B MAPE HAYRU SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Wigganne Ha pycckom Asbike Dek vi A 1986SBoamencnto MUP iuppeduanaem. Bykuurem M. Wymbi 8 anekTpoHHbIx MpuGopax uv cuctemax Tepeson ¢ aursmtficKoro 7) Py da B kHure alirnwitcKoro yYeHoro ‘|BCeCTOPOHHE Mc eAMHEIX NOSMUHA PaccMOTpenb! MexaHMMbI reHepH- HWA WYMOB 1 WYMOBLIe XApAK- ICTHKM ONEKTPOHHBIX CT pOrcTs, HaunHaR ¢ OHNONADHEK nonesbix TpaHsHcTOpoR, AUOAOB, peancropos, CBY-npuOopos 4 KOH Man TaKWMM COBPEMeHHIMM pH Sopamn yHMKaNBHEINM yoTaHOB- aM, Kak KBAHTO! FeHeparopsi, np) fam [pKosecbcoua w AeTeKTope! TpasnTayMOHHeIX Bonk. KHura OT- mMUaeTOR ACHOCTEIO H NONHOTOA wanoxeHua MaTepuana. Ans cneywannctos 8 obnacta ‘SMeKTPOHUKM, —_USMEPHTENbHON, PagMonoKAayVOHHOA, nasepHor W PaAMoTexHAKn. 1986, 25 1., 2p. 10K. &WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN B MMPE HAYRH CTATBH Scientific American - UsqaHue Ha pyCCKOM A3bIKe VAUOCTPHPOBAHHBIA KYPHAL MEPEROA C AHPAMACKOTO - BMXOAMT 12 PAS B FOL - HBAETCH C 1983 FORA M3AATESLCTBO «MiP» MOCKBA N° 12. EKABPb 1986 B nomepe: (Gcienttic American, October 1986, Vol. 255, No. 4) 6 HoBbie MaTepvanbi n SKOHOMMKA Lacan IT. Knapx, Mepmon K. neste Tlocritxeiiot» sarepuanoneneitiy i TexHONOrHH MtTepHazIOR CTHMA.HpYIOT POCT MHOFIX CeKTOPOR IKOHOMIRN. HO- BBIC MaTEDHANM H MPOUECCEI YROBNETBOPAIOT MOTPCOHOCTH CYLNECTBYIOUIMX OTPACnefl MPOMBILLTEHHOCTH M NPHBOART Som Hook rexnonori 16 Matepwanbi Ana CucTeM MHCPOpMALIMK VM CBA3M Axon C. Meio Kak 8 npousiom, Tax # Tenepb pasBuTHe CHCTeM OSpaGoTKH H Nepenasn HHopMalutH JaBMCHT OT ycnexoR B OGnaCTH couauiin HOMLIX Marepriaton 26 MaTepmanbi AA A9POKOCMUYECKOM TEXHUKU — Moppuc A. Cmeiinbepe Leena, tocramestiae CIA » oGaact# n03m)KORLIX, EBePXIB}KOBMX H TNepaNyROUNIX MOSIETOD, 2 TAWOKE wyYENIM ocsmiveckoro mpoctpancTaa, rpeGyi07 co3antia ch/anO® H KOMNOSITOB, OTZNMALOUINXER NPOMMOCTLAO, NETROCTOIO >xapocToKocr io 34 MaTepvanbi ana HaseMHOrO TpaHCnopTa —_Y. Heian Kounmon, Hopman A, Moocmai ‘Muposan arronoGiimatan npoxmninennocrs, nunycratouian exteronto 40 Mom. NerROniX H rp¥aopktx aaTOMOGIT, norpeGanet orponhice Koniwecra0 narrepiaios. Ha nportao.icTno arToMOGuEA cefNae PacnOayereR WasteTEND Gontise aniosiitn, nnacrsace 1 miicoxonpow coprros eFamt, eM NecKOTHEO NeT Naa, 870 oe MPA 97OR OT pacan cHusiock noTpeGnenne OGbINHHX COPTOR TAH H 4yryHa 44 MaTepnanbi gna SHepreTMKK — Puvapd C. Kaoaccen, JIyuc A. Lxeupusaroxo {ina oBecneseinin rorioummecxoro Gnarococromitn mioGoro conpenenoro oGiieeraa NeoOXOANMO NOs WaT aep- FHIO, MPEoGpasoBEBaTh Ce 3 OTHUX OPM B APyrHe H NoTPEGaART» MupHanaMH cnocoGos. Ha kaxaoll M3 9THX craaHA ‘TheSyrores MaTepHanbs, OOnanaroume CneUMdHYECKHMH CBOMCTBAMH 54 MaTepanb! QnA MEQMYHE! — PoGepm A. @yanep, Zxonaman [x. Posen CCerounn crewwaumcrat w obnactu MeamuunicKo Texwonori pachOnaraor MNOECT#ON epaninueckir, cTexcaimiix H ApYTHR MaTepHanon. To novwonseT cosmanaT! NpoTed ‘oro rina, oOnazatoite nomicnHON coBMcernMocTMO€ AMAA TRAHAN 64 Hayka 0 MaTepManax —LLxcepand JI Jlueda Ulmpoxoe pasnooGpasne HCnOM3yeMLIX B HACTORUIEE BPEMA MATEPHANOB OOLACHRETER YMEHHEM NOSYY4ATE HOBLIC expyxrypm c aazaiinina cnoficreani, oBecnewnmatouorni Gone nutcoxoe havecT=O roTONGR MPONKE 74 HOBbie MaTepManbi B SNEKTPOHUKE —paeun Yaydxapu B HenaneKom Gyayulem KDHCTa/AEt, HCNOAbayeMBIe B OBICTPONEACTBYIOUIMX TOFHYECKHX YCTPOHcTRAX, GyayT BMEULAT Gonee 100 tse, TpanuicTopon, a xpucrannut, npenvasnasennase 12m tanonunaiouiin YerpOReTs, eMOryT Xpait 10 16 sen. Gur mdopsatun 86 Marepwanbi ana cboTOHMKM fix. M. Poynan Tipenayutecraa nepenasiteBeTODiAx cHTHaIOB BMECTO ANEKTHCKIX CT-N MpiHHON NORBNENA cBEpxsHCTOO cTe- ‘1a, NoxyMPOROAKINOBUN craBoR TOMO & Hecxo7BKO ATONOD H Hemi cea. Bnaronapa conan 971 ‘MaTepwaios HaNeTHK nepesopot B PAaBitTWt cHeTeM cB 98 Mepcnektuenbie MeTaNNb! —Bepnapd X. Kup C noMoutnio Nonsix rexnonornecnin MeTOstOR MONO COMLATH METADIN € TAKOM XPHCTAAANYECKOR CTPYRTYPOR, KO- ‘Topan nprctact nw WoKuOsITENBMO BUICOKME MPONHOCTD, AapOCTORROCTE H aHTHEOPPOSHONIsIe cBONCTA 110 MepcnekTueHbie Kepamuyeckue MaTepuanb! =F. Kenm Boyan OGtenMHeHHEe 9THM HaIHAHHEM HeMeTAAMMECKHE W HENOMUMEpHBIE MaTEpHasTb! OONAMAIOT BLICOKUMH TREPNOCTBIO, ‘renoctofixocrio W xinsocToRKocTHI0, 1k Mo%RHO MoaitntinponaTb c HemIo NOMA clea TN HR TPAWECKIX cootors. Haynie ncenenonaitin cocpenOroNentt a NpeOnOmeitit is OCNOBHOTO HEADCTATER —~ CRAOWNOSTH MDM Sony paxpyuiente 120 FlepcnekTHeHbie nonMMEpE! Spun Badep Hloctuoxens » oGnactu eutrena W uepepaGorxit HOnHMepoB, OCHOBAH Ha COMpeMENILIX MPeNETABNEHIRK O BIaN- ocemt exc Hx crpyxtypoa w cnoftrnaN, cnocoBctnyior nonyveHitio Honk MarepHaoe 132 KOMNOSMUMOHHbIe MaTEpMANbI Ly Ret Loy, Pod J. Max-Kaxaod, P. Baipon Maine rou atu rHOpuanbic sarepwans MOXHO Goi cnOm-0NaTs 8 ROMCCTHC KONCTPYRIUONNIN MaTCPHAAOM, OTBENRIO™ unix Buco TpeGosannins ConpeMeNtON TeAKONOFHN, m MNPORIX NpeneAar WIMENBIOT HX COCTaR M CTDSRTYPY nommMepon, cr.1a80% VAREME ZIENENTN PYBPMKH 3 O6 astopax 5 50 100 net Hasag 15, 25, 52, 84, 108 Hayka 1 oGwecTBo 145 Kuru 152 SaHMMaTenbHEIn KOMNBIOTep 158 Hayka BoKpyr Hac 164 BuGnuorpacbus 168 Ykasatent cTaten sa 1986 r.SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ‘Jonathan Piel BOARD OF EDITORS Philip Morrison Armand Schwab, Jr. Timothy Appenzeller John M.Benditt Peter G. Brown David L.Cooke, Jr. ‘Ari W. Epstein Michael Feirtag Gregory R.Greenwell Robert Kunzig James T.Rogers Ricki L.Rusting ‘Samuel L. Howard ‘ART DIRECTOR Richard Sasso George S.Conn, GENERAL MANAGER Gerard Piel CHAIRMAN © 1986 by Scientific American, Ine. ‘Tonapiuan anax Scientific American, ero TexeT n wpniproBoe odopmutenie ‘RBOIOTEA HCRMIOGHTEMTHON COBCTBEHHOCTHIO Scientific American, Inc. menonba0battet nech B cOOTBETeTEH ‘C MMUeHEIHOMNIEIN OTOEOPOM B MUPE HAYRH SAMECTHTES F1ABHOTO PEMAKTOPA 1.B.Wenenesa HAYMHMIE PERAKTOPDE 3.6. Koxanoea O.K.KyApABOB T.A.Pymanyesa A.M.CMoTpo8. A.10.Kpachoriesyes AWTEPATYPHWE PEAAKTOPM Nonosa M.B.Cypososa XY JOXECTBEHHUA PEMAKTOP C.A.Ctyno8, SABEAYIOMAS PERAKUMER Tf]. Opank KameneuKan PYKOBOMMTEMIE FPYTINE OOTOKAGOPA T.C.AsMMoe TEXHMMECKHA PEDAKTOP: 5.7 UypKnna, KorreKtoP HA Basunosa OOPMAEHHE OB1O%KH PYCCKOFO HAAN M.T>KyKos UPHeTOBME PABOTH B.B.Ecbunos ANPEC PEAAKUMM 129820, Mockea, TN 4-H Puxcknit nep., 2 TENEGOH PEAAKUMH 286.2588 © nepesoa na pycexsi sami modoparrenie, «Mutp», 1986 Ha o6nomKe + Hosbie matepvanbi Pororpadun ua OGnoxKe cHMBONNBUpYET TeMy, KOTOPO! NocBAMIeH TOT HoMeD >xypuara «B supe naynit», a HMeHNO: KaK WacyLuuble TPeGoBaHHA 9KOHOMHKI CTH- Mysmposasi paspaGoTRy HOBEIX MaTepHAIOB H COSINE TeXHOMOTHN, HEOOXO.I- MoH Aria wx mpowsnocTsa. Ha boTorpaguu ws0Gpameva KanLAR Ha KOHUC 3aroTOBKH Wo ONTHNECKOrO CTeKIa, MpesMasHA¥EHHOTO IAN RBITIDKKH BOMOKOMHLIX cBeTODO- 2208. (CinMox caesian na saxoze xomnanan Corning Glass Works » Yaunmmarroxe, urr. Cesepas Kapomna,) B aware mpouecca BO70KHO slHaMeTPOM OKOMO 0,1 Mi ‘TaweTeR uened 38 naaaowel xannefi. Xwrpoysmas texnonorsx, paspaGorannas ‘Ax HSFOTORNCHIA OMTHNECKHX BOTOKOH, BOSHIKTA TOM BAHKEM BCE BOSPACTAIO- lux TpeGonaniit « cicTeMaM nepenayn siopnauit. Vnnoctpayun OBNO%KA: Shot CTP. ABTOPIMCTOUHVK CTP. ABTOPIMCTOUHMK CTP, ABTOP/MCTOUHMK 6 James Kilkelly ‘Sygma (eeepxy bite a Aircraft cneso); (anuay) 8411 Jerome Kuhl , eee 106 Pratt & Whitney 13 Jon Brenneis General Hospital piserade ve Arar el oneal Fate ae aboratories Medicine and M.R. Fletcher 48-21 James Kilkelly Density of New 412.115 George V.Kelin jersey at ‘waza Johnny Johason Piscataway 116 Corning Glass 26 Donald M. Curry, (orusy) Works Lyndon : 60 Vivotech 117 H.Kent Bowen Pe VotneGa Sace (eeepxy), George Conte Sau V. Kelvin (ons) 2532 Hank Iken an 118 Garrett Torbine 34 James Kilkelly & — Museum, Engine Company 36-42 Andrew Christie — 120 Linda C. Sawyer 44 Cary Chin, Sand line alia 122423 Ian Worpole National 74,7 roma Laboratories JWatson 18 a (46-47 Edward Bell Research a Products: 48,50 George V. Kelvin Bie Ceoree Relies 132 T.W.Chou, . 86 Phillip C.M. Kuo, 49 Jon Brenneis A. Harrington/ S.Y.Luo, Eh A ontican: Fron Hes K.W. Xianyu Biomaterials ee. 134-137 Gabor Ki Corporation mo6esHoro é paspeulenns 141 Gabor BSB) ekeal-Sisune Aeraetes 182487 Susan E. Brennan 57 Carbomedies, Inc. appsaeitt War lowes 8896 George Retseck | ide ead 98 David Pearson cepedune enpasa, i aw Chris ‘enusy) David 50 tenet Medics 2107 Andrew Chrisie nen excel Medical Tae oy some 102 Hank then Scenes (@ L. Ricci (enu3y) 104 Andrew Christie Repadiine cane 59 Ira Wyman, (coepxy), Pratt & 160-162 Michael GoodmanO6 abmopax Joel P. Clark, Merton C, Flemmings UDKOSN Tl. KIAPK, —MEPTOH K. @JIEMHHTC «Hossie warepnannt M 9KOHOMHKa») — COTPYAHMKH Kace- DBI MaTepHAsIOBEMTEHHN H TEXHONIOTHK Marepnanos MaccaycercKoro TexHo- normueckoro unctuTyta (Kaapk — npodeccop, remuire — saenyiouusit sTof xadeapon). Knapx nonyaia cte- eis 0KTOpa Hayk B OGsIACTH MaTepHa~ MOBENEHHA M TeXHOTOTWH MaTeDHAIOB B MaccastyceTCKOM TeXHONOTHMECKOM JtH- cviryte # crenent marncTpa 8 Coanic- oft mikomle aMitiitcTpaTHBHOrO ynpas- enna. SIsnasck saBenyroulnM staGopa- Topitell MATEpHAOB Ht CHCTEM, PYKOBO- ANT buanicnpyeMOn poMIUAeHtMH xpyramit mporpaMMon mo avaqnsy Ma- Tepwanos MW MpoNsBOACTREHHEIX MpO- tueccos. 3a BpeMn paGoret 8 Maccayy- CeTCKOM TeXHONOTHeCKOM HHCTHTYTE ‘@nesumire nceraa nonmepauna TecHbte CoNOH C MPOMBILLACHHOCTHIO, 3aHHIMaR HOCTSL AUPeKTOpa WAN KOHCymbTaHTa 0 MHOrHX dupMaX. OH yuHLICR Ha Me- ‘Tanayprueckom dakyatsrere Maccasy- CeTeKOTO TeXHONOTHNECKOTO. MHCTHTY- ‘Ta, MOANA cTeNeHe NOKTOPA Hayk B 1954 r. w BosepaTiica » MHCTHTYT Ha npenonasatensckyio paGoty B 1956 r. BanmMacTeR MCCTeLOBANIERNH HOBLIX -MaTepHaton i HOBLIX TeXHOTOTHYeCKHX. npouieccon, John S. Mayo (IDKOH C. MEFO «Ma- TTepwanst sna CHCTeM NHOOpMaN i consi») — nillte-npesitnenT no ceTenbiM cuctemam 8 gupme AT&T Bell Labo- ratories. 3a spema cnyaObi B 9TO up Me OH CBIrPa BAKHYIO Porb B paspa- Gorke pata TexHnNecKHX yCTpOHCTE, B ‘Tom nem cnyTHHKa «TeneTapm, cHeTe- MbI U8 MpOBEAeHNA BHucOTENeKOHIe- eH, oKeaHorpadnecKOrO conapa, unbpoBLix KOMMyTHPYIOUIX cHeTeM, ImnTerpastbHBIx cxeM Ht YeTPORCTE oTO- incu. B wacromitice spent oH ocytuiccT- Braet oGuinil KOuTpoNE 3a Npopemenut- €M HecmeAODaHHA 8 OGnACTH aeKTPO- kit, MepemaiouUNX H TepeKmHouaroutsEx cHeTeM i ceTeBOTO NAAHMPOBARHR. Mefto umeer yenbie creneHHt B OGnaCTH SHeKTPOTEXHHIKH, BKMHOWAR CTEMEHE 110- Kropa wayk, npHcnoenyio emy Yunvep- curetom wr. Cesepnax Kapommna. Morris A. Steinberg (MOPPHC A.CTEAHBEPT «Marepians ann aopoxoemmeckoA Text») KONE npowinoro rosa sbuuen Ha neHcHO, npopaGoras 27 net xopnopanin Lockheed. Ha epoem mocmeaem nocty syue-mpesiuienTa 10 Hayanbin Hecmes10- BOHHSM OTHeWaN 3a BeAPEHMe HOBHIX Texworiorill KOMMEpYECKOE POSBOR- ccTBo. B Hacromuice ppema xoncynsrant "No a9poxoeMvecKoMl TexNKe Mt HOUeHT Ha xadeape marepsatopencnua 6 Kasi opuutickom yunwepcrrete B Jloc- Avuvxenece. CrefinGepr nonyuun cre- ene Gaxastaspa s MaccayyceTCKOM Tex- MomioruMecKoM uneTHTyTe B 1942 r., a cnyeTa TPH roa, KoTOpbie OH NpoBen a eBpottelickoM TeaTpe BOCHHBIX eMl- TRH KaNecTRe KanNTaHa BOCHHO- ‘BOMAYLIMBIX CHM, BepHysICN B HHCTHTYT, rae MONK CTeneHs MarHeTpa M AOK- ‘Topa MayK B OGsacTH MeTaAyprHH, W. Dale Compton, Norman A. Gjostei (Y. JEW KOMITOH, HOPMAH A. PhOCTAMH «Marepmaant a8 Ha- aemHoro Tpawenopta»). KomnTou, npopaGorapum p Kosmannm Ford Motor Company 16 ser, Hem1apHo niony- ‘HA NOMHOCTE CTapUlerO Hay4Horo cO- ‘TpyanuKa HannowanHoh axaenun ‘Texnuecknx nayx. Ha npexuelt paboTe Gui sapemyloulHM XuMuKO-QuIHUECKOM naGopatopiefi Mm situe-npesuenrom KOMMANHM lO HayYNBIM HocmeOBaHN- am. Panee mpodeccopom H3HKH B Vinamoficekom ysimepcurete, KoTO- puiit B 1955 r. mpicyann emy cTenenb Hoxtopa dunocodus. Hopman A. To- crafin — saseayloumh aaGoparopneh CHCTeMHBIX HecnenOBaHHA KoMmaHHH Ford, PaGoraer na upme c 1960 r., rae 3auuMat — pasmMuNsie —nOmxHOCTH, BKMIONas H TY, Ha KOTOpoll OM NOMOTA”. Kommrony 8 nianuposamin 1 Koopai HHpOBAHMH nepenexTHBHLIX TexHIHe- (CKHX H MecnesIOBATenKCKHX MporpaMM. Tloaysun creneni 6axanaspa nayK n Ma- Tuerpa Hay& 8 VinsimNoficcKom TexHOsI0- TUWeCKOM KHCTUTYTe H cTeneH» HOKTO- pa duiocopus 8 Yunsepcurete Kapue- rH—Meanona, Richard S. Claassen, Louis A. Girifalco (PMYAPH C. KJAACCEH, JIVMC A. IDKMPH@ANBKO «Matepnanei JAK IHepreTHKU>) — COOTBETCTBEHHO ‘suue-npesurenr Haunonansieix na6o- paropfi Canana B JIusepmope, wir. Kanuoprna, w mpodeccop Matepiian0- penennia n Flecunknavicxon yuunepen- ere. To oxonwanun dusiecxoro da- xymbteta Kopxenicxoro yunpepcutera 1 1944 r. Kaaaccex Gti npupneven xa- MecTBe HIOMOUMNNKAa HocneqOBATeAR K paGore Han ManxarTaHcxiiM mpoeKTom 8 He1o-Mopxe. Nonywi ananne 20xt0- Ppa dunocodun B oGnacTu gusuKH B Muuviecorekom ynunepcutere 6 1950 r. M neKope nocrynim B sa6opaTopHto Cantus B Anb6yxepke. B 1982 r. nepe- exan 8 JIusepmop. J>xupudamsKo npe- nonaet 8 yxusepewTete c 1961 r. Bout ‘Take Ha HecKONbKHX AIMUAHETpATHB- HBIX OMKHOCTAX, B TOM Mee 3aMe- cTirenem mpopexTopa no uecnenoBann- sin. Tlonywut crenenm Mariictpa Ml 10- KTopa dusocopun » oGactm dite 2 ‘Teepaoro Testa 8 LunumasarcKon yHN- BepcHTere, Ho B rlocnemHMe roms! OGpa- ‘Tus1es K MecneqOBaHHAM 3HaueHHA 3Hep- HM U1 KOHONUEKHL, Robert A. Fuller, Jonathan J. Rosen (POBEPT A. ®YJUIEP, IDKOHA- TAH JDK. PO3EH «Matepuanst ana MeNHUMHEI») — COTPYAHEKH Hayano- ‘Texnneckoro 6opo ¢upmat Johnson & Johnson. @ynnep — sutie-npesuinent m0 MayXHDIM H HADKeHEpHBIM BOMpOCAM, Posev — aupexrop no HayubiM Boripo- cam. ysep poaucs » Kanaste; » Mun- NecoTcKOM yHuBepcHTeTe nomnysiit cre Hew AoKTopa dinocobuH a OGnacTH Guoxnmun, nocne vero w 1959 r. ctan COTpyaMHKOM KaNancKoro usa ‘dupsir Johnson & Johnson. Bno- cneneTaun paGoran B pasmuntsx oTZe- SICH 3TOR (UPMBI; HBIHELIKHH CROM oct sanmmaer c 1981 r. Posen nonyann Tene’ 2OKTOpa NOCOHN B OGNacTH usyvenna Guomatepuanos B 1974 r. B ‘Yunnepcwrete Kefica u pa6ora B 3TOM yapexmtennu eute nea roma; 3aTem nepe- wen 8 BawnHrroncxuft yauBepcwter. C 1979 r. paGotaeT » dupme Johnson & Johnson. Gerald L. Lied! (DKEPAJI 21. M- EJUJI «Hayra 0 marepiianax») — mpo- Geccop matepHanonenenua Yanisepcu- tera TMapao. Onnospeennio sosrnas- set Ulkony KOHCTpyMpOBANHIR HOBBIX Marepuanon, Corpyaumuectso ¢ Yi- vepentTerom Tapiio, npoaonxarouiee- ea yxxe 30 ner, JImea.1 Havas ene co cTy- ReHVECKIIX eT, TAM KE OKOHMIT aCTIN- pantypy, ac 1959 r. cram mpenonapars, Beane npodeccopa nonysnin 8 1978 r. Octosuax nayanas paGora JInesina eas santa c vayseunent @as0BbIx HepEXOOE 8 ‘Teepabix Tenax, AubpaxUwiH peHTreHion- cxink aysefl, a TaKKe € MeemeTOBaHTIRMIH 18 oGnacTH SneKTPONHOM muKpOCKOMTHH. Praveen Chaudhari (TIPABMH YAY- XAPH «Hosste marepuambt B 9sieKTpo- MuKe») — BHUe-npesHAeHT —dupMBI International Business. Machines Corporation, ormercrseusbift 3a way¥- bie ecnenovanna. Posuics » Maus, Oxon Maauticxutt Texnosiornueckih wuctutyr p Kxapaxnype H 3aTem nepe- exans CIA, rae nponomaun o6yxenue 8 MaccawycercKo TexHonornyecKoM uuctutyte. Tam xe » 1966 r. nonyuia Tenet noxTopa Hayx. B TOM xe roay noctynna a paGory 8 eccnenonaTene- Knit uenTp mint. T. Yorcoxa dupmet IBM. Hactomyto 1omKHocTs sansa ev 1982 r. J. M. Rowell (DK. M. POY9JLJI «Ma- ‘Tepuanti ant HOTOHUKH>) — oMoM- MK suue-npeswmenTa Konan Bell Communication Research (Bellcore) — paGotaeT 8 naGoparopus Tsepaoro Te- Ja 4 TexHonorun, Pomunes ¥ mony.r) oGpasosanue Aur, oKonsnn Oxc- ‘opackuh ynusepenter. Mocne nonyue- mais 1961 r. n0KTopeKofi crenenu nepe- xa 8 CIUA, noctynun p urrar Texun- ‘eckux coTpyauuxos Bell Telephone Laboratories 1 octaranca TaM ansioTh o pasuenenuia @upaibi Bell B 1984 r. C 3Toro MomeTa, nuweT oyna, «rsap- HBIM MOUM 3HSTHeM cTall MOMeK 321a- ua 20% aGoparopHi. Bernard H. Kear (BEPHAPI] X. KMP «Tlepenextimnsie Meranmsiy) — nays HbR KoHcyABTaNT m Mccsenonarem- cKom ueHTpe dupMet Exxon. Yaeubie cTenenn Gaxasiaspa, 2oKTopa dusi0co- bun n 2oxTOpa HayK Gxinn mpHcpOeHBE emy Bupmuuirencxyn yuupepenre tom B Aura. Cpoto tpyzonyio entens- nocts Kup Havant c uccnenopaTenscKon paGorst B oGnactH meTanayprin » Be- muKo6pirrannn, Ho 8 1959 Fr. nepeexa B CUIA H cram paGotars B Muctityte HM. panknnna s Diamenbdun. 3areM Kup nepeuien 6 ornenene Pratt & Whitney upset United Technologies Corporation, re samsiwanes neenenona- HHEM CTDYKTYDBI, CBORCTB H METOLOB onyvenux cynepcnnasos. B 3ToM dup- Me Kup npopa6oran 18 ner, npexne eM Tepeuien Ha cBOIO HAIHEUIHIOI pa- Gory » 1981 r. H. Kent. Bowen (IT. KEHT bOYSH «Tlepenextnmunie Kepaxanueckne Mate- wtasib») — nposbeccop MaccayycercKo- Fo Texwonormueckoro —-MHCTHTYTa (MTV), sanumaetes uccnenoBannani 3 OGaacTH TexHONOrHM KepaMitdecKHEX Ma- ‘Tepuanos W SneKTpoTexHuKH. CrencHb Gakanaspa noayuus s 1967 r. » Yaunep- curere urr. Ors, a HoKTopexy!o cre- new —p 1971 r. 8 MTM. B 1970 r. cran coTpyaumxom Kacbexput MaTepitaone- ‘eH H-TexHONOruN MTH, a aren ne- Peulen Ha Kadenpy oneKTPOTeXHHKI Ht paspaGOTKu siexTpoHHo-bLLcaMTemb- Hof TexHMKH, Boyan awiaerca TacKe aupexropom mporpammet MTH no co- nai NpOMBIUINENHLIX CHCTeM yipasnenio npowssoncTsoM. Erie Baer (@PHK BAMEP «Mlepenex- ‘Tumnute HoAMMePLI») — uposeccop ma- KPOMOneKysIapHOR xuMM BTexsHye- KOM uneTuTyTe YastsepcuteTa Kefte- Bectepa-Peséps. Pomnaca s Tepmanun, oGpasonanne nonyuna m CUIA. Tocae Hony¥enHs cTenenH noKTOpa gsin0Co- Quit B OGaacTH xHMHMeCKOA TexHOROT UH 8 Yuusepenrere Lbxowa Tonxusca pa- Goran » E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. B 1960 r. Bafiep craaco- ‘TpyaHnKoM Miinnoficexoro yuusepcu- teva, ap 1962 r. nepewea » Mncrutyt Kefica, re opranisonan Hccnenosaxus no MHOrocTopowHell nporpamne Hay¥e- 2000 XUMHM H-TeXHOROTHK, TOAMMEPOB. {nepsaa mporpamMma Taxoro pona 8 B MMPE HAYKM-1986/N° 12 CUIA). Ox sosrnasia nporpammy Go- nee 16 ner w cneanm 3a ee peammauneh Ha Qaxyaerere MaxpomonexysiapHolt xunu. B 1978 r, Baflep Ghisi nasnaven nexatom Huctutyta Ketica. Tsu-Wei Chou, Roy L. Me Cullough, R. Byron Pipes (UY BEM LOY, POM Jl. MAK-KAJUIO®, —P, BAHPOH TIAMINIC «Kommosnunonnsie marepia- aby) — mposeccopa enasepexoro yumpepcureta wnewsi Hauutonamesoro UeHTpa TeXHMNECKHX MccnenOBAMHA KOMNOIHUNOHHEIX. MaTepHaoB TIpH 9TOM yrunepewrete. Hoy nonysnn cre- new Gaanaspa p HauvonansHom yuu pepcurete Tafisans, ctenems MarueTpa —s Cesepo-sananHiom yssinepcutere, a ctenenb oKTopa durocodun — » Crandopackom ynnepcstere. B Hena- BepcKoM ynuBepcuTere paGoraeT c 1969 r., rae B 1978 r. cran mpodecco- POM OTAENEHIIA MexaHMHeckoHl TeXHO- norun. Lloy HeonMoKpaTHo wiTam sAeK- umm 8 ApronncKolt wauMoHambHon sta Goparoprin 1 yrnpepenterax BesHKo- Spurann, Janannoh Tepwanun, Ap- renriist a HOokHoMt Atbpnxn. Mak- Kanno oxowsus Befinopocxiityun- pepenret H Yiunepewret ur. Ht10- Mexitxo, rite 8 1960 r. nonysnn crenenb aoKtopa dunocodun. HexoTopoe spe- a paGoT ai B pasilHYHBIx WACTHBIX KOM nanusx, ap 1971 r. cran mpoeccopom XuMNeCKOM TexHonorHN & JlenaBep- CkOM ynuBepesreTe. On snaeTCR nO- MOUIHHKOM aMpexTopa LleHTpa Texi- MecKHIX MiccTeORAHII KOMMO3HUHOR- bix MaTepnianon. Mafine Gia anpexto- POM 3Toro UeHTpa BIAOTS sO HasHaKe- Hua Ha 2omkHOCTS aeKana VnkenepHo- FO Kommemxa » 1985 r. Jloxroperyio crenelib nomy5nit B TexaceKom yHuBep- currere » 1972 r., pa6oras onnompesen- Mo B xopniopawin General Dynamics. 3a- ‘TeM cTan coTpyaMUKoM JIpexcemscKoro yiumepcurera, a 1974 r. nepewen B Tenawepcxut yuwepeurer. Zi. Wu 4MCNEHHbIE METODbI B 3AQAYAX TENSIOOBMEHA Tlepewoa ¢ aurzuiicxoro B KHure Mpepctasnenbi oOsop 4 onucanne HavGonee odxpexrn HbIX, RPHMEHREMBIX 8 BBINCKH- TenbHOM NpakTHKe NoAxOAOB MMe ‘Topos pacvera, paccMoTpeHo npH- nooeHne OTHX MeTOAOS K HoCne- RoBaHio HanOonee BaxHEN NpO- eccos Tennooomera: Tennonpo- BORHOCTH, KOHBEKUMK ” Manye- Hus. PaccmorpeHbi cbuswueckHe ‘OcHoBE! H MeTOAL! pewieHAA ono HBIx KOMNNeKCHBIX sajay, CBRSaH- HbixX ¢ TypOyneHTHOCTbIO MropeHH- em. Ana cneywanuctos, acnupan- Toe H crygeHTos # pasnnnbix O6- nactax TennodwaMKu, BBluncnA ‘TenbHOM ¥ npHknagHoA MaTeMaTH- ku, @ TawoKe ANA miKeHepHo- TexHMYECKMX paboTHHKOS B OGra- CTH aBnalMoHHon M pakeTHO- KOCMMUECKOM TexHKH, SHEproMa- WMHOCTPOeHUA, KAMUYECKOR TeX: Honora. Ms peyensvn aKanemnia AH SurCCP A.A. KykaycKaca: «Kira RlOcTpoeHa MeTOAMYECKH CNeHE yaauino... MIpACTYNaIOWAA K uByuE- iio YMCReHHbIx MeToAOB CTYAeHT (CMOKET NPOHMKHYTE B CTOxHOCTH gana Tennoo6meHa c nopKynavo- le npocroTom; a spentim uccne- oBatent HaAgeT 6 KKHTe MOTO NoywnrensHoro w wHTepecHOron. 1988, 39 2. Lowa 4 p. 30. Tipenmaprrrentinute 3axa9u wa xT ‘anyexa 1988 r. npinmunasores ¢ anpeas-Max 1987 5. maraunanat, PACMPOCTPAHMOULANIH HAy'HO- ‘TEXHHMECKyIO AHTEPATYPY.50 100 3 WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZINE NAROD.F wm HASAO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OKTSABPb 1936 r. 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TIpennocsinxn K TaKOMy Nepexony Ha BLINYCK TTACTMACCOBBIX aBTOMOOH.te! pecbMa cyuiecTsenti. lnotHocts cra AM cocTaBiaeT OKONO 7,8 T/eM?, Tora Kak MIOTHOCTR MlacTMacc B cpenHem papua 1,2 r/c’. Cnenosatenbio, nepe- xoml Ha Goxee aerknit MaTepua oGenta- eT CHHBHTT yaeabHBIi Pacxon TONANTBA B npouecce 2KcrnyaTauMN aBTOMOOINs. Ect 1 apyroe npeumyuecrso. Taact- Macchi He MloaBep»KeHbI KOPPO3HH Ht sIY4= tle MOTHBOCTORT NerkKUM ynapaM, a cHeHOBATEALHO, HX NPUMEHENHE MoxeT YBeAUUTE cpeANUT CpoK ciyrkOB! aBTO- Mo6naa. C1974 r, Macca «cpeaneron asTomo- Guna s CWA cHusuaacs na 15%, wan mpuMepxo wa 250 Kr, mpenmyutectBeH- HO 3a CHET YMeHBILIEHHH BETO KOHCTPYK- tui yrnepoaNCTOA cram H 4yryHa. Ta PANOKCANLHO, OAHAKO, YTO, XoTA ANIAWWW. SCIAM-MAGAZINE. NAROD.F 10 8 MMPE HAYKIN- 1986/N 12 TOTPESHOCTe OTPEsHOCTE B REPAMMKE, B NOPOWKAX B 1005, MI HOM. ‘TOHH 1905 1998 PEAY MHCTPYMEHT s 160200 750 POTOPEI = 7080 TYPBOHATHETATENE = MEXAHAMECKME 50,200 1 YanOTHER NA ee fi eu SIVIIKM KIANAROB ABTO- Mosnnbneie ABArATENEH | — eee ised acero 135 “070 3500 PACTYUIMMA CNPOC Ha KoHCTpYKUHOHHbIG KopaMMuecKHe MaTepans! B OAUDKa! luee ReorTHneTHe 6yey CKORYeHTpUpOBAK & CONaCTRX, rAe PewaOMMMK CaKTop. Mu ionRIOTCA TenNOCTOAKOCTe M USHOCOCTORKOCT MaTepMarra. KepaMMMeckie PO Topti Typ6onarneTaTeneH HWeIOT MeHLUIYID MaCcy U, cneAOBaTeNbHO, MOTYT ObICT- ee Ha0upark pabouyio cKOPOCTH; & MexXAHUMeCKINX YRNOTHEMVAX RONONHUTENSHBIM. RpenmyWecrsOM XePANViKi RBNACTCA CTOAKOCTS K NUMUNOCKHM BOOQECTBUAM, Yrasannbie yncpb! OKpAaemoro B 1995 r. NoTpe6neHMA KepamnyecKkux NOpowKoOB nonysens! 8 npeRnonomeHnn, 4TO KaXKAaA Ccbepa PbiNKa BPIpacTeT Ao pasmepa, InpoMemyTounOro MEMAY HEDXHEM H HIORHER OUeHKEMH Ha. 1995 r apromoGwiefi Bbinycka 1992 r. npoeK- THpYeTCA aanbueMlutee cHHKeHHE Macc na 27%, ons cranu (no Macce) n aBTo- MoGiae, Kax OxMAAeTCR, OcTAHETCR Ha ypone 1974 r. Dror baxr oGbacHAeTCR nino ¢ yrnepoancrofi cransio. Hapaay © 2THIM. HeMonBsOBAHHE ATIONIMHHR BO3- poco 1a 50% no cpasnieno ¢ 1975 F. 1 cocranaset Tenepb OKO 60 Kr 1a a ToMobINT, a k 1992 r. OMANO Bospac- ‘TH aM HesHasHTeTBHO. Bamena oObINHOM yrnepomuicTo! cra- IM BICOKONPONHOM HHTSKOMIerHpoBAN- IpHMeHeHteM BEICOKOMPONNDIX HIEIKO- AerMpoBANHBAX CTaLteN, HeTAmH 13 KOTO PBIX HMetOT MeHBILIyIO Maccy no cpaBHte- 80 18 60 45 30 cToMMOcTS ManENMA, AON. 18 2 4 6 8 10 TOROBAR NPOMSBOAHTENBHOCTS, MNH. LITYK 9OOEKT MACIITABA momer 3ameTHo WaMeHUTe CTOMMOCTS NpousBOACTBA poTo- OB TypOOHArHeTATeneA CNOCOGOM UNHKEpHOTO NUTHA US HUTPHAa KPEMHUR cnepCTaHe HaMEHEHUA KANKTANOBNOKEHMA 8 NPOMSsOqCTBO. KpMBaR NoKasbiBAeT BABMCUMOCT CTOUMOCTH poTOpa OT Ob veMA NpoMSBOACTAa. TexHONOFMueCKMiA Bb x0” (oTHOWeHHe ConEpKAKMA MaTepviala & KOHEUHOM NPOAYKTe K KONMWeCTBY MaTe- piiana, BseneHHoro 8 NPOUeCC) NPAHAT pashei 80% (MHOTO Bulle, YeM B HACTORWEE pew); CTOMMOCT NopoUKa HUTPHAa KPEMHUA NpHHsTa PaBHOA 20 Ronn. 3a 1 Kr (Horo Minx, YeM Tenepe). HON ORASaNacH Het UAHOM KaK NOTPeBI- ‘TesIAM, TAK H NPOHSBOANTEsIRM. 3aMeHa T kr obtisnoft cram mbicoxonpounon ‘oGecneunsaeT 9KOHOMIIO MpHMEPHO 8 1 Gexsntia 3a cpennith cpox cayikOet aBTO- Mo6uas. Cnestonarensio, 100 xr Bico- KonpoNHol! HHaKonerMpoBaHHOH cram 'B KADKIOM epestHeM aBTOMOGHLTE BBINIYC- xa 1986 r. noaBonsr norpe6wremo 3a _ppeMn axcrutyarauuint CoxoOMiTD 800 5. Gensuna. 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