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paGorki 32. 64- paspraweixcnos,
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pum CM SBM.
Ans cneynanuctos, paborato-
Wx B OGnacTH paspaborKH npo-
FpaMmHoro w MHCcbOpMayNOHHOFO
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wayuaIouNx BuINMCRUTeNLHYW TeX:
Hunky.
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Scientific American - U3qaHue Ha pyCCKOM A3bIKe
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TEPEBOA C AHFAHACKOFO - BLIXOAMT 12 PAI B TOA H3AAETCH C1983 FOAA
M3AATEABCTBO «MHP» MOCKBA
N° 11- HOABPb 1986
B Homepe:
Buonormueckoe snuatine MKB-nany4eHnn — Kennem P.@ocmep, Apmyp Y.Falt
TIpeactanaxer mM MiIKpoBOMHOBOE BAYNENHe HUSKOR HNTENCHBHIOCTH ONCHOCTH AR 2kHBOTO OPrANWIMa?
B kakolt mepe cneayer orpannurre ero wosaehictaue? Ha 9TH wonpoct! HoKa HeT OAHOSHANHIX OTHETO:
‘Tax Kax aXcrepyMenTanbitbie nave He lonAaIOTCR onpesteTenNOR HHTTepmIpeTaUK
(Scientific American, September 1986, Vol. 255, No. 3)
Xumuto nporHosupyeT TononorMAa — Lennuc F: Pyeps
Meroitbi, OcHosanHBte Ha anasite TonoNOrHM MosIeKyN — npeoGpasoBaHH Hx NpOCTpAHcTBCHHEIX OPM
nockHe reomeTpHMECKHE y3OpH1, OBpasOBAHHLIe CBAIANHLINH MEXAY CO6OR aTOMAMH, — NOsBOMIIOT
TpenckassisaTb MHOTHE CBOHICTHA xHMHYECKHX CoesIMHEHH
Gcientific American, September 1986, Vol. 255, No. 3)
CynepetpyHt! = Maiixa 5. Tpun
‘Tpaxrouxa 2neMenTapHBix YACTHU KaK CTPYH OTKPLIBAET MTL K COSMAHIIO CAMOCOrMACOBANHOM KBAHTO-
Boll TeopHH as OGEscHEHNS scex YeTEIpeX dyHAMeHTAMBMBIX BraMMOREMCTBNTI, CYWECTBYIOUNX B NPM
pone. 37a TeOpHA MOKET HIMEHNTH HAUL NPeACTABIEHHA 0 MPOCTPAHCTBE H BpeMeNtH
‘Gcientific American, September 1986, Vol. 255, No. 3)
TematosHuecbannuecka Gapsep — Mapu V.Fondcmein, A.JToppue Bey
Kanunaspsi moara oramuaiotca oF KanManspos apyrux opranos. Hx ocoObic cBofictea coxnaior MexAy
KPOBbIO H MO3TOM HalexKHyIO Nperpaiy, oGmazatoulyto crporo H3GHpaTeNbHOR MpOHHUaeMOCTEHO
(Gcientific American, September 1986, Vol. 255, No. 3)
Useta npeametos — dusunn Bpy, Tomac P. Wawa, Haiinemm Sunder, [acepos Jemmsun
Uperonsie «atimoaui», nopoxknaeMbie ¢ oMOULKO HOGpaxcHH Ha NMCTIIee KOMMOTEpA, cBiteTEABeT-
ByIOT 0 TOM, #TO BOCHPHATHE upcTA NPeAMETA OBYCNOBNEHO He TONEKO OUIYUEHHIEN CBETa, HayWIeTO OT
novepxvocTi npeamera
‘Gcientific American, September 1986, Vol. 258, No. 3)
Bsaumogenicreve ConHua MeKSBE3QHbIM BEWECTEOM — Ppanuecxo Tlapew, Cmeioapm
Bouep
B nactoautee spema vepes Conieanyio citeTemy npoxoniT oGnaKo MexsnesaHoro rasa. BosMoxHo, 8
mpouinom acrpeun c Gonee noTHBiMH OGnaKaMH OKASBIBATH JaMETHOE BIMAKNE Ha KAMMAT 3eMstt
Gcientific American, September 1986, Vol. 255, No. 3)
Mnevenorne —_Axoitc P. Puvapdcon
(Cheat Tux cooeoGpasHbix AHBOTHDIX OHH OONAIaIOT HeHsMeHHOR GHonOrHYeCKOR OpramisauNtell, HO
OGWTaIOT ANUIL B NOMXOASLINX YCNOBUAX, APYTHE Xe CNOCOGHE HAMEHRT CROKO CTPYKTYPY' HIN MOBENE-
ule NPUMeHHTenBHO K HIMeIOUMIMCR YeROBNAN
Geientific American, September 1986, Vol. 255, No. 3)
Bknag Neovappo fa Bukun B TeopeTHueckyio MexaHUKy — Bepnapd osu, Bepnep Coda
Tuiarensioe royuenne pucynxon Jleonapao aa Bust¥it, B ¥acTHOCTH Tex, Ha KOTOPEIX o6paxcH apGa-
‘eT, MOKasBIBAeT, 4TO EFO HULeH HMeTH OTHOUIEHHE K IBOMOUNN NeTBIPEX NPENMCTARIENHIA B MEXAHHKE
Geientific American, September 1986, Vol. 255, No. 3)
06 astopax
50 w 100 ner Haga
Hayka m o6ujecTBo
Hayka Boxpyr Hac
3aHuMaTenbHBI KOMnbIOTep
Kura
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3 Toro xe yauneperrera,
Unnoctpayuu
OBNO*KA: Barry Martin, Aston University
CTP. ABTOPIMCTOYHK CTP. ABTOPIMCTOUHMK CTP. ABTOP/MCTOUHNK
5 James Kilkelly Michigan Medical 79-81 Pat Canganelli
6 Edward Bell ena 84-89 Michael Goodman
: 48 Edward
7 Alan D.tsetin ee 8 David Wiseman,
é niversity 0
51 Bradford Western Ontario
Howland, : .
tee Denise D:Denton, 96 Barry Martin.
eee Massachusetts — y
942 Alan D. Iselin Institute of 97 Johnny Johnson
Technology (oaepxy); Tons
1521 George Retseck aan emia
25:36 Hank Iken, sees Ply. Lid.,
Walken Graphics 5356 Bradford Essendon,
Ape Gmctti Howland, Australia (enu2y)
a ae ” 98 Tony D.Smith,
42.43 Patricia J. Wynne
6056 lan Worpole PICA Piy. Lid.,
44 Thomas S. Reese, ‘ Essendon,
Morris Pe ous Aller, Australia
* Animals Animals
J. Karnovsky (caepxy):
(¢aeea); Thomas teen
S. Reese, Zeala
ealand
ae Oceanographic
wine Institute (onus)
(enpaga); Patricia
J, Wynne (enuay) 70-74 Tom Prentiss
45:46 Patricia J.Wynne 77 Pat Canganel
47 Gary 78 Bayerische
W. Goldstein, Staatsbibliothek,
A. Lorris Munich
Betz, University of O6 abmoopax
Kenneth R. Foster, Arthur W. Guy
(KEHHET P. ®OCTEP, APTYP Y.
TAM «Buonormseckoe anusune MKB-
waaysenia») — 06a mpospamor WiTe-
pec k npoGneme nosneficTaHs aneKTpo-
MaruTHbix nomelt Ha 2kMBME TKAHH.
Gocrep nonyna crenenb 2oKTopa u-
nocodun 8 oGnactu dusnKm 8 Yausep-
curere wr. Muamana 8 1971 r. Mayve-
HEM GHOMOTHYECKOTO BANSHEE MuKPO-
OAH OH HANAN 3aHHMATHCR elle BO Bpe-
MA cHTyKOBI_B BOCHHO-MOPCKHX CHIAX
CIA, ac 1976 r. nponomkna necseno-
Banus 8 9Tofl oGsacrH » Meucumbean-
‘KOM yHMBepcHTeTe, Fue OH 3aNUMacT
DOMKHOCTS AOUeHTa no GHoMHxeHe-
pum. Tait paGoraer 8 Baumurrouckom
ylimpepcnTete, mpoeccop B obnactH
Guonmxexepsst 4 aupexrop naGopato-
Pui no npoGnemam Gxo2neKTpomarne-
‘TwoMa. C 1970 no 1982 r. Tah sosraas-
an xomuccuio np AMepuKaHcKoM #a-
UMOHAsBHOM MHCTHTYTe cTaHAapTo!
orsercrsennyio 3a nlonroToBKy craH-
apta nto oGnyueumio MuxposommaMH.
Dennis H. Rouvray UIEHHHC I”. PYB-
P9 «Xunmo nportosupyer Tonono-
Tua») — AOUEHT xHMAECKOTO GaKysIb-
‘Tera Yuusepeurera urr. Axopaxua.
Xsnmio wsywaa 8 Mwnepexom xositen-
oke HaykH TexnMKH B Jlonone. F1po6-
JleMaMH MpuMeeHHR TONONOTI H Teo
HH rpados m xHMHH 3aNHTepecOBAICK 8
1970 r. 8 Marematuyeckom uncTuTyTe
Oxeiopacxoro ynusepcurera. B TO
BpeMs MATeMATHYECKOM xHMHH KaK OT-
aenbHofl QHCUHTAMEE He cyulecTBORA-
ao. Cefiuac 8 ron ny6muxyetcr oKono
500 naywasix paGor, # HenaBHo Pysp>
ocHona” HORM 2kYPHALT, NOCBRULEHHEA
atm npoGnewam. Jo npwesna 8
Dbxoparxmo 8 1984 r. on paGoran B pa-
ae etpan Adpuxn, Aun u Espont.
Michael B. Green (MAMIKJI B. TPH
‘«Cyneperpyuain) — npobeccop dusHKit
8 xommeme Kopostesss Mapuit Jlonzon-
Koro yumepcuTera. Teopxell crpynt
wavan ganunatica 8 MuctutyTe Bbt-
cumix Hccteaosannit 8 TIpusicrone, rae
011 paGoran pa roma nocnenonywenna B
1970 r. crenenn aoxtopa dunocobun B
Kem6puaxcxom — yuupepcutere. B
1972 r. Tpun sepuynca 8 KemOpumx-
ceuit yausepcurer m paGoraa 8 Kasen-
_muickon na6oparoprn. B 1977 r. nepe-
ten ® OxccbopacKnfl yrusepcurer, a 3a-
‘Fem B 1978 r. — Jlonaoucxnil. On 4a-
cTo noceuiaeT Kamnopanficknfl TexHo-
RoruveckHh micTuTYT, re coTpysNNA-
et ¢ Zbk. Ilsapuem, astopom panunx
paGor no TeopHn crpyitst.
Gary W. Goldstein, A. Lorris Betz (TA-
PM Y. FOsJICTEMH, A. JOPPUC
BEU «Pematosauedannuecknf Gaps-
¢p») paGoraior smecte c 1977 r., Korma
Beu nocne nonyyeaus 20KTopcKoit cre-
eww npoxoana craxkupoBKy B naGopa-
Top Tommcrefiva » Meamumcxom
uewrpe KanupopHuticxoro yuupepcure-
Ta Can-@panuucro. B 1979 r. ons oa
nepeui 8 Menuumsicxufl uextp Muun-
TavCKOTO yHMBepcHTeTa, Tile B HacTOR-
uiee spems Tosncreftn npodeccop, a
Beu aouenr xadempsi nenuaTpun u Hea-
ponoru. Poaaeretin nonyuin creer
Gaxanaspa m AoKTopa Meamusmes 8 Hst-
KarckoM YHMBepCHTeTe; COBEpILICHCTBO-
atc B oGsacTH HleaMaTpHH H HeEpono-
FM B pale YHMBEpCHTeTCKUX KMMH,
3aTem cram coTpynnuKom MenmusticKo-
To uentpa Kanmopxutickoro ysnep-
curera 8 Cax-@panuucko. ben umeet
cTemlenM AOxTOpa MeaMUMEBI H JlOKTOpA
unocodun 8 oGnacts dusnonorun 1
GuoxuMin, npucBoeunbte BucKoncun-
ckHM yHuBepcHTeTOM B Manutcone.
Philippe Brou, Thomas R. Sciascia,
Lynette Linden, Jerome Y. Letivin (1-
JIMMM BPY, TOMAC P. IIALIA,
JIAMHETT JIMHIEH, JDKEPOM
JIETTBHH «Llsera npeametos») pa6o-
‘alot non pyxosoncTaoM JlerTaHHa ®
MaccauyceTcKoM TexHOT0rHWeCKOM HH-
crwryte. Bpy 3auurrun oxropcxyio
-AWecePTauHIO NO MauLINHHOMY speHHO B
MTH u pa6oraer s Jla6opatopitn uc-
RyCCTmeHHOTO MHTENVTeKTa, 3aHHIMARCE
npo6nevamn rpadmas, .mnanicosoro
ananu3a, baSpHunoro npowsBoacTna 1
uedranoro Gypenns. lana paGoraer
wesponaTonorom 8 Knrwnuxe Koypt-
Crpirt Ynpaanenun setepanos » Bo-
crone # npenonaeT Hesponoriip m Me-
utuincKoR kone Bocrorickoro yntt-
eperrrera, Humtom 6axariaspa 10 61t0-
orn nonywnn s MTH, aHnn0M Ma-
rwetpa — » Konnenxe tepamin xu
yprin KonyM6uicxoro yuuepentera.
Jiunzen — aouent Ha Kacenpe mpo-
Maunenion texxonornn » BocTo-
cKOM yHuBepcHTere. Ona TaKKe npe-
nonasana 8 MTH u 8 o6oux yapexnenn-
aX nonyanna Harpani 3a Gnecrautyo
paGory. Cam JlerTsax onmuersopaeT
ppaimoo6paane To rpynmsi. Ox rioay-
‘4H aMMIOM MarHctpa B Hinnunofic-
KOM YHHBepcHTeTe, 3aTem Gein Mpak-
‘THKYIOUIMM NCHXHaTpOM. OnHaKo B Te-
4enne nocacanux 35 net on coTpyann-
saeT c JIaGoparopuen anexrpoxmKn
MTH, « B Tewenwe 20 net cocTouT
Mpodeccopom Guomormueckoro ¢baxysb-
‘Tera m axymurera snexrpoTexiuKH
sosuicnwrenKoR Texsuxs., Jlerrann
npoven moro uccnenovanitfl no nepe-
AaNe HepBABIX BOIOyAAeHHA B Mose.
Francesco Paresce, Stuart Bowyer
(@PAHYECKO TAPELL, CTbIOAPT
BOHEP «Bsaumozefcrsne Commua c
a
‘MeACSBeSIHBIM BEULeCTBOM») BeAyT COB-
MecTHBIe MccnenosaHua B ObsacTH
yabTpaduonerosoli acrpouomun. Ta-
eu! — rnasutif actpouom MucTuryTa
Kocmm¥ecKoro TemiecKoria B BaaTHMope.
B 1968 r. yexan ws Mranun 8 CUA 1 no-
ctynua 8 Kannopxnficxnit yrusepcn-
‘Ter 8 Bepgrm. Tlocne nonywenua crene-
1H 2oxTopa dumtocodun on paGoTar »
3TOM YHHBepcHTeTe acTPOHOMOM-H1C-
cnegosatenem, 3aTem 8 1983 r. nepe-
exat 8 Batumop. B Bepkau on paGo-
Tai B compyxkecrse c Boflepom — npo-
eccopom acTporomnu. Boliep nony-
‘MiiI Teme DOKTOpa (bunocodun B OF
JIACTH PewTFeHOBCKOA aCTPOHOMHH 8
Karonmueckom yxupepeurere. B xonue
60-x ronos oH Havan paspaGaTbiBaTD
npxGopt nna na6monenufl » nanvHell
ymbrpaduonerosoli oGnactu ceKTpa.
B nactoauice spema boitep — neatyuutl
Hcenenosarent 11 mporpamme HACA,
npenyemarpHsaioutell sanyck KocMm4e-
cxoro annapara ana HaGmoneHun 8
alansueht yastpabuoneTosoh oGnactu.
Joyce R. Richardson (IDKOHIC P. PH-
YAPACOH «Plnevenorne») nonysnna
cTenenb mareTpa no 3oon0rnu B YHn-
sepcutere Hovoft 3enanau, crenens
aoxropa dbunocodun 8 oGnactH reono-
rum — B MenbOypackom yaumepcurere.
PaGoraa s Oxeaxorpacbwueckon mHicTH-
tyre Hosoft 3enanam, samerepecosa-
Hach MeUeHOTUMH, KOTOPEIX cuHTaeT
eOGHXHOBEHHO LeHbIM OGBEKTOM JU1R
nay4npix HecnenosaNMl!: «B 3THX 2KH-
BOTHBIX 3aKMIOWeHA MeTORHCE HGH Ha
3enute». B nactoauiee opens Pumapn-
con — corpyauuua My3ex kopones!
BuxTopym 8 Menb6ypue, Ho npoxonx:
‘er chon Hecnenonanna 8 dopaax Ho-
ofl Jenanaun. Ona wamepesaetca m10-
crpourh p 3anupe Munpopa niosRo-
Auyto uaGmonatembHyIo CTaHUMO, KO-
‘Topaa paGorata Gbi H KaK HayuHoe y¥-
pexsenHe M18 TypucToR,
Vernard Foley, Werner Soedel (BEP-
HAP/ ®OJIM, BEPHEP COJI91
«Busia Jleonapno na Bunun 8 Teoperu-
ueckylo—_-MexaHKy») — cOTpYAHHKH
‘Yuuvepcntera Mapai. ®oan — a0-
ueHT eropun, Coss — nporeccop
mexanukn. Ian xypHana «Scientific
American» ama Guim wanmeans cnesty-
touie crate: «Ancient Catapults»
(March 1979), «Ancien Oared War-
ships» (April 1981), «The Crossbow»
(January 1985) (cM. «B supe HaykH,
1985, No 3). Aucceprauna Doan, 3a Ko-
‘Topyio emy Gxina npucyxaena yenan
Tenens oxTopa unocopun a Kani-
dopmuiccom yuunepcurere » Bepxit,
Hoceauiena HCTOPHH PasBHTTHA HAYKH H
‘Texumkn 8 Espone. Con91 oKonynn
Yauwepcurer Mapaio, rae nonyann cre-
lens maricTpa w 2oxTopa dusocodun 8
oGnacTH MexanuKi; nocneanas Gina
npueyautena emy 1967 ¢. Buonior
AZIN
MYeCKOe
BuIdsHHe MKB-n31yueHna
MpeActasnaer nu MukpoBonHosoe usnyyeHve
HU3KOM MHTeHCUBHOCTU ONaCHOCTb ANA *KUBOrO OpraHu3ma?
B kako Mepe cnegyeT OrpaHuunTb ero Bo3qevicTBue?
Ha 93Tv BONpOcbI MoKA HET OAHOSHAYHbIX OTBETOB,
Tak Kak 9KCNepuMeHTanbHble JaHHble
He NogAaloTca onpefenexHon MHTepnpeTayun
KEHHET P. ®OCTEP, APTYP y. TAN
JMCTEMbI ynpasnenun sosayu
( HBIM TpaHcnOpToM, paawonoKa-
‘UMOHMBIe YeTAHOBKH, HCNOME3ye~
Mbie nomuuelicKOl cnyxxGoH HB BoOpy-
okeHHBIX CHITAX, CILYTHAKOBBIE TENEBHGH-
OwMBIe cHCTeMbI cBABH, yerpolicTBa,
oGecrewnparoume Tenedonuyio caase Ha
fambuwe paccTosuua, annapaTH an8
aMaTepMuH H MHKpORONHOBEIE ew —
nce 970 HCTONHMKM = MHKDOBONH
(MKB)*. 3a wexmowennem Tex crywaes,
xoraa MKB ucnombsyiotca a Heno-
cpeactaewHoro BosdeficreuA Ha opra-
HHIM WerloBeKa B NeweGuBIx tlensX, HII
xpafie Manas YacTe Toft HeBuAHMO!
‘oHepru AOcTUraeT Hacenenua. Onacho
1M Ana 310pOBEA YeTIOBEKA Bo3IeficTAMe
Crom MHSKHX yposHell MKB-usmyxe~
ann?
‘So cau us Tex Bonpocos, xoTopEIE
JIETKO 3au1aTb, HO Ha KOTOPBIE HesIeTKO
orserurs. Bawaune MKB-Hanywennf 1a
xupofl opraiu3M Hsyaamoct Gomee Bce-
CTOPOHHe, YeM fefleTRHE MHOTHX JIpy-
Fux @axTopos oxpyxxatoulell cpeab!, O-
‘TeHUMANLHO OnacHBIX MIR YemOBeKa.
‘Tem He Mevlee KaK cpeaM yHeHBIX, TAK
cpenn oGintectRenHocTH oTcyrcrayeT
eHHax TONKA 3peHHA No BONpocy Hx
spenHocTH.
Cpeactsa cemsu npencrasasiot co-
Gof wmpoxo pacnpocrpanenmsift uc-
Tow MKB-HanyteHHs, nocToRHHO
* Tepaamiom sarxpovomm (MKB) =
CWA o6omasaioT ananason wacToT oT
300 MI'u 10 3000 TT. Cornacto xnaccni-
Kaui —-SIEKTPOMArMMTHBIX —yomywenit
(QMH) no snanasoMane wactor, npeaycwoT-
[PeNMOM HOMeHENATYPOR MexutyHaponHOro
Pernamewta pamwocussi (MKKP, ?Keviesa,
1979) yeananmeaft nvanasol nOMoMHNTETEHO
nonpayessetes wa 4 nonamanasona: yabT-
panuicoxwe — YBY (00 MTu— 31Tu),
‘cuepxaticoxne — CBY 3 —301Tu), xpaline
ruicoxne — KBY (30 — 300 Tu) w runep-
puicorue vacrorsi— TY (300 —
3000 FT'u). — Fipua. nepes.
aeficryrouero Ha uacenenue. Koraa
Kakag-H60 KOMMaHH OGpaulaerca 8
opransi MectHoro caMoynpannenus
‘cBN3H 32 paspeilicHHeM wa ycTaHOBKy
cranumm, pa6oraromel 8 auanasoHe
MKB, to, xax mpasuno, sosHmxaior
cnopst w mpeneTaBHTenH KOMTaHHM 10
kasbisaior, ¥TO cosmaBaembie PanHomie-
PenaTUKOM ypoBHH MoULHOCTH UNH ce
TMKOBBIe 3HaveHHA He GyayT npenbi-
MAT THICAYHBIX HIM MHJUIMOHHBIX 110-
sell oT ypopiell, yoTAHOBACHHBIX KaK
npesienbo nonycrumste. HonycTumsie
2ke Mpenenst IHAYMTeNEHO NUKE Tex,
pH KoTopsix MKB-ayvenne npen-
(CTABAAeT OnacHOcTS 18 OpraHHaMa.
Apyran cropona sassnser, To cna-
Gs1e MKB-nanyemma MoryT mpupectH K
PasBuTHlo ellie He BbimBNeHHDIx webma-
TonpuaTunix sdybexToR H ¥TO Gesonac-
HOCTS HOBOH YCTAHOBKH HYAHO MOKA
sare. TIpH 3T0M Aenalores cceinKH Ha
pesynbrarbt uccnenosanuit, monyyen-
BIE B OMBITAX Ha AHBOTHBIX H OKA3BI-
naloumme wanwune He6naronpuaTHEIx
bdexros npH aeficreHn MKB-1snyxe-
‘uM HHBKOA HHTeHCHBHOCTH, B YaCTHO-
CTH TaKWX, KaK HapylleHMe cocTOmMH
MMMYHHOM CHCTEMBI, H3MeHeHNe OKC
AcHHR, HapylleHve npoHuuaeMocTH re-
Marosmuedanuiueckoro Gapsepa, non
[PerksteHMe XPOMOCOM Ht Pa3BUTHE Paxo-
BbIX onyxonell.
Pasvornacue 8 onpenenenuolt mepe
oGycnosneHo MpoTHBopewBoCTBIO
HOMHOSHANHOCTEIO PesyBTATOB MC~
cnenovannfl, mposenenusix » TeveHHe
Hlocaeauux 40 net w nonyyenntIx npH-
MepHo 8 6 TaIC. paGor. C Tex nop KaK
MKB-texunxa nonysuta wpoKoe pac-
Npoctpavenue, cTano WaBeCTHO, 470 H3-
AYYaeMBIe 10 BOMB! Gobo MOULKO-
(CTH MOTYT BBI3BaTS y NeTOBeKA pasBH-
‘Te oxora win TensoBOH ynap. Hema-
Tonpusruoe aelicteHe Ha YenoBeveckitfl
opranwam MKB-1a1yveunfi nuaKoil wH-
‘TeHCHBHOCTH NOCTaTOHHO ompeTeIeHHO
4
He noxasano. B To >Ke Bpemst orcyTeTBY-
JOT Mawubie, KOTOpbIe NosBomNAH Gut
YTweprKAATL, YTO HUEKME HHTeHCHBHO-
eT MKB-isayuenntt aGcomoro 6e3-
Bpeansi. OTcyTcTsHe omMosHauHoc-
‘TH —9To He TombKo pesynbrar NeGesy-
npewnbix Hccnenowann. [ipsa Kpo-
etea riy6xe: Henombsyembie B HacTOR-
lee Bema MeTonts nossoAaIOT MHITeP-
NpeTuposare Nony¥euHble MAHHBLE TO-
PasHOMy, ¥To HopoxnaeT HeoaHOSMaN-
HOCTS BEIBOOB, B cHTy YerO Ha HX OCHO-
BaHMM Henb3A cnenaT onpeneneHHOro
3aKMONeHUS O BPERHOCTH HHSKOMHTEH-
cusnbix MKB-wanyyenit.
‘Yuwrsisaa HeyOeauresbHOCT® UMeIO-
MMIXCA OKAIATENKCTB, MBI He HaMepe-
ust Geccniopuo yTwepaulars, 470 BO3-
aelictene cnaGoro MKB-vanyyenua sp-
sigetca onackti w1H Gexonacitim. Mot
pocto paccMoTpuM, Kak mpowssonH-
‘Tom KONMNECTBEHHAR OlleHKA CTeneHH
écka B Tex cnywanx, Kora onacHocT®
‘ovesiina. Mbt TaKxe paccMOTPHM, KaK
8 CUA paspaartisarica nepssiit cran-
mapT, ycTaxapmpaioumit npenenbuo
aonycrumete yposua MKB-usnyyensa,
M Ha KaKHX aHHBIX OCHOBKIBAIHCH CO-
eppkaunecs 8 CranmapTe orpannuens
‘3aTeM mei mpHBemeM OnHcaHHe HecKOsTS-
xux cnyyaes neGnaronpustHoro zeficT-
bia MKB-ianyvensi, yraseiparouinx na
‘BaXkHOCT NpOBneMBI H ReOGxONMMOCTH
‘oueHKH BosMorKHOM onacHocTH MKB,
‘Tak xe KaK H ApYTHX ¢baxTopos oxpy-
metoulelt cpemtbt, He OGnalaloulNx BEipa-
-xcHHbIM OnosiorHeckHM neHeTBHEM.
POBJIEMY 6uonornweckoro BHR
nua MKB-nsnyvenna cnemyer pac-
CMaTPMBaTS C y¥eTOM OMtsITa, HAKOM-
AeHHOTO B npouecce paGoTE! ¢ HHSKONA-
CTOTHBIMM 2neKTpHYECKHMH MOnAMI,
McNOMBIOBABLIMMMCA B TIpAKTHYECKOR
nesTembuocTH 10 Toro, KaK nlosBinact
MKB-rexsuxa. Muxposonsopsie u3iy-
NeHHA COCTARIIMIOT HaCTh CreKTpA 271eK- BVONOTMYECKOE BIMAHVE MKB-VSNYYEHUR 5
TPOMAFHNTHBIX KoNeGANMH H NexAT B
none or 300 MI'u a0 300 TTu,
7. €. ABIMOTCH BONHAM ¢ HaCTOTOH OF
300 mat. repu 10 300 Mapa.repu. ITH
AINNBI BOK KOPONe, HEM 4aCTOTHI
cTaHaapTHbix panito- H TeeBHSHOHHBIX
curuanop. 3a atanaiouom MKB (a cro:
DOHY yoerieHHa YacTOTEI) NewAT HH-
épaxpacoe wanyenne,
ACT ONTHMECKOTO HAAYHEHIA H «ALOR
upyioulee» Haay¥eHHe, K KOTOPOMY OT-
HocaTca yasTpabwomerouoe, pentre-
Heo6xoaumo ormerittb, 470 ro cBoe-
My Guonornveckomy sefleTBHIO HOHHSH-
Pyroulee HaAyNeHME KAYECTBEHHO OTK
waeten oT MKB-asnyyena. Koraa bo:
Tox (KBaKT 2neKTPOMArHHTHOTO Hamy~
NeHHA) NPOXOANT Hepes BeMeCTBO, OH
Paspeipaer XUNHMECKHE cBRIM (10K B
orcyTeTBNe xKaKoro-s1NGo 3aMeTHorO
Marpeva) HB pexymbTaTe HefTpanbubie
MONEKYsIbI CTAHOBSTCR 7ApsOKEHHIMH.
Taxaa Hommmauna npiBonNT K oBpeAk-
eto TxaHeh opranuaMa. B10 xe pe
Ma aHeprus OTOHA Hasy¥eHUR, COOT-
get simi 1/6000 oT TOM KiHeTHUECKOIt
OMEPriil, KOTOPYIO HMEIOT MONeKYsIBI
TKANAX 2KMTeNH BbIpaKaNn NpoTeCT NPOTHB PasMeweHMA renepa:
Topok MKB-sHeprin, CcbiNaACe Ha To, 4TO OOny¥eHwe axe
HWaKUMM ypoBHAMA MKB MoxeT npeACTABNATe OnacHOCTs
Ana 3ROpOBEA. 6
WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN RU)
B MUPE HAYKIA- 1986/N? 11
Ewe 20 Toro, Kak Bo spens BTOpofi
MMpoBOR vofist paaHonoKauHoHHa®
‘Texwuka nlonyunta wupoKoe pacipo-
eTpavenve OKazana cytlecTpeHHoe
BAUME Ha XOX BOeHHEIX nelicTBMt,
aneKTpoMarnurTHBte WBayuennA Gone
MWOKHX NACTOT Ha NpOTAAeHHH MHOTHX
eT IpHMeHAINcE B sIe¥eGHOR NpaKTH-
xe. Hecmotpa Ha To To xbibexrne-
HocTb Taxoro Biiaa Tepanii Guiza Brion
He oNeBIIHOM, BCE 2Ke cyuleCTROBANA
HOTeHIMambHa® OnacHocT® pasBHtTHA
‘OKOTa H HeKOTOPEIX apyrHX HeSaaro-
ApHATHEIX 3hEKTOB B cHy¥ae BORE
CTBUA Ha TKaMlh Mpeabiwalinio BLICOKHX
unrentcnpnocteit. Cpesm yuenbix senmch
AKTHBHBIE CHOPS! OTHOCHTENbHO TOF,
‘OKagbIBaeT 1H BRICOKOACTOTHAS 3U1eK-
‘TPOMArHNTHAR SHeprHs HeSsIarONpHAT-
Hoe Gnomormucckoe seficrBHe, He CBA
Sannoe ¢ OGKIUHLIM HarpesOM TKaHe!.
B nepsoe nocaewoensoe aecaTisieTHe
MKB-texnuxa paspuipanact OB0AbHO
GeieTpo, B coRIH c HeM sHaNHTeNbHAR
MacTe HaceneMMA crana noaBeprarcs
oGayvenmto 370M creumbwueckoft 3Hep-
rue. Xors x ToMy Bpemenn Gesri0 cooG-
LUleMO sIS 0 HeCKOBKHX cnyaRX Opa-
enna MKB-usnyyenue, —Bo3Moxk-
MocTs ynennueHus TakAx cayuaen cTatA
siywiaTe onacenne. H3-3a pacunpenns
MacwTaGoB Henomb30BaHHA pazHON0-
KaUINOHHLIX CTaHUNEl OTHOCHTeNBHO BEI-
COKOM MOUIHOCTH BOEHHBIC BenOMCTEA
CUIA c Hawana 50-x roo8 npctynnan
x mayen MKB-noneit B pamxax cne-
MASIBHBIX UeneBBIX NpOrpaMns, KOTO
ote aeltcrBy!or W noHBINe, Ko y>Ke c GO
ee WpoKON NocTaHOBKOM sasia4, 4eM
9T0 Guano piawane. Torna xc, 8 50-€ ro-
AIM MHorHe MccnenosaTenN iH mpaBit-
‘TembeTBenitbie opraiet Havazn paspaGa-
‘TolmaTe npasita Texnukn GesonacHo-
ctw npn paGore c MKB-annapatypon.
JIHVM 13 mpeactasnrenen yucro-
TO MUipa, BRABUINXCR Ja peuleHNe
70H satan, Gost P. Hlean 3 Flencnsis-
Bancxoro yHuBepcutera. B 1953 r. oH,
‘OcHOBbiBaxCE Wa TeopeTHWecKHIX o1LeH-
ax Harpesa TKaNH npH NOFTOULeHE €10
oneprin MKB, npeanoxns cantar
40-43 cpencrea cenan jin pasnnunure yenen
penensHo aonycTHMOM Ana YenOBeKA
MAOTHOCTE NoToKa moumocTH MKB-
wany¥eHus, pasHott 100 BT/M?, Pacie-
‘Tht Uleana noxasan, wro oGnywenne
‘Tena wesopexa MKB Taxol uwreHcus
HOCTH HONAHO NpHBECTH K HoBEIUIEHINO
‘Temmepatypsi OGnyaemoro ywacTea Ha
1° aunt meHbe 1 BbI3BaT TeM caMBIM
Hares Tesla, conocTaBUMBIIi C TeM, KO>
TOPLIIL MO>KeT HIMeTE MecTO Mit npoTe-
KaHun 8 opraniame ecrecTBeHiLAX bit
smonornyecknx npoueccos. YxaxanHbitt
pezeabio AOnyCTHMEII ypoBeHt OGay-
enna MKB npunepuo coorsercrayer
1/10 yposss panvaunn apKoro comney-
woro cBeta 1 1/50 yposHa paswiaunit
auaepnituecknx yerporicrs. To o1enKe
Ilsavia, 8 HeKoTopsIxX yenoBuax pH
naoTHoeTH noToKA MouocTH 1000
Br/x? Moxer npontzoftTH renn0B0e no-
Parkenste opranisMa. Taxiim o6pasom,
mpeanoxenuil Ulsaom npenensuo
AORyCTHMBIM ypoBenb BUIBPani NpIMEP-
Ho c 10-kpatitsim saniacom.
Caon pexomennaun Ulsan anpeco-
Bat BoekHo-\opcKuM cusiam CILIA, rie
31,8334 wopexan pannononaunn
27,5~30 KomMepueckan conde
24,1 nonmuercKan pennononauun
22,125 npoMbiunennoe, waysnoe m wenMUmcKo® OCopyROLAKHE
20.2—21,2 Boonan cnyTHHKOEas CBP
187-—17,7 panmonoxarope: paanusoro wasHaNeniin
122—-12,7 cnymunosoe panwosowanne (nepenava co cnyTHHKa)
1,712.2 nonmepweckan cnytHuKoBan coRab (nepenasia Co chyTMANKa)
10,525 nonnyertcxan paanonoxaiyin
85—10,55 pagwonoxaropei pasnauworo HaaMawonnA
79-84 soeknan cry THnKoBan carat (nepenasa Ha cryTHiK)
647,125 Kommepweckan conse
z 5,9—6.4 roumepweckan cnytHuxoBaA conse (nepenava wa cnyTHiAK)
5.85 npomsiuneHice, HaysHoe H MeAMUYAHCKOe OOODYROBARHe
50-525 cucreusi nocapxn camoneros, paboraoyue & MKB-suanasone
44—499 aoenne cpeacr
29—-3,7 paqwonoxatope! paannunoro HasHaveHHA
2.45 npoubiuneniioe, Hayswoe 4 menuUAHcnoe oSopyAOSANHe; MKB:neNN
1,05-2,2 koumepveckan canse
1,35—1,71 eoonnie w rpaxnanckve cpencTsa caRaM
¥ DagwonoKaropsi pasniHoro MaaHaNeHiR
915 Mu: npoMLNEHHOe, HaysHOe H MeRNUHNCKOS OBopYRORAHNE
to"
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wl &
8
or Ble
wt Fg |
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sho
wh
MMKPOBONHE! B cnextpe anexrpoMarniTHoro vanyyeNn
(eneea) oxearuiwacr muaneson wacror oT 900 wn. 0” 300
MnpA. repu. MKB wenonbayioTca ANA MHOrMx Yener; B;npABOA
ACTH pHCyHka NepeYACNeHb Nils HeKOTOPbIE M3 HIAK. PagMo-
NoKaTOPsI BOeHHOrO Ur paxKAaHCKOrO HasHANeHHIA U CpeACTEa
ceman pa6oraior Ha YacroTax oT 0,1 fo 40 [Ty (wannHapaot
Fepu). NpombiwnenHoe, HayyHoe M NeAMUMHCKOe OOOPyAOE:
Hue paSoTaer Ha pasnnulbix YacTOTAK, HO valle BCAro Ha 4a
crore 0,916 Fry (915 Mu) w 2,45 FTy, npoGrema GexonacHocTH ApH paGore ¢
MKB-o6opynonanuem ovens warkte.
Mnermryr craanaptos CIA, meine Ha~
shinaeMetlt AMepuikaHcKHM WauHonarth~
HLM -MNCTHTYTOM — eTaNsIapToR
(AHN), sxmONLLnpennoKeHHBLE
eanom nope 8 odiumamneie crat
aapris. AHMC — opramsauns, sav
Maloutasics paspaGoTKof peKoMmenuta-
unit no Oxpaxe Tpyaa mpu paGoTe c pas-
LIMSBIMI BIVIAMM TEXHMKH BO BCEX OT-
Pacnax npomsiuennoctn. B AHHC
Gint npoanamsupovanst Hayunnie
nyGaukaunit H, Tak Kak B HNX He Ha-
uunocs yGeanTenbubix cBiaeTenseTs
NOPAKCHHN AKNBOTHEIX, MOABEPrULIXCH
oGayseniio MKB mpi nnoTHocTH noTo-
xa MouiiocT# 20 100 Br/?, B 1966 r.
ory seamunmy npunanit a KauecTRe cTan-
aapra CUIA. Bexope mHorme sanasmibie
cTpanst apeau y ce6a npHMepHo TaKne
Xe CTaHapTHBIe HOPMEI, 1 paspaGo-
rannoe B AHMC «Pykononcrso no Tex-
uke Gesonacnoctu» («ANSI Standard
C9S.1») ctano wanGonee pacnpocrpa-
Hennbinm B CUA crannaptom mo mpo-
GeccHonamsiomy OGnyvenio MKB 1
oGayueHitio nacenesis.
Tepsonavansneit cranaapr AHHC,
Pacnpoctpansmunifica Ha YacTOTBI OT
10MPu.20 1001 Tu, suorne roast ocra-
BAICK B OCHOBHOM HeNaMeHHBIM. Ho B
1982 r., Koraa nonomten cpox ero o¥e-
pennoro nepecmotpa, Stiz0 npesoxe-
HO BHECTH B Hero HeKOTOPHIE HaMeHe-
nua. K Tomy Bpemenit sompoc 0 Geso:
nachocta MKB-isayewin HH3KoR mi
TeHCHBHOCTH (HeAOCTATONHOH ans TO-
Fo, 4TOGbI BEI3BATH JAMETHOE NOBEIL
we Tenneparypb! Tena) cTam npeaMe-
Tom oGcyanenun y HaceneHia, a TAKE
BMONMTHMECKHN H HAYSHBIX KPYFAX.
Yewenne sYNMAHH K nANHOR MpoB-
Heme CO CTOPOHLI oGuiecTBeRHOCTH
oBtscHanock panom mpi. B nepon
€ 40-x no 70-€ rons! 6uin0 einonHeHo
Gonbuioe sucno HecnenOBAHM nO Hy
Nenmno Gilonormueckoro —nelicTBI
MKB. Bonbunmerso onySmmKosannnix
‘aMHLIX, CBILIETEIILCTBYIOUMNX © 3aMeT-
Hom Gilonoriveckom Banani MKB,
OTHocHANc K caywaaM, Koraa_nsoT-
HOCTk MOTOKa MOUHOCTH. npeBeIUIana
100 Br/s?. Ho napauy ¢ 9THM nosBH-
Aocb HeGombulO€ HCO COOGULEHH,
KOTOpbX oGpauianoce BHNMANNe Ha
noaMoxknocTe paaenTin neGnaronpuat-
HeIx xbbeKkTOB MPH ypoBHAX BO3LeHCT-
BHR 3HAMTENBHO MeHBUUHX, HEM GEIL
npeaycmotpenti e ctanaapre AHUC.
Hanpumep, » 1968 r. nompiuioce coo6-
ete © TOM, ¥To HMMymbcHOe MKB-
ManyHeHNe ¢ NAOTHOCTHO MoULKOcTHL
Menee 1/10 000 npenensHo sonyeTsn4o-
TO YPOBHA, npeayeMorpeHHoro cTaH-
aaptom AHMC, moxxer surseare w3Me-
Hene YaCTOTEI COKPaIIEHHA HSONKPO-
BaHHoro cepitia aarywik, a unOrna
pMBOAWTs HK NOMHOH OcTANOBKE cepa
BVONOPMYECKOE BNMAHVE MKB-VSNYYEHMA
X — OMEKTPHYECKOE
MATHTHOE,
Mone
BSAMMOOTHOWEHME anextpueckon # MarHHTHOR CocraBnAIoWMx sneKTpoMar:
HuvTHbIx Bonk. BeKTOpel anekTpuueckOro H MarHATHOTO NoneA sIaKMHO NepneHpys
kyniapHbi. OH NepneNfMKyNAPHE! TAKKe HANPARNeHWI PacNPOCTPANeHUR BONHE|
Korqa vanywenue pacnpocrpanneTcn no Oc 2, aneKTpHueckoe one (yBeTHoe) Na:
annentho och x, a MarHMTHoe none NapannenbHo ocH y.
ua. Apyrinut uccnenonatenama 9TH
AanMMte NomTBEp-AEHBI He Okim. Xo-
Mam cayxu, 4TO 8 ConeTeKom Coie
yxke MMOrO eT OGaysaloT MKB Hi13K0-
crpanax Bapuiascxoro orosopa npe-
lenbHo nonycTHMetlt yponent MKB-112-
aywenna 21% Hacetensa 8 100-1000 pas
MeHBULe, ¥eM ypOBeH, MPHHATEIM BIO
TO YpOBHA su1aHMe AMEpHKARCKOTO no-
compersa 8 Mocxse. It coo6wenna
MOCIN cheKyaRTHBHBIM XApAKTep H He-
GocHosanHo conposoxmanucs pac-
eyxaennan o HeGraronpnnTHOM Bm
Nui 3TOrO Byuta Waz1y4eHEIs Ha 320POBbE
miogel. KetaTu, 8 Cosetcxom Cotose it
Gom amepiKatexom cTannapre.
Ocnosian puna, noGyausuian
AHHC nepecmorpers cranaapt C95.1,
3akmiowamtace 8 Tom, sro 6iaronaps 6o-
Bice COBEPLIEHHBIM MeTORAM s1O31IMeT-
Pil, MOsBONROULIM TOUHeE HaMepsTE
Kosiectsa nornoutenHoll anekTpoMar-
vanvuerine
vorournk \ \
Saeenan \ \
|
|
anpasnesne
Paoneoorraricnnn >>
sont
PASBOPHBIIA DAHTOM — mera oyeHKH npocTpacTBeHHOFo pacnpeneneHHs no-
FMoWeHHOR MoMHOCTH, BNepAbIE bin NPeANOKeH B 1968 r.T'aeM (OAHUM M3 aBTOPOB
cTaTby). Vnes cnocoba saxniowaercn 8 MaMePeHHM NOBBIWeHWA TeMnepaTypbI B
chanromax (mogensx) HenoseKa UNH KMBOTHDIX, BbIBAHHOTO NOrnoWeHEM MKB-
aHeprun. MaMeHeHne reMnepatype! NowwonseT yCTaHOBHT® xapaKTep pacnpegene:
HMA, /MYOMHY NDOHMKHOBEHHA W KONMYECTEO aHeprUn, KOTOPAR MPH AaHHLIx yCnO-
BMAX Gbina Obi NornoweHa XHEbIM OprannsMoM. Mofen’ HenoBeka NM *KABOTHOTO
oTnuBaerca 8 cbopme, OSpasosaKHon M3 AByx KyCKOB NeHonoNucTupona. BHyTpH
‘bopme! Beipesaiorcr nonocTu no cope Tena MoMenupyeMoro »MBOTHOFO Mn Ye~
nogeKa. 3arem cbopma sanonufeTcA rene, aneKTpHNecKMe CBOACTBA KOTOPOTO
Onwaku k flekTpH4ecKHM CBOACTBaM KMBOM TKaHM. Mopent ObicTpO OOnyHaInT (cne-
22), Noche Hero ee ObICTpo BbIHMMAaIOT Ms cbopMei M ChoTOrpacbupyioT C NOMOWBIO Mit
cbpaxpacton Kamepsi. Cnpasa — chororpachun, Ha KoTopon sacbnKcnpoeava Kap-
‘Twa NornoweHWA sHeprun OAHOM ws Takmx MoRenen. Ms npaKTHuecKHx coobpaKe-
HWA paaMep MofenH OOBI4HO RENBETCR MeHbUe ECTECTBEHHIx PasMepoB MOREMMPy-
eMoro oO vexra. Kaprnla conocTaavma c Ton, KoTOpaR HaGMOAanack Peano Nip
o6nyveHi wenoBexa BecOM 70 xr M pocTOM 1,74 BOnHaMM YacTOTOA 70 MI (4acTO-
Ta, Ha KOTOPOA nornoweHue MaKCHMaNbHO). Caeribie yuaCTKM COOTBETCTBYIOT OT-
HOCHTeNBHO BBICOKOM Crenenn NornoweKHA. 8
HNTHOA IHeprHn, GbiaM noAyHeHE! HO-
bie annee. Beniuna norsomenxolt
QHePrHH 2HBOTHEIM HAH YenODEKOM
cHOHLIM OOpasoM 3aBHICHT OT TAKHX.
noxavarenen, Kax WacToTa KoneGauutl,
pasmepbi oGay¥aemoro oGzexTa, cro
OpHeHTauNia OTHOCHTeTBHO HanpaBne-
Nia pacnpocrpanenu® ROMK, THN nepe-
aawouielt anTennes. Byayan oGay4enHti-
‘MIE OAHHIM 1 TeM >Re MOneM, KpEIca HHe-
sovex rionyuat aatexo He OsNHAKOBLIE
ao3bi 2HeprnM Ha emMHNUy Beca Tema.
Qa saBNICHMOCTh Y2xe aBHO Mony'LTa
nceoGuiee npysiaiite, O2NAKO 0 KOHUA
60-x roni0n sue HemMoruM HecaemOBa-
‘Tena yaapaiocs npowssectH cooT-
neTcrayIoUNe aaMepsi KoaMNecTBa
aeprit, NOTAOULAEMOH NONONITHBINH
oSvektamm. B 60-x ronax mnKenepst
npeanpuniaa paGorbt, KoTOPHIe 02B0-
WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZINE. NAROD
B MMPE HAYKIA-1986/N? 11
MAM FayOxe NONATe MexaHH3M norno-
ULeHH IHEPrH H ONHOBpEMEHHO co-
maT» Gosiee copepunienbie TexHMYECKHE
cpencrsa 1a HsMepeHia 203, nony¥ae-
B neckomtbxix Metonax, paspa6oran-
NbIX B NlocnenHne sua necaTHTETHR, 10-
abi OGayeHIA PACCHNTHIBAIOTER NO 11O-
BbIMeHIIO TeMmepaTypEt, perveTpupye-
MOMY pH oGaysieHH Momertem >KBOT-
NBIX IK YenoBexa. OnMH v9 aBTOpOB
9Toh craton (Fal) 8 1968 r. npenoxna
MeToa, HaxBaHHBIfl HM «paxGopHBttt
ganrox. O6onouxa, nocnporsmons-
law Teno *KMBOTHOTO, 3anosHRETCA 5a-
cTbIBAeMOM NAACTHYECKOM Maccoll, KO-
Topas JaTeM mponuTeipaetca renem,
MMeIOULHN HIpHMEpHO TAKE XKe 3A1eKT-
Duweckwe cBolicTRa, KaK H (KHBAA TKAHE.
B revenue KopoTKoro Bpemenit Moslem
MOBENb.B BME COEPEI, nocrpoeHHas c NoMoUbIo SEM m wcnonbsyeman ANA May:
MeHiia NornowWeHAA SHEPTHH TKAHAMH. TakaR MOEN’ OcoGeHHO nonesHa ANA onpe-
AeneHWA xapakrepa vaMeHeHHA NornoweHMA NpU wsMeNeHMM acTOTe! COMYNaIOe.
Fo nona. ApunnmaetoR, YTo ctbepa, KOTOpaR MOET SLIT Mofenbio “enoBeKa UNH
YacTH eFo Tena, uMeeT TaKYIO Ke MlEKTPO- H TenNMONPOBOAHOCTS, TO M TKAKE Yeno-
bexa. Ha 9BM NOACUMTBIBGeTCR KONMNECTEO NOFNOUeHHOM SHEPrHM; PasnMHbIe
pera CooTeercTAYIOT PaSNANHKIM CTENeHAM NoBbilleHHA TeMMepaTypbl.
Korna
‘orpepa papuycom 10 cM oGnyaeToR sonHaMn YacToTOA 100M, cbpowTanuHas nno-
(OKOCTS NornowaeT HaNBONbUYK Mody (kpAcHBu YBeT); OONACTs, pacnonoxenHian sa
2TOR NoBepxHOCTHIO, NornowaeT yMepeHHOe KONUYECTEO VeneHbIM), 2 ® YEHTPE
‘cchepei nornowerwe O4eHE Manoe (ciHii). Tipu MO\MHOCTH Wany4eHHA 10 BT/M? MAK
CHManthoe NoBbIeHue TeMrieparypb 8 ccbepe HAYTOxHO Mano — 0,003 °C. Ms06pa-
skeune rony'ieHo X. KPHTHKOCOM 143 MleHcuneBaHcKoro yHuBepcuTeTa.
‘OGnywaior. Zarent ee paxGupaioT 11 co-
ctapnste vactn otorpadupyior © no-
Moubo Tenosinopa. Beary no-
Tnowlenkion 3Heprun MOXHO paccen-
Tarb Tawke MyTeM MOneAMPORAHIN Ha
BM. Hanpumtep, axnBoTHOE nH O6y~
‘wae venopex pencTasnseTe 8 Bitte
onumincouna wan unzuitpa. Masai
rawxe Goree ToWBIe MaTeMaTHVecKHe
oem, icronbayroue npobnene du-
Typ neenenyebix o6wexrOB Ha 610KI
Aavwste, waxonmennbie x 1982 1. pe-
aymbTaTe MpHMeHeHHA BCEX ITHX HOBBX
MeToNOB, cBieTemLCTBORANH, UTO KO-
AuecTBO HlornouleHHOl aHeprI cy-
UlecTBeHHO JaBHCHT OT YacTOTL Hany
stentig n paaMepos rena. B neGnaronpi-
sTHeix oGcToxTenscTvax orsouienne
syemopexom 22exTpoMarHHTHOM MHEPraH
xa wactorax oF 70 110 100 M'u moxer
Gurr w 10 pas Gombunmuns, vet Ha Gonee
BAICOKHIX NaCTOTAX, ecm OH OnpeaeneH-
mnt o6pasom OpHeHTHPOBAH Mo OTHO-
luienito K Hanpasnemio pacnpocrpane-
nu Bon. neKTpomarnuTHsie Bon
‘nut — 9To koneGans anekrpieckoro m
MarMHTTHOrO nonEeit, BexTOPH! KOTOPHIX
epneHauxysiapit ApyT K APyTY WK Ha-
npasnewmo pacnpocrpauennm woan
(€. pitcyHOK Beepxy Ha c. 7). Tor0-
lene nexTpomarsutTHOH —axeprut
MaxciIMamIbHO B TOM eny¥ae, Kora Teno
senovexa opnettTposano Tak, 40 ero
nnponombias (sepTHKaNsHas) oct napan-
neNbHa BEKTOPY BeKTPHVECKOTO NOR,
a bpouransian nnockocTs nepnenanKy-
_agpwa nextopy MarnirTHoro nons. Teno
tenopexa MOwET paccMaTpHBATBEA KaK
Xopouias anTenvia su0K aneKTpoMarHitT-
uix kone6annih c HactoToH 70 — 100
MPu; npunato rosopirs, #70 na 9THx
4acrorax OHO «pexoMNPyeT» ¢ NOTeM.
TOBbI yuecth xbbexr peronanca,
xomutet AHHC, nepecwarpusas
8 1982 r. craunapr, mpunsn peurenne
YeTaHOBHTh —mipenemBHYIO BemNuHHy
NAOTHOCTH NOTOKA SHeprHH B IaBHCH-
MocTH OT WacToTii. FIpit TOM UeMbIO
Gsia0 orpannitrs KOMMeCTBO NorAO-
leMHOH TenloM 3Heprim onpeaeneHHO!
Bennuimofi. B To spn Kak craptiit Ba-
PuaitT cranaapra yanrTbiBan ToAKO Mm
TeHcHBHOCTH SHEPrM, nanaoWe Ha
Teno, B HOBOfi ero penaKuNH Orpanusnt
BarICR YPOUEND CpemHETO IHANEHHA NO-
FAOUIENHOM MoUIHOCTH ana BeerO Tena
00,4 Br via | xr weca. (FIpu o6ysenn
OTmembMBIx 4acTe Tena nonycTHMOH
MOXeT CUHTATECR HECKOMIBKO GOsTBILAA
semuunna.) B cocToani noxos opra
HinaM Yes10BeKa OGKIUHO BbUIENRET B”IBOE
Gombutee KonuuectRo Tena, a Nps yMe-
pennot auweckofl warpyaKe — ropas-
20 Gonbune. To cpasnenmo ¢ npeabiay-
UM BapHaHToM cTaNmapra B ero pe-
aaxusiu 1982 r. Guin npeayemorpeHst
MHAUNTEMBO MEHBLINE IHANeHA NOT
HocTu 3Hepriu s Gostee mNpoxwh Hana WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZINE. NAROD.F
BVONOTMYECKOE BAMAHVE MKB-MSNYYEHMA 9
30x wactor — or 300 xT'u no 100 Tu
(emt. saoKHNH pucyHOK Ha c. 10). Ypo-
Bent naaiowen aueprun Gta paccan-
‘Tan MyTeM yepeaMena ee BeNHKHHISL 32
Gemunyrunie mrrepsansi; Taxis o6p%
30M, CTaHiapT OnyeKan KpaTKoBpe-
Mentoe oGy¥enie mpm Gosiee BbicoKiNX
yponunx sneprint.
AHHC ono6pua crannapr 1982 r.
‘TonbKo Mocne TUATeNBHOTO sy¥EHA
MANNIX, HMEFOULUIXCR B Hay¥HOH suETe-
Parype; Ou noaTeepxaamm, ¥TO npHt
OGnyweinn MKB wikaxoil cepnesion
‘OnaCHOCTH. AR 3M0pOBKA >KIIBOTHBIX
Net, €CAM MuTeNcuBHIOeTE mormoMeN-
ofl sueprnt He npestiuaer 0,4 Br/xr.
Konarrer npiuien x saxmovermo, 470
OnacHocTs losnseTeR WaNHHAR NPI
Mepno ¢ 4 Br/kr; apyrumi cnowaNt, 8
cranaapt Gsina sazoxeua wHTeHcHt
nocTs, KoTopaa 8 10 pas Meni ypo
a pepostHoft oniacnocTi. To MHeHItIo
xowirera, npeayemorpenian cranaap-
‘TOM AONYCTIMAR 1038 HCKMOWBET BO3-
MOXHOCTE Ten/TOBHIX YAaPOB H OXKOTO!
Tip ston a03e, xax npennonaranoce,
HeKMONAAHC Take ApyTHE HIBECTHBIE
¥9 murtepatypst wexenaTemuute no-
CHeACTBUR, O KOTOPEIX HMENHCE HATE
¥MbIE NaMHbie (pet HET, B YACTHOCTH, O
cepLesHbix OTKIOHEHHIRX B noBemeHIN
>XMBOTHEIX MPH NOTHOMLEHHH sHeprH B
nonax or 4 n0 8 Br/xr).
Tipu paspaborke cranaapra ne men:
HOC NOMbITKH HGGEKATE BCeX HaBeCT-
uix nocnencTon OGny¥eN, nocKosIb-
xy MHOTHe 13 npwBeneHHrX 8 mHrTepaT
Pe aaneix GbinH Ht OCTAIOTCR CONE
‘Tenbubint. Pesynmsrarst pata Hecnes0-
BaHH OAHOSHANHO NOKAMIBAIOT, TO
oGnyvenne Goma nosann MKB-
eprint onlacHo NK 3nopones. Y xu-
BOTHBIX OHO BBIbIBAET TeRTOBOM yzzap.
B apyrax mecnenosanisx, » KoTOpHX
erHuMHa TOrMOWeHKO! MoULIOCTH cO-
nocrasuwa ¢ Tentionpostyxutelt caMoro
opramnwa, Ha6monamies wsMeHeuns,
koTopwie OTHACTH MOrKHO CUHITAT HOP”
MambHON inHOAOFMNEcKON peaKtNeR
opraninMa Ha Harpesane, xoT aan
hibte, ua OcHosaunn KOTOPLIX aesacTeR
‘TaKoMl BLIBOA, BO MHOTHK colyaasx mpen-
cTannmotes Meniee wanes. B st-
‘Tepatype wMeIoreR cooGuIeKHA HO
Bo3nefICTAHH COBCEM MATIX 103, HO B
px yGenurrenbux oBxsexentl caenan-
NbIx ABTOPAMH BBIBONOR He aeTER.
Caeayet ormetutb, To nocrovep-
HocTe ncex mpoasiamusuponasibix pe-
aynbraTos fatexo ne oauwaxona. Ont
abort no sywenNO numa MKB-
SHeprin Ha KNBOTHMIX He BbIabIRAIOT
conmett 8 eTPorocru Hay¥Horo soa
xona, Toraa Kak » apyrix obiapyausa-
OTCR souBie TexmMVecKHE MpocKeTs! (8
MacTHOCTH, B paule 2KcnepuNeHToB TOK
HocT WaMepeHUA Guia KeBbicoxa), a
NexoTopite Guim HacIOXKeHLA HACTOMTEKO
KpaTKo, #o He nosBonssIK cymTE O6 HX
BA
APOBNEHVE HA BNOKM—HavGonee cnoxHbin BY M3 BCeX MaTeMaTHNe-
‘cKWx MogeneA, cnonbsyembix ANA pacveTa KONMYeCTBa nornoweHHoA
akeprun, KoopquHats Kaxporo Onoka saKnapbisaoTca 8 SBM. Sarem wa
OcHOSe SapaHee MSBECTHDIX SNeKTPHYECKMX CEOHCTE TaNeH, UaCTOTRI US:
Ay4eHUA MW APyrHx napamerpos SBM npoussonKT pacer BeNwUUH! NOrno-
weHun, BuipaxaeMoh 6 Brikr, Korqa cyOvekt oOnyyaeTcA none, nnor-
HOCTR ‘noTOKA MOWHOCTH KOTOporo Coctasnner 10 Brim? [Ipyrme TeopeTHve-
‘cKwe MOgenM (He NOKasaHHble 3ffeCb) BKMOYAIOT annUNCOMALL, KOTOPEIe, COracho
‘SaQaHHbIM YCROBUAM, SaNONHANTCA TOMOTeHHbIM MaTepHANOM, NPeACTABNAIOWMM
cO6O MMUTaYHIO TKaHelt YenoBeueCKOrO Tena M SNAUNCOMAbI CROXHOTO CTPOEHMA,
Conepxaulne OTAeNEHBIe CRO, KOTOPLIE MMMITHPYIOT KPOBYIO H MBIWENHYIO TkAHM,
PeaynbTarbl TaKMx TeopeTHHECKHx NOAXCAOB XOPOWO COrNacyIoTCR MexAY COGOA M
C OKCNEPHMEHTANbHBIMM AAHHBIMK, NONYHEHHBIMM Ha MOAENAK.
yponue. B nuteparype omncansi coran
Suonormueckux >ppektoB MKB-31-
NenNA, HO MHOTHE sneH, noAOBKO
yauiGKe «eumpexoro Kora», HaGmona-
Auleb muse ontarKast HB MocrERyIOULX
PaGorax tie ynonanasoren.
Yactimno raxoe pasoo6pastie o6y-
AcH#eTCA CAMO NpHPONOM Hay¥HIBIX He-
cmenonanuh. Berson 0 warm Toro
IM MHOTO «=dhdeKTa» menaeTeR Ha oc-
woBaHiM OGHApYKeHKOTO pass
Mexay KONTpombHOM rpynnoft monet!
umm aenBOTHBIX Ht rpyHOMl, noaBeprHy-
To sosneficrsato MKB. Bosse 903-
MoXKHO, #70 HaGmiosaeMoe mBmTeHHe MO-
110 HBITTHCR PesyTbTATOM HeKOETO OcO-
Goro Guonornveckoro posneficreua
MKB-anyvenus. Ho ono Moro Gor»
n cnencTeHem OGs4HOH dusHOnOTIHEC-
xO PeaxuUMit Ha MoseimeuHe Tenmepa-
Typet Tena. He wexatowaiores # Taxne
Spur, Kak pas6Poe cTaTucTHYECKHX
awiix, MAH naxe _HenocTaTosHo
erpornfi KoHTpOTS 3a KaxnM-nN60
TapaMeTpom Bo BpeMs 9xcrepuMena,
TOBLI nposemonctpnpobars, ¢ Ka-
KOM eTKOCTHIO MOXKHO M1O-paaHO-
My MHTepnpeTuposaTs —9xcnepunen-
Tambuble AaHHBIC, H cAcTAT® cOOT-
BETCTECHHO PA3HBIC BLIBOMEI, MBI BEI-
Gpaiu Tp npumepa us uncaa ony6au-
Kopannbix paGoT. Bo scex Tpex sccse-
AOBaHHIAX PesymbTaTEI NOAYHEHEI B IKC-
nepuMenrax np Bosaeiicrsut MKB 3
mpemenax aonycTumttx yponnell, npeny-
emoTpenmix cranmaprom AHHC H
aeticTaopapuunx 20 1982 r. M1 ace ort
CbIrpartit HEKOTOPy!O orb B opsupo-
‘Ban OGUIECTBEHHOFO MHeHIR OTHOCH-
‘TenbHO BOsMOxHOM-ONacHOCTH OGryse-
vu MKB auskux unencusioctent.
Boauofi us pa6or wsyyazoce, anuser
au MKB-snyvenne wiraxoft surrencsa-
HOCTH Ha cbyHKusU FonoBHOTO Mo3ra. B
1975 r. ape necnemonateabeKue rpynmst
8 CUA cooGuma, To oGnyyene
MKB woumocrsio of 1/3 20 1/5 npeny-
eMOTPeHHOM CTAHAAPTOM HOPMBI MO-
2KeT YCKOPHTE Nepexon onpedtesieHHSIX
beullecTS 113 KpoBHt B Mosr. Xora 3Haue- WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZINE.NAROD.F
104
ANA CPEDHEN KPbICbI
toh
ANS CPEAHETO HENOBEKA
10-4
YAENBHAR NnOTHOCTS
TOrnOwEHHOW MOUOCTH, BriKr
L L L
0 16 70" 70
MACTOTA, Mr
10-2!
0
PASMMUME B NOFNOUEHM SEPT MKB YenogeKoM H KPLICOM Ha pasHblx wa
cToTax. CpasHeHve npoMGROAMTCR Ha SnAUNCOMAHEIx MoAeNAX. MaKCHMANLHOE NO-
Fnowenne y ¥enoBexa HaSmioAaeTcA Ha YacToTaX oKONO 70 MI, y KpbIC — NpAMEP-
Hoa Yacrore 1000 My, Pasnnune 8 Benv4nnax yAenbHon NornoweHHon MOWHOCTH
(YH; 8 sanaqHon nurepatype npHHAT noKasarens SAR. — Nepes.) oOwAacHAeTCA
HeopUHaKoBOR CNOCOBHOCTHIO TENA KHBOTHOTO M MenOBeka PEIOHUPOBATe KAK aH
‘Tera. OTo pasnuuiwe BMECTe c OCOOEHHOCTAMA CbUSMONOTHYECKOM PeaKYWH Ha NO-
Bbillerie TeMneparypbI Tena ABNMOTCA OCHOBKLIM HCTOYHMKOM HEONpeAeNeHHO-
Tv, c KOTOpOR CrankuBadoTca MCCRenOBATeNH Npx yoTanoBneHnn Nopora BEANO
ro feacTaua MKB Aina Yenoseka, KOrfa OHM NbITaIOTCA NepeHecTH PesyNbTaTb! SKC-
RepHMEHTOR C KMBOTHEIMK Ha enoBeKa. KpMBbie NoKasbiBajoT MSMeHeHMe NOrno-
WeHita nph o6ny4eHHu BonHaMM, HanpaBNeHHLIMK Ha TeNO MOR YFOM, pM KOTOPOM
vmeeT MECTO MAKCUManbHOe noroueHne MKB-sHepriu.
3
ANOTHOCTE NOTOKA MOWHOCTH, BTM?
&
10
10" 10 10 10° 10° 1
MACTOTA, Mry
CTAHAAPT, nony4ueuiA Han6onewee pacnpocrpanenue. OH npenycMarpusacT
MaKCHManbHO AONYCTUMEIE YPOBHN OONYYeHHA MHKPOBONHAMU HAceneHHA H Npo-
checcoHanbuerx paborHHKoB. CrangapT Obin sseneH 8 jericTene B 1966 r. AMepH-
KAHCKMM Hal|OHANbHbIM MHCTHTYTOM CTaHAapTos (AHMC). B 1962 r. crakgapT Obin
epecMorpen. Mepebih BapHaHT craHAapra ROnYcKaN MaKCUMaMbHOe SHAWeHKE
RnoTHocTH noroKa mowHocTH 100 Brim? gna sacror oT 10 My Ao 100 ry. Stor
pesensHo AONyCTHMbIA yPOBeHe Obin vsMeHeH B 1962 r., Nocne Toro Kak Obino yoTa-
HoBneHo, 4To NornoweHHie Tenom YenoseKa MKB-sHeprinn Ha pasnuuHbix HacTOoTAX
HeOAMHakoBO. B HOBOA peAaK4WM cTaHgapTa AONyCTuMBIe sHANEHHA MNOTHOCTH
MOUHOCTH yCTaHoBneHb! 8 32BMCHMOCTH OT HaCTOTEI. MaKCHMaNbHO AONYCTHMbIE
SHAMEHMA CHIDKaIOTCR AINA HACTOT, GnvsKnx x 100 Mr. Llenb crangapra — orpali
NuTb BeNKUMHy NOFAOWeHHOA MOUIOCTH fo 0,4 BTiKr (c y¥eTOM yopeRHEHMA). Echt
‘oGnysaeTCA ToNbKO YacT® Tena, TO AONYCTMMOM cHHTAeTCA 1 Gonee BRICOKAR HOPMA.
HIE TAKOFO HANEHHA IIIA WesTOBEYECKOTO
OpraniaMa OUEHHTE TPYZHO, 1060
nono6usit abext MoxHO NcTOnKO-
Bab Kak HapyluleHHe BASH KPOBOTOKA C
enTenbHOCTMO MO3Ta, a 3HaMHT, OM
norenutaiibHo onacen. Kak 1 cien08a-
0 OWAT, 370 cOOGUIEHHE O6OCTPH-
‘no neBarb rio nosoay oGecneyenna 6e3-
onacnocrn oT MKB-nsayxenns. B Texe-
tne caeayioumx 10 ner He Meusue e-
caTKA uccnenonATeNbCKHX sa60pato-
uit sannManich isyeHHeM Bo3meticT-
aust MKB na Moar. Mccnenosanna cra-
nopiauch nce Goes rny6oxnMt H CTPO-
TMH, H 8 KORUE KOHLIOB BBIBOR «rtepBO-
orxphisarenefiy Gtin onposeprayr.
(Boabunmcrvo uecnenosareneit, oaKa-
KO, cormacnbt B TOM, ¥TO OGmyyenue
MKB raxolt Moutoct#, npx KoTopofi
‘HaMITENbHO NOBbILIaeTeR TeMmepaty-
pa Moara, nbiabinaeT cyllecTBeHHIE 13-
MeHenua mB remarosHuedamnnecKom
Gappepe.)
TIpyrott caywait caasan c maywenitent
Tak wasbinaeMoro «paslHopOnHOBOTO
cayxay — mpsiena, usBecTHOTO c
1947 r. Ouew» wacto, xoraa MKB-
muinyabeht acficTeytoT Ha ronoBy, He10-
BEK CBILINT «IHeMMKIDD B TAKT CHM
ynbcau; mpuiem y Hero cosmaeTen
prevarneune, “10 ulen¥KH pasMarores
BHYTPH ronoBM. ITO aBTeHHE HMCET
MecTO, eenH NNOTHOCTD MoTOKa MOU-
HOCTH UNIYsIBCHOFO HBAyeHHA slOCTA-
‘rowno —mbicoka (nopanka 10 —
500 KB1/M?); amwrenbHocTs HMnyzb-
Con MoxeT BuiTe fake HEGOTEIO! (He-
CKOABKO MUKPOCeKyHIN), TAK 4TO cyM
Mapwoe noraomeHne 2nepriit, yoped-
HenHOe no BpeMenm, Nony¥aeTcR ropas-
BO HIKE MaKcHManbHO AONYCTHMOTO
poss.
Peayanrarst omtHoro 3 paHHuX He
caeaonannit 3Toro sbbexra nas ocHO-
‘anite npennonaratb, 4To caMoft syBCT-
BitTenbiolt o61acTmIO, c KOTOPO!I CBAIA-
Ho BOsHKHORENHE OllyUIEHIE LLEr4KO,
SBNRETCA UEHTPATBHAR YACTe MO3Ta.
Bursbipana Tpesory BOIMOKHOCTS Toro,
To uMnymbcHoe MKB-usywenite oKa-
auinaer npaMoe wosneficraHe Ha Mo3t. B
1974 r. on ws apropos cratsit (bo-
cep) Bbickanan npesmonoxentie, 470
lenWKH — cencTaHe MeonacHoro 218
an0poRbs QIDUNECKOTO ABTEHHA, KOTO
oe aOsHHKAeT NpH OOYYeHEH TOTOBLI
Tunorersmuecknit MexaiitaM 0B0s1bxO
poct: nos seficrBHeM MamBIX, HO PESKO
noctynaioulix 103 Terioso!l aKeprist
RpoMEXOAHT TenmoBoe Pacuimpentie
“raviell (HECKOMBKO MHAAMOMHEAX LOM1ER
rpanyca Ha K@xkabifl HMMyAbC), OHO H
TOPOXAACT 3ByKOBKIE HOsTHL!, KOTOPHIE
NeoBek BOCHPHHNMAeT Kak UeT¥KH
Heeno:xnbie pacweTst st 9KcnepHMEHTB
a monenaX (CocyaaX, HanlomMCHIIDIX BO-
oi!) oxaoa14, TO SBYKOBHIE BOTHE!
Boa6y2ktaeMnic MKB-nnanymicamit, 10-
Axkub! GbiTb cbnuNB!. OMBiTHt ¢ «I
BOTHBIMH nodrBepAKaH 370. CAyXOBOH BMONOTMHECKOE BIMAHVIE MKB-USY4EHMA "
abdexr MKB-wsaysenns 8 nacroruice
‘Bpenia He cunTaeTea ykazanueMt Ha ora
oct.
PETH npuniep — uccrenonanwa
NPOBOMIMBIE OHM 13 aBTOpOD
(Faem) cosmectio c ero Konaeramit ®
Yamnepenrere uit. Baunurron s Cwot-
ane. Pesyawraret 310i paGoret 1oxasbi-
BaIOT, Kak NH HHTepnpeTaMNH aKcTIe-
PUMEHTANbHBIX AMMBIX MOryT BO3H-
XAT THMHGHHBIE HEOAHOSHANHOCTH, KO-
‘TOPHLE MHCYIUME MHOTHM Hay'HbIM TYG
AuuKaLnaM, MOCEAMLCHHDIM GrostorHye-
CKOMy nnHAKINIO MKB-sneprnn. B Teve-
Wile Tpex eT way¥anoce Bosnelicrane
MponomKUTENSHOrO, HO HUSKOM WHITH
cusioctn MKB-oueprin (Ta pa6oa
umantenponanact Llkoof aapoKocstt-
weckoit Menmuuntiss BBC CUA). Cpas-
nupanice 100 nononsrTHBIX KPBIC, KO-
‘Topbix O6yHaAH Ha IPOTHKEHUM NOTH
ell Hx oKNSHEI, C apyrHMA 100 KB
Mi, KOTOpbIe He MoZBepranict OOnyye-
tlo, Ho ConepsKanlich B-TAKHX 2ee yenO-
umx, Kax u neppbie. Hyver, KOTO-
DbIM Bo3NeHIcTROBATH Ha IKCTIepHNEH-
TaNbHy!O TPyHINY XMBOTHBIX, NETO
MHOTHOCTs MOTOKA MoUIHOCTH B cpea-
ne 5 Br/s? nuactoty 2,45 Tu. Kpsic
Ginyu exeAHEDHO NO 21 4 B TeNeHHE
25 mecauies. B cpenHem 8 3aBicHMocTH
or sospacra oun noaysnnn nosy oT 0,2
10 0,4 BT/xr, "To cooTBeTeTBOpaTO n0-
TyCTHMOMY Mpedeny iia YenoBeKA 1o
nefcrposapuiemy Torna craHtapry.
Vicenenonarenn pericrpuposami 155
‘napaMeTpoR, xapakTepHsyloutx COcTO~
‘SHNe MIOPORLA TOBE LENHE AHBOTHBIX,
TOM Aileae: XuMMIMECKHT COCTAR KPO-
Bu, Bec Tena, exeAMEBHOE NOTPEGTENHE
BOI H MHMUUA, KONMYECTBO NOTpeGARC-
Moro KHesIOpoua Ht BbUIeNREMOTO yrs1e-
cpuneTemtcTBoBa-
AIM 0 HesHaNHTeABHOH pasHHue B cOCTOR-
‘Nuun OG auaeMbIx H KONTPOMIBHBIX KPBIC,
Boimsenmete pasnnu » CombumcTBe
caywaes auGo He wMenm craTHeTHuec-
oll sHayuMOCTH, NGO HOCH HeynO-
Panovennbih xapaKTep 4, 10-BHRHMO-
My, 6bim# npocto cnyyattubinst, Hanpi-
Mep, YpOBeHE KOPTHTIONA B MuTaSMe KPO-
Bi (KOTOPBiIl XapakTepHsyeT ypopent
PeakUMH akTuBALI) Ha NepsoA Cram
oxcnepumenta Guin BbIMIe y OGnyseH-
BEX AHBOTHBIX, & Ha TPeTBEH — y KOH
‘TPONTBHBIX KDBIC.
Pesyaurarst paviee mposesenunix 1c-
‘cneaonanni ykaabinamit Ha TO, TO BOI
meficreue MKB-3neprunt moxer oca1a6-
JIT MMIMYHHYIO cHICTeMy OpranusMa.
Tozromy Taf c xonneranm npowseent
OlleNKY yHKUMOMAMBHOM aKTHBHOCTH
AMMGOUNTOB — OCHOBHLIX KNETOK HM-
‘Mynioft cucTeMb! y OGnyWeHHEIX 1 KOH-
TPOABHBIX aKHBOTHBIX. Hepes 13 Meca-
ues nocie Havana 9KcnepUMeHTa MExAY
"ABYMa TpynMaN KUBOTHBIX OOHAPY«H-
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‘cootaercTaiin co sHaverinann YIIM. Orv Obinv npoaHanusnposanbi AHMC npw ne:
Pecmorpe cranapra 8 1982 r. Schcbexrei, saperMcrpuposanHble np YAM sbiwe
5 BTikr, NpoBepANcy NO PesyneTaTaM HECKONEKMX VCCNEAOBAHMM M NOTOMY OHM
MOryT cuMTaTeCA HapexHoiuus. Zina chy4aes passuTUR ac>¢>eKTOS MPU Gone HUS-
Kux sHaveHuam YIM ZocTaTouHOA cornacoBaHHOCTH peaynbTaToB He HaOnIOAa-
nock. MHorHe 13 OTMeNeHHbIX acbcbexToB npn Gonee HMaKiX YPOBNAX BOSeACTBHR
He cunTannce HeGnaronpuATHeiMi. AH NpMsHan, NTO AaHHEIe O BPEAHOM ENUF:
Huw MKB-vanyeHiit MOmHO CUMTaT» AOCTOBEPHEIMM TORLKO B Tex CRYMARX, KOrAa
YEIM Obina paBno 4 Brixr u siue. MosTomy craxqaprom 1982 r. npegenbHo nony-
cTuMan josa Obina npuHaTa paBHOA 0,4 BT/Kr (ayHKTHpHAs HMMA), T. ©. C KOCH
UweHToM sanaca, paBHbiM 10.
He BO BCEX) IIMMYHOsIOTHMeCKHX OKasa~
Tenax. Io ucrevenmo 25 mecaues 3TH
Paszmuna me cranu Gonce 3aMeTHBIM.
(Cpemiax nponomkuTenbHOcTEs HIHH Y
OGnYYCHMBIX 2kNBOTHBIX OKABanACH He-
ckoMbKO Gonbiliell, eM y >XHBOTHEIX
KOHTPOMBHON rpynmnbi: COOTBETCTBEHHO
688 11663 ann — Ho Ty pasHuuty Brome
MOKHO OTHECTH Ha CNET cay¥allHOCTH.
Onno pasnuune ace xe Guino mpKo
BbIpaDKeMHBIM: cpemmt OBAYYEMHEIX KPBIC
y 18 passuance nepenmbie soxayect-
BeHHbIe ONYXOM, @ B KONTPOMBNOA
Fpynne mums y S$ xuaorHuIx. Bepost-
HOcTe TaKoll pasMuubt ans aByx rpynn
nto 100 2HBOTHEIX ¢ HAEHTHTUHEIMHL yo~
SIOBUAMIL AKI3HH COCTABARET MPHMEPHO
0,005, u nosTomy aannuif pesynbrat
‘okCMepUMeHTa ABIIACTCR CTATHCTHYECKI
sHayuntein,
Canut no ceGe pesyzbraret oxcnepi
MewTa Aa!OT OcHOBaHHe MonaraTb, 4O
MKB-wanyuenne HsKofl miTencHBHo-
CTH MOKeT BBISKIBATE pak y MbIWeR
(npeanonoxurenbuo my aoneii). B
1984 r. 9Tor daxr nony¥n wMIpoKyI0
oraacky mw ¥acTo ynouutanes B nyGmM-
MBIX BBICTyTTeHHAX, KOFI pew una 06
yeraopKe Hoporo MKB-oGopyzona-
una, Tem He MeHee Guin H MuiteHs,
MpenocTeperaBume OT NocTeWHBIX BbI-
Boos. Tak, nlomvepKiaanoce, ¥TO 06-
lulee 4vIcs10 3OKaYECTBEHHEIX OMtyXONCH
Yy 2KUBOTHLIX KONTPONTbIIOM FPYMIIb OKA-
Sanock mike, eM cpemHectaTHcTHHe-
ckoe as naNKo! muni xpEiC, a B rpyn-
ne OGAyMeHHBIX -KHBOTHBIX HiIc:I0 Ony-
xonefl Gkito OnNAKO K O-NIAEMOMY.
Orciona cnenyer, #0 y oGnyennnIx
KPbIC MACTOTA ‘BOIMHKHOREHHS IOKa-
NECTBCHHBIX HOBOOBPaIOBANKI MOBI
Wea TORbKO lO cpaBHeNIo © KOH-
‘TponbHoit rpynnoil; Ha done navub1x 0
wacToTe saGosesaHuA PaKOM y KpBI
AaMHon nopoass noay¥euubie pesyniTa-
‘Toi He BeUIENSIOTCR.
Tipwsonunuce 1 pyre 2080ab1, 6a-
aupopasumieca Ha cooGpaxennax cTa-
‘TucTHNeckOTO anasti3a. Bles10M Brpyn-
ne OGiy¥enttnix 2MBOTHEIX BBLIO 3ape-
FHeTPHPOBAHO TaK Masio 3710KaNecTBEH-
MBIX HOBOOGpasOBAHUI, WTO B CTATH-
CTUKY MPHULTOCE BKMOWTE Bce BHAI
onyxonel. Hitxaxoft Tum onyxonu we 20-
MIPOBAT HHH OANH He Gbi HeOrKH-
AaHBIM: BCE THIBI OnyXoNeM, HaGmMO-
apulecs B 9TOM akeNEPMMEHTe, BeTpe-
Ach paviee 1 BAPYTHX siccNeLOBANTAX.
Ecam Gut Kaxolt-ro cnenmpuveckiit Bit
Paka npeoGnana, To 6tizw Gui Gonce
Cepseanite OcHoRAMIIA erIaTh BbIBOT 0
kanuleporenios anusiin MKB-winywe- 2
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Tonos! MKPOBONHAMM 8 BARE OTAENE-
Heix mnynscoB. OH NPOABNAETCR B TOM,
ro NenoBeK cnbuinT MenuKi. OOWACHE-
Hue sToro adbibexta Goino panos 1974r.
GocTepom (OAKMM M3 aBTOPOB craTbM).
No ero npennonoxeHwio, np oGnyse
Hin ronoee! od>cbext “unynscHoro
MKB-BospenicTenn MoxeT Obit yno-
‘OGneH ABNEHHO, HAGMOAAEMOMY B.CO-
‘yge, HanonleHHoM Bono”. Kora sona
nornowaet aHepruio Kwnynbca MKB, ee
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AWE’ Np STOM PacUMPeHHE *KUAKO-
CTH MopomAaET 3BYKOBYIO BONHY, KOTO
Pan pacnpoctpaHAeTcR M ce NOKHO
Yenwiare Kak WenuKi. STOT 28YK MOOKHO
Sapernctpmposate rHppocboHom. ToT
2Ke S¢>¢peKT, No MHEHINO ocTepa, NpO-
WoxXOAMT B TKAHAX ronoBe! pA OGnyse-
HM ee UNyNECAMM MKPOBONH. Crbt-
wane Wen4Kos — oAHH H3 He BbisbiBa:
1OWMX COMHEHKE adibeKTOB, KOTOpEIE
MOTyT MMeTS MecTO NPM oOny¥eHMK
MKB MowHOCT#O MeHbie npenenbHo
Aonyctaworo cranaaptom AHMC ypos
tim. Bnepabie 06 SToM adibexTe Gsino
‘c006ujeHo 8 1947 r. B HacTORWee BpeMA
cuwTaeTcn, TO OH He NpegcTaanneT
onaeHocTH Ana snopoBkA Yenowexa.
HIE HIKOA HHTENCHBHOCTH.
Macrora oGpasosanns 310KasecTBett-
uix onyxoneh Goiza mmm ommMM 3
159. pasminrx mpwsHaKoB, lo KOTO
BIN nes1Ock comnocrannenwe 8 o6cy>xsta-
ewom necnenonannt. Tpit TaKom Gon
1loM wHee cpasnusaemtix napaMeTpos
Owens BeposTHo, NTO OGnapy>xaTea
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seis, KOTOPHIe Ha caMOM meme BcerO
‘nub caywatinas, Paszieme 8 xozieCT-
Be PaKOBEIX OMyxOMEH KaK Pas MOTO
OxavATEeR TaKOM CTaTHETHMUeCKOH atO-
Manuel. Kopowe roxopa, axr no
LWlenHOH YacTorss 3a6oneBaHit® paKOM B
aol rpynne axnBoTHEIX nPoBOLNpyeT
cOOTRETCTAYIONUIe BLIBOADI, HO oTpa-
2xACT 5 on HCTHMNBAM pesysbTaT Gx10-
ormveckoro nosnelicrsis MKB-3ep-
rim, OcTactem neonpeseaeHnbiM.
YroOs1 nonyanTs naeskubte MamB.e
© cosa Mexay oGnyventem MKB-
neprneli mt sosmuKHoBeHnent KaKOrO-
-au60 oanoro pina paKa, Tpe6yereR Hc
enenosanne » coran pas Gonsuiee no
macurraGam saTparam, west axcnepi-
Ment yueubix 13 Cita; a TaKoe Hecie-
aonane kpafive TpyaNo OcyulecTaIITs.
Tlo wawemy Muewio, mpuvenenubie
MpHMEPI Mm aA Mpyrux cBemeHni,
conepxautixes B OGuINpHON HayuHott
awrepatype no Bonpocam GnonorHe-
coro satimina MKB-15.1yen1#, O30
AMOT CHEAT BLIBOM, NTO, XOTH NOpa-
-xaioulee aefictane | MKB-stanysentin
osMOXKHO Mt 9TO ByneT NOKa3aHO, BHa-
cromuiee apenin GaxtisecKnx YRA3aNI
a TaKyio onacHocT» Maz10.
CAM npranats, wro npoGnewa Guo-
si0rHHeckoTo selicTeH MKB-1aay-
Meum ocTaeTea HeoMpesieeHHOMl, TO B
KaKOM ManpasseHun cneayer passat
ccneaOBANHA Ha TO HYAkHO ONUPATE-
ca MPH paspaGoTke HoBBIx cTaNsaptoB?
Havas c 1980 r. amepukanicxoe npasit-
TenbeTBO dunanicupyer vecnenowanna
TO wayxeIIO BOSMOxHOTO GuonoTHye-
‘cKOFO eflcTBHA 3i1eKTPOMACHIITHIX TO
Heli, BkMOWaR Te, KOTOPBIe CosMaIOTCA
BBICOKOPOMTHBIMH AHIHHSN sIeKTPO-
nepenaun H cHCTeMaMH, HeTIOMBayioUN-
Mut 3Hepritio B ANANIa3OHe PanHovACTOT;
Ma 9TH paGoTH oTMycKaeTea oKoNO 10
Mam. 2021. Broa. Momyyenmbte x #acTo-
AILEMY BPEMeHH slaxUtBIe B COBOKYNHO-
TH ¢ peaynbTaTamm npembiayMlix He-
cneaosanufi mpusenn —GombuHcTBO
YHEHBIX K COFTACORAHHOMY MHEHIO
Tom, 4TO akrbt OTHOCHTENbHOM onac-
nocta MKB-sanyyeaua Tsepao yeTa-
HoBMeNLI TOMLKO B OTHOMeNH BBICO-
xx yposnelt sosaelicraua. Bee apyrne
He YRrI@IIBIBAIOULHECR B PaMKit ITOH KOH-
HenuM BLtBOAbI BecLMa NpoTHBOpeH-
bi. B¥acTHOCTH, sateKO He OAHHAKOBO
ouennsatores apybexrst, HaGmioaaembie
Apu oGnyvenun xxuBOTHEIX MKB-
SHeprHefl HecKOIbKO MeHbIeM MHTeH-
CHBHOCTH, eM npeaycMOTpeHO cTaH-
aaptom AHMC. 31m pacxoxsienma Bo
sarnsaax eps sim npupenyT x cyuiecT-
BeHHBIM HIMeHeHHAM CTaNsapra Bony=
CTUMBIX ypoBHen OGnyYeHHR. B TO xe
Pema crops xpyrax oGurecTwenHOCTH.
acto 3A0CTPRIOTCR Ha BOIMOKHOI
onacnocrn oGnyyenua MKB aaxe wa
MHOFO MeHBUeM HHTeHCHBHOCTH. 1 Ha
HeoGxoAMMOCTH BBEAEHHA B CTaHApTEL
Gone crporux orpantuenit.
Yaysulenne Koopannauin Gyayuux
ccneaoBanuil n0srkHO cnoco6cTBOBATH
Gonee npasinbnomt surepnperauiin Ha-
_yabix peoysIsTaTOD KaK yMeHDIMHL, TAK
oGuiectaenHocTHIO. MHorHe mipani-
‘TembCTBEHHBIE H BOeHHBIE OPraHHTAIL
Buutenmlor cpeneTBa Na uay¥eHne GH0-
slorueckoro Bisnis MKB-wayuenii.
Onnaxo 9Ta wx nesrembHOcT’ TH10X0 KO-
‘opamnupyetea, 70 npiBero K paszpo6-
AeHHOCTH H pasoGuleHMOCTH PaGoT, 1’
More HawanuuiNeca uccmesoBANHS TaK
W He MonyUHLAN NponOMKeHA.
Ppeskne em Syny npeanpHnaTss HO-
wale NCcHeOBaHH®, —MpasiTembcrBO
AOWKHO NIPHSHAT HeOGXOMMMEM yt
HaHcHpoBATE HesaBHiCHMoe AY6mHpOBA-
hue Tex na MBX pabor, a TaKXke NpO-
aomkenne nponenannnix necnenoBanit
(€ MENLO MIPOBEPKH H OWEHKH HOBLIX OT-
xpstrnfi, HexoTopsie oprannzainm yaxe
MayT 0 9ToMy nyTH. Tax, HeKoTOpBic
BOCHHBIE BEOMCTBA CYXONYTHBIX, BOS
AYUINBIX # MOPEKHX CHA BEIAEMMOT cell-
ac cpencrsa Ha paGoTsI, uMeroume
UenbiIo yTOUITE HeKoTOpbie HeomHO-
snauHo HHTepnpeTupyeMbie HOBLIE Pe~
aynbratet. B TO xe BpeMA HyAHbI
KaKwe-TO KPHTEpHH, KOTOPHIC MOsBOAR-
am Get ONpeAEAATS, B KAKHX Ciy¥aRX
cneayer npexpauiars uecnenowaNue, He-
(CMOTPA Ha TO, YTO He BCE BOMPOCEI pe-
‘weHb! 20 Kona.
‘O.AXKE npu ynyaurenolt Koopa
NauMH MecnenOBaHHA Hembsa Gy-
ger noxasaTb, ro MKB-sHeprin ne
oxasbisaeT spemnoro sefictaus. ITo
AMAUNT, TO HeBOIMO-KHO TapaHTHpO-
Barb nlosmylo GesonacHocTs, Kaki bi
cranaaprit ne npimumanites, Crannap-
‘Tht — 9FO onmH 1 cnocoboB KOMNPO-
‘aicca Mexkay mipeuMyulecTBaMHt, KOTO-
bie Mony¥aeT HenoBeNecTsO OT HOBO!
TeXHHKH, 1 MOTEHUMATBHBIM PHCKOM,
cuazannei cee ucnosaoganuem. Ha-
puMep, npestessi cKOpocTH 18 TpAHC-
NOpTHbIx cpesicTs yeTaHOBIeHBI Ma Ta
KOM yPOBHe, ¥To JocTHraeTcR KOMNPO-
MuICE Mex OMlacHOCTHIO Hx npeBbiMIE-
His H xeriautHeM Monel nepemBHFaTEcA
kak Moxkuo GbicTPee. ITH Orpamtensia
NOMMOCTHIO HE NcKMOWAIOT PHCK Ha
MeHBULEX CKOPOCTAX, OHM THI Onpene-
AmOT Kak AONYCTHMBIE Te 3HaNeHHs,
pst KOTOPBIX OMACHOCTH H3BeCTHB! Ht
Moro Ges Tpyna wx H36exaTs. TOA
‘Tak Ke mpemembuo OMyCTHMBIC yPOBHH
oGnysensis MKB (kak H Bosmeficrsie
Apyrnx axtopos oKpyxxaroutelt cpeits!) Moryt Gpith yoraHouneNbi TomKO Ha
‘OchOBe HABECTHEIX NopaxKenl, exons
9 KOTOPBIX PaccuMTLIBaeTeA «sanac
powHoctu», rapanTupyrounA oTHoCH=
‘Tenbiylo GexonacnocTs. FIpuMep TaKo-
Fo mnomxomia — wsMenene cTaniapta
AHHC s 1982 r. Koraa Garoaapa npu-
MeHeinio Gone TONMEIX cpe”CTS 1031
Metpin 6tin0 yeTanoRneHo, 4TO Ha
Onpenenenmbix ¥acToTax Tes10 YenoBeKA
MOxkeT “HOrmowaT Gombile IeprHi,
AHMC npeayeMotpen 8 ctanaapte
apyryto, Gosiee umMpoKyto 30ny BOKPYT
MCTOMHHKA 3NeKTPOMArMTHOTO I3Ay~
ens, 8 pemenax KOTOPOH OBmIy¥ENHE
Ha THX YacTOTAX caTTaeTeR ONIACHBIM.
B CUA ne cymectayet Kaxoro-nH60
oSuenpimstoro nopanka paspaGorKH
cranaaptos. Oraenbipie npazures
peHHbIe OPraHHallMN YcTANABUBaIOT
‘cBOH JLONyCTHMBIe HOPMBI, PARHO Kak Ht
rare, OKpyra H_HlenpasuTenbcrBeH-
bie opramusaunt. B passiansix cHTya-
LUMX MPHMeHAOTCA Pas HOPMATHB.
ble JOKYMeNTSI, 3AKONNAK CHuIA KOTO
Puix HeommHaxona. Cranuaprbi Gxipa-
for OGmareNbHBIMH, a MoryT H jlOny=
CkATD OTKOHEHMA; OHM OTHOCHTER K
orsebHof rpynne moneft onpenenen-
Hol npodeceimi, apyre — K Maceneninio
B.uenom. B uepre ropoma MoryT nefier-
BOBATL HOPMATHBEI, OTSNAHBIE OT MPH
HATBIX B JIQHHOM OKPYTe, B KOTOPOM B
‘cBo10 Ovepems HMEIOT cHLTY HOPMATHBBI,
OTAMIAFOUMECK OT BBETEHELIX COOT-
BercTayrouuiM benepanbibim ympanme-
unem. Taxan HeyopsuioyennocTs Mo-
2eT BLIKYNHITE NOMBIOBATeNMeN TeXHN-
Ko, paGoraiouiclt ® auanasoHe anes
‘TPOMArHITTHLIX BOTH, MpHULePKHBATECA
OnOBpeMeHHO MecKOALAHX cTaNap-
os, YTO JaTpynuseT eaTenbHOCTS,
PAIINYHBIX NPABHTeNECTBEHHBIX OPra-
Hon,
Yanpanzenne no oxpane oxpyxxaroutell
cpensi CUA waxano paGory, xoTopas,
BOIMOXHO, B KOHLe KONLIOB NOSBONNT
yuNdiunponaTs craHnapT ana sceft
crpanst, B nawasie nbineuiMero roma OHO
‘onyGnukopano aia OGcy:xaeHHA TPH Ba
[puaHTa mpoexra Honoro cransapra: B
‘OuMOM 13 MUX MpeayeMarpHBaloTea
puMepNO TaKHe 2ke ONYCTHMBE HOP-
Mbt OGmysewna, Kak MB cTanaapTe
AHHC, » npyrom 91x Mopsaruebt BS
pax wwxe, am TpeTbem — B 10 pas HiEKe
peromenayembix AHHC. Oxonvarent
Mbif BapHaNT cTannapra, BepoRTHO,
Gyner ony6nukonan npmnepHo veped
roa, Mo cca GyneT npHuaT Kaxofi-
HnOya» 43 9THX BapHaHTOB, TO, O-
BHAUMOMY, MpMIeTeR npMAUETE AOMORI
urTenbitbte Mepst, 4TOGM CTaMaapTHDIe
OPM JUIN HACeTeHHA BOULNH B CHLY.
‘Murrepecho ormeturs, wro 8 Cover-
com Coioxe 8 pyrHx CoMMamMCTHUC-
CKHX CTpaNaX MpenenbHO AONyeTUMBIE
ypopin MKB-wanyuenni HesiaBHo Guim
aMeHeHbI B CTOPOHY Hx MeHBueH KeCT-
Koctit. Mo cnosaM onsoro H3 coBeTcKUX
KOMMEHTaTOPOB, HONYCTHMBIM yPOBCH
oBayyenus cocrannser 0,4 Br/kr B Te-
wenne | 4%, B-TO Bpema Kak B ZlelicTByIO-
tue crannapre AHHC npeaycmoTpeno
0,4 Br/er B Tevenne 6 Mut. B CCCP
NpHMeHHTeNbHO K yeAOBHAM npodeccr-
‘OnAMBHOM aexTeMbHOCTH aonycTHMO!
CHITTACTCA MMOTHOCT NOTOKA MOLIHO-
cri 2 Br/x? npx paGore wa crauowap-
ubix yeraHopKax H 20 Br/M? np paGore
Ma nepenBHrxHBIx (06a NoKaxaTeTA Ge-
PYTCA KaK cpeanee 3a 1 4). [Ina Hacene-
WHA -39TOT —oka3aTen —HIDKE —
0,1 Br/m?, Takum o6paso, coper-
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BEAEHME cranaaptos — eno 11c~
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pele onacHeie >>pexrbi MKB-usayue-
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Asa npenynpexaenma TaKHX nocnencT-
sift nerko MoxxHO BHecTH nelicTReHEIe
+B CCCP rurneraecene nopsatin
Pernanerrrupyioune “npeaenno nonyeTH
ue yposin (FLAY) MKB-vosaeticrant,
ANbQepenLyposanbi s108 paaniibix KOH
“TwreHtros niu: ana mms, npodecenowazano
caraannnix € o6cxysoaNEN HCTORUKOR
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‘Towuikos anexrpoMarnurTHBDX. waNy¥eN
(enpodecenonaztnoe oBnywene) 1 8 Ha-
cenenns ® uenom. Cornacno Focyaaperset
nowy cranaapry CCCP «Snexrpowarirt-
‘ie nom" paamoxacror» (TOCT 12.1.006-
£4), anim, npoeccnonano comsaintix
Germain nerouxon OMB, ms
nagone wacror 300 ME — 300 FT 01
runic Ypostm sosnetcrw permanent
DPyIoTER roRasaTexeM novepmHOETHOR nACT-
wocr# notoxa aveprint (FTETS) wanywens
comanaeMof ust sheprevsNeeKof Harpy KOH
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apnisit novos a¥epri, poxoamusel wees
amuruy o6nyaeNon novepxtocTi 28 Bens.
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TIT ~ T. Fpeaenswo sonyerusae yponin
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amworen nexoas 0 aonyeTHMOH IH YWETON
‘pene sonseficronn, Jlonycrawas sensi
va 3H 3a paGownl ene avi pcex cnyeaen o6-
nywenion, Hekivowa OGryEHNE OF BAIA
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ua papuiol 2 Br = u/s? (200 mxBr - u/ese).
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