ÓÄÊ 621.81. (075.

8)
ÁÁÊ 34.42ß73
Ç 44

Çàìðèé À. À.
Ç 44 Ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå è ðàñ÷åò ìåòîäîì êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ
òðåõìåðíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé â ñðåäå APM Structure3D. — Ì.:
Èçäàòåëüñòâî ÀÏÌ. 2009. — 288 ñ.
ISBN 5-901346-06-8

Èçëîæåíû îáùèå òåîðåòè÷åñêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ÌÊÝ è åãî ïðàêòè÷åñêîå ïðè-

ìåíåíèå â ìîäóëå êîíå÷íî-ýëåìåíòíîãî àíàëèçà APM Structure3D, âõîäÿùåì â ñî-
ñòàâ ñîçäàííîé â Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîì öåíòðå «Àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííîå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå
ìàøèí» CAD/CAE/CAM/PDM Ñèñòåìû APM WinMachine.
Ðàññìîòðåíû ìåòîäèêà ñîçäàíèÿ ìîäåëè îáúåêòà (êàê íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ðåäàêòîðå
APM Structure3D, òàê è ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì òðåõìåðíîãî ðåäàêòîðà APM Studio) è åå
ðàçáèåíèÿ íà êîíå÷íûå ýëåìåíòû, à òàêæå ðàñ÷åò ïîñòðîåííîé ìîäåëè è àíàëèç
ðåçóëüòàòîâ âû÷èñëåíèé. Ñäåëàíî ýòî íà ïðîñòûõ è ïîíÿòíûõ ïðèìåðàõ, ñ òåì ÷òîáû
ïðèîáðåòåííûå ÷èòàòåëåì ïðè ýòîì çíàíèÿ è îïûò ìîæíî áûëî ñ óñïåõîì èñïîëüçîâàòü
äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ áîëåå ñëîæíûìè îáúåêòàìè, êîòîðûå ïîâñåìåñòíî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â ïðàêòèêå
ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ðåàëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé.
Êíèãà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ïîëüçîâàòåëåé, êîòîðûå ïðèìåíÿþò ëèáî ñîáèðàþòñÿ ïðè-
ìåíÿòü APM Structure3D â ïîâñåäíåâíîé ïðàêòèêå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ. Îíà ìîæåò áûòü
ïîëåçíà ñòóäåíòàì óíèâåðñèòåòîâ è êîëëåäæåé òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñïåöèàëüíîñòåé.

ÓÄÊ 621.81. (075.8)

ÁÁÊ 34.42ß73

 À. À. Çàìðèé, 2009
ISBN 5-901346-06-8  Èçäàòåëüñòâî ÀÏÌ. 2009
 Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ïðåäèñëîâèå.................................................................................................................. 13

Ââåäåíèå. Íàçíà÷åíèå è âîçìîæíîñòè ìîäóëÿ APM Structure3D .......... 13

Îñîáåííîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ ìåòîäà êîíå÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â APM Structure3D .... 13
Ñòåðæíåâûå êîíå÷íûå ýëåìåíòû ............................................................................. 14
Îáîëî÷å÷íûå/ïëàñòèí÷àòûå êîíå÷íûå ýëåìåíòû .................................................. 15
Îáúåìíûå êîíå÷íûå ýëåìåíòû ................................................................................ 16
Ñïåöèàëüíûå èíñòðóìåíòû ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ .......................................................... 17
Íàãðóçêè è âîçäåéñòâèÿ ............................................................................................ 18
Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà ..................................................................................................... 18
Îñîáåííîñòè ïîäãîòîâêè êîíå÷íî-ýëåìåíòíûõ ìîäåëåé ê ðàñ÷åòó ................... 19

Ãëàâà 1. Íàñòðîéêè ìîäóëÿ APM Structure3D..................................... 21

1.1. Îáùèå íàñòðîéêè ............................................................................................... 22
1.2. Íàñòðîéêè ïðåïðîöåññîðà ìîäåëåé ................................................................. 23
1.3. Íàñòðîéêè ðàñ÷åòà .............................................................................................. 26
1.4. Ðåæèì îòìåíû îïåðàöèé ................................................................................... 27

Ãëàâà 2. Ñîçäàíèå ñòåðæíåâîé ðàñ÷åòíîé ìîäåëè .................................. 29

2.1. Ïîñòðîåíèå ðàñ÷åòíîé ìîäåëè .......................................................................... 29
2.1.1. Ñîçäàíèå ïëîñêîé ñåêöèè ...................................................................... 29
2.1.2. Âûòàëêèâàíèå ïëîñêîé ðàìû â çàäàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè ..................... 33
2.1.2.1. Âûäåëåíèå ôðàãìåíòà ìîäåëè ................................................... 34
2.1.2.2. Âûòàëêèâàíèå ïëîñêîãî ôðàãìåíòà ìîäåëè ............................ 35
2.1.3. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå îêðóæíîñòåé è èõ äóã ................................................. 38
2.1.3.1. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå îêðóæíîñòåé ................................................... 38
2.1.3.2. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äóã îêðóæíîñòåé ............................................. 40
2.2. Ðàáîòà ñ áèáëèîòåêàìè ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé ................................................. 41
2.2.1. Áèáëèîòåêè ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé .......................................................... 41
2.2.2. Ñîçäàíèå ÷åðòåæà ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ ............................................... 44
2.2.2.1. Ïîñòðîåíèå ÷åðòåæà ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ
âíóòðåííåãî ðåäàêòîðà ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé
ìîäóëÿ APM Structure3D ........................................................... 44
2.2.2.2. Îòêðûòèå ðàíåå ñîçäàííûõ ôàéëîâ ñ ðàñøèðåíèåì *.wcr
è èìïîðò ÷åðòåæà ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ
êàê ôàéëà ôîðìàòîâ *.agr è *.dxf .............................................. 46
4 Ñîäåðæàíèå

2.2.2.3. Èìïîðò ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêîé ìîäåëè ÷åðòåæà ñå÷åíèÿ

è ïðîñòîãî áëîêà èç âíåøíèõ áèáëèîòåê èëè
òåêóùåãî ÷åðòåæà ........................................................................ 46
2.2.2.4. Âñòðàèâàíèå ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêîé ìîäåëè ÷åðòåæà ñå÷åíèÿ
èç áàçû äàííûõ ........................................................................... 48
2.2.3. Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ÷åðòåæà â îáúåêò òèïà «ïîïåðå÷íîå ñå÷åíèå» ........ 51
2.2.3.1. Âûäåëåíèå êîíòóðîâ ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ ............................. 51
2.2.3.2. Äîáàâëåíèå ñîçäàííîãî ñå÷åíèÿ â áèáëèîòåêó
ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé ................................................................... 52
2.3. Ïîäãîòîâêà ñòåðæíåâîé ìîäåëè ê ðàñ÷åòó ...................................................... 54
2.3.1. Çàäàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ìàòåðèàëà ............................................................... 54
2.3.2. Ïðèñâîåíèå ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé .......................................................... 57
2.3.2.1. Ïðèñâîåíèå ñòåðæíåâûì ýëåìåíòàì ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé
èç áèáëèîòåêè ............................................................................. 58
2.3.2.2. Âûáîð ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé èç áàçû äàííûõ
è âíåñåíèå èõ â ñïèñîê ñå÷åíèé ìîäåëè ................................. 61
2.3.2.3. Îðèåíòàöèÿ ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé ñòåðæíåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ .... 63
2.3.2.4. Ðåäàêòèðîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ñòåðæíåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ .............. 65
2.3.3. Óñòàíîâêà îïîð ......................................................................................... 67
2.3.4. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äåéñòâèÿ âíåøíèõ íàãðóçîê ....................................... 68
2.3.4.1. Çàãðóæåíèÿ è êîìáèíàöèè çàãðóæåíèé .................................. 69
2.3.4.2. Ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûå íàãðóçêè â óçëàõ ìîäåëè ............................ 72
2.3.4.3. Ðàñïðåäåëåííûå íàãðóçêè íà ñòåðæíè â ÃÑÊ ......................... 74
2.3.4.4. Ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûå è ðàñïðåäåëåííûå íàãðóçêè
íà ñòåðæíåâûå ýëåìåíòû â ËÑÊ ñòåðæíÿ ............................... 75

Ãëàâà 3. Ðàñ÷åò íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ

ñòåðæíåâîé ìîäåëè (ñòàòè÷åñêèé ðàñ÷åò)
è àíàëèç ïîëó÷åííûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ............................................... 85
3.1. Âûïîëíåíèå ðàñ÷åòà ........................................................................................... 85
3.1.1. Ïàðàìåòðû ðàñ÷åòà ................................................................................... 85
3.1.2. Çàïóñê ïðîöåññà ðàñ÷åòà .......................................................................... 88
3.2. Âèçóàëèçàöèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ñòàòè÷åñêîãî ðàñ÷åòà
íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñòåðæíåâîé ìîäåëè ................ 90
3.2.1. Êàðòà ðåçóëüòàòîâ íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîðìèðîâàííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ
ìîäåëè ....................................................................................................... 90
3.2.1.1. Íàñòðîéêà ïàðàìåòðîâ âûâîäà ðåçóëüòàòîâ ............................ 90
3.2.1.2. Êàðòà íàïðÿæåíèé ...................................................................... 91
3.2.1.3. Ýêñòðåìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ðàñ÷åòíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ................... 94
3.2.1.4. Ïîñòðîåíèå âûíîñîê .................................................................. 94
3.2.1.5. Îáúåìíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå êàðòû íàïðÿæåíèé ......................... 96
3.2.2. Èçìåíåíèå äèàïàçîíà ðàñ÷åòíîãî ïàðàìåòðà íà êàðòå ðåçóëüòàòîâ .... 97
3.2.3. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ýêâèâàëåíòíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé
è èõ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ â ïîïåðå÷íîì ñå÷åíèè ñòåðæíÿ .......................... 98
Ñîäåðæàíèå 5

3.2.4. Äåôîðìèðîâàííàÿ ìîäåëü ....................................................................... 99

3.2.5. Êàðòû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïåðåìåùåíèé, âíóòðåííèõ óñèëèé,
êîýôôèöèåíòîâ çàïàñà è ãëàâíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé ................................ 100
3.2.5.1. Êàðòû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ëèíåéíûõ, óãëîâûõ è ñóììàðíûõ
ïåðåìåùåíèé ............................................................................. 100
3.2.5.2. Êàðòû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ íàãðóçîê (âíóòðåííèõ óñèëèé),
êîýôôèöèåíòîâ çàïàñà è ãëàâíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé ................... 102
3.2.6. Âèçóàëèçàöèÿ êàðò ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòà óñòàëîñòíîé ïðî÷íîñòè .... 104
3.2.6.1. Çàäàíèå èñõîäíûõ äàííûõ äëÿ óñòàëîñòíîãî ðàñ÷åòà ........... 105
3.2.6.2. Àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòà óñòàëîñòíîé ïðî÷íîñòè ........... 106
3.3. Ðåàêöèè â îïîðàõ .............................................................................................. 108
3.4. Âèçóàëèçàöèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòà ñèëîâûõ ôàêòîðîâ ................................ 110
3.5. Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà ýëåìåíòîâ ìîäåëè .............................. 112
3.5.1. Âíóòðåííèå ñèëîâûå ôàêòîðû â óçëàõ ñòåðæíåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ
ìîäåëè ..................................................................................................... 112
3.5.2. Èçìåíåíèå êîîðäèíàò âåêòîðà ïðè ïåðåõîäå
ê äðóãîé ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò ................................................................ 114
3.5.3. Ãðàôèêè âíóòðåííèõ óñèëèé è ïåðåìåùåíèé ................................... 115
3.6. Íîìåíêëàòóðà è ðàñõîä ñòåðæíåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ............................................ 119
3.7. Âûâîä ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòà ìîäåëè
íà ïå÷àòü è â ôàéë ôîðìàòà RTF ................................................................... 120

Ãëàâà 4. Ñîçäàíèå è ðàñ÷åò ñòåðæíåâî-îáîëî÷å÷íîé ìîäåëè.

Ðàáîòà ñ ìàêðîîáúåêòîì òèïà «ïëèòà» .................................... 125
4.1. Îáùèå ïîëîæåíèÿ ............................................................................................ 125
4.1.1. Âèäû ïëàñòèí÷àòûõ ÊÝ ......................................................................... 125
4.1.2. Âûáîð ïàðàìåòðîâ ðàçáèåíèÿ ïëàñòèí÷àòûõ ÊÝ ............................... 126
4.1.2.1. Ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíûå ôîðìû ïëàñòèí÷àòûõ ÊÝ ....................... 127
4.1.2.2. Ïàðàìåòðû ðàçáèåíèÿ ïëàñòèí íà ÊÝ ................................... 127
4.2. Ðåæèìû ðàçáèåíèÿ ïëàñòèí ............................................................................ 127
4.2.1. Ðåæèì «×åòûðåõóãîëüíàÿ Ïðÿìîóãîëüíàÿ ïëàñòèíà» ........................ 128
4.2.1.1. ËÑÊ ïëàñòèíû ........................................................................... 128
4.2.1.2. Ñîçäàíèå è ðàçáèåíèå ïëàñòèí÷àòûõ ýëåìåíòîâ .................. 129
4.2.2. Ðåæèì «Ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ ïëàñòèíà ñ ðàçáèåíèåì» ................................ 132
4.2.3. Íåàâòîìàòèçèðîâàííûé («ðó÷íîé») ðåæèì ñîçäàíèÿ
è äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî ðàçáèåíèÿ ïëàñòèí ............................................. 136
4.3. Çàäàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ïëàñòèí è èõ íàãðóæåíèå ............................................. 137
4.3.1. Çàäàíèå òèïà ïëàñòèí
è ñïîñîáà ó÷åòà êðóòèëüíîé æåñòêîñòè ............................................ 137
4.3.2. Ïðèñâîåíèå ïëàñòèíàì òîëùèíû è ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëà .................... 138
4.3.2.1. Òîëùèíà ïëàñòèí ...................................................................... 138
4.3.2.2. Ìàòåðèàë ïëàñòèí ..................................................................... 139
6 Ñîäåðæàíèå

4.3.3. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äåéñòâèÿ íà ïëàñòèíû

ðàñïðåäåëåííûõ íàãðóçîê ..................................................................... 140
4.3.3.1. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äåéñòâèÿ íîðìàëüíûõ ðàâíîìåðíî
ðàñïðåäåëåííûõ íàãðóçîê ........................................................ 141
4.3.3.2. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äåéñòâèÿ íà ïëàñòèíû ïðîèçâîëüíûõ
ðàñïðåäåëåííûõ íàãðóçîê ...................................................... 142
4.3.3.3. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äåéñòâèÿ íåðàâíîìåðíî ðàñïðåäåëåííûõ
íàãðóçîê ..................................................................................... 142
4.3.3.4. Êîíòðîëü ïðàâèëüíîñòè ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ðàñïðåäåëåííûõ
íàãðóçîê ..................................................................................... 143
4.3.4. Îðèåíòèðîâàíèå ËÑÊ ïëàñòèíû è èíâåðñèÿ íîðìàëè .................... 144
4.3.4.1. Îðèåíòèðîâàíèå ËÑÊ ïëàñòèíû ............................................ 145
4.3.4.2. Èíâåðñèÿ íîðìàëè ËÑÊ ïëàñòèíû ........................................ 146
4.4. Âèçóàëèçàöèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòà ñòåðæíåâî-ïëàñòèí÷àòîé ìîäåëè ........ 146
4.4.1. Êàðòû ðåçóëüòàòîâ .................................................................................. 147
4.4.1.1. Íàñòðîéêà ïàðàìåòðîâ âûâîäà ðåçóëüòàòîâ .......................... 147
4.4.1.2. Êàðòà íàïðÿæåíèé .................................................................... 149
4.4.1.3. Êàðòà ïåðåìåùåíèé .................................................................. 153
4.4.1.4. Êàðòà íàãðóçîê, êîýôôèöèåíòîâ çàïàñà ïî ïðî÷íîñòè
è òåêó÷åñòè, ãëàâíûõ íàïðÿæåíèé è äåôîðìàöèé ............... 154
4.4.2. Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà .................................................... 158
4.5. Ïëèòà è ïðèåìû ðàáîòû ñ íåé ........................................................................ 159
4.5.1. Ñîçäàíèå ïëèòû ñ ïîìîùüþ êîìàíäû Ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ ïëàñòèíà
ñ ðàçáèåíèåì .......................................................................................... 160
4.5.2. Ïîäãîòîâêà ìîäåëè ñ ïëèòîé ê ðàñ÷åòó .............................................. 162
4.6. Ïëàñòèíû áåç æåñòêîñòè .................................................................................. 166
4.6.1. Ñîçäàíèå ïëàñòèí áåç æåñòêîñòè è èõ îñîáåííîñòè ......................... 166
4.6.2. Ïóòè ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåì, âîçíèêàþùèõ ïðè ñîçäàíèè ìîäåëè
ñ ïëàñòèíàìè áåç æåñòêîñòè ................................................................ 167

Ãëàâà 5. Ñïåöèàëüíûå èíñòðóìåíòû ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ........................... 170

5.1. Ñëîè .................................................................................................................... 170
5.2. Ñòåðæíåâûå ýëåìåíòû òèïà «êàíàò» ............................................................... 172
5.2.1. Ñîçäàíèå ìîäåëè êîíñòðóêöèè, ñîäåðæàùåé òðîñû
(êàíàòû, âàíòû, îòòÿæêè è ò. ä.) ......................................................... 173
5.2.2. Îñîáåííîñòè ðàñ÷åòà ìîäåëè ñ êàíàòàìè ............................................ 175
5.3. Âèäîâûå ïëîñêîñòè ........................................................................................... 180
5.3.1. Ðàáîòà ñ âèäîâîé ïëîñêîñòüþ ïðè ñîçäàíèè
òðåõìåðíûõ ìîäåëåé .............................................................................. 181
5.3.2. Ïîâîðîò âèäà .......................................................................................... 185
5.4 Èíñòðóìåíòû ðåäàêòèðîâàíèÿ ìîäåëè ............................................................ 186
5.4.1. Êîïèðîâàíèå îáúåêòîâ â áóôåð îáìåíà è âñòàâêà èç áóôåðà ......... 186
Ñîäåðæàíèå 7

5.4.2. Ïîâîðîò îáúåêòà îòíîñèòåëüíî ÃÑÊ .................................................. 187

5.4.3. Ñîçäàíèå çåðêàëüíîé êîïèè îáúåêòà .................................................. 189
5.5. Çàäàíèå ËÑÊ â óçëàõ ......................................................................................... 191
5.5.1. Çàäàíèå ËÑÊ óçëîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîâîðîòîâ îñåé ÃÑÊ ..................... 191
5.5.2. Ïðèâÿçêà îñåé ËÑÊ óçëîâ
ê íàïðàâëåíèþ âûäåëåííîãî ñòåðæíÿ ................................................ 192
5.5.3. Îðèåíòàöèÿ îñåé ËÑÊ óçëîâ â çàäàííûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ .................. 193
5.6. Ñîçäàíèå øàðíèðîâ .......................................................................................... 193
5.6.1. Ñîçäàíèå è ðåäàêòèðîâàíèå øàðíèðà â óçëå ..................................... 194
5.6.2. Ñîçäàíèå è ðåäàêòèðîâàíèå øàðíèðà íà êîíöå ñòåðæíÿ ................ 195
5.7. Îñâîáîæäåíèå ñâÿçåé ñòåðæíåâîãî ýëåìåíòà â óçëå .................................... 196
5.8. Óïðóãèå îïîðû .................................................................................................. 198
5.9. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûõ ìàññ è ìîìåíòîâ èíåðöèè ................... 199
5.10. Ñîçäàíèå ìîäåëè ñïèðàëüíîé ïðóæèíû ..................................................... 200
5.11. Âíåöåíòðåííîå ñîåäèíåíèå ñòåðæíåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ìîäåëè ..................... 202
5.12. Óïðóãèå ñâÿçè .................................................................................................. 204
5.13. Ñîâìåñòíûå ïåðåìåùåíèÿ óçëîâ ìîäåëè ..................................................... 205
5.14. Ñîçäàíèå ñâÿçè æåñòêèìè âñòàâêàìè
òèïà óçåë —> ãðóïïà óçëîâ ........................................................................... 208
5.15. Ïðîâåðêà êîððåêòíîñòè ïîñòðîåíèÿ ìîäåëè .............................................. 210
5.15.1. Ïðîâåðêà íà ñâÿçàííîñòü .................................................................. 210
5.15.2. Ïðîâåðêà ìîäåëè, ñîäåðæàùåé ñòåðæíåâûå ýëåìåíòû,
íà ïðèñâîåíèå èì ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ ....................................... 211
5.15.3. Ñîåäèíåíèå áëèçêîðàñïîëîæåííûõ óçëîâ ..................................... 212
5.15.4. Ïðîâåðêà óãëîâ ïëàñòèí ................................................................... 213
5.15.5. Ïðîâåðêà îáúåìíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ........................................................ 213
5.16. Ïîëó÷åíèå èíôîðìàöèè î ìîäåëè ............................................................... 214

Ãëàâà 6. Ñîçäàíèå è ðàñ÷åò ìîäåëåé, ñîäåðæàùèõ îáîëî÷å÷íûå

è îáúåìíûå êîíå÷íûå ýëåìåíòû ................................................ 217
6.1. Ïîñòðîåíèå è ðàñ÷åò îáîëî÷å÷íûõ ìîäåëåé ................................................. 217
6.1.1. Ïðèìåðû ïîñòðîåíèÿ è ðàñ÷åòà îáîëî÷å÷íûõ ìîäåëåé .................... 217
6.1.2. Îïåðàöèÿ «Âûðàâíèâàíèå óçëîâ» ........................................................ 227
6.2. Ñîçäàíèå è ðàñ÷åò ìîäåëåé, ñîäåðæàùèõ îáúåìíûå ÊÝ ............................. 230
6.2.1. Òèïû îáúåìíûõ ÊÝ. Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ïîäáîðó ïàðàìåòðîâ
ðàçáèåíèÿ îáúåìíîé ìîäåëè íà ÊÝ ................................................... 230
6.2.2. Îñíîâíûå ñïîñîáû è ïðèåìû ñîçäàíèÿ ìîäåëåé, ñîäåðæàùèõ
îáúåìíûå ÊÝ ......................................................................................... 231
6.2.2.1. Ñîçäàíèå îáúåìíîé ìîäåëè ëîïàòêè òóðáèíû
ñ ïîìîùüþ îïåðàöèè âûòàëêèâàíèÿ ..................................... 232
8 Ñîäåðæàíèå

6.2.2.2. Ïîñòðîåíèå ìîäåëè êîíè÷åñêîé âòóëêè ñ ïîìîùüþ

îïåðàöèè ãåíåðàöèè ïîëÿðíîãî ìàññèâà .............................. 234
6.2.3. Ïîñòðîåíèå ñâÿçàííûõ îáúåìíûõ ìîäåëåé ........................................ 235
6.2.4. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå èíñòðóìåíòà «Âûðàâíèâàíèå óçëîâ»
äëÿ ïîñòðîåíèÿ ñëîæíûõ îáúåìíûõ ìîäåëåé .................................... 237
6.2.5. Îñîáåííîñòè ïîäãîòîâêè ê ðàñ÷åòó òâåðäîòåëüíûõ ìîäåëåé ........... 239
6.2.6. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå âðàùàþùåãî ìîìåíòà ................................................ 241
6.2.6.1. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå âðàùàþùåãî ìîìåíòà ñ ïîìîùüþ
ïàðû ñèë ..................................................................................... 241
6.2.5.2. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå âðàùàþùåãî ìîìåíòà ñ ïîìîùüþ
âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ñòåðæíåé ..................................................... 242

Ãëàâà 7. Íàãðóçêè ñïåöèàëüíîãî âèäà ........................................................ 244

7.1. Íàãðóçêè â óçëàõ ............................................................................................... 244
7.1.1. Íàãðóçêè, çàäàííûå ñìåùåíèåì óçëîâ (îñàäêîé îïîð) .................... 244
7.1.2. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òåìïåðàòóðíûõ íàãðóçîê ........................................... 246
7.2. Ñïåöèàëüíûå ñëó÷àè íàãðóæåíèÿ ñòåðæíåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ........................... 247
7.2.1. Çàäàíèå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé äåôîðìàöèè ............................................... 247
7.2.2. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òåìïåðàòóðíûõ íàãðóçîê ........................................... 249
7.3. Äåéñòâèå íàãðóçîê íà ïëàñòèí÷àòûå ýëåìåíòû ............................................. 250
7.3.1. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå òåìïåðàòóðíûõ íàãðóçîê ........................................... 250
7.3.1.1. Ðàâíîìåðíàÿ òåìïåðàòóðíàÿ íàãðóçêà .................................... 251
7.3.1.2. Ëèíåéíî èçìåíÿþùàÿñÿ òåìïåðàòóðíàÿ íàãðóçêà ................ 252
7.3.2. Ñíåãîâûå è âåòðîâûå íàãðóçêè ............................................................ 254
7.3.2.1. Ñíåãîâûå íàãðóçêè ................................................................... 254
7.3.2.2. Âåòðîâûå íàãðóçêè .................................................................... 257
7.4. Äàâëåíèå íà îáúåìíûå ýëåìåíòû ìîäåëè ...................................................... 261
7.5. Äåéñòâèå íàãðóçîê íà ìîäåëü êàê åäèíûé îáúåêò ....................................... 263
7.5.1. Ñèëîâûå ôàêòîðû, çàäàííûå óñêîðåíèÿìè ........................................ 263
7.5.2. Ñåéñìè÷åñêèå âîçäåéñòâèÿ ................................................................... 265
7.5.3. Ïóëüñàöèîííàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ âåòðîâîé íàãðóçêè ............................ 267
7.6. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äèíàìè÷åñêèõ (ïåðåìåííûõ âî âðåìåíè) íàãðóçîê.
Ðåäàêòîð çàäàíèÿ äèíàìè÷åñêèõ íàãðóçîê .................................................... 269
7.6.1. Âûáîð çàãðóæåíèé äëÿ çàäàíèÿ äèíàìè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêè ................. 269
7.6.2. Ðåäàêòîð ôóíêöèé ................................................................................. 270
7.6.3. Çàäàíèå ãðàôèêà äèíàìè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêè .......................................... 281
7.7. Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ñòàòè÷åñêèõ íàãðóçîê â ìàññû ........................................... 283

Ãëàâà 8. Âèäû ðàñ÷åòîâ .................................................................................... 286

8.1. Ñòàòè÷åñêèé ðàñ÷åò ........................................................................................... 286
8.2. Ðàñ÷åò óñòàëîñòíîé ïðî÷íîñòè ........................................................................ 287
Ñîäåðæàíèå 9

8.3. Ïðîâåðêà íåñóùåé ñïîñîáíîñòè ñòåðæíåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ

ñ àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííûì ïîäáîðîì ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñå÷åíèé ............................ 287
8.3.1. Ñîçäàíèå êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ è ïðèñâîåíèå èì
çàäàííûõ ñâîéñòâ ................................................................................... 288
8.3.2. Ðàñ÷åò íàãðóçî÷íîé ñïîñîáíîñòè êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ
è àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ............................................................................. 291
8.4. Ðàñ÷åò óñòîé÷èâîñòè ......................................................................................... 292
8.4.1. Ïàðàìåòðû ðàñ÷åòà ................................................................................. 293
8.4.2. Ðàñ÷åò óñòîé÷èâîñòè è àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ......................................... 294
8.5. Äåôîðìàöèîííûé ðàñ÷åò ................................................................................. 296
8.6. Íåëèíåéíûé ðàñ÷åò .......................................................................................... 297
8.6.1. Ðàñ÷åò ñ ó÷åòîì ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîé íåëèíåéíîñòè ................................. 297
8.6.2. Ðàñ÷åò ñ ó÷åòîì ôèçè÷åñêîé íåëèíåéíîñòè ìàòåðèàëà ..................... 299
8.6.2.1. Çàäàíèå çàêîíà óïðî÷íåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà .................................. 300
8.6.2.2. Íåëèíåéíûé ðàñ÷åò çà ïðåäåëàìè óïðóãîñòè ....................... 302
8.6.2.3. Àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòà ..................................................... 303
8.6.3. Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è êîíòàêòíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ................................... 305
8.6.3.1. Ñîçäàíèå êîíòàêòíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ
íà ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ êîíòàêòèðóþùèõ äåòàëåé ......................... 305
8.6.3.2. Îïèñàíèå ñâîéñòâ êîíòàêòíûõ è öåëåâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ .......... 307
8.6.3.3. Âûïîëíåíèå íåëèíåéíîãî ðàñ÷åòà
ñ öåëüþ ðåøåíèÿ êîíòàêòíîé çàäà÷è .................................... 310
8.6.3.4. Àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðåøåíèÿ êîíòàêòíîé çàäà÷è ................ 311
8.6.3.5. Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ñîçäàíèþ ÊÝ-ñåòêè
ïðè ðåøåíèè êîíòàêòíîé çàäà÷è ........................................... 313
8.7. Îïðåäåëåíèå ÷àñòîò è ôîðì ñîáñòâåííûõ êîëåáàíèé ................................. 315
8.7.1. Ïàðàìåòðû ðàñ÷åòà ................................................................................. 316
8.7.2. Ðàñ÷åò ñîáñòâåííûõ ÷àñòîò è àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ .............................. 317
8.8. Ðàñ÷åò âûíóæäåííûõ êîëåáàíèé ..................................................................... 319
8.8.1. Çàäàíèå èñõîäíûõ äàííûõ è ïàðàìåòðîâ ðàñ÷åòà ............................... 319
8.8.2. Àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòà ................................................................... 321
8.8.2.1. Àíèìàöèÿ êîëåáàíèé ìîäåëè ................................................. 321
8.8.2.2. Ãðàôèêè ïåðåìåùåíèÿ â óçëàõ è ãðàôèê íàïðÿæåíèé
â âûáðàííîì ñå÷åíèè ............................................................. 323
8.9. Òåïëîâîé ðàñ÷åò è ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è òåðìîóïðóãîñòè ................................... 325
8.9.1. Òåïëîâîé ðàñ÷åò ..................................................................................... 325
8.9.2. Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è òåðìîóïðóãîñòè
ïðè âûïîëíåíèè òåïëîâîãî ðàñ÷åòà ................................................... 326
8.9.3. Ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è òåðìîóïðóãîñòè äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ òåìïåðàòóðíîãî
âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ñòåðæíåâûå è ïëàñòèí÷àòûå ýëåìåíòû .................. 327
8.10. Âûïîëíåíèå ïàêåòíûõ ðàñ÷åòîâ .................................................................... 328
8.10.1. Ïîäãîòîâêà ê âûïîëíåíèþ ïàêåòíîãî ðàñ÷åòà ................................. 328
8.10.2. Çàïóñê íà ðàñ÷åò ïàêåòà ôàéëîâ ......................................................... 331
10 Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ãëàâà 9. Êîìïëåêñíûé ïðî÷íîñòíîé àíàëèç ìîäåëè

ìåòàëëîêîíñòðóêöèè ñ óçëîâûìè ñîåäèíåíèÿìè ................ 332
9.1. Êîìïëåêñíûé ïðî÷íîñòíîé ðàñ÷åò ìîäåëè ìåòàëëîêîíñòðóêöèè
ñ ó÷åòîì ñâàðíîãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ âõîäÿùèõ â óçåë ñòåðæíåé ......................... 332
9.1.1. Âûïîëíåíèå ñòàòè÷åñêîãî ðàñ÷åòà â ìîäóëå APM Structure3D.
Ïåðåäà÷à ýëåìåíòîâ óçëà â ìîäóëü APM Joint .................................. 333
9.1.2. Çàäàíèå êîíôèãóðàöèè ñâàðíûõ øâîâ è ïàðàìåòðîâ ðàñ÷åòà .......... 336
9.1.3. Âûïîëíåíèå ïðîåêòèðîâî÷íîãî ðàñ÷åòà ñâàðíîãî øâà
è ïðîñìîòð ðåçóëüòàòîâ ........................................................................ 338
9.1.4. Ïðîâåðî÷íûé ðàñ÷åò .............................................................................. 340
9.2. Îñîáåííîñòè ðàñ÷åòà ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì áîëòîâ
èëè çàêëåïîê ..................................................................................................... 341

Ãëàâà 10. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå 3d-ðåäàêòîðà APM Studio

äëÿ ïðî÷íîñòíîãî àíàëèçà ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ
è òâåðäîòåëüíûõ ìîäåëåé ........................................................... 343
10.1. Òðåõìåðíûé ðåäàêòîð ñîçäàíèÿ, èìïîðòà è ðàçáèåíèÿ ìîäåëåé
íà êîíå÷íûå ýëåìåíòû .................................................................................. 343
10.2. Ïîäãîòîâêà ñáîðî÷íîé åäèíèöû ê ðàñ÷åòó ................................................. 344
10.2.1. Èìïîðò ñáîðî÷íîé åäèíèöû â ðåäàêòîð APM Studio .................. 345
10.2.2. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîâïàäàþùèõ ïîâåðõíîñòåé äåòàëåé ñáîðî÷íîé
åäèíèöû .............................................................................................. 348
10.2.2.1. Àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé ïîèñê ñîâïàäàþùèõ ïîâåðõíîñòåé ...... 349
10.2.2.2. Íåàâòîìàòè÷åñêèé ðåæèì çàäàíèÿ
ñîâïàäàþùèõ ïîâåðõíîñòåé .............................................. 350
10.2.3. Çàäàíèå îïîð (çàêðåïëåíèå) äåòàëè èëè ñáîðî÷íîé åäèíèöû
è ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äåéñòâóþùèõ íà íåå íàãðóçîê ........................... 353
10.2.3.1. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå äåéñòâóþùèõ íà ìîäåëü íàãðóçîê ........ 353
10.2.3.2. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå îïîð (çàêðåïëåíèé) ............................... 354
10.2.4. Ïðèñâîåíèå äåòàëÿì ñáîðêè ïàðàìåòðîâ ìàòåðèàëà ...................... 357
10.2.5. Ãåíåðàöèÿ ÊÝ-ñåòêè .......................................................................... 359
10.3. Ïðî÷íîñòíîé ðàñ÷åò ñáîðî÷íîé åäèíèöû è âèçóàëèçàöèÿ
åãî ðåçóëüòàòîâ ............................................................................................... 365
10.4. Ïîäãîòîâêà ê ïðî÷íîñòíîìó ðàñ÷åòó ìîäåëè èç ëèñòîâîãî ìàòåðèàëà ... 367
10.5. Ñòàòè÷åñêèé ðàñ÷åò ïîâåðõíîñòíîé ìîäåëè ................................................ 370
10.5.1. Ñòàòè÷åñêèé ðàñ÷åò ïîâåðõíîñòíîé ìîäåëè
áåç êîððåêòèðîâêè ðàçìåðîâ ............................................................ 371
10.5.2. Êîððåêöèÿ ðàçìåðîâ ìîäåëè è ñòàòè÷åñêèé ðàñ÷åò
â ìîäóëå APM Structure3D ................................................................ 371
Ëèòåðàòóðà ................................................................................................................ 373
Ñîäåðæàíèå 11

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