B MUPE HAYKH SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Vsgatue Ha pyCCkOM AsbIKe Vhonw 6 1987SL Boamencmbo MMP rife A.Becm XVMUA TBEPQOFO TENA Teopua u npunooKeHun B2xwactax Tlepeon ¢ aurauitexoro AsTop Kura — wasecTHEIm AuTnHACKHA yuoHtiA A. Boot — ‘onpegenser xummo Tsepaoro ‘Tena Kak Hayky 0 CMHTe30, crpykrype, ceoicreax w MpMMeHEHAAX TBePAEIX MaTepvanos. Mo comepxKaninio u cbopMe MsNOxKEHHA OHA MONET Cry- ‘BBeAeHHEM 8 NPEAMET, 4TO OCOBEHHO BAXHO B HAcTORMeE BPE Ms, KorRa NpoMcxoAMT OopMNEHMe TBePAOTO Tena B CaMOCTOR- ‘TeNbHbIM pasAleN XHMUYECKOM HAYKM H BOSHMKAET NOTPEOHOCTE NOA- TOTOBKH KaQPOB NO TOA CheyAANbHOCTH. Ana crygentos w npenogasareneh xHMM4eCKHX H XHMMKO- ‘TexHONOrMMeCKHx BYOB, a TAKOKE NCCTegOBATENEA M MIUKEHEpOB PASNHYHbIX OTPACNEA, HMEIOWAX RENO C XHMMYECKMMM NpeBPALICHH- ‘AMM BeuIeCTBA B TBEPAOM COCTORHMM. Vis orsisa un.-ropp. AH CCCP Bongsipesa 8.8.: «KHura Hanwca- Hac MCTHHMBIM neparorMuecKMM MaCTepCTEOM, HeMy cnocoGcTsO- ‘ban Gonbuoh onbIT aBTopa, B TeYeHne pana ner npenogawyerc 8 ‘ASepAMHCKOM yHMBepcMTere. KHura xopouo HnnOcTpMpOBaKa. B KOHUYe KAKAOM raBel NPHBEAeHE! BONPOCH! M 3a/1a4H, OCOOBIM AO- (CTOMHCTBOM KOTOPLIX ABNAETCR TO, TO OHH ONMGKH K «PearibHbiM» ‘sapaNam, ¢ KoTOpbiMM CrankwsaloTca MccnepoBaTenu M TexHonOrM. Mpeqsapmrensubie saKasei npMHMM@OTCA BCeMM MarasMHaMiN, PACNPOCTPAHAIOUMMM HAYYHO-TeEXHANECKY'O NUTepATYpY. KDOME TO- 0, 8 MOGOA M3 MarasMHOB, HMEIOMUX OTAEN «KHMra — NOUTOA>, ‘MO2xHO OTNPABHTE CNe4MANLHYIO OTKPLITKY C 3aKasoM. 1988, $4 n., wan. — 8 p. 70 x. a xommnexr. GB MHPE HAYRH Scientific American . U3qaHue Ha pyCCKOM ASbIKe MAMOCTPHPORAHHDIA KYPHAA NEPEBOA AHF-AMACKOFO - BBIXOAMT 12 PAI HFOA- HBAAETCH C 1983 FOAA M3AATEJILCTHO «MiP» MOCKBA N° 6 - UIOHb 1987 B Homepe: CTATBH 4 ARepHoe opyxkne TpeTbero NOKONEHUA —Teodop B. Toisnop B ormeme oF cyuieeTByIOULIX niLZOR AAEpHtOrO OpY>KIIA, B¢pris HapbiBa KOTOPOrO seficTAYeT Newanpan- snentio, sxepnioe opyxwe Byzyulero eMO:xeT H9EupaTeNKHO NPoAyUNPOBAT ONpeTeTeHHDIE BHA! BEPC W NOHILENTPHpORAT WX Wa TasIaHHBIX HEAR (Scientific American, April 1987, Vol. 256, No. 4) 16 Kak chotopeuyentopHbie KneTKH pearmpyioT Ha cBeT —xyau JT. nan, Menuc A. Batiaop Hosbie 2aHHbie © TOM, KaKHM 06pa30M CRETORAA IHeprHa NPeoSparyeTca B HEPBHBIC CHTHATbI, NOKAIBIBA- JOT, Kak OTAEMBHBIC OTOPCLENTOPHbIC KNETKH T71a3a PerHCTPUPYHOT NOTNOUIcHHE KBAHTOB CRCTA (Scientific American, April 1987, Vol. 256, No. 4) 26 CnyTHUKM YpaHa — Toppenc B. L1xoncon, PoGepm X. Bpayr, JToypec A. Codep620m «Boamxep-2» cororpaduposan natt Gomumx cnytanKos Ypasia c GmusKoro pacctomana. Bee OMI Ne JOT sleasHyo NoRepxHocTe. Ilo cpanHeHMto co crryTHUKaMM CaTypHa OHH TeNHee H conepxaT Gomuie ckambitix nopoa. Tpit 13 HX Geis reONOTHYeCKH AKTHEHBIMH Ha PAHHUX CTAMHSX CHOeTO CyulecTBOBANHR (Scientific American, April 1987, Vol. 256, No. 4) 40 TleveHne eupycHbix saGoneBaHn — Mapmus C. Xupui, Macoan K. Kanaan Kak y6UTE NPORMKIUMA B KETKY BUPYC, KOTOPEIM CuIHHECKH H CPYHKUHOHATBHO CTAHOBHTCA Ce HACTHIO, H Ne noupesutrs pi avoM canty xnerxy? ZTefierane HOnKIX NPOTHROBNPYEHBIX seKAPETB OCHOBAHO Ha TOHKIX Paani B yCTpOlcTRe MaKPOMOMTEKY. BHpyca H KTETHHL (Scientific American, April 1987, Vol. 256, No. 4) 52 @oTosHepretuKa —Flocuxupo Xamaxaea B PeuICHHH TEXHONOFMECKHX H IKOHOMHYECKHX NpoGseM NpeoGpasioBaHHA WHEPrHH CONMEYHOTO HWaNy4e- uin nenocpenctBenlo B aekrpuYecTRo NpoWexoaRT cyuiecTnemtbie cari. B revenne Gruexalusnx 1S LCT MOIYT HOMRHTECH KOMMEpHeCKHE COMIMEUNDIE IEKTPOCTANLIH MOUMOCTHIO NOPALNA MeraBaT (Scientific American, April 1987, Vol. 256, No. 4) 60 BOSHUKHOBeHMe PasHOOOPasHA KUBOTHLIX — Mapx 3.C. Maxsenaxun Fipunepno $70 num, ner naga npoxsoilien HemUiaNNBIR RO TeX 1lOp BCTZECK pasHOOGpAINH KUBOTHEI, BosHuKnH HOBLIE MAHI CTPoeHHR, HOBLIC OGpasbi %KUIHM, a BMecTe ¢ HUM — HoBBIi THN COoGuIecTBA, ‘a KOTOpOrO XapakTepubl enO-xHELE MHULeBHE LEN (Gcientific American, April 1987, Vol. 256, No. 4) 70 AKYCTHMKa APEBHUX KUTAMICKMX KONOKONOB — Cun Mend Tipusepno 20 rouna I 8. 10 H. >. 8 Sipessiem Kurrae m kauecTae opkecrposuix tuictpyMenrox tctior ice HaGopbt GponsoBsix KonOKONOB, Kak Nokasa/N HeCseMOBAHHA, HEOGbINHAR AKYCTHKA ITHX KOAOKO- ‘non OGwscAeTCA HX KOHCTPYKTHRUIMH OcOBEHHOCEANH (Gciemtific American, April 1987, Vol. 256, No. 4) 80 Nepean textonorua — Huxoauc Tom AsTop socco3aaer nepsoGbiTHy!O TeXHOMOTHIO KAMCHHBIX OTUWINOB, 4TOGH NOHATE, KA HALIM NPeAKH Gone 2 wn. eT Hanan HaFOTARHRAAH Ht KAMNN OPYAUIN H nOmbsONAZTHCb HNN (Scientific American, April 1987, Vol. 256, No. 4) PYBPHKH 3 O6 astopax 25 60 100 ner Hasag, 51,69, 90, 103 Hayka w oGwecTBo 92 Hayka soKpyr Hac 98 3aHuMaTenbHbIA KOMNbIOTep 112 Kern 118 BuGnuorpacbunSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Harry Myers PUBLISHER Jonathan Piel BOARD OF EDITORS Philip Morrison BOOK EDITOR Armand Schwab, Jr. Timothy Appenzeller Timothy M. Beardsley John M.Benditt David L. Cooke, Jr. ‘Ari W. Epstein Gregory R.Greenwell John Horgan, Jr Robert Kunzig, James T. Rogers Ricki L.Rusting, Karen Wright ‘Samuel L. Howard "ART DIRECTOR Richard Sasso DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION Georg-Dieter von Holtzbrinck PRESIDENT Gerard Piel (CHAIRMAN OF T {© 1987 by Scientific American, Ine. Towapnsitt anax Scientific American, ero Texcr # uipudprowoe obopautenne SRAROTCR HEKMONIETENHHON COBCTBEHHOCTHIO ‘Scientific American, Inc. ‘M mcriomsouauta 3aecb » cOoTBeTcTENt ‘CAMUEHEIHONNBIM OTOBOpOM B MUPE HAYRI JAMECTHTE.Tb.-1ABHOTO PEAKTOPA 7.B.lenenesa AyuNiBE PEDAKTOPAL 3,E.Komanona O.K.Kyapavoe T.A Pymanyena A.N.CMorpos ‘A.10.Kpactonesyes AUTEPATY PHME PEAAKTOPM Monoea M.B.Cyposona XY AOKECTHEHMBIM PEDAKTOP C.A.Crynos JAMEAYIOWAR PEAAKUMED T.0, Opank Kameneuxan PYKOBOMMTEE FPYnNb GOTOHABOPA T.-C. AsnMos. TEXHIMECKHM PEAAKTOP 9. Uypkna KopreKtor H.-A Basvnosa OSOPMAEHME OB/10%KM PYCCKOTOUSAANUA TKyKOB: UPHeTORDE PABOTHL B.B.Ednmos APEC PEIAKUMM 129820, Mocxea, FCT ha Pawcxua nep,, 2 ‘TETE@OH PEMAKUMH "286.2588, TRepewon wa pyccenil SIME wodopainene, «Mup», 1987 Ha o6nomKe ®OTOSHEPFETUKA Ha oGnoxexe us06paxxena xpynuefiuian » Mupe orosnepretiseckan yeranonKa MoumocTiio 7,2 MBT, saNHMaioutan nuiouant 0,6 KM? M pacnonoxennas m Kapucca-tlnetis » uewrpansuoft Kanudopiun (em. crarsio H. Xantaxannt «Doro- aneprerixay na ¢. $2). Comnesnbte aneneirTsa npeoGpasytor aneprito comiesoro amyemns HenocpeacTnenno B anexTpHecTBO, OTAembHIIe COMESHBIE 21eMeNTEt coeaunstotes apyr ¢ apyront na sanosle 1 OBpasyior Monynb; KAXKNAA NaH’ cOnep- narr 16 moayaeh, Hso6parxennas tia puicynxe anektpocTantuim Guia roctpocna Me- nee es 3a roa Konmautianit ARCO Solar, Inc. u Pacific Gas & Electric Company. Ynnioctpayun OBNOXKA: Ted Lodigensky CTP. ABTOP/MCTONHMK CTP. ABTOPIMCTOWHMK CTP, ABTOPIMCTOYHMK 413 Hank Iken 36 George Retseck Society of North 17 Scott Mitman feces ae Maria T. Maglio Propulsion 72 Andrew Christie 18 Carol Donner Laboratory 73. Chinese Music 1920 Alan D.tselin ayes) Spee oo 21 Julie L.Schnaptu 97 U-S- Geological . Heese Survey af Aster ou ie 38 George Retseck Andrew Christie Sasa Dee (aaepny), Jen (en3y), Chinese 27 U.S. Geological Propulsion Music Society of Survey, Flagstaff, Laboratory North America Ariz, (exu2y) (eeepxy) 28 George Retseck 41 David Ho, Cedars» 78 Andrew Christie 29 Jet Propulsion aa Medical 80, 81 Kathy Schick enter Laborer 82 Andrew Tomko anne 42.48 Thomas C. Moore (eoepxy), Patricia Technology ARCO Solar, Inc. J. Wynne (en3y) (cneaay, George 52 Sanyo Electric 83 Ed Hanson Care Coss Lia 84 Nicholas Toth (ca0ea) 4.58 Cabor Kiss 86, 87 Kathy Schick 30 Jet Propulsion 61 J. Wyatt Durham ggg Hanson woe eae Tm renin 00 Kathy Sete 1 U.S. Geological Mars Survey 65 Math tcMenamin 9296 Michael Goodman 82 Jet Propulsion oe Mark 98 Edward Bell rere A.S.McMenamin 99 Musie Publishing 33 U.S. Geological (eaepx)), Services, New Survey Geological Survey York of Canada, 34 Jet Propulsion Ottawa (enisy) 100 Edward Bell Lasoreey Sram 401 Music Publishing 35 U.S. Geological Survey 70,71 Chinese Music York . NewO6 abmopax Theodore B. Taylor (TEOLOP B. T3H- JIOP «Anepnioe opyxe TpeTLero NOKO- enw») — npeawiaent H npenceaarens cosera ampexropos dupstut_ NOVA, Inc., samatoutelica_ uccnenonamnisna ut paspa6orxani p o6nacTH HOBLIX Hc- ‘rounukoa aueprim. Crenen Gaxasiaspa Teiiaop nonyann 9 1945 r. 5 Kamdop- ‘nMACKOM TeXHOAOTHMECKOM HHCTHTYTe, a crenens noxTopa 8 oGacru Teopen secrofi duck — » 1954 r. 5 Kopuenn- cxoM yunepenTere; a nepiion Mexay ARYA 3THMM COBITHAMH paGoTa 8 Kanudopmutickom — yusepewrete Bepem n Sloc-AnaMocexoit nayano-nc- cnenovaremmexofl naGoparopi, i 32- unatex paspa6oTKolt anepHoro opy- -xus. C 1956 no 1964 r. paGoTan » oTne- ‘nea General Atomic gupyset General Dynamics, ac 1964 no 1968. Guin same- erurenem aupextopa Ynpannenin no coneticraiio oGopone oT atownioro OpyAMR, KOTOPOE Tenep» HaDLInaeTeA YVnpannennen no saute oT gaepHioro opyaus. Fpenientom psi NOVA Teiinop eran » 1980 r. nocne wersipex net paGoTs! no conmecTirrembcTRy mpe- onawareneM na npodeccopeKolt 20m0%- MOCTH Ha KAGemIpE MEXAHIIKH 1 KOCMIE- secKoll Texsiukn 8 MIpncrocKows yit- sepenrere. Julie L. Schnapf, Denis A. Baylor (JIxy- ‘mi JI, Uland, Heme A. Bofinop «Kax Goropenenropaete KneTKI pearuDyIOT na ceet»), Ulnan nonyunna crenenb Gaxananpa » PosectepckoM ya; ‘Tere. Mocae Toro kak efi Geina npucBoe- Na cTeneHt noxTOpa dumocopun B Ba- tunmrronckost yiniwepewtere, wena 1c caenopaHua B cucreme Haumonanbibix MHCTHTyTOB 3n0poBEA, B Cranopa- cKOM yHuBepcHTeTe (TaM ona paGoTaaa 8 aaGopatopun Boilaopa; ¢ 9Toro Bpe- Mean navanace wx coBMecTHaR 2e%- ‘rembuoers) i» Karbopinttexom yxt- nepentere w Casi-@panubtexo, rne w Ha- Ccromiuee pena ona npoeccop oT ‘Creftnoperoro gonna necneaoBarnit no GopiGe co cnenoToil. Baiinop oKonwnn Hoxe-Konnenx (FefincGepr, wt. Maan wolie). B Meamusickoft wrone Pen cxoro yamsepeirera nonywia crenen oxTopa Memmumb4; Torna we samwTe- Peconainen nefipodirsnoniornef. Ben sc- enenonaniis a Hestscxom yuunepewrere, 1 Hauvonamiax wneriryrax 320: posts, KemOpiutxckom yuupepcirere. Hexotopoe spema 6bin coTpynHHKOM: Menmuuticxoit won Konopancxoro yrupepcntera B Jlensepe. B 1978 r. ne- pewien 8 Crandopacxui yanpepenrer, Tne on cetivac npodpeccop netipo6ion0- rus, B en06oani0e upems Batkaop yane- ates pesb60R no aepeny 1 Geront; oF TawKe cTpactHeil dyTGonbubii Go- aenpunix, Ulnand xe yrsep»xniaer, 4TO. €¢ ABYXAeTHAR LOWE He OCTaBARET eft BoGoaHoro apemen Torrence V. Johnson, Robert H. Brown, Laurence A. Soderblom (TOPPEHC B. JDKOHCOH, POBEPT X. BPAYH, SIOYPEHC A. COEPEJIOM «Cayr- ‘iat Ypanan — sinew rpyrinis ws06pa- 2xem npoexra «Bornxep»). Iboucon u Bpayn — yvewie-naaueronoru ws Jla- Goparopin peaxTusHoro asiKeHHA IPD) Kamdopnuiexoro texxonors- secxoro micrutyra (KTH); Conep6nom paGotaer m otaenenns acrporeonors Teoaorneckoit caya6ut CUA. Txon- com aes1ax aunommyto paGory 8 Ba- unmurtonexom yunnepeurere B Can- Aiynce, renee goxtopa ditnocodin nonysiia » KTM, On — crapunn nays ei coTpyann » JIPAL w wien nayunor rpynmsi npoexra «Pamnett> no noaery x FOnnrepy. Bpayn noaysna ctenent Gaxazanpa u warucrpa s oGaacTH dutit- xu p Yeninepewrere Mapaio, a n0xropa ut0cogmu » o6:acTH acTpoHOMH — Tanaiicxom yutinepeurere. On nponen Gumpnte Tenecronuveckne Habnione- num cnyrunKos pana. Conep6nom oxonsnia Hinerutyt ropuoro nena Tex- nonorun wir. H6io-Mexcixo, crenen aoxtopa gutocodi 8 oGnacTH nnae- Tonorau reodusnKH noayunn B KTH On — axenepr no gusnveckust HayKant oraenens actporeonorn Feosornvec- oil enyax6ui CWA 3 mpuninaer axTi noe y4acTHe 8 paspaGoTKe npoekTa «Mapcuancxu wa6monaremb». Martin S. Hirsch, Joan C. Kaplan (MAPTHH C. XHPUL, IDKOAH K. KATUIAH «Jlevesine supyentix 3a60ne- sani»). Xupun noayana crenent Gaxa~ nappa 6 Tannaston-Konneaxe (Kau ‘Tou, wr. Ho0-Hlopr) 1 crenent, 20x70- pa Menno 8 Yansepenrere Z:xonca Tonkinca. Yauinea » acnupantype s Yu- xareKoM yinimepeHTere, @ TaKxE B Uewrpe no wsyenio Gonesnett 8 At- saute 8 HauionamHoM micTityte Meauutcritx neenenonarit 9 JTonn0- ne. C 1969 r. paGoraer » ormesenn stH- exumommntx saGonesanait Maccayy- ceteroft Gomsint oGuiero Tuna. Bua Toauice BpeMx OH, xpOMe TOTO, NOWeHT Meanunncxoi wxone TapsapacKoro ynunepewtera. Kannan nonyuua cre- nen Oaxaaaspa 8 Yaupepeurere Mak- Tuana, ctenens 10xTopa guiocobun 8 OGaactH GuOXMNM B YannepcuTeTe Bpanaeiica. Youunac» _acnupantype Meamuckofl mikontt Tapsapacxoro yunmepenrtera; c 1971 r. anngerca ee co- TpyAHNKOM, B HacTORLIee BpeMR s10- unt, PaGoraet Taxa » Maccayycerc- oil Gomuaie xax Gaxreposior. 3 Yoshihiro Hamakawa (POCHXMPO XAMAKABA «®orosuepretuKa») — npodeccop siexrporexnukst » Yiunep- curete » Ocaxe. PaGotact B ynuncpen- Tere ¢ Tex Mop, Kak noAyNH TAM B 1964 r. noxropexyto crenen. Slsanicn TakKe NPUTAALIEHHBIM NpOMeccopoM B iuamoficexom yxusepcitete 3p6a- ua-llannetin, re paGoran a baxyaL- ‘TeTe 37IeKTPOTEXHNKH HB aGOpaTOpHH HiccaetoBamua MatepHasios. HirTepectt Xamaxast cocpenoTovensi Ha gusHKe NOsYNPOBOANHKOB, ONTOIAEKTPONIIKE 1 npeo6pasonanin commesnof sHeprint 1 ocoGeHo Ha OMTHMeCKHX cBofieTRAX CTPYKType QHepreTuYECKHX 30H THEP- ALIX Ten, OnTOINeKTpOHHEIX NpHGOpAX, COnHeUHBIX aneMeNTax H aMopdrLIx no aynposoasuKax. Mark A.S. McMenamin (MAPK 9.C. MAKMEHAMHH «Bommxonenne pas- HooOpasia HBOTHLIX») — reonor, ac~ cuctent 8 Konaeaxe Maynt-Cunaii Yanea B Cranbopacxom yunrsepcure- Te, sarem 5 net paGoran 8 Feonoruye- cKon cnyrk6e CUA. Crenent aoxropa dunocoduas nonywta 8 Kaauboprnti- ‘cxom yxnsepcurere B CanTa-bap6apa. Ben nonestie uccaenosanus » pasta pix pallowax 3eMnoro wapa, B TOM ae na Angee u 2 Uneunn. Maxmenann unrtepecyeten Take nporpamMupoBa- HueM, HOBeAUINMN mIpHeMaMit can0- BONCTSa, XOMBGOM Ka THUKAX, Can0MK Ha Benocunene, nyTeWiecTBHAMH «aBTO- CTONOM» 1 OMEHE MOGHT, KaX OH TOBO- DHT, «BOSHTECR CO CRONMK ZETEMID>.. ‘Synyan Shen (CHHBAH LEH «Axy- CTHKA APeBHIEX KHNTaflCKHX —KO:TOKO- 0B») — @vaMNK 113 Apronticxoft Hanno- wanbHofl naGoparopm, rae wo3srmaBan- eT HccaeMoBaNNa, CBASaNHBIE CO CBOFCT- Bami MaTepHiasioB, nonyyeniien TomM- ‘ba M3 BOCCTAHABANBAEMBIX HCTONHUKOR 1 npombiumtennon axycruKofl. Tocne oxonvanux Cusranypexoro ynusepe Tera lomysna crenieHu MarHicTpa M 0K- ropa dunocodunt » Yunnepenrere ur. Orafio. C. len snnseren antopom wG06peTeHHA NPOMBIUNIEHHIX sByKO- yaapnuparenell, 2 TakwKe CYPAMHLI OcO- Golt KoncTpYKuMN AIM eMBIYKOBBIX My- SuIKabHBIX HHCTpyMeHTOB. KpoMe He- cnenonaTembcKofl paGoT el, BKIMOHAS Hy Nene cnoficTs noBbix crpoHTembittix Marepnazton 1 npoGnemst KoHBepTHpO- ain GHoMacce!, POBOANT KOHCYM ‘TAMIMM UIs paamiateIxX npaBNTenLeT Be MBIX, NPOMBILITEHHBIX W MexkayHapoA- HbIX Oprannsawih Mo wonpocaM coRpe- MenHoit TexHonorm, SanseTes npest- nentom KwraiicKoro MysbikansHoro ‘o6uiecTwa Cenepnoft AmepuKit. Nicholas Toth (HMKOJIAC TOT «Tlep- Ban TexHOMOTHN») — HoUeHT KadeapBt (nponomxenwe cm. Ha c. 119)AepHoe opyxKue TpeTbero NOKONeHuA B ornuune oT cyujecTByIoWx BYAOB AAepHoro OpyxKuA, SHEPrHA BSpbIBa KOTOPOrO AeliCTByeT HeHaNpaBieHHo, AfepHoe opyxkue OyAyujero CMOxKeT U36upaTeNbHO NpoAyyupoBaTb onpegenenuble BugbI aHeprun W KOHYeHTPUpOBaTh UX Ha 3a4aHHbIx YeNAX cxne ma6opaTopmn, 3annMasuti- €Cx COS/AHMEM HOBLIX BHUIOB OPy- xia, paGoTAIM HeKMOMNTeETEHO MpO- ayKTHBHO. VIN yaioce He TOUIBKO cy ‘ulecTBeHHO YCoREPLICHCTBOBATS aTOM- yw Gomby, npemcrasnsiomyto co6oit Nepsoe MoKONeHHe ZEPHOTO Opy:«tA, HO MnpeycneTs B cosaanun ero BToporo ToKoneHHs B dope BonopomHon Gom- Get M pasnnuneix ee BapuaTos no CpencTBOM HCTONBIOBAKKA sHepTHt Bapbina, BLIEAREMOH npu peakusit cH esa. K Konuy 50-x roaos Goerosi0aKi 8 sepHom apceiane CIA yaxe mario no- XOMMAH Ha Te 6ONGE!, KOTOPHIE Guim sgopsanbi Han Xupocumofl 1 Haracaxn, W-TeM caMBIM BO3BECTHTH O HawasIe apbI anepuoro opyxia. Ceronua Texwomoruweckn BoaMox- HBIM cTavto cosmaHMe TPeTBeFO TIOKONE- ‘as sziepnoro opyxus.. Hamers opay slepHoro sapala M MaHMRysMpYs APY HMM KOHCTPYKTUBHBIMIE 3u1eMeHTaMA, MOXKHO MOCTPOHT TaKOe OpyrKHe, KO- ‘Topoe yer criocoGHo cosapate 1 Ha- RpaRnaTe WaNy"eHHe WM MOTOKH Me- ‘Tanamuecknx WapHKos WIM Kamen Ha ‘Take went, KaK HaseMEBe CTaPTOBEIE PakeTuble ycTaHORKH, eTAMMe BBOIDY- Xe pakeTbr H cnyTHHKH B KocMoce. 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