B MUPE HAYKI SCIENTIFIC AM ERICANVi3damenvcmbo MUP rpedtaraem: C.H. Tomxees NETPONOrMYECKUN AHINO-PYCCKUM TONKOBbIA CNOBAPb B2x Tomax Tlepeson ¢ anranitexoro Merponorwueckui cnosaps, COCTABReHMbIA SBECTHEIM aH: rulackum reonoroM pyccxoro npo- vcxompenna — C.M. ToMKeeBbiM, RpepcTasnnet co6oA BecbMa WH TEpeCHYIO WM OMEHb NONesHYIO KH ty. MpwenexarensHocte paGoTei CM, Tommeesa cBAsaHa npexge BCEFO C ONEHE BbICOKOM npocbec- CHOHAMKHOA M O6WeA KynbTypOA astopa, ABMAOWeTOCA HE TONbKO ‘OgHiM Ms KpynHenwnx reonoros: epson nonoswHbi Hawero BeKa, Ho M YenoBeKOM C BeCbMa pasHO- CTOpOHHMMM HHTepecaMM, B TOM Mcne 8 oGnacTH McTopHu, nuTe- PATYPbI, AMHTBUCTHKH Ht T.A., 4TO Geino B Tpaguynax cTapom pyc- ¢koA reonoru¥eckoA wont B cnosape npnsonAtcr WeTKHE Kpatkve onpefienenun npymepHo ‘8000 TepmuHos, xopowo packperra HOMeHKnaTypa ropHbIX nopoR w OxapaKtepnsosanbi NpHHATbIE B Rerporpacbww noHATMA. STO yHH- kanbHoe usfanue ConepxKUT Ton KOBAHMe TAKKO BECbMa peAKHX TepMMHoB, KOTOpBIE HeNbsA HaATH B ApyrMx cnpaBowHiNKax. B cooT- BeTCTBMH COCBOMM MPMHUMNOM — ‘onmparbeA 8 nepeyio ovepeAL Ha AepBOHANANbHBIA CMbICN TepMA- na, CM. TomKees 8 ornuuwe OT GonbwmnicTBa cospemenHeix aBTO- pos eniouaer 8 ccbepy nerpono- TMK MW Ocago4Mbie O6pasoBaHnA. Tlomumo co6crseHHo cnosapa PaccmaTpuBaeMon Kure UMeIOT- cA cMCTeMaTHNeCKHe Tabnnypt, Re Tepmunei crpynnxpoBalie! No npeqmeram wccnepoBannn, aK TO ChoBapk MOXKeT ObiT UcON- 08aH Kak Tesaypyc. Ana reonoros, npenogasate- ne”, acnupaHTos w ctyaeHTos cex reonormueckmx cneynanbHo- cTeA W nepesoquMKos reonorMuec- KOA nuTepatypei. 1986, 88 2, Llena 6 p.95 x.WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN B MHPE HAYRH CTATRH PYBPHKH 13, 23, 45, 80, 4 4 24 34 46 56 64 72 96 63 84 90 99 Scientific American . U3qaHue Ha pyCCKOM A3biKe AMOCTPHPOBAHHBIUKYPHA NEPEBOA C AHTAMACKOLO « BBIXOAMT 12 PA3 BFOA* H3AAETCH € 1983 TOAA M3AATEALCTBO «MHP» MOCKBA N° 3 - MAPT 1986 B womepe: Koommueckne MecnefoBanun, KOCMUYeCKaA TeXHMiKa M KOoMMYeECKaA cTaHyWA — Lxewnc A.ean Aanen Tlporpamna comtanns ninoTMpyeMo KOCMHYeCKOH CTANIINH 3HaMHTEMBHO yMENBILIET BOSMOXHOCTH PasDUTH AMEpHKAHCKOH KOCMNECKON TEXHIKH H HecAENOBANI, ecm OHA GyAeT BuINOANATECR Cora Ho cytlecrByroweMy many. BOmbuvas NacTb 3a1a4 B KOCMOce MOKET OLITS BbinlONeHA yereumee apToMarieck#Mi annapaTamit (Scientific American, January 1986, Vol. 254, No. 1) Octanoska snokayecTBeHHoro pocTa nyTem npHHyAMTenbHON ANc BMECTE CO CBOMMH «OpaTbAMiD» H , 19 Science Graphi 48-49 Andrew TomkoO6 abmopax James A.Van Allen UDKEFIMC A.BAH AJUIEH «Kocnunwecxue ucene- ROBANI, KOCMIYCCKAR TEXHIKA M. KOC Muveckas CTaMu®>) — OTKPEIBATED panuiaunowtix norcon eMnu, KOTO pote OObIHO HAsMBaIOT ero HIMEHEM. Tlonywun creness noxropa dunocodmi no dame » Vunsepcutete wir. Ationa » 1939 r. Tlocne paGoTst w neckomsKitx He- crieoBaTeRBeKHX yUpeRKIIEHHAX 1 CAYA- Gein TuxooKeanckom 70TE BO BpEMA ‘BTOpOf MuspoHOH BOMB: BEpHYZICR B AL- ony, Tue 3aHUMaeT ZOMKHOCTE NPodec- copa gisuku uw noarnannser haxynster gunmen u acrpoonmn. Hayynan nes ‘TenbwocTs Han Areva connasia no Bpe- Meu ¢ pasBIrTHeM aMepHKAHCKO NpO- panot KoemeckHx necnenonanii, B 1958 r. no Bpem nepnoro yeneumoro ronera antepukaucxoro enyTHiKa «OKC- aopep-In Osinit OTKDSITEI MoRca Batt ‘Annena. Ox pykosomiin mepaninit He (CHeMOBAKHAMH PANNALNOHHIX NORCOB JOnwrepa, Korma cKs03» MHX mBuFancA Kocnsnveckill 301, H Obim OMHHM H3.OT- xxpsinareneft pannauunonnsix noacos Ca- typna. On Take pykononHA HecnenO- baTeMBCKHMM TpyniaMn, paGoTaBiinHNtt na npoextamm «Boasoxep» 0 «Pani neo». B HACTORUIEe BPEMA ABNIRETCR Ha yaNBIM — pykoBORHTeTeM — npockTOB ‘eMluonep-10» u «TTuonep-H», a TaKKe piumaer ywactue w pa6ore wan mpo- ‘ekron «Paniineo>. Leo Sachs (JIEO CAKC «Octanosxa anokaNecTneHHoro pocTa nyTeM Mpuy- aureabHioh xndbepenunpoBKH Kne- Tox») — npodeccop 6uonormn 8 Betit- Manonckom mcTutyre (Mspanas), rae sosrnawnaeT ore rexeruKn. B 1951 r. 8 KemOpumxckom yiiteepcuTete nony- ‘wun erenent aoxTopa dbunocodunt B o6- ACTH reHeTHKH pacrenMA. B 1952 r. cran corpymHuKom BeftuMaHoncKoro muctHTyTa, rae opramimovan omen re- eTHKHS # BAPycomOTUM. FloMHMO TeMbt ny6auxyemoll crarsu ® KpyT HayMHBIX uirrepecon Caxca BxomHT npenaTanbuan ‘aMarHOCTHKA paKa 1 MeXaMHMbI KaHle- poreneza. John C. Brandt, Malcolm B. Niedner UDKOH K. BPAHJIT, MAJIKOJIM B.HMQHEP-Mmaaumi — «Crpyxtypa XBOCTOB KOMeT») — COTPYAHHKH 1a60- Patopuit acrpoHiomust H KocMHUecKOHt usuxn Fonmaposcxoro uewTpa KocMi- Meckuix nloleTos HACA. C1975 r. san Malores HCcheOBaHUAMH KpynHOMac~ urraGHpix cTpyKTyp B KoMeTAX Ht bu3it- xo KoMerHow nasal. Bpanar nony- wun creneHs 20KTopa dusoco*un B O6- sacra acrponoman 8 UiKarcxo yHit- pepcutere 8 1960 r. B vacrosutee Bpe- Ma — Mayuseilt KoNeyAETaNT no KoMe~ ‘Tam B pamxax npoexta MexayHapoa- bil KoMetHbif cnyTuuk (International Cometary Explorer) wren may4noit Tpynnst «Acrpo-Tannefi». Hayynaa rpynna «Actpo-Tanneii» 6yaet KoH- ‘TpoaHposate paGory Tesleckonos Bus Moro H ymbrpadwoneTosoro AManaso- Hos Ha Gopty KocMutyecKoro KopaGna warra, KoTopsih nnamupyior 3any- crus 8 1986 r. no. mporpamme «Actpo-I». Huanep nonysua crenens aoKropa usiocopus 8 oGnacrH acTpO- uomun 8 Yunsepcutere wr. Hanan B 1979 r. Ou poarnannser Haysnyto rpyn- ny «Actpo-Tanneiin. David M.Pepper (19BM1 M.TEM- TIEP «Tpumeenns o6pautenns BonHo- Boro dpoHtran) — HaywHeih coTPyAMNK OnTuKo-biaHNecKoro oTaeNa Xmoxc~ ofl way4non naGopaTopun. Cuim ocras- LIXCH B AKMEBIX Y3HUKOB amNCTEKUX Konusarepell 8 rout BTOpo!t Muposofi sofius. Bsrcusee o6pasonanve noaywnn 8 Kanupopnutickom ynumepcurere B Jloc-Aumxenece, a ctentens AoKTopa — 8 1980 r. » Kanmbopifickom Textono- ruyeckom uHcTHTyTe. TlonmMo mpob- JIeM, KOTOPKIM MOCbAUIeHA cTATEA, B OGnacts ero Hay¥HBIX HHTepeCOB BXO- ast onTuvecKas O6paGorKa uHbopMa- LUM, KBaHTOBAN aneKTPOHUKA M sIasep- aa xumus. Fennep anaseTcR 1oUcHTOM Yuumepewrera Tlennepawna, rae npe- Nonaet Maremataxy # gusuxy. Peter Rona (TIMTEP POHA «O6pa30- Bane MecTopOKAeMML 13 FOPAWIDC HC ‘TOWHHKOB Ha DHE OKeaHa») — reodu- site, cTapulnih Hayanuih coTpyanMK 8 HauvowanbHoM ynpaBneHHH no Hecne- MOBAHMK) OKeaKa M AaTMOcKepbI H s10- WeHT Ha Katempe MopcKOH reonorMH H Teogw3uKn 8 Maftamcxom yHusepcute- Te. B 1956 r. 8 Yunpepcutete bpayna Tonya crenen Gakanaspa, ua eneny- touuun ron — 8 Hlenscxost yiumepeure- Te cTenen Maruictpa. Mocne 9roro pa- Goran B komnanuu “Standard Oil”. Cny- (ETA npunepito ea rozia Povta MpHnen K BbiBony, ¥TO Gynyulee Hayk Oo 3emne ‘cnet nO OKEAHEKHN: HON, H Nepe- wen 8 Xaaconosckyio na6opaTopHic KonymG6ufickoro yuupepcuteta nna TO- TO, ¥TOGEI NONOAHHTS 3HaHHA B OGna- cr oxeanorpagmit, Stor aran sasep- tunca » 1967 r- nonysetmest aa crene- MM oxTopa dunocodun B oGnactH Mopekof reonorun » Flescxom yuunep- curere. Gerald A.Rosenthal (JDKEPAJII. A.POSEHTAJIb «Xumuueckue cpesicT- Ba 3aLUTBI y BBICUINX —pacTenulin) npotbeccop GHONOFHH H ToKCHKONOTHH Yuunepeurera wr. Kewtyxku, Yuuincn 3 gviayana 8 Yunsepeurere ut. Hbio- Hopx 8 Cupaxsioce, a sare m Yieinep- curere JAsioxa, rac # 1966 r. nonysiin reness noxropa giinocopunt noGnacrt Girmonorim it Guoxsnnnn pacrenut. Tp roma pa6otan 8 Yunsepentere Ketic-Bectepu-Peseps, nocne vero cTaa corpynnnkom Yaunepeirera wr. Ken- ryxmn, B xavectae mpurnawienioro npodeccopa pasoran » Haunonanstion yuupepcutete B Ceyne 4 B Enpelicxom yunpepcureTe 8 Mepycanume. BHacTor- lulee penta peneT Take Hecnenonans Mnetutyte um. Jlyn Mactepa » Ctpac- Gypre. Robert E.M. Hedges, John A.J.Cowlett (POBEPT E.M.XEJDKEC, JDKOH A.IDK.TAYJIETT — «Mace-cnexrpo- Merpineckitil Metoa paaoyrneponnion aTHPOBKH ¢ HenOASOBAHNEM YeKOpH- ‘Tenan). Tlepapie HaywHbie HeCTenOBAHHA P. Xemmeca oTHocaTCA K OGIACTH USK weckoit xian, B 1968 r. nonysnn cre- news xoKTopa dunocopun Bp Ken- Gpumxckom yuusepcurete. B Tevenne 13 net paGoraet » uccneaonaTentcKof naGopaTopxH apxeonorimt H HcTOpIN ucryccrsa OxcibopucKoro yrmBepcHTe- ‘ra. dx. aynert — crapumit apxeonor 8 naGopatopu paawoyraeponHol 1 Tuposxu Oxcdopackoro yauuepcwrera. B 1972. npmunwan yaactne w pacxonxax Apesuitx nocenenn 8 Kennn. 3a paGorbt 8 oGnactw apxeonornn KenpimxcKait yuutnepcuTer 8 1979, npucyanin emy cTe- hex noxTopa wocoput. Andrew R. Blaustein, Richard K.O"Hara (@HAPbW P.BIOCTEAH, PHYAPA K.O°XAPA «Kax rononactuns yataior PoacrseHHHKOs»). Brocrelin nonysit crenenb Gaxanaspa es 1971 1. 8 Caytremmton-KonnemKe 8 He1o-Pop- xe. Ha nocneaHMx kypcax cneqwanH3H- PoRalica B OGNACTH 9KONOTHYECKHX aC HeKTOB NOBEMeHHA %*KHBOTHBIX. C 3TOM uenbio 8 YuBepcuTete wit. Hesana B Peo wayuan mopenenwe nycTEIHHEIx rppisyHos 4 6 1973 r. cram MarucTpoM aoonorm. B 1978 r. Kanubopimnickn yaupepcuter p Canta-bap6apa npricso- Wa eNY creneH nOKTOpa snocodrm B oGnactH 6xionorin 3a necnenonanite 10- nenerina, coRsaHHOrO c KOHKYPeHUMe!, ¥ Menwix wexonurraiournx. B 3ToM xe roay ctan cotpyauuxom Yunvepenrera urt, Operon, re w wacroautee BpeMa on ouent Kagenpst 300norWm. O'Xapa Monywwa crenen Gaxanappa (1972 r.) 4 Maructpa (1974 r.) 300n0rHH 8 YuHBep- courere ur, Mnswiran, 3arest nepewien B ‘Yuupepenter uit. Operon, rae 8 1981 r. emy Gpina mpHcBoeHa cTeneHb 2OKTOpa ‘bunocodum » oGaacTH 300n0rHH, HB HacTOnIUlee BEM B KavecTBe Hay¥Horo ‘coTpyatinxa santuniaeron woy-ternietmt- AMBHAyaNDHOrO PAIBKTTHR NlopeNeHHR H RpoGremof BKYTPHBHACBON 3BOMOUNH osenenia.Kocmuueckie HccyleqoBaHHa, KOCMHuecKand TEXHHKAa MW KOCMHYeCKad CTAHUMA Mporpamma co3gaHua nunoTupyemMow KocMMYeCcKO cTaHYynn SHAYUTENbHO YMEHbUIUT BO3MOXKHOCTH pasBUTUA aMepUuKaHCKO KOCMUYECKOL TeEXHUKU vu UcCnegoBaHns, ecnn ona 6yfeT BbINOMHATLCA CornacHo cywecTByiowemy nnaHy. BonbuaAn YacTb 3ag4ay B KOCMOCE€ MOET ObITb BbINONHeHa yoneliHee aBTOMaTMYeCKUMN annapaTamu CAMOM noHATHH KocMoca ecT® Be: Takoe, WTO worahinaeT y mone xenawne npuayMetsaTe danTacTHyeckne npoeKTsi. Bes Bcakoro ‘Tpyaa & Mory saayMaT» 8 moGof nene MenesH tleped 3aBTPAKOM npOeKT cTOH- MocTbIo & MHAUIHapa HOAAApOs, a B BOC Kpeceitue — aaxke B HecKONBKO MHLLTH- apaos aonnapos. Kak npasino, # He MiTaioce B3BanHBATs cTONb nOporo- CTOmINe MpoeKTEI Ha Ne MOHX co Tpaxkilal, OAHAKO XOYy 2aMeTHTE, 4TO HeKoTopsie npennoxeHus, oGnanaro- ‘ute cpasHumeinin nant ake MeHBULHME OcTOHHcTBAMH 1 Tpe6yIouLMe Fopasq0 Génburmx pacxonon, npuBneKaior K ceGe BHHMaNHE OBUIECTBA, 2 K HHBIM #9. HBX OTHOCATCR BecbMa GnarOCKIOHHO HB Npasurenucrnennbix xpyrax. Ha Moti BTA, NpeRIoKenHe ComaTs NocTOR- WO OGHTaEMyIO KOCMANECKYIO CTAHUO oTHocHTCs UMeHKO K 3TOM KaTerOpuH, Hauonanpnan Komuccus m0 ocsoe- Hui -KocMINeckOroMpocTpaucTBa (NCS), coamamiax 0 peuleHiio KoH- Fpecca # MasHaveHHan npesHicHTOM, ¢ HeOxUAAHHOM —CMENOCTEIO BBAMACb penckasaTs pasuTue —mporpaMnei Kocmuveckux uccaeaosamift CIA na nocaenyioume 50 set. 3axmiounrems- mui oTHer JTofl KoMMCcHH, KOTOpEIH nomkeH Obit» onyGnlKonaH B MapTe 1986 r., ucxonwT 13 npeanonoxenna, To KoeMudeckas cranuna GyneT BbiBe- ela na OpGHTY He NosHKe HeM Hepes sIe- CATE ner, KaK 3aNBI1 B CBOEM nocTaHHH «O monoxenmm B cTpanie» 1984 r. npe- auaent Pefiran. Coracuo mata Ha: uMoHamHoro ynpaBaeHHA no aspona- BTHKe M MccnenOBAMHIO KOCMHYecKOrO npoctparicrsa (HACA), Kocsutyeckan cTaHUMR HonxHa Ha¥aTs eficTBOBATE K 1993 r. 3arparst na ce cosnanue oueun- saiorea 8 8 Mapa. monn. (no Kypcy 1984 r.), ontaKo, no peel peposrHocTH, nelicrenTensiag’ CTONMOCTR npoexTa OKaKeTER B HecKONSKO pad sole. OG ‘OueHKAX oKENMYATANMOHHIX PacxoOD Wctommoctu oGopyzouanus 9ToH cTaN- lum noxa He cooSuatoce. Tlocze setbosia KocMmueckoft Cran xa opéury NCS npeanonaraet peamt30- SATB PAu JONONHUTEABHLIX NPOCKTOB c leno cosmaHHR TOTO, ¥TO Oma Ha3zIBa- €T «andpactpyxrypont, HeoBxommMon NK MepBoHaNaBHOTO HeCREDOBANNK H ocsoeniia BiyTpenHHX oGnacten Con- Mewof cuctestbi». StH minawel npeny- cMaTPHBAIOT COOPYACHHE eMIe TDeX KOCMIYECKHX CTANIUKT: OHOM Ha RBICO- Koll oxonoseMHoM opGure, apyrom Ha cop6ure soxpyr JIyust u TperTbefl a op- Gitre soxpyr Mapca; stinon nonomin- Tenbabix Cranusl Ha opGHTSL BoxPyT cuctemts 3emaa — JIyna nam Serna — Mape, ¢ Tem ¥roGs! ou enyaxnn “TpaHcnopTHsiM epencTRaMH ZINR Coo tenn mekay Senne Jynof inn na vera, M, HakoNeu, nlOcTpOlKy He- exonsxix SopaGnelt min nonera acrpo- HaBTOB MEKAY PASAHYHDINH KOCMUME- cunt cranuitana, Bennett, JyHoll a mnanetawn. Muorne womxHOcTHBte s- ua xax 8 HACA, Tax 1 one ero nomme- PAMBAIOT TAKE WEI COBMECTHOTO NONETa aMepHKaHCKHX Ht COBETCRIX ac- ‘ponagros wa Mape. Hanuune aiozell, >xuByLNX W paGOTALOUMNX B KocMOce («70 Tpebyer ocoGeix mep 18 OGecne- NeHUA UX 2RIIHENERTENBHOCTH M320- Pooks), sonseren OTmMHUITTeMBHOM Yep- TOM BCEX OCHOBHBIX MPOCKTOB, KOTOPLIE npentionaraetca pexomentoBaTh mpestt- nenry. PHHATME cTonb rpaxanosnsix ZAHOB MOMbMI, OGSIMHO MbICAA- UMM BronMe peanHeTHYeCKH, MOXKHO QOKEMMC A. BAH ANNEH oGwacunts dbarracruueckM npencras- ‘Mleuent © KOcMHNeCKHX NONeTaX, Ckia- AIBIBABUIEMCH HA NPOTREKEMN MHOCHX cTonerii Gnaronapx —_ycunuam Nuicateneli-bawractos Kak npoumoro, ‘Tak H nauinx mmeH. JeReTEHTeNBHO, AK HecneuuaNHCTOR cnoBa «KOCMMMECKH loner» 4acTo O3NAYaIOT HMeHHO tOneT miozefl 8 KocMoc. Crpacth K MpUKTIONe- Husain anrrasuain, Mauicnultas CBO Bt Paxkenme B THX npeacraBneusinx, MpH- Bema KOe-KOrO K YGexKuEHIO, HTO KOC Moc — 3TO ecTecTRenHian cpena O6uTa- na senosexa, Cornacno stomy y6euse- WHC, OCHOBHON WenbIO KOCMHYeCKot nporpamast spasetea «riocTostHoe MpcyTcTsHe WenOBCKa B KOCMOCE», AIpHYeM CTOPONHUKH 3TOM en He ynO- CYKMBAIOTER OTRETHTE Ha MPOCTO! BO- mpoc: «Baiem?» Baecte ¢ on0Gpenmen, © KoTopsiM ny6amKa scrpeTuna none- ‘Tel, mposomusueca no nporpaMMe «Anoniow», pacnpoctpanenue TaKux Baraanos no6yauno HACA caenaTs oc- HoBHOM ynop Ka niMoTHpyeMte none ‘TBI cell¥ac Na HHX MpHxOANTCA OKOIO aibyx TpeTelt pacxonos HACA. Onuaxo aT Tennenum, nawemune cnoe ROnAOWIeHHE 8 GiomKETHOR nONH- Tue HACA, urHopupyloT ocHoBHBIe YPOKH HCTOpHM KOCMHYECKHX HecTeMO- ‘Bani: 3a 28 ner, mpousemumx co Bpesie- HM 3anycka NepBoro coBeTcKoro chy Muka, NoaaBiaioulee GoMbULMHCTEO Ha- YSHBIX HC npakTH¥ecKHX MocTIAKeHUA B kocmoce 6biN0 cBRIAHO ¢ HcMOMEI0Ba- MieM -MeMMAOTHPYEMBIX aBTOMATHHe- (CKHX M yrpaBlisembix Ha PaccTORHHH an- naparos. Hanpumep, mporpamma sc- cnenowanns TinaNeT ¢ —fOMOUIKIO 30HIOB-ABTOMATOB OKasalacb HEOGKIK- HOBEHHO yeneuINOH H BHECAIa OTPOMHBIT xa 8 pacuimpenve Mau sHaHHi. ABTOMATHNeCKHE CHYTHKH, pbipeneH-bie Ha okonOAeMHyIO OpGuTY, MPoHsBe- AM nogmMMyto peBomoumto B O6aCTH COnSH H HaBHTANNN, a TaKXe NOIBOAHTH eu, onM ykPenHAN HauKonambHyto 6e3- OMACHOCTE, BBINOTAR paspembiBaTes- pte yaa, Bo waGexanne nenopasymenti s 1100 5 opyxkene KOCMMINeCKOM CTaHUNH Hut marke CHCTEM BI TAKIX CTAMUH Texte: CRM Brome ROIMORHO H s1n8 TOTO TPE Gylorca MUI cooTseTeTAYIOUIMe pe- HaM 3HAWHTeNbHO NPOABHHYTECA 8 Hy aHOB M pacnpe: aeneN® NpHpoAHEIX Pecypcor. Hako- DETAMbHbIE M30BPAXKEHMA aaneknx nnaxer cHMBonuay: PYOT AOCTHOKeHIA HayYHOM KOCMMYeCKOR NPOrpAMME!, HC: Nonesyiowen soHABI-aBTOMATSI. Ha cboTorpacbuu cnesa Bep- xy Mol avAMM OypIO Ha Mapce; u205pamenne Okino nepegaHo (op6HTanbHbiM annaparoM «BuKHHF-1» 4 O6padoraHo 8 ycnos: Hbik yseTax, 47O68i CenaT® AeTanv Gonee sameTHeimn. Cnpa- 8a BBepxy NoMeMeHo W306paKeHHE IONKTepa, NOCTpoeKHOe NoMoueIo KoMNeIoTepa NO AaHHEIM, NepenaHHuim «BORAX PoN-t». MnaleTa BYAHa 3ReCb M3 TOUKH, HAXORAUeACA TOMO rag 1OxHbim nomocoM. Ha caMoM lene Hi OAH KOCMMNECKIAA annapat He @ororpacbmposan lOnnTep ¢ aToro HanpasneHiA. Tloxa HeT HuKakux cboTorpacbuvecKix AaHHbIx 0 WepHoM yuactke MenpasMnHom cbopMs! B YeHTpe uz05paxeHHAR. Aipxo-Kpacnan nonoca Ha Ms06paxeHHin B ycnoBHbix UBeTAX 2keH CPA3Y OTOBOPHTHCR, NTO y MEHR HET HUKAKHX COMMEHHA B cypebi. Bonee Toro, # HHYYTS He CO? TOM, 4TO CO- BAKO HB TOM, HTO MOAKHO HaftTH Ba: OcHOBHOM Konbue (Konbue A) CaTypHa; na06paxeHHe NoCTPO: CHO KOMNSIOTEPOM NO AaHHEIM, NONYYeHHKIM C ROMOUEIO cho TononapwMetpa Ha Gopty annapara «BongKep-2s, KoTOpLIA saperncTpHposan ocnaGnenve caeTa s8e9q npn npoxomae Hv Yepes Konsua. Ha wso6paKeHMu cnpasa BHUSy saMeTeH 8 eupe xKenTOro KONbUa M Nonepe4HO lonocé! KOKHBIF NONAD: Hbilt aepopanbubiit oBan Semnn, Ha KOTOPBIT HaNO-eHb! KOH. Typsi AxTapKTupsi. 97a cbororpacbisn Guina nepegana cnyt Hukom «Dynamics Explorer». 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YpaH (aHBap» 1986 r.). AB- ‘Top STOH craTbH Ovin npeqcegaTenem KoMMTeTa, paspaGoTaaulero nporpammy none- ta 9Toro annapara. Tso. Yersipe martna, cocrasnmoume ‘celiuac «kocmmmecknit 107» CLIA, 6: aM 3anyMansl — i paccMaTpsalorca 30 cHX Op — Kak TpancnoprHbie cpeacTsa, npemasnayennbte 119 OOcay- -axwbania KOCMHYECKON cTanunN, TaKHM 06pa30Mm, uMeeT cMbicn paccMarpuBaTE ‘Take KopaGaH KaK K”!O4eBOH 3meMeHT aMepHKaHeKOM nporpaMMi MHOTHpye- MBIX KOcMHecKHX NlozeTos na Gawxall- ume 20 ner. IWarta ponnomaer anonue ectect- BeHHOe -KesIaHHe MHDKCHEPOB-aBHACTpO- Hreneh MOBReCTH CBOE HCKYCCTBO 110 penenos Bo3MoxHorO. XOTs # OT Bceft AYUIM BOCKMMIAIOc® ITHMH BRITAIOUI MHCR TEXHHYECKHMH OCTIDKEHHAMH, & TeM He MeHee HaxOxY IKOHOMMYECKOE oGocHosanie cosnanin Toro KopaGnK HegoctaTouno yOequTenbsbIM ITY ‘Touxy spe A oTCTauBan nepen ‘Ynpansennen Texwonorwueckux OueHOK H lemBIM PROM KOMUTeTOB KOHTpecca nawunaa c 1971 r. Te 13 Hac, KTO BO Bpe- Ma aeGaToB Ha¥aiia 70-x rOs10B BBICTY- ‘faan nporus paspaborkn waTT=a Hno- ‘Tepnenu nopaxenne, Ges Tpysia wenom- MAT, KaxWe Tora Jenacb 3aRBIEHHA. Hawn onmoxextsi ronopum, To WaTTA 3aMeHHT Bce OnHOpasoBste HOCH env, TakHe, Kak pakerst «CKayt», «Jlenwray, «Atnac» uTHTaH», TOK away 80-x ronos exeroNo GyzeT co- Bepwiarsca 0 50 noneTos warTAoB. Kaxkaasift wa tx cMO>keT MOMMEMATS Ha MUBKYIO OKOTOSeMMYIO OpGuTY Gonee 20 r rpysa, mpuyem croumocts 0crai xu 6yaeT muuie 220 non. 321 Kr. Ma na- ‘THMeCATH exerOAMLIX ONETOS To MeH- elt Mepe NeTbipe 6yayT nomHuMaTs an- apart, npeanaswayenneie ana necne~ AowaHua apyrux naaneT. ‘Onnaxo Mexay 3TuMu saBsteMMaNH CcoBpeMenlIbIM mlonoxenHeM stem HMeeT- ca orpomnbtit paspuip. B 1985 r. warT- ‘ao conepuiinn anu 10 noneros, npH- em cTouMocTs nomena 1 xr rpy3a Gsi- fa we Meee 11 TsIc, nOAA., HAH OKORO 4400 ona. no xypey 1971 r., r.e. 8 20 pas Gompure nepsonavantuon ouenxn! Vi 3a.ce wersipe roma nonetos wat T08 ve Obi sanyuien HH OMMH annapaT ana Mccnenowanna nianer! Tipwunmann Taxoro HecooTseTCTaHs ¢ AeMcTEUTeMLHOCTEIO aBAMOTCA 311auH- ‘Tenbuax Mewoouenka HACA sarpar Ha paspaGorky KopaGna msoropasoxoro choaBsoBaHUA 4 Crom 2e sHAMHTEDS- Magi nepeouenka OOLeMa nepeso30K rpy- 308 ¢ MOMOUIBIO 3Toro Kopa6iis. B Pe- aymutate HACA caenano ceepxonti- MHCTHNECKYIO OUCHKY 9KOHOMIHECKOFI ‘OKyMlaeMOcTH wlaTTAa NO CpaBHeHIO C ‘omnopazonbii pakeTaMu-HocHTeAAMH, TOTO BpeMeHH WIM ¢ HX GyAyULNME aTO- ToMKaMiy. 51 He BHZKY HUKAKHX OcHOBa- ‘Mufl oTHOCHTECH c GésIbAEM OBEpHEM K 2KOHONMYECKHM —mporHoiam ~HACA, ‘cBRIAHHDIM c KOcMHIYecKOM cTANUHe!,O NPOrPAMME KOCMMYECKHX UCCNEQOBAHUM CuIA 9 IVINECTBYET ewe onl npusua COMHERATKER OTHOCHTEMBHO yaRe- penn HACA, 470 xKocwmeckan cTaH- Ua NOMOAeT BEINONeHIIO pyri porpamn. Jlevoxt 1981 r. sotuty cepe- esHoTo OTCTapaHiA OT naHa 1 SHANI ‘TenbubIx Mlepepacxoslon 0 mporpannie counanx wartna HACA peuito, ne- cMOTpA Hi Ha_4TO, NpOROMKETE. 3Ty nporpammy, ecm sonaToGuTes, 3a exet apyrnx nporpasm. PesynutatoM 3TOFO PeUIEHKA sBHLNOC «HGHENHE Moraenties>: GbinH coxpaLNeHI, O7:0- 2XeHbI WWI ROBCE OTMEHEHBI sTECRTKH NporpamM, XOT8 BBATONHEHHE HEKOTO- DIX Ha MHI Oni0 yake BcAMOM pasrape. Hanpunep, 13-3 mporpanai «, «fuonep-I1» 1 «I THonep Benyc-I», Mubpaxpacnaa obcepaaTo- put HACA ® Mayna-Kea (Tanai), npwiem sanmerx.c sonn08 «Boxaxep-1> «kRy paGOT NO OcMINNECKIIM lIcrenORANIAM HEX xem yuinepenterax i aaxpuiTiio o7e- 11a nporpanM no conHeso-2eMHOH d= axe HACA. Toraa xe Gbinn OTAOKe- ni Ha tleonpeenesath cpox sanNyeK Ha OKono2ensivio OPEHTY HORKIX ciyTHH- KOR, MpenaanavenHbIx sR cOnMENHO- senmisixn arMocdbepmbax nceneronant, uu paapa6oTKa woneftuiet rexniikH CEs. Haxonien, oGxeM nenyiixcn Moan pa Gor no cosaariio nayswon annapaty- PbI, BLIBOANMOR Ha OPSHTY KopaGnANE MiloropaioRoro MenlomkORAHIR, RHO nenocraroxer. ‘YIIECTBYIOT eue aBa apryenra, K KOTOpbIM HHOra mpHGeratoT cTOpONHUKH MporpamMet niAOTHpye- MBIxX noneToR H KOTOpBIE HaM cneayeT paccmorpers. Tepssti 13 sx — 970 HeCKOMIEKO CTPAHHBIfi BEIBOR, cHeNAH- if npH anamne HeTopHH Haute Koc ‘MuNeckOHl IporpaMMt, KOTOpEIM a YRC yomnnan Kak «@>dbext yancvennan, Cornacno 2ro!t Touke spenua, Bea NPO- pana KocMANeCKHX HecmeAOBANI 32 Hlocneanite TPH AecATHAeTHA OKaxaTaCH ‘BOIMOXKHOM HH, BO BCRKOM cryHae, 10- crurna saynTeabMix —MacurraGos smu Gnaronapa nporpaMMe munoTH- PyeMbix noneTos. Dro yrpepamenne Hemb3a Hit HONTREPANTS, 1M OMpOBEpr- HYTb, TAK Kak Mbl He MOxKeM «nlepe- DkHETL» HeTOPHIO 3aHORO ¢ APYTHNH TPa- HiHBIMH YonOBHAMH. Tem He MeHee # MOFY MIPHRECTH HECKONEKO cooGparKe- uf, npoTHmOpeuautix TaKOMY YTBEpA- AHO. B 1946 r. n CIA Hawannce axTHaHD! H peceMa yerteumbie 9KcHEPHMEHTEI HCHOTBIONAHHEM NPHEOPOR, HOAHHMAB-10 UNNXeA paxeTaMit Ha GOMBULME BBICOTE ‘Dra aesTenbNOcTe, ROcTHTUIAR cBOErO anores Bo apems npopeentia Mexu1yita- ponHoro reodisuueckoro roma B 1957—1958 rr., nocnyamma Texmvec- KOM 1 Hay4HOH OCHOROHI su1# NocAeAyKO- Mero pagBUTHA Hay¥HOrO HM NpakTHNe- CKOFO HCHOMEIOBAHHR HCKYCCTBEHHEIX CHYTHHKOB 3eMsTH, a TaKDKE MeXTUTAHET- MbIx u nnaneTisix annapatos. epioa nanGosice GeicTporo pocta 8 3THx o6z2: Tax copnaaaa No BpemeHH ¢ npoTpaM- Molt «ANOAMOH», OAHAKO, KAK MHC Ka: xxeTea, HN OHA Ha THX MporpaMM He saBHICEHA B CKOMKO-HNGYN 3HANHITENB- ofl cTenenst oT apyroil. 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B kayecTse MpHMepos OcTaTOH- Ho MpusccTH HaUMOMANBHBIE HHCTHTY~ Tet 3apasooxpanena, Haunonastbatt vayaubitl or, reosiornueckyio cny2x6y CIA, samneteperpo snepretuxu m Ha. unoHaabHoe ynpannenie no HecTeHoBa HMO oKeaHia H aTMOCbepEI. Bropoit apryMent, acto npusoau Mbifl U8 OGOCHORAHHA HeOGXOAMMOCTH MaoTHpyembix NoneTOR, JakatowaeTcs B TOM, #70 HeNOBEK B KOCMHYECKOM KO- paGne o6nasaeT mpenocxoscrsom m0 cpanneniio c KaKofl yronHo MauHHOR Gnaroaapr csoeh cnocoGHoctH acnats cyxnenns, Gnaronaps us06petatenb- RocTH, FHOKOCTH peakuM HT. 1. Osa. KO, €CiH MPHHATE BO BHHMAHHE CnOK- HOCTS H BBICOKHM TEXHHYECKHIA ypOBeHE cospementioro OGopyaonanus Aix Koc: MHNECKHX HCCHENOBAMMI, a TAKE KOH TOMB, serKo OcyMLeCTBHMBIT 3a HM naiemnbix cTaHuiit, TOT apryMent ye ne GyaeT Bbirnaners cro yGean- ‘Tembuo, ‘Coe oTHomenne x 2ToMy Bonpocy Me mpouie acero BuipasiTs, Mepeckasas AHH aHeKOT, BOCKONSIHH K snoxe erpatocbepnbix nccnenonannil 1 néne- ToB suogefl Ha crpatocratax. B TO Bpe- Ma, oxox0 30 neT Haza, Hamunvice 110- aM, BulcTynapmine c weet connanns it NOCTORMHOFO HOAMEp-xAHW WHpOKO!L CeTH mHAOTHPYEMBIX CTpATOCTATOR MK HaGalonenus Kak 3a npypoaneimit apne- HMMM, TAK H 3a HenORENECKOA eRe: HOCTBIO Ha Benne. Merkylo xapaKTep- cTHKy naeaM TaKoro poa aan Qasapn TI, Heit 13 Munuecotexoro yaupepen- Tera, OMWH 1 NHOHEpOR HayaHEIX Hc- cnenosannil ¢ cnomssonaxiem cTparo- cTaton. Oanaxant, B koHUe 50-x ro0R, Heit npowran ny6qusnyio eKunto 0 Mekoropsix acriexTax cuoefi paGorst. BO BpeMa nocnenonaputero 3a meKuHelt 06: cyxseHua oaNN #3 cayulaTenef BeTam 1 gaia TaKoHl Bonpoc: «TIpodeccop Hell, CK@ANTE, MOKET MH 4enOReK B roHONE ne npason Oawnu. Ceronus zamena opHoro npoeKra Ha APY: Fos HHYErO He CTOMT — AOCTaTOHO NOMeHRTE us06paKcHHA Ha Auchnee asTomarwsupoBanHon cuCTeMs! NpoeKTUpOBa Hus. Ogwako, cornacho nnaHam HACA, yxxe K 1993 r. onHO MS NOAOOHbIX 3NekTPOHHEIK USO6PArKeHIH CyAeT NPeBPAlIeHO B AevcTAyOUyIO CPSUTANsHYIO CTAH\IMI. CyMMa, KOTOPYIO NO- ‘TpeGyer oTO NpeBpauenne, MOET OkaIATECA RECbMA CONMA- won — 30 npa. Aon. no Kypcy 1984 rWWW. SCIAM-MAGAZINE. NAROD F © NPOrPAMME KOCMMYECKINX MCCNEQOBAHMA CIA ” etpatoctara cena» 4To-nuGynb Ta- Koe, Hero Ne MOET caenaTE MpHGOp?» Tlocae munytHoro KoneGania Heh oT- peti: «lla, MoxkeT. Ho 3auem emy ton HUMATECA IMI 9TOTO Ha TAKYIO. BBI- coty?». AKOTUIEHHBIM Ham onbtT oKa- IBAET, NTO, ECM OTBNENECR OT 2Mounf, KoTOpBIe BEIMBIBAIOT y Hac pnkmoweHn, HeOGxOMUMOCT NOCEI- {aT ome B KOCMOC He Tak YK BeNHKA, Hanpori, ¥ Hac uMeloTeH neckHe OcHo- AHHH OCTARNATb mORefH, yNpARTAIO- ‘ux mpHGopanin Ana KocMuivecKHX He- cnenonannit, sect, Ha 3emme. 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