Элла Маркина

Business English. Справочник по грамматике

английского языка с примерами
ISBN 9785449013453
Аннотация

Это дополнение к книге «Business English. Workbook 1», с подробным

объяснением времен английского языка и примерами. Словарный состав
соответствует уровню Elementary.

Business English
Справочник по грамматике английского языка
с примерами

Элла Маркина
© Элла Маркина, 2017

ISBN 978-5-4490-1345-3
Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

English Grammar

Побудительные предложения

Что такое побудительные предложения? Это те предложения, которые

побуждают к действию. Другими словами, когда нам нужно попросить
кого-нибудь сделать что-нибудь, ну или приказать кому-нибудь сделать
что-нибудь, то нам как раз необходимы побудительные предложения.
Для побудительных предложений есть три основных правила:
1. Они всегда начинаются с глагола
2. Они не имеют подлежащего
3. Они бывают только двух видов: отрицательные и утвердительные

Ну что ж, давайте учиться побуждать людей к действию. Только

не переусердствуйте, не забывайте добавлять PLEASE, если это всё же
просьба а не приказ. Или добавьте – Could you please……
Could you please give me your scissors for a minute?

Сделай эту работу завтра – Do this work tomorrow

Выйди из комнаты, пожалуйста – Go out of the room, please.
Приходи ко мне завтра – Come to me tomorrow
Спроси его об этом – Ask him about it
Ответьте на эти вопросы – Answer these questions
Напиши ему сообщение – Write him a message
Прочти этот документ еще раз – Read this document
one more time
Откопируй все заявки – Copy all requests
Открой дверь, пожалуйста – Open the door, please.
Помогите ей, пожалуйста – Help her please

А когда мы хотим сказать человеку, чего ему

делать не нужно, то перед основным глаголом
добавляем отрицание
do + not = don’t и говорим:
Don’t write him a message. – Не пиши ему сообщение
Don’t copy all requests . – Не копируй все заявки
Don’t help her . – Не помогай ей
Don’t go out of the room. – Не выходите из комнаты
Don’t shout at workers – Не кричите на рабочих
Don’t leave your key on the table – Не оставляйте ваши
ключи на столе
Don’t ask Boss about it – Не спрашивай боса об этом

– Обратите внимание на примеры перевода побудительных

предложений
Возьмите ручку и ежедневник.– Take the pen and your diary.
Запишите то, что вы должны сделать сегодня. —
Write down what you have to do today.
Скажите мне ваш адрес. – Tell me your address
Запишите его в мою записную книжку. – Write it down
in my notebook
Дайте мне этот документ. – Give me this document.
Напечатайте это письмо прямо сейчас. – Type this
letter right now.
Переведите этот контракт.– Translate this contract.
Закончите эту работу сегодня. – Finish this work today .
Вычеркните их из списка. – Cross out them out of the list
Внесите эту информацию в базу данных. —
Enter this information into the database.
Свяжитесь с ними и спросите о причине отсутствия.-
Contact them and ask about the reason for absence.

LESSON №1
Множественное число существительных
 Основная часть существительных в английском языке
образует множественное число при помощи прибавления
окончания – s

Table – tables , Chair – chairs , Computer – computers

Если же существительное оканчивается на ss. x. sh. ch
то нужно прибавить -es
Box-box es , Class-class es , Dish – dish es , Bus- bus es ,

Если существительное оканчивается на —y , которая

следует после согласной то её – y меняем
на —i и прибавляем —es

City – cities , Country -countries , Copy – copies

Если же конечная —y следует после гласной то ничего

не меняем а только прибавляем —s

Play- plays, Day-days, Way-ways

Если существительное оканчивается на —f то —f

меняем на —v и только после этого прибавляем -s

Knife – knives, shelf – shelves, life – lives

Так же в английском языке есть существительные, которые

имеют собственную форму множественного числа.

Исключения: foot – feet, tooth – teeth, child – children, an index – indices,

a crisis- crises

Существительные, имеющие форму только мн. ч.

Clothes / goods / means / trousers /scissors /pliers /

glasses /shorts

Существительные, имеющие форму только ед. ч.

Business / hair / information / progress / love /knowledge / furniture / luggage /

fruit /news /advice

Example
– Are there many copies ?
– I suppose about hundred or more.
– It’s a lot of. I don’t know how to manage it.
– The information in those copies is important, isn’t it?
– I don’t think so. The documents are very old.
– Then put all papers into the boxes and carry
them to archive.
– I can’t, I must finish translation of these contracts .
Bay the way, did you see scissors )?
– Yes, look on my table, over there next to my glasses.
– I didn’t know that you wore glasses .
– You see, I always wear eye-lens. But now I have
a little problem with my eyes , so temporary wear glasses .

LESSON №2

Спряжение глагола to be в настоящем времени .

(я есть /я являюсь)

В настоящем времени у глагола to be есть три формы.

это – am, is, are.
Предложения с глаголом to be носят описательный
характер, т.е они говорят о том кто мы, где мы находимся,
какие мы.

(+) I am (I am a translator. – Я переводчик)

He is / She is / It is
They are / Weare / You are

I am a translator. – Я переводчик.
He is a driver. – Он водитель.
She is at home. – Она дома.
It is my phone. – Это мой телефон.
They are at work. – Они на работе.
You are right. – Вы правы.
We are ready. —Мы готовы.

Чтобы построить отрицательные предложения с глаголом

to be необходимо поставить после него отрицательную частицу
not (-) I’m not / He isn’t / She isn’t / It isn’t

They aren’t / We aren’t / You aren’t

I am not in the office.– Я не в офисе.
He is not busy. – Он не занят.
She is not sick. – Она не больна.
It is not hard. – Это не трудно.
They are not mistaken. – Они не ошибаются.
You are not ready. – Вы не готовы.
We are not workers. – Мы не рабочие.

Для того чтобы построить вопросительное

предложение нужно глагол to be вынести вперед, поставить
его перед подлежащим.

(?) Am I?/Is he? / Is she? / Is it? /Are they? / Are we? / Are you?
Am I right? – Я прав?
Is he available? – Он на месте? (он доступен)
Is she a secretary? – Она секретарь?
Is it right? – Это правильно?
Are they at the plant? – Они на заводе?
Are you free? – Вы свободны?
Are we ready? – Мы готовы?

Если же вопрос начинается с вопросительного

местоимения то глагол to be следует за ним

Where is he? – Где он?

What is it? – Что это?
When is your birthday? – Когда твой день рождения?
Why are you here? – Почему вы здесь?

Example
– Hello! How are you? Are you free now?
– Sorry, I am very busy at the moment.
– By the way, where is Mark? Is he in office?
– No, he is out. He is at the plant.
– Is there anything wrong?
– Yes, there are some problems with Contractors.
– I hope they are not very serious.

– This is Nelly. She is our Section Head’s assistant.

As I know she is skilled and knows four languages.
– Frankly speaking, I am not experienced. This is my first job.

LESSON №3
 Спряжение глагола to be в прошедшем времени. (я была,
он был, мы были.…) в прошедшем времени у глагола to be есть
только две формы

was – для ед. ч / were – для мн. ч.

(+) I was / He was/ She was / It – was / They were / We were /
You – were
I was on business last week. – Я был в командировке
на прошлой неделе.
He was a good worker. – Он был хорошим работником.
She was wrong. – Он ошибалась.
It was impossible. – Это было невозможно.
They were our Partners. – Они были нашими партнерами.
We were outside. – Мы были на улице (снаружи).
You were right. – Вы были правы.

Отрицательные предложения строятся так же как

и в настоящем времени. Отрицательная частица -not ставиться
после глагола to be (was / were)

(-) I / He / She / It – was not = wasn’t

They / We / You – were not = weren’t
I was not on holiday last year. – Я не был в отпуске
в прошлом году.
He was not at the meeting. – Он не был на собрании.
She was not at work in the morning. – Она не
была на работе утром.
It was not so easy. – Это было не так легко.
They were not in our department. – Они не были в нашем
отделе.

В вопросительных предложениях мы выносим to be (was /

were) на первое место, т.е. на место перед подлежащим.

(?) Was I? / Was he?/ Was she? / Was it? /Were they?
/ Were we? / Were you?
Was he in your department yesterday? – Был ли он вчера
в вашем отделе?
Was she busy before lunch? – Была ли она занята до обеда?
Were they ready for this kind of work? – Они были готовы
к такой работе?
Were you at the plant last Friday? – ВЫ были на заводе
в прошлую пятницу?
 В специальных вопросах вопросительные местоимения
ставятся перед глаголом to be (was /were)

Where were you yesterday? – Где ты был вчера?

Who was with you? – Кто был с тобой?

Example
– Who was in the office yesterday after 6p.m.?
– As I know, Mike was, why?
– There were very important documents on my table,
but now they aren’t.
– Which documents were there?
– First of all, there was a draft contract for
delivery of equipment. In addition there were some reports.
– I really don’t know. I remember some documents
were in that red folder. Mike brought them and put them in.

LESSON №4

Спряжение глагола to be в будущем времени. (я буду,

он будет…)
В будущем времени глагол to be не изменяется,
но добавляется вспомогательный глагол будущего времени.

(+) I shall be = I’ll be / We’ll be/

He will be= He’ll be / She’ll be / It’ll be / They’ll be / You’ll be
I«ll be in office tomorrow morning. – Я буду в офисе завтра
утром.
He’ll be busy after lunch. – Он будет занят после обеда.
They‘ll be on business next month. – Они будут
в командировке в следующем месяце.

Отрицательные предложения

Отрицательные предложения строятся при помощи

отрицательной частицы -not которая ставится после
вспомогательного глагола shall / will

(-) I shall not be = I shan’t be / We shan’t be

He will not be =He won’t be / She won’t be / It won’t be
They won’t be / You won’t be
We shan’t be ready for the talks. – Мы не будем готовы
к переговорам.
They won’t be at the meeting. – Они не будут на собрании
(их не будет)

Вопросительные предложения

Вопросительные предложения строятся при помощи

перестановки вспомогательного глагола shall / wi ll на место
перед подлежащим.

(?) Shall I be? / Shall we be?

Will he be? / Will she be? / Wil l it be?
Will they be? / Will you be?

Will you be at work tomorrow? – Вы будете на работе

завтра?
Will he be honest? – Он будет честным?
Will they be reliable Partners? – Будут ли они надежными
партнерами?
В современном английском will со всеми лицами, так
что можете смело сказать – I will be happy!

Example
– Will he be at the plant tomorrow?
– I am afraid he won’t. He is leaving tonight. He will be
on business till the end of the next week.
– What’s a pity! Who will be instead him?
– I suppose Peter. He will be in office tomorrow.
– Well, I’ll be in your office tomorrow afternoon.
– Ok, we’ll be waiting for you.

Vocabulary
Providers – поставщики
Exactly – точно
Available – иметься в наличии, быть на месте
Frankly speaking – откровенно говоря
To be interested in – быть заинтересованным

– Providers are reliable.

– It is exactly.
– Yes, he is available at the moment.
– I am interested in your offer.
Example
– They were our providers before. – Они были нашими поставщиками
– Exactly, I remember, it was five or eight years ago. – Точно, я помню это
было пять или восемь лет назад.
– Frankly speaking, it was a profitable cooperation. – Честно говоря, это было
выгодное (прибыльное) сотрудничество.

LESSON №5
Настоящее продолженное Present Continuous (То, что
происходит в момент речи)

Настоящее продолженное время описывает действие происходящее

в момент речи, т.е то что происходит в тот момент когда вы об этом
говорите (действие в процессе его совершения). Образуется при помощи
глагола to be (в соответствующей форме) и причастия настоящего
времени (глагол + ing)
(+) I am= I’m working —я работаю (сейчас)
He is = He’s working
She’s working / It’s working
They are = They’re working
We’re working / You’re working
В отрицательных предложениях отрицательная частица – not ставится
после глагола to be
(-) I’m not working
He isn’t working / She isn’t working / It isn’t working
They aren’t working / We aren’t working You aren’t working
В вопросительных предложениях глагол to be выносится вперед.
(?) Am I working?
Is he working? / Is she working? / Is it working?
Are they working? / Are we working? / Are you working?

Example
– Are you having lunch now?
– Now, I am not having lunch I am typing a
letter to a Customer.
– At lunch time? And what is Ann doing now? Is
she in office too?
– Yes but she is drinking coffee. And what about you?
– I am going to the Tax Office right now.
– Are you working without lunch too, aren’t you?
– Yes. Today is busy day. I have no time for lunch.

Example
 – Hello Alex! Are you in office now?
– Yes, why?
– What are you doing?
– I am checking my mailbox and answering the letters.
– Are you going to the canteen? It’s 12 a.m. already.
– Oh, you’re right. Where are you now?
– I’m outside. I am waiting for you.
– Well, I am coming. Just a minute!
– You are always late for lunch!
– But I’m never late for work!

LESSON №6
Конструкция to be going to в настоящем времени
(собираться что- то делать в ближайшее время).
Эту конструкцию мы используем для того
чтобы описать планы на ближайшее будущее.
(+) I’m going to (я собираюсь…)
He’s / She’s / It’s going to
They’re / We’re / You’re going to

I am going to speak to him tomorrow.– Я собираюсь поговорить

He is going to take a vacation. – Он собирается взять отпуск.
She is going to quit her job.– Она собирается бросить работу
(уйти с работы)
We are going to restart work next week. – Мы собираемся
возобновить работу на следующей неделе.
They are going to inspect all objects. —Они собираются
проверить все объекты.
Отрицательные предложения
(-) I’m not going to
He isn’t / She isn’t / It isn’t going to
They are not =aren’t / We aren’t / You aren’t going to
I am not going to change anything. – Я не собираюсь что-либо
менять.
He isn’t going to do this work. – Он не собирается делать эту
работу.
She isn’t going to listen to you.– Она не собирается слушать
тебя.
They aren’t going to discuss this problem.– Они не собираются
обсуждать эту проблему.
Вопросительные предложения
(?) Am I going to?
 Is he going to? / Is she going to? / Is it going to?
Are they going to? /Are we going to? / Are you going to?

Is she going to translate it? – Она собирается переводить это?

Is he going to explain anything? – Он собирается объяснять
что-либо?
Are they going to solve this problem? – Они собираются решать
эту проблему?
Are you going to speak to him? – Вы собираетесь поговорить
с ним?

Vocabulary
By the way – кстати
The sooner the better – чем скорее тем лучше
Peacefully— мирным путем
Lawyer – юрист
Avoid- избегать
Timesheets – табели рабочего времени

Example
– When are they going to start work on this object?
– As I know, they are going to do it next week.
– Ok, the sooner the better! By the way, where is Stefan?
Is he going to make up the complaint?
– No, he isn’t. He is going to solve everything peacefully.
– Well, when are you going to phone him?
– I am going to do it after lunch.

– As I know, she is going to copy all these contracts again,

isn’t she?
– Yes, she is. And after that she is going to register all
of them.
– Isn’t she going to fill up the timesheets?
– She is, but in the afternoon.
– What are you going to do after lunch?
– I am going to ring up to our accountant

LESSON №7
Конструкция to be going to в прошедшем времени (собирались что-то
делать)
Эта конструкция нужна для того чтобы рассказать о том что мы собирались
делать (но возможно передумали).
(+)
I was going to travel but my plans have changed. —
Я собиралась путешествовать но мои планы изменились.
He was going to fire you, but couldn’t. – Он собирался
уволить тебя но не смог.
She was going to buy a new car. – Она собиралась купить
новую машину.
They were going to open a new shop. – Они собирались
открывать новый магазин.
We were going to speak to about it you before.-
Мы собирались поговорить с тобой об этом раньше.
Отрицательные предложения (частица not после глагола
to be)
(-) I wasn’t / He wasn’t going to
They weren’t / We weren’t going to
I wasn’t going to change my plans.– Я не собирался менять
свои планы.
He wasn’t going to report about it. – Он не собирался
докладывать об этом.
She wasn’t going to help you. – она не собиралась помогать
тебе.
They weren’t going to discuss it. – Они не собирались
обсуждать это.
Вопросительные предложения
(was / were выносится вперед)
(?)
Was he going to complete the table? – Собирался ли
он заполнять эту таблицу?
Were they going to change anything in this contract?
– Собирались ли они менять что-либо в этом контракте?
Were you going to take part in the negotiations?
– Собирался ли ты принимать участие в этих переговорах?

Vocabulary:

join- присоединить (ся)

approve- одобрять
assignment- назначение
against- против
drawing- чертёж
actually- фактически
promotion- продвижение
postpone- откладывать

Example
– You were going to speak to boss about your promotion
as I remember.
– Yes you are right. I really was going to do it before, but
 it isn’t time now.
– What’s the matter? You weren’t going to change your plans,
were you?
– No, I wasn’t. I just was going to postpone the talk for
other day.

– You know, they were going to change some points in the

contract. We were going to discuss that situation at the
meeting on Monday.
– I know that Director General was going to approve your
assignment for manager position.
– Really? I haven’t heard about it. He wasn’t going to do it,
because he was against to my candidature.
– No, you are wrong. We all were going to support you.

LESSON №8
Простое настоящее – Present Simple (то, что
происходит обычно, регулярно)
Простое настоящее время необходимо для того чтобы описать обычное
регулярное повторяющееся действие или более общие понятия не относящиеся
к определенному времени.
I go to work every day – Я хожу на работу каждый день
(повторяющееся действие)
I love my job. – Я люблю свою работу (более общее понятие)
(+)
I write / We write/ They write / You write
В третьем лице ед. ч. (he, she, it) к глаголу прибавляется
— s / es
She writes/ He writes / It writes
I do my work carefully. – She does her work carefully.
We send a lot of letters every day. – He sends a lot of letters
every day.
Отрицательные предложения строятся при помощи
вспомогательного глагола do и отрицательной частицы not
(do +not =don’t)
(-) I don’t write to them every day.
We don’t write messages.
They don’t write explanatory notes.
В третьем лице ед. ч. для образования отрицательных предложений,
вместо do мы используем does + not = doesn’t
She doesn’t write reports.
He doesn’t speak English.
 Вопросительные предложения образуются при помощи того же глагола do,
который выносится вперед и ставиться перед подлежащим.
(?) Do I sleep much? – Я много сплю?
Do they spend much money? – Они тратят много денег?
В 3 лице ед. ч. вопросительные предложения строятся
при помощи does.
Does she call up to clients? – Она звонит клиентам?
Does he repair his car himself? – Он ремонтирует свою
машину сам?
Запомните, как строится вопрос с вопросительным местоимением who:
Who writes these letters? – Кто пишет эти письма?

Example 1
– We export these goods a few years.
– I know that’s why we want to place an order with you.
– I advise you to open a Letter of Credit in a local bank.
– Usually we transfer money directly on a Partner’s account.
– Let’s meet on Monday morning and discuss payment
conditions. We usually use this practice.
– No objection.
– Does he approve such documents?
– No, it’s not his authority. He just prepares documents
to submit them to the Chief.
– Does he contact with contractors?
– Yes. It’s his daily routine. He controls work implementation.

Example 2
– What shall I do? – Prepare documents for the meeting.
– She doesn’t make many mistakes when she
types documents.
– I print out different documents every day.
– Please, ask your Section Head, where are job descriptions.
And clarify to trainee details of our work. Then make changes
into work schedule.
– Good morning Mr. Brown. Could you sign these orders
please?

LESSON №9
Simple Past you should use when you want
to describe some things which you did in the past.
Простое прошедшее время мы используем, когда хотим описать действие
в прошлом. Для этого в утвердительных предложениях используем глагол
прошедшего времени. В английском языке два вида глаголов: правильные (те
которые образуют прошедшее время при помощи прибавления окончание -ed)
и неправильные (это те которые обычно указываются в таблице неправильных
глаголов)
(+) Правильные глаголы / Regular verbs
I worked for this company two years ago. – Я работал на эту
компанию два года назад.
He translated all letters himself. – Он переводил все письма
самостоятельно.
She corrected her report yesterday. – Она корректировала её
отчет вчера.
They asked a lot of questions at the meeting last Monday.
– Они задавали (спрашивали) много вопросов на собрании
в прошлую пятницу.
We returned home late yesterday. – Мы вернулись домой
поздно вчера.

Неправильные глаголы / Irregular verbs (look at the table):

speak – spoke take- took see – saw give-gave
I spoke to an accountant. – Я говорил с бухгалтером.
He took your phone. – Он брал твой телефон.
We saw him yesterday. – Мы видели его вчера.
She gave me her book. – Она дала мне её книгу.
Отрицательные предложения образуются при помощи вспомогательного
глагола didи отрицательной частицы not (didn’t) + глагол в настоящем
времени.
(-) I didn’t work. He didn’t translate. She didn’t correct.
I didn’t sleep last night. He didn’t take your phone.
We didn’t see him yesterday.
Вопросительные предложения образуются так же при помощи глагола
—Did, который ставится на место перед подлежащим. Обратите внимание что
основной смысловой глагол используется в настоящем времени.
Did you speak to him yesterday?
(?) Did she work? Did he translate? Did he take?
Did you see him?
Если вы хотите начать вопрос с вопросительного
местоимения, то оно всегда ставится перед вспомогательным
глаголом -did
Where did you work before? When did you go to the plant?
Но если вопросительное местоимение выступает в роли подлежащего,
на пример местоимение who то за ним следует глагол в прошедшем времени без
вспомогательного глагола did
Who helped you?

Example
– You (to go) to the plant yesterday, (not to do) you?
 – Yes, you’re right. We (to go) there before lunch. I (to phone)
you twice. Where (to be) you?
– I (to be) at the talks with our new Partners. We (to discuss)
the draft contract and (to outline) future cooperation.
– Oh, you’ve done a good job! You (to see) Director General
yesterday?
– No, (not to come) he yesterday?
– Yes, he (to be) at the plant.
– But he (not to come) to the Main Office. Any way
I (not to see) him.

LESSON №10
Read the questions and answers. Remember or
write new words or word combinations. Translate
it into Russian.
Example
– What was the matter? Was anything wrong
with connections?
– They checked all joints last week, there weren’t
any damages.

– I saw KIOS’s vehicle at our office yesterday.

What did they want?
– They arrived to find out some questions regarding
to last project.

– When did you pass testing?

– I passed testing last week. I’ve got the best results in
our group.

– What did they do on the object yesterday?

– The work have been already done by the evening
yesterday and they came to inspect it.

– Where did you leave your mobile phone?

– I don’t remember actually. Perhaps I left it
at the procurement department when I was there.

– How could they manage it in such a short time?

– They attracted subcontractors.

– Have you held an induction today?

– Sure. I held it in the morning.
 – When did Safety Engineer compile this act?
– He did it when I was out of object. I had to go to the
Head Office on business. When I came back he had
already gone.

LESSON №11
Степени сравнения прилагательных
Односложные прилагательные
В английском языке есть сравнительная и превосходная степень
прилагательных. Сравнительная степень односложных прилагательных
образуется при помощи суффикса -er
small / This room is small. – Эта комната маленькая.
smaller / My room is smaller. – Моя комната меньше.
Превосходная степень прилагательных образуется
при помощи суффикса – est и всегда используется
с определенным артиклем – the
big / Their challenge is big. – Их проблема велика.
the biggest / Your challenge is the biggest. – Ваша проблема
самая сложная (большая).

Small – smaller- the smallest

Big- bigger- the biggest
Easy – easier- the easiest
Simple- simpler – the simplest
Wide – wider- the widest

Многосложные прилагательные
Многосложные прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи
вспомогательных слов – more / the most
They are reliable partners. – Они надежные партнеры.
You are more reliable partner. – Вы более надежный партнер.
«Apple» is the most reliable partner. – « Apple»
самый надежный партнер.

Interesting – more interesting – the most interesting

Reliable – more reliable – the most reliable
Suitable – more suitable – the most suitable
Но есть прилагательные, не подчиняющиеся общим правилам – это
исключения. У них есть собственные сравнительные и превосходные формы.
Исключения:
Good – better – the best
Bad – worse- the worst
Little- less- the least
Much \ many – more – the most
 Far – further – furthest

Example
– Your new flat is larger than old one, isn’t it?
– Yes, you’re right. This flat is much larger and
more comfortable.
– You are lucky! So, shall we go to the cinema today?
– Dear, I’m afraid I can’t go to the cinema today. Today
I have less free time than yesterday. I have to do some
urgent deals.
– You are always busy! You never have any time for me!
– Don’t be so critical. If I work hard it doesn’t mean it is
the most interesting to me. I just try to do the best for
our future.
– I don’t want to say that you are the worst man in the world,
but I’m tired to be alone. Sometimes I think that you have
somebody….
– You are the best girl I’ve ever met.

LESSON №12
Simple future —Простое будущее
(неопределенное будущее)
Простое будущее время используется для описания действия в будущем или
для того чтобы что-то пообещать. Образуется при помощи вспомогательного
глагола (shall / will) и смыслового глагола в настоящем времени.
I’ll do it next week. – Я сделаю это на следующей неделе
(я обещаю)
(+) I’ll come to you tomorrow.– Я приду к тебе завтра.
He’ll bring certificates later. – Он принесет сертификаты
позже.
They’ll invite everybody. – Они пригласят всех.
You’ll pass an exam, I promise. – Ты пройдешь тест,
я обещаю.
Отрицательные предложения строятся при помощи отрицательной частицы
-not, которая ставиться после вспомогательного глагола (shall / will).
Сокращения: shall + not = shan’t
will + not = won’t
(-) I shan’t come to the meeting on Monday. – Я не приду
на собрание в понедельник.
He won’t solve this problem. – Он не решит эту проблему.
They won’t discuss this matter tomorrow. – Они не будут
обсуждать этот вопрос (это дело)
She won’t get a salary increase. – Она не получит повышение
 зарплаты.
Вопросительные предложения образуются путем перестановки
вспомогательного глагола (shall / will) на место перед подлежащим
Shall I do it tomorrow? – Мне сделать это завтра?
Will he explain everything? – Он объяснит всё?
(?) Shall I come? Will he bring? Will they invite you? Will she
pass an exam?

Example 1
– Where are your specialists? Will they come or not?
– Don’t worry, they will appear in a few minutes. You mustn’t
doubt we will perform this work in time as per the contract.
– Are you ready to make some supplementary work?
No doubt we will conclude special agreement
for supplementary work.
– I’m sure, there won’t be any problem with it in future.

Example 2
– There’s something wrong! The engine doesn’t start.
– Let our mechanic have a look at it. He will determine
reasons easily.
– Will my car start working again?
– I’m sure he will do the best.
– Ok, Shall I pay right now?
– No, you will pay when your car is ready.

Task 1
(раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы
в нужной форме)
– They (to arrive) only an hour ago and now they (to have lunch). / Они
приехали только час назад и сейчас обедают.
– After that they (to rest) a little and we (to invite) them to our head office.
/ После того как они отдохнут немного мы пригласим их в наш главный офис.
– He (to ask) me about it yesterday, but I (not to say) anything. / Он спросил
меня об этом вчера, но я ничего не сказал.
– Mr. Shelton (to come) to the plant afternoon. Don’t worry, she (to prepare) all
documents. She (to know) her work very well. /г. Шелтон приедет на завод после
полудня. Не волнуйтесь, она подготовит все документы. Она знает свою
работу очень хорошо.
– This pump (not to work) properly, it needs to replace. /Этот насос работает
неправильно, его нужно заменить.
– We (to take) in attention all mistakes which we did before. /Мы принимаем
во внимание все ошибки которые сделали раньше.
 – I personally think we (to learn) the lesson which was given to us last year. And
at present we (to have)a chance to win the tender. / Я лично думаю что мы усвоили
урок который был нам дан в прошлом году. В настоящий момент у нас есть
шанс выиграть этот тендер.
– You (to receive) application form yesterday? / Вы получили форму заявки
вчера?
– As it was said at previous meeting we had to perform all customers’
requirements; so what we (to do) next? /Как было сказано на предыдущем
собрании, мы должны выполнить все требования заказчика, и что мы будем
делать дальше?
– They (to indicate) all clauses which they (to want) to discuss. / Они указали
на все пункты, которые хотят обсудить.
– He (to be) very punctual, he (to be) never late. Look, he (to go). – Он очень
пунктуальный, он никогда не опаздывает. Смотрите, он идет.
– We (to put in operation) the new equipment at present. Would you like to take
part in it? / Мы вводим в эксплуатацию это новое оборудование в настоящий
момент. Не хотите принять участие?
– He (to see) these damages. He (to check) these pipes two days ago. He
(to compile) the list of necessary materials? / Он видел повреждения. Он проверил
все трубы два дня назад. Он составил список необходимых материалов?
– We (to get) there in two hours. They (to install) new generator. – Мы
доберемся туда через два часа. Они установят новый генератор.
– No any circumstances (to make) me to change my plans. /Никакие
обстоятельства не изменят мои планы.
– They usually (to settle) such matters together. She seldom (to express) her
point of view. / Они обычно решают эти вопросы вместе. Она редко выражает
её точку зрения.
– Maybe he (to come) tomorrow, but I (not to be) sure. /Может он придет
завтра, но я не уверен.
– She (not to ring up) to contractors, it (not to be) her duty. /Она не звонит
подрядчикам, это не её обязанность.
– We (to correct) invoices now. It (to last) two or three hours. /Они исправляют
счета-фактуры сейчас. Это займет два или три часа.
– They (to hold) the talks at the moment. Customer’s representatives (to arrive)
at our office a few minutes ago. / Они проводят собрание в данный момент.
Представители заказчика приехали в наш офис несколько минут назад.
– We (to analyze) data received two days before. Manager (to enter) the room
five minutes ago. / Мы анализируем данные полученные два дня назад. Менеджер
вошел в комнату пять минут назад.
– What they (to discuss) at the meeting on Monday? / Что они будут
обсуждать на собрании в понедельник?
– You (to pay) taxes last month? Where (to be) confirming document? / Вы
заплатили налоги в прошлом месяце? Где подтверждающий документ?
– It (to be) last timesheet which I (to check) yesterday. / Это последний табель
рабочего времени который я проверила вчера.
 – They (to compare) results when receive them. / Они проверят результаты,
когда получат их.
– We (to be going) to fix the prices in order to keep clients. And what you (to be
going) to do? / Они собираются зафиксировать цены, чтобы удержать
клиентов. А что вы собираетесь делать?
– Yesterday they (to determine) reasons of damage in a short time and (to settle)
the problem immediately. / Вчера они в короткое время легко определили
причины повреждения и решили проблему незамедлительно.

LESSON №13
Past Continuous- Прошедшее продолженное
(действие длилось в определенный момент
в прошлом).
Образуется при помощи глагола to be в соответствующей форме (was /
were) и причастия настоящего времени (глагол + ing)
– как долго длилось действие
I was reading all these letters during two hours. – Я читала все эти письма
в течении двух часов.
They were discussing your proposal the whole morning. – Они обсуждали твоё
предложение всё утро.
– действие происходило (было в процессе совершения в определенный
момент в прошлом)
He was speaking on the phone at that time. – Он разговаривал по телефону
в тот момент.
We were having lunch at twelve o’clock yesterday. – Мы обедали в 12 часов
вчера.
– действие происходило параллельно другому действию
I was typing a memorandum when you phoned. – Я печатала меморандум
когда ты позвонил.
I was speaking with a Business Partner when the telephone rang. – Я
разговаривал с деловым партнером, когда зазвонил телефон.
Отрицательные предложения образуются при помощи частицы – not которая
ставится после глагола – to be
сокращения: was +not = wasn’t
were + not= weren’t
I wasn’t making coffee when he entered the room. I was checking invoices.– Я
не готовила кофе когда он вошел в комнату. я проверяла счета-фактуры.
He wasn’t listening to me when I was telling him about you. – Он не слушал
меня когда я рассказывал ему о тебе.
They weren’t learning anything during their holiday. – Они не учили ничего
во время каникул.
Вопросительная форма образуется путем перестановки глагола to be (was /
were) на место перед подлежащим.
 Was she cooking dinner when you returned home? – Она готовила обед когда
ты вернулся домой?
Were you working at 6 p.m. yesterday? – Вы работали в 6 вечера вчера?
What was he doing the whole day yesterday? – Что он делал весь день вчера?
What were they doing when you arrived at the plant? – Что они делали когда ты
приехал на завод?

Example
– When we arrived at the object it was raining hard, but in spite of it people
were working.
– Have they completed the work on the object?
– No, we stayed there and were helping them but because of the rain we
all spent much time for useless thing. After some hours workers decided to stop work
and wait for better time.
– How long was it raining?
– As I remember when we came back to the Head Office at 7 p.m. it was
still raining hard.
– What were you doing at the office till 9 p.m.?
– We were looking for any way to get out of such terrible situation..

LESSON №14
Future Continuous – Будущее продолженное
время.
Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола будущего времени (shall
/ will) + be+ причастие настоящего времени (глагол+ ing) (действие будет
длиться в определенный момент или отрезок времени в будущее или же будет
происходить параллельно другому действию)
(+): I shall be working hard next week. He will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
They will be discussingthis offer at the meeting on Monday.
(-): I shan’t be working hard next week. He won’t be sleeping at this time
tomorrow. They won’t be discussing this offer at the meeting on Monday.
(?): Shall I be working hard next week? Will he be sleeping at this time
tomorrow? Will they be discussing this offer at the meeting on Monday?

Example 1
– Nobody is perfect! Tomorrow I’ll be remaking all material reports.
– What’s up? Will you be correcting your own mistakes the whole day?
– No, I’ll be comparing figures all this time. There is some discrepancy between
my total sum and economist’s one. What will you be doing at 11 a.m. tomorrow?
– I’ll be explaining safety rules to trainees at this time. You know, doing stupid
things is my way of making my life interesting
– Why do you think it is stupid thing?
 – Relax, I am just joking! I hate doing it, I don’t like working with trainees. But
any way I’ll be demonstrating my carefulness regarding to my learners for the
duration of the instruction.
– I know you don’t like teaching but I guess you just have to accept it! What
concerns to my work, I don’t know when it will come to the end.
– You look tired. I suppose you need a vacation, immediately!

Example 2
– She will be comparing timesheets and relating documents all day tomorrow. She
thinks we indicate overtime too often.
– I told her yesterday, that scope of work was very big, that’s why we had
indicated overtime every day.
– What did she say having known about it?
– It all the same to her, she says it’s not true and all work was planned per months.
Isn’t she crazy?
– She is just an accountant, her work to save money.

LESSON №15
Местоимения:
Some, any, every, no;
и их производные
В утвердительных предложениях используются
something – кое-что, что-то
somewhere– кое-где, где-то
somebody– кое-кто, кто-то
everybody– все, каждый
everything– всё / everywhere– везде
В отрицательных и вопросительных :
anywhere– где-нибудь,
anybody– кто-нибудь
anything– что-нибудь
В отрицательных
Nobody (no one) – никто
Nothing– ничего
Nowhere- нигде
No- используется в отрицательных предложениях и ставится перед
существительным (We have no time to do it right now.)

Example 1
– I’ve some ideas regarding to this matter
– Oh my God! Everything you suggested before was useless.
Could you offer anything different?
– Dear, you told me, that you had no idea how to solve that
problem and now you don’t like anything I suggest.
 – I like nothing because it is useless.
– I think nobody can convince you to change your opinion.
You just don’t want to do anything.

Example 2
– It seems to me, somebody is walking inside. Didn’t you
check office after the personnel had left?
– I’ve inspected office twice, there was nobody.
– Look, there is something flashed in that window.
– Don’t say nonsense! There is nothing, I can’t see anything.
– Are you sure, that you have been everywhere, in every
room? That light looks like a flashlight.
– Well, let’s go and check everything.
– It can be danger, let’s call up to the police office instead.

LESSON №16
Much, many, a little, a few, a lot of
Much – много (используется с неисчисляемыми
существительными и после глаголов)
We had much work last week. I liked that film very much.
Many– много (используется с исчисляемыми
существительными)
They have many problems at present.

A little – немного (используется с неисчисляемыми

существительными и после глаголов)
I know German a little. I have a little time.
A few – несколько (используется с
исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе)
There were a few friends of yours.
A lot (of) – много
A lot of people could see that incident.

Example
– I’m so happy; I’m going to take a few week’s holiday.
– What are you going to do?
– A lot of things! First of all I’ll visit my friends in Moscow. I haven’t seen them
many years. Then I plan to invite my little sister to my place for a few days to show
our city. She came in St. Petersburg last year but she didn’t see much. She spent a lot
of time for museums.
– So, this time you will be walking about the city, will you?
– Yes, our plan is to see as much as possible.
– It will take you a lot of time.
– I know, but I love this city very much and it will be pleasure
 for me too.
– Then have a good holiday!
– Thanks a lot!

LESSON №17
Present Perfect – Завершённое действие.
Действие завершено и мы имеем результат.
I have completed the report already. – Я уже закончила отчет.
Образуется при помощи глагола have/ для he, she.
it используется has и третьей формы основного глагола (причастия прошедшего
времени) (Present Perfect никогда не отвечает на вопрос – когда)
Have \has + v-3
(+)
I’ve spoken to her. – Я уже поговорил с ней.
They’ve sent the application. – Они уже отослали заявку.
You’ve asked about it already. – Ты уже спрашивал об этом.
She has closed the door.– Она уже закрыла дверь.
He’s shown his office. – Он уже показал его офис.
It’s covered all costs.– Это уже покрыло все расходы.
Отрицательные предложения образуются при помощи отрицательной
частицы not которая ставится после глагола have- has
have +not= haven’t
has + not= hasn’t
(-) I haven’t spoken to her. They haven’t sent the application.
You haven’t asked about it yet.
She hasn’t closed the door. He hasn’t shown his office.
It hasn’t covered everything.
Вопросительная форма предложений образуется при помощи перестановки
глагола have / hasна место перед подлежащим.
(?) Have I spoken to him? Have they sent the application?
Have you asked about it yet? Has she closed the door?
Has he shown his office? Has it covered everything?

Example 1
– We have changed contract conditions already.
– Have they agreed with your requirements yet?
– They say, they have not discussed this matter
with management yet.
– Ask Helen, if she has translated memorandum yet?
– I asked her about it before lunch. She said that she had
no time.

– Have you been to the plant today?

– No, driver says there is something wrong with our vehicle.
 – No, he has repaired it already and manager has gone to the
plant.

Example 2
– I hope they already have paid all bills. I am informed
concerning to everything they have done.
– I haven’t spoken about it to them. I know that they have
transferred definite sum on some account.
– Have they done extra charge to employees for overtime?
– I know that they have returned timesheets to HR
(Human Resources department).
– What’s wrong?
– They have detected some discrepancy between timesheets
and relevant documentation.

LESSON №18
Past Perfect – прошедшее совершенное
Действие завершилось в определенный момент в прошлом или до того как
началось другое действие обычно выраженное простым прошедшим временем.
Had + v3
(+) I had finished translation by 5 p.m. – Я закончил перевод
к 5 часам.
He had phoned her by that time. – Он уже позвонил ей
к тому времени.
They had checked drivers’ badges before we came
up to them. – Они проверили бэйджи водителей до того
как мы подошли к ним.
В отрицательных предложениях not ставится после had, сокращенная
форма had+not = hadn’t
(-) I hadn’t finished translation by 5 p.m. He hadn’t phoned her
by that time. They hadn’t checked drivers’ badges before
we came up to them.
В вопросах had выносится на место перед подлежащим
(?) Had I finished translation by 5 p.m.? Had he phoned her
by that time? Had they checked drivers’ badges before we
came up to them

Example 1
– Had you received goods by the time Mr. Freedom returned from London?
– Supplier had delivered goods by the end of last month. We
had checked everything. All goods are excellent. Mr. Freedom was satisfied.
– Hadn’t Supplier increased the prices for goods before sold them to you?
– No, actually, we had discussed prices and delivery terms before placed the order
with them.
 – You were lucky! The world prices grew up twice.

Example 2
– Good morning Helen. Had you prepared all documents to issue credit cards for
our clients by yesterday afternoon?
– Don’t worry, I had done everything before lunchtime. As well
I had mailed request to the Main office before 10 a.m.
– Had you received any reply by this time?
– Unfortunately no.
– Never mind. I’ll know it myself. Connect with juridical department and find out
if they had worked outnew agreements yet? They promised it would be ready by the
end of the week.
– I’ve rung them up already. They said they hadn’t carried out the work, because
they needed to discuss some points with you. Probably you would make some
amendments.
– Well, let them send me draft agreement right now and ask them to come to my
office by 2 p.m.

LESSON №19
Future Perfect- Действие завершится
в определенный момент в будущем.
Shall\ will have+ v3
Утвердительные предложения
I shall have compiled the list by six p.m. – Я составлю список
к 6 часам.
He will have replaced it by tomorrow morning. – Он заменит
это к завтрашнему утру.
They will have done everything by the evening. —
Они сделают всё к вечеру.
Отрицательные предложения
I shall not have compiled the list by six p.m.
He will not have replaced it by tomorrow morning.
They will not have done everything by the evening.
Вопросительные предложения
Shall I have compiled the list by six p.m.?
Will he have replaced it by tomorrow?
Will they have done everything by the evening?

Example
– When will they arrive? Will she have completed work
by that time?
– They will be in our office afternoon.
– I «m afraid, she won’t have checked all registered
 documentation by their arrival. Could you help her?
– Sure! Don’t worry! We will have done all work in due time.

– I’m sure that we’ll have learnt all specifications by Friday.

– Ok, when will you have printed out all job descriptions
at last? They must be in every department.
– I’ll do the best! I’ll have printed all of them by the
next meeting.
– And spread them among the personnel.
– Shall I have made up the list of employees before spreading
job descriptions to them?
– Sure, they have to put their signatures against their
surnames in the list after they will have familiarized with
document.

LESSON №20
Условные предложения
Условные предложения первого типа относятся к настоящему и будущему.
(помните что в условных предложениях первого типа после союзов if, as soon
as, when, before, after, till, until, всегда используется настоящее время вместо
будущего.)
Например:
– If he comes tomorrow we shall go out somewhere together. – Если он придет
завтра, мы пойдем куда-нибудь вместе.
As soon as she arrives they will start the talks.

Example
– If you give us a discount we will place a big order with you.
– I don’t think that it’s possible. If we reduce the price we will lose
much money and won’t be able to cover all expenses.
– But you must understand, if your goods are nonconforming
quality we will annul the transaction.

– As soon as he arrives to the office we will inform him about

present situation.
– Please, after he comes, let me know, I’ll call you back.
– Sure, if you want I can phone him and ask regarding to your
matter.
– Do, please.
– Mr. Adam, Manager said that if he is free afternoon he will
receive you for sure.
 LESSON №21
Предлоги направления и движения

Example
– When I met Henry yesterday he was going _to_ the plant. I asked him what he
was doing _in_ the field. He answered that he was proceeded _to__ the plant to clear
up situation with a Foreman.
– When I came _into_ the room I asked Sofia where Alice was. She answered that
Alice was going _to_ State Tax Office and probably she was outside at that time.
I hurried up _to_ the entrance and collided with Alice in front of the main door. She
was going back _to_ her office because she had forgotten some important papers.

Предлоги времени
Example 1
– They are always so slow _in_ the morning. Work isn’t done
in time, because they didn’t wake up.
– I wonder, what they were doing _in_ the evening yesterday.
– I don’t know for sure, but probably they returned to the
pilot camp _at_ night.
– Look here Peter, when did you go _to_ bed yesterday?
– Frankly speaking we back to our room only _at_ sunrise.
– When are you going to sleep?
– I hope to sleep a little _at_ lunch time.

Example 2
– Hello Victor! I haven’t seen you _since_ January. You have
changed very much _since_ that time.
– Yes, I go _to_ gym two time a week: _on_ Tuesday and _on_
Friday.
– Have you seen Dave lately? When is he going to take
vacation?
– _In_ summer I think.
– As I know he took previous vacation _in_ May.
– I don’t remember exactly but probably you are right,
because he phoned me _at_ the end of the May and boasted
that he was going _to_France.

LESSON №22
Составьте как можно больше предложений используя
конструкции данные ниже.

There seemed no cause for you – Не было никакой причины

для тебя
No one was willing – Никто не желал
Nice of you – Мило с вашей стороны
I’d like to – Я бы хотел
I was told to – Мне сказали
Instead of working – Вместо того чтобы работать
In spite of – Не смотря на
I am used to – Я раньше…
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 Reading
Read dialogues and translate them into Russian

****

– Hello Dan! It’s me, Helen! I’m calling you up to ask for you
r help.

– What’s up Helen?

– Do you know anything about management’s intentions

regarding to staff reduction?

– I’ve heard about it recently. You see, we have failed to win

the tender. That’s why, more likely some people can lose
the job.

– Should I start worrying right now?

– I don’t think so. You‘ve been working for our company for
3 years and I must say you’ve made a lot.

– You mean the management will estimate it, don’t you?

– Definitely! You mustn’t doubt.

****

– Good morning everybody! I hope all are here. Let’s start. Firstly, all of you
know that we have been waiting for an opportunity to enlarge our presence at the
Karachaganak field by providing as much services as possible since last February.
This chance has arisen at last. We’ve signed an attractive contract with General
Customer for three years. And now our main task is to arrange good service without
hiring extra hands. How do you think, is it possible or not?
– May I have a word?
– Sure.
– Having signed new contracts for providing extra services we have to hire
definite number of specialists. Our people will be overloaded with work. They can’t
work overtime constantly. It’s illegal from one hand and we can lose valuable
specialists from other one.
– Aren’t overtime hours paid well?
– Yes, it’s paid well, but people aren’t robots. They can’t work non-stop without
having a rest. If people are tired they hardly can focus on a task to be done
immediately or accurately. It can lead to accidents at work place.
– Well, you are right. So, what do you suggest?
– At first we need to estimate forthcoming scope of work and find out how many
people we need to cover all work. Then it’s necessary to arrange work on rotation.
– Ok, I’ll report to top management concerning to required steps to be done and
let you know about their decision.
– Shall we start looking for extra people right now?
– Oh, HR specialist has woken up! No, dear, first engineers should evaluate the
scope of work and quantity of required specialists and only after that you will start
your work.

****
– Is your Manager easily convinced?
– No, I wouldn’t say so! He always stands on his point of view. He rechecks any
information several times.
– Is it hard to work with him?
– No, he is clever and knows his deal excellently.
– Is he predictable?
– If only for me, as I’ve been working with him for ten years and can predict his
reaction to many different situations.

****
– Good afternoon! Let’s get started. I’ve a good news. We are going to sign
a long-term contract and work is going to be started in fortnight.
– From one side it’s good, but it’s hard to realize from other one.
– You mean our uncompleted object, don’t you?
– Yes, construction of new facilities will require enlarging of work forces. While
we haven’t finished previous object where are involved all our vehicles, equipment
and work forces.
– How much time will it take us to complete this object?
– We should complete this object by the end of August but taking in attention
weather conditions, it can take more time then was planned.
 – How we can solve this problem?
– I suggest attracting of Subcontractors. It just makes sense in order not to lose the
contract.
– If I didn’t have any idea I wouldn’t sign this contract. Let’s have a look at the
key problem. We have a very profitable contract but we haven’t got enough work
forces to start object in two weeks.
– We must learn the situation carefully. Most definitely Customer will require
starting of work immediately after signing the contract as they want this object to be
constructed as soon as possible.
– Any way, we can attract Subcontractors and provide them with our technical
support. Having completed present object we will evacuate all our vehicles,
equipment and work forces to a new one.
– Really, only it has a sense.
Для того чтобы отработать все грамматические темы данные в этой
книге и увеличить словарный запас в десять раз советую ПРИОБРЕСТИ
книгу «Business English» Workbook 1
https://ridero.ru/books/business_english/