B MUIPE HAYRH SCIENTIFIC AMERICANAna PARVOUH SCIAN-MAGAZINE.NA VSdamenocmbo MUP rifpedraraem: Cuavsecmep IT., Peppapu P. METOQ KOHEYHbIX SNEMEHTOB HEPOBM MH KEHEPOB-SNEKTPUKOB Tlepeson ¢ anrawticxoro Reece ae Pie tele. anemeHToB eu elel} Kywra nocamweta npumeHeHno OTHOCHTENSHO HOBOTO H GObiCTPO- lenin npKnaaHuN saRes SneK- TPOAMHAMMKH M SNEKTPOTeXHHKH. Ogun na aBTOpOB KHUrH — ‘T.Cunbsectep — ABnReTCA H3- secribim cneywanncrow ® Mae. Marmweckon cpvsine. Of asvOp Gonbworo yucna TpyAos no pasBu- Two MoTORA OHeNHbIX oneMOHTOD Bn wncnenoro oRenpOsaHuA SneKTpORMMaMMUeCKAX CYPYETYP. Bropom astop — P.®eppapy — govann, cneunanncr w o6necTa CBU aneKTpoHMK. B kHure paccmaTpweaercr npn- wenene MeToRa KONeNbX ane: M@HTOB K PeweHMN AUcPepenyn- anbHbix H MHTerpaNbHbixX YpaBHe- HMB onexrpoAMHaMMKA 8 cry¥ae OAHOMEPHEIK, ABYMEPHEIX H TpeX: MepHsix sagas. MpMBOAATCA KOH: peTHbie nphMepb! pacueTa nonen W nepepaTOUnsix xapakTepAcTHK KOaKCMANLHEIX MAHAR M4 BONHOEO- fos, aktenn, anexrponsuratenen. Tlogpoono |’ pacewatpusaeron NP@KTMYECKAR PeaNvsalHA METO- Aa KOHeUHIx aneMeHTOB NPM pe- ‘WEHHM MHKEHEPHbIX 3aqay SneK- TpoAMHaMMKH Ha SBM. Mpnsogat- (OR KOHKPeTHBIE NpOrpaNMEI. Dna wwxeHepos-onekTpéKos, acnupantos u cTyReHTOR KWKe- Hep neKTpoTexHMMecknx cneunansHocTen. ‘¢Mup», 1986,,13 1. Lena 1 p. SB MHPE HAYRH CTATBH 4 16 24 38 50 62 76 86 PYBPHKH 3 13, 34, 60, 75 96 103 108 115 Scientific American . Usgannue Ha pyCCKOM A3bIKe MOCTPHPORAHHLAM xYPHALL NEPEROA € AHFIIMACKOFO - RMIXOAMT 12 PAI ROA MIAAETCA C 1983 FONA MAATESIBCTBO «MHIP» MOCKBA N° 2 - OEBPAJIb 1986 B xomepe: Paspa6orka nporpaMMHoro oGecneveHA ANA CHCTeMbI NPOTHMBOPAKeTHOM OGOPOHE! Tep6epm Tun Ddderruaniocr nporumopaxeTHoh oGopoNN B-Tax HAsLIRAEMDIX sNeaANLIX ROMAX IARKICHT OF HALIEKHOCTH KOMMBIOTEPOB, HCNONLSYEMBIX JIA YNPABNEHHA HEOGLIVAMHO CNOXKHLIMH CHCTEMAMH Opy>xHR, Paspa6oTKa ‘HaslexXHOFO NPorpaMMHOrO OGecnieveHHA 118 THX KOMIbIOTePOB MOXKET OKA3ATLCA KepaspelHMon sanavet (Scientific American, December 1985, Vol. 253, No. 6) O6pawene sontosoro cponTa B.A. Jenbdoawy, B. B. IkyHo@ Mbt npwenikay, 4¥TO BpeMs Bcerna KAeT Bnepen. Onnako 118 BOMHOBLIX MEWKeHUM CHTYaUMA KaYeCTBCHHO MHAA: CBETOBBIC BOTHBI MOXKHO «O6PATHT BO BPEMCHH» H 3ACTABHTS HX PACNPOCTPAHATECA NO Nperxk.le NpoH- setoiof Tpaekropa «BenaTb» (Scientific American, December 1985, Vol. 253, No. 6) AkyCTHM4eCKan KOMMYHUKAUIUR Y CBEPYKOB pany Xerobep, Laon Topcon (Cnoco6wocTs cami cBepska y3HaBaTb MPHSBIBHYIO NECHIO CAMILA K HAXOMHT HCTONHEK 3BYKOB MOET GIT HcTIOMAORAHA JLIR HyNENHA MeXAHHIMOR HEPBHOM CHCTEMSI, TEAIIINX B OcHORE TIORENEHHA (Scientific American, December 1985, Vol. 253, No. 6) Viumyniian cHcTeMa NPw cHHApOMe NPHOOpeTeHHOTO WMMYHHOTO AecbMyTA —Lxevifpw FTopenc Bupyc, BbISbIBAIOUUMf CHHAPOM NpHOSpeTeHHOro HMMYHHOFO ACHULNTA, BAHACT Ha POCT H YHKUMOHHPOBA- HMe KNETOK KPOBH, Ha3biBaeMBIx T4-IMMQOUMTAMH, KOTOPBIE HIPAlOT K/FOYEBYIO POsIb B HMMYHHOM CHCTEME opranu3ma. Hopbie cBeneHHA © MexaHM3Me ZefCTBUR BUPYCa, BOIMOXHO, OTKPONOT NYT K PaspaborKe crio- coGon sievennie 2Toro 3aGonesans i x CoaaHHO MPOTHBOBIPYCHOM BAKU (Scientific American, December 1985, Vol. 253, No. 6) Murpayws noniocos Mapca —Mumep I. Ilynow O6nacTH noBepxHocTH Ha 9kBaTOPe 3TOM NnaHeTBI BBITTAIAT Tak, Kak GynTO OHM NOGbIBANH BONH3H ce NO- moca. BosMoxkHO, Rca AHTOCHepa Mapca Nepemeulanack OTHOCHTEMBHO OCH ero BpauleHHs. Takoe npeaNO- “OXeuHe noaponkeT OBMICHITE MHorve HeOBuINHLIe MOBEpxHOCTHLIe OBPAronaNNR H Mpoueccs Ha Mapce (Scientific American, December 1985, Vol. 253, No. 6) TpanqosHan teopema Lonuea Mopenemetin Knaccnxaunt mpoctiix konewiuix rpyrin — GeenpeuenenTHMM pesyAbTaT B HCTOPHH MaTeMATHKH: NO- “aoe RokasaTenbcTRO aaxuMaeT 15 ThIC. KYPHAMEIX CTpAKHU. iiTTepeC K TOMY 9KBOTHYECKOMY PeUEHIAIO 3aXBATHA He TONEKO @nreGpanCTOR H MAKE HE TOITEKO MaTeMaTHKOB (Scientific American, December 1985, Vol. 253, No. 6) DKenTbIn AOKAL —Tamac 1. Cuau, Hacoan B. Hooux, Memoro Meceacon, mun Puanemun, Tonemep Axpamanakya Cyutecrayer neoGocrosannoe yraepxciene, 470 >kes1TOe BeULeCTBO, OBHAPYAKEHHOE Ha KAMHAK H JICTEAX B YOro-BocTowHoft ASHE, ABNACTCR GOCRKIM XHMHNECKHM BeUlecTBOM. KaK NOKASA/IH AH@HSKI, ITO REIECTBO mpencrannser coGoh examin MECTHEIX MeNOWOCHEIx men (Scientific American, September 1985, Vol. 253, No. 3) Crponrentibie Yeptexkn xpama Anonnova 8 AMpMMax JTomap Xacenvéepeep ApxeonOrH aomIFoe BPEMA He MOTH BBIACHTS, KAKOTO OMA NepTexkaMIH NOMKSOBAMCD APeBHHe TPEKH NPM ctpourtenseree xpasion. Jute Neaantio 6410 yerawossIeHO, “TO OHH BLIMEpuNBAMH 1X Ha nOBEpXHOGTAX KaMeHMBIX THT caMOTO COOpy:KeHHR (Scientific American, December 1985, Vol. 253, No. 6) 06 aatopax Hayxa 1 o6wecteo Hayka soxpyr Hac SaHumaTenbHbin KoMnbIOTep Kyran Bv6nvorpacwaSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN jonathan Piel PRESIDENT AND EDITOR BOARD OF EDITORS Philip Morrison BOOK EDITOR Armand Schwab, v*. Timothy Appenzetler John M.Benditt Peter G. Brown David L. Cooke, se Ari W.Epstein Michael Feirtag Robert Kunzig James T.Rogers Joseph Wisnovsky ‘Samuel L. Howard 'ART DIRECTOR Richard Sasso George S.Conn Gerard Pie! © 1985 by Scientific American, Ine. Tovaputit suax Scientific American, ero Texcr wipisroBoe oopmaeuve anngiOTCR NeXTMONMTeNBHOR COBCTBERHOCTEAO Scientific American, Ine. M menociaonatiei ance cOOTBETCTBHI ‘¢ mewsHtoMNIM ZOTOBOPOM B MHPE HAYRI TAABHEIA PEDAKTOF Cn. Kanna SAMECTHTEDb PABHOTO PEAAKTOPA 71.B.Ulenenesa HAY4HBIE PEDAKTOPL 3.E.Koxanosa O.K. Kyapaeos T.A.Pywanyesa A.M.CMoTpoB A.10, Kpachonesyes ANTEPATY PHBLE PELAKTOPEI MM, Tlonoga M.B.Cypososa XYMOKECTBEHHLIA PERAKTOP C.A.Crynos SABEMYIOWAR PEAAKUMER W.B.Nlynésa PYKOROAMTEME Py mimi SOTOHABOPA T.C.AsHMOB: TEXHSIYECKHA PEAAKTOP: T.K.Taktawosa KOPPEKTOP P.N.Bw6xe OOOPMAEHHE OBTORKH, THNOTPAGHKA PYCCKOTO H3AAHHA, MAKET CMEHHEIX MO.10C MP KyKo8: THTYABHAR MAAC, MPHOTOBME PABOTH B.B.Ednmos APEC PERAKUMI 129820, Mockaa, [CN 11 Pwokcxun nep., 2 ‘TENE@OH PEAAKUKH, "286.2588 © nepenon wa pycexwi wseix mogopmuienne, «Mup», 1986. RSCG NO Ha o6noxke KANEWAOCKONbI @ororpaus na obnoxkxe noKassivaeT us0Gpaxene, cOBslaBaeMoe NOnEpIaALMHOH- bIM Kavteliockoriom. Kyco¥KH sHcTOro pasmusHo OpHeHTHPOEAHHOTO NMacTHKa y Kona KaNeMAOCKONa, YAANIEHHOTO OT OKYAAPA, HMeHRIOT NONADHSAILIIO CBETA, 1O- azaioutero 8 Yerpoiicrso yepes noaapusaumoumbilt duurp. Bropol nonxpiaa- tomif uuneTp HaxXonuTes y oKyaxpa. [Tpit Bpamestim xaslelocKoNA B Tone 3pe- ua okastipalores pasmiMuHBte YHaCTKM TIOTOCOK macTHtka. TTOCKONBKY KAXKMAR 19 TOMOCOK H3MeNKeT NomIApHBALIMIO cHETa OCOGBIM OGPAIOM, HEXOTOPEIE BETA «IPO HuKaloT Hepes BTOPOM lonApHIANNONHEIH QUALTP, 2 NDYTHe HM 3anePAHBAIOTCR. HaGmonatem, saver msuuoe coveranue xpacox. B apyrux cospeMenmbix xarell- -ockonax yeTpolicTBO A11a rlony'enua 4306 PaxeHH CONPATAETCH C:31eKTPOHHBIME, yerpoticreann. B oaHolt 13 KoHicTpyKuuti wcriomss0BaH HaGop cBETONHONOB, KOTO Pole «yTIpARAAIOTCAY AKYCTHNECKHMH MMMYMLCAMil; OTRIHKARCH Ha IBYK, HIO6PA- 2xeuile MepuaeT H HaMenineTcs (CM. pyOPUKY «Hayka BOKpYT Hac» Hac. 96). Ynnoctpayun OBNO*KKA: Quesada/Burke CTP. ABTOPIMCTOUHMK CTP. ABTOPIMCTOWHUK CTP. ABTOPIMCTONHMK 5-10 Hank Iken, Wal- Cornell Medical 80, 81 Joan W. Nowicke, ken Graphics College (en12)) Smithsonian Inst- MUS Havy 4145 Til Arbel tution (eoepxy); 15. Scientific 46 lil Arbel (eeepxy) Hank Tken, Wal- American linc Moctagnies, ken Graphics 17 A.B. Manacn Pasteur Institute, (ouu2y) H. A. Mensunxon Paris (enusy) 82 Phillip M. Rury, 18 Ian Worpole 47 ll Arbel Harvard 19 A. B. Manace SI. Peter H. Schultz University (coepxy creea), 52 Planetary Image 83 Thomas D. Tan Worpole Center, Lunar and (coepxy); Matthew (eeepxy enpasa u Planetary Institute Meselson (anu3y) enuay) Houston (eeep); 87 Lothar Haeber U.S. Geological ser (oaepxy), Ray- gy eae Survey, Flagstaff mond V. Schoder, 24,25 Theo Weber, Max (ox) S.J. (enu2y) Planck Institute 5355 Planetary Image 88 Alan D. Iselin for Behavioral Center, Lunar and 89 George Niemann Physiology, See- Planetary Institu- (ceepxy), Alan wiesen, West te, Houston D. Iselin (antsy) oamaay 56—S8 Andrew Christie 90 Alan D. Iselin after Peter (caesa), 26-32. Patricia J. Wynne H. Schultz Hans Georg Ban- 63. Gabor Kiss kel (enpaea) 38 Ili Arbel 64,65, Edward Bell 91 Alan D, Iselin 39 George Janossy, 66 Gabor Kiss 7 Royal Fee Hospi- 67 edward Bell ads coher gh Hampstead, 68-70 Gabor Kiss D. Iselin (ony) sa 72—13 Edward Bell 94 Alan D. Iselin 40. Jaffrey Laurence 71 Matthew Mesel- and Powers Peter- son, Harvard 97 Quesada/Burke son, Cornell Medi- University og saga. Muda GED al College (eaep- 78,79 Hank Iken, Wal- Ss 29); Ira Schierem, ken Graphics 103—105 Andrew ChristieO6 abmopas Herbert Lin (TEPBEPT JIMH «Paspa- Gorka nporpammuoro oGecnevenus ana cucTeMsi —mpoTuBopaxeTHo —oGopo- Hpi) — MayNHBIM COTPyAHUK ¢ 10 KTOPCKOM creneubio B LleHTpe Mexay> HapoaHsix iecaedosanufl np Maccayy- CeTCKOM TeXHONOTHYECKOM HCTUTYTe (MTV). Jun — seinycxnux 3Toro HE- cTuryra. Ta xe emy Guin npucyxkae- Mbl_May4uBle creme GaKariaspa (1973 r.) MW noKtopa —¢bunocoun (1979 r.). Tlocne weckonpxnx ner npe- nonasanus Qusuxu 8 MTH u Bauuar- ‘TOHCKOM yHHBepcHTeTe OM nepewien Ha npentonasatensckyo paGoty 8 Kop- HenICKiM YHUBEPCHTET H OAHOBPeMeH- Ho Gbin BNEUITATHKIM COTPYAHNKOM B Nncne Tex, KTO MpHHUMAN yNacTHe B Tiporpamme uccnenonanuf no OGecne- ewmio supa. B 1984 r, Just nepuyncs B MTH. Ocnosusie waywasie unrepecti Jluma ceazaubi c usyNeHHeM BIiaHHA YPOBHS PasBuTHA HayKN M TEXHHKH Ha HaUHONAMbHyIO NlomMTHKY B OGnacTH ‘oGecnexenns GesonacnocTH. BOPHC AKOBIEBMY 3ENbI0- BAY, BUIADMMMP. BACHIIBEBHY WIKYHOB («OSpamenne pomHosoro pouta») pa6otaiot Mucturyte mpoGnem Mexanuxu (MITIM) AH CCCP. 3emeaoan4 B 1966 r. oKoHH MocKoB- CKHAL rocynapeTsenNelh yuuBepcuTeT um. Jlomonocosa, paGoran » Muctuty- ‘Te TeopeTmeckolt « 9xcnepuMenTas- Hof gusuxu AH CCCP, rne 8 1969 r. SaULNTHUT KaHAMAaTeKyIo auccepTaLMIO; B 1980r. 8 @uswyecKom wnctuTyTe wm, JleGenesa — noKTopeKyio auccep- ‘Taumtio. B HITM paGoraer ¢ 1981 r. 3a wecrenosaHna B OGnacTH OOpamteHHa BomHoBoro (pourra JenbAoBHY BMecTe C rpynnofi apyrux yyeusix ynocroex To- cynaperseron npemm CCCP. Llxy- Hos OKonuis MockoBcKnit ¢u3HKO-TeX- Huteckfi HCTHTYT, KaHAMAAT USHKO- MaTemaruueckux Hayk (1979 .). B MITM sanmmaetcs uccnenosanuamn B oGnacTH HenMMeMMOM Mm MMHeftHOF OnTHKH. Franz Huber, John Thorson (®PAHLL XbIOBEP, JDKOH TOPCOH «Axy- CTHMeCKaa KOMMYHIKALIMS y CBEPHKOB»). Xs106ep oxoHunn MrorxencKist yrnnep- cuter u 5 1953 r. nomyaun Tam 20KTOp- cxyio cTenewb 3a HecnenoBania HepBHOF ‘cuictest cBepyxos. C 1954 no 1960 r. Guin accictenToM na Kadenpe dursnono- rime aeemoTHEIX 8 Tro6sHTeHcKOM yu sepeutere, a 8 1963 r. nonyaia nom HocTs mpodeccopa disHoTOFHH mHBOT- bIx H s00mI0THH B KEmbHIcKOM yrBep- curtere. 3aTem pykoBoaHin HayuHOR pa- Goro 8 Mexaynapoaom uicrutyte QysHOMOrHH H 9KONOrHM HaCEKOMBIX B Hafipo6u (Kenna), nocne vero Bosrma- un kageapy 8 Mncrityre ysnonormn nosezensn st. Maxca TTaanxa n 3enitie- ue. Topcon nonysiin crenexn Gaxatan- ‘pa (1955 r.) 4 Maructpa (1958 r.) m0 H- auxe » TlonwtexnnueckoM mHcTHTyTe B Pencenepe (CWA) m noctynna pa6o- Tar» » xoMmannto General Electric, rae sannMavtea, B uacrHOeTH, HecnetoBast- aMH B OGnacTH GHOdysHKH. Mayan Guonorno B KanudopHufickom yHuBep- cutete B Jloc-Anazkenece # B 1965 r. no- ‘nysns crenen’ oxTopa ginocopHH B o6nactn soonorus. C 1967 m0 1969 r. Guin accncrenTom m HaysEIM coTpya- wukoM 8 KangopHuiicxo yuuvepcu- ‘tere Can-JInero. C 1969 r. pa6otan No npurnauiennio H 8 KauecTBe KOHCy.Ab- ranta B Oxcibopacxom # @panxdypr- kos yuunepewterax wn Hucturyrax um. Maxca Dnanxa, 3anumaica spenn- eM HAceKOMBIX H YevlODeKa, MBILUEUHGIM coxpaluenHem, mpoGnemamn nepemawt unGopNaunn OT Opranos xyscra B Mo3r, osenenitem HacexombIx. B a- TOmUee BpeMN OH KOHeyAbraNT B TOM oKe HHCTHTYTe, B KOTOpOM paGoTaeT ‘Xpiobep. Jeffrey Laurence (UKED@PM J10- PEHC «Mumynnas ciictema np cun- Apome npuobperenHoro mMMyHHOro me~ uuTa») — accucTerT 8 Meauunu- cKoM ueHTpe KopreamcKoro yuBepcu- Teta, a TaKxe Bpav-accuctent 8 Hii0- Aopxcxof Gombnuue. Crenene Gaxanan- Pa nonyann 8 Konyméuticxom yHupep- ‘cuTeTe, cTentens JOKTOpa MEAMUMHEt — 8 [IpauxeponcKofl MeaMUMHCKOM Woe Yuxarcxoro ynupepcurera. Bbim yno- cToeH cTunensuh doxtos Ponca u T. Jitoca u na cpenctaa nocneasero roa en HecnenoBanHs no npoGneme HMMy- HONOTHYeCKOR 3alUMITBI OT 3nOKaNeCT- BewHoro pocta B MuicTHtyTe no usyue- io paxa np Yamsepentete r. Ocaxa (nonus). Bepxysumcs 8 CA, sazep- MINN cBoe MemMUHHCKOe O6paxoRaHHe B Hs1o-Mopxcxoft Gonsunue, a 3aTeMt 3a- HANICR HAyHHO-MccmeMOBATENBCKOH pa- Gorofl Poxdenneposcxom yrusepcu- rere. B 19821. nepewen 8 Kopuen- AcKHAl yuusepcuTeT. Peter H. Schultz (HMTEP Tr. WYJIbLL «Murpauua miomocos Mapca») — n0- ueHT Kadeapel reonormueckux Hayk Yunveperera usm. Bpayna. Crenens Gaxanaspa nonyaun 8 1966 r. 5 Kapn- ‘ToH-KomnemKe, a cTeneH» ZOKTOPA hi- socom — 8 1972 r. 8 Texacckom yiit- Bepcurere s Octune. C1973 10 1975 r. Be Hayunyio paGoTy B DiimccKoM Hc- cnenosatenscKom uenTpe HACA. B Te- venue roma pa6otan » Kanubopxui- ‘cKOM yanpepcuTeTe B Canta-Knape, 3a- ‘Tem ctan corpyanuxom Muctutyra Jly- Hot H naver 8 Xbiocroue, rae c 1981 Fr. Guin cTapwuuM Hay¥neIM cOTPYAHUKOM M ampextopom Llerpa xpanenna Bu- aeonaHnbix m0 nnaneram. C 1984 r. 3a uMaeT AomKHOCTe AOUeHTa B YHuBep- curere um. Bpayva. Ulymsu asaseroa ‘TaKxke Hay4HBIM KOHCyMbTaHTOM Hau oWamLHOrO UeHTPa NO MomeMHpORAHIO SBbICOKOCKOPOCTHEIX yzapos (NpH DAMc- cKOM —HccsIenOBATeNbcKOM —UeHTpe HACA) n aupextopom Cenepworo wet ‘Tpa miaverHsix naHMbix. Daniel Gorenstein ([HMEJ TOPEH- CTEMH «fpanano3iaa teopema») — mpogeccop MatemaTuxH 8 Yunsepcu- ‘tere Parrepca. Yunnca s PapsapmcKom yuusepentere, rue 8 1943. nonyann cTenens Gaxanaspa, a8 1950 r. crenens Aoxtopa dunocodun. Hayan cao xapsepy 5 Yxusepeurere Knapxa, rie cTan goueHToM, a satem B 1959 r. — npodeccopom. B 1964 r. nepeexan 8 Ce- ‘epo-BocTounsiit yxnsepcurer. [popa- Goran roa B Mucturyre mepcnextus. bix uccneaosanui, nepewen B 1969 Fr. B ‘YuusepeuteT Parepca. B 1972 r. no- aysua cy6cnaun Tyrenxenma u dyn- Gpanra; 8 1978 r.— npodeccop 5 Ka- AIMOPHHFICKOM TexHOAOTHYeCKOM HH erutyre. Tpocrste xonewme rpynnst nayyaet ¢ 1960 r.; cbirpan peulaioulyio OME B 1OKasaTemLcTBe 06 ux KaccHOH xaunn. Cefluac Popencrefi sannmaetca PaspaGoTKOA Gone exkaTOrO «nOKa3a- ‘TeabeTBa BTOpOro NoKOmTeKHAD.. Thomas D. Seeley, Joan W. Nowicke, Matthew Meselson, Jeanne Gullemin, Pongther Akratanakul (TOMAC 1. CHJIM, IOKOAH B. HOBMK, ME- TIO MECEJICOH, JDKMH THJUIE- MMH, MOHITEP AKPATAHAKYJ1 «OKenTeitt n0%Ka»). T. Chum — nouenT xaheaps: 6uonorun Menscxoro yuusep- cutera. B 1974 r. nonyynn crenen» 6a- xanappa p JlapTMYTCKOM KONIEIDKE, a B 1978 r. —crenens noxtopa gurocoduu 8 Tapsapackom yxusepcutere. Ho pa- 6orst n Memsckom yunmnepenrere p reve- ‘Me ona NPOBOANA HccnenOBAHHA 8 Te- cax Tanmana, Hayuaa 2xonorMIO MecT- ‘mix nven, Tlocnenysouute pa6oTs! n0- cBALeHbI FiIABHEIM O6pas0M H3yYEHITIO counanbuoro nosenenns nuen. Lx. Ho- ‘BH —nanuwonor Goraxnueckoro oTae- na Hauwonanbuoro mysex ectecrsex- HOR HeTOpHH CMMTCOHOBCKOTO WHCTH- tyra, Crenenm Gaxanapa 8 oGnacra soonornu (1959 r.) # noKTopa dus10co- uit 8 oGnactH GorannKn (1968 r.) 11o- ayawia B BalsmHrToHCKOM yuupepeH- ‘Tete B Ceur-JIynce. To sananmio Camr- COHORCKOFO MHICTHTYTa OPraHH3oBArIa B (Tpoaomxcune cm. na c. 116)Pa3pa6oTKa nporpaMMuHoro oOecieueHHA [JIA CHCTEMBI IIpOTHBOpakeTHOH OOOPOHEI SabqbekTuBHOCTb NpoTNBOpakeTHOM OOOpOHb! B Tak Ha3bIBaeMbIX 3BE3QHbIX BOMHAX 3aBMCUT OT H@f@KHOCTH KOMMbIOTEpOB, UCNONb3yeMbIX ANA ynpaBneHun HEO6bIYaHHO CNOKHbIMUY ChicTeMamu OpyxKuA. PaspaboTkKa HagexKHoro nporpammuoro o6ecneyeHuA Ana aTux KoMNbIOTepoB MOXeT OKa3aTbCH HepaspeluMon 3aqayen imate SS THB (COM) saxmovaetcs BTOM, ¥TOOBI cBECTH Ha HET yrposy yia- pen aoe Opranusaunn cTpatermieckoit o6opon- HOH HHHUKATHBEL (OCON). Jia nocrH- okenma 9TOH wen OCOW ynomnomove- een eet aie eae Rear, Sees aot os ee PaspaGOTKH CHCTeMbI 3alIMTbI rpaxk- ‘TAKCKHX H BOCHHEIX OGLEKTOB OT GanmH- eee Sound bee: ape ae ee ee a eee sees Se aces ene eee PasnM4NBIe BHABI OGOPOKHTeMBHOTO eee nee er Kak npusnaiot B OCOM, paspa6otKa coe ee Sea Mit OGOPOHHTEABHOM CHCTEMBI H KOOP- eeaaeee are aoe elses Serie i pepe wita6Kof npoTHBopaKeTHoR OGopoHOH AOsKHa NPHHAT H GexouHGOWHO OTPe- ArHPOBATL Ha HHOPMAUHIO O TLICRHAX Bee 9To ona AomkHa cnenaT B npene- Sa MOKKOHTHHEHTATBHAR GaIMCTHYECKAR Ppaketa (MBP) npoTuBauka nocTuracT TEPBEPT NUH ues a Tepputopun CUA. TTockomexy Taxas cucTema n0:0KHa GbITb B BEICWIEH Tene aBTOMaTHsHPoBAMHOM, BpeMe- NH Ma BMewraTenbeTo NenOpeKa c luenbio KoppexuMH NempenpaeHstx oumGox daxrnveckn He ocraercs. B asnepnyroit CITPO nporpamnnoe o6e- CHeveHHE NOTH NOAHOCTHIO HEKMONT ywacTHe NenODeKA B NPHHATHH PewteHA. TIpexae sem CUIA onnoTuyt0 mpx- etynar x paspaGoTKe mporpanMnoro oGecrievenia 1:18 TaKOH cHcTeMB, HEOB- xonnMo Gyzer npoatanisuposaTs Tpit Bonpoca: KaKoM nos-xHa ObITb CTPYKTY- pa CTIPO, raxue npensrersiin cron tia nyt x paspa6orxe nporpamatoro o6e- cnieveHs ana Hee H MO:kHO mH mpeono- ere 9TH npensteTans? MPOKOMACUITABHAS cuctema o6oPOHBI B TOM BILIe, B KAKOM €¢ man6onee wacTo mpenctasimioT B OCOH (u ee KpHTHKH), HMeeT NeTBIPE o60ponnTenbHbIx py6exka. STO osHa¥a- eT, 4TO JaHHag cHcTeMa AOmKKa nopa- 2KaTb HeNPHATeMBCKHE PAKETHI B KAx- oli w3 weTBipex baz ux noneTa. ITH ha- 3bI cneayloule: neppat Gaza (axTHB- bil yYacTOK TpaexTopHH), B TeveHHe KOTOPOM MHOroctynenuaTaa paKea ne- PeHocuT suepHbiit saps vepes aTMoc- epy; basa oTHeNEHHA, BO BPEMA KOTO- poll Maespupyiounili HocTem («aBTo- Gyc») nocnetOBaTeTbHO BLInycKaeT 3a mpenenamn 3emHolt atmocdepai BoepEie wactH ¢ GoeronopKamH mM «cpencTBa MPORUKHOBCHIAD, HAH OKHBIE Wer; cpeanas dasa, 8 TeveHne KOTOPO!I Goe- Ble YaCTH H Makers NpoxoaNT 6O7- Wyo ¥aCTb CBOeM TPAacKTOPHM, Ht KOEN as ¢a3a, B KOTOPOF GoeromoBKH BXO- IAT B MLNOTHBIE CAOH ATMOCHEPEI Ht 10- cTuraiot cBom We. 4 B kaxxaol 43 versipex gas, un Ha xaxa0M py6exe, CIPO nomxHa 6e3- ouGowno OGHapyxHBATE ueTH H cre AUITE 3a HUM, OGecrevHBas mepexsat (cm, ctarbio X. Bere, P. apsnna, K. Fordpuaa « T. Kennsna «Ilpotnso- paxeriaa oGopona c snemenTaMi Koc~ atuecxoro Gasuposanisoy, «B Mutpe Ha- yeu», 1985, Ne 7). Zax Koopmunaui nelicrsuit pasmMumix anemento oGo- POHHTeNBHOR cHCTeMBI H OIEHKH ce X)- extumHocTH Heo6xonHME! KOMMBIOTe- PLI cooTBeTeTBYIOUIee NPOrpANMHOE oGecneenue. ItoT npouece KoopaHHa- UHM Ma3bsaeTca ynpasnennem Goem. Xors cneuwanneTsi foxa He MPHULTH K eAHHOMY MHEHHIO OTHOCHTEmNO Opra- HuSauMH cicTeMBI ynpannenus Goem, MpeaMOAOKWTeNMBHO OHA TOIKHA BKTIO- Nate «soKanbHsier IBM H cpencrsa nporpammnoro oGecrevenus, mpenwa- SMaNeHMBe nA pelllenHs sana ynpas- IEMA Ha KEOKIOM 1 YeTBIpEX PyGexelt ‘oGopons. Bee noxansusie TeXHHWecKHe MpOrpaMaBie cpencTsa O7KKDI GsiT OGrenuHeHEI B rNOGaMBHYIO cH- cTemy ynpasnenua Goem. Tiporpammuoe oGectievene ana ympapiienua Goem Ha 2aHHOM pyGexe ‘OGopons! ZOmKHO YnpaBIATE AOKALTE- biMM cpeacTaMM OGHapy>KeHHR M Opy- oknem. Cpeaicrsa o6uapy>xenia mpeaHa- aHaveHLI AN onpemenenHa MecToHa- XODKICHHA H CEKEHUS 3a NOTeHUMAZE HBIMH UensiMi, a TaxoKe PacnosHaBaHts necTBHTENBHLIX H AOKHEIX uereH. ITA acs nporpaMMnoro oGecrieweHHR MOr- na Goi GopmupoBaTs «afin cnexenus, Cconep»xauiuiit ncio tanecTHyi0 mniopn mo 0 KwxnOM uenH. B TOM cnyzae mporpaMMoe oGecrievexte opHeHTupo- Bano Gs o6oponuTenbabie cpenicrBa Ha AleficTBHe Ha OnpeneneHHOM PyGexe ny-WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN PASPABOTKA NPOFPAMMHOFO OBECNEVEHUA ANA CPO 5 ‘Tem Xoopanwaiuit JaHHbIx, conepiKa- uuixca B afte crexenus, ¢ HMeIOULH- MCs BHAaMH OpyxKHA HC Janporpas- MHpOBaHHBIM TOPSIKOM BEAEHUR OFHS, onpenensiouwm, pa KaKHX O6cTOR- ‘TenucTBax cmedyeT nopakath went, Fro6ambuaa cuctesta ynpasnenua Goem slOmkHa OueHHBATS MactiTaG M xapaK- ‘Tep npeampunuMaemol araKw yKasbI- ‘BAT MOpAIOK BeneHHA OTH BIIR KaDKIO- To py6exa. [aa Toro yobs nonroTo- BUTE nOKanBHyIo cHeTeMy ynpannenus Goem K nopaxexitio GoeBKIx FOsI0BOK, KOTOpBIM yilasl0cb «npoppaTb» mpeltbi- ayute py6exn oGoponbi, rnoGambitan cucTema 1OmKHa MepenaBaTs 1aKHbIC, conepxauinecs B caiiie cnexenus 1 10- cTynusume oF cpencTs oGuapyxeHHA B nepsof dase, B Kaxkabifl Nocmenyiouuint py6ex o60ponni. ‘dpextuswocTs cucTemat npoTHBO- PaxeTHoA oGopoust (CTIPO) B saun- ‘TenHOM cTereHH saBHcHT OT Mpo- rpammuoro oGecntevenna, ncnomsye- ‘Moro sus ee ynpassienus. [loxTOMy pas- paGotxa nporpammnoro —oGecriewe- Hila — ona Hs BaxkHefUINX 3astas B CO- snaHHH HaslexHOM OGopouTeMbHOH CH- cremat. POLIECC cosnanns nporpammnoro oGecnexeHns MOXHO nompaae- AMT» Ha HecKOTBKO 3TaNOB: niTaHHApoBa- me, paspa6orxy, peamisaumio, Henbi- ‘TaHie, yoTpanenue oumGox. B neficTBH- ‘TenbHOCTH TaKas HocmeaosaTeabHOCT® 2Tamos ue scera cobmonaerca. Finax, Hanpumep, MOrKeT GbITE NepecMoTPeH Nocre Havasia OcymlecrBneHHs MpoekTa, nostomy paspaGoTumKam unoraa npH- XOAHTCa M10-HOBOMy CTPOHT» oTAeNb- ble 3ileMeHTEI IporpaMMuoro oGecre~ enna. Tleppsim paxkutim 9Tanom anaseTea Raanmposanne. Ha 3ToM 9Tane paspa- Gorauky TpeGyeres onpenenTs, KaxHe yHKunn 4 B KaKHx cHTyaUHAX ZOMKHO BLINONHATE mMporpammuoe oGecniee- mie. Tlo Mepe yeoxkHenua samaH craHo- BHTeR TpyaHee MpenycMOTpeTs, Kora H Kaxwe nefcTaua cneayeT mpeanpunu- Mars. TloscHiM 270 Ha MpocToM mpH- mepe. Ecnn Ham MyxHO noacHTaTe HCHO moneR B HeGoMbWOM ayaNTOpHH, ‘TO MBI 3HaeM, WTO clenaT 3TO HecTO- no. Ecnu 2Ke «ayanTopiw» HacunTbIBa- ef NECATKU THiCsY MONeM, KaK, HaNpH- Mep, Ha cTasiHOHe RO apes by TEONBHO- To MaT¥a, To NonCMHTaTs HNcnO monet yxxe 3HaunrTembHo TpynHee. B-9ToM cny- ae Ham npaeTes onpenenTs TpaMHLbs crannona, a TawKe pews, xTO nlonme- KUT MoncNeTY (cneayeT mH, HaNPUMep, yanremaTs pe6enka B pene MaTepl). Orciona scuo, 410 daxTopsi, KoTOPEI- Mit Mo:kHO mperie6Peub B MepBOM cnywae (nockombxy OHH pemKH), MoryT yerOxK- HTB sanawy c yeemuvenen ce MacurTaGa. Cocrapurs TowHbilt nepewens dyiK- uni, KoTOpHie BomKHa BEINOAUATE cH cTeMa mpoTHBopakeTHOH OGopoHE — sanaya Henpoctas. Hanpumep, dopmy- IMpOBKa WesH «cOUTE BCE COBETCKHE pa- KeTbI» ABARETCR HC¥EpMEIBAIOULEH, CCT B MHPe HMeIOTCR TOMBKO COBETCKHE Pa- KeTBI H KAAKNAR 3 9THX paKeT HOAHA GuiTs yHUWTOxKeHA MpH MoGEIx OG6CTOR- ‘Tenbcrsax. Oaaxo Peanbuax cuTyaIlA cnomuee. Kak MOxHO HaeHTHMUApO- "b COBETCKHE PaKeTBI H OTSMWHTE HX ‘Or HeconercKix? 0 ecm coseTcKas pa- KeTa Hanpansiewa x ler HM Ha TeppHTO- pun CLIA, Hit ux corosuuxos? STH Bo- Mpoces NOswOAAIOT AMLIB IpHOMNSHTEsTE- HO HAMeTHTE Te @YHKUUMH, KOTOPbIE AON- 0 VCnbITAHE “ YCTPAHEHHE ‘OWMBOK TPYAOEMKOCT», TbIC. UEN-NET BEICOKAR —_HV3KAR BBICOKAR _HUSKAR EEO uae eae aH ONTMMNCTHUHOCTs AONYWIEHMA ONTMMMCTHUHOCTe AONYUEHHA MPOTPAMMHOE OBECNEYEHME —_MPOTPAMMHOE OBECTENEHME AMR YHWBEPCANGHOTO KOMMBIO. ANA CMCTEMBI NPOTMBOPAKETHOA TTEPA (600 TbIC. CTPOK) ‘OBOPOHEI (10 MH. CTPOK) TPYROEMKOCT» Ha kaxKnOM 43 YeTbipex sTanos paspaSoTKH NporpaMMHOro OOEC- ‘eMeHHS ANA CHCTeMBI NDOTHBOPAKeTHOM OBOPOHE! (KOTOPOE, ro OUeHKe CneyMann- cro, Gye HaCKHTbIBaT® NpuMepHo 10 Mnk. CTPOK NporpaMMHOrO Koa) CPaBM TCR C TpyAOeMKOCTeIO NPM CosaKik KOMNINeKCa ynPaBNAIOWK NPOrPAMM ANA YH ‘BepcanbHoro KoMnbIOTepa (OGBEM nporpaMMHoro OGecneveHHA KOTOpOrO COCTaB- AGT NPUMepHO 500 TEIC, CTPOK NporpaMMHoro Kona). Lin KaxorO MPoeKTa, CBA: BanHoro c paspa6orKor NporpaMMHoro OBecreveHHKA, Nesbit CTONGMK Ha AvarpaM- Me OTpaxaeT TpyQOEMKOCTe, PACCHUTAHHYIO HA OCHOBE CAMbIX ONTMMUCTHHBIX AO- YWeHHd}, NpaBeIA CTONOMK — pesynsTaT OeHKU, CRenaHHOH Ha OcHOBE MeHee ON- TWMUCTUUHBIX ROMYWHHM. LaHHbIe BIATEI M3 >%ypHana «Software Engineering Economics».okHa BLITIONHATS cHcTeMa. B TO 2ke Bpe- ‘Mal OHM BCKPBIBAIOT yHTaMeHTAMBAYIO npo6nemy, ¢ xoTopo paspa6orunxam MpuneTca CTOMKHYTECA B AaMbHefuleM. Tipo6nema 3a 8 TOM, To wacTO TPyAHO PCUINTS, KenaTeNbHOM WM HET ABIIRET- cn Ta HAM HAR OyHKUNA MporpaNnses. Bonee Toro, paspaGorwmxam nyHo Gyner nocTatouHo ToNRO npeaBHAeTS ce ROIMOXHBIE CAy¥AMHOCTH M Mpeny- cPERCTBO OBHAPY KERMA ‘TEXHMYECKUE CPE/CTBA cuctemsi npotHsopakeTHoit 060- POH, Kak NpegnonaraetcR, OyAYT BKMOUATe CBEPXMOUHEIE kocMoce unn Ha semne), aneKTpoMar HUTHEIE NYWKH M PakeTsI. KPOMe 9TOFO, 8 HEA GypyT ucronesO- ‘nasepsi (pasmewient B MUPE HAYKM - 1986/2 cMorpers, Kax nporpammuoe oGecrieve- Mule NOmAHO PearupowaTs Ha KAXxTYIO 3 wmx, HanpHmep, xaxie seficTons DOMKHB! ObITb BLINOMHEHLA, eC KOM- mioTepet cHCTeMEI ympanriens Goem a oom m3 py6exeh OGopont BBIMAyT a crpos? 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SCIAM-MAGAZINE.NAROD.F PASPABOTKA MPOrPAMMHOFO OBECNEYEHMA AINA CNPO z pencrannsionuitt coGol 3axoHona- ‘renbubiit nepeven warioros, auNae- -MBIx B COOTBETCTAHM ¢ (emepamBHE:NAH ‘aKoHaMu, cocTouT MpuMepHo #3 3000 ‘erpanmu. Tipu paspaGorxe cpencTs mporpammnoro oGecnesesus CIPO Y#eTe nce noTenmanbute cueHapuit, B KoTOpHx 9Ta cucTema alexsaTHO pearu- obaa Ohi, mo MeHbIMIER Mepe TaK 2e HeBOSMOXHO, KaX H NpeNYeMOTPETS BoE ‘eaywan, KoTOPHIe NosBomAH Gut o- TMOCTBIO NCKMOMHETS «asefixay B deae- PabHbix 3aKoHax o HaTOTAX. Tipweenem aa npxmepa. Tpersero mona 1980 r. _cesepoamepuKanicKan cayxGa TBO (NORAD) coo6uinza, #70 ‘wa Coenmnenmste Ulrarst msunxytex pa- KerBi. 90 cooGuiene MORBHOCE B Pe- aymbrate HeWcnpaBHOCTH B KOMMBIOTE- e, KOTOPEIM BEITAT TOAHBIE cHTHAMBI. CPEACTBO OBHAPYKEHHA B OASE OTAENEHMA ad a Mackupyiouve MeTannnueckne npeAMeTE!; 8 cpeAHEN case, ‘Tevenve KOTOpOM pasnmunbie GoesbIe WaCTH NpoxORAT 66m ea CoTpenniorc” Goewan uacTe c SoeronoBKaM4, NOXKHBIE Yeni M uy WacT TpaeKTOpKN & KOCMMMECKOM NPOCTPAHCTEe, MB Een 651 paspaGoTunxu nporpasmnoro oGeenewexsta, orsercTsenoro 3a OGpa- GoTky 3THX cHTHanOB, yuIH BO3MO%K- HOCTE TOTO, TO B KOMMMBIOTepe MOKET MpowsofITH naHHEIM cGof, no‘KHEIf cur an TpeBorH Mor Gui He MORBHTECR. Bropofl mpumep kacaetes cnywas TH+ enn atiramticxoro semunua «Sheffield» Bo Bpema MonknencKoro KoHdruKTa. Cornacuo onwomy H3 coo6uiennit 06 Sree Roan KOHeUHOF chaze, B KOTOPOA nagaloU\Me Ha seuno cpegcTeano- PaXKEHKA MPOXOAAT Hepes aTMoccbepy, AOCTHTAIDT HaMeUeH- HO Yend M BspEIBAIOTCR,8 3TOM cnywae, yeTaHoBneHMbie Ha KopaG- le paawonoKaumonnuie cuctemst o6Ha- Pykeuua Guim 3anporpaMMuponaHst ‘TaxuM o6pasom, 470 paxersi Tuna Exo- cet OM NpHHUMELAM 3a «BOM, NOCKOMTE- ky Take PaxeTbi COCTORIIU Ha BOOPY2Ke- unm 8 Benuxo6putanun. B pesynbrare cucTema o6napyxeuna He cpearuposa- a Ha CHrHANBI, TeHepHpyeMEle FONOB- Koll caMOHaBesleHHA HeNpHRTEMBCKOR paxerst Exoce/, u oswomuna eit nopa- HTS UemB, T. €. caM ScMmHEM. TATI nenocpetersenniof paspa6or- KH MporpaMMHoro oGecrievenus ‘Taioke He MULeH NOTeHUHABHBIX NpOB- sem. Ha 3T0M strane paspaGoruitist pe- WAIOT, KAK TeXHHUeCKH BONAOTUTE TO, ro Oni0 BBIABIEHO Ha CTanHH aH posanuia. Cneunannctss paspaaTupa- BMMPE HAYKMA- 1986/2 Jor anropwrst, noane:xauiuie1epeBony ba sauiK NpOrpanebi, cocTasnROT TO- cnenosarenbii0eTe OnpeneneHHtX sf cTsui H 7.2. Xapaxrep neaTembHocTH aspaGorsnson wa 370M 9TaIte cxOX ¢ ‘TuopuecTHoM apxTexTOpOB, KOTOPHE snomxsist cnpoextuponars axe nocre ‘Toro, Kak onpenenensi pce TpeGoBanus, XoTOpbiM OO NOMKKO OTREKATE. Ecmt ApxnTeKTop. cneTaeT wenpaBltnsstyi0 ‘ouenky napawerpos rpyitra 8 oTHoUIe- ‘HHH €TO cnocoGHOCTH OTBORHTE Bony, Oa MOET 3aTONHT ykMaMeHT M BbI- amare paapyiienns, yerpaneHve KoTO- pbx OGofMeTCA ONeHE AOporo. TouHO ‘Tax xe wenpassienne oWsGOK, sNony- :menianx mt paspaGorke nporpaMuno- TO OGecneveHHA, MOXKET OKASATECH BECb- ‘Ma noporocToRiiN, ecm 9TH OUMOKH ne Gyayr nhimpent cHoenpeMeso. MOKANGHEIE INABHAR CVCTEMA YMPABIEHUS GOEM Onbir noxasuisaer, 470 ownGxH 20- yckaloTes maxke npHt paspaGorKe Hast- Gonee orwercrsexisix nporpamaniix cuctem. Tpamepom Moxer cnykuTs ‘owmGxa, onyuleHHaa 8 mporpaMMe YMpaBNeHHs nHAOTHPyeMOM KOCMHYEC- oli xancysio Gemini V, coctosuas B Tom, TO He Gbino ywreHo nBIDKeHHE emu oTHocHTenbHo Comma, H Karicy- Jia npysenumnace 3 100 Miutax oT 3anna- Huposantioro Mecra. B pyro cnywae Guin Bpemenno ocTaHoBmebi TTS ATOMMBIX peaKTOPOB, TAK KaK B MIPO- rpaMMe, 110 KOTOpoft mpowsBonnoce McmbrTanMe Hx YcTORMMBOCTH x 3eMsIET- PAceHHIO, NCHONBIOBanace apH>MeTH- Meckam cyMMa NepeMenmix, @ He KBa- ApATHbAfl KOPEHS H3 cyMM KBANpATOR nepementix. Takum OGpa30M, HenbaH ‘apanee mpenyemoTpeT Hit xapaxTep, CBASb mexpy cpegcreamn oGHapyxenHA, opyKHeM W KOMMbIOTepaMH 3aHUMaeT BaXKHOS MeCTO 8 KOMNNEKce cpeacTs ynpasneHWA GoeM CCTeMbi pOTHBOPAKETHOA O0- Pol. CpeqcTsa oHapyxeniia n Opy>xue Ha ORHOM «pyOermer O6opoHbi GyAyT ynPABNATLCA «NOKANLHEIM» KOMNLIOTEpOM., ‘Takaa cuctea ynpasnerin Goem GypeT onpepensTs nonome- Mev Cne@MTe 3a NOTEHUMANbHBIMM YenAM, OTNUMaT CTU ble Yen Ha cboHe MacKHpyIOWWx vx OO beKTOB, HanpaBnaTs opyoxite Ha Yer 8 Hy>KHOe BpeMs u cbuKCHpOBATe NOpaKeHKE enen. Be HeoGxogMmble ceemenun o Yenax 6yAyT nepeRa areca 8 «chan cnexeHuiA» u 2aTeM K cneAyOMeA noKANLHOA cucteme ynpasneHun GoeM, 2 TakKe K rnasHOM cMCTeMe YNPABNeHHAA GOeM, CARSAHHOA CO BCEMM NOKANBHBIM CACTE- amu. ThapHan cucTeMa 6yAeT onpepenATL TouHbIe YCnOBUR, ‘pit KOTOPLIx CheayeT aTakosaTs Te Mim MHBIe Yenn, Nepeaa- BaTe MHCPOpMaUWNO CNEXEHHA H KOOPAMHUPORATe AEMCTEUR nO samyre CaMom CHCTeMI NPOTHBOPAKETHOA OOPOHbL. Sta CviCTeMa ABNRETCA WeHTPanbHbIM SeMeHTOM B npepCTasNeH- WOR gpecs cxeMe. YasBuMOCT rnaBHOM CMCTeMbI MOMHO YMeNbUINTS 3a CNET pesepsmPpOBaHus.WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN PASPAGOTKA MIPOr PAMMHOTO OBECNEVEHMA BNA CPO 9 nu wactoTy nosenun oumGox, nony- cxaeMbix Kax Ha CTasINH THaHUPOBAHNA, Tax W Hia cram PaspaGorxu. SrHx ‘oum6ox MoxHO wxGexaTs TomKO B Tom caysze, exam cneumaseTs1 o6Hapy- xaT HX sa6naroapemenno — sana¥a, baxHOCTS KOTOPOH BospacTaer c yBemH- eueM pasMepos H cnoxHocTH nosite- >xauWUIX paspaGorxe cuctem. TlostoMy oGwapyxecnne M ncnpasnenne oumGox BNAIOTCH ONMHN HO TTABHBIX ACTEKTOR nmpouecca pearisaunn moGoro npoexra, ‘pmannoro c paspa6otxofl nporpannt- oro oGecnevennx, Kaxnn xe oOpa30M Moxkto o6HapyATITS oMMBKHH ONEMIETE wanexHocTs cvcTeMbI ynpanneHus cnPo? VUIECTBYIOT sa >ddexTHBHeix METONA OUCHKH HAEKHOCTH MpO- TpaMMuoro oGecnevexms. Onun 12 wx — ananntwmeckn@. C ero nto [MOUIbIO NPABILILHOCTE NporpaMM mpo- BepseTca MaTeMaTHYeCKH 10 cooT- BeTCTBIIO MONy¥AeMOrO Ha BLIXOE pe- syabrata OMpenenenHOMy QoPMambHo- MY KPHTepMIo, Korma Ha BXO NocTyna- 10T onkuuaaentsie aanmbie. XOTA MpoBep- ka MpaBHABHOCTH MPorpaMM HlomoraeT yeTanosiTs 470 mporpammHoe o6ecre- Nene YAOBNIeTBOPRET NPCMBABIAEMBIM XK HeMy pacc¥eTHBIM TpeGoBaHHAM, OHA ‘ce 2ke He flaeT OcHORAHHH ObiTh yBEpEH- MIM, TO OHO yeneuIHo cnpaBHTeR ¢ posnaraembiMis Ha Hero sauiavamu, Tpo- rpamwas sicuepnbimarouteh MpoBepkit 110 ‘Meubuelt Mepe cpasHuMat To pasMepy ¢ mpopepsembimit riporpaMmMaMil. ANAIH- ‘Tuweckax mposepka mporpaMMat He MO2KeT FaPaHTHPOBATE, NTO BPEMs BbI- AWCMeRA yenambrpaeTcR B PeanbubiA macurta6. Ona Tawxe He MOxeT Mpen- BIJETS pesynbraT Ha BLIXOZe CHCTEMBI, Korma Wa ee BXON MlocTynaeT HenpenBH- Aewnbif curnan. Haxoweu, Takas npo- epka He rapaHTHpyeT mpapumbHocT ‘TpeGoBaini, MpeAEABTAEMBIX K MPO- Tpammomy oGecrievenito. Bore saxnniit meron ouenki — 9To ‘omsiTHax nposepxa. TlouaTHo, ¥To 1K PoxoMacuiTaGHyio cucTeMy poTHBO- PaxeTuoi oGoponst nemu3a HemBITATE B Yenosusx, npHOMOKeHHBIX K peaTbHBIM. (Croumoct Taxnx Menbrranuit Obina Gt ouenomamoute. Bosee cyuiecrsen- BI B AHHOM Ciy4ae ABMAETCH TO, 4TO Cosercxitlt Coos He cmor 6x ¢ nonHom yBepentiocTiio ormmurrs sanycK Gom oro 4sicna MenbITaTeMbHBIx paket OT aeiicTBHTenbHOTO mepHOrO HanaTeHuR co cTopontsi CIIA. Tlootomy paspaGor- SuKH MOrpaMMHOrO OGecreNeHHR 10- JAWS PACCHHTRIBATL Ha MemKOMaC- uiTaGuble HombITaNia, pM KOTOpLIX npovepanact bt appeKTHBHOCTS sau ‘Tal OF HeGombuloro KomHYecTBa Canin CTHYECKHX pakeT, a TaKKe Ha MeTOALI ‘Monemmposanus, 8 KoTOpEIx 9BM nxn Tuposara 6x cirryaumio MaccHposan- Horo yaapa TIO WensM, saLLMUIaeMBIN CTIPO. Pan cneunanicros carraet, To TaKofl MeTom HcKIOMnIA G11 HeOGXO- ANMOCTS mmpoBeTeHNR uI)pOKOMac- rraGusix wemsiTaHHR » yenoBusX, puOmuvmenmsix x peambabin. Onwaxo XOTS OHH MOBBIIgeT CTeneHb mPOBEpKH aNEXHOCTH, HEMBIR Ha ero OCHOBE ra PanTupopats, wro posnaraewax Ha CTIPO sanava 6yner suinonnena. Tipu cosnanmn cucrenn, cocrosutel wa Miloxecraa anemesTos, mpoGnexsst acto oOapyxuBalOTeR HUI wa 9Ta- ne, Kora 97a cHcTeMa HawnaeT sem ‘THIATBCR B YCROBHAX, OAHSKHX XK OKC TPEMBsIBHBIM, KOTOPBIE HEBOSMOXKHO cosaT® np nposerenun menKonac- wraGwoix Menbrranuit. To BAKO Ha npumepe — rn06anbuofl — KoManano- ynpannsiomiel poeKHOR cucTeMtt, o6e- [RuMmrouteA B eannyio cers ace cpencrsa cBaaM, —MCHOMayeMBle BOeHHBIMK 1 TP@MAHCKIH OPTAHAMH C LEMBIO KO- opmimaumn # mepeaaun unopmannn soopyacensnim cuiam CLA. B 70 ppe- Mac KOT ykaSANHAR CHETEMA BEIMONHA- er oGsiumbie paGoune onepaunn u na0T- HocTs nepemapaenb1x cooBuleMHi neDe- Ma, Oa Brome yAOBIeTROpHTENHO ‘empanasetes co csoumn sanayamn. Ec ‘1H 2ke KomMNeCTBO NepenaBaeMtsx co0G- inlenitt ynenunpaercs, pa6oTa cucTe- Mbt Hapytuaerex. Tax, 80 BpeMA BoeH- voix yseuni 8 1977 r., xorna 97a cucre- Ma GbisIa NOMKMONEILa K NeCKOMBKHM APYTHM KOManAHO-ynpaBNAIOUIHM cH TeNaM perMOHAs-HOFO 3HANEHMA, CKO- ocr mepesan cooGuienHA cHmsmTacs 0 38% TOBLI mpeononers orpansnienus, ceoficraenibie — Memkomacurra6- HBIM HemBITaHHsM, paspa6oTHHKH 42- TO npuberaior x MoMoUIN crenwamH- ‘cTOB lo MomenHpoBANMO, KOTOPEIE CO- snaioT cuenapin, oTpaxxatoulne cHTya- un, Gnuskue x peambubin. Xora Mone- AMpoBaHHe NosBonseT nony'itTs Gonee o6urpHylo uuopmamtiio, eM MenKo- Macurrabuble MenbITaHMs, 9TOT Meron B TOM BML, B KAKOM OH MPHMCHIM K HC neitanwio CIIPO, Taxxe uMeeT pant orpannuexuil. Bo-nepsbix, MoxeT Oxa- SATECR, NTO MeTOAAMM MOnENHPOBAHHA Henb3n BocnpousBecs# xapaxTepHbie ‘ocoGeHHOCTH WAM TapameTps! dusHue- ‘CKHX sIeNMii, HAG HOAeMLIX IPH HEKO- ‘TOpBIX CHTYALLAAX, TAKHX, KAK OHOBPe- ‘MeHNBIM B3PbIB HECKOMBKUX RIIEPHBIX 32- Palos, # TaKwM o6pa30M HanexHO npo- BEPHTe peaxtuIo OGopOHHTENbHOM cH crembi. Benencrsue 9Toro cneusanu- Tot omxHia NpHOeraTs x NOMyMIEHHAN oTHocHTenbHO napaMeTpoB, xapaxTep- MBIX IK KAXKTOM CHTYALMM, NOMTEKA- wel Momenuposaniio. Sto osHauaer, NTO PaccMaTpuBaeMBIe cHTyAUMH KaK Gs mpensapuTensno npomrpsisaiores, peskne Wem «sanycKaioTCa» B MCTIBITYe- ‘yi oboponnTensiyio cuctey. B pe- aynbTaTe MCnOMBIOBaHHA B ciIcTeMe yMpagnlewus faKHbIx, OCHOBAHHBIX Ha npeasapuTensHoM nponrpsiBanun, Mp Monenmposannu GocBofl cuTyauaI ye He MoxkeT OBITS HKAKHX HeODKILIANHO- refi, u TaKHM O6pasom «peabHocTs» HCMIBITAHHS CHHDKAETCR. HecMoTps Ha To TO yonexH B parBH- ‘THM BuIMCHWrTenbHOM ‘TexwHKH cyULeCT- BeHHO noBsicuna —Gxicrpoaeticrane KOMMBIOTepOB H TEM camBIM cnocoBcT- RORAN ROAMOKKOCTH MOReTHDORATE Gonee peanveTHumbie cHTYALNH, BLICO- Kile CKOPOCTH He MOMOTYT B MotempO- BaHMM ABEHUA, elle He MOMHOCTEIO H3y- wenmmix. Hanpumep, yveubie ToKa He MoTy? PaspaGoTaTb AocTaTOWHO Tou Hy! MONET ONHOBPEMeHHOTO BSpKIBA MeckombKHx G67HIKO PacnonoKeHHLIx ANePHEIX 3apaoB MPH OMIpeneneHUEIX yenosusx. Bose Toro, cneumanicrst 0 ‘Momemmponanio He MoryT yaoBneTBO- PHTeMbHO BocMPOUsBeCTH Bce PeaTbHO BOIMOXHBE BApHAHTH HaNANeHHs, MO- cKORBKY OnSITABIA MPOTHBHHK BEIOupa- eT Taxo BM aTaKit, KOTOPEIM HaNNyY- IHM O6pasom oTBewaeT cnoxMBUIeliC Ha aanuifl MoMent o6cTaxonxe. Cre- AoBaTeMbHO, mOGaA yBepeHHOCTS B 2)- exrusnoctu CTIPO, 8 xoTopoit ywre- BI pesyabTarst MembTaHHA Ha Mone- Jiax, OcHOBaHa Ha HOMyleHUM, UTO 1H- ua, oTRetcTBenmute 3a paxpa6oTKy MO- aenell, MoryT sapaiee npensiaers 1 BOCHPOHSBECTH B 3neKTPOHHOR dopme ‘TOT AMANAI0H TAKTHYECKHX MPHEMOB, K OTOP MoxeT npuGernyTs MpoTHa- HK. ‘Ha npumepe cvetenmsi nporHBoBos- ayumoit oGopons Aegis MoxHO DH eT, Kakwe OrpaHMNeHHs MpHCyULM HC TSITAHHAM, OCHOBAHHBIM Ha MoeMHpO- san. Cucrema npeniasnayena 218 CHEKEHHS 38 COTHRMM HAXOAAIIUXCR B Bosayxe OGveKTOB B pamuyce 300 KM Ht Baona 8 efictame weoGxonmMeix cpencrs oGopousi c west noparxcHuT ‘oxono 20 uenef 8 mpetenax nanbHo- Aelita ee o6opormTerbAbIX PaKeT. ‘Aegis Gnina ycranonnena a Kpeticepe Ticonderoga amepuxanickux BMC. To- ene Toro Kax Kopa6nb Guin nozroToB- ‘s1eH KIU1aBAHMIO, MPOBEIIA MepBOE HCTTI- ‘Tanme ero OGopouHTenbHOM cucTeMas. Bo ppens 2THx HembITaHHht ofa He cMO- aa cOuTs 6 ns 16 were w3-3a nencnpas- wocTell B nporpaMMubix cpencTBax; mpopenenuuie npexne MenkoMacu1Ta6- BIE H OCHOBAHHBIe Ha MoENMPOBANHH MCHBITAHMA He BCKDBIAM HMCIOULNXCH oumGox. Kpome Toro, 3-32 orpanu- NenHocTH amanasoNa MembITaHHA cHcTe- Me Hi pasy He Obin0 «npestBsBNIEHOD On- HoppeMenHo Gonee Tpex uenett. Tpy Take, GIIMSKOM X MpelenbHbiM BOIMOX-10 HocTaM cucTembi Aegis, pesynsTaTst, BeponTHO, Gtinn Gui ete xy>xe. B mpouecce nepssix HenbITANKA m0- Gol HoBOM cucTeMs! opyxnA sceraa BcxpbiBaIOTCH KaKHe-TO MenomanKH H TO Mews6exHo. Ko spemeun cneayio- ero ucmsttanus Aegis panee oGuapy- okenubIe OUINGKH GbiaH YcTpaHeMBI H yxe He nosropasuce. Byayuine werbi- ‘TAHA NO3BOANT BCKPLITH HOBBIe OUINO- Ku, KOTOPBIe B cBOIO O4epeN: GynyT TO- oke Yorpanenbi. Mimenno B mpouecce Ta- Koro NocnemoBaTeMbuoro nponeacHus HenBITaMult H ycTpanenuR OUINGOK cH- crema Aegis Gyner nocreneHio ycopep- meneTBoBaita. B oramune ot chicremut Aegis, ors: UTE TYTeM McmbITaHUA HecpaBHeHHO Gonee cnoxnyio CIIPO, npenwasnaucn- Hy!0 NR OTPaxeHUs MaccHposantof araxu GanaHcTHYeCKHX PaxeT, HeBOS- Moro. TlosTomy ee nepsbin HcmITa~ uuem — Gynet peanbiia wmpoxomac- urTaGHas aTaxa co cTopousi npoTHBHH- xa. Bone cnoxnax cuctema ynpanne- ua Gem, KoTOpas AomKua ocyulecT- BIaTE cnexeHHe 3a GombUIHM HnCTOM eneli H sHaturrembHo OnicTpee pearHpo- bate na wamettenuia OGcTaHOBKH, BPA TH Gynet paGorarh sbbexTupHee, Wem CH- ctema Aegis. Kpome Toro, 43-38 cepbes- BIX HenomaoK B MporpaMnHoM O6ec~- negennt 8 Goeskix yenosnax y paspaGor- NHKOB BPA 1H OCTAHETCR WaHe NOTOM oTnannTs cucTey. BOEBAR WacTe?2\, 9 {reece | > osnyyarounn >> PAAHONOKATOP B MMPE HAYKM - 1986/2 IM HE MEHEE cosmatenu CPO Gyayr miTaTica cnenaTs ee Gonee HalexHOM yTeM OTBICKAHHA «crAGBIX MECT» H HX HCKAIOMEHMR, MyTeM PacLIi- Penna ¢yHKUNOHAMHLIX BO3MOXxHO- Tell mporpammuoro oGecriewenus, a ‘Taxxke 3a cueT BpeneHus OnOTHMTeNE- HBIX TeXHMNeCKHX Ml MporpaMnateix cpeacrs. STH yous Hapaay c npupne- MeHeM HOBLIX moze K PaspaGoTKe CTIPO ocyutectanmortes, xax ropopsT cneunanneTs!, ¢ uenbIo «oGcayxHBa- us» nporpaMmuoro oGecnewenus. Ha ‘ce 3T0 MoxkeT NOTpeGoBaTEcs cyMMa, ApumepHo pasuas 70% oGuiell croumo- TH mpoerra ero paspa6orKu. ‘twa paxxusix acriexra, oTHOCALLAXCS K «oGcnyKuBaHMio mPorpamnnoro O6¢c- Neuenus, uMeIoT ocoG0e sHaYeHME 18 mpoexra coszauua CIPO. Tepsssti, nanGoree cyuiecTBenHBif, — 9To 3ana- Na yeTpanewus owm6oK, oOHapyxKeH- Bix nloeme TOFO, Kax mporpaMMuoe O6e- criewenne Geno «cnaHo B sxcrayara- umio». ITH oWMOKH MoryT GxIT® pas- ‘MMHBIMH — OT HeNPABHTEMO sanMCAR- HOO CHMBOZIa pH KOAMpOBAHINK 20 Mpocueros 8 paspaGorKe. 19 moun 1985 r. Opraxusauua crpareruuecrott oGoponHoM mHMuKaTHEBL MPOBENA NpO- TOM sxcnepumenr. Komania KocMHue- cKoro Kopabna MAoropasoBoro wenonk- sopanua (wartaa) nomKHa Gua pas BepHTS cBOM KOPAGNb TAK, NTOGHI 3ep- kail0, yeTanopnennoe Ha ero 6opty, MO- X nerexexrancs MPOFPAMMHOE OBECNEYEHME Ann o6pasoTKn WHcopMaynn B peanbHom Mac- TaGe BpeMeKH AOMKHO OGecneunBaTe CKOPOCTE BLINONHEHMAA PacveTHEIK ONepa- UMA 98 PEMA, CoOTRETCTAYIOUIee ANKTENKHOCTH COOBITUA, NPOMCXOARUIAX BHE Kounmiorepa. KomnsioTep, ynpasnaiowian paboTon papuonoKatopa, o6nysai0uero GoeByo WaT paxeTel, vTO6e! pakeTa-nepexsaTsik Morna ABMFaTECA K Yenn B Ha Apasnexwn OTpaxeHHoro CMrHana, OMKeH Be BPEMR yAepxMBATS Ny Ha YeNM, loka ona He GyfeT yHMuroxena. Ecni paqMonoKaTop CMECTHT CBOA ny¥ Cc Yeni Palbule speMeHl, pakeTanepexBaTUnk MOET «NOTePATE» CBOIO Yen, OCOCEHHO B Tex Chy¥aRX, KOTAa GoesaR YaCTL CHaGKeHa MexaHHIMOM, NOSEONAIOWAM of syckOnbsaTb» OT NepexBaTuika. B TO Ke BPeMA KOMNLIOTep HOMKEH YoneBaTb nepe- opweHTHposaT’ pagMonoKarop Ha APYTY¥O Yen, C TEM 4TOOs! BTOpaR GoesaA waCTe Toxe Obina nepexsauena. 0 oTpaxaTb ay4 asepa, HaxoaMBue- Toca na nepuusine ropts abicoron 10 023 ‘byra nan yposntent mops, OxcrepimerT He ynancs, mnockoabxy mporpamMa xonmbioTepa, ynpannnowero BIOKe- eM KocnunvecKOrO KOpaGaia, sTep- peTuposata wndopMainio o BuICOTe DaaMeMLeHNA azepa B MopexIOX MILAAX, a ne dyrax. B pesymmtate xopa6ay Guin pasnepnyr Tax, robs! npuuiMar ‘Ry Masepa © BepUNHBL HecyuleCTByIO- eh ropst BBicoro! 10 023 MopcKHe nH ‘IM Hast ypoBHEM MopR. Dra NeBomBuaR ‘oumnGxa Mato noRnusita Ha caMH veMI- Tanwx; BTOpHvHBIe HeMBITaKHR, MpOBe- eHHBIE HECKOTBKHNHL HAM NOK, npouins yenewno. Tem He mewee 3TOT ‘cayali noxasbiaer, To sake mpocTBie ‘OMIMGKH MOryT CTATS NPHUHHOA HeBLI- NRonHeHNA saaaN, cTORUIX mepen cuCTe- Mon. Ecim ounGxa w axcnepuMenTe ¢ KOC- arwecxsm xopaBnem 61a erko wenpa- Buwoll, TO yerpawenue oumGOK B CIPO norpebyer suasurensio Gon uuwx yews. Cnctenta ynpanstens Go- fem, B MaCTHOCTH, OMAHA MOny¥aTS H oGpaGarsisars uhopmawinio TaKiM ‘oGpasoM, WTOGH BO BpeMst aTAKH OCy- MIeETBTATOCK NOCTORHHOE cTEEHHE 38 voMenmoueicn oBcTaHosKoH He xommbioTepa. 370 osmavaer, TO npo- panne oGecnevenie 9Tol cucrest AomxHo paGoTaTt B peambHom MacwiTa- ‘Ge npenten (cat. puicynox na c. 10). Ox- au mpoGaem, cBxSAHHBIX c OTHICKaHI- em m yeTpanennen neucnpasiiocred 8 maxeTe mporpam, KOTOpHIM paccenTaH ua o6pa6orky unGopMauut » peambiiom MacwiTaGe Bpemen, saKmiowaeToa 8 ‘TOM, WTO 3TOT NaKeT MOXeT PabOTATHC oGopyaosaxem onHoro onpenenenio- To Tima W He MOET ¢ npyruM, OTANNA- ouuives nenansnoro. Hanpusep, ompe- senenHoro Tana paxeTa MOKET OBITS 8 MacTonulee BpeMm sanytiewa co cBeDx- 3ByKOBOH cKopocTsio ¢ caMoneTa THNIA F-4G Wild Weasel u ne morxer — c ca- Mosera Tuna F/A-18 Hornet: cucresa Mporpammmoro oGectevenua, KOTODAA nonontayeres na F-4G, He ansiseres n0- [AHOCTBIO COBMECTHMOM ¢37IeKTPOMEBIM oGopynonannen camonera F/A-18. Bropas wemanosaxias mpoGnema, enocpencTBEHHO OTHOCAIIARCR K TlOKe- Xxy m empasstensto ousn6ox B nporpaM- Max, PaGoTalouliX B peanbHOM wac- urraGe spemenn, saxmowaerex B TOM, NTO ONeHD TPYMHO saCTaBHTE OWIMGKY noptopuracs, a 270 Guipaer weo6xomn- Mo, Kora Tpe6yerca oGuapyauiTb Me- crowaxoxeaenme Hewcmpasuocte. Citr- Man, mbipaGarbinaemuil wa Bbixone cH- Tew, meficrayroutelt » PeastbuoM mac- uurTaGe BpeMens, acto onperenserc ‘Taku axTOpas, Kax npeMtx nocryn- ‘ReMMR cHTHaNA Ha ee BXOM OT s1aTAHKOS. Srm daxtoper, onpenennoue «rowe-WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN RU) PASPAGOTKA NPOTPAMMHOTO OBECNEYEHMR ANF CNPO n ewHe» mporpanntel, He Bceraa MO>xHO BOCMPOHSBECTH C TOfl CTeNeHBIO TOKO: rH, KoTOpas TpeGyercs na oGHapyxe- in YcrpaneHHs OUNGKH. BcaMOM fe~ xe, TOGbI HaftTH Ty HTH HHyI0 OWMOKY, HeoGxomMMo 3HaTs MpHUHHEL, OBYCIO- BuBuime ee nosBsenne. TlockonbKy 2518 Gomuinx cucTeM, o6paGarsisaioulnx muopmauio B peanbiom macurrabe DPEMeHH, cHlenaTs 3TO He Bcerna BO3- MO2xHO, OLINGKH B MporpaMMax mpaK- ‘THMeCKH MoxHO MAeHTHOHIUpORATE ‘TOMBKO BEPORTHOCTHO. Bombule Ma- LMHHSIe TIPOTPAMMBL, KaK MpaBHtAO, NO- cTenewHo copepuiencTayioTes lyre MOCHeNOBATEMBHOTO BHECCHHA B HX 10 KOHUa He OCOsHAHNBIX HaMeHemi. Ha KaKOM-TO 9Tanle MporpaMMMcT xe He MOXCT ¢ NOMHOM yBEpeHHOCTBIO NpO- THOIHPOBATS pesysbTaT; OH MOxKET BW HaReRTECR Ha TO, NTO 3TOT pe- symbrar 6yneT nocturayT. "AKOHELL, ete ona tpynnocth B yerpanenum oum60x 8 nporpaM- aX, MPenHasHaveHHEIX 218 PaOOTEI B PeambHom MacuiTa6e Bpemenu, cocTOHT 8 TOM, 4TO Mora MpH YeTpaHenMM Ta- xHx oUmuGOK AoMycKaloTea pyrHe. Be- PORTHOCTS ONYILICHHS HOBOM OUIKGK (unm weckomuxix oum60K) BO BpeMa YCTpAHeNH APyrOM, yxKe WSBECTHOR, cocramaser of 15 10 S0%. Bone Toro, Gombumuctso oumGox, AonymienttEix a Tamu paspa6oTKH nporpaMMHOTO. oGecrevenus, xoTopsie oGHapyxuBa- 1oTcR ye Nlocse Toro, KAK NPorpaMMst 3anyuleHti B pa6oTy, MpomBrmoTes ‘TombKo Torna, KOrNa 9TH MPorpaMMat HaHHaIOoT HCnONBIOBATe B OAHOM OGxeMe HX yHRUHOHABLIX BOIMOK- nocteli. 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