,

[Kingdon 1984]. ,
, , ,
[Mintrom 2000].
[Roberts, King 1991]. , , , ,
(
) .
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. ' ',
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,
,
. , , .
, ,
, , .
, , , ,
,
[Kingdon 1984: 174]. , (.
problem definition), : '' .
, . ,
, '' , .

24

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, [Ibid 1984:
174]. , , , , , [Ibid 1984: 15].
, : ,
, , , : ,
,
[Ibid: 21].
, : , , , ,
[Ibid: 96]. ,
, , ' ' [Verduijn, Ploegmakers, Meijerink 2011].
, .
' ' [Hilgartner, Bosk 1988] ' ' ,
.
,
, , , . , , , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, ' ';
, ; .
, ,

25

. , , , , ,
,
[Ibid: 57].

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:
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[Ibid 1988: 56]. , ' ' .
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[]. ,
[Ibid 1988].

26

: ,
,
; ,
; , ;

;


;
;
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.

,
- ,
, : , . , , ' ', , , [Ibid 1988].

, ,
:
, [Blumer 1971: 300].

, ,
: , ,
- . , [Ibid: 301].

27

[Schn 1979: 261], :

,
; [Stone 1988: 106],
, ,
[Ibid: 116].

, :
, , , [Foucault
1980: 93].

, , .
' ' [Hall 1982],
,

,
. ,
[Wodak, Meyer 2009].
, , ,
, , :
, ,
, , , [ 2005: 229].
:
, , [ 1996: 69].
:
, , [van Dijk 1993: 254]. : , , , , () ,
, [Ibid: 256].

28

,
,
,
[Lester, Stewart 1996]. (
)
,
, ,
:
, , , . , , [Hayes 2008: 135].
, ,
[Cobb,
Elder 1972: 172] (,
,
[Fairclough 2005]). :
. . ,
, ,
[Campbell 1996: 3].
: sine qua non , , [Stone 1989: 281].
, '' , , .
,
, ' ' [Gotsbachner 2010:
1]. ,
( ) (..
) :

29

,
[Birkland 2004: 180].
' ' [Sniderman, Bullock 2004],
, , . , :
. , . ,
, , . , ,
,
[Ibid: 338].

.

, , , , , ,
[, 2008: 5].
: , ;
, , .
, , , ,
[Schattschneider 1975: 68]. : , [Reich 1988: 5]. :
. , , , ,
, [Denton, Woodward 1985: 42].
,

30

, , ,
[, 2000: 18].
:
[],

[Eustis 2000].
, , [Stone 1988:
106].
, ,
, , ,
[Hall et al. 1978: 59]. : , ,
, .
[Leech et al.
2002]. , [] [Weick 1995: 35], ..
[Mintzberg, Ahlstrand,
Lampel 1998]. , .

, , , ,
: ,
, ... , ,
, , .
, , [Baumgartner, Mahoney
2008: 435].
: ,
, ''

31

, '' , ,
, ' '
[Ibid: 435]. , , , [Coburn 2006: 343-344].
: , , , .
. , , , ,
, , , . , .
[Weiss 1989:
97]. : , ,
,

. ,
. , ,
[Ibid: 98].

:
,
, , . [Stone 1988: 231]. , : ( ) ...
,
, ,
/ [Schiappa 2003: 155156].

32

[Baumgartner,
Jones 1993]. ,
[McBeth et al. 2007: 91]. '
' [Nie 2003] ,
' ' [Rittel, Webber 1973] .

( , , , , ) ' '
[Walton 2005], :
, . , ..
, . [Macagno 2009: 81]. : ,
, , , [Schiappa 2003: 116].
:
. , , ,
[Weiss 1989: 98]. : , ( ) ,

[Primm, Clark 1996: 9].
: , .
, ;

, , , , [Rochefort, Cobb 1994:

33

27]. , , .
,
, .

34

5

' ': ,

. .
[Weiss 1989: 118]. ' ' (. issue),

,
[Cobb, Elder 1972: 14].

: (.. ), ,
[Hayes 2008: 135].

: -
,
; , [Cobb,
Ross 1997: 3-4]. , -: - , , , , [Baumgartner, Jones 1993: 28-29].
' ' [Cobb, Elder 1971] ' ' [McCombs, Shaw 1972] ,
,
, : , , ,
. , , , . , -

35

, , , [Birkland 2004: 180].

/ ,
(
) .
( ), ,
[Luhmann 1971a: 13].
/ , , , .
, ( ) .
'' '' : .
, [ ]
..., . , , : , , , ..
[Walgrave, Soroka, Nuytemans 2008: 818]. ' ' [Pritchard, Berkowitz 1993] , , ' ' [Kingdon 1984] ,
.

, '
'. , :
1. , .. .
2.
, .

36

3. : '
'
' '.
4. .

, - (, , , - ) , .
.
' ',
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, .
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' ', , , , .
,
.

, .
, ' ' [Schiappa 2003],
( ' ') [Zarefsky 2006] (x
P , x / ): , -
.
, , [Schiappa 2003: 32].

37

. ' ' , ,
: ,
,

,
.
,
.
,
[Cobb, Ross, Ross 1976].
' ' ( )
, ,
.
, '' '' , , ( )
' ' . : -
. , .
, , [Cobb, Elder 1971].
: ,
[Ibid].
,
, .
,
, [Cobb, Ross, Ross 1976].

38

, .
1.
' ' [Cobb, Elder 1972]
, , , , ,
. ,

. ,
, , , ,
[Milne 2011]. '' .
2.
' ', , ,
,
.
3.
, :


:

[Cobb, Elder 1971];


;



;


;


, .
4.

39

.
5.
: ,
, [Cobb, Elder 1972].
6.
, [Protess et al. 1987]. ,
.
7.

( ) . : X , Y, , X. , X [Connolly 1972].
8.
' ' (. pork barrel) [Ellwood, Patashnik
1993]. ,
. , . , . ,
. , ''
, [Mayhew 1974].
9.

,
.
10.
.
11.
, - .

40

12.

13.

( ' ').

,

,
, (
) , :
, , , , .

. , [] .
, [Cobb, Elder 1972: 150].
, . , .
, ,
, , .
[Kepplinger 2007: 14]. ,
.
, ,

.
, [
2007] . ,
' '

41

,
.

. ,
, . , , .
( ) / .
' ' [Choi 2004],
,

.

, . , , /
,
. , ,
(' ' [Shaw, McCombs 1977]).
: , , ;
, , , , , .
,
. ,
, , , ,
[Kingdon 1984: 61-62],

42

: , [Davis 2002: 175].

,
,
.

43

6

( ,
, , )
:
, , ,
,
, , , [Hall 1993: 279].
, ,
[Hajer
1995: 264]. , , ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
,
[Hall 1993: 291]. , ,
.
(. policy discourse) , , ,
, ,
, [Rein, Schn 1993:
145]. [Schmidt, Radaelli 2004].

44

, , ,
: , :
, , ,
[March, Olsen 2005: 4].

, ..

[Streeck, Thelen 2005: 9]. , .
, , .

: ,
, , , ,
, [Krasner 1984: 228].
,
: , , , .
.
[Rein, Schn 1993: 156-157].
,

, ..
[Jepperson 1991: 145].
: ''
, -

45

- .
, , [Hall, Taylor 1996].

. :
(1), (2),
(3) ( ) (4).
' ' [Hall, Taylor 1996] , , , ,
.

, . (. choice-agenda),
. , ,
. , ,
.
' ' [Oliver
1997] , , , . , . ,
,
. , , . , ( ) ,
' ' (. logic of calculation) [Thelen, Steinmo
1992: 7].
[Meyer, Rowan 1977;
Zucker 1977; Meyer, Scott 1983],

46

,
, ,
, . , , : , . , ,
, - .
, , [Swidler 1986: 277]. : , , ,
[Ibid: 284]. , ,
, [Ibid: 274].
, ' ' (. logic of appropriateness) [March, Olsen
1989] ,
.
, ' ': (,
) . . , , [Bchtiger,
Hangartner 2007].
,
- :
, . ,
, [ ] -
( ) [Scott 2008].
:
, , ' '
( ), ; , -

47

, , [] . [] ( ), [Shepsle 2008: 24].

[Hall 1993] , , ,
. ' ' ' ' (. calculus logics) [Hay 2008],
' ' (. path dependence) '
' (. punctuated equilibrium).
,

, ,
[Pierson 2000]. , , ,
.
-, , , , , , .
-, ,
(,
).
-, , . ,
.
-, : , . ,
, ...
[Campbell 2004: 1]. , (, -

48

, ) [Campbell 2009].
[Thelen, Steinmo 1992] ,
, : , ,

'' [Baumgartner, Jones 1993: 10].
' ' (. focusing event) [Cobb, Elder 1972]
, ( )
, [Birkland 1998]. , [Tewksbury et al. 2000] .
, . ,
, , ,
.
. '-' ,
' ' [Wolfsfeld 2001], :
,
, , [Wolfe, Jones, Baumgartner 2013: 180].
: , , ,
, () -

49

. , , . [March, Olsen 2008: 12].

,
,
' '.

50

7

' ' [Hay 2006] , ,
( ),
, , , , .
,
() . ,
, , [Potter, Hepburn 2008]:
: , , .
, , - [Fairclough, Wodak 1997: 258].
: , , ,
'', ' ' [Burr 1995: 34].
, , , [Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 11].
, , ,
, , ..,
[Hajer 2006: 67]. , : , , : , , , ,
, ,
[Burr 1995: 34].
' ', ,

51

, , . , , .
' ' (. rhetorical entrapment)
[Schimmelfennig 2001]: , , , [Schmidt 2008].
:
, , '',
, ,
...
. [Schmidt 2008: 312]. ,

[Jones 2009].
' ' [Hajer 1993],
' ' , ,
.
, ,
.
.
, , ,
[Schmidt 2012: 14].

:
: ;
: ,

52

;
: .
, , ,
: ,
, [Entman, Herbst 2001: 208].
' ' (. advocacy coalition framework)
[Sabatier 1988] , , ,
, .
, , , , .
, , .
, .
, ,
, , [Moore, Wood 2002].
(. advocacy), - . [] , [Lawrence, Suddaby 2006: 221-222]. , .
, , , , .

53

, , .
[Schmidt 2002]
,
.
, , ( , ) , , , ,
[Hope 2011]. , , ,
.
,
, :
, ( ), , ( ),
[Schmidt, Monnet 2010: 14]. , ' ', '
' ' '.
, [Schmidt 2008].
I (. policy sphere) (, , , ). II (. political sphere)
(, , ).
, . ,
,
. , , , ,
.

54

, ( ) ( ).
,
, . , ,
, . , ,
.

.
,
( )
. ,
,
, ,
' ' [Schmidt 2002: 220].
, , : , , , ,
,
[Rein, Schn 1994]. , , ' ', , , , , , , ' ', , ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
[Schmidt 2012: 16].
,
, . , ,

55

[Schmidt 2008: 309].

-,
.
, , , ,
, , ,
. , ,
.
I (. policy elites) , II (. political elites) . II
- (. master discourse).
. I , , , . ,
- II, I.
, ' ' [Haas
1992], c
- (.. ); ' ' [Kingdon 1984], , ' ' [Heclo 1978],
, .
, : ,
, ,
,
, , . , -

56

, , [Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 17].

-
,
- ,
[Powell, Colyvas 2008].

.
, ,
, : , [Scott 2001: 75].
,
, ,
[Emirbayer, Mische 1998: 966].
, ,

[Powell, Colyvas 2008: 276]. , , .
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
( ) ( ). , [Roe 1994: 2].

57

,
.
.

58

II

8

: , , . ,
, . ,
, , , , , , , [- 2003: 120]. : , ( ).
, ( ) , '' [Polkinghorne 1992: 150].
,
, ,
: , , ,
, , [ 1998: 32]. , , , , :
( ), , , , [Rumelhart 1980: 33].
,
,
[Rumelhart, Norman 1978].
' ':
, , , . , .. , ' ' [ 2010: 492].

59

, : ' ',
. ''
,
. '', . , [, 2010: 141].
' ' ,
: . ,
[ 2010: 511].
' ',
,
[D'Andrade 1984: 110].
, ,
:
, [ ]
, [ ] . . '' , , , , ' ',
'' [Meppem 2000: 48].
, , [Ibid: 49], , ; , , , , [Boesch 1991: 29].
, ,
, -

60

:
, , ,
,
, . : , , , . ,
: , ,
, [ 1997: 13-14]. , :
[Boesch 1991: 29]. ,
[ 2010: 518], , ,
, ,
, , , [Taylor 1987: 53].
' ' (. interpretative repertoire) [Potter,
Wetherell 1987]: ,
, .
, . ,
[Wetherell, Potter 1988: 172].
, : , [Edley
2001: 198]. :
,
,
, - [Burr 1995: 81].
, , ,
,
[Ibid: 81-82].

61

( , , ),
. ,
, /. , (..
), , , :
, , ,
, [Gamson 1988: 170].
, ( , ) , , . ,
, .
, ,
, ,
[Tannen 1999: 115].
: ; , '' ' ' ''.
, , ,
, , , ,
, .
- ,
(. schematriggered affect) [Fiske 1982]: . ,
, , , ,
, , , [Russell 1971: 188].
,
, , .
-, , , , , [van Gorp 2007].
-, -

62

, [Delia, O'Keefe, O'Keefe 1982].

-, ,
, , [ 1998: 44, 63].
'', .
1. '', '', '', ' ': ,
, , . ,
, , [Donati 1992: 141].
,
,
:
, , [Reese 2001: 11] , ,
.
2. ,

[van Atteveldt 2008].
3. (' ', ' '), : /
/ [,
2011: 94-95].
[Friedland, Zhong 1996: 13].
4. ' ' [Gamson, Lasch 1981], .
' ' (,
, , )
(,
). , ' ' [van Gorp 2007],

63

.
5. [Bateson 1972] ,
, '
\ . ' ',
,

.
6. , (
) , ''
[Minsky 1977]. , ,
.
: ,
- ,
(), ,
, .

[ 1979: 7].
7. ,
, ,
: , , ... [Goffman
1974: 10f].
8. ,
, , [Benford 1997: 417]. ,
... [
] , [Ibid.: 416].
9. ,

64

.
[Kahneman, Tversky 1979], , , , , .

, , .
, , .
''
() , , ,
.
, ,
.

65

9

, ' ' [Fauconnier, Turner 2002] ('
' [Doleel 1979]) ' ' [RoskosEwoldsen et. al 2009] , ' ' ( , , ). , ,
. .
, .

.
[, 1976; Minsky 1980]
, :
, , ,
, () [Cole 1996: 134]. , ,
, : , , , [Nelson 1981: 101]. ,
:
, ,
[Nelson 1986: 12].
'- ' [ 1990]
,
, , , : () , , ,
.
-

66

[ 2010: 520521].

,
( , ), : , ,
, ,
, , ,
[Herman 2012].
, : , ,
, .
, , [Kreiswirth 1995:
62]. : , ,
. , , [Eilbert, Hicinbothom 2006: 632].
' ' [Fauconnier, Turner 1994]
(' ') :
, [ ]

[Coulson, Fauconnier 1999: 2].
: , ' '
(). , .
,
, , , , , [Coulson, Oakley 2000].

67

,
, , .. [Fauconnier, Turner 1998]. ( , ) [Coulson, Fauconnier 1999] [Fauconnier, Turner 1998].
, , , [Fauconnier, Turner 1996]. ,
, , . , .
' ' [Lakff, Jhnsn 1980], .
- (.. ,
) - (.. ): ,
, , .
, , , [, 2008: 185].
- () , , :
,
. ,
[ : 181].
-
-, (.. -)
: ,
. ' '
; '-' ; ' ' ; ' '
.. [Hirsch, Andrews 1983: 149]. :

68

,
, , . '', , , [,
2008: 185] (.. -). : , , , , [ :
186]. .
' ' [Merton 1968]:
, . , [,
2008: 184]. :

, , [ : 176].
, -.
-
-
- .

. ,
''
[Powell, Colyvas 2008].
[Black 1962], , , : ,
,
[ 1990: 167]. , : ,
, . ,

69

, . ,

? , , '' [ : 165]. : , , ,
, .
,
, , [Edelman
1971: 67]. -
, , ,
[ 1988: 291-292].
,
, .. , . , . ,

,
, : ,
, ,
- [ 1990: 167].
, . , . , , ( ) , , [ : 168].
, ,

70

, ,

[ 2001].
: , , [ 1990: 166]. ,
,
( ) [, 1994:
20].
, , : ,
[ 2007: 87]. ,
,
, , , , , [White 1978: 91]. [ 1990: 159]:
, , () ,
, [ 2007: 86-87].
[Schn 1979] , ' ',
,
. : .
, [Stone 1988: 118]. ,
[Bronowski 1972: 108-109]. ,
,
: ,
- ,

71

. (
) [Docherty 2004: 847-848].
, , () , , .

72

10


,
' ', , , , .. ' ', ' ' ''. ' ' ,
. ' ' ( ),
( ) (
), ( ),
( ) [Dascal 2009: 40].
.
' ', , ; ,
( ). , , , , , ( ) .
, , , , [Mintzberg, Raisinghani, Theoret 1976].
,
, [Kahneman, Tversky 1979]. ' ' [Arrow 1951], ,
, .. .
' ' (. bounded rationality) [March, Simon 1958], - ,

73

, , , , . ,
, .. .
, :
,
;
'' '';
;
;

.

:
, ,
[Simon 1985: 302]. , ,
,
[Simon 1947: 241]. , [Fiske,
Taylor 1991].
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Liberman, Eagly 1989].
( ), .
, .
, (1)
(2), (3) (4), ,
[Todorov, Chaiken, Henderson 2002].
, , ,

74

, [Donohew, Lorch, Palmgreen 1991].

, , .
, [Booth-Butterfield, Welbourne 2002].
, ,
[Todorov, Chaiken, Henderson 2002]. : , [Sniderman, Brody, Tetlock 1991: 19].
( ) ,
( [Byrne 1971]), . , ' ',
' ' [Braverman 2008] ' ' (.
celebrity endorsement) [Basil 1996], -
[Ryan 1986], ' ',
, [French, Raven 1959].
' ', , , , [
] [Farrell, Rabin 1996: 116].
: , .
[Braverman 2008].

, ,
. :
, [Weaver et al. 2007: 822]. , ,

75

(, ).
, [Zajonc 1968]. ,
, , [Gilbert,
Wilson 2000: 183].
'
' (. satisficing) [Simon 1947]:
, , , , , ' '. ,
, , , , . ,
(.. ).
' ' [Caplan 1999],
. , , , . , , , () . '
', , , , ' ' , ,
.
' ' [Downs 1957], , ,
, ,
, ,
: ,
,

, ,

76

, , [Ibid:
147-148]. ' ' [Fiske,
Taylor 1991], , '
'. , ,
,

[Somin 2010: 254].
' ' [Popkin 1994]
, ( )
, ,
, .
,

[Kuklinski, Quirk 2000: 24].
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.
,
:
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, .
, ;
, [Ibid: 24].
, ,
,
,

[Kuklinski, Quirk 2000: 39].
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,

77

, ,
, [Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 2-3].

' ': - ,
[Ibid: 11-12]. , , , ,
. , , , : , , - (, , ..) [Ibid:
9].
[Cappella et al. 2002]
'' '' :
'' , [Cappella et al. 2002: 77]. ,
, [Perelman 1982:132]. ,
, , (
) .
,
, ( ' ') [ 2007], , :
, , , , . [Simons 1974: 174].
: , ,
.
, -

78

. [ 2001: 125].
, , , , , , , , ,
[Elsbach 2001: 5]. : , , , , . , , , [Ibid: 11].
,
, .
,
, (), ,
.

79

11

, - , , , ,
, , [Perelman
1982].

- . , , , ,
' ', .
, , ,
[Morley 1987]. , , ,

[Mendelberg 2002].
' ' [Taber, Lodge 2006],
,
,
, ,
.
' ', .. ,
, , , ,
[McGuire 1964: 201].

, [Kuklinski, Quirk
2000]. ' '
,
[Wiktorowicz, Kaltenhaler 2006: 299]. , '
' , , , , [Brym, Hamlin

80

2009]. , ,
: , , , , , , , , [Chinn, Brewer
1993].
' ' ( ),
.
,
[Billig 1987],
, . : , ,
, . ' ',
, [Burr 1995: 97].
,
, ,
[Setl
2009]. , , [Vatz 1973: 157]. : , , , ,
[Bitzer 1968: 4].
, ,
''. ,
, / , / , / , / , / . (, , ) ,
, .

81

( ), (
), ( '' ) .
: ,
, , [Ibid: 11].
, ,
.
, :

,
;
,
;
,
;
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;
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;
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:

82

( ) '', ;
;
A , C D;
,
.
, , , , , , , , , [Cline 2009]: []
, ,
, , . , , , [Bitzer 1968: 5].
, ' ':
,
[Ibid: 10-11]. :
. : , [Ibid: 12-13].
, , : , ,
, :

[Bitzer 1968: 13].
' ' [Spector,
Kitsuse 1987],

.

83

, . , , .
' ', , ,
.
,
(' '): '', '',
'', '', ' '.
' ',
: , ,
[Neuenschwander 2008]. [Lynxwiler, DeCorte 1995]: ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '.
, ' '. , ' ' ,
; ' ' .
[Gamson, Meyer 1996] . ' '
[Snow et al.
1986], ' ' ,
[Benford, Snow 2000].
[Ibarra, Kitsuse 1993] - :
: ,
, ;
;
, ;
-

84

,
;
( , );
(
, );
, , , ;
: ;
: ' ' ;
: ;
: ;
: ,
.
.
, , , , ,
.
, , ,
[Chambers 2009: 341-342, 345].
' ' (. political
pandering) [ 1995]: ,
. [],
, ,
, ,
[Chambers 2009: 343].
:
,
, ,

85

[Jacobs, Shapiro 2000: 7].
,
, ,
(' ').
' ' , ,
:
,
, ,
[Thompson 1980].
,

:

,
- [Bovens et. al. 1999: 125].
, ' ' [Blow-Moller 2009] ,
,
: ,
[Coombs et al. 2010: 338]. ' ' [Weaver 1986], ' ' [Scott, Lyman
1968; Thompson 1980; Weaver 1986; Bradford, Garrett 1995; Bovens et. al. 1999;
Coombs 1999; Hood et al. 2007] ' ' (. blame game) [Hood
2002] , ' ':
( ' ').
, . , , , (
). '' ,

86

(
) '' ( ) [Hood
2002: 17-18]. ,

:
[Thompson 1980].
, , ,
: , , , [Ibid].
' ', /
.

,
, , [Scott, Lyman 1968].
:
: ; ;
: / , ' ' ' ',
[Boin et al. 2009]); , ' ';
' '; ' ';
, ; ;
;
: ; ; ;
(, ,
, ..); ;

87

:
; ;
; ;
; ;
; ; ;
: ;
; ; ; ; ;
; ; '';
' ' ; ;
; );
: , , , ;
.
: ( ( ); );
[Scott,
Lyman 1968].
, ' ', : ,
,
, , [Burke 1982: 54].
,
,
[Ibid: 45]. , ( ) : ,
. [ ] [Bovens et. 1999: 140].

88

,
.

89

12

. : ,
, ,
, [Schn
1979: 138].
: .
,
, ,
/ '' [Entman 1993:
52]. , [Gitlin 1980] ,
, .
: , . ,
[Schn 1979: 139]. , [Gotsbachner 2010:
1]. , , , ,
,
[Gamson 1996: 113].


. , (. policy frame) ,
[Verloo 2005: 20]. , , .
'' , : -

90

, ,
, [Callaghan, Schnell 2005: 2].
, , , ,
, [Baumgartner, Jones 1991: 1045].
,
, ,
: ,
, - , , ,
[Scheufele 2000: 309]. , [Schn, Rein 1994: 23].
, ,
[] [D'Angelo 2002: 873].
, ,
: , (, , , ,
, ),
, , [Lee, McLeod,
Shah 2008: 697].
, :
, .
, , , , . , , [Altheide 1997: 652].

91

, , , [Shmueli et al. 2006: 208].

- , , , [Entman 1991: 7].

,
, , , , [Rucht, Neidhardt
2002: 11].
, , [Pan, Kosicki 2001: 36], [Tewksbury et al. 2000]. - , .
[Gamson 1988]

, ' ' [ 1996], ' ' [Potter, Wetherell 1987] ' ' [Cappella
et al. 2002]. , ,

[Snow, Benford 1992: 137].
' ' , ' ' , :
,
[Friedman 2006].
( ) , . ' ' [Gamson

92

1996]:
,
[Pan, Kosicki 2001]. :
.
[] .
[Abolafia 2004: 15].

, , , .
'' ''
-: ; . , , , ( ) ,
[Schn 1979: 151].
,
, - '',
[Rein, Schn 1993: 148].
, , ''. , [Dearing, Rogers 1996] '' .
:
, [, 2011: 96].

(, , , )
,
' ' [ 2004] , () ,
. [Shoemaker, Reese 1996], ,

93

,
. ,
, .
' ' [Price, Tewksbury, Powers
1997] . : , ,
... .
, [Somin 2010: 264].
, . : ,
; ;
[March, Olsen 1975].
, , ' ' ' ', , , , ,
. :
,
, ''
,
[Gotsbachner 2009: 61].
, , ,
, , , [ 2010:
376]. ,
,
' ' [ 2003]. , , ,

94

' ', , , , ,
' ' (. anecdotal narratives) [Boswell 2010]
.
:
: , [Baden 2010: 3]. ()
, , '', [Entman 1991: 6].
, [Cappella, Jamieson
1997] . ,


.
,
, '' '',
[Baden 2010].
,
, '
', ' ' (. ' ').

[Snow, Benford 1988; Hallahan 1999; Brewer 2001]:
1. ;
2.
;
3.
, ;
4. ( );
5. () /
();

95

6. ;
7.
;
8.
;
9. ;

:
1. - ;
2. ;
3.
' ' ( );
4. ;
5. .
' ' (. issue ownership) [Petrocik
1996], . ' ' ,
.
, . , .
,

, -

96

[Meyer, Schvaneveldt 1971]: ()

.
[Schacter, Buckner 1998] (
), (, )
(, ).

,
.
[Kosicki 2002]
, [Kim, Scheufele, Shanahan 2002]
. , ()
.
, (
, , ) ' ' [Petkovic 2008],
,
.
,
, , , , .

97

III

13

[Coman 2005],
, ,

. ,
' ', .
, . ,
, , , .

- :
.
, .
, [Schmidt 1997]. , ,
, ( , ) .
,
, [Altheide,
Snow 1979]:
. ,
. , ,
, (, '
', '' ' ') [Altheide 2004: 4]. ,
, :
, ;
[ 1998: 102].
, , -

98

; , , , ; .. ,
, '' [Lewin 1947] , .
: , , , / ,
/ [ 2005: 62].

' ': , , ; ; ;
; . ,

[Mazzoleni 1987]:
;
;
;
;
: , [Cline 2009];

.
: ,
, ,
[Czarniawska 1997]. ' ' , , '-

99

' [Jacobs 1996] ' ',

[Bird 2003].
, , , ' '
[Fauconnier, Turner 1994].
, , [Tomascikova 2009: 288]. ,
, , : ,
, [Flood 2009: 13].
, : ,
[Langer 1999: 83-84]. , , , [Pan,
Kosicki 1993]. , [Downs 1972]: [Bentele 1993].

, : ,
, ,
, , [
2000: 231]. , ( , ) ,

:
' ' [Bennett 1984]
, ,
.
( ) ,

100

() .
, , -
' ', : '',
... ' ', , [Galtung,
Ruge 1965: 82].
, , , , '
' [Fishman 1980; Bennett 2005; Cline 2009]:
, ,
;
, [ 1998: 4344].
' ' (. curiosity gap) [Gentry et al.
2002; Loewenstein 1994], . ,
, ,
. ,
;
. : , '',
,
[Macgilchrist 2007]. , ' '.

:
.
[ 2005: 237].
: , , -

101

[Abel 1984: 68].

' ' [McQuail 1985]
, , ,
[Gitlin 1980: 7].
, , , ,

. [Entman 1991: 9]
.
, :
, , , ( ) ,
, , [Entman 2007: 165].
,

[Entman, Herbst 2001: 203].
, , . , ,
.

,
[Gitlin 1980: 22]. ,
, , [Norris 1995: 359].
''
, '
.
, ,
[Flood 2009]:

102

,
[Iyengar 1991];
- ''
, [de Vreese,
Elenbaas 2008];
, , , [Lee, McLeod, Shah 2008].
,
, , .
: , ,
. ' ',
, , ,
[Boin, 't Hart, McConnell 2009]. , , ' ' ,
, . , ' '
[Livingston, Lance 2003] ( [Boorstin 1962]) ' '.
-
(, )
[Cheng 2006].
' ' [Lawrence 2000], , , , -

103

. , , , , [, 2008: 102].

, [Baden, Koch
2011].
, , , ' -'. ' ' [ 2004],
(
, ,
, ..): ,
, ,

[Blumer 1966: 535]. ' ' , ' '
[Fairclough 1989:11].
' ' ,
(1), ' ' () (2), (3).
' ': , , ,
[Baden, de Vreese 2008: 121].
. -
, ,
: ... ,
, ( )
[Gans 1979: 39-40]. ,
[ ] ,

104

, [Kepplinger 2007: 11]. , ( ) . ,

, , [ 1994: 184]. ( )
[ 1980], .

: , . . , , [Gans 1979: 116].
, [Shoemaker 1982]:
( ,
);
(, );
, , , , ;
, ;

.

,
.
, ,
, ,
.

105

: .

,

. ,
, , . ,
(
' '), ( ' ' (. junket journalism)).
:
,

,
[Bennett, Edelman 1985: 158,
170].
, ,
: ,
, , , , () , - , ..
[] [ 2005:
101]. ,
, , -, , , , [ 2002: 152].
' '
( '' , , , ):
1. -
;

106

2. - ;
3. ;
4. ''
''
('
'
(.
faction
journalism)) [Weber 2002];
5. '-' ;
6. / ();
7. (-);
8. ' ';
9. .

' ' , ' '.
' '.
:
, - [Gamson et al. 1992:
387].
, , , , , : ,
. '' . . [Fulton et al. 2005: 1].
: , , [Tomascikova 2009:
287].
: ' '
' ' ,
. , ,

107

. ,
' ', , [Mulligan 2012: 3].
(. fictional media) , , , '
', ' ': '', ''

, , ,
- [Ibid: 3-4].
' ': ,
, , .
' ', , , , , , - : ,
, ( ) , ,
, , ' ' [Baum 2002: 94]. ' ' [Baum 2004] : '', , , [Bennett 2005: 376].
[Gerrig, Prentice 1991; Green
2004]. ,
' '. ' ',
. :
,
, ,
,
. '' ,
, ,
, . ,

108

, , [Mulligan 2012: 4]. , '' ( '' '' )

,
-.
2010 (PGA) ' ': ( )
,
. , ' ' [Jenkins 2009a] (, ,
, , ..) [Wodak, Meyer 2009].

: , , ,
, .
. - , ,
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[Bagdikian 1990]. ( , ), , , ' '
.
, :
- .
- , , .
,
. : , ,
,

109

, , ', .
[Kaplan 2006: 176-177].
, -,
.

110

14


- . , (
) ,
, ..
. ,
, . , ,
[] [ ] , [Fuchs, Pfetsch 1996: 10].

(, , )
, , .
-
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/ .
: , , ,
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[Gamson et al. 1992: 385].
1999 ''
[Zaller 1999], ,
.

111

,
, .
, , , , , . ,
, (
) , ( ), - :
, , , ,
, , , , , , ,
(, - ..) ,
[ 2002: 1993].

- :
[] ,
, , ,
[Bennett, Entman 2001: 2].
,
, , .

' ' [Wolfsfeld 1997]:
' ',
[Wagner 2007: 2].
, . -

112

'-' [Davis 2002],

, , . , : [] [ ]
, , '
', '- ', ' ', '', '', --, - -- [Entman 1993: 52]. , ,
[Linsky 1986], -
, [McCombs 1981] .
, ' '. ,

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: , ,

[Berelson 1951: 122]. ,
,
(, ' ', -, ,
).
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,

. , ,
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113

, .


, ' ' [ 1996].
, . , , , , [Shoemaker, Reese 1996: 57].
' ' .
-, '' [Reese 1991]: .
.
-, '-' [Foote 1980]: , ,

.
. -
, [Zelizer 1993].
-, ' ' (. pack journalism)
[Crouse 1973]: , , . '' [Janis
1972],
.
-, , . , , ' ' (..
) .
' ' [Entman
2004]).

114

' ' [Fishman 1980],

: ,
, ,
[Wolfsfeld 2001: 229]. ' '
, -,
.
' ' (. watchdog journalism) [Marder
1998], , , . ,
, .
' ' (. burglar alarm),
, , , [Zaller 2003:
122]. , ' ' .
' ' (. monitorial citizen model)
[Schudson 1998] , ,
. , . ,
' '. , ' ', ,
.
, ,
[Rosen
1999: 187].
'' , ( '
' [Tuchman 1981]). , , .
, -

115

:
,

[Bennett, Lawrence, Livingston 2007:
68]. ' ' , : , , [Barker 2005: 3].
' ':
, '' ,
' '
. - ,
,
[Bennett, Lawrence,
Livingston 2007: 68].
,
, , [Noakes, Wilkins 2002: 652].
,
.
[ 1994],

:
, , ..
[ ].

, , , .
, , ,
, -

116

, , , , , , (, ..) , [ 2002: 93]. - , , : , , (

), , ,
, , , , (, ),
[ : 152].

, , .
, ..
. , , :
, , , , [ 2001: 53]. ,
, []
[ 2002: 116]. , : , , ( ),
[ : 116].
[ 2001]

. , '',
''. -

117

:
- , ,
, .
,
[ 2005: 109].
: , ,
.
: ( , ) , , ,
[ 2005: 226].
:
, -
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[ 2005: 24-25].
, .
.
' ' [Herman, Chomsky 1988] - :
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, , [] , [Ibid.: 1988: xi].
,
, ,
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-

118

,
,
- .
, ,
.
-, ,
'' '',
. ,
, , . , [Leach 1962: 133]. , - - : 46,4%
, 72,3% -, ,
[Leyland 1999].
-,
. , [Valentini
2006: 8].
,
, , .
,
:
. - , ,
[Altshull
1984: 277-278].
,
:

119

1.
, .
2. ,
, .
3. ,
, ,
,

. , ,
'' .

,
, . , , ,
[Herman, Chomsky 1988: 22].

, , , .
4.

, , , .
5. ' ', , ' ':
,
, , -

120

, ,
[Ibid: 29].
( ) '
' ( ) '', , , .
, , : []
( , , , ) , [Ibid: 35].
, ,
, : ,
, ,
[ ] [Chomsky
1982: 81].
: , , , ... ,
,
[Robinson 2001: 13-14]. , ,
[Bennett, Lawrence, Livingston 2007: 189].
, :
,
, ,
[Paletz, Entman 1981].
' ' ' ' , :

121

, , , ;
, , , ,
...

, , ... -
, ,
[Chomsky 1989: 22].
, , ,
. , ' ',
' '. ,
:

, ,
[Herman, Chomsky 1988: 39].
' ' (. guard dog) [Donohue, Tichenor,
Olien 1995], ,
. , ,
. ,
, , ' ' [Iyengar
1991].
' ' [Bennett 1990].
, ,
, ( ) , , . ,
, , ,
[Bennett, Lawrence, Livingston 2007: 49].

122

' ' [Tuchman

1978], , , . ,
,
, , [Bennett 1990: 106].
' ' [Molotch, Protess, Gordon 1987].
, (, ).
, : ,
,
[Barker 2005: 5]. , ,
[Herrero 2007].
' '

[Wolfsfeld 1997]. ,
, .
, ,
,
[Cook
1998]. , ,
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, '
'.
-, :
, , -

123

, , - . ,
[Bennett,
Lawrence, Livingston 2007: 3].
-,
, , , ,
. ' '.
-, :
, , , ,
[Ibid.: 4]. , , ' '.
,
. ,
, [Mazzoleni, Schulz 1999].
' ' ,
, . , , ,
, .
,
' ' [de Vreese, Elenbaas 2008],

.
'-' (. metacoverage) [Esser,
Reinemann, Fan 2001],
.
.
. ,
-

124

,
[ ]
, , [Chomsky
1982: 81]. , ' ' [Herman, Chomsky 1988],
. ' ' ,
[]
[Chomsky 1979: 5].
: ,
.
, .
, .
, , [Davis 2007: 194].
, , :
'' , ;
'' ,
[Walgrave, Soroka, Nuytemans 2008: 818].

( ) ,
,
, [Walgrave,
Nuytemans, De Winter 2004]. :
[, ]
[ ] , , , , , [Cook 1998: 165].
,
. : , ,
. , , -

125

,
[Zaller 1999: 59]. :

,
[Sellers 2010: 221]. , : ,
[Gilbert 1991: 117].
: ,
. - , ,
, ,
. ,
, , . ' '
.
[Blumler, Kavanagh 1999: 213].
,
, .

126

15

( ) , , :
, . , ,
[Thompson 2000: 105-106].
:
, ' ',

[Wolfsfeld 2007: 231]. (
'' ) ' ' [Thompson 1995].
, , ,
' ' [DiMaggio, Powell
1983]. (' ') , ( ) () [Loewenstein, Ocasio, Jones 2012].
' '
[Wooten, Hoffman 2008]
, , , , ,
' ' ' ': . , [Meyer,
Rowan 1977: 340]. '
' [Fredriksson, Pallas, Wehmeier 2013] , -

127

: , , ,
,
[Meyer, Rowan 1977: 340]. , ,
, , ;
,
, [Ibid: 341].
' '.
,
( ), , ,
, - [Thornton,
Ocasio 2008]. [ ]; , , [Thornton, Ocasio, Lounsbury 2012: 2].
, -, , ,

, , . -,
, , , , [Thornton,
Ocasio 1999: 804].
,
(1); , , (2); ,
(3):
, , ,
[] [Thornton, Ocasio
2008: 112].

128

, ,
, , ,
: , ; , .
, , , ,
[Meyer, Rowan 1977: 345].
, . ,
' ' , . ,
( , , , ,
),
.
: . , , ,
, , [March, Olsen 1989: 65-66].
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129

,
[Seo, Creed 2002: 240].
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) ,
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[Nigam,
Ocasio 2010].


[DiMaggio, Powell 1983]:
' '
;
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;
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[Entman 1989: 20].
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,
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130

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[Kahneman, Tversky 1979].
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[Strmbck 2008]:
1.

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3.
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: -, , , ,
[Altheide, Snow 1991: ix-x].
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4.
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131

[Heclo 2000: 17], , [Bennett, Manheim 2007: 282].
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[Blumler,
Kavanagh 1999]:
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, ' ');
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132

:
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133

[Schrder, Phillips 2007: 890-891].

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2011].
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134

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117]. , ,
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,
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135

,
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[Richards 2004: 342].

136

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[Caplan 2003: 234].
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[Marcuse 1969: 64].

137

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138

, , : , , , , , , :


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[Dayan, Katz 1992: 118].
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139

16

,
[Rein, Schn 1977: 239]. ,
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[Entman 2007: 170]. ,
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, 80% [Cameron, Sallot,
Curtin 1997].
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[Gubrium, Hostein 2008],
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140

(
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[Polkinghorne 1988: 36].
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Schn 1994].
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1961]
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141

,
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30], , [Bruner
1986: 11-13]. : . .

[Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 13].
,
.

,
:
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), (

142

, ) ,
[Czarniawska 2004: 9].

' ' (. stock story) [Amsterdam, Bruner 2000]
, , ,
[Hnninen 2004, 73-74].
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Docherty 2004]
,
: , , , , , [Ibid: 772-773].
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[ 1994: 487].
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Lyman 1968].
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143

,
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[Austin 1962]),
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Lyman 1968: 53]. , : , , - [Ibid: 54].
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:
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, [Flood 2009].
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2010] ,
.
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144

[Boswell 2010]. , , : ,
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)
[Ibid.].
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[Delori, Zittoun 2009: 3]. : , , , , . , [] [Ross 2011]. ,
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[Kinnebrock, Bilandzic 2006]:
;
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[Stone 1989]:
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145

,
[Jones, McBeth 2010: 344];
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[] [Stone 1988: 138].

,
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[Nie 2003];
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146

, . ,
, [McBeth et al. 2007: 90].
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' ' [Hajer 1993],
.
[Rein, Schn 1993]
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[Gotsbachner 2009: 61]. ,
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2006: 640].
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' [Stone 1988], : (1) (2) (3) (4)
. , : ''
(2+3), '' (2+4), '' (1+3) '' (1+4). :
, .
-, ,

147

, , [Ibid: 293].
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[Ibid: 289].
' ' (' ') ,
, ' '
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' ' [Green, Brock 2000], , , , [Green, Brock
2000]. , , [Petty, Cacioppo 1981].
, , , '-':
[Newhagen 2002]. , : ,
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[Boudon 1997: 21].

, : , , , , , [
] [Szasz 1994: 63]. ,
[Newhagen, Reeves 1992], , [Messaris, Abraham 2001].
/
- , : , -

148

,
[Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 14].
, [Page, Shapiro,
Dempsey 1987] ( ), [Dutton, Ashford 1993] ( -)
[Arnold, McCroskey 1967] ,
- .
, :
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[ 2001: 58].
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[Gendlin 1962: 5]. , :
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149

135].
:
,
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1970: 152].
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[, 2008], [Coman 2005]: , , ,
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150

1994] : ,
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[Zott, Huy 2007: 47].

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, [Bennett 2005: 369].
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151

IV

17


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[Dryzek 2001]. :
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[Hunold 2001: 154]. ,

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[Mansbridge et al. 2006].


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, [Schmitt-Beck 2008].

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152

.
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[Schneiderhan, Khan 2008].


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[Chambers 2003: 309].
[Bchtiger
et al. 2010]. I ' ',

153

, ,
. II , [Ibid.: 33]. ,
' ', ' ' [Steenbergen et al. 2003]. ,
' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '.
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) [Bobbio 2010]. (, ), (, ), (,
).
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, [Ibid.: 18].

' ': ,
[Cohen 1989: 19].
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c :
-
[Parkinson
2003: 180]. ,
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154

, , [Gastil,
Burkhalter 2008].
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, () , [Gutmann, Thompson
2004].
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[Bohman 1998: 401].
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- [Hendriks 2002]:
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' ' (. iterated deliberation) [Gutmann, Thompson 2004], , , ,
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155

[Dryzek 2009].
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Way 2002], ,
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: [Hunold 2001].
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1.
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186].
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[Elster 1998: 12]. -

156

,
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[Sancho 2003]. ' ' [Elster 1998] ,
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: '' , . , , , [Dryzek, Niemeyer 2008: 490].
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Warren 2006].
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157

,

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[Wessler 2008].
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[Naurin 2006: 192].
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[Schfer 2010].
3.

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158

,
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[Williams, Rice, Rogers 1988].
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[ 1995: 199]. ,

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[Galston 1991].
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2223]. , , , , ,

159

[Deneen 2008: 71].
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' ' ' ':
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[Cohen 1989: 21]. ,
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[Besson, Marti 2006: xix]. : ,
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[Gutmann, Thompson 1996: 26].


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, [Friberg-Fernros, Schaffer 2011].
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160

, [McGann 2006].
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[Cohen 1989: 20]. ,
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161

) - ,
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6.
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, , , . ,
, [Dryzek 2001: 651]. [Hunold 2001: 159].
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[Dryzek 2001]. ,

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162

, [Dryzek, Niemeyer
2008: 493]. : , ' ', '', ' ' ' ' [Ibid.: 485]. ,
(, ), ,
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7.
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[Arnstein 1969]:
1.
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163

, , , ,
: [] [ ] ,
[Hibbing, Theiss-Morse 2002: 191].
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y, x.
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, [Riker,
Brams 1973].
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' ' ' ':
, . ,
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) ,

[Parkinson 2003: 182].
[Dryzek 2009]:
1. (, ,

164

, , ,
);
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2008].

165

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[Posner 2003]. , , [Hibbing, Theiss-Morse 1995]. , ,
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[Sanders 1997: 348].
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2014: 7].
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166

[] , [Besson, Marti 2006: xviii].

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138]. ,
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[Mansbridge 1983, x-xi]. :
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[Stoker,
Tusinski 2006].
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[ 1995: 347]. ' ' [,
1984], , .
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167

:
, , , . , , , [Young 1996].
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- [Reich 1988].
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[ : 196],
[ : 193].

: . ,
[, 2003: 505]. ,

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[Sanders 1997].

168

,
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169

18

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[Grunig, Hunt 1984].
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170

:
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[Botan, Taylor 2004: 8].
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171

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172

, [Edwards, Hodges 2011].

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, : ,
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173

, , , , ,
,
[Dahl 1985: 55]. :
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, , , . ,
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[Stoker, Tusinski 2006].
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: ''
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2006]. [Burkart
2004], , ,
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174

, [Christensen, Langer
2009: 141-142].
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: ''
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2006]. ( ) '', ''-,
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175

[Stoker, Tusinski 2006].

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1997: 19].
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11]. , , .
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176

[Jackson 2010: 16].

,

, , , , , [Szasz 1994: 62-63]. ' ': - , [Craig 2003: 86-87]. , [Olson, Finnegan, Hope 2008] ' '.
, ' ' ( ' ') ' ' [Elsbach, Sutton 1992], :
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1992: 118].
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, '')
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[Holmstrom 2005],
[Vaara, Tienari, Laurila 2006: 793]. , ' ' ( ), : , ,
[Yoon 2005: 768].

177

'
', [van Ruler, Veri
2003]. , , , .
[van Ruler 2004]:
1. (
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178

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[Grunig 1990].
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[Davis 2004: 163].
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[Bentele 2002]. : , - , , ( ). , -
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179

, [Hallahan 1999: 224].

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[van Ruler, Veri 2005: 266].
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1994]. , [Kruckeberg, Starck 1988: 4],

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258].
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180

, .
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181

19
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182

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184

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185

'') [Maltese 1994; Sumpter, Tankard 1994]: -

.
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2000: 216].

[Andrews 2006].
[Pearson, Patching 2008], - : ,
,
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[Stockwell 2007]. ,
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4785].
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186

,
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' ', , [Dale 1985].

[Richardson 2002]. ' '
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Reinemann, Fan 2000; Gaber 2000; Pitcher 2002; Starick 2005]:
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187

5.

;
6.

;
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chournalism) [Davies 2008], - ()

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, [Berkowitz 1991: 249]. , -

188

: '' , ,
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[Sigal 1973].
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[Esser, DAngelo 2003] '
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,
, , [Plasser 2005: 53], -
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189

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