MW. WAGAZI B MMPE HAYRH SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Vi3ganne Ha PyCCKOM A3bIKeWWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN Buumanur tumamenen! Viumocrpuposanubiit *xypHan B MHPE HAYRH u3qaetca B CCCP c 1983 roma. TIpencrasnaer co6ol n3aHHe Ha PYCCKOM A3bIKe 2KYPHaIa SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, BBIXOAALUETO B CIA c 1845 roma >kypHan ocBewaeT HOBEAWME AOCTIOKEHMA HayKH 8 OGnacth cbyHpaMeHTanbHerx NccnegoBaHUi M Mx NPAKTHYECKHX NPHNOXeHHA AsTopbi cTaTeli, BeAyHe YHeHbIC PasHbIx CTPAH, B TOM Mcne H CCCP, SHAKOMAT 4MTaTeneA C NOCNEAHKMH PesynbTATaMH PaGOT NO ACTPOcUaMKe 'W RABPHOA cbusuKe, MoneKYNAPHOA GMONOFHH H soOnorHM, BBINMCNHTENGHOA TeXHMKe UW NPOMBILINEHHOA TexHONOrHM, Feonormn u reocbHsiKe, apxeonorn, MeAUUMHe, HCTOPHH H rcHXONOrMM, Kaxkabif HOME >KypHaNa COREPxHT BOCEMb PasHOOOPAsHbIx No TeMaTHKe CTaTeA, Hanwcanneix npocbeccMoMansHo M yBNeKaTenHo. Crporo HayunbiA noAXxoR K npoGneme coNeTaeTCA C ROCTYNHOCTIO MINOKEHHA wnosBonser HecneynanncTy NOsHaKOMMTECA c HOBeMUIMMH rMnoTesaMM, MOReNAMM H OTKPBITHAMM. BONbILYIO NOMOUb B OTOM OKagbIBaIOT MHOrOMMCNeHHBIe KPACOUNbIE MNMOCTPAyWN. B Kypnane WMeIOTCA M NOCTORHHBIS PYOPHKM: «3JaHumamenouolii KoMnbiomep» — MaTeMaTHHeCkMe Hrpbi C NOMOWsIO SBM; «Hayka eokpye Hac» — sarnag cbvsnka Ha moGonbITHEIe CDHsHNECKHE ABNEHIAA B NOBCEAHEBHOA KASH; «Hayxa u o6wyecmeo» — 3aMeTKH 0 HaySHBIx OTKPBITHAK H O PONH HayKH 8 O6wWecTEe; «50 u 100 nem Hasad» — no crpaHliam CTapbix HoMepos xypHana; «Kxueu» — ccTpoymibie W OScTORTeNbHBIe PeleHsMH Ha KHUTH, usqaBseMBIe 3a pySEKOM. 2Kypuan «B MAPE HAYKM» peixonut exemecauHo. Llena HomMepa — 2 py6. Tlommmcka npwuumaetca G6e3 orpanwuenuii — Ha KBapTall, Mosroga H ron. Viunexe xypxasa 91310 no «Kartasory ra3eT 4 %KypHasI0B 3apyGexHBIX CTpaH», pa3gen «IepesogHbie Hay4Hble H Hay4HO-TexHH4eKkHe %KYPHAILD>. Aapec peaaxunn: 129820 Mocxea, H-110, CIT 1-H Poxcxuit nep., 2. Vonatenscrso «Mup», penaxnus >kypHaa «B Mpe HayKH», ‘Tenehou: 286-25-88 GB MHPE HAYRH CTATBH 4 Py: 16 68 76 BPMKH 3 16 34, 49, 58, 102 aa 90 95 103 Scientific American . U3gqaHue Ha pyCCKOM s3bIKe WuLTOCTPHPORAHHBIA Y PHA. NEPEROM C AHPAMPICKOTO - BBIXOAMT 12 PAI BOA HBAAETCH C1983 FORA MAAATEALCTBO «MUP» MOCKBA N° 5. MAN 1986 B Homepe: NpoGneme! AnepHon aHepretuKH CLA — Puvapo K.JTecmep Oana u3 crparerufl, koropas cMorna Gsi BiBecTH anepHyto sHepreTHKy CIA n3 TynMKa, — 9TO coana- HH MCHEe MOUIbIX, eH TPAaIHIOBAHHO H3TOTOBAAEMBIX H GeIONACHEIX AEPHLIX PeakTOPOB HOBOTO noxonenus (Scientific American, March 1986, Vol. 254, No. 3) Xpoct MarHutoccbepb! Semnw — Sdeapo B. Xoyne-macouud Connesnbtit nerep sbitarsaeT MarHHTHOE Tone ZeM, H 3a Heit OOpaayerca ruranTcKHA MarHHTHCtt xsoct. Ou MOXCT paspHIBATECR, M TOMA Ha BeMINE FEHEPHPYIOTCR APKHE NOMAPHIEIE CHANIA, AB MEK- naveTHOe MPOCTPAHCTBO BEITANKHBAIOTCA FPOMAAHBIC «KYCKH) 3AMAFRHVEHHON TAIMbL Geientific American, March 1986, Vol. 254, No. 3) MonekynapHan reHeTuKa remocbunnn — Puuapd M.JTon, Fopdon A. Buxap Tipuunna remoguuamt — xebext reva, Konupyioulero KiIOveDOR GETOK cHCTEMBI CBepTDIBAHIS KPOBH. ‘Dror Genox yaaslock NONYWHTs HCKYCCTREHNO, BLIAETHE HOPMANbHBI rex H BBEZI EFO B KNETKH, pactyumte # xysType (Scientific American, March 1986, Vol. 254, No. 3) Ceepxnposoprua cynepKonnanfep Lx. L1seu0 Jlaexcon, Mopu Tuenep, Cmonau Botwuuyxu K 1995 r. moxer GniTb nocTpoeH ycKopuTenb, KoTOpEIi Gymer B 20 pas MoulHee moGoro H3 HEIHE nei cTByIOUUNX. Tora y Y¥eHLIX NOABHTCA BOIMOMAKHOCTE HCCELOBATE HEBEAOMBIE MOKA META CTPOCHHA BeUIECTBA M BOCCOIMATE YCHOBA, XAPAKTEPHbIe ANA HAYANBHBIX CTANHA OOpasoBanina BeenenHon (Scientific American, March 1986, Vol. 254, No. 3) Komnbiotep MopenupyeT SBOnIOYMIO pacTeHMi — Kapa Loe. Huxaae Konmsiorepst — apextHanoe cpencTBo npoBepk CTaTHCTHNECKHX 11 cBoeH MPHPOE FHMOTES 3BOMO- tmonno!t GHonorwm. C noMoUIMO NepconaMbHorO KOMNBIOTepA CMONeTHPOBAHE! OcHOBHBIe HanpanTe- NA 9BomtOUNH PACTENA (Gcientific American, March 1986, Vol. 254, No. 3) BooSpaxenve u spvTenbHan CUCTEMa —Ponanbd A. Dunxe Kakosa caa3b MOKny BOOGpAKCHHEM H 3PUTCMbHBIM BOCTPHATHEM? CoBpeMeHHBIe HCCNEOBAHHA NO- 2HONRIOT MPeANONOKHTE, TO B 3PHTENBHOH cHcTeMe YenOBeKA OHM MOTYT OBECTENHBATKCH OsIHINI 1 “TeMHI Ke HeMpoNbAMM MeXaHEGMANEL (Scientific American, March 1986, Vol. 254, No. 3) Xpanerne sepHa 8 Accupoce — aunue Locoyna, Kennem Yopoa, Hon Xoacmed, Auana Yopda Tipu packonkax apesnero nocenenus na cesepe Ppeunn Grimm oGHapykenbt OcTaTKH OGYTTMBLIMXCE 3epen 3 3epHOxpanWMU, cropeBLuHx 3000 neT Hasan. ITH HaXOAKH AaloT HOBbIC CBENCHUA O TOM, Kak BOSHHKAH BETMYCCTBEHHBIC MHKEHCKHE TBOPII 310XH GpoHsbt (Scientific American, March 1986, Vol. 254, No. 3) Cnoprupvan opexfa u 06yBb —Yecmep P. Kaita Tlossimiennoe sxuMarue K nPOEKTHPOBAHIO CHOPTHBHOTO CHaPRxEHUR cTocoCCTBOBANO 3aBOEBAHITIO HOBEIX PeKOPAOB B CKOPOCTHEIX BIMLAX CNOpTa, MoBEiiteHMIO Ges0NAcHOCTH H YnyuIEHMO pesymbTATOR B Apyrux miulax cnopTuBtutx coctasann (Gcientific American, March, 1986, Vol. 254, No. 3) 06 apropax 50 w 100 net Hasan Hayxa 1 o6wecTB0 Hayka BoKpyr Hac SaHumatenbHbin KOMNbIOTep Kywrn BuGnvorpacuaSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ‘Jonathan Piel PRESIDENT AND EDITOR BOARD OF EDITORS Philip Morrison BOOK EDITOR ‘Armand Schwab, Jr. ‘Timothy Appenzelier John M. Benditt Peter G. Brown David L.Cooke, Jr. ‘Ari W. Epstein Michael Feirtag Gregory R. Greenwell Robert Kunzig James T. Rogers Ricki L Rusting ‘Samuel L. Howard Richard Sasso PRODUCTION MANAGER George S.Conn Gerard Piel CHAIRMAN 1986 by Scientific American, Inc. ‘Towapuatl anax Scientific American, Fo TeKcT mpudyrosoe OGopwuiene BnmOTeH HeXIOWTeMbHO!l COOCTBERHOCTEIO ‘Scientific American, Inc. MucnomesonaHes aeck B eooTRETCTRIH ‘CstenaHOWILIM OrOROPON B MHPE HAYRH THABHBIA PERAKTOP C.F. Kanvua JAMECTHTEDB PABHOTO PEAAKTOPA 1.B.llenenesa MAYMHBIE PEAAKTOPD 3.E.Komanosa O.K.Kyapasos T.A.Pymanyesa A.M.CMoTpos A.10. Kpacronesyes AWTEPATYPHME PEZAKTOPH M.M.llonoaa, N.B.Cyposose XYAORECTREHHUM PEAAKTOP ‘A.CrynoB IABEAY DUAR PEAAKUMER V1.B.ynéna PYKOBOAMTEMb FPYMINB ©OTOHABOPA T-C.AsuMoB TEXHMMECKHM PERAKTOP T.K.Taxrawosa KOPPEKTOP. PLN. BwOKe OOPMAEHME PYCCKOTO H3AAKHA M.TOKyKos B.B.Ecuwos AAPEC PEIIAKIIUIA 129820, Mockea, [CN 1. Pwoxcnmna nep., 2 TEAEOOH PEAAKUMH 286.2588 epenoa Wa pycexift abiK mogopsinenne, «Mup», 1986. Ha o6noxke CBEPXNPOBOAALIMN CYNEPKONNAN DEP Ha o6noxkke npeacransieno eMoxenupoannoe Ha KoMMbIOTepe MoGparKenue Mar- HUTHOTO MONK, KOTOPOE MOMAKHO CO3IABATECR BHYTPH CBEPXNPOBONALLETO MarHHTA 'B HOBOM mpoekTHpyemoM yckopuTene SSC (cM. cTatbIO JLx. Hoenia Lbkexcona, Mopx Turntepa « Cron Botiwmuxn «Caepxnposoamumt cynepkonnaliiep» wa c. 36). Ecam coopyaenne yexopnitena GyseT ono6pexio, SSC cranteT cantsin Gor IMM B MHPE YEKOPHTeTEM 3rieMeHTAPHBIX YacTHtL. OH NlosBOMHT HSMKAM HecmeZO- aT CTPOeHMe REUIECTRA Ma Me IOCTIDKUMBIX PaHlee YPOBHAX 9HEDTHH H PACCTORHM Coepxnponoamume MarHT»! — Kitoxenofl seMeHT ycTaHOBKH. Oxi 3acTaBAT Ny Kit MPOTOHOS BPALATECR MIO OKPY KHOCTH /UINHOR NPHMEDHO 84 KM HaBCTpEYY ADYT APYry H ciboxycupyiot Bcrpewbie ny¥eH nepest cTomeHOREHHEM. LlseTOM noKazaHa HNTEHCHBHOCTE MarHHTTHOTO NOTA OAHOTO H3 OTKTONRIOLINK MarHHTOB. TakHM OHO MOM Obt «BBITNALET AIK NPOTOHA, NETAUIETO B OTKaYAHHOR Tpybe. [TPOTOHE NpoxouaT Hepes ewTpabnyto (eo)6310) YacTe MaMeTPOM OKOs10 4 cM, Tae HarpR- >xeHHOCTS Noa MaxcHMamta H Tae OHO HaNGosIee OMHOpONHO. HANpHKEHHOCTE 110- 1M B MaTHUTHBIX KATYIIKAX, OKDYAKAIOWUUK TPYGY ¢ NY'KOM, GICTDO MeHseTCR OT TOUKH K ToAKe (202y60%, Benoit, uanemosoid yoema) W YMeHbILIaeTER B KeNEMOM ‘ape Marirra, oxpy:katowien KaTyuiKy (opanxesoiii, KOpUNHeaetil yeema). CHAPY- 2H MONE MpAKTHYECKH PaBHO HymIO (we NoKasano). Ma06paxenne noAyseHo c 110 MOMIEIO KOMMBIOTepHOH Mporpannast POISSON, paspa6oranniof Ill. Kacnn 1 M. Xeamom 3 JlaGoparopnn Jloypenca » BepKn. Yinntoctpaynn OBNOXKA: Shlomo Caspi, Michael Helm CTP. ABTOP/MCTOHIK TP. ABTOPIMCTONHIK ‘542 lil Arbel 69 Kenneth 47 Robert H-Eather, tecced Bomos College Birmingham siEeealUNyoepale 70-74 Tom Prentiss 27 Jon C.Lewi iaemarony 77 Jon Brenneis School of 78 Hank tken, Medicine, Walken Graphics Wake Forest University 79 Peter 2833 Alan D. Iselin B Cavanagh, Pennsylvania State 97 James Kilkelly University 38-46 Gabor Kiss 80 Hank Iken, 61,52 James Kilkelly Salk Crabs 53 Andrew Christie 81 Jon Brenneis 5455 Patricia J.Wynne 82 Hank Iken, 56 Andrew Christie elke Ocraee 61 Stephen Cass 85.88 Michael Goodman 62-66 Jerome Kuhl 9093 Edward BellRichard K. Lester (PHUAPII K. JIEC- TEP «IlpoGnemst a1epHoft sHepreruKH CIA») — aonent xademper snepHo- HepreTHNeckoR TexHHKH B MaccauyceT- CKOM TeXHONOTHUeCKOM HHCTHTyTe. PO- Auaca B Anrauy, oxonYHT MmnepcKHtit KONVIEIx HaykH H TeXHMKH B JTowsONe. B 1974 r. npwexan CUA, rie 8 kawecTBe cTunenmata npemun Kennenu o6yua ca B acnupantype MTH. Ocrasus 5 1977 r. MTH, 5 Tevexue nonyropa net PaGoTan npurnawienueiM HaysHtbIM CO- ‘TpyahuKom B Orsenenum mexay#apon- Mbix camsefi Poxtbenneponcxoro ‘oui. B 1979 r., nonysms cTeneus noxropa éunocodunB MTH, Jlectep cran accuc- TeHTOM 9TOrO MHCTWTyTa, a 3aTeM B 1982 r. — noueTom. Morne nyGanxa- uum Jlecrepa noceawiewst Bonpocam aaniTHA suIepHOM 3HepreTHKH B MHpe. Edward W. Hones, Jr. (SHBAPI. B. XOYHC-maanumit «Xeocr marnn- ‘Tocbepst Zena») — reorbisux 8 Toc- AnaMoccxoft HanliowasHOM naGopaTo- pam, Crenenm 6axanappa B o6mactH mH- 2KEHePHBIX HayK, MArHETPA M OKTOpA dunocoman 2 o6nactx GueuKH nonysien 8 1943, 1949 4 1952 rr. cooTBeTCTBEHHO: 8 Yausepewtete [Ibioxa. Xoyne 3aHn- aviem ncerienonaniunni mo KocMuec- oi (busuxe 8 Convair Corporation, Ma- eruryte o6opoxnioro akamina x m Yiat- Bepcutere wit. Afiopa. C 1965 r. paGo- ‘racr w Jloc-Asianioccxof naustonrabofh na®opatopun, Haysnee HATepectI Xo- Yica TOMIMO KOcMmeCKOR uuERH CBR saint © KocMonoruefl 1 naGoparopHioh roKof maasMs, Richard _M. Lawn, Gordon A. Vehar (PMYAP =M.JIOH, ~—TOPOH A. BUXAP «Monexyaspuas reneruxa Femoduu») — crapute mayusbie co- ‘Tpyaxuxu 8 dupwe Genentech, Inc. Slow oxonsus 5 1969 r. Tapsapackuit xon- JIeK C AIMILIOMOM To aCTPOHOMMH, O7- Wako sauiTepecosanca MomexynspHofi Guonorueli u » 1977 r. » Konopancrom ynuepcitTere B Boynmepe nomy¥Hin 0K- ‘Topekylo creneit B TO! OGnact#. Ben Hayano-nccnenoBaTenbcKyio paGoTy B Kamuopuutickom — TexnonoriuecKom mncrutyre, ac 1980 r. paGoTaet » Ge- nentech. Buxap nonyyua crenent GaKa- Saspa 8 Yausepcurere wr. Orafio 8 Boynuar-pun 1970 r. B 1976 r. Yun- sepourer 8 Llnmumare npucsous emy Tenet AOKTopa tusToco*pu, Noeste 4e- To OW paGoran Ha Kadenpe GHoxnMUN Bawuurroucxoro yuuwepcurera, rae u Nawal JaHUMATECA auTHTeModunHie- ‘caus @axtopom. C 1980 r. corpyani Genentech, J. David Jackson, Maury Tigner, Stan- ley Wojcicki (tx. BM. IKEK- COH, MOP THIHEP, CT3HJIM BOMYHUKM «Crepxnporoasumt cy- nepxonafinep») — sens Llentpam- HOR NpoekTHOA rpynnki, opraiysonaH- Hof sm NpoeKTHposanna ycKopuTena SSC. bxexcon — samecturen’ amper- Topa rpynmt, mpodeccop dusuxn Ka- ‘Auopuufickoro yuupepcuteta B Bepx- au. Crenews Gaxasaspa 8 oGnactu du- HKU W MaTeMaTuKu nony4n 8 1946 Fr. B ‘Yunpepeutere npos, 3anaauoro Onra- puo (Kanaza), a crenent 2oxtopa dbu- Hocobustw oGnacTu buswxn — » 1949 r. B MaccauycercKom TexonoruseckoM uacrutyre. Ox npenonasan 8 Yanpep- curere Max-Tuana_n Vansnoncxom ynupepcurere B SpGana-lamnenn. B 1967 r. nepewen pa6otate ® BepKn. Turnep — ampextop Llentpanuont MpoexTHoH rpynnei, nPodeccop usHKH Kopuenncxoro yampepentera. Cenc Gaxanaspa nonyaun 8 1958 r. 8 Flom ‘TexwnuecKoM mHcTHTyTe B Pencenepe (ut. Heto-Topx), a crenens noxropa ‘unocopun B oGnactn sKcnepumen- ‘Tambuol Usk M 3eKTPOTEXHMKH —B 1962 r. p Kopxenncxom yuupepcutere. Yuacrsowan # npoextupoBaxun, coopy- 2xenMM mM 9KcnAyaTaUMM ycKOpHTench gnemenrapwsix vaca Kax B CUA, Tax up Enpone. Boftumxn — aexan gusuve- cKoro axyabtera Crambopacxoro yaupepenrera. Tomsk no npowcxoxse- ito, OH onyaua cTenenb Gaxazaspa B 1957 r. 8 apsapackom ynusepeutere # AoxTopexyio cTenens 8 1961 r. B Kanu- ‘opuutickom yuupepcntete B Bepxm. B 1966. cran cotpyanuxom Cran- ‘opackoro yansepcwrera. Boftwmuxn — gamecTuTent aupextopa Llentpanbioft npoexTHolt rpynns Karl J. Niklas (KAPJI JDK. HMKJIAC «Kommiotep Mogeaupyet 2607K0UII0 Pactenuit») — nowenT kadeapst Guono- THM pacTeHuh, a TakKe kahenpEt IKOTO- 13! N3BOMONIH KopHenACKOrO YHHBEp- cureta. B Curu-Kommemxke Hti0-Hopx- ‘exoro roponcxoro yuusepenTera nomy- ua crenent Gaxanaspa fo GHonorun 1 Matemaruke, 8 Viutinoficckom ysitmep- curere 8 SpGana-llawmentu cran ma rucTpom n 8 1974 r. 2oKTopoM dbun0co- ‘bmn. Kax ctunenauat dona ®yn6paii- ra — Xotieca noceutan JTonaoncKuit yruipepeuter. B 1975 r. sansa nome HOCTE Xpannteas B Hbt-HMopxcKom 6o- ‘Tafimueckom caay. C 1978 r. corpyanux Kopuenncxoro yxusepeurera. Ronald A. Finke (POHAJIbdL A. OMHKE «Boobpanenne u spurens- asi cucteMa») — nouenT xadbeapss nicu- xonornu Yuupepcutera wt. Hpi-Hopk 8 Cronn-Bpyxe. B Texacckom yuusep- curere 8 Oct nonywnui crenens Ga- 3 kamapa no i3nKe (1972 r.) w Gakanas- Pa no ncuxonoruu (1974 r.). Hoxtop- cckylo accepTauMio NO NcuxonorMH 3a- uurTHa B MaccayyceTcKoM TexHonoru- eckoM muctuTyTe B 1979 r. PaGoTaa 8 Kopxenncxom Crambopcxom yan BepeuTerax; 8 1981 r. nonyyun s0mK- noct nouewTa p_ Kanudopnuiicxom yuupepentere » Jlefimnce. C 1983 r. @unxe cotpysmux Yuwnepewteta & Cronn-Bpyre, Glynis Jones, Kenneth Wardle, Paul Halstead, Diana Wardle (TIMHMC I>KOYH3, KEHHET YOPIII, NOs XOJICTEA, MMAHA YOPIII «Xpa- Heune sepia B Accupoce») — necneno- aTesM, Y4aCTBYIOLINE B PaCKOTKAX 1O- cenenua Gpowsoporo Bexa B Accupoce. T. Dbxoyns cneunamupyeres » way4e- ‘ui OcTaTxoB pacTenuil; nperionacT Ha xaenpe apxeonormn 8 LlebdunacKom ynusepcurere (Aura). Hsyvana 300- slormio B YanbccKoM yHuBepcureTe, re 8 1971 r. nonynna cteneus 6axanaspa. PaGorasa 8 apxeonormueckoft naGopa- ‘Topum B Adunax; npoaomkuna wccne- aosanua 8 oGnacTH apxeonorun B KeM- Gpumxckom yuupepcuTeTe, KOTOPEIH B 1978 r. npcyaun eft crenenb Maructpa up 1983 r, — noxopa nayk. K. Yopast, PYKOBOAMTenb pacKOnOK, mpetionacT Ha xaenpe pesHelt HcTOpHH H apxeono- rin p Bupsaniremcxom yuupepcwrere. Obyyanca_B KemGpunxcxom yxusep- cutete m JlonnonckoM yHuBepcuTeTe, MpMcymBuiem emy cTeneHb aoKropa Qunocodim » oGnacrH apxeonorun. Xoneren, cneumamrupyioumtics 8 usy- NeHHM OcTATKOB >KMBOTHEIX, nPenonaeT 8 UledbusiacKom yanepentere. Mccae- aosaTenscKoh paGoToR wawan 3aKM- Marten 8 KemOpimkekom yxtnepeu- Tere, re B 1973 r. emy buna mpucyxe- wa crenews Gaxanaspa, a 8 1984 r. — crentent noxtopa dunocodum. J. Yopan jamuMacrea uay¥euuem —mpenMeTos KyabTypst, oGHapy:xenIx B Accupoce. Chester R. Kyle (HECTEP P. KAI «Cnoprusuaa onexsa u oGyss») — KOHCYIBTAHT MO CHOPTHBHOMY cHaps- -XCHMIO, MOUHT axynbTeTa MexaHHKHL Kanuopuuficroro yuusepcurera Jlour-Buse. Crenent Gaxanappa 2 o61a- TH Mexanuix Kafisi nonyiia 8 ApH3OH- ‘cKoM yHuBepeHTere, a cTentenn MarucT- pa AoKTopa dunocobun B oGnactH ‘Texumvecknx Hayx — » Kanwdopanii- ‘cKoM yumpepcurere » Tloc-AuuiKerece. Bosrnasaaa rpynny crieuuazuicros, pa’ PaGaTsiBaBLINX KOHeTPyKUMO BemOCH- nlenoB, KOTOPHE HicTIoNBOBAIN aMepH- KaHcKHe penoroHuUKM Wa Osunmntt- CcKUX urrpax 1984 r, Kati — onmu 113 0c- wosarenelt u Guipwsft npesuenT Mex- AyHaponHoR accouaumt —pasBuTie cpeneTs nepensicxenus, ucriombsylo- LUI MyCKYAIBHYIO ClTY YenOBEKA.TIpo6memsi sAepHou sHepreTuKku CIA Ogua u3 cTpaTerun, KoTOpas cmorna Ob! BbIBeECTU sgepuyto aHepretuky CUA u3 TynuKka, — 3TO Co3zqaHue MeHee MOUHbIX, Y@HTPanW3OBaHHO U3rOTOBNAeMBIX V GesoracHbix AJePHbIX peakTOPOB HOBOrO NoKoneHuA ia 15% eeit norpeGnxemoli B Mupe anexTposneprau, Taxwe cTpanst, kak ‘®panuna, OPT wv Anowna, B KOTOpLIX eee ‘TposHeprun BbipaGaTbIBaeTca aTOMHBI- ‘MH 9neKTpocTanumaMH (ASC), mianH- sat aitaepneatat ouepreTukH. To xe HaGmomaeTcR MB GonbummuctBe crpan Bocrosxof Espo- es oe epee coe Soon eateaoe a Spaeieeers cea See ac UIBP), KoTopsie snepsLie Gem paspa- aoe, HacTomutee BPeMA MpHxonHTcR Gdnb- eee ese ere aa — reece eat of can ae oe TenbcTsa. Ceroana, HeCMOTpA Ha Oue- BKAHYIO MOTpeOHOCTR B yaeNHYeHHH eee Seen eras Sore oe Hef Hanexabm. [Lng 3nexTpoKoMnaHH agate eaee eee cae eae ‘Top 3a pySexKOM H MHOTHX MpoeKTOB B camux CHA. Kpome Toro, xoTa H cy- eae KH QHeprHH H BenyTcA paspaGoTKH He- Se eee << Se oleae PUYAPA K.NECTEP uw mor 6st oTpHuatenbHo nosnuaTs Ha aHeprooGecrevenne CTpaHBI OKPY> >sxaioulyro cpeny. Tloxa eute Gorarsie sanacet nebrH 1 rasa CO BPEMEHEM HCTOMLATCR, H CTOH- MocTb 3THx BHI0B TOMHBa GyzeT pac- tm. HoGureca «acroron cropanin Yen npenctamnaet coGof HenpocTyi0 ‘3aulaNy: KOHTPOmb 3a BBinaeHHeM KHC- AOTHBIX DOXKMe! mM 3a conePRANMEM Apyrux noGountetx MmponyKToR cropanis yruia, KoTopuie celtuac maitocaT cepbes- MBI Bpen OKpyatoulelt cpeue, OGofi- sIeTea o¥eH doporo, a B Gynyutem AHOK- ‘cua yrnepoma, o6pasyiouiiien pu cro- ‘pax npupoaHoro TonAMBa, MOxKeT cTaTb npHYNHOM 3aMeTHEIX HeGnaro- IpHATHBIX HaMexeHMMl KAUMaTa Ha DCeM 3emHom wape. 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SMEpreTHKE M-KAKOBA TOTOBHOCTS Npa- BHTeNBCTBA H IPOMBILINEHHBIX KONHIa- uni mpeanpunare ux? 4 PHHATO cantar, wto wactHanoe Ppacrutasnenue szepHoro peaxTopa 3 Tpu-Matin-Afinenne (urr. Tlencumssa- uma) 8 1979 r. sBHTOCk noBopoTHBM NYHKTOM B NCTOPHHE nepHOM aHepre- ‘ren, Kax nonmsna ra azapia wa 310- Ponbe mozell, onpeenmrb He ynanoce, onNaKo cam axr,4To oma npowsouzia H NTO ANMHHMCTPaUHR YaCTO aonyexaeT ynyuienus, upesarbie TparHvecKHMi 1O- (CHEACTAHRMH, 3ACTABHA MHOTHX YCOM- HurTbea B GeaonacHocTH sulepHbix peak ‘Topos. Boniee Toro, NOwTH HoaHOCTEIO nonopeas dusancoByio xusHecTocoG- HocTe KOMMaNHH, Braerouleil peaKTo- pom B Tp-Maita-Afinewae, apapus 31a- NMTenbHO . NOBBICWIA «iyBCTBUTeNb- HOCTB» 37leKTPOKOMMAHH K PHCKY, CBA- saMHoMy ¢ KanuTanoBnoxeHNaMH B auepnylo uepreTHKy. Cyutecreonano nemaio ocHosaTem- HBIX NPHNHH, TO KOTOPHIM HHTepec SNeKTPOKOMMAHH K ATOMHEIM. 371eK- ‘TpocTaHUMAM HaNan NlamaTe cute 3a70- Aro 0 3Toft asapun. 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CpenHeronOBOH noKasaem opdexTupnocTu paGorst cranuMil (OTHOUIeHHe aneKTpOIHEprHH, suipaGoTaHHoft 3a ron, K MaKcuMamS- Hofi pacveTHOH, BbipaxeHHoe B NPOUeH- ‘Tax) 3a MocnenHHe HecKONbKO eT cHH- awstes 10 yposua Menee 60%, uTo sas ‘TeMbHO HIDKe, eM BO MHOTEX pyTHX cTpanax, 8 Tom wuene 8 Som, Ulse- uv, IIsetiuapun OPT. Trasuaa npwumna, no KoTopoft 2ncx- ‘TPOKOMMaHHH CMHTaIOT AepHYIO IHepTe- ‘Tuy HenepenekTHBHON, 1akmOWAeTCH B Tom, 4ro crpowTempetso ADC, no- BuMMomy, GygeT oGxoauTEcR o¥eHE aoporo. Pacxonst wa coopyxexne 22 AQC, Bpenenubix 8 2KcHyaTAUMiO B me- puor c 1983 no 1985 r., cocrasinu oxo- 0 2300 gon. ua 1 xBT suipaGareinae- Molt sHeprim. JLna cpasiienun yKaxKeM, NTO Pacxombt Ha cTponTenbcTBO 3mcK- ‘TpocTaHunfi wa TBepOM TornHBe, BCTYNMBLINX B CTPOH B Te KE Fob, B cpennem coctasnsm mene 1000 aoa. na 1 xBr. 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Tlowemy »Ke crpowTenbcTBo aTOMHEIX 1965 —«1968.~=«1970 AVIHAMMKA PASBMITMA sfepHon sHepretaxu 8 CIUA xapaK- ‘TepmsyeTCA W3MeHEHHieM Yvicna saKasaHHbIX, HO HeNOCTpOeH- THAR KPHBAR) M EXETORHO BEORMMBIX B CTPOR (vep- cTpocTanyin B nepnog C 1964 No 1985 r. CHawana 70-x rogos, Kor aa YMcno saKasoB Ha npoeKT+ PoBaHite ASC ObinO MaKCHMANLHbIM, AMM HeKOTOPbIe GHEp- FonpeanpMAatun (sneKTPoKOMnaHinw) pewNAnH NocTPOMT HO- Hb ‘has pnban) avOMiAX 2 1972 ~«1978~=«O7S~=~C*«QTB {8 AononHenne 192 —«1064~=«T086=«1088~—=—«1090 k yKe MMelOWAMCA) sneKTpoCTaNUWn, MHorve ke oTKasanMich OT CBOMX NpeKHMx saKaso8. (3aKa3 Ha CcaMyio nyuuyo CTaHUWo, He CHRTEIA BocnegcTauM, Ouin pes nusosav 6 1973). Tew He MeHee vcno ReACTByOUMX aneK- ‘TPOCTAHYMA NOCTORKHO pocno. AaHHbIe O KONMMECTBe RERCT- Byroux sneKrpocTaHunh Ha 1986 w nocnepyroUe FoR (Koy >KOUKH) NonyWeHb NyTeM oKCTPANONAYMM.weEUMA BENKO- EPUTAHWS ‘SOOEKTHBHOCTS PABOTHI ASC, % wna 1977 «197819731960 1981 1982 «196308 (CPEAHETOsOBbIE NOKASATENM 3OEKTUBHOCTH PABOTD! ASC 8 pasnnuibix CoTpaax, PABHbIe OTHOWEHiNO ONeKTPOHEPTAM, BLIPAOTAHHOA 3a TOA, K MaKcH- ManbHOmi pacueTHOM, BbIPAKEHHOMY B MPOLeHTAX. MpMiAHb! OTHOCHTENLHO HHSKOR ‘tbtbexrnBHOCTM WcnOMBsOBAHMA AREPHOM aHeprin B CWA rioKa ewe He ACHD, © KaKOV-TO Mepe O70 OOWACHAETCR DASAPOGNEHHOCTSIO RREPHORGHEpreTMKis, HTONDE- RTCTAYeT MCnONBSOBaHINO TEKHMUECKOM UHCOPMalini, KOTOPAR Mona Ob NOBbI- Cue oTy adbtbexTHaHOCTb, M HeAOCTaTONHbIM yPOBHEM CTAHRaPTHsaKMM B AREPHOA ‘ShepreTuKe. OnHaHcHpyeMbit oneKTpOKOMNannAMM MHCTHTYT anannsa pa6oTe! BTOMMbIX 2neKTPOCTAHUMA HANAN pAb BAXKHY!O PONb B NOBEIWEHMM YPOBHA KOOp- Ainal\uu, M HeKoTopble ua peakTopoe @ CWA rocreneHHo qocTurnH npowsBoAH ‘TenbHocta we CpeAHero SHAYeHUA STOTO NoKasaTeNA NO CTPAHe, ONEBMAHO, 32 Mer nyxwiero ynpasneHin sneKTpocTaHynAMn. anexrpocranunii crasio OBXORNTBER TAK aoporo? Oana ms npuuina — yaennuerne cpoKOB CTPOWTeNBETBa: —MpomOMKN- ‘TenbHocTe coopyxenua ADC, auexen- 1HBIX 8 elicTBHE B nepnoa Mexy 1983 1 1985 rr., » cpemnent coctasuaa 10 ner, B ‘To BpeMs Kak CTpoWTeMbeTBO KArKIOM aneKTpocTaHumit Ha TBepsOM ToTMINBC, BeTyNHBWeH B CTPOM NPUMepHO B TOT ake nepuon, sano 5 net. Bo bpanunut 1M AoHMH Ha coopyxene ASC mpH- MepHo Takofl xe MOUINOCTH, 9KcrTya~ ‘TALIA KOTOPLIX HaYaACE B Te 2Ke FONE, yuo $—6 ner. Ysenuuexwe cpoxos cTpowTenseTBa B noceMHMe Tomi O1- HOBPeMeHHO COMPOBOXAANOC BLICO- KHIM yPoBHeM wHdAAUHH H MPOUCHTHBIX crasox. 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